title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: If a population violates one of the following four assumptions, the population may continue to have Hardy–Weinberg proportions each generation, but the allele frequencies will change over time.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: In real world genotype data, deviations from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium may be a sign of genotyping error.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Where the A gene is sex linked, the heterogametic sex ("e.g.", mammalian males; avian females) have only one copy of the gene (and are termed hemizygous), while the homogametic sex ("e.g.", human females) have two copies. The genotype frequencies at equilibrium are "p" and "q" for the heterogametic sex but "p", 2"pq" and "q" for the homogametic sex.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: For example, in humans red–green colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait. In western European males, the trait affects about 1 in 12, ("q" = 0.083) whereas it affects about 1 in 200 females (0.005, compared to "q" = 0.007), very close to Hardy–Weinberg proportions.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: If a population is brought together with males and females with a different allele frequency in each subpopulation (males or females), the allele frequency of the male population in the next generation will follow that of the female population because each son receives its X chromosome from its mother. The population converges on equilibrium very quickly.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Consider an extra allele frequency, "r". The two-allele case is the binomial expansion of ("p" + "q"), and thus the three-allele case is the trinomial expansion of ("p" + "q" + "r").


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: The Hardy–Weinberg principle may also be generalized to polyploid systems, that is, for organisms that have more than two copies of each chromosome. Consider again only two alleles. The diploid case is the binomial expansion of:


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Whether the organism is a 'true' tetraploid or an amphidiploid will determine how long it will take for the population to reach Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: For formula_10 distinct alleles in formula_11-ploids, the genotype frequencies in the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium are given by individual terms in the multinomial expansion of formula_12:


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Testing deviation from the HWP is generally performed using Pearson's chi-squared test, using the observed genotype frequencies obtained from the data and the expected genotype frequencies obtained using the HWP. For systems where there are large numbers of alleles, this may result in data with many empty possible genotypes and low genotype counts, because there are often not enough individuals present in the sample to adequately represent all genotype classes. If this is the case, then the asymptotic assumption of the chi-squared distribution, will no longer hold, and it may be necessary to use a form of Fisher's exact test, which requires a computer to solve. More recently a number of MCMC methods of testing for deviations from HWP have been proposed (Guo & Thompson, 1992; Wigginton "et al." 2005)


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: This data is from E. B. Ford (1971) on the scarlet tiger moth, for which the phenotypes of a sample of the population were recorded. Genotype-phenotype distinction is assumed to be negligibly small. The null hypothesis is that the population is in Hardy–Weinberg proportions, and the alternative hypothesis is that the population is not in Hardy–Weinberg proportions.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: There is 1 degree of freedom (degrees of freedom for test for Hardy–Weinberg proportions are # genotypes − # alleles). The 5% significance level for 1 degree of freedom is 3.84, and since the χ value is less than this, the null hypothesis that the population is in Hardy–Weinberg frequencies is not rejected.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Fisher's exact test can be applied to testing for Hardy–Weinberg proportions. Since the test is conditional on the allele frequencies, "p" and "q", the problem can be viewed as testing for the proper number of heterozygotes. In this way, the hypothesis of Hardy–Weinberg proportions is rejected if the number of heterozygotes is too large or too small. The conditional probabilities for the heterozygote, given the allele frequencies are given in Emigh (1980) as


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: where "n", "n", "n" are the observed numbers of the three genotypes, AA, Aa, and aa, respectively, and "n" is the number of A alleles, where formula_19.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Using one of the examples from Emigh (1980), we can consider the case where "n" = 100, and "p" = 0.34. The possible observed heterozygotes and their exact significance level is given in Table 4.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Using this table, one must look up the significance level of the test based on the observed number of heterozygotes. For example, if one observed 20 heterozygotes, the significance level for the test is 0.007. As is typical for Fisher's exact test for small samples, the gradation of significance levels is quite coarse.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: However, a table like this has to be created for every experiment, since the tables are dependent on both "n" and "p".


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: The equivalence tests are developed in order to establish sufficiently good agreement of the observed genotype frequencies and Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Let formula_20 denote the family of the genotype distributions under the assumption of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. The distance between a genotype distribution formula_21 and Hardy Weinberg equilibrium is defined by formula_22, where formula_23 is some distance. The equivalence test problem is given by formula_24 and formula_25, where formula_26 is a tolerance parameter. If the hypothesis formula_27 can be rejected then the population is close to Hardy Weinberg equilibrium with a high probability. The equivalence tests for the biallelic case are developed among others in Wellek (2004). The equivalence tests for the case of multiple alleles are proposed in Ostrovski (2020).


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: The inbreeding coefficient, formula_28 (see also "F"-statistics), is one minus the observed frequency of heterozygotes over that expected from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: For two alleles, the chi-squared goodness of fit test for Hardy–Weinberg proportions is equivalent to the test for inbreeding, formula_30.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: The inbreeding coefficient is unstable as the expected value approaches zero, and thus not useful for rare and very common alleles. For: formula_31; formula_32


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Mendelian genetics were rediscovered in 1900. However, it remained somewhat controversial for several years as it was not then known how it could cause continuous characteristics. Udny Yule (1902) argued against Mendelism because he thought that dominant alleles would increase in the population. The American William E. Castle (1903) showed that without selection, the genotype frequencies would remain stable. Karl Pearson (1903) found one equilibrium position with values of "p" = "q" = 0.5. Reginald Punnett, unable to counter Yule's point, introduced the problem to G. H. Hardy, a British mathematician, with whom he played cricket. Hardy was a pure mathematician and held applied mathematics in some contempt; his view of biologists' use of mathematics comes across in his 1908 paper where he describes this as "very simple":


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: The principle was thus known as "Hardy's law" in the English-speaking world until 1943, when Curt Stern pointed out that it had first been formulated independently in 1908 by the German physician Wilhelm Weinberg. William Castle in 1903 also derived the ratios for the special case of equal allele frequencies, and it is sometimes (but rarely) called the Hardy–Weinberg–Castle Law.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Hardy's statement begins with a recurrence relation for the frequencies "p", "2q", and "r". These recurrence relations follow from fundamental concepts in probability, specifically independence, and conditional probability. For example, consider the probability of an offspring from the generation formula_33 being homozygous dominant. Alleles are inherited independently from each parent. A dominant allele can be inherited from a homozygous dominant parent with probability 1, or from a heterozygous parent with probability 0.5. To represent this reasoning in an equation, let formula_34 represent inheritance of a dominant allele from a parent. Furthermore, let formula_35 and formula_36 represent potential parental genotypes in the preceding generation.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: The same reasoning, applied to the other genotypes yields the two remaining recurrence relations. Equilibrium occurs when each proportion is constant between subsequent generations. More formally, a population is at equilibrium at generation formula_33 when


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: By solving these equations necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium to occur can be determined. Again, consider the frequency of homozygous dominant animals. Equilibrium implies


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: First consider the case, where formula_43, and note that it implies that formula_44 and formula_45. Now consider the remaining case, where formula_46 ≠ formula_47


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Where the final equality holds because the allele proportions must sum to one. In both cases, formula_49. It can be shown that the other two equilibrium conditions imply the same equation. Together, the solutions of the three equilibrium equations imply sufficiency of Hardy's condition for equilibrium. Since the condition always holds for the second generation, all succeeding generations have the same proportions.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: An example computation of the genotype distribution given by Hardy's original equations is instructive. The phenotype distribution from Table 3 above will be used to compute Hardy's initial genotype distribution. Note that the "p" and "q" values used by Hardy are not the same as those used above.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: which are the expected values. The reader may demonstrate that subsequent use of the second-generation values for a third generation will yield identical results.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: The Hardy–Weinberg principle can also be used to estimate the frequency of carriers of an autosomal recessive condition in a population based on the frequency of suffers.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: Let us assume an estimated formula_57 babies are born with cystic fibrosis, this is about the frequency of homozygous individuals observed in Northern European populations. We can use the Hardy–Weinberg equations to estimate the carrier frequency, the frequency of heterozygous individuals, formula_58.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: We therefore estimate the carrier rate to be formula_63, which is about the frequency observed in Northern European populations.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: This can be simplified to the carrier frequency being about twice the square root of the birth frequency.


title: Hardy–Weinberg principle

text: It is possible to represent the distribution of genotype frequencies for a bi-allelic locus within a population graphically using a de Finetti diagram. This uses a triangular plot (also known as trilinear, triaxial or ternary plot) to represent the distribution of the three genotype frequencies in relation to each other. It differs from many other such plots in that the direction of one of the axes has been reversed. The curved line in the diagram is the Hardy–Weinberg parabola and represents the state where alleles are in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. It is possible to represent the effects of natural selection and its effect on allele frequency on such graphs. The de Finetti diagram was developed and used extensively by A. W. F. Edwards in his book "Foundations of Mathematical Genetics".


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: The Aeronauts is a 2019 biographical adventure film directed by Tom Harper and written by Jack Thorne, from a story co-written by Thorne and Harper. The film is based on the 2013 book "Falling Upwards: How We Took to the Air" by Richard Holmes. Produced by Todd Lieberman, David Hoberman, and Harper, the film stars Eddie Redmayne, Felicity Jones, Himesh Patel and Tom Courtenay.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on 30 August 2019, followed by a showing at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival. It was released in the United Kingdom on 4 November 2019, and in the United States on 6 December 2019. The film received positive reviews from critics, with praise for the visual effects and the two leads.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: In 1862 London, pilot Amelia Wren and scientist James Glaisher arrive for the launch of the largest balloon ever constructed. Despite being haunted by a vision of her late husband Pierre, Amelia keeps up the brave front and the balloon successfully launches to a cheering crowd. In a flashback, James appears before the Royal Society and explains his theory that the weather can be predicted, but his fellow scientists mock him and refuse to finance his studies. Returning home, he talks to his parents, who try to persuade him to pursue another avenue of science. On the balloon, James and Amelia start rising through the cloud layer. They soon run into a violent storm which sends the balloon spinning. In a flashback, Amelia is persuaded by her sister Antonia to attend a society function. There, Amelia is approached by James and he asks if she would be willing to pilot his balloon in a privately funded expedition while he attempts to prove his theories, to which she agrees.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: Although James suffers a head injury while being thrown around, he and Amelia make it through the storm and continue rising. James releases the first of five pigeons carrying messages stating the current altitude along with other scientific readings in case they don't survive. They discover an air current which is home to a group of butterflies, confirming a theory of James' friend John Trew that insects can travel on air currents. In a flashback, as James practices for the flight, Amelia visits to tell him she has changed her mind. Eventually, the balloon exceeds , beating the record for the highest altitude. Amelia is shocked to learn that James didn't bring any clothes suitable for the rapidly decreasing temperature and decides to start descending. James refuses, and the two argue. Amelia agrees to keep rising, but makes it clear to James that they'll have to start descending soon.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: In a flashback, John goes to see Amelia, telling her that she has an obligation to advance the cause of science. Amelia then goes to Pierre's grave to reflect. When it begins to snow (which John told her James had predicted), she decides to go with him after all. In the balloon, James starts experiencing hypoxia from the altitude but insists they continue and tries to stop Amelia from descending. He relents only when Amelia tells him the story of how Pierre sacrificed himself to save her during a balloon flight. Amelia discovers the gas release valve on top of the balloon is frozen. As James falls unconscious, she has no choice but to climb up the outside of the balloon and open the valve from the top. With frostbite setting in on her hands, she struggles to wedge her boot in the valve, causing a slow release of the gas. Amelia loses consciousness and topples over the side but is saved by her rope tether.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: When she awakens, Amelia manages to swing back to the balloon and rouse James. As they continue to descend, snow begins to hover around them, indicating that the balloon is collapsing from the loss of too much gas. They manage to close the gas release and throw everything they can over the side, including all of James' equipment. When this doesn't work, they climb into the framework and release the basket. Realising that Amelia is ready to sacrifice herself to save him, James is able to convert the rest of the balloon into a parachute, which slows their descent. They crash through trees and hit the ground hard, with Amelia being dragged along behind the balloon. She wakes and calls for James, who staggers towards her. Both are injured, but euphoric that they managed to survive, setting a new human flight altitude record of . James' findings prove the existence of layers in the atmosphere, paving the way for the first weather forecasts, and he and Amelia build a new balloon so they can continue to conduct research together.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: In December 2016, Amazon Studios purchased the film rights to Jack Thorne's spec script. In mid-2018, Felicity Jones and Eddie Redmayne were confirmed to star in the film. They were reunited after "The Theory of Everything" (2014), directed by James Marsh, as their past work and real-life friendship would help them in this new collaboration.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: Principal photography began in early August 2018, in West London Film Studios, with George Steel serving as cinematographer. Filming locations in England included the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, Regent's Park, London, Claydon House, Buckinghamshire, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, Wrotham Park, London and The Historic Dockyard Chatham in Kent.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: Key action sequences in "The Aeronauts" were designed for IMAX and feature an expanded aspect ratio for both IMAX and select Premium Large Format cinemas.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: The film is based on an amalgam of the flights detailed in Richard Holmes' 2013 book "Falling Upwards: How We Took to the Air" (). The most significant balloon flight depicted in "The Aeronauts" is based on the 5 September 1862 flight of British aeronauts James Glaisher and Henry Coxwell whose coal gas-filled balloon broke the world flight altitude record, reaching . However, while Glaisher appears in the film, Coxwell has been replaced by Amelia, a fictional character.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: A report in "The Daily Telegraph" quotes Keith Moore, Head of Library at the Royal Society, as saying, "It's a great shame that Henry [Coxwell] isn't portrayed because he performed very well and saved the life of a leading scientist". Moore then criticised the film's fictional female protagonist, stating “There were so many deserving female scientists of that period who haven't had films made about them. Why not do that instead?" In an interview with "The List", Harper explained that whilst the film was inspired by a number of historical flights, the intention was never to make a documentary and he wanted the film to be reflective of a contemporary audience. He also commented on a gender bias in science, stating "There were female scientists around at the time, but not in the Royal Society... to this day, only eight per cent of the Royal Society is female."


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: Other critics of the film have praised Amelia as an important, aspirational female character. Sasha Stone of "Awards Daily" wrote that "The Aeronauts" "inspires young girls and nudges the perspectives of young boys... (revealing) that women can be just as excited about taking a hero's journey as any man can."


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: Amelia's relationship with husband Pierre is chiefly based on Sophie Blanchard's flights with husband Jean-Pierre Blanchard, while Pierre's death is inspired by that of Thomas Harris on 25 May 1824.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on 30 August 2019. It also screened at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival on 8 September 2019. Entertainment One gave the film a full theatrical release in the United Kingdom on 4 November, including screenings in 4DX and IMAX. Amazon Studios released the film in the United States on 6 December for a limited theatrical run, before debuting it on Amazon Prime Video outside of the United Kingdom on 20 December 2019. The film was released in China, on November 13, 2020.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: In October 2019, it was announced that "The Aeronauts" would screen at the IMAX TCL Chinese Theatre as part of AFI Fest.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: Although Amazon does not release exact streaming figures, Jennifer Salke, Head of Amazon Studios said in an interview with "Deadline Hollywood" that as of January 2020 "The Aeronauts" was the most viewed movie of all time on Amazon Prime.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: "The Aeronauts" has grossed an estimated $340,000 in North America and $3.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $3.8 million, against a production budget of $40 million.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: As with its other release "The Report", Amazon did not publicly release box office results for the film. Of the 186 locations that did screen it in its opening weekend (6 December 2019) 48 reported a combined gross of around $30,000. "IndieWire" estimated the film made a total of $185,000 in its opening weekend, an average of $1,000 per-venue. It then made an estimated $100,000 from 85 theatres in its second weekend, before its 20 December streaming debut on Amazon Prime.


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus states, "Thrilling visuals and the substantial chemistry of its well-matched leads make "The Aeronauts" an adventure well worth taking." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on reviews from 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote: ""The Aeronauts" achieves impressive elevation as a bracing and sympathetic account of two early and very different aviators who together reached literal new heights in a perilous field of endeavor." Fionnuala Halligan of "Screen International" wrote about the chemistry of the lead actors and the great craft on display in the film: "With the widest of wide-screens, the most vertiginous of vistas, this hot air balloon takes to the skies and soars." Tomris Laffly of "Variety" praised the visuals and the lead performers: "The duo [of Redmayne and Jones] hand-in-hand elevates "The Aeronauts"...from a flimsy action-adventure to something worth watching on the biggest possible screen, even if it operates on a handful of clichés with little character-based substance to speak of."


title: The Aeronauts (film)

text: Many critics also applauded the film's special effects and visuals. Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" noted the film's "terrific special effects" and "high-anxiety suspense". Eric Kohn of "IndieWire" wrote: "When so many supersized blockbusters take the potential of CGI action for granted, "The Aeronauts" finds a fresh use for it by turning the exhilaration of discovery into a real visual treat." In a generally positive review, critic Bob Mondello showed special enthusiasm for the airborne scenes, writing: "I cannot say strongly enough that if you can see it in IMAX, you should see it in IMAX, where if you're even a little bit afraid of heights, it will likely scare you shoutless."


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: "Havana" is a song recorded by Cuban-American singer Camila Cabello featuring fellow American singer and rapper Young Thug. It was released on August 3, 2017, along with "OMG", from her solo debut album, "Camila" (2018). It was initially released as a promotional single, then was serviced to radio on September 8, 2017, as a single. Due to its rising success, "Havana" later became the official lead single of "Camila", replacing "Crying in the Club". In November 2017, a remix version of the song with Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee was uploaded to Cabello's YouTube page. The first verse of the remix is sung in Spanish while Daddy Yankee replaces Young Thug's verse.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: "Havana" received critical acclaim with music critics calling the song "sultry" and "bouncy". "Havana" peaked at the top of the "Billboard" Hot 100. Outside of the United States, "Havana" topped the charts in 23 countries worldwide, including Australia, Canada, Chile, France, and the United Kingdom. It is certified Diamond in six countries. Its music video, directed by Dave Meyers, shows Cabello playing herself as Karla, as well as a telenovela actress and a film protagonist. It won the Video of the Year award at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards, receiving three other nominations. A vertical video, directed by Sam Lecca, was released on November 10, 2017, on Cabello's official Vevo account. The clip shows the singer and several dancers in the New York City Subway. The clip was previously a Spotify exclusive.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: Cabello performed "Havana" at several award shows, including the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards, the 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards, and the 2018 "Billboard" Music Awards. In September 2018, Cabello released a live version of the song featuring her solo performance. The live version of the song would later be nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards. It was the best-selling digital single of 2018 according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), with equivalent sales of 19 million units worldwide.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: "Havana" was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America in October 2021 for selling 10,000,000 units, making Cabello the first Hispanic singer to achieve this milestone.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: "Havana" is a salsa-inspired mid-tempo pop and Latin song with R&B-pop beats, on which Cabello embraces her Cuban heritage. Cabello sings the chorus over Latin-influenced piano riffs and rhythm, with the melody's chord progression constantly switching between Gm—E—D and Gm—Emaj—D. It has the same slinky, snap-accented intro as "Same Old Love" by Selena Gomez, released two years before. Camila's vocals span from the low note of G3 to the high note of D5. Sadie Bell of "Billboard" interpreted the line "Half of my heart is in Havana" as the song chronicling "a romance that found Cabello's heart left down south", while for "Rolling Stone"s Brittany Spanos said that in the "clubby, smooth" track, Cabello falls in love with "a mysterious suitor from East Atlanta", though she has left her heart in her hometown. Young Thug performs a sing-song verse over the "bouncy" piano. "Rap-Up" described the song as a "Latin fusion", and "XXL" called it a "straightforward pop track". The second verse featuring Young Thug is replaced with the original lyrics sung by Cabello.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: Jamieson Cox of "Pitchfork" regarded the "sultry, salsa-inflected" song as a "keystone for a superstar origin story." Writing for "Billboard", Sadie Bell said that the "sexy" track radiates a "Latin flare". Similarly, Much's Allison Bowsher opined the track "arrives just in time to keep the summer heat going on the radio." Raise Bruner of "Time" wrote that "Havana" "hits a freshly sultry note that we hope to see more of in her debut album." Peter Berry of "XXL" felt that Young Thug's verse "blends with the bouncy piano perfectly." "Billboard" considered it the 19th best song released in 2017, with Lyndsey Havens writing that the song "didn't arrive like a breakthrough hit, but it ended up changing the entire course" of Cabello's solo career, as she "sheds the weight that came with trying to prove herself outside of her former girl group and clears a path to finally be herself." Popjustice ranked it 19th, while "The Fader" ranked it 48th. Stephen Kearse of "Complex", which ranked the song 28th, wrote: "Warm, bouncy, nostalgic, and sweaty, 'Havana' builds a one-night stand into a pulsating fever dream that blurs reality and fantasy", praising Cabello's "layered vocals" and Young Thug's presence.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Havana" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 53 on the chart dated August 11, 2017. It rose to number two in its ninth week, behind only Post Malone's "Rockstar" featuring 21 Savage. On November 3, it reached number one, giving Cabello and Young Thug their first UK number-one single. It then held the top position for five weeks before falling behind Ed Sheeran's "Perfect".


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: In October 2017, the single reached number seven on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 in its twelfth week, becoming Cabello's second top 10 entry as a solo artist and Young Thug's first. In January 2018, "Havana" reached number one on the Hot 100 for one week after spending seven non-consecutive weeks occupying the number two spot behind both Post Malone and 21 Savage's "Rockstar" for five weeks and Ed Sheeran and Beyoncé's "Perfect Duet" for an additional two weeks, becoming both Cabello and Young Thug's first song to top the chart. The song took 23 weeks to reach the top spot, equaling the longest climb for a female artist with Sia's "Cheap Thrills" (2016) and Patti Austin's "Baby, Come to Me" (1982–1983). Cabello became the third artist in chart history to top both the Hot 100 and "Billboard" 200 for their first time in the same week, after Britney Spears and Beyoncé did so in 1999 and 2003, respectively. The song has also been certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). "Havana" became the ninth song to top the Mainstream Top 40, Rhythmic and Adult Top 40 airplay charts–over the 22 years that all three charts have coexisted.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: "Havana" reached number one on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart in its twelfth week on the chart, becoming Cabello's first number-one song, including during her time as part of Fifth Harmony. It held the summit for three weeks before also being displaced by "Perfect".


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: The song became Spotify's most-streamed song ever by a solo female artist in June 2018, with more than one billion streams at the time.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: Cabello shared a 26-second preview of the short film for "Havana" on October 22, 2017, through her YouTube channel. The video featured appearances by Lele Pons as Bella, LeJuan James as Abuelita, Noah Centineo as Cabello's love interest, Marco DelVecchio as the twins Juan and Rodrigo and Mikey Pesante as the dancer. It was directed by Dave Meyers and was released on October 24, 2017. Young Thug also appears in the video.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: The main song starts late but the music video starts with Karla, played by Cabello, watching a telenovela, before being interrupted by her grandmother, who turns off the TV and advises her to live her life instead of spending her days indoors. Karla then leaves the house to go see a movie. The film she is watching, called "Camila in Havana", takes the form of a music video, starring a version of herself wearing a fringe-covered red dress and performing at a club. Aside from appearing as Karla, Cabello also plays the telenovela actress and the movie protagonist. After the film ends, she leaves the cinema and stumbles across a cyclist, also the male protagonist of the film, and begins dancing with him.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: Tom Breihan of "Stereogum", which ranked the song 28th of 50 best music videos of 2017, reviewed on December 18, 2017: "Camila Cabello is going to be a movie star one day, and she might still never deliver a better performance than the one she gives in this multiple-role video."


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: It received four nominations at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards, for Video of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Video, and Best Choreography, winning the first.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: As of November 25, 2021, the video has received more than 1 billion views on YouTube, while the audio track has over 1.8 billion views, a total of 2.8 billion.


title: Havana (Camila Cabello song)

text: Cabello performed the song for the first time on television on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" on September 25, 2017. The same week she performed on "The Today Show", where she delivered a message to "all the dreamers" in support of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals. On October 27, Cabello performed a Spanglish version of the song at the Latin American Music Awards. She also performed the song at the BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards, LOS40 Music Awards iHeartRadio Fiesta Latina, and the MTV Europe Music Awards. Her performance at the MTV EMAs was ranked as the best of the night by "Billboard" writer Joe Lynch. Her performance at "Billboard" Women in Music was the stripped-down version of the song, backed only by a guitar, keyboard and light drumming. It was also performed at "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve" in 2017, and later she gave a cabaret-style performance on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" during the album release week. She gave a performance inspired by Marilyn Monroe's "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" role and Madonna's "Material Girl" music video at the 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards with Young Thug. Cabello performed the song with Ricky Martin, J Balvin, Young Thug and Arturo Sandoval as the opening act at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards in February 2019. On May 28, 2022, Cabello performed the song in the 2022 UEFA Champions League Final.


title: Bindu Madhavi

text: Bindu Madhavi (born 14 June 1986) is an Indian model and actress and a reality show winner, working in Tamil-language and Telugu-language cinema. After starting her acting career in Telugu, she shifted to Tamil cinema where she was part of several successful films including "Kazhugu" (2012), "Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga" (2013), "Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum" (2015) and "Pasanga 2" (2015). In 2022, she emerged as the title winner of the inaugural "Bigg Boss Non-Stop" and became the first female winner of the "Bigg Boss Telugu" franchise.


title: Bindu Madhavi

text: Bindu Madhavi was born on 14 June 1986 in Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh. Her father was a deputy commissioner in commercial tax department, due to which, her family moved to various places including Tirupati, Nellore, Guntur, Tenali, Vijayawada and Hyderabad, before settling in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, where she did her studies. She completed her degree in Biotechnology from Vellore Institute of Technology. She has stated that she plans to pursue a Master's in Biotechnology abroad and land a job in the field later. Madhavi also had one brother, Sagar, who died in 2012.


title: Bindu Madhavi

text: While in college, she started modelling, with her first assignment being for Saravana Stores. She had the desire to act in films but her family was strictly against her entering the film industry, with Bindu citing that her father did not speak to her for eight months and that her mother too was upset. She met celebrity photographer Venket Ram in Chennai who agreed to do a portfolio shoot for her. She stated that Venket Ram was "amazingly helpful", as he gave her advice and that he was "the closest to a godfather I have in tinsel town". She did more modelling and went on to appear in television ads and as a result of her work in a Tata Gold Tanishq advertisement, she was auditioned and selected by noted Telugu director Sekhar Kammula to act in his production, "Avakai Biryani" (2008), while she also landed a supporting role in Cheran's Tamil romantic drama film "Pokkisham" (2009). Her other release of 2009 was "Bumper Offer", opposite Sairam Shankar, which was produced by noted director Puri Jagannadh.


title: Bindu Madhavi

text: In 2010, Bindu's first release was "Om Shanti", which featured an ensemble cast of Kajal Aggarwal, Navdeep, Nikhil Siddharth and Madhavan. She then worked with producer Dil Raju for "Rama Rama Krishna Krishna" (2010) alongside Ram and Arjun, where she portrayed a village-based girl. She was later signed by director Gautham Vasudev Menon for his production "Veppam" (2011) that was directed by his associate Anjana Ali Khan, and featured her in the role of a sex worker. The film earned mixed reviews but critics praised Bindu's performance, with a reviewer from Rediff.com stating she "does very well and manages to engage our interest". After "Veppam", Bindu shifted her focus to the Tamil industry as she received more Tamil film offers. Her next Tamil release was Sathyasiva's "Kazhugu" (2012), a success at the box office. Likewise, her next three releases, the comedy films "Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga" (2013), "Desingu Raja" (2013) and "Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam" (2013) were also commercially successful films. She stated that "Kazhugu" and "Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga" were "two films that changed my life".


title: Bindu Madhavi

text: Her first 2014 release was Chimbu Deven's "Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaniyum", in which she played Malar, the protagonist's friend. She said that she was given the option to choose between the roles of the protagonist's friend or his lover and chose the former as she felt "there was more scope to act". In 2015, she experienced further box office success with "Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum", but the romantic comedy "Savaale Samaali" did not fare as well. She was then cast by Pandiraj for the second time in Suriya's home production, "Pasanga 2" (2015), where she portrayed the mother of a young child. The film opened to critical and commercial acclaim, with Bindu's performance being appreciated. She later worked on films including the horror comedy "Jackson Durai" (2016) and the village drama "Pakka" (2018), opposite Vikram Prabhu.


title: Bindu Madhavi

text: In 2017, Bindu took part in the Tamil reality show, "Bigg Boss" hosted by Kamal Haasan and entered the show on day 35, finishing in fifth place. Post her appearance on the show, Bindu attracted more work for commercials, films, and promotional events. She is currently working on film projects including "Pagaivanuku Arulvai" and "Mayan".


title: Bindu Madhavi

text: In 2022, Bindu Madhavi entered the digital version of "Bigg Boss Telugu", titled "Bigg Boss Non-Stop" and emerged as its title winner, thus becoming the first female winner of the "Bigg Boss Telugu" franchise.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: The Palatinate (; Palatine German: "Palz") is a region of Germany. In the Middle Ages it was known as the Rhenish Palatinate ("Rheinpfalz") and Lower Palatinate ("Unterpfalz"), which strictly speaking designated only the western part of the Electorate of the Palatinate ("Kurfürstentum Pfalz"), as opposed to the Upper Palatinate ("Oberpfalz"). It occupies roughly the southernmost quarter of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate ("Rheinland-Pfalz"), covering an area of with about 1.4 million inhabitants. Its residents are known as Palatines ("Pfälzer").


title: Palatinate (region)

text: The Palatinate borders Saarland in the west, historically also comprising the state's Saarpfalz District. In the northwest, the Hunsrück mountain range forms the border with the Rhineland region. The eastern border with Hesse and the Baden region runs along the Upper Rhine river, while the left bank, with Mainz and Worms as well as the Selz basin around Alzey, belong to the Rhenish Hesse region. In the south, the German-French border separates the Palatinate from Alsace.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: One-third of the region is covered by the Palatinate Forest ("Pfälzerwald"), including the Palatinate Forest Nature Park popular with hikers. With about , it is Germany's largest contiguous forested area, and is part of the Franco-German Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. Its highest mountain is the Donnersberg with a height of , situated in the North Palatine Uplands near Kirchheimbolanden. Most of the major Palatinate towns (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the lower eastern part of the Upper Rhine Plain down to the River Rhine. Here the German Wine Route ("Deutsche Weinstraße") passes through the


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Palatinate wine region. It is one of the greatest wine-producing regions in Germany, and in the last two decades has become well known for its numerous prizewinning white and reds of highest quality produced by a number of talented young winemakers.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Major rivers include the Upper Rhine tributaries Lauter, Queich and Speyerbach, as well as Schwarzbach and Glan in the west.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Historically the Electoral Palatinate and several other territories were part of the Palatinate, but today belong to other German territories.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: The Palatinate is divided into four non-administrative sub-regions, comprising the following rural districts and independent towns and cities:


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Like most of Southwestern Germany, the Palatinate’s climate is either humid subtropical in areas below 300 meters or oceanic with influenced by the Atlantic in higher regions of the mountains. The average annual temperatures vary from around 11-14 degrees Celsius in the valleys and 8-10 degrees in the mountains. Wet air from the prevailing westerly and southwesterly winds leads to precipitation in the Mittelgebirge ranges, while it warms up on its way further down to the Rhine Valley. That’s why the valleys have a considerable drier climate than the surrounding Palatine Forest.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Formerly a Celtic region, this area was conquered by the Roman Empire under Emperor Augustus in about 12 BCE, whereafter it was part of the Germania Superior province. During the decay of the Empire, Alamanni tribes settled here; their territory was conquered by Francia under King Clovis I about 496. From 511 onwards the area belonged to the eastern part of Frankish Austrasia, that—as Rhenish Franconia—became part of East Francia according to the 843 Treaty of Verdun.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: From the Middle Ages until 1792, the Palatinate was divided into 45 secular and ecclesiastical territories, some of which were very small. The largest and most important of these was the Electorate of the Palatinate ("Kurfürstentum Pfalz"), a number of Franconian territories on both sides of the Rhine formerly held by the Counts palatine ("Pfalzgrafen") of Lotharingia. By the late 12th century, the Count palatine had achieved the status of a Prince-elector ("Kurfürst"), becoming one of the seven higher nobles with the privilege of electing the Emperor, as confirmed by the Golden Bull of 1356. In 1214 the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach was enfeoffed with these estates, which they ruled until 1918, together with the collateral branch of Palatine Zweibrücken from 1410. They lost control (need for stronger protection) with the reunification with Bavaria under Elector Charles Theodore in 1777.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: The major ecclesiastical territory in the region was the Bishopric of Speyer. The Imperial city of Landau joined the Alsacien Décapole in 1521 to preserve its status. Nevertheless, it was seized by France after the Thirty Years' War.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Other larger regional entities included the Duchy of Zweibrücken and the Prince-Bishopric of Speyer. The Prince-Bishopric held possessions on both sides of the Rhine. For centuries, the Electoral Palatinate and Bavaria maintained dynastic links because both were ruled by members of the Wittelsbach family.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: In 1794 the Left Bank of the Rhine, including the Palatinate, was occupied by French revolutionary troops. As a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), the First French Republic annexed the region. In 1798 they introduced a new administrative system with the establishment of departments. Basically, the area of the Palatinate became the Département of Mont Tonnerre, laying the cornerstone of its regional identity today. Minor parts of today's region belonged to the neighbouring departments of Sarre and Bas-Rhin. The French further subdivided the department into cantons, mayoralties and municipalities, and introduced their legal system (Napoleonic Code) and the metric system.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Following the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, and the capture of the Left Bank of the Rhine by the Allies in January 1814; from 2 February 1814, the region was initially under the provisional authority of the "General Government of the Middle Rhine", but, from 16 June of the same year, it was placed under the administration of the "Imperial-Royal ("k.k.") Austrian and Royal Bavarian Joint Land Administration Commission" ("k. k. östreichischen und k. bairischen gemeinschaftliche Landes-Administrations-Kommission").


title: Palatinate (region)

text: In the main treaty agreed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and dated 9 June 1815, Article 51 stated that ("inter alia"), on the Left Bank of the Rhine the former French "departements" of the Sarre and Mont Tonnerre, except where set forth in the same treaty, were to fall "with full sovereignty" and ownership rights within the overlordship of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria ("Herrschaft Sr. Maj. des Kaisers von Oesterreich"). Initially, however, joint Austro-Bavarian administration was retained.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: On 14 April 1816 a treaty was signed between Austria and Bavaria, in which the various territorial changes were agreed on. According to Article 2 of the treaty, Emperor Francis I of Austria ceded various regions to King Maximilian I of Bavaria. These included, in addition to various regions east of the Rhine, the following regions west of the Rhine:


title: Palatinate (region)

text: In accordance with the prevailing Bavarian administrative structure, the region became one of eight Bavarian districts ("Kreise"). From 1808, Bavaria embarked on the administrative reorganisation of its territory, creating districts which, as in France, were named after the main local rivers. Thus the new district along the Rhine was given the name Rheinkreis (i.e. the Rhine district), with Speyer as its capital. Of the former French administrative structure, the subdivision of the district into arrondissements, cantons, mayoralties, and municipalities was, in large measure, retained. The Bavarian government also preserved the French legal system (Code Napoléon), giving the Palatinate a distinct legal status within the Bavarian kingdom.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: At the next lower level, the three former French arrondissements were continued as "Kreisdirektion" ("Circle", i.e. district, "direction") Frankenthal, Kaiserslautern, and Zweibrücken. "Kreisdirektion" Landau was, however, a new creation. In 1818 the cantons were merged into 12 administrative districts called "Landkommissariat". In 1862 these were designated individually as "Bezirksamt". In 1939 each one became a "Landkreis" (rural district).


title: Palatinate (region)

text: As his first provincial governor, King Maximilian selected the Privy Councillor ("Hofrat") Franz Xaver von Zwack, whose name gave rise to the popular Palatine nickname for Bavarians, "Zwockel".


title: Palatinate (region)

text: In 1832 the "Rheinkreis" became the focal point of liberal movements. The Hambach Festival, a large gathering near Neustadt an der Weinstraße, proved fertile ground for what came to be considered a milestone in German history.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: In 1835, King Ludwig I of Bavaria's romantic outlook gave rise to the adoption of new names for the administrative districts of Bavaria by a system of historical allusion. As such, the Rheinkreis officially became the "Pfalz" (Palatinate). The historic Electorate of the Palatinate was on both sides of the Rhine with Heidelberg and Mannheim as its capitals on the eastern side, whereas the new "Palatinate" established in 1815/16 was solely on the left bank of the Rhine. It included territories that were never part of the historical Palatinate (e.g., territories of the former Bishopric of Speyer, the imperial city of Speyer or Kirchheimbolanden, which had formerly belonged to the Weilburg branch of Nassau). To avoid confusion of the new Palatinate and the former one (and with the Upper Palatinate), the name Rhenish Palatinate ("Rheinpfalz") became common and is still used today, but was never made its official name. Another term, that of Rhenish Bavaria ("Rheinbayern"), though used occasionally, never gained great currency, but can, nonetheless, be found sometimes on older maps.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: The Bavarian Royal Family tried to encourage Palatine unity with Bavaria by erecting a royal palace in Edenkoben, and through the restoration of Speyer Cathedral under the direct supervision of King Ludwig I himself. The new town of Ludwigshafen was named after the king. Despite these attempts, the Palatinate's representatives to the Bavarian Parliament always prided themselves on the claim that they came from a more progressive region. Indeed, they tried to promote their liberalism, which the French had introduced to the Palatinate, to the whole Bavarian kingdom. German historian Heiner Haan described the special status accorded the Palatinate within Bavaria as being one of a "Hauptstaat" (main state, i.e. Bavaria) with a "Nebenstaat" (alongside state, i.e. the Palatinate).


title: Palatinate (region)

text: In May/June 1849, after the failed revolution of 1848, and as part of the Imperial Constitution campaign, separatist elements wanted the district to secede from Bavaria and establish its own "Palatine Republic". A separatist uprising was suppressed by Prussian military intervention. The Palatinate's union with Bavaria persisted after it became part of the German Empire in 1871, and, indeed, after the Wittelsbach dynasty was deposed, and Bavaria became a free state of the Weimar Republic in 1918.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: After World War I, French troops occupied the Palatinate under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1920 the western Bezirksämter of Sankt Ingbert and Homburg ("Saarpfalz") were separated from the Bavarian Palatinate, and became part of the newly established Saarland which, according to the peace treaty, was governed by the League of Nations. That same year, seven more towns were declared independent from the Bezirksämter: Speyer, Ludwigshafen, Frankenthal, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, and Zweibrücken. They remain independent to this day.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Between 1919 and 1923, during the occupation, there were French-backed attempts at separating the Palatinate from Bavaria and the Empire. On 1 June 1919, Eberhard Haaß, founder of the "Free Palatine Association" (1918), proclaimed the "Palatine Republic", but failed to occupy the government building in Speyer.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: On 23 November 1923, Franz Josef Heinz proclaimed the "Government of the Autonomous Palatinate in the Association of the Rhenish Republic" at Speyer, after gaining control of the towns of Kaiserslautern, Neustadt, and Landau, and after the capitulation of the Palatine government. In the following days, several more towns fell into his group's hands. The Bavarian government reacted sharply. It organised a squad under the command of Edgar Julius Jung. On 9 January 1924, Heinz was assassinated while dining at the Wittelsbacher Hof in Speyer. Other leading members of the separatist movement were killed on 12 February, in a shooting in Pirmasens. By then, a treaty between Bavaria and the Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission (the supreme council of the Allied occupation forces) of January 1924 recognised the status quo and guaranteed that the Palatinate would remain a part of Bavaria, thereby putting an end to separatist attempts.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Under Nazi rule, from 1933 to 1945, the Palatinate officially remained part of Bavaria, but was otherwise totally reorganised–it was merged with the Saarland into the Gau Westmark, with headquarters in Saarbrücken.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: The union with Bavaria was finally dissolved following the reorganisation of German states during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II. While Bavaria itself was part of the U.S. occupation zone, the Palatinate was occupied by French forces. The French reorganised their occupation zone by founding new states, so that in 1947 the Palatinate was combined with Rhenish Hesse ("Rheinhessen"), the former parts of the People's State of Hesse west of the Rhine, and the southern part of the Prussian Rhine Province, to form the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The Palatinate formed the administrative district ("Regierungsbezirk") Pfalz.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: This reorganisation came with smaller losses of former district territory to the Saarland, especially in the area of Sankt Wendel. As part of the 1969 administrative reform, some minor border changes were made in the north. The Diocese of Speyer and the Evangelical Church of the Palatinate still exist today largely based on the historic boundaries of the old Bavarian district.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: The Pfalz was initially one of five districts in Rhineland-Palatinate; however in 1968 the district was merged with the neighbouring district of Rheinhessen to form the district of Rheinhessen-Pfalz. On 1 January 2000, all administrative districts of Rheinland-Pfalz were dissolved.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Many Pennsylvania Dutchmen are descendants of Palatine. The Pennsylvania Dutch language, spoken by the Amish, Mennonites, and Fancy Dutch in the United States, is derived primarily from the Palatine German language which many Mennonite refugees brought to Pennsylvania in the years 1717 to 1732. The only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper, "Hiwwe wie Driwwe", was founded 1996 in the village of Ober-Olm, which is located close to Mainz, the state capital (and is published bi-annually as a cooperation project with Kutztown University). In the same village one can find the headquarters of the German-Pennsylvanian Association.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Many more Palatines emigrated in the course of the 19th century, and the great majority of them to North America, so that in the US temporarily "Palatine" was a common designation for German Americans. Johann Heinrich Heinz (1811–1891), the father of Henry John Heinz who founded the H. J. Heinz Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, emigrated from Kallstadt, Palatinate, to the United States in 1840.


title: Palatinate (region)

text: Arguably the most famous dish in Palatinate is the saumagen, literally "sow's stomach", a dish that consists of a thick, crispy-fried casing (sow stomach) stuffed with a mixture of pork, potatoes, and seasonings. Other traditional meat dishes of the region include bratwurst, Palatinate liverwurst, a blood pudding sausage called "grieweworscht" ("griewe" are speck (bacon) cubes, so lit. "sausage with bacon bits"), "lewwerknedel" (Leberknödel) (or "lewwerknepp", liver dumplings), and "fleeschknepp" (Fleischknödel: meat dumplings). Sauerkraut is the typical side dish in all seasons, but especially in winter, as are mashed potatoes and brown gravy. Also eaten are dampfnudels, which can be served with either sweet sauces or side dishes (such as wine, vanilla sauce or canned fruit such as plums, prunes, or pears) or with savory side dishes (such as potato soup, vegetable soup, goulash, or pepper pork).


title: Breakbeat

text: Breakbeat is a broad type of electronic music that tends to use drum breaks sampled from early recordings of funk, jazz, and R&B. Breakbeats have been used in styles such as hip hop, jungle, drum and bass, big beat, breakbeat hardcore, and UK garage styles (including 2-step, breakstep and dubstep).


title: Breakbeat

text: The origin of the word "breakbeat" is the fact that the drum loops that were sampled occurred during a "break" in the music - for example the "Amen break" (a drum solo from "Amen, Brother" by The Winstons) or the "Think Break" (from "Think (About It)" by Lyn Collins).


title: Breakbeat

text: Beginning in 1973 and continuing through the late 1970s and early 1980s, hip hop turntablists, such as DJ Kool Herc began using several funk breaks in a row, using drum breaks from jazz-funk tracks such as James Brown's "Funky Drummer" and The Winstons' "Amen Brother", to form the rhythmic base for hip hop songs. DJ Kool Herc's breaks style involved playing the same record on two turntables and playing the break repeatedly, alternating between the two records. Grandmaster Flash perfected this idea with what he called the "quick-mix theory": he would mark the points on the record where the break began and ended with a crayon, so that he could easily replay the break by spinning the record and not touching the tone arm. This style was copied and improved upon by early hip hop DJs Afrika Bambaataa and Grand Wizard Theodore. This style was extremely popular in clubs and dancehalls because the extended breaks compositions provided breakers with more opportunities to showcase their skills.


title: Breakbeat

text: In the late 1970s, hip hop was all about the break. In the 1980s, the evolution of technology began to make sampling breaks easier and more affordable for DJs and producers, which helped nurture the commercialization of hip hop. Through crude techniques such as pausing tapes and then recording the break, by the 1980s, technology allowed anybody with a tape recorder to find the breakbeat.


title: Breakbeat

text: In the late-1980s, breakbeat became an essential feature of many genres of breaks music which became popular within the global dance music scene, including acid breaks, electro-funk, and Miami bass, and decade later big beat and nu skool breaks.


title: Breakbeat

text: In the early 1990s, acid house artists and producers started using breakbeat samples in their music to create breakbeat hardcore. The hardcore scene then diverged into subgenres like jungle and drum and bass, which generally was faster and focused more on complex sampled drum patterns. An example of this is Goldie's album "Timeless". Josh Lawford of Ravescene prophesied that breakbeat was "the death-knell of rave" because the ever-changing drumbeat patterns of breakbeat music didn't allow for the same zoned out, trance-like state that the standard, steady 4/4 beats of house enabled.


title: Breakbeat

text: Incorporating many components of those genres, the Florida breaks subgenre followed during the early-to-mid 1990s and had a unique sound that was soon internationally popular among producers, DJs, and club-goers.


title: Breakbeat

text: In 1994, the influential techno act Autechre released the "Anti EP" in response to the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, deliberately using advanced algorithmic programming to generate non-repetitive breakbeats for the full duration of the tracks, in order to subvert the legal definitions within that legislation which specified in the section creating police powers to remove ravers from raves that "'music' includes sounds wholly or predominantly characterised by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats".


title: Breakbeat

text: In the late 1990s, another style of breakbeat emerged, "funky breaks", a style that was incorporating elements of trance, hip hop and jungle. It was pioneered by the Chemical Brothers and James Lavelle's Mo'Wax Records imprint. The genre had commercial peak in 1997, when such music was topping in pop charts and often featured in commercials. The most notable artists of the sound were The Prodigy, Death in Vegas, The Crystal Method, Propellerheads.


title: Breakbeat

text: The tempo of breaks tracks, ranging from 110 to 150 beats per minute, allows DJs to mix breaks with a wide range of different genres in their sets. This has led to breakbeats being used in many hip hop, jungle/drum & bass and hardcore tracks. They can also be heard in other music, anywhere from popular music to background music in car and clothing commercials on radio or TV.


title: Breakbeat

text: The Amen break, a drum break from The Winstons' song "Amen, Brother" is widely regarded as one of the most widely used and sampled breaks among music using breakbeats. This break was first used on "King of the Beats" by Mantronix, and has since been used in thousands of songs. Other popular breaks are from James Brown's "Funky Drummer" (1970) and "Give it Up or Turnit a Loose", The Incredible Bongo Band's 1973 cover of The Shadows' "Apache", and Lyn Collins' 1972 song "Think (About It)". The Winstons have not received royalties for third-party use of samples of the break recorded on their original music release.


title: Breakbeat

text: With the advent of digital sampling and music editing on the computer, breakbeats have become much easier to create and use. Now, instead of cutting and splicing tape sections or constantly backspinning two records at the same time, a computer program can be used to cut, paste, and loop breakbeats endlessly. Digital effects such as filters, reverb, reversing, time stretching and pitch shifting can be added to the beat, and even to individual sounds by themselves. Individual instruments from within a breakbeat can be sampled and combined with others, thereby creating wholly new breakbeat patterns.


title: Breakbeat

text: With the rise in popularity of breakbeat music and the advent of digital audio samplers, companies started selling "breakbeat packages" for the express purpose of helping artists create breakbeats. A breakbeat kit CD would contain many breakbeat samples from different songs and artists, often without the artist's permission or even knowledge.


title: Breakbeat

text: In electronic music, "acid breaks" is a fusion between breakbeat, acid house and other forms of dance music. Its drum line usually mimics most breakbeat music, lacking the distinctive kick drum of other forms of dance music. One of the earliest synthesizers to be employed in acid music was the Roland TB-303, which makes use of a resonant low-pass filter to emphasize the harmonics of the sound.


title: Breakbeat

text: Big beat is a term employed since the mid-1990s by the British music press to describe much of the music by artists such as The Prodigy, Cut La Roc, Fatboy Slim, The Chemical Brothers, The Crystal Method and Propellerheads typically driven by heavy breakbeats and synthesizer-generated loops and patterns in common with established forms of electronic dance music such as techno and acid house.


title: Breakbeat

text: Progressive breaks or prog breaks, also known as atmospheric breaks, is a subgenre of breaks that is essentially a fusion of breakbeat and progressive house. Much like progressive house, this subgenre is characterized by its "trancey" sound. Its defining traits include extended synthesizer pads and washes, melodic synth leads, heavy reverberation, and electronic breakbeats. However, unlike progressive house, very few progressive breaks tracks have vocals, with most tracks being entirely instrumental or using only electronically altered snippets of vocal samples for sonic effect. Typical progressive breaks tracks will often have a long build-up section that leads to a breakdown and a climax, often having numerous sonic elements being added or subtracted from the track at various intervals in order to increase its intensity. Progressive breaks artists include Hybrid, BT, Way Out West, Digital Witchcraft, Momu, Wrecked Angle, Burufunk, Under This and Fretwell.


title: Breakbeat

text: Psychedelic breakbeat or psybreaks is a form of breakbeat music developed in the late 1990s, built around psychedelic music. The genre later turned into a fusion of breakbeat and psychedelic trance in the mid 2000s, splicing breakbeat basslines and rhythms into otherwise heavily psytrance-influenced tracks.


title: Semper fidelis

text: Semper fidelis () is a Latin phrase that means "always faithful" or "always loyal" (Fidelis or Fidelity). It is the motto of the United States Marine Corps, usually shortened to Semper Fi. It is also in use as a motto for towns, families, schools, and other military units.


title: Semper fidelis

text: It is thought that it originated from the phrase that the senators of ancient Rome declaimed at the end of their intervention.


title: Semper fidelis

text: The earliest definitively recorded use of "semper fidelis" is as the motto of the French town of Abbeville since 1369. It has also been used by other towns, and is recorded as the motto of various European families since the 16th century, and possibly since the 13th century or earlier. Records show many families in England, France and Ireland using this motto.


title: Semper fidelis

text: The earliest recorded use of "semper fidelis" by a military unit is by the Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot, raised in south-western England in 1685. This is apparently linked to its use as a motto by the city of Exeter no later than 1660. Subsequently, a variety of military organizations adopted the motto.


title: Semper fidelis

text: This phrase was used in Europe, at least in Great Britain, Ireland and France and probably in other countries as well. A more recent adoption is by Senator Joe Doyle, in arms granted by the Chief Herald of Ireland in 1999.


title: Semper fidelis

text: Bernard Burke in 1884 listed many notable families in Great Britain and Ireland using the motto "Semper fidelis" in their coats of arms. They include:


title: Semper fidelis

text: Burke's full list of families using the motto was: Booker, Barbeson, Bonner, Broadmead, Carney, Chesterman, Dick, Dickins, Duffield, Edge, Formby, Frisby, Garrett, Haslett, Hill, Houlton, Kearney, Lynch, Lund, Marriott, Nicholls, Onslow, Pollexfen, Smith, Steele, Steehler, Steuart, Stirling and Wilcoxon. A large portion of these families were Irish or Scottish.


title: Semper fidelis

text: Chassant and Tausin (1878, p. 647) list the following French families as using it: D'Arbaud of Jonques, De Bréonis, Chevalier of Pontis, Du Golinot of Mauny, De Coynart, De Genibrouse of Gastelpers, Macar of the Province of Liege, Milet of Mureau, Navoir of Ponzac, De Piomelles, De Poussois, de Lamarzelle, De Reymons, Henry de Lolière and De Rozerou of Mos.


title: Semper fidelis

text: The city of Abbeville in France is recorded by 19th century sources (such as Chassant and Taussin, 1878) as using the motto "Semper fidelis," and recent sources state that the city was accorded this motto by Charles V, by letters patent of 19 June 1369, issued at Vincennes. This would make it the earliest recorded user of the motto among cities. However both Louandre (1834, p. 169) and the city's current official website give the motto simply as "Fidelis", and Sanson (1646, p. 15) claimed that even this was not part of Charles's original grant, but was added later, sometime in the 14th to 17th centuries.


title: Semper fidelis

text: In 1658, Pope Alexander VII bestowed the heraldic motto "Leopolis semper fidelis" on Lviv (then part of the Kingdom of Poland). In 1936, the motto "Semper fidelis" was applied again to the coat of arms of the city (then part of the Second Polish Republic).


title: Semper fidelis

text: Today, in Poland, the motto is referenced mainly in connection with the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1919 following the collapse of Austro-Hungary in the wake of World War I, and more especially in connection with the Polish-Bolshevik War that followed.


title: Semper fidelis

text: In Ukraine, the phrase is used much less, and refers to the survival of the Ukrainian Church through the period of Soviet persecution.


title: Semper fidelis

text: The City of Exeter, in Devon, England, has used the motto since at least 1660, when it appears in a manuscript of the local chronicler, Richard Izacke. Izacke claimed that the motto was adopted in 1588 to signify the city's loyalty to the English Crown. According to Izacke, it was Queen Elizabeth I who suggested that the city adopt this motto (perhaps in imitation of her own motto, "Semper eadem", "Ever the same"); her suggestion is said to have come in a letter to "the Citizens of Exeter," in recognition of their gift of money toward the fleet that had defeated the Spanish Armada. John Hooker's map of Exeter of around 1586 shows the city's coat of arms without the motto, suggesting that the city's use of the motto is no older than this. However the city archives do not hold any letter relating to the motto, and Grey (2005) argues that the Elizabethan origin of the motto may be no more than a local myth, since it is not recorded in contemporary chronicles, and that it may have been adopted at the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy to compensate for the city's less than total loyalty to the crown during the English Civil War.


title: Semper fidelis

text: "Semper fidelis" is the motto of the town of St. Malo, in Brittany, France. The date of its adoption is not known, but it appears to have been in use in the 17th century, replacing an earlier motto, "Cave canem".


title: Semper fidelis

text: "Civitas Calvi Semper Fidelis" may have been the motto of the city of Calvi, Balagna area in Corsica for 500 years.


title: Semper fidelis

text: The south-western English city of Exeter has used the motto "semper fidelis" since no later than 1660, inspiring its use by several south-western English military units.


title: Semper fidelis

text: In 1685 the motto was used by Duke of Beaufort when The Duke of Beaufort's Regiment of Foot, or Beaufort Musketeers, were raised to defend Bristol against the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion. It was numbered as the 11th Regiment of Foot when the numerical system of regimental designation was adopted in 1751 and was designated the regiment for North Devonshire (later the Devonshire Regiment).


title: Semper fidelis

text: The 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Rifle Volunteer Corps, raised in Exeter in 1852, was using the motto on its cap badge by 1860 at the latest; the Illustrated London News reported its use in its 7 January 1860 issue. The motto was continued by The Devonshire Regiment of the British Army.


title: Semper fidelis

text: The motto was further continued on the badges of the Devonshire and Dorset Regiment when the Devonshires were amalgamated into them in 1958. This use of the motto evidently derives from these regiments' close connection with the city of Exeter, where they had a base from their foundation (see the Illustrated London News article referenced above) until their disappearance by amalgamation into the Rifles in 2007.


title: Semper fidelis

text: The Irish units in France used a similar motto, "Semper et ubique Fidelis", meaning "Always and Everywhere Faithful". These units, forming the Irish Brigade, were raised in 1690-1 under the terms of the Treaty of Limerick, which ended the war between King James II and King William III in Ireland and Britain. As the native Irish army in exile, "Semper et ubique Fidelis" was a reference to their fidelity to the Catholic faith, King James II, and to the king of France. For decades the Irish Brigade served as an independent army within the French army, remaining "Always and Everywhere Faithful" to their native Irish traditions (such as having the men elect their own officers, unheard of in France and England).


title: Semper fidelis

text: Antoine Walsh's regiment of the Irish Brigade is noted for aiding the American cause in the American Revolution, when they were assigned as marines to John Paul Jones's ship, the .


title: Semper fidelis

text: The involvement of Irish Brigade soldiers serving as marines in the American War of Independence may have inspired the adoption of the motto "Semper Fidelis" by the US Marines. This would be ironic since the Irish Brigade motto referred specifically to their loyalty to Catholicism and Catholic kings, while the American rebels were fighting for a republican form of government for a largely Protestant population.


title: Semper fidelis

text: The phrase "Semper Fidelis" was made the official motto of the Marine Corps by Charles Grymes McCawley, the eighth Commandant of the Marine Corps, who was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which had a large Irish Catholic population. McCawley owed his commission to Senator Pierre Soulé of Louisiana, a Catholic born and raised in France, who would have been well aware of the Irish Brigade's service as Marines during the American Revolution.


title: Semper fidelis

text: "Semper fidelis" is the motto of the cadets corps of the Dutch Royal Military Academy. The corps was founded on 24 November 1828.


title: Semper fidelis

text: "Semper fidelis" is also the motto of the 11th Infantry Regiment, which was founded in May 1861 by President Abraham Lincoln. It served as part of the Army of Ohio and later in the Indian wars, Spanish–American War, 1916 Mexican Border war, World War I, World War II, and the Vietnam war. Today the regiment trains young Army officers at Fort Benning, Georgia.


title: Semper fidelis

text: "Semper fidelis" is the motto of The West Nova Scotia Regiment (of the Canadian Armed Forces), formed in 1936. It inherited the motto from The Lunenburg Regiment, formed in 1870.


title: Semper fidelis

text: The United States Marine Corps adopted the motto "Semper Fidelis" in 1883, on the initiative of Colonel Charles McCawley (29 January 1827 – 13 October 1891), the 8th Commandant of the Marine Corps.


title: Semper fidelis

text: "Fortitudine" (meaning "with courage") antedating the War of 1812, "Per Mare, Per Terram" ("by sea, by land"; presumably inherited from the British Royal Marines, who have that as a motto), and, up until 1843, there was also the Marines' Hymn motto "To the Shores of Tripoli". "Semper fidelis" signifies the dedication and loyalty that individual Marines have for 'Corps and Country', even after leaving service. Marines frequently shorten the motto to "Semper Fi" .


title: Semper fidelis

text: "Semper fidelis" is the motto of CFB Valcartier. The base was originally erected as a military camp in August 1914.


title: Semper fidelis

text: The Swiss Grenadiers, first designated as such in 1943, and since 2004 forming a distinct Command in the Swiss Armed Forces, use the motto "Semper fidelis".


title: Semper fidelis

text: A Chinese-language version of "Semper fidelis" has been the motto of the Republic of China Marine Corps since 1 April 1947. The motto is not in Latin and literally means "loyalty forever". Their motto is specifically modelled on the United States Marine Corps motto.


title: Semper fidelis

text: "Semper Fidelis" is the motto of the Protection and Guard Service, a Romanian secret service concerned with the national security and personal security of officials in Romania.


title: Semper fidelis

text: A Ukrainian version of Semper-Fidelis, "Вірний завжди", or "Always Faithful", has been the motto of the Ukrainian Marines for much of its post-Soviet history.


title: Semper fidelis

text: B. Burke (1884) and Chassant & Tausin (1878), and other sources, list a number of similar mottos that appeared in family or city coats of arms in Great Britain, Ireland and France, though none was ever as popular as "Semper fidelis". They include:


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: The New Scooby-Doo Movies is an American animated mystery comedy television series produced by Hanna-Barbera for CBS. It is the second animated television series in the studio's "Scooby-Doo" franchise, and follows the first incarnation, "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" It premiered on September 9, 1972, and ended on October 27, 1973, running for two seasons on CBS as the only hour-long "Scooby-Doo" series. Twenty-four episodes were produced, 16 for the 1972–73 season and eight more for the 1973–74 season.


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: Aside from doubling the length of each episode, "The New Scooby-Doo Movies" differed from its predecessor in the addition of a rotating special guest star slot; each episode featured real world celebrities or well-known animated characters joining the Mystery, Inc. gang in solving mysteries. This concept was later revisited with a similar series titled "Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?", which premiered in 2019.


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: "The New Scooby-Doo Movies" was the last incarnation of "Scooby-Doo" airing on CBS, and also the franchise's final time to feature Nicole Jaffe as the regular voice of Velma Dinkley, due to her marriage and retirement from acting.


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: Many of the guest stars who appeared in "The New Scooby-Doo Movies" were living celebrities who provided their own voices (Don Knotts, Jerry Reed, Cass Elliot, Jonathan Winters, Sandy Duncan, Tim Conway, Dick Van Dyke, Davy Jones and Sonny & Cher, among others); some episodes featured celebrities who were retired or deceased, whose voicing was done by imitators (The Three Stooges and Laurel and Hardy), and the rest were crossovers with present or future Hanna-Barbera characters.


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: The characters from other Hanna-Barbara shows "Harlem Globetrotters", "Josie and the Pussycats", "Jeannie", and "Speed Buggy" all appeared on the show during or after their own shows' original runs; "The Addams Family" and "Batman and Robin" both appeared on the show a year before they were incorporated into Hanna-Barbera shows of their own, "The Addams Family" and "Super Friends", respectively. Many of the supporting voice roles were done by several celebrities who were famous elsewhere, such as Don Adams ("Get Smart").


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: After "The New Scooby-Doo Movies" ended its original network run in August 1974, repeats of "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" aired on CBS for the next two years. No new "Scooby-Doo" cartoons would be produced until the show defected to ABC in September 1976 on the highly publicized "The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour". When the various "Scooby-Doo" series entered syndication in 1980, each "New Movies" episode was halved and run as two half-hour parts. The USA Network "Cartoon Express" began running the "New Movies" in their original format beginning in September 1990; they were rerun on Sunday mornings until August 1992.


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: In 1994, "The New Scooby-Doo Movies" began appearing on three Turner Broadcasting networks: TNT, Cartoon Network and Boomerang. Like many animated series created by Hanna-Barbera in the 1970s, the show contained a laugh track created by the studio. The first season of the series was animated at Hanna-Barbera's main studio in Los Angeles, while the second season was animated at their newly formed studio, Hanna-Barbera Pty, Ltd. in Australia.


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: Upon attempting to release a complete DVD set of the 24-episode series in 2005, Warner Home Video was unable to negotiate agreements with several of the episodes' guest stars to have those episodes included. As a result, the DVD was released under the title "The Best of the New Scooby-Doo Movies", and featured only 15 episodes culled from both seasons. The opening titles on this release were edited to remove the images of the Addams Family, Batman and Robin, the Harlem Globetrotters, the Three Stooges, and Laurel and Hardy.


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: On April 4, 2019, Warner Bros. announced plans to release eight more episodes, both as part of a package with the 15 previously released episodes and as a standalone release. This release was planned for the 50th anniversary of Scooby-Doo. No explanation for the previous appearances' rights issues was provided.


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: The only episode that has not been released or announced for release on DVD is "Wednesday Is Missing", which features the Addams Family.


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: The two episodes featuring Batman and Robin and two of the three episodes featuring the Harlem Globetrotters were also included in two separate releases: "Scooby-Doo Meets Batman" and "Scooby-Doo Meets the Harlem Globetrotters".


title: The New Scooby-Doo Movies

text: The Addams Family episode "Wednesday is Missing" was released to VHS in Australia under the title "Scooby-Doo Meets the Addams Family" and was also released in the U.K. on VHS, along with the Three Stooges episode "Ghastly Ghost Town" under the title "Scooby-Doo Meets the Three Stooges". "The Secret of Shark Island" (featuring Sonny and Cher) episode was released in the U.S. and the U.K. on VHS on a video called "Hanna-Barbera Presents: The Best of Scooby-Doo".


title: Mitch Pileggi

text: Mitch Pileggi (born April 5, 1952) is an American actor. He played Horace Pinker in "Shocker", Walter Skinner on "The X-Files", Colonel Steven Caldwell on "Stargate Atlantis", Ernest Darby in "Sons of Anarchy", and Harris Ryland in the TNT revival of "Dallas" (2012–2014).


title: Mitch Pileggi

text: Pileggi was born in Portland, Oregon, the son of Maxine, a homemaker, and Vito Pileggi, a defense contractor. Pileggi's family moved frequently because of his father's occupation, and Pileggi lived in Oregon, California, and Texas before spending most of his adolescence in Turkey.


title: Mitch Pileggi

text: Pileggi began acting while he was a high school student in Turkey, playing musical theater. After returning to Austin from Iran, he performed in local theaters and continued his acting career with small roles in B-movies and guest roles in television shows, such as "Dallas", "China Beach", "Code of Vengeance", and "Walker, Texas Ranger".


title: Mitch Pileggi

text: In the 1980s, Pileggi starred in several films, including "Three O'Clock High", as Duke "The Duker" Herman, an overzealous tough-as-nails high school parking lot security guard. In 1988, he starred in "Brothers In Arms" as one of the villains (Caleb) and in "Shocker" as body-possessing serial killer Horace Pinker. The latter was directed by horror icon Wes Craven. Pileggi played the villain in the 1991 television film, "Knight Rider 2000", a sequel movie to the original television series "Knight Rider". He also appeared briefly in the 1992 film "Basic Instinct" as an investigating police officer in the interrogation scene of Michael Douglas. He also appeared in the 1995 vampire film "Vampire in Brooklyn" (also directed by Craven) starring Eddie Murphy as an Italian mobster.


title: Mitch Pileggi

text: His most notable role was as the FBI's Assistant Director Walter Skinner on "The X-Files". The role was originally recurring, but the part expanded, and in 2001 he became a regular member of the cast. The character gradually became the most integral character besides the two leads. He remained with the show until its end in 2002. Pileggi played the character in the 1998 "The X-Files" film and in the 2008 film "". He also reprised the role in the 2016 miniseries.


title: Mitch Pileggi

text: Pileggi's later work has included starring in the short-lived TV show "Tarzan" and co-starring with Barbara Hershey and Oliver Hudson in the short-lived TV show "The Mountain". He played the recurring role of character Colonel Steven Caldwell, Commander of the Earth Battlecruiser, "Daedalus", in the second (2005) and subsequent seasons of the television series "Stargate Atlantis". He also appeared in an episode of "" and in 2006 had a regular guest role on "Day Break" as Robbery/Homicide Detective Spivak. Pileggi also appeared on the show "Cold Case" in the episode "Offender", as a father accused of molesting and murdering his own son, who then threatens to murder one child sex offender per day until the case is reopened and solved. Pileggi also played the role of Larry Jennings, chairman of the board of the hospital, in "Grey's Anatomy". In a first season episode of "That '70s Show" he played Red Forman's swinger, navy buddy, Bull, alongside his real life wife, Arlene.


title: Mitch Pileggi

text: Pileggi appeared in two episodes of "" as DEA agent Jack Hammond. Since 2008, Pileggi has played Ernest Darby, the head of a white supremacist gang called the "Nordics", in the FX drama "Sons of Anarchy" . He also played spree killer Norman Hill (AKA The Road Warrior) on a season four episode of "Criminal Minds", titled "Normal". Pileggi has also done some voice acting. His voice was featured as the githzerai Dak'kon in the video game "". He voices Commissioner James Gordon on the Kids WB! animated show "The Batman". Pileggi also hosted the controversial FOX specials "" and "Conspiracy Theory: Did We Land on the Moon?". He also played the recurring role of Sam and Dean Winchester's maternal grandfather, Samuel Campbell, in the TV series "Supernatural".


title: Mitch Pileggi

text: Pileggi starred in the TNT drama series "Dallas" as Harris Ryland. He was promoted to series regular as of second season.


title: Mitch Pileggi

text: As of 2014, Pileggi is on the advisory board of Sci-Fest, the first annual Los Angeles Science Fiction One-Act Play Festival, held in May 2014.


title: Mitch Pileggi

text: On February 21, 2020, it was announced that Pileggi was cast as Bonham Walker the father of Cordell Walker in The CW crime drama series "Walker" reboot.


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: The national flag of the United Arab Emirates () contains the Pan-Arab colors red, green, white, and black. It was designed in 1971 by Abdullah Mohammed Al Maainah, who was 19 years old at that time, and was adopted on 2 December 1971. The main theme of the flag's four colors is the unity of Arab nations. In 2008, there was a minor change to the Emblem.


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: Merchant ships may fly the alternative civil ensign, a red flag with the national flag in the canton. Emirates Airlines utilises the UAE flag as part of their livery.


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: Each of the seven emirates within the United Arab Emirates belonged to either Hinawi or the Ghafiri tribal confederations. Both tribal confederations had a red banner representing the Hashemite dynasty and allegiance to the prophet Muhammad. The Qawasim, although part of the Ghafiri, had their own flag (a green, white, and red banner) which used to distinguish them as a maritime power. In 1820, after the British Empire campaign on Ras Al Khaimah, six out of the seven emirates signed the General Maritime Treaty with the British Empire which compelled them to be under the British Protectorate rule and protection in the region. A white segment was enforced to be added to each emirate's flag. At that time, Fujairah was not recognized as an emirate by the British and hence did not sign the general treaty in 1820 with the British protectorate and therefore continued to use its plain red flag.


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: On 6 November 1975, Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi took down the British imposed flag, the White Pierced Red flag, from Sharjah and stated:


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: After defeating the Al-Qawasim tribe, the British occupiers gave the Qawasim this flag to replace their own flag, which used to have three horizontal colours: green, white and red from top to bottom, with a Quranic inscription 'A victory from Allah and an imminent conquest' on the white part. The loss of our national flag occurred on Saturday 8 January 1820. So what I have done now is restore dignity to the citizens of Sharjah of today and to the citizens of Sharjah of past time, all of whom have been obliged to salute the flag of the very aggressors who had removed our own flag, a flag that had symbolized the struggle of Al-Qawasim.


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: On 15 November 1975, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, and Fujairah followed suit and replaced their flags with the federation flag. Soon after the flags of the other emirates were lowered and the UAE flag was raised.


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: The flag of Abu Dhabi is a red flag with a white rectangle at the top-left corner. According to the 1820 General Maritime Treaty with the British, in times of war a full red flag would be used by the Bani Yas (Abu Dhabi and Dubai).


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: Although per the 1820 General Maritime Treaty with Britain Abu Dhabi was supposed to fly the Trucial States flag, the White Pierced Red flag, in practice Abu Dhabi continued to fly a plain red flag. Percy Cox, the British Colonial Office administrator in the Middle East, was unsuccessful in convincing Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan to adopt the Trucial States flag, which, Zayed argued, represented the Al Qawasim tribal federation. Abu Dhabi later adopted a red flag with a top left white rectangle to distinguish it from the surrounding emirates.


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: The flags of Ajman and Dubai are identical. They are both plain red with a white bar at the hoist, i.e. closest to the flag staff. The flag is known as the White Red Halved and was adopted as an alternative to the Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah White Pierced Red by the Emirate of Dubai and Ajman to distinguish their authority from the Al Qawasim in defiance of the bonds of the 1820 General Maritime Treaty with the British. To the British, this flag was titled as Trucial Coast Flag No.1 and Abu Dhabi and Umm Al Quwain were also expected to adopt it. According to the 1820 General Maritime Treaty with the British, in times of war a full red flag would be used by the Bani Yas (Abu Dhabi and Dubai) and a full white flag would be used by Ajman.


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: Before 1952, the flag of Fujairah was plain red. Fujairah did not sign the general treaty in 1820 with the British protectorate and therefore is still using its red plain flag. From 1952 to 1961, the emirate's name was added to the flag, and a red flag with a white Arabic calligraphy of the emirate name was adopted as an ensign to distinguish it from the surrounding emirates. In 1975, the plain red flag was abolished and the national flag of the United Arab Emirates is now used for official purposes.


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: The flags of Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah are identical as they are both ruled by two branches of the same house. They show a large red rectangle on a white background. The flag is known as the White Pierced Red and was the intended flag for all the Trucial States according to the 1820 Maritime Treaty of the Trucial States with the British. It was widely attributed to the Al Qawasim tribal federation. Percy Cox, the British Colonial Office administrator in the Middle East, was unsuccessful in convincing the rest of the emirates' Sheikhs to adopt it. To the British, this flag was titled as Trucial Coast Flag No. 2. According to the 1820 General Maritime Treaty with the British, in times of war the original Al Qassimi flag (green, white and red flag) would be used by the Qawasim.


title: Flag of the United Arab Emirates

text: The flag of Umm Al Quwain consists of a red background, a white bar at the hoist similar the flags of Ajman and Dubai, and a large white star and crescent in the center as a symbol of Islam and representing allegiance to the Islamic world. Umm Al Quwain flag was supposed to be the same flag used by Dubai and Ajman, the White Red Halved, but a star and crescent was added to distinguish it from the surrounding emirates.


title: Park City, Utah

text: Park City is a city in Utah, United States. The vast majority is in Summit County, and it extends into Wasatch County. It is considered to be part of the Wasatch Back. The city is southeast of downtown Salt Lake City and from Salt Lake City's east edge of Sugar House along Interstate 80. The population was 8,396 at the 2020 census. On average, the tourist population greatly exceeds the number of permanent residents.


title: Park City, Utah

text: After a population decline following the shutdown of the area's mining industry, the city rebounded during the 1980s and 1990s through an expansion of its tourism business. the city brings in a yearly average of $529.8 million to the Utah Economy as a tourist hot spot, $80 million of which is attributed to the Sundance Film Festival. The city has two major ski resorts: Deer Valley Resort and Park City Mountain Resort (combined with Canyons Village at Park City) and one minor resort: Woodward Park City (an action sports training and fun center). Both Deer Valley and Park City Mountain Resorts were the major locations for ski and snowboarding events at the 2002 Winter Olympics. Although they receive less snow and have a shorter ski season than do their counterparts in Salt Lake County, such as Snowbird resort, they are much easier to access.


title: Park City, Utah

text: In 2015, Park City Ski Resort and Canyons resorts merged, creating the largest ski area in the U.S. In all, the resort boasts 17 slopes, 14 bowls, 300 trails and 22 miles of lifts.


title: Park City, Utah

text: The city is the main location of the United States' largest independent film festival, the Sundance Film Festival; home of the United States Ski Team; training center for members of the Australian Freestyle Ski Team; the largest collection of factory outlet stores in northern Utah; the 2002 Olympic bobsled/skeleton/luge track at the Utah Olympic Park; and golf courses. Some scenes from the 1994 film "Dumb and Dumber" were shot in the city. Outdoor-oriented businesses such as backcountry.com, Rossignol USA, and Skullcandy have their headquarters in Park City. The city has many retailers, clubs, bars, and restaurants, and has nearby reservoirs, hot springs, forests, and hiking and biking trails.


title: Park City, Utah

text: In the summertime, many valley residents of the Wasatch Front visit the town to escape high temperatures. Park City is usually cooler than Salt Lake City as it lies mostly higher than above sea level, while Salt Lake City is situated at an elevation of about .


title: Park City, Utah

text: In 2008, Park City was named by "Forbes Traveler Magazine" as one of the "20 prettiest towns" in the United States. In 2011, the town was awarded a Gold-level Ride Center designation from the International Mountain Bicycling Association for its mountain bike trails, amenities and community.


title: Park City, Utah

text: The area was traveled by the early Mormon pioneers on their journey to where they settled and built Salt Lake City. One of their leaders, Parley P. Pratt, explored the canyon in 1848. He was given a charter the following year to build a toll road through it, which was finished in 1849. The basin at the top of the canyon was an ideal place to graze, and a few families settled. Early on, the area was deeded to Samuel Snyder, Heber C. Kimball and Jedediah Grant. The settlers named it "Parley's Park City", which was shortened to "Park City" upon the town's incorporation in 1884. The first known discovery of ore in this area was by men serving under Colonel Patrick E. Connor, who invited his men to prospect in the area after having been relocated from Gold Rush-era California. The finding of silver, gold and lead sparked the first silver mines in Park City in the 1860s. Park City's large mining boom brought large crowds of prospectors setting up camps around the mountain terrain, marking the first mining settlements. Although it was not the first find, the Ontario silver mine, discovered by Herman Buden in 1872 and quickly purchased by George Hearst through his business partner R. C. Chambers, was the first major producer.


title: Park City, Utah

text: Another prominent mining family was that of William Montague Ferry Jr. Ferry Moved to Utah from West Michigan already a very wealthy man. He had previously been a Colonel in the Union Army, mayor of Grand Haven, and was son of wealthy businessman William Montague Ferry. Ferry was followed by a group of other wealthy Michiganders (including his brother Edward Payson Ferry) who came to be the social elites of the town. The Ferry family owned numerous mines including the Marsac Silver mining Company and the Silver King Coalition Mines. Col Ferry also donated the land for Westminster College and unsuccessfully ran for governor of Utah. Edward Ferry's son W. Mont Ferry was mayor of Salt Lake City.


title: Park City, Utah

text: In 1880, a spur line was established to the Echo station of the First transcontinental railroad. By 1892 the Silver King Mine and its owners Thomas Kearns and David Keith took the spotlight as one of the most famous silver mines in the world. While silver mines were doing well in Utah, other mines around the world were not doing as well, which drew many of these miners to Park City. The town flourished with crowds of miners and wealth, but by the 1950s, the town nearly became a ghost town. This was due in part to a drop in the price of silver.


title: Park City, Utah

text: The town was nearly destroyed by fire in 1898. Another accident occurred in 1902 when 34 miners were killed in an explosion in the Day West Mine.


title: Park City, Utah

text: The transformation of Park City into a ski destination town is primarily attributed to declining silver and metal prices during and following World War I, the Great Depression, and World War 2. The mining community never fully recovered and so the town turned to skiing. The silver industry was suffering when 'Parkite' miners presented to Utahns Inc. a proposal for a ski resort called Treasure Mountain. United Park City Mines, who owned the land the resort would be built on, received a land-redevelopment grant from the John F. Kennedy Administration. Treasure Mountains (now Park City Mountain Resort) opened in 1963 on of land the miners owned with mineral rights. This is said to be when tourists first largely began to visit Park City. This marks the beginning of the ski industry largely promoted by the Utah State Legislation as a destination resort.