title: George Town, Penang

text: The Port of Penang consists of seven facilities along the Penang Strait, including Swettenham Pier in George Town. Renovated in 2009 as a cruise shipping terminal, Swettenham Pier is one of the major tourist entry points into George Town. , the pier recorded 1.35 million tourist arrivals, thereby surpassing Port Klang as the busiest port-of-call in Malaysia for cruise shipping. The pier has also attracted some of the world's largest cruise liners, such as the "RMS Queen Mary 2".


title: George Town, Penang

text: A number of cruise ships call Swettenham Pier as their homeport, bringing tourists into and out of George Town towards regional destinations like Phuket and Singapore. Occasionally, the pier hosts warships as well, including those from Singapore, Thailand and the United States.


title: George Town, Penang

text: Rapid Ferry is a cross-strait shuttle ferry service that connects George Town with the town of Butterworth on the Malay Peninsula. It is the oldest ferry service in Malaysia, dating back to 1894 when the first passenger ferry commenced operations. Currently, six ferries ply the Penang Strait between George Town and Butterworth daily.


title: George Town, Penang

text: Several nations have either established their consulates or appointed honorary-consulates within George Town.


title: George Town, Penang

text: The State of Penang also has a sister area partnership with Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan, which was ratified in 1991.


title: George Town, Penang

text: In addition to the sister cities and areas, George Town has inked five other friendship city agreements.


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: Jagga Jasoos () is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language musical adventure comedy film written and directed by Anurag Basu, and produced by Siddharth Roy Kapur, Basu and Ranbir Kapoor. It stars Kapoor and Katrina Kaif, and tells the story of a teenage detective in search of his missing father. It was released on 14 July 2017 to mixed reviews from critics, but bagged ten nominations at the 63rd Filmfare Awards, winning four of them for the film's music.


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: The story of "Jagga Jasoos" revolves around the high-profile case of Purulia Arms Drop, which took place in 1995 allegedly to overthrow the then Communist Government of West Bengal, India. Jagga, a curious and shy young boy in a quaint little town lives a happy life with his accident-prone adoptive father, Badal Bagchi. Jagga, being self-conscious of his stammer, doesn't speak much; until one day Bagchi teaches him to "speak" in song. Sometime later, after admitting Jagga into a boarding school, Bagchi suddenly disappears. Feeling abandoned, Jagga's only contact with Bagchi is a VHS tape that he receives in the mail every year on his birthday. Armed with sharp detective skills, Jagga sets out to solve the mystery of his missing parent. Along the way, he finds a partner in Shruti Sengupta, an accident-prone journalist with her own international criminal case to solve. Using a few tricks he learnt from Bagchi, Jagga, with Shruti, embarks on a mission to uncover details of his father's mysterious secret life and finds himself embroiled in a worldwide smuggling racket. The film later ends on a cliffhanger as it shows Jagga and his father on a cruise ship having been captured by the Two-Headed Bashir Alexander.


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: Filming took place in Cape Town, South Africa. Reports from Cape Town were that the real-world romance of Kapoor and Kaif was falling apart and occasional arguments between the two caused some delays and resulted in scenes not having the impact intended by Basu. By 20 March 2014, Basu had completed 20 days of filming with his leads and, being unhappy with initial efforts by Kapoor, intended to use the additional schedule time to re-shoot some scenes. Kapoor was simultaneously shooting for Anurag Kashyap's "Bombay Velvet" and Imtiaz Ali's "Tamasha". Basu explained, "We've to shoot "Jagga Jasoos" during the gaps in the shooting of "Bombay Velvet". We completed one schedule. Now we'll go into a lengthy schedule from August. By the end of the year the shooting would be complete."


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: The film was originally going to release on 27 November 2015, but the film's release date was pushed to April 2017.


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: The film is a musical and has a total of 29 songs which are part of a narrative. Ranbir Kapoor sang most of his dialogues rather than saying them. T-Series released the film soundtrack album.


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: The film was released on 14 July 2017 worldwide. A sneak peek of the film was released on 19 December 2016. The movie earned around 331.7 million in its first weekend.


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: Baradwaj Rangan gave a positive review, calling it an "A mad, magical, parts-greater-than-sum musical that's a total treat", concluding his review with "Anurag Basu has made a right-brain movie. I’m not sure it can be defended logically, and I’m not sure I care when the result is so mad, so magical.". Namrata Joshi of The Hindu called the film "A comic book swamped with music", observing that "Basu is aiming at reaching out to the children and the kid in every adult" while also noting the "Broadway musical format" of the film and the "distant, exotic" locations, saying "Jagga Jasoos's fantasy does get fantastic". Tanul Thakur of The Wire, wrote "There's a good film and a solid story somewhere in Jagga Jasoos, but it can be only accessed beneath its layers of indulgence, confusion and ambition." Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times rated the film 3.5/5 and commented, "Ranbir Kapoor never drops one emotion and he is really sincere. He is the shining knight of this story, which demanded its protagonist to not look silly despite being an overgrown adolescent." Nihit Bhave of The Times of India rated the film 3.5/5 and said, "For a film industry that adheres to certain rules of using music, Jagga Jasoos is an undeniable experiment." Rohit Bhatnagar of Deccan Chronicle gave a 3.5/5 rating noting, "The plot is so engaging that you wouldn't even mind a poker-faced Katrina tagging around with Ranbir, who completely steals the show. Only an 'Ullu Ka Pattha' would miss this adventure." Ahana Bhattacharya of Koimoi rated 3.5/5 and commented "A unique and interesting story. Basu pens an intriguing tale of a father-son story. I would highly recommend watching this musical with a fresh and interesting script and nice music. This is surely one of Ranbir's best performances." Raya Ghosh of Times Now rated 3.5/5 and commented "Ranbir's performance is effortless and the entire film rests on his shoulders with adequate support from Saswata Chatterjee for whom brilliant, even, would be an understatement." Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com rated 3.5/5 and said, ""Jagga Jasoos" revels in its lavish imagination, meddlesome inquiries and delicious bongness, never once pausing to catch a breath or make sense." Jhinuk Sen of Catch News rated 3.5/5 and said, "All is hunky dory – the on-screen chemistry, some great supporting characters, excellently choreographed action sequences – till the 'un-realism' gets a little hard to swallow, even with the sprinkles of rainbows and optimism."


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: National Award winning critic Saibal Chatterjee, and Raja Sen, of NDTV India rated 3/5 and 4/5 respectively with reviews, ""Jagga Jasoos" has memorable madcap moments stemming principally from its free-flowing mix of music, dance, situational and slapstick comedy and wildly improbable action. Even if this film might feel like an epic misfire at times, Anurag Basu's deliciously zany, ambitious adventure drama, when it is on the song, has an oddly bewitching quality." and "Basu has always been a storyteller with excellent imagery, but the way he has embraced the madcap is something else. The detailing is a thing of beauty." Ananya Bhattacharya of India Today rated 3/5 and commented "Jagga and Shruti get their wings in director Anurag Basu's masterpiece, but having said that, "Jagga Jasoos" is not free from its flaws. It took Basu three years to finish this film. While the details and the hard work are visible in every shot in the film, the story gives in to cliches in the second half." Stutee Ghosh of The Quint rated 3/5 and said ""Jagga Jasoos" is a poor attempt. It tries its hand at something new and gets it right. But the slow and indulgent pace will ensure that the film isn't everyone's cup of tea." Sameeksha of News18 India rated 3/5 and commented, "A delightful story straight out of an adventurous comic book."


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: Rachit Gupta of Filmfare rated the film at 2.5/5 and said,""Jagga Jasoos" could not have been so much more. But it just feels like a long and winding screenplay that tries to fit in too many foolish and lavish ideas." Madhuri of Filmibeat rated 2.5/5 and said, "The writing exudes joyful abandon and warmth initially. However, it soon starts faltering at places and you do end up losing your attention. Too many subplots dilute the main crux of the film and suddenly you find yourself craving for that warmth that's been missing for a while." Sarita A Tanwar of Daily News & Analysis gave a 2/5 rating and said, "Despite the novel treatment and outstanding aesthetics, this Ranbir Kapoor-Katrina Kaif film's a mistake!" Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave only a 1.5/5 rating and said, "Trouble is, in its zeal to put together novel locations and exotic hot spots, ‘Jagga Jasoos’ forgets to give us a story. The good-looking leads are left to fend for themselves in a sinking plot."


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: Shilpa Jamkhandikar of Reuters called the film "a rousing musical that pays tribute to Tintin and Feluda, and combines Disney's musical tradition with a whimsical style reminiscent of Wes Anderson's work."


title: Jagga Jasoos

text: Areebah Shahid writing for Pakistani website, Bolo Jawan rated the film 4.5/5 saying, "Every frame is a visual treat and speaks volumes about the effort put into making Jagga Jasoos the theatrical marvel that it is." She applauds the director and the cast stating, "...with Jagga Jasoos Anurag Basu and his team have created magic on the big screen."


title: Mongolian spot

text: A Mongolian spot, also known as slate grey nevus or congenital dermal melanocytosis, is a benign, flat, congenital birthmark with wavy borders and an irregular shape. In 1883, it was described and named after Mongolians by Erwin Bälz, a German anthropologist based in Japan, who erroneously believed it to be most prevalent among his Mongolian patients. It normally disappears three to five years after birth and almost always by puberty. The most common color is blue, although they can be blue-gray, blue-black or deep brown.


title: Mongolian spot

text: Mongolian spot is a congenital developmental condition—that is, one existing from birth—exclusively involving the skin. The blue colour is caused by melanocytes, melanin-containing cells, that are usually located in the surface of the skin (the epidermis), but are in the deeper region (the dermis) in the location of the spot. Usually, as multiple spots or one large patch, it covers one or more of the lumbosacral area (lower back), the buttocks, sides, and shoulders. It results from the entrapment of melanocytes in the lower half to two-thirds of the dermis during their migration from the neural crest to the epidermis during embryonic development.


title: Mongolian spot

text: Male and female infants are equally predisposed to slate grey nevus. People who are not aware of the background of the slate grey nevus may mistake them for bruises, possibly resulting in mistaken concerns about abuse.


title: Mongolian spot

text: The French anthropologist interested himself in what he called the "tache pigmentaire congenitale" or coloured birthmark, publishing multiple papers in the "Journal de la Société des Américanistes", an academic journal covering the cultural anthropology of the Americas. Gessain spent time with the Huehuetla Tepehua people in Hidalgo, Mexico, and wrote in 1947 about the spot's "location, shape, colour, histology, chemistry, genetic transmission, and racial distribution". He had previously spent several winters in Greenland, and wrote an overview in 1953 of what was known about the spot. He hypothesised that the age at which it faded in various populations might prove to be a distinguishing characteristic of those groups. Gessain claimed that the spot was first observed amongst the Inuit.


title: Mongolian spot

text: Hans Egede Saabye, a Danish priest and botanist, spent 1770–1778 in Greenland. His diaries, published in 1816 and translated into several European languages, contained much ethnographic information. He described the spot on newborns, saying he had seen it often when the infants were presented naked for baptism. A second Danish observer was doctor and zoologist Daniel Frederik Eschricht, mainly based in Copenhagen. In 1849 he wrote of the "mixed" babies he had delivered at the lying-in hospital. He also says that "the observation made for the first time by Saabye about Inuit children has been completely confirmed by Captain Holbøll", who sent him a fetus pickled in alcohol.


title: Mongolian spot

text: Gessain goes on to state that it was only in 1883 that an anthropologist mentions the spot. It was Erwin Bälz, a German working in Tokyo, who described a dark blue mark on Japanese infants. He presented his findings in 1901 in Berlin, and from that point on, Bälz's name was associated with certain skin cells containing pigment. Captain Gustav Frederik Holm wrote in 1887 that his Greenlandic interpreter Johannes Hansen (known as Hanserak) attested to the existence of the birthmark over the kidney region of newborns, which grows larger as they grow older. That year, the Danish anthropologist Soren Hansen drew the connection between the observations of Bälz in Japan and Saabye in Greenland. "This cannot be a coincidence. It is not the first time that the resemblance between the Japanese and the Eskimo has been pointed out." Fridtjof Nansen, the Norwegian polar explorer, said that the spot was widespread in the mixed Danish-Inuit population of West Greenland. Soren Hansen confirmed this. A missionary in Bethel, Alaska, a traditional gathering place of Yup'ik people, reported that the spots were common on children. , an Austrian linguist and ethnologist, spent the summer of 1906 on the West Coast of Greenland, and listed all the examples he came across. Gessain went to north Labrador in 1926, looking for children with these spots. In 1953 Dr Saxtorph, medical advisor to the Greenland department (part of the Danish government), wrote that the Greenlanders do not like outsiders to see or discuss these birthmarks; "they doubtless feel as a reminiscence of the time when they lived on a low cultural level".


title: Mongolian spot

text: The presence or absence of the slate grey nevus was used by racial theorists such as Joseph Deniker (1852-1918), the French anthropologist.


title: Mongolian spot

text: The "Journal of Cutaneous Diseases Including Syphilis, Volume 23" contained several accounts of the slate grey nevus on children in the Americas:


title: Mongolian spot

text: In Central America, according to these authorities, the spot is called "Uits," "pan," and it is an insult to speak of it. It disappears in the tenth month. It is bluish-reddish (in these Native people), and is remarkable by its small size. The mulberry colored spot is very well known in Afro-Brazilians. In Brazil, among individuals of mixed Indigenous American and West African descent (pardo) it is called "genipapo", from its resemblance in color (bluish-gray) to an indigenous fruit of Brazil, named genipapo (a Native word adopted into Portuguese).


title: Mongolian spot

text: Infants may be born with one or more slate grey nevus ranging from small area on the buttocks to a larger area on the back. The birthmark is prevalent among East, South, Southeast, North and Central Asian peoples, Indigenous Oceanians (chiefly Micronesians and Polynesians), certain populations in Africa, Amerindians, non-European Latin Americans and Caribbeans of mixed-race descent.


title: Mongolian spot

text: They occur in around 80% of Asians, and 80% to 85% of Native American infants. Approximately 90% of Polynesians and Micronesians are born with slate grey nevus, as are about 46% of children in Latin America, where they are associated with non-European descent. These spots also appear on 5–10% of babies of full Caucasian descent; Coria del Río in Spain has a high incidence due to the presence of descendants of members of the delegation led by Hasekura Tsunenaga, the first Japanese official envoy to Spain in the early 17th century. African American babies have slate grey nevus at a frequencies of 90% to 96%.


title: Mongolian spot

text: According to a 2006 study examining the Mongolian spot among newborns in the Turkish city of İzmir, it was found out that 26% of the examined babies had the condition. It was noted the prevalence rate was 20% and 31% in boys and girls, respectively. The study also reported that no children born with light hair had the mark, meanwhile 47% of the children with dark hair having it.


title: Mongolian spot

text: Since the last century, extensive research has been made regarding the prevalence of said spot in populations of mixed European-Amerindian ancestry. A publication from 1905, citing field research made by the anthropologist Frederick Starr, states that the spot is not present in Mestizo populations, however, if Starr's actual research is consulted it is observed the he declares that "seven Mayan children presented the spot, three mixed children didn't have it...", Starr therefore does not make an absolute judgement, as he does not say how many mixed children were analyzed in total. Nowadays it is completely accepted that the big majority of Mexico's and Latin America's mixed-race populations have the Mongolian spot and that its presence works as an indicator of the actual degree of mestizaje present in a given population, having its lower frequency in Uruguay with 36%, followed by Argentina with an incidence 44%, Mexico with 50%-52%, 68% in Hispanic-Americans and 88% in highland Peruvians.


title: Mongolian spot

text: A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City reported that, on average, 51.8% of Mexican newborns presented slate grey nevus, while it was absent on 48.2% of the analyzed babies. According to the Mexican Social Security Institute nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the slate grey nevus.


title: Mongolian spot

text: Central American indigenous children were subjected to racism due to their slate grey nevus but progressive circles began to make having the slate grey nevus popular after the late 1960s.


title: Mongolian spot

text: As a congenital benign nevus, Mongolian spots do not require treatment and in most cases disappear before adolescence. No cases of malignant degeneration have been reported.


title: Mongolian spot

text: The slate grey nevus is referred to in the Japanese idiom "shiri ga aoi" (), meaning "to have a blue butt", which is a reference to immaturity or inexperience.


title: Mongolian spot

text: Korean mythology explains the nevus as a bruise formed when Samshin halmi or Samsin Halmoni (), a shaman spirit to whom people pray around childbirth, slapped the baby's behind to hasten the baby to quickly get out from the mother's womb. "Mongolian Mark", the middle third of the 2004–5 novel "The Vegetarian", is named after the title character's nevus, which obsesses her brother-in-law.


title: Mongolian spot

text: In Chinese, it is referred to as "青痕" (Pinyin: Qīng Hén; literally: blue mark). Among common folk it is said to be caused by the Buddhist goddess of childbirth Songzi Guanyin (Simplified Chinese: 送子观音; Pinyin: Sòng Zǐ Guān Yīn; literally: the goddess of baby sending) when she is slapping the baby's backside, telling it to be born. Others say it is because the baby does not want to leave the mother's womb, so Songzi Guanyin will kick it out, leaving the bruise. A small portion of people wrongfully believe it is caused when the doctor is slapping the baby's backside to make it cry. Scientifically, it is also referred to as "蒙古斑" (Pinyin: Měng Gǔ Bān; literally: mongolian spot)


title: Mongolian spot

text: In Khmer, it is known as "khnau" (ខ្នៅ) which translates to 'Mongolian spot' as well as other skin conditions such as vitiligo and leucoderma.


title: Mongolian spot

text: The mark is also common among Maya people of the Yucatan Peninsula where is referred to as "Wa" in Maya, which means "circle".


title: Mongolian spot

text: In Ecuador, the native Indians of Colta are insultingly referred to in Spanish by a number of terms which allude to the slate grey nevus.


title: Mongolian spot

text: In Iñupiaq, is it called "auttaq" or "auktaq", which relates to the word for blood and also means 'mole'.


title: Savate

text: Savate (), also known as boxe française, savate boxing, French boxing or French footfighting, is a French kickboxing combat sport that uses the hands and feet as weapons combining elements of English boxing with graceful kicking techniques.


title: Savate

text: Only foot kicks are allowed, unlike some systems such as Southeast Asian boxing or kickboxing, which allow the use of the knees or shins, but it allows strikes in any part of the body. "Savate" is a French word for "old shoe or boot". Savate fighters wear specially designed boots. A male practitioner of savate is called a tireur while a female is called a tireuse.


title: Savate

text: Savate takes its name from the French for "old shoe" (heavy footwear, especially the boots used by French military and sailors) ("cf." French-English loanwords sabot and sabotage and Spanish cognate "zapato"). The modern formalized form is mainly an amalgam of French street fighting techniques from the beginning of the 19th century. Savate was then a type of street fighting common in Paris and northern France.


title: Savate

text: In the south, especially in the port of Marseille, sailors developed a fighting style involving high kicks and open-handed slaps. It is conjectured that this kicking style was developed in this way to allow the fighter to use a hand to hold onto something for balance on a rocking ship's deck, and that the kicks and slaps were used on land to avoid the legal penalties for using a closed fist, which was considered a deadly weapon under the law. It was known as the "jeu marseillais" (game from Marseille), and was later renamed "chausson" (slipper, after the type of shoes the sailors wore). In contrast, at this time in England (the home of boxing and the Queensberry rules), kicking was seen as unsportsmanlike.


title: Savate

text: Traditional savate was a northern French development, especially in Paris' slums, and always used heavy shoes and boots derived from its potential military origins. Street fighting savate, unlike chausson, kept the kicks low, almost never targeted above the groin, and they were delivered with vicious, bone-breaking intent. Parisian savate also featured open hand blows, in thrusting or smashing palm strikes (la baffe) or in stunning slaps targeted to facial nerves. Techniques of savate or chausson were at this time also developed in the ports of northwest Italy and northeastern Spain—hence one savate kick named the "Italian kick" ("chassé italien").


title: Savate

text: The two key historical figures in the history of the shift from street fighting to the modern sport of savate are Michel Casseux (also known as "le Pisseux") (1794–1869) and Charles Lecour (1808–1894). Casseux opened the first establishment in 1825 for practicing and promoting a regulated version of chausson and savate (disallowing head butting, eye gouging, grappling, etc.).


title: Savate

text: Charles Lecour created a modern edition of the martial art by 1830. Charles Lecour incorporated boxing techniques with kicking techniques and showed how to use them together. He was the first to see savate as both a sport and self-defense system. Charles Lecour was the first to add English boxing gloves to the martial art which allowed his students to train their punches without injuring their hands.


title: Savate

text: Charles Lecour was exposed to the English art of boxing when he witnessed an English boxing match in France between English pugilist Owen Swift and Jack Adams in 1838. Lecour also took part in a friendly sparring match with Swift later in that same year. Lecour felt that he was at a disadvantage, using his hands only to bat his opponent's fists away, rather than to punch. He trained in boxing for a time before combining boxing with chausson and savate to create the sport of savate (or "boxe française", as we know it today). At some point "la canne" and "le baton", stick fighting, were added, and some form of stick fencing, such as "la canne", is commonly part of savate training. Those who train purely for competition may omit this. Savate was developed professionally by Lecour's student Joseph Charlemont and then his son Charles Charlemont. Charles continued his father's work and in 1899 fought an English boxer named Jerry Driscoll. He won the match with a round-kick ("fouetté median") in the eighth round although the English said that it was a kick to the groin. According to the well known English referee, Bernard John Angle of the National Sporting Club, in his book "My Sporting Memories" (London, 1925), "Driscoll did not know what he was taking on" when he agreed "to meet the Frenchman at his own game". Angle also said that, "The contest ended in Jerry being counted out to a blow in the groin from the Frenchman's knee." He further alleged that "the timekeeper saved Charlemont several times". After the fight Driscoll bore no grudges, considering the blow to have been "an accident". The French claimed victory for their man by stoppage, following a round-kick to Driscoll's stomach.


title: Savate

text: Savate was later codified under a Committee National de Boxe Française under Charles Charlemont's student Count Pierre Baruzy (dit Barozzi). The Count is seen as the father of modern savate and was 11-time Champion of France and its colonies, his first ring combat and title prior to the First World War. "Savate de Dėfense", "Défense Savate" or "Savate de Rue" ("street savate") is the name given to those methods of fighting excluded from savate competition. The International Savate Federation (FIS) is the official worldwide ruling body of savate.


title: Savate

text: Perhaps the ultimate recognition of the respectability of savate came in 1924 when it was included as a demonstration sport in the Olympic Games in Paris. In 2008, savate was recognised by the International University Sports Federation (FISU) – this recognition allows savate to hold official University World Championships; the first was held in Nantes, France in 2010. The 25th anniversary of the founding of the International Savate Federation, in March 2010, was celebrated with a visit to Lausanne, to meet with International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge. FISav President Gilles Le Duigou was presented with a memento depicting the Olympic Rings. In April 2010, the International Savate Federation was accepted as a member of SportAccord (previously known as AGFIS) – a big step forward on the road to Olympic recognition.


title: Savate

text: Bruce Lee also studied Savate and included many techniques to his own Jeet Kune Do style. Mixed martial arts also had influence in a similar matter, in UFC 1 world-champion savateur Gerard Gordeau participated, reaching the finals where he lost to Royce Gracie, and he went to corner and train many future Dutch MMA fighters. Other savateurs have competed in MMA, such as Bellator Light Heavyweight Champion Christian M'Pumbu, Karl Amoussou and Cheick Kongo.


title: Savate

text: Today, savate is practiced all over the world by amateurs: from Australia to the U.S. and from Finland to Britain. Many countries (including the United States) have national federations devoted to promoting savate.


title: Savate

text: Modern codified savate provides for three levels of competition: "assaut", "pre-combat" and "combat".Assaut requires the competitors to focus on their technique while still making contact; referees assign penalties for the use of excessive force.Pre-combat allows for full-strength fighting so long as the fighters wear protective gear such as helmets and shinguards.Combat, the most intense level, is the same as pre-combat, but protective gear other than groin protection and mouthguards is prohibited.


title: Savate

text: Many martial arts provide ranking systems, such as belt colours. Savate uses glove colours to indicate a fighter's level of proficiency (unlike arts such as many modern styles of "karate", which assign new belts at each promotion, moving to a higher colour rank in savate does not necessarily entail a change in the colour of one's actual gloves, and a given fighter may continue using the same pair of gloves through multiple promotions). Novices begin at no colour.


title: Savate

text: The qualifications for competition vary depending on the association or commission. In the French Federation a yellow glove can compete, and in Belgium a green glove can compete. In the United States, the competition levels start at novice (6 months). In Russia there is no requirement for a specific glove colour in order to compete.


title: Savate

text: The ranking of savate: Boxe Française is divided into three roads that a savateur can choose to take.


title: Savate

text: In some clubs there is also a rank of aide-moniteur, while in other associations there is no rank of initiateur. Eight to twelve years of training on average are necessary for a student to reach professeur level; eight years average depending on skills. In France the professional professeur must have a French state certificate of specialized teaching (CQP AS, BEES 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree, 1st de CCB BPJEPS, DEJEPS, DESJEPS). These diplomas are university level education in sports with specialisation in savate (supervised by the French Federation of BF Savate and associated disciplines ( Canne, Self Defense, Lutte, baton) (i.e.:FFBFSDA). The international federation (FIS), however, is still allowed to award professeur to non-French nationals without requiring such rigid system of education. French nationals have to submit and succeed to the rigid system of education and prove themselves in competition as well as being respected by peers, in order to have a slight chance to become a DTD (directeur technique départemental). Like any sport federations in France, the French and International Federation of Savate are under the control of France Ministry of Sport and Youth. This makes these two federations extremely powerful federations on the world scene. These two federations have followed a set of national traditions.


title: Savate

text: Nowadays, savate is just a term meaning Savate-Boxe Française. In the 1970s the term "savate" was rarely used in France to refer to the formalised sport: people mostly used the term Savate boxe française, Boxe-Française Savate, B.F, B.F.S., S.B.F. or simply boxe française. The term savate remains in use mostly outside France or when speaking a language other than French.


title: Savate

text: The global distribution of schools (salles) today is best explained through their stylistic approaches:


title: Savate

text: In the United States it is said that Daniel Duby brought Savate to the west coast in Southern California. The first real FFBFSDA/ FIS club of boxe-francaise savate was open in 1983 on the east coast in Philadelphia, under Dr.Jean-Noel Eynard, FFBFSDA/ FIS Professeur with the assistance of former FFBFSDA/ FIS DTN Bob Alix. In 1988 the US Registry of Savate was created on the east coast which became the American Registry of Savate Instructors and Clubs in 1994 (ARSIC-International). Meanwhile, on the west coast Savate clubs were spurring from the California Association of Savate. A couple years later, under the collaborative assistance of a steering committee made of Gilles le Duigou (FIS), Dr. J-N Eynard, ARSIC-International (PA), Armando Basulto (NJ) and Norman Taylor, USSF president(NJ) as well as few other individuals from California, the official name of United States Savate Federation was given to this combined association. The teaching efforts of Jean-Noel Eynard, Salem Assli and Nicolas Saignac contributed to the further development of Boxe Francaise Savate in the US. Bob Alix and L. Gillot's "pedagogie de la Boxe Francaise" introduced to the world "Contact / Without being touched" mentality (i.e.« être capable de toucher sans être touché »). This teaching methodology was used by the first instructors of SAVATE in the USA who got certified by FFBFSDA. ARSIC-International has been instrumental at promoting savate in the US.


title: Savate

text: In official competitions, competitors wear an "intégrale" or a vest and savate trousers. They wear boxing gloves (with or without padded palms) and savate boots. Savate is the only kickboxing style to use footwear, although some other combat sports such as Shoot Fighting and some forms of MMA sometimes also wear grappling-type shoes/boots. Savate boots can be used to hit with the sole, the top of the foot, the toe, or the heel. Sometimes a Headgear can be worn, e.g. in junior competitions and in the early rounds of Combat (full contact) bouts.


title: Savate

text: In competitive or competition "savate", which includes Assaut, Pre-Combat, and Combat types, there are only four kinds of kicks allowed along with four kinds of punches allowed:


title: Savate

text: Savate did not begin as a sport, but as a form of self-defence and fought on the streets of Paris and Marseille. This type of savate was known as Savate de Rue. In addition to kicks and punches, training in Savate de Rue (Street Savate) includes knee and elbow strikes along with locks, sweeps, throws, headbutts, and takedowns.


title: Savate

text: The International Savate Federation holds World Championships in three disciplines: Savate Assaut, Savate Combat and Canne de combat. World Savate Combat Championships are being held for Seniors (over 21 years) and Juniors (18 to 21 years).


title: Savate

text: In "Dr. Wells is Missing", a 1974 episode of "The Six Million Dollar Man" a savate master named Yamo fights with Steve Austin, using the original kicks-only style of the art.


title: Savate

text: In Marvel Comics, the criminal mercenary Batroc the Leaper, an adversary of Captain America and mentor of Gwen Poole, is a master of savate, training the latter. The X-Men character Gambit is trained in savate.


title: Savate

text: In the issue "Flight 714" of "The Adventures of Tintin", Professor Calculus states that he used to be proficient in savate in his younger years. However, when attempting a kick, he ends up falling terribly, prompting stunned reactions from the onlookers. Dazed, Calculus remarks that he is out of practice. In "The Black Island", Tintin himself kicks a villain and calls it a savate move.


title: Savate

text: In the Japanese manga series "Medaka Box" Zenkichi Hitoyoshi is a master of savate, and emphasizes its Open Handed Style Techniques with his "Altered God Mode: Model Zenkichi" which makes his hands as sharp as blades.


title: Savate

text: In the manga series "Kengan Omega", Nicholas Le Banner uses a martial art he calls 'Sahate', created by incorporating techniques from Fencing, Savate, and Karate.


title: Savate

text: Ash Crimson from "The King of Fighters" fights in a basic savate style that uses his own green flames. Ash himself is portrayed by SNK as a character with an unknown origin, because his lineage as descendant of Saiki (Those from the Past's leader), but it says too that he was raised by the Blanctorche clan, a French family.


title: Savate

text: Remy from "" uses savate in a majority of his kick normals, combined with charge command specials reminiscent of Guile and Charlie Nash. His kick normals have a long reach but are slow and punishable, placing him low among competitive 3rd Strike tier lists.


title: Savate

text: John Crawley from "Art of Fighting" and "The King of Fighters" uses savate in his martial arts style.


title: Savate

text: In the mid to late 1980's, WWF commentator Gorilla Monsoon would often refer to the reverse kicks thrown by the French-Canadian Rougeau Brothers as "savate kicks."


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: Ji Jin-hee (born June 24, 1971) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his leading roles in the TV shows "Dae Jang Geum" (2003), "He Who Can't Marry" (2009), "Dong Yi" (2010), "Misty" (2018) and "" (2019).


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: Ji Jin-hee graduated from Myongji University with a degree in visual design. He was working as a photographer at an advertising agency when a talent agent from SidusHQ approached him about pursuing a career in entertainment. Content at his present job and doubtful that he had any acting talent, Ji refused the offers for a year, but finally agreed when the ad agency downsized during the IMF financial crisis and he got laid off.


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: In 1999, Ji appeared in the music video for Jo Sung-bin's "Like a Third-rate Movie," and he made his acting debut in 2000 with the television drama "Female Secretary". In the next few years, he continued his television career with "Juliet's Man" (2000), "Four Sisters" (2001), and the Korean-Japanese co-production "Afternoon After the Passing Rain" (2002) with Ryoko Yonekura.


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: Ji made his big screen debut in 2002, playing a detective in the thriller "H". This was followed by "If You Were Me", a human rights-themed omnibus where he starred in Park Kwang-su's short film "Face Value".


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: He had drawn positive reviews for his portrayal of a surgeon caught up in a love triangle with a priest in the melodrama "Love Letter", but Ji's breakthrough came in late 2003 with period drama "Dae Jang Geum" (also known as "Jewel in the Palace"). As a Joseon-era government official who falls in love with a female chef turned royal physician (played by Lee Young-ae), Ji's gentlemanly and integrity-filled character attracted female fans across Asia, for not only did "Dae Jang Geum" receive high viewership ratings domestically (reaching a peak of 57.8%), it also became popular overseas and became one of the proponents of the Korean Wave.


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: Ji later parlayed his pan-Asian stardom into roles in the Chinese musical film "Perhaps Love" and the Taiwanese drama "The 100th Bride", both in 2005. He next played an amnesiac in "Spring Day", the Korean remake of Japanese drama "Hoshi no Kinka" ("Heaven's Coins").


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: Fighting against being typecast in "nice" roles after "Dae Jang Geum", Ji also played a playboy slacker in romantic comedy series "Miss Kim's Million Dollar Quest" (2004), for which he received his first acting award. And in black comedy "Bewitching Attraction" (2006), he was cast as a cartoonist who shares a past with a promiscuous professor.


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: In 2007, Ji starred in Im Sang-soo's "The Old Garden", adapted from Hwang Sok-yong's novel about a couple who meet during the turbulent 1980s surrounding the Gwangju Uprising; he played an anti-government activist who gets released from prison after serving 17 years for his political activities. This was followed by Ji's first action film, Yoichi Sai's "Soo", in which he played dual roles as a hired killer who avenges the death of his twin brother.


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: Ji returned to television in 2008, as a veteran news reporter in "Spotlight". In 2009, he played a fussy, 40-year-old bachelor architect in "He Who Can't Marry", the Korean remake of Japanese drama "Kekkon Dekinai Otoko" ("The Man Who Can't Get Married"). Ji next appeared in the Korean-Japanese "telecinema" "Paradise", which both received a theatrical release and aired on SBS and TV Asahi.


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: He also published "Ji Jin-hee in Italy: A Walk in the Clouds", which featured photos and essays about his travels in Rome, Florence and Milan, as well as Ji's recommendations and tips about wine.


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: In 2010, Ji starred in "Parallel Life", playing Korea's youngest ever chief presiding judge, who upon his wife's murder discovers that his life may exactly replicate that of someone who died 30 years ago. He was next cast as a music critic and radio show host who goes in search of his missing spouse in the road trip comedy "Looking for My Wife" (also known as "Runaway from Home").


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: Then Ji reunited with "Dae Jang Geum" television director Lee Byung-hoon in another period drama "Dong Yi", which also proved popular with audiences. As King Sukjong, who falls for a palace maid (played by Han Hyo-joo) and makes her his royal concubine, Ji said he wanted to show a monarch who had "weak spots that show through his charismatic exterior. Rather than being a dignified king, he is an outgoing and adventurous character."


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: Ji continued playing leading roles in television, as an airline pilot in "Take Care of Us, Captain" (2012), general and Joseon dynasty founder Yi Seong-gye in "The Great Seer" (2012), an adulterous husband in "One Warm Word" (2013), and a villainous doctor in "Blood" (2015). He also wrote the original draft of the screenplay of horror-comedy "Ghost Sweepers" (2012), for which he received a story by credit.


title: Ji Jin-hee

text: From 2014 to 2015, Ji starred in three Chinese films, namely: "On the Way" opposite Eva Huang, in which a recently divorced Korean man meets a Chinese woman on a train while traveling in China; "Bad Sister" opposite Ivy Chen, a romantic comedy where a father who wants to stop his daughter's wedding teams up with the groom's equally disapproving older sister; and "Helios", a crime thriller about the theft of nuclear weapons by a group of terrorists.


title: Biju Janata Dal

text: The Biju Janata Dal (; BJD) is a regional political party in the Indian state of Odisha founded and led by Naveen Patnaik, the current Chief Minister of Odisha and the son of former Chief Minister of Odisha Biju Patnaik, after whom the party is named. It was founded on 26 December 1997.


title: Biju Janata Dal

text: The BJD won nine seats in the 1998 general election and Naveen was named Minister for Mines. In the 1999 general elections, the BJD won 10 seats. The party won a majority of seats in the Odisha Legislative Assembly in the 2000 and 2004 elections in alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The BJD won 11 Lok Sabha seats in the 2004 elections.


title: Biju Janata Dal

text: In the aftermath of the 2008 Kandhamal riots, the BJD parted ways with the BJP in both the Lok Sabha and Assembly in the 2009 general election, citing communalism and differences in seat sharing. During the election, BJD won 14 seats and secured a strong 108 legislative seats out of 147 seats in the 2009 Odisha legislative elections. Biju Janata Dal won a huge victory in the 2014 general election, securing 20 of the 21 Odishan Lok Sabha seats and 117 of the 147 Odisha Legislative Assembly seats. They were re-elected to power in Odisha in 2019, winning 112 of the 147 seats in the Odisha state assembly; however, their seats in the Lok Sabha were reduced to 12.


title: Biju Janata Dal

text: Naveen Patnaik stepped down as Minister of Mines and left the Lok Sabha after the BJD-BJP victory in the Legislative Assembly Elections in 2000 and became the Chief Minister of Odisha. Naveen Patnaik won his second, third, fourth, and fifth terms as Chief Minister of Odisha in 2004, 2009, 2014, and 2019 state elections respectively.


title: Deezer

text: Deezer is a French online music streaming service. It allows users to listen to music content from record labels, as well as podcasts on various devices online or offline.


title: Deezer

text: Created in Paris, Deezer currently has 90 million licensed tracks in its library, with over 30,000 radio channels, 100 million playlists, 16 million monthly active users, and 7 million paid subscribers as of January 2019.


title: Deezer

text: In 2006, Daniel Marhely developed the first version of Deezer, called Blogmusik, in Paris. His idea was to give unlimited access to music lovers through streaming technology.


title: Deezer

text: The site in its original incarnation was charged with copyright infringement by French agency SACEM and shut down in April 2007. It was relaunched as Deezer in August 2007, having reached an agreement with SACEM to pay copyright holders with revenue from advertising on the site and by giving users the ability to download songs streamed on Deezer from iTunes, with Deezer receiving a commission from each purchase.


title: Deezer

text: At the time of its launch in 2007, Deezer had not yet negotiated agreements with major music labels and therefore offered a limited catalogue. It took more than two years for agreements to be signed with the four largest labels, as well as various smaller ones, but by 2011 the company had rights to about eight million songs. During its first month of operations, Deezer's website had about 773,000 visitors, and traffic increased rapidly in the next several years. By May 2008, 2.75 million people used the service each month, and there were seven million users by December 2009.


title: Deezer

text: Despite the high traffic, Deezer almost immediately ran into financial problems. During the first half of 2008, the company saw revenue of just 875,000 euros, which was not enough to pay its licensing fees. In July 2008, the company began running ads itself through advertising agency Deezer Media. In October 2008, Deezer secured $8.4 million in funding from AGF Private Equity and CM-CIC Capital Prive, bringing total investment in the company to $15.8 million. The company introduced mandatory registration in February 2009 to gather more precise data on users, in order to run more targeted ads, and in November 2009 began running audio ads between songs.


title: Deezer

text: On 5 November 2009, Deezer launched a new three-tier service model. While continuing basic free web streaming, the company also introduced two subscription services: users paying €4.99 monthly received higher audio quality music without ads, and users paying €9.99 monthly gained access to downloadable applications for computers, as well as Android, BlackBerry and iOS mobile devices.


title: Deezer

text: In January 2010, the company's CEO and co-founder, Jonathan Benassaya, was replaced as CEO by Axel Dauchez, after fewer than 15,000 of Deezer's 12 million users signed up for its subscription services. In August 2010, mobile operator Orange partnered with Deezer in a deal to include free access to Deezer Premium, the highest tier of Deezer's streaming packages, with some of Orange's telecommunications contracts in France. Almost immediately after the partnership began, the rate of users signing up for Deezer's premium services went from 6,000 a month to 100,000. By January 2011, 500,000 people were subscribing to the service, and the millionth subscriber mark joined in the middle of 2011, which was half a year ahead of Deezer's expectation. The two companies expanded their partnership in September 2011 to include Orange contract customers in the UK. Also in September, Deezer added Facebook integration to its service, allowing users to send music to one another via that social media service.


title: Deezer

text: Deezer was launched in France in 2007, where it was the market leader as of 2017. On 7 December 2011, Deezer, at the time available only in Belgium, France and the United Kingdom, announced plans to expand worldwide during the rest of 2011 and continuing into 2012. According to the company, it planned to make its services available to all of Europe by the end of the year, to the Americas (excluding the United States) by the end of January 2012, to Africa and Southeast Asia by the end of February, and the rest of the world (excluding Japan) by the end of June.


title: Deezer

text: Service was not available across the whole of Europe until 15 March 2012, and service launched in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand on 25 April. On 8 June, Deezer announced availability in 35 Latin American countries, though not in Brazil, Cuba, or Venezuela. On 15 August, Deezer announced it would be available in Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand within several weeks.


title: Deezer

text: On 8 October 2012, Deezer announced that it had received $130 million in funding from Access Industries, to be used for further international expansion. Two days later, the company announced that it had expanded into 76 new markets, bringing its worldwide total to 160 countries. On 21 December, Deezer announced a new service level offering two hours of free, ad-supported music streaming a month, available to users worldwide, the company's first free music streaming service outside France. CEO Dauchez said that Deezer was also looking for a partner to introduce service in the United States, who was "able to provide us with a significant volume of subscribers" to help offset what he called the "unbelievably high" costs of entering the US market.


title: Deezer

text: As of December 2012, Deezer had about two million users paying for subscriptions, out of a monthly active user base of about seven million, with 20 million songs in its library. By 2016, according to CEO Dauchez, the company aimed to have five percent of the global music market.


title: Deezer

text: In January 2013, Deezer announced its expansion into 22 new countries across Africa, Asia, Brazil, the Middle East, and the United States, bringing its total to 182. However, the US launch has been restricted to a limited number of device promotions. In July 2016, Deezer added the U.S. to the supported country list. As of November 2021, Deezer listed on its website 187 regions where the service was available.


title: Deezer

text: Following this expansion, in 2013 Deezer announced partnerships with LG Electronics, Samsung Electronics and Toshiba, which meant Deezer apps were available on smart TV platforms, along with a new brand identity developed in association with the illustrator mcbess.


title: Deezer

text: Since then, Deezer has made a number of announcements, including its Developer Reward Scheme, mobile App Studio and API upgrades, a new, exclusive beta version of its mobile app for Android users, and the new Deezer app for Windows 8.


title: Deezer

text: April 2013 also saw Deezer update its iOS app with a new smart caching feature, allowing the app to identify and remember a user's most played tracks, even in areas of poor network coverage.


title: Deezer

text: In June 2014, Deezer announced a new partnership with Samsung giving Samsung Galaxy S5 users in Europe a free, six months Deezer Premium+ subscription. Samsung and Deezer extended their partnership by offering a six-month, free of charge subscription to Deezer Premium+ for Samsung's Multiroom Wireless Audio Products, including its M5 and M7 line of Multiroom wireless audio speakers. Samsung UK and Deezer offered this promotion again from 2016-2018.


title: Deezer

text: In June 2014, Deezer and Google announced that the Google Chromecast would be supporting Deezer's Android and iPhone apps to allow users to stream music from their phone to their televisions through the Chromecast. Chromecast support became available to Deezer Premium+ users from 25 June 2014 onwards in Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.


title: Deezer

text: In September 2014, Deezer announced Deezer Elite, a new exclusive service made for and in partnership with Sonos. Deezer Elite provides CD-quality audio to U.S. users of Sonos Hi-Fi Systems. The service is available worldwide to Sonos users of Deezer only. Deezer Elite "High-Resolution Audio" is lossless CD quality (16bit/44.1 kHz) and not "Hi-Res" or high-resolution audio. Sonos does not support Hi-Res (24/96, 24/192 or similar) streaming.


title: Deezer

text: In the US, Deezer HiFi offers 36 million tracks of 16-Bit/44.1 kHz of FLAC quality music for a $19.95 monthly subscription. It is "Only available on selected soundsystems and the Desktop App,” and offers downloads to phones at 320 kbit/s.


title: Deezer

text: In October 2014, Deezer rolled out a new user interface for its website player. This new change in design was widely welcomed by numerous users.


title: Deezer

text: In October 2014, Deezer announced that Bose SoundTouch and SoundLink products would now be supported for Deezer Premium+ service. This partnership will first be rolled out in the United States and then will be available to worldwide users.


title: Deezer

text: In October 2014, Deezer announced that Stitcher Radio would be merging into Deezer. By 2015, Deezer users would be able to use Stitcher Radio features within Deezer.


title: Deezer

text: In December 2014, Deezer and Pepsi announced a partnership to set up the Midem Artist Accelerator to support managers and labels as they grow the profiles of their artists. In June 2016, it sold Stitcher to E.W. Scripps Company for $4.5 million


title: Deezer

text: In December 2018, Deezer integrated Triton Digital to monetize the free users with programmatic audio ads. Deezer also pushes banner advertisements for WAZE, even for premium subscribers.


title: Deezer

text: On 7 November 2019, Deezer released Spleeter, an open-source "audio source separation" utility written in Python that uses the TensorFlow machine learning library and pretrained models for audio stem extraction.


title: Deezer

text: In September 2020, Deezer joined a number of tech companies in the Coalition for App Fairness led by Epic Games to demand better conditions for the inclusion of their apps in the app stores of Apple and Google.


title: Deezer

text: In the first quarter of 2021, Deezer held a 2% market share of the music streaming service market. In July 2021, Deezer announced that from now on free account users can use Google Assistant speakers to stream music. That means with a Google Home or Nest Home device, it's possible to stream Deezer music without being a paid subscriber.


title: Deezer

text: On 19 April 2022, Deezer Free (ad-supported version) has been discontinued in multiple countries worldwide, which now requires a paid account to listen to music.


title: Deezer

text: In January 2012, Last.fm announced that Deezer would integrate with Last.fm, allowing users to send songs from Deezer to their Last.fm account and "scrobble" them.


title: Deezer

text: In 2017, third party services like Deemix and Freezer.life was known to exploit Deezer's API in fetching songs from their database, whereby users were able to stream and download the songs in high quality format. In 2021, this security loophole was fixed and users were required to obtain a paid account in order to download the high quality format of songs.


title: Deezer

text: As of March 2019 there are 6 Deezer account types. All subscriptions feature unlimited track playing and support for mobile devices. The Discovery tier only has access to the Playlist/Artist Mix and Flow features on mobile devices.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: A geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged (not to be confused with geographic north and geographic south). The Earth's field has alternated between periods of "normal" polarity, in which the predominant direction of the field was the same as the present direction, and "reverse" polarity, in which it was the opposite. These periods are called "chrons".


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Reversal occurrences are statistically random. There have been at least 183 reversals over the last 83 million years (on average once every ~450,000 years). The latest, the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago, with widely varying estimates of how quickly it happened. Other sources estimate that the time that it takes for a reversal to complete is on average around 7,000 years for the four most recent reversals. Clement (2004) suggests that this duration is dependent on latitude, with shorter durations at low latitudes, and longer durations at mid and high latitudes. Although variable, the duration of a full reversal is typically between 2,000 and 12,000 years.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Although there have been periods in which the field reversed globally (such as the Laschamp excursion) for several hundred years, these events are classified as excursions rather than full geomagnetic reversals. Stable polarity chrons often show large, rapid directional excursions, which occur more often than reversals, and could be seen as failed reversals. During such an excursion, the field reverses in the liquid outer core, but not in the solid inner core. Diffusion in the liquid outer core is on timescales of 500 years or less, while that of the solid inner core is longer, around 3,000 years.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: In the early 20th century, geologists such as Bernard Brunhes first noticed that some volcanic rocks were magnetized opposite to the direction of the local Earth's field. The first systematic evidence for and time-scale estimate of the magnetic reversals were made by Motonori Matuyama in the late 1920s; he observed that rocks with reversed fields were all of early Pleistocene age or older. At the time, the Earth's polarity was poorly understood, and the possibility of reversal aroused little interest.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Three decades later, when Earth's magnetic field was better understood, theories were advanced suggesting that the Earth's field might have reversed in the remote past. Most paleomagnetic research in the late 1950s included an examination of the wandering of the poles and continental drift. Although it was discovered that some rocks would reverse their magnetic field while cooling, it became apparent that most magnetized volcanic rocks preserved traces of the Earth's magnetic field at the time the rocks had cooled. In the absence of reliable methods for obtaining absolute ages for rocks, it was thought that reversals occurred approximately every million years.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: The next major advance in understanding reversals came when techniques for radiometric dating were improved in the 1950s. Allan Cox and Richard Doell, at the United States Geological Survey, wanted to know whether reversals occurred at regular intervals, and invited the geochronologist Brent Dalrymple to join their group. They produced the first magnetic-polarity time scale in 1959. As they accumulated data, they continued to refine this scale in competition with Don Tarling and Ian McDougall at the Australian National University. A group led by Neil Opdyke at the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory showed that the same pattern of reversals was recorded in sediments from deep-sea cores.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: During the 1950s and 1960s information about variations in the Earth's magnetic field was gathered largely by means of research vessels, but the complex routes of ocean cruises rendered the association of navigational data with magnetometer readings difficult. Only when data were plotted on a map did it become apparent that remarkably regular and continuous magnetic stripes appeared on the ocean floors.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: In 1963, Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews provided a simple explanation by combining the seafloor spreading theory of Harry Hess with the known time scale of reversals: new sea floor is magnetized in the direction of the then-current field. Thus, sea floor spreading from a central ridge will produce pairs of magnetic stripes parallel to the ridge. Canadian L. W. Morley independently proposed a similar explanation in January 1963, but his work was rejected by the scientific journals "Nature" and "Journal of Geophysical Research", and remained unpublished until 1967, when it appeared in the literary magazine "Saturday Review". The Morley–Vine–Matthews hypothesis was the first key scientific test of the seafloor spreading theory of continental drift.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Beginning in 1966, Lamont–Doherty Geological Observatory scientists found that the magnetic profiles across the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge were symmetrical and matched the pattern in the north Atlantic's Reykjanes ridge. The same magnetic anomalies were found over most of the world's oceans, which permitted estimates for when most of the oceanic crust had developed.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Past field reversals are recorded in the "frozen" ferromagnetic (more accurately ferrimagnetic) minerals of consolidated sedimentary deposits or cooled volcanic flows on land.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: The past record of geomagnetic reversals was first noticed by observing the magnetic stripe "anomalies" on the ocean floor. Lawrence W. Morley, Frederick John Vine and Drummond Hoyle Matthews made the connection to seafloor spreading in the Morley–Vine–Matthews hypothesis which soon led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics. The relatively constant rate at which the sea floor spreads results in substrate "stripes" from which past magnetic field polarity can be inferred from a magnetometer towed along the sea floor.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Because no existing unsubducted sea floor (or sea floor thrust onto continental plates) is more than about (Ma) old, other methods are necessary for detecting older reversals. Most sedimentary rocks incorporate tiny amounts of iron rich minerals, whose orientation is influenced by the ambient magnetic field at the time at which they formed. These rocks can preserve a record of the field if it is not later erased by chemical, physical or biological change.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Because Earth's magnetic field is a global phenomenon, similar patterns of magnetic variations at different sites may be used to help calculate age in different locations. The past four decades of paleomagnetic data about seafloor ages (up to ~) has been useful in estimating the age of geologic sections elsewhere. While not an independent dating method, it depends on "absolute" age dating methods like radioisotopic systems to derive numeric ages. It has become especially useful to metamorphic and igneous geologists where index fossils are seldom available.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Through analysis of seafloor magnetic anomalies and dating of reversal sequences on land, paleomagnetists have been developing a "Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale" (GPTS). The current time scale contains 184 polarity intervals in the last 83million years (and therefore 183 reversals).


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: The rate of reversals in the Earth's magnetic field has varied widely over time. , the field reversed 5 times in a million years. In a 4-million-year period centered on , there were 10 reversals; at around , 17 reversals took place in the span of 3million years. In a period of 3million years centering on , 13 reversals occurred. No fewer than 51 reversals occurred in a 12-million-year period, centering on . Two reversals occurred during a span of 50,000 years. These eras of frequent reversals have been counterbalanced by a few "superchrons" – long periods when no reversals took place.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: A "superchron" is a polarity interval lasting at least 10million years. There are two well-established superchrons, the Cretaceous Normal and the Kiaman. A third candidate, the Moyero, is more controversial. The Jurassic Quiet Zone in ocean magnetic anomalies was once thought to represent a superchron, but is now attributed to other causes.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: The "Cretaceous Normal" (also called the "Cretaceous Superchron" or C34) lasted for almost 40million years, from about , including stages of the Cretaceous period from the Aptian through the Santonian. The frequency of magnetic reversals steadily decreased prior to the period, reaching its low point (no reversals) during the period. Between the Cretaceous Normal and the present, the frequency has generally increased slowly.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: The "Kiaman Reverse Superchron" lasted from approximately the late Carboniferous to the late Permian, or for more than 50million years, from around . The magnetic field had reversed polarity. The name "Kiaman" derives from the Australian town of Kiama, where some of the first geological evidence of the superchron was found in 1925.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: The Ordovician is suspected to have hosted another superchron, called the "Moyero Reverse Superchron", lasting more than 20million years (485 to 463million years ago). Thus far, this possible superchron has only been found in the Moyero river section north of the polar circle in Siberia. Moreover, the best data from elsewhere in the world do not show evidence for this superchron.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Certain regions of ocean floor, older than , have low-amplitude magnetic anomalies that are hard to interpret. They are found off the east coast of North America, the northwest coast of Africa, and the western Pacific. They were once thought to represent a superchron called the "Jurassic Quiet Zone", but magnetic anomalies are found on land during this period. The geomagnetic field is known to have low intensity between about and , and these sections of ocean floor are especially deep, causing the geomagnetic signal to be attenuated between the seabed and the surface.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Several studies have analyzed the statistical properties of reversals in the hope of learning something about their underlying mechanism. The discriminating power of statistical tests is limited by the small number of polarity intervals. Nevertheless, some general features are well established. In particular, the pattern of reversals is random. There is no correlation between the lengths of polarity intervals. There is no preference for either normal or reversed polarity, and no statistical difference between the distributions of these polarities. This lack of bias is also a robust prediction of dynamo theory.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: There is no "rate" of reversals, as they are statistically random. The randomness of the reversals is inconsistent with periodicity, but several authors have claimed to find periodicity. However, these results are probably artifacts of an analysis using sliding windows to attempt to determine reversal rates.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Most statistical models of reversals have analyzed them in terms of a Poisson process or other kinds of renewal process. A Poisson process would have, on average, a constant reversal rate, so it is common to use a non-stationary Poisson process. However, compared to a Poisson process, there is a reduced probability of reversal for tens of thousands of years after a reversal. This could be due to an inhibition in the underlying mechanism, or it could just mean that some shorter polarity intervals have been missed. A random reversal pattern with inhibition can be represented by a gamma process. In 2006, a team of physicists at the University of Calabria found that the reversals also conform to a Lévy distribution, which describes stochastic processes with long-ranging correlations between events in time. The data are also consistent with a deterministic, but chaotic, process.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Most estimates for the duration of a polarity transition are between 1,000 and 10,000 years, but some estimates are as quick as a human lifetime. Studies of 16.7-million-year-old lava flows on Steens Mountain, Oregon, indicate that the Earth's magnetic field is capable of shifting at a rate of up to 6 degrees per day. This was initially met with skepticism from paleomagnetists. Even if changes occur that quickly in the core, the mantle, which is a semiconductor, is thought to remove variations with periods less than a few months. A variety of possible rock magnetic mechanisms were proposed that would lead to a false signal. However, paleomagnetic studies of other sections from the same region (the Oregon Plateau flood basalts) give consistent results. It appears that the reversed-to-normal polarity transition that marks the end of Chron C5Cr () contains a series of reversals and excursions. In addition, geologists Scott Bogue of Occidental College and Jonathan Glen of the US Geological Survey, sampling lava flows in Battle Mountain, Nevada, found evidence for a brief, several-year-long interval during a reversal when the field direction changed by over 50 degrees. The reversal was dated to approximately 15million years ago. In August 2018, researchers reported a reversal lasting only 200 years. But a 2019 paper estimated that the most recent reversal, 780,000 years ago, lasted 22,000 years.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: The magnetic field will not vanish completely, but many poles might form chaotically in different places during reversal, until it stabilizes again.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: The magnetic field of the Earth, and of other planets that have magnetic fields, is generated by dynamo action in which convection of molten iron in the planetary core generates electric currents which in turn give rise to magnetic fields. In simulations of planetary dynamos, reversals often emerge spontaneously from the underlying dynamics. For example, Gary Glatzmaier and collaborator Paul Roberts of UCLA ran a numerical model of the coupling between electromagnetism and fluid dynamics in the Earth's interior. Their simulation reproduced key features of the magnetic field over more than 40,000 years of simulated time and the computer-generated field reversed itself. Global field reversals at irregular intervals have also been observed in the laboratory liquid metal experiment "VKS2".


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: In some simulations, this leads to an instability in which the magnetic field spontaneously flips over into the opposite orientation. This scenario is supported by observations of the solar magnetic field, which undergoes spontaneous reversals every 9–12 years. However, with the Sun it is observed that the solar magnetic intensity greatly increases during a reversal, whereas reversals on Earth seem to occur during periods of low field strength.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Some scientists, such as Richard A. Muller, think that geomagnetic reversals are not spontaneous processes but rather are triggered by external events that directly disrupt the flow in the Earth's core. Proposals include impact events or internal events such as the arrival of continental slabs carried down into the mantle by the action of plate tectonics at subduction zones or the initiation of new mantle plumes from the core-mantle boundary. Supporters of this hypothesis hold that any of these events could lead to a large scale disruption of the dynamo, effectively turning off the geomagnetic field. Because the magnetic field is stable in either the present north–south orientation or a reversed orientation, they propose that when the field recovers from such a disruption it spontaneously chooses one state or the other, such that half the recoveries become reversals. However, the proposed mechanism does not appear to work in a quantitative model, and the evidence from stratigraphy for a correlation between reversals and impact events is weak. There is no evidence for a reversal connected with the impact event that caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Shortly after the first geomagnetic polarity time scales were produced, scientists began exploring the possibility that reversals could be linked to extinctions. Most such proposals rest on the assumption that the Earth's magnetic field would be much weaker during reversals. Possibly the first such hypothesis was that high-energy particles trapped in the Van Allen radiation belt could be liberated and bombard the Earth. Detailed calculations confirm that if the Earth's dipole field disappeared entirely (leaving the quadrupole and higher components), most of the atmosphere would become accessible to high-energy particles, but would act as a barrier to them, and cosmic ray collisions would produce secondary radiation of beryllium-10 or chlorine-36. A 2012 German study of Greenland ice cores showed a peak of beryllium-10 during a brief complete reversal 41,000 years ago, which led to the magnetic field strength dropping to an estimated 5% of normal during the reversal. There is evidence that this occurs both during secular variation and during reversals.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Another hypothesis by McCormac and Evans assumes that the Earth's field disappears entirely during reversals. They argue that the atmosphere of Mars may have been eroded away by the solar wind because it had no magnetic field to protect it. They predict that ions would be stripped away from Earth's atmosphere above 100 km. However, paleointensity measurements show that the magnetic field has not disappeared during reversals. Based on paleointensity data for the last 800,000 years, the magnetopause is still estimated to have been at about three Earth radii during the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal. Even if the internal magnetic field did disappear, the solar wind can induce a magnetic field in the Earth's ionosphere sufficient to shield the surface from energetic particles.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Hypotheses have also advanced toward linking reversals to mass extinctions. Many such arguments were based on an apparent periodicity in the rate of reversals, but more careful analyses show that the reversal record is not periodic.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: It may be, however, that the ends of superchrons have caused vigorous convection leading to widespread volcanism, and that the subsequent airborne ash caused extinctions.


title: Geomagnetic reversal

text: Tests of correlations between extinctions and reversals are difficult for a number of reasons. Larger animals are too scarce in the fossil record for good statistics, so paleontologists have analyzed microfossil extinctions. Even microfossil data can be unreliable if there are hiatuses in the fossil record. It can appear that the extinction occurs at the end of a polarity interval when the rest of that polarity interval was simply eroded away. Statistical analysis shows no evidence for a correlation between reversals and extinctions.


title: Kubbra Sait

text: Kubbra Sait (born 27 July 1983) is an Indian actress, TV host and model who has appeared in the films "Sultan", "Ready" and "City Of Life". She gained widespread recognition for her performance as "Kukoo" on the First Season of Netflix original show "Sacred Games". She also portrayed the role of "Phara Keaen" in the Apple TV+ show "Foundation".


title: Kubbra Sait

text: Kubbra Sait was born on 27 July 1983 in Bangalore to Zakariah Sait and Yasmin Sait. Her younger brother Danish Sait is a radio jockey and television host. Her uncle Tanveer Sait is a politician. Her grandfather Azeez Sait was a minister in Karnataka. In 2005, she moved to Dubai after her graduation from National Institute of Information & Management Sciences, Bangalore. She started hosting shows when she was about thirteen years old. Sait started her career as an accounts manager with Microsoft in Dubai before pursuing her career in the entertainment industry. She is a winner of the India's Best female Emcee Award in 2013. She also won Miss Personality in Miss India Worldwide Beauty Pageant in 2009. Sait was praised for her role as a transgender woman named Kukoo in the Netflix show "Sacred Games". The Netflix original was nominated under the Best Drama category at the 47th International Emmy Awards. Sait represented "Sacred Games" at the Emmy Awards, held on 25 November 2019.


title: Dominion (TV series)

text: Dominion is an American apocalyptic fantasy television series created by Vaun Wilmott. It is loosely based on the 2010 film "Legion", written by Peter Schink and Scott Stewart. In December 2013, Syfy ordered a pilot episode and the series premiered on the American cable television network Syfy on June 19, 2014. The show was filmed in Cape Town, South Africa. Stewart served as series executive producer, as well as director of the pilot episode, written by Wilmott. In the series, angels are in combat with mankind, which fights back from a reduced civilization.


title: Dominion (TV series)

text: It was renewed for a 13-episode second season on September 25, 2014, which premiered on July 9, 2015, and concluded on October 1, 2015. On October 13, 2015, Syfy cancelled "Dominion" after two seasons.


title: Dominion (TV series)

text: God vanishes and in his absence the archangel Gabriel and his army of lower angels wage war against mankind, believing them to be the cause of God's absence. Although most higher angels remain neutral, Gabriel has convinced the lower angels, the "dogs of Heaven," called "eight-balls" by humans for their black eyes, to fight alongside him. Twenty-five years later, mankind survives in a few fortified cities. The archangel Michael has chosen to side with humanity against Gabriel, living among humans in the fortified city of Vega (once Las Vegas) until the time a prophesied savior appears to save mankind.


title: Dominion (TV series)

text: "Dominion" has been met with mixed reviews. On Metacritic, the first season holds a score of 47 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a rating of 74%.


title: Siddhi Idnani

text: Siddhi Idnani (born 10 January 1996) is an Indian actress who appears in Tamil and Telugu language films. She made her acting debut in Telugu movie "Jamba Lakidi Pamba" (2018). She was critically acclaimed as "Paavai" for her role in a Tamil film "Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu" (2022).


title: Siddhi Idnani

text: Siddhi Idnani was born and brought up in Mumbai, India. Her father, Ashok Idnani, is a voice modulation trainer and her mother, Falguni Dave, is a television actor.


title: Siddhi Idnani

text: Siddhi Idnani started her career as a theatre artist known for the Gujarati commercial play "Aaje Ravivaar Chec". Post that Siddhi become a finalist at Miss Diva, Ahmedabad.


title: Siddhi Idnani

text: She started her film career with a Gujarati film "Grand Hali". She went on to win Miss India super talent and represented India at Miss Supertalent in Paris in 2018.


title: Siddhi Idnani

text: She debuted in Tollywood with "Jamba Lakidi Pamba" in June 2018. Her second release, Prema Katha Chitram 2 with Nandita Shweta and Sumanth Ashwin, released in 2019.


title: Siddhi Idnani

text: She is well known for her role in the Tamil film"Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu" directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon and starring Silambarasan.


title: Siddhi Idnani

text: Her upcoming films include "Nooru Kodi Vaanavil" with critically acclaimed director, Sasi. She is known amongst her fans as "Dimple Queen".


title: Ned Dennehy

text: Ned Dennehy (born 8 December 1965) is an Irish actor who has appeared in multiple films and television programmes. He is best known for his role as Mider in "The Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog". He also appeared in "Blitz", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" and the independent British feature film "Downhill".


title: Ned Dennehy

text: Dennehy's television work includes RTÉ's "Damo and Ivor", "Glitch" and the BBC dramas "Parade's End", "Luther", "Banished" and "Dickensian". He also appeared as Charlie Strong in "Peaky Blinders". In 2017, he appeared in both the major TV productions "Versailles" and "Broken" and also won an IFTA Award for his supporting role as Irish Pat in TG4's "An Klondike". Dennehy also portrayed Hastur in "Good Omens".


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: 10,000 Days is the fourth studio album by American rock band Tool. The album was released by Tool Dissectional and Volcano Entertainment on April 28, 2006 in parts of Europe, April 29, 2006 in Australia, May 1, 2006 in the United Kingdom, and on May 2, 2006 in North America. It marked the first time since recording 1993's "Undertow" that the band had worked at Grandmaster and without producer David Bottrill. "10,000 Days" spawned three top 10 rock singles: "Vicarious," "The Pot," and "Jambi."


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: It debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 chart, with first week sales of 564,000 copies. The album was awarded a double platinum certification by the RIAA.


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: "10,000 Days" was Tool's last release for more than a decade; the band would not release their next studio album, "Fear Inoculum", until August 30, 2019.


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: Tool recorded the album at O'Henry Sound Studios in Burbank, as well as at The Loft and Grandmaster Studios in Hollywood, California. It was mixed at Bay 7 in North Hollywood, CA and mastered at Gateway Mastering Studios in Portland, Maine.


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: Guitarist Adam Jones employed various recording techniques for the album, including a "pipe bomb mic" (a guitar pickup mounted inside a brass cylinder), and a talk box guitar solo on the song "Jambi." Drummer Danny Carey operated many of the sound effects on the interlude tracks on the album using electronic drums called Mandalas. "10,000 Days" has a heavier sound than its predecessor, largely because of the influence of avant-garde metal band Fantômas, who toured with Tool before the writing process.


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: The title "10,000 Days" is thought to refer to the orbital period of the planet Saturn (actual time period is 10,759 days). According to singer Maynard James Keenan, the Saturn return is "the time in your twenty eighth, twenty ninth year when you are presented the opportunity to transform from whatever your hang-ups were before to let the light of knowledge and experience lighten your load, so to speak, and let go of old patterns and embrace a new life." Keenan expected that the songs composed would "chronicle that process, hoping that my gift back would be to share that path and hope that I could help somebody get past that spot."


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: The compact disc packaging for "10,000 Days" consists of a thick cardboard-bound booklet partly covered by a flap holding a pair of stereoscopic eyeglasses, which can be used to view a series of images inside. Viewed with the glasses, the artwork produces an illusion of depth and three-dimensionality. Alex Grey, who created a majority of the album art for "Lateralus" and its accompanying video "Parabola," reprised his role for "10,000 Days". The CD face itself is decorated with stylized eyes, arranged in a seemingly logarithmic spiral toward the center (adapted from a previous Alex Grey painting, "Collective Vision"). As with Tool's other albums, the lyrics are not printed within the artwork; vocalist Maynard James Keenan has instead released the lyrics online. On May 5, 2006, the band's official webmaster hinted that "the four individual photos [of the band members] can be used as the pieces of a kind of puzzle," but the puzzle and its meaning "will just be another nut to crack."


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: In an interview, Alex Grey, who worked on the illustrations for the "10,000 Days" and "Lateralus" covers, said that many of his artworks for Tool have been based on and influenced by the visionary journeys of a brew called ayahuasca. He described the "10,000 Days" cover as "a blazing vision of an infinite grid of Godheads during an ayahuasca journey", and also talked about the "Lateralus" cover in a similar fashion. Grey stated in another interview when making the "10,000 Days" cover that it depicts visions received during a DMT trip (the main chemical ingredient in ayahuasca).


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: On March 27, 2006, "Billboard" posted an article about "10,000 Days", which mentioned that "Vicarious" would be the album's first single. "Vicarious" was officially released to radio on April 17, and entered both the Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts both at number 2. A music video for the song was released on DVD on December 18, 2007.


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: The second single from the album was "The Pot", which peaked at No. 5 on the Modern Rock chart. It was the band's first number 1 single on the Mainstream Rock chart. A video for "The Pot" was scheduled to shoot over the 2006 holiday season. "Jambi" was the third radio single and received airtime on both Modern and Mainstream Rock formats.


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: "10,000 Days" received generally favorable reviews, albeit with less enthusiasm than previous Tool albums. Most critics praised the album as another example of Tool's musicianship. Critics who gave "10,000 Days" a relatively low score questioned the merits of its ambient interludes, which Tool have also used on their previous releases. Nevertheless, the album won a 2006 Metal Storm Award for Best Alternative Metal Album. In addition, the song "Vicarious" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance. "Rolling Stone" magazine named it the 38th Best Album of 2006. The album also received a Grammy Award in 2006 for Best Recording Package. In 2008, "10,000 Days" garnered another Grammy nomination when "The Pot" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance.


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 68, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 19 reviews. Rob Theakston of AllMusic wrote: "It's not only a step forward for the band, but a re-embracing of the epic-length rock songs found at the roots of early heavy metal." Nick Cowen of Drowned in Sound praised the album, describing it as "probably the most engagingly brilliant heavy metal album that'll be released on a major label all year." "Alternative Press" magazine wrote: "As with everything in Tool's oeuvre, "10,000 Days" packs enough beauty, heartache and triumph that it will be dissected, studied and envied by younger bands for years to come." Evan Serpick of "Rolling Stone" stated that on the album, the band "maintains a level of craftsmanship and virtuosity unparalleled in metal."


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: Nevertheless, Adrien Begrand of PopMatters stated: "Stupendously packaged, the music robustly mixed and often achieving new levels of bleak beauty, "10,000 Days" is too strong a work to call a disappointment, but the constant need to fill out a CD to 75-80 minutes is threatening to become the band's undoing." Jess Harvell of Pitchfork Media was critical in his assessment of the album: "Rather than delving further into experimentation or exploring their strengths, Tool have made an...A Perfect Circle record." Ayo Jegede of Stylus Magazine panned the album, criticizing the band in the terms of "being progressive": "I'm not sure, but I think "progressive" is about growth and change. I think it's about not being trapped in your own little universe where everything you say matters."


title: 10,000 Days (Tool album)

text: "10,000 Days" entered the U.S. "Billboard" 200 chart at number 1, selling 564,000 copies in its first week. It was Tool's second album to top the "Billboard" 200 chart upon release. In the UK, the album debuted at number 4, the highest chart position the group have managed in that country. It was certified Platinum in the U.S. by the RIAA on June 9, 2006.


title: Earthship

text: An Earthship is a style of architecture developed in the late 20th century to early 21st century by architect Michael Reynolds. Earthships are designed to behave as passive solar earth shelters made of both natural and upcycled materials such as earth-packed tires. Earthships may feature a variety of amenities and aesthetics, and are designed to withstand the extreme temperatures of a desert, managing to stay close to 70 °F (21 °C) regardless of outside weather conditions. Earthship communities were originally built in the desert of northern New Mexico, near the Rio Grande, and the style has spread to small pockets of communities around the globe, in some cases in spite of legal opposition to its construction and adoption.


title: Earthship

text: Reynolds developed the Earthship design after moving to New Mexico and completing his degree in architecture, intending them to be "off-the-grid-ready" homes, with minimal reliance on public utilities and fossil fuels. They are constructed to use available natural resources, especially energy from the sun and rain water. They are designed with thermal mass construction and natural cross-ventilation to regulate indoor temperature, and the designs are intentionally uncomplicated and mainly single-story, so that people with little building knowledge can construct them. They can be perceived as a realization of the utopia of autonomous housing and sustainable living.


title: Earthship

text: Earthship architecture began development in the 1970s, when the architect Michael Reynolds set out to create a home that would fulfill three criteria. First, it would utilize sustainable architecture, and materials indigenous to the local area or recycled materials wherever possible. Second, it would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the electrical grid. Third, it would be feasible for a person with no specialized construction skills to build. Eventually, Reynolds's vision was transformed into the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.


title: Earthship

text: The name is based on the idea of a ship or a space ship, in order to allude to the home's ability to provide everything for their inhabitants to survive: shelter, power, waste management, water, and food.


title: Earthship

text: Earthships are predicated upon the idea that there are six human needs which can be addressed through environmentally sustainable building design:


title: Earthship

text: The buildings are often horseshoe-shaped due to the difficulty of creating sharp 90 degree angles with rammed tires. In Reynolds's prototype at Taos, the opening of the horseshoe faces 10–15 degrees east of south to maximize natural light and solar-gain during the winter months, with windows on sun-facing walls admitting light and heat.


title: Earthship

text: The book, "Earthship I", describes how to find the best angle depending on the building's geographic location. The thick and dense walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures. The outer walls in the majority of Earthships are made of earth-rammed tires, but any dense material with a potential to store heat, such as concrete, adobe, earth bags, or stone, could in principle be used to create a building similar to an Earthship. The tire walls are staggered like traditional brick work, and often have "concrete half blocks" every other course, to equal the length of the staggered tire below. In an effort to cut down the use of concrete even further, they also use "squishies" - tires rammed in between a tight space to even out the course or to compensate for varying tire size.


title: Earthship

text: The rammed earth tires of an Earthship are assembled by teams of two people. One person shovels dirt and places it into the tire one scoop at a time. The other person, who stands on the tire, uses a sledgehammer to pack the dirt in while moving in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and to avoid warping the tire. Rammed earth tires can weigh up to , so they are typically filled in place. Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire. In colder climates, extra insulation is added on the outside of the tire walls.


title: Earthship

text: On top of the tire walls are either "can and concrete bond beams" made of recycled cans joined by concrete, or wooden bond beams with wooden shoes. These are attached to the tire walls using concrete anchors, poured blocks of concrete inside the top tires. Wooden shimming blocks placed on top of the wooden bond beam make up the wooden shoes. The wooden bond beam consists of two layers of lumber bolted on to the concrete anchors. Re-bar is used to "nail" the wooden shoes to the wooden bond beam.


title: Earthship

text: Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a honeycomb of recycled cans joined by concrete; these are nicknamed tin can walls. These walls are usually thickly plastered with adobe, and resemble traditional adobe walls when finished.


title: Earthship

text: The roof is made using trusses, or wooden support beams called vigas, that rest on the wooden shoes or the tin can walls placed on the bond beams. The roof as well as the north, east and west facing walls are heavily insulated to reduce heat loss.


title: Earthship

text: Earthships are designed to catch all the water they need from the local environment. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow, and condensation. As water collects on the roof, it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern. The cisterns are positioned to gravity-feed a water organization module (WOM) that filters out bacteria and contaminants, making it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.


title: Earthship

text: Water collected in this fashion is used for every household activity except flushing toilets. The toilets are flushed with greywater which has been used at least once already. Typically it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers.


title: Earthship

text: Greywater, recycled water unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship primarily for flushing toilets. Before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a deep rubber-lined botanical cell, a miniature living machine, within the Earthship. Here the water is oxygenated and filtered using bacteria and plants to reduce the nutrient load.


title: Earthship

text: Water from the low end of the botanical cell is directed through a peat moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well. The reclaimed water is passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.


title: Earthship

text: Black water is water that has been used in a toilet. Earthships utilize anaerobic digestion in their septic tanks, which naturally separate solid waste. The black water is used in concrete cells containing plants, separate from the grey water plants in the greenhouse; it may also be used in exterior planters. Studies on the safety of growing food plants in a black water system show low levels of "E. coli" bacteria. It is not recommended to plant edibles in black water; building permits may be refused for plans indicating such usage of black water.


title: Earthship

text: Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy. The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind. Photovoltaic panels and wind turbines on or near the Earthship generate DC electricity that is stored in deep-cycle batteries. The batteries are housed in a purpose-built room on the roof. Additional energy can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid. For Canadian winters the solar cell exposed surface areas needs to be increased by over three times.


title: Earthship

text: In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module (POM) takes a proportion of stored energy from batteries and invert it for AC use. The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as circuit breakers and converters. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any household appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, and vacuums. Ideally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.


title: Earthship

text: Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat. They are designed to use the properties of thermal mass and with the intent that the exterior earth-rammed tire walls provide thermal mass that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day. In addition to the exterior tire walls, some Earthships are sunk into the earth to take advantage of earth-sheltering to reduce temperature fluctuations.


title: Earthship

text: Some earthship structures have suffered from heat loss into the ground during the heating season. This may be due to climatic differences between New Mexico where earthships were first built and cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates. Thermal performance problems may also have occurred due to thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The imperial R-value of soil is about 1 per foot. Malcolm Wells, an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends an imperial R-value 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells's insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases (a negative correlation).


title: Earthship

text: In addition to thermal mass, Earthships use passive solar heating and cooling. Large front windows with integrated shades, trombe walls and other technologies such as skylights or Steve Baer's "Track Rack" solar trackers are used for heat regulation. Earthships are positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator. This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure. To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-oriented wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun. This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided. Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night.