title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell's "Te Deum" and "Jubilate Deo" were written for Saint Cecilia's Day, 1694, the first English "Te Deum" ever composed with orchestral accompaniment. This work was annually performed at St Paul's Cathedral until 1712, after which it was performed alternately with Handel's "Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate" until 1743, when both works were replaced by Handel's "Dettingen Te Deum".


title: Henry Purcell

text: He composed an anthem and two elegies for Queen Mary II's funeral, his "Funeral Sentences and Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary". Besides the operas and semi-operas already mentioned, Purcell wrote the music and songs for Thomas d'Urfey's "The Comical History of Don Quixote", "Bonduca", "The Indian Queen" and others, a vast quantity of sacred music, and numerous odes, cantatas, and other miscellaneous pieces. The quantity of his instrumental chamber music is minimal after his early career, and his keyboard music consists of an even more minimal number of harpsichord suites and organ pieces. In 1693, Purcell composed music for two comedies: "The Old Bachelor", and "The Double Dealer". Purcell also composed for five other plays within the same year. In July 1695, Purcell composed an ode for the Duke of Gloucester for his sixth birthday. The ode is titled "Who can from joy refrain?" Purcell's four-part sonatas were issued in 1697. In the final six years of his life, Purcell wrote music for forty-two plays.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell died in 1695 at his home in Marsham Street, at the height of his career. He is believed to have been 35 or 36 years old at the time. The cause of his death is unclear: one theory is that he caught a chill after returning home late from the theatre one night to find that his wife had locked him out. Another is that he succumbed to tuberculosis. The beginning of Purcell's will reads:


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell is buried adjacent to the organ in Westminster Abbey. The music that he had earlier composed for Queen Mary's funeral was performed during his funeral. Purcell was universally mourned as "a very great master of music."  Following his death, the officials at Westminster honoured him by unanimously voting that he be buried with no expense spared in the north aisle of the Abbey. His epitaph reads: "Here lyes Henry Purcell Esq., who left this life and is gone to that Blessed Place where only His harmony can be exceeded."


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell fathered six children by his wife Frances, four of whom died in infancy. His wife, as well as his son Edward (1689–1740) and daughter Frances, survived him. His wife Frances died in 1706, having published a number of her husband's works, including the now-famous collection called "Orpheus Britannicus", in two volumes, printed in 1698 and 1702, respectively. Edward was appointed organist of St Clement's, Eastcheap, London, in 1711 and was succeeded by his son Edward Henry Purcell (died 1765). Both men were buried in St Clement's near the organ gallery.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell worked in many genres, both in works closely linked to the court, such as symphony song, to the Chapel Royal, such as the symphony anthem, and the theatre.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Among Purcell's most notable works are his opera "Dido and Aeneas" (1688), his semi-operas "Dioclesian" (1690), "King Arthur" (1691), "The Fairy-Queen" (1692) and "Timon of Athens" (1695), as well as the compositions "Hail! Bright Cecilia" (1692), "Come Ye Sons of Art" (1694) and "Funeral Sentences and Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary" (1695).


title: Henry Purcell

text: After his death, Purcell was honoured by many of his contemporaries, including his old friend John Blow, who wrote "An Ode, on the Death of Mr. Henry Purcell (Mark how the lark and linnet sing)" with text by his old collaborator, John Dryden. William Croft's 1724 setting for the Burial Service was written in the style of "the great Master". Croft preserved Purcell's setting of "Thou knowest Lord" (Z 58) in his service, for reasons "obvious to any artist"; it has been sung at every British state funeral ever since. More recently, the English poet Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote a famous sonnet entitled simply "Henry Purcell", with a headnote reading: "The poet wishes well to the divine genius of Purcell and praises him that, whereas other musicians have given utterance to the moods of man's mind, he has, beyond that, uttered in notes the very make and species of man as created both in him and in all men generally."


title: Henry Purcell

text: Purcell also had a strong influence on the composers of the English musical renaissance of the early 20th century, most notably Benjamin Britten, who arranged many of Purcell's vocal works for voice(s) and piano in "Britten's Purcell Realizations", including from "Dido and Aeneas", and whose "The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra" is based on a theme from Purcell's "Abdelazar". Stylistically, the aria "I know a bank" from Britten's opera "A Midsummer Night's Dream" is clearly inspired by Purcell's aria "Sweeter than Roses", which Purcell originally wrote as part of incidental music to Richard Norton's "Pausanias, the Betrayer of His Country".


title: Henry Purcell

text: In a 1940 interview Ignaz Friedman stated that he considered Purcell as great as Bach and Beethoven. In Victoria Street, Westminster, England, there is a bronze monument to Purcell, sculpted by Glynn Williams and unveiled in 1995 to mark the 300th anniversary of his death. In 2009, Purcell was selected by the Royal Mail for their "Eminent Britons" commemorative postage stamp issue.


title: Henry Purcell

text: A Purcell Club was founded in London in 1836 for promoting the performance of his music but was dissolved in 1863. In 1876 a Purcell Society was founded, which published new editions of his works. A modern-day Purcell Club has been created, and provides guided tours and concerts in support of Westminster Abbey.


title: Henry Purcell

text: Today there is a Henry Purcell Society of Boston, which performs his music in live concert and currently is online streaming concerts, in response to the pandemic. There is a Purcell Society in London, which collects and studies Purcell manuscripts and musical scores, concentrating on producing revised versions of the scores of all his music. Purcell's works have been catalogued by Franklin Zimmerman, who gave them a number preceded by Z.


title: Henry Purcell

text: So strong was his reputation that a popular wedding processional was incorrectly attributed to Purcell for many years. The so-called "Purcell's Trumpet Voluntary" was in fact written around 1700 by a British composer named Jeremiah Clarke as the "Prince of Denmark's March".


title: Henry Purcell

text: Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary was reworked by Wendy Carlos for the title music of the 1971 film by Stanley Kubrick, "A Clockwork Orange". The 1973 "Rolling Stone" review of Jethro Tull's "A Passion Play" compared the musical style of the album with that of Purcell. In 2009 Pete Townshend of The Who, an English rock band that established itself in the 1960s, identified Purcell's harmonies, particularly the use of suspension and resolution (Townshend has mentioned Chaconne from The Gordian Knot Untied) that he had learned from producer Kit Lambert, as an influence on the band's music (in songs such as "Won't Get Fooled Again" (1971), "I Can See for Miles" (1967) and the very Purcellian intro to "Pinball Wizard"). Purcell's music was widely featured as background music in the Academy Award winning 1979 film "Kramer vs. Kramer", with a soundtrack on CBS Masterworks Records. The 1995 film, "England, My England", tells the story of an actor who is himself writing a play about Purcell's life and music, and features many of his compositions.


title: Henry Purcell

text: In the 21st century, the soundtrack of the 2005 film version of "Pride and Prejudice" features a dance titled "A Postcard to Henry Purcell". This is a version by composer Dario Marianelli of Purcell's "Abdelazar" theme. In the German-language 2004 movie, "Downfall", the music of Dido's Lament is used repeatedly as Nazi Germany collapses. The 2012 film "Moonrise Kingdom" contains Benjamin Britten's version of the Rondeau in Purcell's "Abdelazar" created for his 1946 "The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra". In 2013, the Pet Shop Boys released their single "Love Is a Bourgeois Construct" incorporating one of the same ground basses from "King Arthur" used by Nyman in his "Draughtsman's Contract" score. Olivia Chaney performs her adaptation of "There's Not a Swain" on her CD "The Longest River."


title: Henry Purcell

text: "What Power Art Thou" (from King Arthur, or The British Worthy (Z. 628), a semi-opera in five acts with music by Purcell and a libretto by John Dryden) is featured in "The Crown".


title: Cactus Jack Records

text: Cactus Jack Records is a record label founded by American rapper and singer Travis Scott. The label's current acts include Scott, Sheck Wes, Don Toliver, SoFaygo, Chase B and WondaGurl.


title: Cactus Jack Records

text: In March 2017, Travis Scott announced he would be launching his own imprint, under the name of Cactus Jack Records. During an interview, Scott said, "I'm not doing it to have financial control over my music. I want first and foremost to help other artists, launch new names, to provide opportunities. I want to do for them what happened to me, but better." In September 2017, Smokepurpp signed to the label, but left sometime later in 2019. On December 21, hip-hop duo Huncho Jack (consisting of Scott and Quavo of the hip-hop trio Migos), released their debut album "Huncho Jack, Jack Huncho" under the label. "Huncho Jack, Jack Huncho" charted at number 3 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Cactus Jack Records

text: In February 2018, the label signed Sheck Wes in a joint deal with Interscope Records and Kanye West's label GOOD Music. On March 10, Wes announced his debut studio album titled "Mudboy", which was released on October 5. On August 3, Scott released his third studio album "Astroworld". Later that month, Don Toliver was signed to the label after appearing on the "Astroworld" song "Can't Say". "Astroworld" charted at number one on the "Billboard" 200, while "Mudboy" reached number 17.


title: Cactus Jack Records

text: On November 29, 2019, Scott announced the label's first compilation album titled "JackBoys", which was released on December 27.


title: Cactus Jack Records

text: On March 13, 2020, Toliver released his debut studio album titled "Heaven or Hell" under the label which was supported by three singles: "No Idea", "Can't Feel My Legs" and "Had Enough". The album charted at number 7 on the "Billboard" 200. On April 24, Scott and Kid Cudi released a song titled "The Scotts" under the duo name same as the title. On July 21, Canadian record producer and close collaborator WondaGurl signed a worldwide publishing deal with Cactus Jack's publishing division, Cactus Jack Publishing and Sony/ATV Music Publishing, in conjunction with her own record label and publishing company, Wonderchild Music.


title: Cactus Jack Records

text: In February 2021, SoFaygo had signed to Travis Scott's label Cactus Jack Records, around the same time his hit song 'Knock Knock' began to gain traction. Since then, he had been working on his upcoming debut studio album called 'Pink Heartz', which he would eventually end up releasing on November 11, 2022.


title: Cactus Jack Records

text: On June 24, 2021, Scott announced a collaboration between Cactus Jack and the fashion brand Dior which its menswear collection was revealed the following day on a live stream that also showcased snippets of Scott's upcoming fourth studio album, "Utopia".


title: Cactus Jack Records

text: In late September 2021, Toliver and Chase B announced they would be releasing their own solo projects titled "Life of a Don" and "Escapism" respectively in October. Toliver later released "Life of a Don" on the 8th of that month. The album charted at number two on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Cactus Jack Records

text: On October 17, 2022, SoFaygo announced the release date of his debut studio album "Pink Heartz" for November 11 as well as releasing 4 singles from the album.


title: David O'Hara

text: David Patrick O'Hara (born 9 July 1965) is a Scottish stage and character actor. A graduate of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama in London, he is best known to audiences for his numerous supporting roles in high-profile films; including Irishman Stephen in "Braveheart", dimwitted mobster Fitzy in "The Departed", hitman Mr. X in "Wanted", and Albert Runcorn in "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1". He portrayed Det. Danny 'Mac' McGregor on "The District", and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey on "The Tudors."


title: David O'Hara

text: O'Hara was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of Martha (née Scott) and Patrick O'Hara, a construction worker. He lived with a large Catholic family, and was raised in the Pollok Housing Estate. His family was Catholic and of Irish descent. After leaving school he was accepted for a Youth Opportunities Programme, at a community theatre based at the Glasgow Arts Centre which toured local schools. At age 17, he moved to London to study at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama, but left after two terms because of a shortage of funds. He went back to Scotland and landed a role in Bill Forsyth's "Comfort and Joy", then returned to Central to finish his last term, where he was the understudy to Ralph Fiennes in "A Midsummer Night's Dream".


title: David O'Hara

text: O'Hara appeared in a number of Shakespearean productions, including "Romeo and Juliet" at the Regent Park Open-Air Theatre and "The Comedy of Errors" at The Pleasance. He spent a season with the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Barbican Centre, where he starred in "Bite of the Night", which was directed by Danny Boyle. He appeared as the "mad" Irishman Stephen in "Braveheart".


title: David O'Hara

text: O'Hara had a featured role in the US series "The District", which he left after one season to return to the UK. In 2006, O'Hara appeared as Fitzy, one of Jack Nicholson's chief mobsters in the Oscar-winning film "The Departed".


title: David O'Hara

text: He played Albert Runcorn and Harry Potter disguised as Runcorn in "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1". In April 2017, O'Hara appeared as Alistair Fitz in Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as Leo Fitz's father.


title: Conor Woodman

text: Conor Thomas Patrick Woodman (born 21 March 1974) is an Irish-English author and broadcaster, best known as the host of "Scam City" and "Around the World in 80 Trades".


title: Conor Woodman

text: Woodman is a former financial analyst turned investigative journalist, author and filmmaker. He has written and reported from many parts of the world on a variety of social concerns, ranging from gangs and organised crime, to slavery and smuggling.


title: Conor Woodman

text: In 2009, he published his first book, "The Adventure Capitalist", chronicling his experiences trading his way around the globe. His second book, "Unfair Trade: The Truth Behind Big Business, Politics and Fair Trade" was published in 2011. "Unfair Trade" was long-listed for the 2012 Orwell Prize. Woodman's third book, "Sharks: Investigating The Criminal Heart of the Global City" was published by September Publishing in March 2017.


title: Conor Woodman

text: Woodman has also written for several newspapers and magazines including "The Guardian", "TNT", "Wanderlust", Conde Nast and "Wexas Traveller".


title: Conor Woodman

text: In Dec 2020, Hodder & Stoughton announced that Woodman will co-author a series of novels with his collaborator and friend, Channel 4's "" host, Billy Billingham. The novel "Call to Kill "is the first in a series featuring SAS soldier Matt "Mace" Mason and was published in May 2021"."


title: Conor Woodman

text: The second Matt Mason novel, "Survive to Fight" was published in June 2022 to widely favourable reviews.


title: Conor Woodman

text: In 2009, Woodman presented the Channel 4 travel and adventure series "Around the World in 80 Trades". The 4-part series is based on his book, "The Adventure Capitalist".


title: Conor Woodman

text: From 2012 to 2014, Woodman hosted two seasons of the National Geographic Channel show "Scam City", in which he travels to various popular cities around the globe and reveals the darker side of tourism. "Scam City" was nominated for a Broadcast Digital Award in 2014 and in 2015 for Best Factual Series at the Canadian Screen Awards.


title: Conor Woodman

text: Woodman presented two-part ITV series "Hunting the Doorstep Conmen" in 2013. In October, he presented "Exposure: Britain's Booming Cannabis Business" for ITV, part of the channel's award-winning "Exposure" strand.


title: Conor Woodman

text: In August 2016, it was announced that Woodman would host an eight-part series for Channel 4 and History Channel Canada entitled "Hunting Nazi Treasure". The first season aired on History Channel Canada in October 2017. He appeared alongside The Monuments Men Foundation's Robert M. Edsel in the program which ended in 2018.


title: Conor Woodman

text: In 2014, Woodman produced and directed his first feature documentary film, "True Appaloosa". The film follows Scott Engstrom, an Appaloosa horse breeder, to Kyrgyzstan as she tries to track down a horse that she thought looked like an Appaloosa while watching the TV show "Around the World in 80 Trades". Engstrom believed that DNA from the horse might be able to prove that the true source of the North American Appaloosa horse was Asia and not Europe as the history books claim. In January 2015, a 60-minute version of the film was transmitted on the BBC to critical acclaim. The feature-length documentary premiered at the Sun Valley, Idaho Film Festival in March 2015.


title: Conor Woodman

text: In October 2015, Woodman's dramatic short film "Jester" premiered at the Sunscreen West Film Festival in Los Angeles.


title: Conor Woodman

text: Woodman regularly reports back on his travels for the BBC current affairs show "From Our Own Correspondent" and is also a guest presenter on Radio 4's "Costing the Earth".


title: Conor Woodman

text: Conor Woodman was born in Galway, Ireland, on 21 March 1974. He is the son of Professor Ciaran Woodman (1954–2015), a cancer epidemiologist, and Dr. Miriam Woodman; he is the elder brother of Ciaran Woodman, Jr.


title: Conor Woodman

text: Woodman moved to Birmingham, England, at the age of eight. He attended King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Boys and King Edward's School, Birmingham. He later graduated from The University of Manchester.


title: Conor Woodman

text: In 2014, Woodman married English actress and playwright Phoebe Waller-Bridge. The couple announced their separation and divorce filing in 2017.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: NXP Semiconductors N.V. (NXP) is a Dutch semiconductor designer and manufacturer with headquarters in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The company employs approximately 31,000 people in more than 30 countries. NXP reported revenue of $11.06 billion in 2021.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: Originally spun off from Philips in 2006, NXP completed its initial public offering, on August 6, 2010, with shares trading on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol "NXPI". On December 23, 2013, NXP Semiconductors was added to the NASDAQ 100. On March 2, 2015, it was announced that NXP would merge with Freescale Semiconductor. The merger was closed on December 7, 2015. On October 27, 2016, it was announced that Qualcomm would try to buy NXP. Because the Chinese merger authority did not approve the acquisition before the deadline set by Qualcomm, the attempt was effectively cancelled on July 26, 2018.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: NXP provides technology solutions targeting the automotive, industrial & IoT, mobile, and communication infrastructure markets. The company owns over 9,500 patent families.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: NXP is the co-inventor of near field communication (NFC) technology along with Sony and Inside Secure and supplies NFC chip sets that enable mobile phones to be used to pay for goods, and store and exchange data securely. NXP manufactures chips for eGovernment applications such as electronic passports; RFID tags and labels; and transport and access management, with the chip set and contactless card for MIFARE used by many major public transit systems worldwide. In order to protect against potential hackers, NXP offers gateways to automotive manufacturers that prevent communication with every network within a car independently.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: NXP Semiconductors is headquartered in Eindhoven, Netherlands. The company has operations in more than 30 countries.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: In 1953 Philips started a small scale production facility in the center of the Dutch city Nijmegen as part of its main industry group "Icoma" (Industrial Components and Materials), followed by the opening of a new factory in 1955. In 1965 Icoma became part of a new Philips main industry group: "Elcoma" (Electronic Components and Materials). In 1975 Silicon Valley–based Signetics was acquired by Philips. Signetics claimed to be the "first company in the world established expressly to make and sell integrated circuits" and inventor of the 555 timer IC. At the time, it was claimed that with the Signetics acquisition, Philips was now number two in the league table of semiconductor manufacturers in the world. In 1987, Philips was ranked Europe's largest semiconductor maker. The year after, all Philips semiconductor subsidiaries, including Signetics, Faselec (in Switzerland) and Mullard (in the UK), were merged in the newly formed product division Components. The semiconductor activities were split off from Components in 1991 under the name Philips Semiconductors. In June 1999, Philips acquired VLSI Technology, at the time making Philips the world's sixth largest semiconductor company.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: In December 2005, Philips announced its intention to divest Philips Semiconductors into an independent legal entity. In September 2006, Philips completed the sale of an 80.1% stake in Philips Semiconductors to a consortium of private equity investors consisting of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR), Bain Capital, Silver Lake Partners, Apax Partners, and AlpInvest Partners. The new company name NXP (from Next eXPerience) was announced on August 31, 2006, and the company was officially launched during the Internationale Funkausstellung (IFA) consumer electronics show in Berlin. The newly independent NXP was ranked as one of the world's top 10 semiconductor companies.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: In February 2007, when NXP announced that it would acquire Silicon Laboratories’ AeroFONE single-chip phone and power amplifier product lines to strengthen its Mobile and Personal business. The next year, NXP announced that it would transform its Mobile and Personal business unit into a joint venture with STMicroelectronics, which in 2009 became ST-Ericsson, a 50/50 joint venture of Ericsson Mobile Platforms and STMicroelectronics, after ST purchased NXP's 20% stake. In April 2008, NXP announced it would acquire the set-top box business of Conexant to complement its existing Home business unit. In September 2008, NXP announced that it would restructure its manufacturing, R&D and back office operations, resulting in 4,500 job cuts worldwide. In October 2009, NXP announced that it would sell its Home business unit to Trident Microsystems.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: Before the divestiture of Nexperia in June 2016, NXP was a volume supplier of discrete and standard logic devices, celebrating its 50 years in logic (via its history as both Signetics and Philips Semiconductors) in March 2012.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: NXP's first CEO was Frans van Houten; he was succeeded by Richard L. Clemmer on January 1, 2009. Since May 2020, Kurt Sievers serves as President and CEO.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: In March 2015, a merger agreement was announced through which NXP would acquire rival Freescale Semiconductor. In view of this merger, NXP's RF Power activities were sold to JAC Capital for US$1.8 billion and rebranded as Ampleon, in a transaction closed in November 2015. Both NXP and Freescale had deep roots stretching back to when they were part of Philips (NXP), and Motorola (Freescale). Each had comparable revenue figures; US$4.8 billion and US$4.2 billion in 2013 for NXP and Freescale, respectively with NXP primarily focusing on near field communication (NFC) and high-performance mixed signal (HPMS) hardware, and Freescale focusing on its microprocessor and microcontroller businesses, and both companies possessing roughly equal patent portfolios. On December 7, 2015, NXP completed its acquisition of Freescale Semiconductor; the merged company continued its operation as NXP Semiconductors N.V..


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: In March 2013, NXP locked out workers at its plant in Bangkok, Thailand. The reason was stalled negotiations over a new work schedule with their trade union, which was affiliated with the Confederation of Thai Electrical Appliances, Electronic Automobile & Metalworkers (TEAM). Management then called in small groups of workers, asked them if they agreed with the union's demands, and told them to leave if they did. They were not able to enter the factory the next day. In response, TEAM staged protests outside the factory and on March 13 outside the Dutch embassy and also filed a complaint with the National Human Right Commission. On April 29, mediation by the Ministry of Labour led to the signing of a memorandum that passed the decision over the work schedule to the Labour Relations Committee. The committee decided on June 20 that the new work schedule did not violate Thai labour law; however, the National Human Rights Committee decided otherwise and recommended the factory should revert to the old schedule. NXP continues to demand regular 12-hour shifts.


title: NXP Semiconductors

text: In May 2014, the company fired 24 workers at its plant in the special economic zone in Cabuyao, The Philippines. The workers were all officials of a trade union affiliated with the Metal Workers Alliance of the Philippines (MWAP). Reports said they were fired due to their union functions in negotiations for a new collective bargaining agreement. Factory owners claimed the workers were fired after refusing to work on April 9, while workers said they had not been paid for two months. IndustriALL and its affiliated unions in the Philippines condemned the dismissals. In September, MWAP and NXP reached an agreement by which 12 of the fired workers were reinstated and the other 12 received separation packages. NXP also committed itself to a long-term wage increase. In the summer of 2015, a member of the Dutch parliament questioned trade minister Lilianne Ploumen regarding NXP's behaviour.


title: Heme

text: Heme, or haem (pronounced // ), is a precursor to hemoglobin, which is necessary to bind oxygen in the bloodstream. Heme is biosynthesized in both the bone marrow and the liver.


title: Heme

text: In biochemical terms, heme is a coordination complex "consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a porphyrin acting as a tetradentate ligand, and to one or two axial ligands." The definition is loose, and many depictions omit the axial ligands. Among the metalloporphyrins deployed by metalloproteins as prosthetic groups, heme is one of the most widely used and defines a family of proteins known as hemoproteins. Hemes are most commonly recognized as components of hemoglobin, the red pigment in blood, but are also found in a number of other biologically important hemoproteins such as myoglobin, cytochromes, catalases, heme peroxidase, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase.


title: Heme

text: Hemoproteins have diverse biological functions including the transportation of diatomic gases, chemical catalysis, diatomic gas detection, and electron transfer. The heme iron serves as a source or sink of electrons during electron transfer or redox chemistry. In peroxidase reactions, the porphyrin molecule also serves as an electron source, being able to delocalize radical electrons in the conjugated ring. In the transportation or detection of diatomic gases, the gas binds to the heme iron. During the detection of diatomic gases, the binding of the gas ligand to the heme iron induces conformational changes in the surrounding protein. In general, diatomic gases only bind to the reduced heme, as ferrous Fe(II) while most peroxidases cycle between Fe(III) and Fe(IV) and hemeproteins involved in mitochondrial redox, oxidation-reduction, cycle between Fe(II) and Fe(III).


title: Heme

text: It has been speculated that the original evolutionary function of hemoproteins was electron transfer in primitive sulfur-based photosynthesis pathways in ancestral cyanobacteria-like organisms before the appearance of molecular oxygen.


title: Heme

text: Hemoproteins achieve their remarkable functional diversity by modifying the environment of the heme macrocycle within the protein matrix. For example, the ability of hemoglobin to effectively deliver oxygen to tissues is due to specific amino acid residues located near the heme molecule. Hemoglobin reversibly binds to oxygen in the lungs when the pH is high, and the carbon dioxide concentration is low. When the situation is reversed (low pH and high carbon dioxide concentrations), hemoglobin will release oxygen into the tissues. This phenomenon, which states that hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity is inversely proportional to both acidity and concentration of carbon dioxide, is known as the Bohr effect. The molecular mechanism behind this effect is the steric organization of the globin chain; a histidine residue, located adjacent to the heme group, becomes positively charged under acidic conditions (which are caused by dissolved CO in working muscles, etc.), releasing oxygen from the heme group.


title: Heme

text: The most common type is "heme B"; other important types include "heme A" and "heme C". Isolated hemes are commonly designated by capital letters while hemes bound to proteins are designated by lower case letters. Cytochrome a refers to the heme A in specific combination with membrane protein forming a portion of cytochrome c oxidase.


title: Heme

text: The names of cytochromes typically (but not always) reflect the kinds of hemes they contain: cytochrome a contains heme A, cytochrome c contains heme C, etc. This convention may have been first introduced with the publication of the structure of heme A.


title: Heme

text: The practice of designating hemes with upper case letters was formalized in a footnote in a paper by Puustinen and Wikstrom which explains under which conditions a capital letter should be used: "we prefer the use of capital letters to describe the heme structure as isolated. Lowercase letters may then be freely used for cytochromes and enzymes, as well as to describe individual protein-bound heme groups (for example, cytochrome bc, and aa3 complexes, cytochrome b, heme c of the bc complex, heme a of the aa complex, etc)." In other words, the chemical compound would be designated with a capital letter, but specific instances in structures with lowercase. Thus cytochrome oxidase, which has two A hemes (heme a and heme a) in its structure, contains two moles of heme A per mole protein. Cytochrome bc, with hemes b, b, and c, contains heme B and heme C in a 2:1 ratio. The practice seems to have originated in a paper by Caughey and York in which the product of a new isolation procedure for the heme of cytochrome aa3 was designated heme A to differentiate it from previous preparations: "Our product is not identical in all respects with the heme a obtained in solution by other workers by the reduction of the hemin a as isolated previously (2). For this reason, we shall designate our product heme A until the apparent differences can be rationalized.". In a later paper, Caughey's group uses capital letters for isolated heme B and C as well as A.


title: Heme

text: The enzymatic process that produces heme is properly called porphyrin synthesis, as all the intermediates are tetrapyrroles that are chemically classified as porphyrins. The process is highly conserved across biology. In humans, this pathway serves almost exclusively to form heme. In bacteria, it also produces more complex substances such as cofactor F430 and cobalamin (vitamin B).


title: Heme

text: The pathway is initiated by the synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid (dALA or δALA) from the amino acid glycine and succinyl-CoA from the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). The rate-limiting enzyme responsible for this reaction, "ALA synthase", is negatively regulated by glucose and heme concentration. Mechanism of inhibition of ALAs by heme or hemin is by decreasing stability of mRNA synthesis and by decreasing the intake of mRNA in the mitochondria. This mechanism is of therapeutic importance: infusion of "heme arginate" or "hematin" and glucose can abort attacks of acute intermittent porphyria in patients with an inborn error of metabolism of this process, by reducing transcription of ALA synthase.


title: Heme

text: The organs mainly involved in heme synthesis are the liver (in which the rate of synthesis is highly variable, depending on the systemic heme pool) and the bone marrow (in which rate of synthesis of Heme is relatively constant and depends on the production of globin chain), although every cell requires heme to function properly. However, due to its toxic properties, proteins such as Hemopexin (Hx) are required to help maintain physiological stores of iron in order for them to be used in synthesis. Heme is seen as an intermediate molecule in catabolism of hemoglobin in the process of bilirubin metabolism. Defects in various enzymes in synthesis of heme can lead to group of disorder called porphyrias, these include acute intermittent porphyria, congenital erythropoetic porphyria, porphyria cutanea tarda, hereditary coproporphyria, variegate porphyria, erythropoietic protoporphyria.


title: Heme

text: Impossible Foods, producers of plant-based meat substitutes, use an accelerated heme synthesis process involving soybean root leghemoglobin and yeast, adding the resulting heme to items such as meatless (vegan) Impossible burger patties. The DNA for leghemoglobin production was extracted from the soybean root nodules and expressed in yeast cells to overproduce heme for use in the meatless burgers. This process claims to create a meaty flavor in the resulting products.


title: Heme

text: Degradation begins inside macrophages of the spleen, which remove old and damaged erythrocytes from the circulation.


title: Heme

text: In the first step, heme is converted to biliverdin by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO). NADPH is used as the reducing agent, molecular oxygen enters the reaction, carbon monoxide (CO) is produced and the iron is released from the molecule as the ferrous ion (Fe). CO acts as a cellular messenger and functions in vasodilation.


title: Heme

text: In addition, heme degradation appears to be an evolutionarily-conserved response to oxidative stress. Briefly, when cells are exposed to free radicals, there is a rapid induction of the expression of the stress-responsive heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) isoenzyme that catabolizes heme (see below). The reason why cells must increase exponentially their capability to degrade heme in response to oxidative stress remains unclear but this appears to be part of a cytoprotective response that avoids the deleterious effects of free heme. When large amounts of free heme accumulates, the heme detoxification/degradation systems get overwhelmed, enabling heme to exert its damaging effects.


title: Heme

text: Bilirubin is transported into the liver by facilitated diffusion bound to a protein (serum albumin), where it is conjugated with glucuronic acid to become more water-soluble. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.


title: Heme

text: This form of bilirubin is excreted from the liver in bile. Excretion of bilirubin from liver to biliary canaliculi is an active, energy-dependent and rate-limiting process. The intestinal bacteria deconjugate bilirubin diglucuronide and convert bilirubin to urobilinogens. Some urobilinogen is absorbed by intestinal cells and transported into the kidneys and excreted with urine (urobilin, which is the product of oxidation of urobilinogen, and is responsible for the yellow colour of urine). The remainder travels down the digestive tract and is converted to stercobilinogen. This is oxidized to stercobilin, which is excreted and is responsible for the brown color of feces.


title: Heme

text: Under homeostasis, the reactivity of heme is controlled by its insertion into the “heme pockets” of hemoproteins. Under oxidative stress however, some hemoproteins, e.g. hemoglobin, can release their heme prosthetic groups. The non-protein-bound (free) heme produced in this manner becomes highly cytotoxic, most probably due to the iron atom contained within its protoporphyrin IX ring, which can act as a Fenton's reagent to catalyze in an unfettered manner the production of free radicals. It catalyzes the oxidation and aggregation of protein, the formation of cytotoxic lipid peroxide via lipid peroxidation and damages DNA through oxidative stress. Due to its lipophilic properties, it impairs lipid bilayers in organelles such as mitochondria and nuclei. These properties of free heme can sensitize a variety of cell types to undergo programmed cell death in response to pro-inflammatory agonists, a deleterious effect that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory diseases such as malaria and sepsis.


title: Heme

text: There is an association between high intake of heme iron sourced from meat and increased risk of colon cancer. The heme content of red meat is 10 times higher than that of white meat such as chicken. A 2019 review found that heme iron intake is associated with increased breast cancer risk.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: In probability theory and machine learning, the multi-armed bandit problem (sometimes called the "K"-<ref name="doi10.1023/A:1013689704352"></ref> or "N"-armed bandit problem) is a problem in which a fixed limited set of resources must be allocated between competing (alternative) choices in a way that maximizes their expected gain, when each choice's properties are only partially known at the time of allocation, and may become better understood as time passes or by allocating resources to the choice. This is a classic reinforcement learning problem that exemplifies the exploration–exploitation tradeoff dilemma. The name comes from imagining a gambler at a row of slot machines (sometimes known as "one-armed bandits"), who has to decide which machines to play, how many times to play each machine and in which order to play them, and whether to continue with the current machine or try a different machine. The multi-armed bandit problem also falls into the broad category of stochastic scheduling.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: In the problem, each machine provides a random reward from a probability distribution specific to that machine, that is not known a-priori. The objective of the gambler is to maximize the sum of rewards earned through a sequence of lever pulls. The crucial tradeoff the gambler faces at each trial is between "exploitation" of the machine that has the highest expected payoff and "exploration" to get more information about the expected payoffs of the other machines. The trade-off between exploration and exploitation is also faced in machine learning. In practice, multi-armed bandits have been used to model problems such as managing research projects in a large organization, like a science foundation or a pharmaceutical company. In early versions of the problem, the gambler begins with no initial knowledge about the machines.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Herbert Robbins in 1952, realizing the importance of the problem, constructed convergent population selection strategies in "some aspects of the sequential design of experiments". A theorem, the Gittins index, first published by John C. Gittins, gives an optimal policy for maximizing the expected discounted reward.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: The multi-armed bandit problem models an agent that simultaneously attempts to acquire new knowledge (called "exploration") and optimize their decisions based on existing knowledge (called "exploitation"). The agent attempts to balance these competing tasks in order to maximize their total value over the period of time considered. There are many practical applications of the bandit model, for example:


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: In these practical examples, the problem requires balancing reward maximization based on the knowledge already acquired with attempting new actions to further increase knowledge. This is known as the "exploitation vs. exploration tradeoff" in machine learning.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: The model has also been used to control dynamic allocation of resources to different projects, answering the question of which project to work on, given uncertainty about the difficulty and payoff of each possibility.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Originally considered by Allied scientists in World War II, it proved so intractable that, according to Peter Whittle, the problem was proposed to be dropped over Germany so that German scientists could also waste their time on it.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: The multi-armed bandit (short: "bandit" or MAB) can be seen as a set of real distributions formula_1, each distribution being associated with the rewards delivered by one of the formula_2 levers. Let formula_3 be the mean values associated with these reward distributions. The gambler iteratively plays one lever per round and observes the associated reward. The objective is to maximize the sum of the collected rewards. The horizon formula_4 is the number of rounds that remain to be played. The bandit problem is formally equivalent to a one-state Markov decision process. The regret formula_5 after formula_6 rounds is defined as the expected difference between the reward sum associated with an optimal strategy and the sum of the collected rewards:


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: A "zero-regret strategy" is a strategy whose average regret per round formula_11 tends to zero with probability 1 when the number of played rounds tends to infinity. Intuitively, zero-regret strategies are guaranteed to converge to a (not necessarily unique) optimal strategy if enough rounds are played.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: A common formulation is the "Binary multi-armed bandit" or "Bernoulli multi-armed bandit," which issues a reward of one with probability formula_12, and otherwise a reward of zero.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Another formulation of the multi-armed bandit has each arm representing an independent Markov machine. Each time a particular arm is played, the state of that machine advances to a new one, chosen according to the Markov state evolution probabilities. There is a reward depending on the current state of the machine. In a generalization called the "restless bandit problem", the states of non-played arms can also evolve over time. There has also been discussion of systems where the number of choices (about which arm to play) increases over time.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Computer science researchers have studied multi-armed bandits under worst-case assumptions, obtaining algorithms to minimize regret in both finite and infinite (asymptotic) time horizons for both stochastic and non-stochastic arm payoffs.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: A major breakthrough was the construction of optimal population selection strategies, or policies (that possess uniformly maximum convergence rate to the population with highest mean) in the work described below.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: In the paper "Asymptotically efficient adaptive allocation rules", Lai and Robbins (following papers of Robbins and his co-workers going back to Robbins in the year 1952) constructed convergent population selection policies that possess the fastest rate of convergence (to the population with highest mean) for the case that the population reward distributions are the one-parameter exponential family. Then, in Katehakis and Robbins simplifications of the policy and the main proof were given for the case of normal populations with known variances. The next notable progress was obtained by Burnetas and Katehakis in the paper "Optimal adaptive policies for sequential allocation problems", where index based policies with uniformly maximum convergence rate were constructed, under more general conditions that include the case in which the distributions of outcomes from each population depend on a vector of unknown parameters. Burnetas and Katehakis (1996) also provided an explicit solution for the important case in which the distributions of outcomes follow arbitrary (i.e., non-parametric) discrete, univariate distributions.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Later in "Optimal adaptive policies for Markov decision processes" Burnetas and Katehakis studied the much larger model of Markov Decision Processes under partial information, where the transition law and/or the expected one period rewards may depend on unknown parameters. In this work, the authors constructed an explicit form for a class of adaptive policies with uniformly maximum convergence rate properties for the total expected finite horizon reward under sufficient assumptions of finite state-action spaces and irreducibility of the transition law. A main feature of these policies is that the choice of actions, at each state and time period, is based on indices that are inflations of the right-hand side of the estimated average reward optimality equations. These inflations have recently been called the optimistic approach in the work of Tewari and Bartlett, Ortner Filippi, Cappé, and Garivier, and Honda and Takemura.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: For Bernoulli multi-armed bandits, Pilarski et al. studied computation methods of deriving fully optimal solutions (not just asymptotically) using dynamic programming in the paper "Optimal Policy for Bernoulli Bandits: Computation and Algorithm Gauge." Via indexing schemes, lookup tables, and other techniques, this work provided practically applicable optimal solutions for Bernoulli bandits provided that time horizons and numbers of arms did not become excessively large. Pilarski et al. later extended this work in "Delayed Reward Bernoulli Bandits: Optimal Policy and Predictive Meta-Algorithm PARDI" to create a method of determining the optimal policy for Bernoulli bandits when rewards may not be immediately revealed following a decision and may be delayed. This method relies upon calculating expected values of reward outcomes which have not yet been revealed and updating posterior probabilities when rewards are revealed.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: When optimal solutions to multi-arm bandit tasks are used to derive the value of animals' choices, the activity of neurons in the amygdala and ventral striatum encodes the values derived from these policies, and can be used to decode when the animals make exploratory versus exploitative choices. Moreover, optimal policies better predict animals' choice behavior than alternative strategies (described below). This suggests that the optimal solutions to multi-arm bandit problems are biologically plausible, despite being computationally demanding.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Many strategies exist which provide an approximate solution to the bandit problem, and can be put into the four broad categories detailed below.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Semi-uniform strategies were the earliest (and simplest) strategies discovered to approximately solve the bandit problem. All those strategies have in common a greedy behavior where the "best" lever (based on previous observations) is always pulled except when a (uniformly) random action is taken.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Probability matching strategies reflect the idea that the number of pulls for a given lever should "match" its actual probability of being the optimal lever. Probability matching strategies are also known as Thompson sampling or Bayesian Bandits, and are surprisingly easy to implement if you can sample from the posterior for the mean value of each alternative.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Pricing strategies establish a "price" for each lever. For example, as illustrated with the POKER algorithm, the price can be the sum of the expected reward plus an estimation of extra future rewards that will gain through the additional knowledge. The lever of highest price is always pulled.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: These strategies minimize the assignment of any patient to an inferior arm ("physician's duty"). In a typical case, they minimize expected successes lost (ESL), that is, the expected number of favorable outcomes that were missed because of assignment to an arm later proved to be inferior. Another version minimizes resources wasted on any inferior, more expensive, treatment.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: A useful generalization of the multi-armed bandit is the contextual multi-armed bandit. At each iteration an agent still has to choose between arms, but they also see a d-dimensional feature vector, the context vector they can use together with the rewards of the arms played in the past to make the choice of the arm to play. Over time, the learner's aim is to collect enough information about how the context vectors and rewards relate to each other, so that it can predict the next best arm to play by looking at the feature vectors.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Many strategies exist that provide an approximate solution to the contextual bandit problem, and can be put into two broad categories detailed below.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: In practice, there is usually a cost associated with the resource consumed by each action and the total cost is limited by a budget in many applications such as crowdsourcing and clinical trials. Constrained contextual bandit (CCB) is such a model that considers both the time and budget constraints in a multi-armed bandit setting.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: A. Badanidiyuru et al. first studied contextual bandits with budget constraints, also referred to as Resourceful Contextual Bandits, and show that a formula_21 regret is achievable. However, their work focuses on a finite set of policies, and the algorithm is computationally inefficient.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Another variant of the multi-armed bandit problem is called the adversarial bandit, first introduced by Auer and Cesa-Bianchi (1998). In this variant, at each iteration, an agent chooses an arm and an adversary simultaneously chooses the payoff structure for each arm. This is one of the strongest generalizations of the bandit problem as it removes all assumptions of the distribution and a solution to the adversarial bandit problem is a generalized solution to the more specific bandit problems.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: An example often considered for adversarial bandits is the iterated prisoner's dilemma. In this example, each adversary has two arms to pull. They can either Deny or Confess. Standard stochastic bandit algorithms don't work very well with these iterations. For example, if the opponent cooperates in the first 100 rounds, defects for the next 200, then cooperate in the following 300, etc. then algorithms such as UCB won't be able to react very quickly to these changes. This is because after a certain point sub-optimal arms are rarely pulled to limit exploration and focus on exploitation. When the environment changes the algorithm is unable to adapt or may not even detect the change.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: EXP3 is a popular algorithm for adversarial multiarmed bandits, suggested and analyzed in this setting by Auer et al. [2002b].


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Recently there was an increased interest in the performance of this algorithm in the stochastic setting, due to its new applications to stochastic multi-armed bandits with side information [Seldin et al., 2011] and to multi-armed bandits in the mixed stochastic-adversarial setting [Bubeck and Slivkins, 2012].


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: The paper presented an empirical evaluation and improved analysis of the performance of the EXP3 algorithm in the stochastic setting, as well as a modification of the EXP3 algorithm capable of achieving “logarithmic” regret in stochastic environment


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Exp3 chooses an arm at random with probability formula_33 it prefers arms with higher weights (exploit), it chooses with probability formula_34 to uniformly randomly explore. After receiving the rewards the weights are updated. The exponential growth significantly increases the weight of good arms.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: We follow the arm that we think has the best performance so far adding exponential noise to it to provide exploration.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: In the original specification and in the above variants, the bandit problem is specified with a discrete and finite number of arms, often indicated by the variable formula_42. In the infinite armed case, introduced by Agrawal (1995), the "arms" are a continuous variable in formula_42 dimensions.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: This framework refers to the multi-armed bandit problem in a "non-stationary" setting (i.e., in presence of concept drift). In the non-stationary setting, it is assumed that the expected reward for an arm formula_44 can change at every time step formula_45: formula_46. Thus, formula_47 no longer represents the whole sequence of expected (stationary) rewards for arm formula_44. Instead, formula_49 denotes the sequence of expected rewards for arm formula_44, defined as formula_51.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: A "dynamic oracle" represents the optimal policy to be compared with other policies in the non-stationary setting. The dynamic oracle optimises the expected reward at each step formula_45 by always selecting the best arm, with expected reward of formula_53. Thus, the cumulative expected reward formula_54 for the dynamic oracle at final time step formula_6 is defined as:


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Hence, the "regret" formula_57 for policy formula_58 is computed as the difference between formula_54 and the cumulative expected reward at step formula_6 for policy formula_58:


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Garivier and Moulines derive some of the first results with respect to bandit problems where the underlying model can change during play. A number of algorithms were presented to deal with this case, including Discounted UCB and Sliding-Window UCB. A similar approach based on Thompson Sampling algorithm is the f-Discounted-Sliding-Window Thompson Sampling (f-dsw TS) proposed by Cavenaghi et al. The f-dsw TS algorithm exploits a discount factor on the reward history and an arm-related sliding window to contrast concept drift in non-stationary environments. Another work by Burtini et al. introduces a weighted least squares Thompson sampling approach (WLS-TS), which proves beneficial in both the known and unknown non-stationary cases. In the known non-stationary case, the authors in produce an alternative solution, a variant of UCB named Adjusted Upper Confidence Bound (A-UCB) which assumes a stochastic model and provide upper-bounds of the regret.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: The dueling bandit variant was introduced by Yue et al. (2012) to model the exploration-versus-exploitation tradeoff for relative feedback.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: In this variant the gambler is allowed to pull two levers at the same time, but they only get a binary feedback telling which lever provided the best reward. The difficulty of this problem stems from the fact that the gambler has no way of directly observing the reward of their actions.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: The relative feedback of dueling bandits can also lead to voting paradoxes. A solution is to take the Condorcet winner as a reference.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: More recently, researchers have generalized algorithms from traditional MAB to dueling bandits: Relative Upper Confidence Bounds (RUCB), Relative EXponential weighing (REX3),


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Copeland Confidence Bounds (CCB), Relative Minimum Empirical Divergence (RMED), and Double Thompson Sampling (DTS).


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: The collaborative filtering bandits (i.e., COFIBA) was introduced by Li and Karatzoglou and Gentile (SIGIR 2016), where the classical collaborative filtering, and content-based filtering methods try to learn a static recommendation model given training data. These approaches are far from ideal in highly dynamic recommendation domains such as news recommendation and computational advertisement, where the set of items and users is very fluid. In this work, they investigate an adaptive clustering technique for content recommendation based on exploration-exploitation strategies in contextual multi-armed bandit settings. Their algorithm (COFIBA, pronounced as "Coffee Bar") takes into account the collaborative effects that arise due to the interaction of the users with the items, by dynamically grouping users based on the items under consideration and, at the same time, grouping items based on the similarity of the clusterings induced over the users. The resulting algorithm thus takes advantage of preference patterns in the data in a way akin to collaborative filtering methods. They provide an empirical analysis on medium-size real-world datasets, showing scalability and increased prediction performance (as measured by click-through rate) over state-of-the-art methods for clustering bandits. They also provide a regret analysis within a standard linear stochastic noise setting.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: The Combinatorial Multiarmed Bandit (CMAB) problem arises when instead of a single discrete variable to choose from, an agent needs to choose values for a set of variables. Assuming each variable is discrete, the number of possible choices per iteration is exponential in the number of variables. Several CMAB settings have been studied in the literature, from settings where the variables are binary to more general setting where each variable can take an arbitrary set of values.


title: Multi-armed bandit

text: Multi-armed bandit are mainly studied under two extreme settings known as stochastic and adversarial. The two aforementioned settings, however, does not capture realistic environments such as search engines and marketing and advertising, in which rewards stochastically change in time. Motivated by that, authors introduce and study dynamic MAB with stochastic temporal structures. In this problem, the expected reward of each arm follows an auto-regressive (AR) model that governs the temporal structure of the rewards. Due to the dynamic nature of the rewards, simple "explore and commit" policies fail, as all arms have to get explored continuously over time.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Miguel Angel Garcia Cortez (born December 15, 1987), best known as Mikey Garcia, is an American former professional boxer who competed from 2006 to 2021. He held multiple world championships in four weight classes from featherweight to light welterweight, and challenged once for the IBF welterweight title.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Born to Mexican parents, Miguel Angel's father, Eduardo, was an amateur boxer and trainer of world champion boxer Fernando Vargas at La Colonia Youth Boxing Club. His older brother, Roberto was a professional boxer and a former IBF Super Featherweight Champion who lost his belt to the late Diego Corrales. His oldest brother, Daniel, was a boxer and trainer. He has been featured on ABC's show American Latino TV and he talked about balancing studies with the demands of boxing.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Garcia has said he grew up in a "gang-related neighborhood" in Oxnard, California. Garcia said that his parents were both strawberry pickers.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Garcia started his amateur career at the age of fourteen. In 2003, he won a silver medal at the National Junior Olympic Championships in the 125 lb division. In 2004, he won a gold medal at the National Junior Golden Gloves Championships and a silver medal at the National Police Athletic League Championships, both in the 132 lb division. In 2005, he won a bronze medal at the National Golden Gloves Championships and a gold medal at the National Police Athletic League Championships, both in the 132 lb division.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Garcia is known as a patient fighter with good punching power, a natural right-hander who likes to switch to southpaw during some of his fights. He turned pro in 2006 and signed with Bob Arum's Top Rank. Garcia was undefeated in his first 20 professional fights with 17 of them coming by way of knockout.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: In April 2010, Mikey Garcia beat the veteran Tomas Villa by T.K.O. in the first round, to win the USBA Featherweight Championship. He then beat Matt Remillard to win the WBO NABO Featherweight Championship. This would not only be the last boxing bout but also the last event Nick Charles would broadcast, Charles would die a few days later from cancer.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: In his next fight HBO asked Garcia to turn down a world title shot against Billy Dib to fight on the undercard of Julio César Chávez, Jr. vs. Sebastian Zbik. After his win over Rafaël Guzmán, Garcia sent his well wishes to Genaro Hernández who was struggling with cancer, Hernández would die a few days later. Months later he beat Juan Carlos Martinez in under four rounds at the Madison Square Garden in New York City.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Garcia's first major step up in competition came on January 19, 2013 against WBO Featherweight champion and "Ring" No. 1 ranked featherweight, Orlando Salido. His fight with Salido was originally supposed to happen on November 10, 2012 at Wynn Las Vegas but Salido broke his finger and had to pull out of the fight with Garcia fighting Jonathan Victor Barros as a late replacement. Garcia would get his chance again In front of a near sell out crowd of 4,850 at The Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City, Garcia dominated the bout from the very beginning, keeping Salido at range with the jab. Garcia knocked Salido down four times early on in the fight, building up a large lead on the scorecards. During the 8th round, Salido accidentally clashed heads with Garcia, causing Garcia's nose to break. The fight was stopped between rounds, with the decision going to the scorecards. Garcia won with the scores of 79–70, 79–69, 79–69 to win his first world title. Speaking of the headbutt, Garcia said, "I had the perfect fight going on. I was beating him up good, and then he drove his head into my face -- but it was accidental." Garcia earned a career-high $220,000 purse for the fight.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Garcia was scheduled to make his first title defense against Juan Manuel López in Dallas on June 15, 2013. Garcia failed to make 126 lb weight limit coming in two pounds overweight. He was stripped of the title. The fight went ahead after Garcia paid Lopez a penalty of $150,000 for missing weight. Garcia claimed the reason for not making weight was due to missing several days of training. On fight night, Garcia re-hydrated to 142 pounds, whilst Lopez weighed 137.5 pounds on the HBO scales. In front of a crowd of 5,605 at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas, Garcia dominated the fight from the opening bell, dropping Lopez in round 2 following a right straight hand. In round 4, Garcia landed a left hook to Lopez, knocking him down again. At 1 minute and 35 seconds of round 4, referee Raphael Ramos waved the fight off, giving Garcia the win. After the fight, Garcia said, "I was able to land my jab and stand pretty comfortable. When I knocked him down, that gave me confidence that I could put him out early." Garcia landed 53 punches, with 40 of them being jabs.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: On August 1, 2013 the WBO ordered their junior lightweight champion Román Martínez (27–1–2, 16 KOs) to make a mandatory defence against Garcia. On September 9, the date of the purse bid, a deal was set for the fight to take place on November 9 at the American Bank Center in Corpus Christi, Texas. The attendance was announced as 5,124. Garcia went down in the second round from a Martínez counter right hand. Garcia, however, recovered and dominated the rest of the fight before knocking out Martínez with a left hook to the body in the eighth round. Speaking off the knockout punch, Garcia said, "I thought it was a very good punch when I landed it. I felt I really hurt him, enough to where he wouldn't get up. I had a feeling it would be over after I connected." Garcia landed nearly half of his total 127 power punches. This included 52 punches landed in the last three rounds compared to 8 landed by Martínez. The victory meant Garcia became a two weight world champion.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: On December 14, 2013 it was announced that Garcia would make his first title defense against mandatory challenger, 25 year old Mexican boxer Juan Carlos Burgos (30–1–2, 20 KOs). The fight was set for January 25, 2014 at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City on a live double-header on HBO Boxing After Dark, with Bryant Jennings vs. Artur Szpilka as co-main event. Burgos was known to have fought to a split draw with former champion Román Martínez on the Garcia-Salido undercard in January 2013. Garcia went into the fight with a 11-fight knockout streak. After being staggered in the second round, Garcia took control of the fight and won close to every round for the remainder of the bout. At the end of the fight, Garcia won via unanimous decision (118–110, 118–110, 119–109), improving to 34–0. Garcia landed 163 of 567 punches thrown (29%) and Burgos landed 89 of his 564 thrown (16%).


title: Mikey Garcia

text: In the post fight interview, Garcia admitted he had trouble at the start, "His height gave me difficulty. But I found my range and I found my distance and that was it." Burgos snapped Garcia's knockout streak which stretched back 4 years to 2010 and the fight also marked the first time Garcia saw out the 12 round distance. Garcia called out Yuriorkis Gamboa for a potential fight. The fight averaged 829,000 viewers and peaked at 911,000 viewers.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Garcia had been unhappy over his purses, which had been increasing to career-high six-figure levels fight after fight, sued Top Rank in April 2014 to get out of the agreement. Although in arbitration with his promoter, Garcia had expressed plans of returning to the ring under a new contract with Top Rank. On October 15, Garcia vacated his WBO title. He was due to make a mandatory defence against Interim champion Orlando Salido. Garcia also cited difficulty in making the 130 pound limit, the main reason he vacated. On April 8, 2016, it was confirmed that Garcia and Top Rank, who were locked in a dispute over his promotional contract, had reached a settlement, according to Bob Arum. Top Rank vice president Carl Moretti told ESPN.com. "All parties came to a mutual agreement, details of that agreement are a confidential matter. We all move on and do what we do." Although Garcia's Top Rank contract was up in August, they reached a deal.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Top Rank announced on June 28, 2016, after 2 and a half years off, Garcia would be returning to the boxing ring against former world featherweight titleholder Elio Rojas on July 30 on Showtime in a 10-round bout at Barclays Center in Brooklyn on the undercard of Santa-Cruz-Frampton. This would be a one-fight deal with promoter Lou DiBella and Showtime. They met at approximately 138 pounds. The weight had not been contractually hashed out, however Garcia planned to move down with the hopes of challenging for a world title in the 135-pound lightweight division. Garcia scored four knockdowns, before finishing Rojas in the 5th round via knockout. Garcia hit Rojas face-first with a left hand and dropping him with a right uppercut-left hook combination. Rojas, who was only fighting for the second time in four years, beat the count, but referee Claudio waved it off at 2 minutes, 2 seconds. After the fight, Garcia said, "I think it was a very good performance. Even though I've been out for two-and-a-half years, people haven't forgotten about me. I did miss [boxing], but the time off helped me regain that fire." CompuBox stats showed that Garcia landed 53 of 162 punches thrown (42%) and Rojas landed 47 of 168 thrown (28%). Rojas came off a 23-month lay-off. The fight averaged 427,000 viewers.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Garcia announced he would be fighting at lightweight to challenge undefeated WBC champion Dejan Zlatičanin (22–0, 15 KOs). Zlatičanin claimed the vacant title by knocking out Franklin Mamani in June and also holds decision victories over the likes of Petr Petrov and former multiple weight world champion Ricky Burns. The fight would take place at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas and again serve as a co-feature to the anticipated rematch between Carl Frampton and Leo Santa Cruz on January 28, 2017.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Garcia stopped Zlatičanin in round three to win the title and give Zlaticanin his first professional defeat. The end came after Garcia hit a two punch combination starting with an uppercut which led Zlatičanin open for a final right hook which dropped him backwards on the floor, a knockout of the year candidate. The referee stopped the fight immediately. Garcia became a three-weight world champion with this knockout win. Garcia's purse for the fight was $375,000 compared to the $320,000 that Zlatičanin received. In the post fight interview, Garcia said that he would like to unify the division and also mentioned fighting undefeated Terence Crawford at light welterweight. Garcia landed 50 punches of 176 thrown (28%), whilst Zlatičanin landed only 16 of 60 (27%). The fight averaged 544,000 and peaked at 617,000 viewers.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: On May 25, 2017 it was announced that talks were underway for a fight between Garcia and four-weight world champion Adrien Broner on July 29, 2017 at Barclays Center in Brooklyn. A deal which would include a catchweight of 140 pounds, the super lightweight limit, with Showtime the likely network to broadcast the fight. On Monday, May 22, Broner was sentenced to 72 hours at the Kenton County Detention Center in Covington, Kentucky, on a contempt charge, after failing to make multiple court appearances. Garcia said he would be returning to lightweight after the fight, adding that the Broner fight was 'too good and too lucrative' to pass up.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: If Broner missed weight, he would be fined $500,000. He said he would be more disciplined because he won't give up half a million dollars and claimed he had a reason to not miss weight.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: On July 20, 8 days before the official weigh in, Broner reportedly weighed 144 pounds and said that he would 'comfortably make weight tomorrow'. On July 21, the WBC announced that their Diamond light welterweight title would be at stake for the fight. Garcia weighed in a career high 139.5 pounds and more than Broner, who weighed 138.7 pounds.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Garcia won the fight by unanimous decision with the three judges scoring the fight 117–111, 116–112, 116–112. The fight started tentatively, with both boxers landing few punches in the opening round. But over the course of the fight, Garcia took over and by the championship rounds he was significantly outpacing Broner in punches landed and thrown. ESPN scored the fight 120–108 shutout win for Garcia. In the post fight interviews, Garcia praised his performance and Broner, "This is definitely one of my best performances ever. I think I controlled the fight in the early rounds and I kept the activity up. Broner is a great fighter who has great skills. I was the superior fighter tonight." Broner was humble in defeat, but stated that he had to catch Garcia, who he claimed was running, "It was a good fight. At the end of the day, I come to fight, I come to win and I put my heart on the line. It was Tom & Jerry – I had to catch the mouse."


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Both fighters earned a $1 million purse for the fight. CompuBox statistics showed that Garcia was the more active boxer, landing 244 of 783 punches (31%), Broner landed only 125 of 400 thrown (31%). Garcia threw over 200 punches in the last four rounds alone, trying to get the stoppage win. Garcia said he was open to any boxer coming over to showtime, whether that be at 135, 140 or even 147 pounds. The fight drew an average 881,000 viewers on Showtime and peaked at 937,000 viewers, making it the most watched fight on Showtime since Deontay Wilder defeated Bermane Stiverne to win the WBC heavyweight title in January 2015. That fight drew an average of 1.24 million.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: In early September 2017, Garcia took to social media and called out four-weight world champion Miguel Cotto for a fight in December, possibly being Cotto's final fight. Garcia's trainer and brother Roberto explained that it was his friend Rudy Hernandez who first mentioned taking Mikey up to 154 pounds for a one off fight. On September 21, he reiterated his desire to move up to 154 to be Cotto's final foe. Cotto's trainer was also open for the fight to take place.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Robert Garcia said if Mikey is unable to land a fight with Cotto, he could potentially fight Robert Easter Jr. in a unification fight in December. On October 5, the WBC ordered a fight between Garcia and Jorge Linares (43-3, 27 KOs), as Linares holds the WBC Diamond title, in addition to the WBA lightweight title. Garcia commented on Twitter that the Cotto fight couldn't happen as Golden Boy Promotions required him signing an exclusive long-term contract with them in order to make the fight. Garcia also mentioned that the fight with Linares wouldn't happen before the end of the year as Linares was unavailable on December. Lance Pugmire reported for the "Los Angeles Times" that Garcia would most likely return on December or January against Robert Easter Jr.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Eric Gomez, president of Golden Boy sent out a message to Garcia stating if he wanted the fight with Linares, it could be made, without any add-ons to the contract. Garcia later replied, "No need to put it out [in] public. You also have my number, I'll call you later bro." Gomez later announced that Garcia had rejected their offer for a one-fight agreement with a 50-50 purse split. Garcia said he had received a more lucrative offer. He said, "I have more options, in fact [...] the guaranteed purse is better[...] just as Golden Boy is looking to do what's best for their company, I am also looking to do what's best for me."


title: Mikey Garcia

text: On December 14, 2017 RingTV.com announced that Garcia would next challenge recently crowned IBF light welterweight champion Sergey Lipinets (13-0, 10 KOs) on February 10, 2018 on Showtime for a package reportedly worth approximately $3.5 million. According to early reports, the fight was likely to take place at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. WBC president Sulaiman announced that Garcia would keep his lightweight title regardless of the result. On January 17, 2018 it was reported the fight would be postponed due to Lipinets suffering a hand injury whilst in training. Lipinets co-manager, Alex Vaysfeld stated the hand injury occurred in December 2017 and Lipinets had begged him not to postpone the fight. A doctors report suggested he could be out for a month. A few days later, the fight was rescheduled to take place on March 10. The bout would remain in San Antonio, however the Freeman Coliseum was announced as the new venue.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Garcia dropped Lipinets in round 7, en route to becoming a four-weight world champion via unanimous decision after 12 rounds. The final scorecards read 116-111, 117-110 and 117-110 in favor of Garcia. Many of the rounds were close with Garcia doing more to win each round. Lipinets landed the harder punches. Garcia came in to the fight with a gameplan knowing Lipinets was the bigger man, he used different angles behind his jab and remained patient. A left hook to Lipinets's face dropped him for the first time in his professional career. Lipinets managed to get up and finish the round on steady legs. CompuBox Stats showed that Garcia landed 169 of 679 total punches (25%) and Lipinets landed 144 of his 509 thrown (28%). Garcia landed 46% of his power punches; 92 to Lipinets' 73. With the victory, Garcia also became the lineal light welterweight champion and joined Manny Pacquiao and Juan Manuel Marquez as the only fighters in history to win titles at 126, 130, 135 and 140 pounds. The fight averaged 618,000 viewers and peaked at 689,000 viewers on Showtime.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: On March 12, 2018, the IBF wrote to Garcia, giving him until March 22 to decide whether he wants to keep his IBF title at light welterweight as they had a mandatory challenger, Ivan Baranchyk (18–0, 11 KOs) lined up next. On April 17, Garcia vacated the IBF title, confirming he would drop back to lightweight to defend his WBC title. On April 24, WBC president Sulaiman stated Garcia would participate in a lightweight unification with IBF beltholder Robert Easter Jr. in the summer. On May 1, it was reported that the fight would likely take place in July or August at the Staples Center in Los Angeles. On May 4, it was reported that Garcia was close to signing a deal with UFC president Dana White's Zuffa Boxing promotions. July 28 was later confirmed as the fight date.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: Before a crowd of 12,560, Garcia dropped Easter in round 3 on his way to a unanimous decision win with scores of 116–111, 117–110 and 118–109, to become the unified WBC and IBF lightweight champion. The fight started with Easter using his distance well to keep Garcia at arms reach. In round 3, Garcia knocked Easter down with a left hook to the head. Garcia did not seem to struggle to get close as Easter, who was using his long jab effectively as Garcia himself was also managing to land his jab, despite the reach disadvantage. From round 6, Garcia controlled the fight. It appeared that Easter became wary of Garcia's power and began to fight more cautiously. Both fighters traded in round 9 with Garcia landing hard shots to the body and Easter landing with his left hand. In rounds 10 and 11, Easter took punishment against the ropes. Garcia then finished strong in the final round. CompuBox showed that Garcia outlanded him 95–34 in total punches over the final four rounds. Overall, Garcia landed 176 punches of 555 thrown (32%) and Easter landed 129 of his 507 (25%). Easter landed 89 of 343 jabs, however he had more success in the first half of the fight.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: On unifying, Garcia said, "It's a great accomplishment. Now we're back. I told you guys I was coming for bigger things and now we're one step closer to achieving that. I knew he was a tough opponent. He's a tough warrior. He gave a great fight, but I was the better fighter. I was in control of the fight and I did what I had to do to win." Easter was humble in defeat and gave full credit to Garcia, "He was just a better man tonight. I take my hat off to Mikey. He's a true warrior. Whenever we step in the ring, we are both putting our lives on the line, and tonight Mikey was victorious. I just couldn't find the timing and I just couldn't let my right hand go." Garcia also re-iterated his desire to fight IBF welterweight champion Errol Spence Jr. by the end of 2018. Spence, who was sat ringside also admitted the fight was too big to turn down and would not be hard to make. Garcia reportedly earned around a $1 million purse. The fight averaged 680,000 viewers and peaked at 725,000 viewers.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: On July 31, 2018, the IBF ordered Garcia to defend his newly-won title against mandatory challenger Richard Commey (26–2, 23 KOs), with a deal to be reached by August 30. Then-IBF champion Easter was ordered to fight Commey before March 30, 2018 however the IBF granted an exception for the Garcia-Easter unification bout as long as the winner satisfied their mandatory next. On October 19, Commey tweeted that the IBF had ordered the bout to go to purse bids as Garcia had not signed his side of the contract. On October 25, BoxingScene.com reported that negotiations between Garcia and Spence (24–0, 21 KOs) were progressing, with the fight likely to take place in February 2019 on Showtime PPV.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: On October 30, 2018, Garcia vacated his IBF lightweight title and the purse bid for the potential Commey fight was cancelled. On November 13, PBC made an official announcement for their 2019 schedule. It was announced the fight between Garcia and Spence would take place at the welterweight limit at the AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas on March 16, 2019 exclusively on FOX PPV. Many fans reacted to fight being announced. Some welcomed the fight and praised Garcia for 'daring to be great' and some fans believed the size difference would be too much as Spence is considered a big welterweight. Ultimately, Garcia was dominated by Spence in a convincing fashion, resulting in a 12 round unanimous decision for Spence in which Garcia failed to win a single round on all 3 fight scorecards.


title: Mikey Garcia

text: On February 29, 2020, Garcia returned to the ring in Frisco, Texas after a layoff of almost a year. In his second bout at welterweight, he faced former two-division world champion Jessie Vargas. Vargas was ranked #4 by the WBO at welterweight. In a hard-fought battle, Garcia dropped his opponent in the fifth round and earned a unanimous decision victory, with scores of 114-113, 116-111, and 116-111. CompuBox punch stats saw Garcia land 151 of 478 (32%) total punches thrown, while Vargas landed 142 punches of 671 (21%) total punches thrown. In his post-fight interview, Garcia stated his intentions to continue fighting in the welterweight division, saying, "I would love to fight against Manny Pacquiao, or a rematch with Errol Spence. I’m better now at this weight class. I want to continue to campaign at 147 [lbs] and seek a title in a fifth division.”


title: Mikey Garcia

text: After a layoff of almost twenty months since his last fight, Garcia returned to the ring to face European super lightweight champion Sandor Martin on October 16, 2021, in Fresno, California. Despite being the heavy pre-fight betting favorite, Garcia suffered his second professional defeat, when he was outboxed to a majority decision loss, with scores of 95–95, and 97–93 twice in favor of Martin. In his post-fight interview, Garcia offered his opinion on the fight: "I thought it was a good fight. He [Martin] fought a very good fight. I thought I did the necessary to close the gap, putting the pressure, looking for the fight. He was the one moving, running around a lot. He countered me a few times, but I was the one actively looking for the fight; I thought I was ahead on the cards."


title: Mikey Garcia

text: In February 2014, Garcia, along with Bernard Hopkins and a few other such (Jake Adams) athletes, attended a summit at the Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health at the United States Capitol, in support of furthering the research of preventing brain damage and other mental risks in competitive activity. The summit consisted of speeches about preventing brain damage and research to aid already suffering victims.


title: Steven Page

text: Steven Jay Page (born June 22, 1970) is a Canadian musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He was a founding member, lead singer, guitarist, and a primary songwriter of the music group Barenaked Ladies. Page left the band in February 2009 to pursue a solo career.


title: Steven Page

text: Page was born in Scarborough, Ontario. After skipping grade one, he was enrolled in Scarborough's gifted program at Churchill Heights Public School. Page's father, Victor, was a drummer, as is his brother, Matthew. As a child, Page would attempt to play songs on the piano, while his dad would keep the beat on the drums. Page took ten years of piano lessons (though claimed he did not learn to play). He also was a member of the Toronto Mendelssohn Youth Choir.


title: Steven Page

text: During childhood, Page had his best friend "stolen" by a schoolmate, Ed Robertson, and resented Robertson for some time. The two went to high school at Woburn Collegiate Institute but steered clear of each other until Page spotted Robertson at a Harvey's restaurant after a Peter Gabriel concert and was surprised to find that Robertson was also a fan. This led to Page and Robertson talking, becoming friends, and ultimately, forming BNL. They were both counsellors at the Scarborough Schools Music Camp in the summer of 1988, where some of their early collaborations in music were born. Page wrote songs with his friend Geoff Pounsett and made tapes of those songs. Robertson had obtained a tape the two had made, and knew some of Page's songs.


title: Steven Page

text: Ed Robertson invited Page to perform with him at a charity show under the name Barenaked Ladies in 1988, and ultimately, the show led the pair to full-time careers in the band. Page attended York University in the English program, with a minor in theory and choral studies, but dropped out to focus on the band's rising success.


title: Steven Page

text: Page was a main songwriter from the band's inception. A majority of the group's material came either from him alone or was co-written with Robertson.


title: Steven Page

text: Page also played acoustic and electric guitar (and occasionally other instruments) for BNL, both in the studio and live.


title: Steven Page

text: In 2002, Page won an International Achievement Award at the SOCAN Awards in Toronto for the song "Pinch Me", which he co-wrote with Robertson.


title: Steven Page

text: By 2004, Page was having reservations about his contributions to BNL. He has indicated that he participated in the recordings of "Barenaked for the Holidays" and "Snacktime!" despite being opposed to them. Concerning "Snacktime!", Page stated, "[i]t was a lot of fun to do, but it wasn't my idea. I was along for the ride."


title: Steven Page

text: On February 24, 2009, it was announced that Page would be leaving the group to pursue other opportunities, including solo projects and theatre work, and that the remainder of the band would continue in his absence. The decision had been made about a week and a half before the public announcement, with one reason being the rest of the band's desire to record a new album and Page's reluctance to do so. Page believes that his much-publicized drug arrest in Syracuse, New York hastened his already-imminent split with the band.


title: Steven Page

text: The singer commented in August 2011 that around the time of his arrest, "the band was no longer the joyous place that it once was, but it hadn't been joyous for a long time before that. It wasn't that we didn't put on good shows, we still had a great time onstage every night," he added. "But it became a place where work was just about the stress and not the end product. And (the arrest and band tension) made me gather the strength to go out and do what I always wanted to do."


title: Steven Page

text: In September 2015, TMZ discovered court documents filed by Page over "The Big Bang Theory Theme". He alleged that he was promised 20% of the proceeds from the song, which included revenue generated from the BNL greatest hits album, and claimed that former bandmate Robertson has kept that money entirely for himself.


title: Steven Page

text: On March 25, 2018, Page performed with Barenaked Ladies for the first time in nine years at the Juno Awards in Vancouver, in celebration of the band's induction into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame. Though there were reportedly no plans to make the reunion permanent, neither side had necessarily ruled it out.


title: Steven Page

text: As a young man, Page was a fan of British singer-songwriter Stephen Duffy, a founding member of Duran Duran and the frontman for the group The Lilac Time. Page began corresponding with Duffy after the latter replied to his fan letter. Page was ultimately invited to co-write with Duffy in the early 1990s, and several co-written songs subsequently appeared on BNL albums, starting with "Maybe You Should Drive".


title: Steven Page

text: Following his departure from Barenaked Ladies, Page's first major project was to complete writing music for the first production of "" at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in 2009. During that summer, he embarked on a tour of music festivals, accompanied by Kevin Fox on cello.


title: Steven Page

text: Page set up promotional accounts for himself on several social networking websites under his name and under the billing "The Steven Pages".


title: Steven Page

text: He recorded the song "He's a Really Useful Engine" for the soundtrack of the 2000 children's film "Thomas and the Magic Railroad".


title: Steven Page

text: Page's next release was "A Singer Must Die", a studio recording of songs he performed in a pair of concerts, Songbook II, with the contemporary music group Art of Time Ensemble. Following the album's publication on February 16, 2010, the artists embarked on a twelve-date concert tour. Page participated in other concerts with Art of Time Ensemble, including Take This Waltz (a collection of waltzes) and a performance of the Beatles' "Abbey Road" album, using semi-classical arrangements by Art of Time Ensemble. In November 2011, Page performed a songbook concert, Songbook 6, featuring new compositions.


title: Steven Page

text: The singer's first album of original material under his own name, "Page One", was released on October 19, 2010. Page toured the record across Canada and the US, including a string of shows supporting the Goo Goo Dolls.


title: Steven Page

text: On January 1, 2011, he performed at the NHL Winter Classic and led the singing of Canada's national anthem before the game. He also performed Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah" at the state funeral of Jack Layton on August 27, 2011.


title: Steven Page

text: On January 17, 2012, Page released a new single containing two new songs, "A Different Sort of Solitude" and "Manchild". The song was included on the soundtrack of the film "French Immersion". "Manchild" was co-written with Craig Northey of The Odds.


title: Steven Page

text: On the same day as the release, Page was nominated at the 32nd Annual Genie Awards for the composition of "A Different Sort of Solitude".


title: Steven Page

text: Page has hosted a television show, "The Illegal Eater", in which he is featured travelling to various cities in search of underground restaurants and/or pop-up supper clubs.


title: Steven Page

text: In July 2014, it was announced that the singer had been working on a new studio album. The record, "", was released on March 11, 2016.


title: Steven Page

text: "Here's What It Takes", a musical written by Page and Daniel MacIvor, was slated to premiere at the 2020 Stratford Festival. With the production shut down due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Page has performed a weekly series of home concerts through Dan Mangan's Side Door platform. He and the show's cast recorded a version of the musical's closing song, "No Song Left to Save Me", for an appearance on CBC Radio's "Q".


title: Steven Page

text: On July 16, 2016, Page performed a show as a member of a band called the Trans-Canada Highwaymen, a supergroup of fellow Canadian musicians, including Moe Berg of The Pursuit of Happiness, Chris Murphy of Sloan, and Craig Northey (who also performs as Page's lead guitarist at his solo shows). The band subsequently announced a tour, which began in April 2017. The ensemble has not written any original material, instead performing covers of songs from the members' respective bands.


title: Steven Page

text: Page was born to an Ashkenazi Jewish mother and a father of Anglo Protestant background. Although Page's father, Victor, converted to Judaism to appease Page's mother's religious grandparents, her grandparents disowned him nonetheless. His mother's Jewish background was the subject of an episode of a CBC genealogy program called "Who Do You Think You Are?"


title: Steven Page

text: Page has been married twice. His first wife was Toronto musician and teacher Carolyn Ricketts, whom he wed on December 28, 1993. The two separated in February 2007 and divorced in 2009. They have three sons.


title: Steven Page

text: Page was arrested for cocaine possession on July 18, 2008. He was found guilty of possession and ordered to drug treatment and to stay clean for six months.


title: Steven Page

text: Page purchased a house in Fayetteville, New York with then-girlfriend Christine Benedicto in 2009, and split his time between there and Toronto, where his children reside. The couple married on July 23, 2011, and spent their honeymoon in Paris.


title: Steven Page

text: Page stated publicly in 2011 that he suffers from bipolar disorder. He said that he has gone through periods of self-medicating to relieve the symptoms. Since leaving Barenaked Ladies, he has been able to focus more on managing and treating his illness and has cited his sons as being his source of strength for keeping healthy and continuing treatment.


title: Steven Page

text: As of August 31, 2008, Page was a member of the marketing and events committee for World Wildlife Fund Canada.


title: Steven Page

text: As of July 2007, Page was a member of the WindShare co-op that built/owns the wind turbine at Exhibition Place in downtown Toronto.


title: Jamie Gray Hyder

text: Jamie Gray Hyder (born April 27, 1985) is an American actress and model. She performed voice and motion capture work for the role of Lieutenant Nora Salter in "" and voice acted for the operator Roze in "". She also played Lucia Solano in season 2 of "Graceland", and the werewolf Danielle in Seasons 5 and 6 of "True Blood". Hyder starred as Detective Katriona "Kat" Tamin on "" from 2019 to 2021.


title: Jamie Gray Hyder

text: Hyder is of Lebanese descent on her father's side and attended J. E. B. Stuart High School in Falls Church, Virginia and the University of Georgia.


title: Jamie Gray Hyder

text: Hyder portrayed Echo in the 2013 first-person shooter video game "", the first such game produced by Guerrilla Games in the "Killzone" series made for Sony's PlayStation 4 console.


title: Jamie Gray Hyder

text: In 2014, she starred opposite Andrew Keegan and Ray Liotta in the music video for "Lovers on the Sun", the lead single from David Guetta's sixth studio album "Listen". The Wild West-themed music video was directed by Marc Klasfeld.


title: Jamie Gray Hyder

text: In 2019, she joined the cast of "" in its as Officer Katriona "Kat" Tamin, initially recurring before being promoted to series regular beginning with the season’s eighth episode. She departed the series shortly into its 23rd season.


title: Bisacodyl

text: Bisacodyl (INN) is an organic compound that is used as a stimulant laxative drug. It works directly on the colon to produce a bowel movement. It is typically prescribed for relief of episodic and chronic constipation and for the management of neurogenic bowel dysfunction, as well as part of bowel preparation before medical examinations, such as for a colonoscopy.


title: Bisacodyl

text: Bisacodyl is a derivative of triphenylmethane. It was first used as a laxative in 1953 because of its structural similarity to phenolphthalein.


title: Bisacodyl

text: Bisacodyl is marketed under the trade names Dulcolax/Durolax, Muxol, Fleet, Nourilax, Alophen, Correctol, and Carter's Little Pills (formerly Carter's Little Liver Pills), as well as being available generically. It is usually sold as 5 mg tablets, 10 mg suppositories, or 5 mg pediatric suppositories. It is also available as a pre-packaged enema containing a 10 mg delivered dose of liquid bisacodyl.


title: Bisacodyl

text: When bisacodyl is administered orally, it is usually taken at breakfast. Oral administration is known to produce no action for more than eight hours and then to work suddenly and relatively quickly. This is especially true if more than 10 mg is taken at one time. Normally, the dosage is 5 or 10 mg, but up to 30 mg can be taken for complete cleansing of the bowel before a procedure.


title: Bisacodyl

text: When administered rectally in suppository form, it is usually effective in 15 to 60 minutes. For optimal use, if used as a suppository, it is recommended that bisacodyl be given after breakfast to synchronize with the gastrocolic reflex. Two suppositories can be inserted at once if a very strong, purgative, enema-like result is needed. A few hours after the initial evacuation, there can be a secondary action which will continue as long as there is unexpelled bisacodyl present in the rectum.


title: Bisacodyl

text: Bisacodyl works by stimulating enteric neurons to cause peristalsis, i.e., colonic contractions. It is also a contact laxative; it increases fluid and salt secretion. The action of bisacodyl on the small intestine is negligible; stimulant laxatives mainly promote evacuation of the colon.


title: Myna

text: The myna (; mynah) is a bird of the starling family (Sturnidae). This is a group of passerine birds which are native to southern Asia, especially India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Several species have been introduced to areas like North America, Australia, South Africa, Fiji and New Zealand, especially the common myna, which is often regarded as an invasive species. It is often known as "Selarang" and "Teck Meng" in Malay and Chinese respectively in Singapore, having a high population there.


title: Myna

text: Mynas are not a natural group; instead, the term "myna" is used for any starling in the Indian subcontinent, regardless of their relationships. This range was colonized twice during the evolution of starlings, first by rather ancestral starlings related to the coleto and "Aplonis" lineages, and millions of years later by birds related to the common starling and wattled starling's ancestors. These two groups of mynas can be distinguished in the more terrestrial adaptions of the latter, which usually also have less glossy plumage, except on the heads, and longer tails. The Bali myna, which is critically endangered and nearly extinct in the wild, is highly distinctive.