title: The Sims 3

text: GameSpot awarded "The Sims 3" a score of 9.0/10, the review praised the game: "The latest Sims game is also the greatest, striking a terrific balance between the fresh and the familiar."


title: The Sims 3

text: The game was ranked #91 in IGN's "Top 100 Modern Games". In a special edition of "Edge" magazine listing their 100 top videogames of all-time, "The Sims 3" was number 89 on the list.


title: The Sims 3

text: Reviewing the Nintendo 3DS version, IGN gave it a 7.5 out of 10, stating "while some of the additions are welcome like the new graphics and interface, the removal of certain features like multiple saves, personality traits and calling for services is odd", although also stating "Still, if you’ve never played a Sims game before, prepare to be addicted. Even though this version has some problems, the positives outweigh the negatives."


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: The Serbian Super League (), referred to as the Mozzart Bet Super League () for sponsorship reasons, is a Serbian professional league for football clubs.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: At the top of the Serbian football league system, it is the country's primary football competition. It is usually contested by 16 clubs, but the 2020-21 season was contested by 20 clubs, because the Football Association of Serbia restructured the league due to the COVID-19 pandemic, operating a system of promotion and relegation with Serbian First League, the second tier in the Serbian football pyramid.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: The SuperLiga was formed during the summer of 2005 as the country's top football league competition in Serbia and Montenegro. Since summer 2006 after the secession of Montenegro from Serbia, the league only has had Serbian clubs.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: Serbian clubs used to compete in the Yugoslav First League. This competition was formed in 1923 and lasted until 2003. After the downfall of SFR Yugoslavia in 1991 a new Yugoslavia would be formed that would be named FR Yugoslavia with Montenegro and Serbia. They kept the name Yugoslavia until 2003 when the country changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro: this union lasted until 2006 when Montenegro gained independence and formed its own league, the Montenegrin First League.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: The current SuperLiga champions are Red Star Belgrade. UEFA currently ranks the league 11th in Europe of 55 leagues. The league was known as Meridian SuperLiga from 2005 until 2008. The league's official sponsor until 2015 was beer brand Jelen pivo, this resulted in the league's official name to be Jelen SuperLiga.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: The SuperLiga began as a league with a playoff system in an attempt to boost ratings and improve competition. After the first season however, the SuperLiga changed its format. The 2007–08 season was the first to be played in a more traditional format. The league no longer divided into a play-off and play-out group midway through the campaign. Instead, the 12 teams began playing each other three times in a more conventional league format. After two seasons with that format the Football Association of Serbia decided to add 4 teams to the SuperLiga. The 2009–10 season will be the first with a 16 team league played in a conventional league format of one home and one away match rather than the previous 3 match encounters. This drops the match schedule from 33 rounds to 30.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: As of the 2015-16 season, the league reverted to its previous playoff system, whereby the top 8 placed teams compete in the championship round at the end of the season and the 8 lowest placed teams play in the relegation playoff round. The two bottom placed teams are relegated to the second division, the Serbian Prva Liga. The third lowest-placed team is then sent to a relegation playoff against the third-placed team in the second division. Whichever team wins will play in the SuperLiga the following season.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: The champions of the SuperLiga are drawn into the primary qualifying rounds for the UEFA Champions League, while the second and third placed teams are drawn into the primary qualifying rounds for the UEFA Europa Conference League.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: The Yugoslav First League started being played in 1923, and gathered the best clubs from the former Yugoslavia. In 1991, clubs from Slovenia and Croatia left and formed their own league systems, and in 1992 so did the clubs from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia. The Yugoslav First League was played since 1992 with clubs from Serbia and Montenegro, until 2006, when Montenegro declared independence and subsequently formed its own league system. Since 2006 the league is formed exclusively by clubs from Serbia and got renamed into Serbian SuperLiga.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: In 1992 the Yugoslav First League became the First League of FR Yugoslavia ("Prva savezna liga" or "Meridian SuperLiga") and was played since then with the clubs from Serbia and Montenegro.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: The league winner had access to the UEFA Champions League qualifications rounds, and the 2nd, 3rd and the Cup winner had played in the UEFA Cup. The bottom clubs would be relegated to the two Second Leagues depending on the republic they were based in, the Second League of Serbia ("Druga savezna liga Srbija") and the Second League of Montenegro ("Druga savezna liga grupa Crna Gora").


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: In 2002, FR Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro, and the league was named First League of Serbia and Montenegro between 2002 and its dissolution, in 2006. In 2006 Serbia and Montenegro separated and formed their own top leagues (Serbian SuperLiga and Montenegrin First League). Serbian SuperLiga was officially declared the successor of the First Leagues of FR Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: A total of 41 clubs participated between 1992 and 2006, being 34 from Serbia, 6 from Montenegro and one from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Borac Banja Luka was temporarily based in Serbia in early 1990s). A total of 3 clubs were champions, all from Serbia, Partizan (8 times), Red Star (5 times) and Obilić (once).


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: A total of 28 clubs participated between 2006 and 2013 in the Serbian Superliga. After 14 seasons, Partizan has won 8 championship titles and Red Star has won 6 championship title. Also, Partizan is a record holder of winning 6 consecutive champion titles.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: The following is a list of clubs who have played in the Serbian SuperLiga at any time since its formation in 2006 to the current season. Teams playing in the 2022–23 Serbian SuperLiga are indicated in bold. A total of 37 teams have played in the Serbian SuperLiga. The table is accurate as of the end of the 2021–22 season.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: Serbian top level football has been played in 27 stadiums since its formation in 2006. The top-three stadiums by clubs who are competing currently (2021-2022) in the Serbian top flight by seating capacity are Belgrade-based Red Star Stadium, Partizan Stadium and FK Radnicki Nis Cair Stadium.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: Below are the ten largest stadiums in Serbia of clubs who are competing or have competed in the Serbian top division of football. Currently in the below list only seven of these clubs are competing in the Serbian top flight, them been as follows : Red Star, Partizan, Vojvodina, Radnički Niš, Radnički Kragujevac, Napredak Kruševac and Spartak Subotica.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: Based on an idea of Umberto Agnelli, the honor of "Golden Star for Sports Excellence" was introduced to recognize sides that have won multiple championships or other honours by the display of gold stars on their team badges and jerseys.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: Serbian Superliga games are broadcast live on Arena Sport in countries of Ex-Yugoslavia. 02.TV starts broadcasting Serbian Superliga from March 2019. SportKlub Slovenia is also broadcasting live Serbian Superliga matches.


title: Serbian SuperLiga

text: The Eternal derby is the game that attracts most attention from the foreign media. In 2010, the 139th Eternal derby was broadcast in 19 countries and over 60 foreign correspondents were present.


title: Bragg's law

text: In physics and chemistry , Bragg's law, Wulff–Bragg's condition or Laue–Bragg interference, a special case of Laue diffraction, gives the angles for coherent scattering of waves from a crystal lattice. It encompasses the superposition of wave fronts scattered by lattice planes, leading to a strict relation between wavelength and scattering angle, or else to the wavevector transfer with respect to the crystal lattice. Such law had initially been formulated for X-rays upon crystals. However, It applies to all sorts of quantum beams, including neutron and electron waves at atomic distances, as well as visible light at artificial periodic microscale lattices.


title: Bragg's law

text: Bragg diffraction (also referred to as the Bragg formulation of X-ray diffraction) was first proposed by Lawrence Bragg and his father, William Henry Bragg, in 1913 in response to their discovery that crystalline solids produced surprising patterns of reflected X-rays (in contrast to that of, say, a liquid). They found that these crystals, at certain specific wavelengths and incident angles, produced intense peaks of reflected radiation. The derived Bragg's law is a special interpretation of Laue diffraction, where the Braggs interpreted the constructive Laue-Bragg interference in a geometric way by reflection of waves from crystal lattice planes, such that the path-difference becomes a multiple of the incident wavelength.


title: Bragg's law

text: Lawrence Bragg explained this result by modeling the crystal as a set of discrete parallel planes separated by a constant parameter . It was proposed that the incident X-ray radiation would produce a Bragg peak if their reflections off the various planes interfered constructively. The interference is constructive when the phase shift is a multiple of ; this condition can be expressed by Bragg's law (see "Bragg condition" section below) and was first presented by Lawrence Bragg on 11 November 1912 to the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Although simple, Bragg's law confirmed the existence of real particles at the atomic scale, as well as providing a powerful new tool for studying crystals in the form of X-ray and neutron diffraction. Lawrence Bragg and his father, William Henry Bragg, were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1915 for their work in determining crystal structures beginning with NaCl, ZnS, and diamond. They are the only father-son team to jointly win. Lawrence Bragg was 25 years old, making him the youngest physics Nobel laureate.


title: Bragg's law

text: The concept of Bragg diffraction applies equally to neutron diffraction and electron diffraction processes. Both neutron and X-ray wavelengths are comparable with inter-atomic distances (~ 150 pm) and thus are an excellent probe for this length scale.


title: Bragg's law

text: Bragg diffraction occurs when radiation of wavelength comparable to atomic spacings, is scattered in a specular fashion (mirror-like reflection) by the atoms of a crystalline system, and undergoes constructive interference.


title: Bragg's law

text: For a crystalline solid, the waves are scattered from lattice planes separated by the distance between successive layers of atoms. When the scattered waves interfere constructively they remain in phase. They are reflected only when they strike the surface at a definite angle, the glancing angle (optics) (see figure on the right, and note that this differs from the convention in Snell's law where is measured from the surface normal), the wavelength , and the "grating constant"


title: Bragg's law

text: formula_2 is the diffraction order (formula_3 is first order, formula_4 is second order, formula_5 is third order). The effect of the constructive or destructive interference intensifies because of the cumulative effect of reflection in successive crystallographic planes ("h","k","l") of the crystalline lattice (as described by Miller notation). This leads to Bragg's law, which describes the condition on "θ" for the constructive interference to be at its strongest:


title: Bragg's law

text: Note that moving particles, including electrons, protons and neutrons, have an associated wavelength called "de Broglie wavelength". A diffraction pattern is obtained by measuring the intensity of scattered waves as a function of scattering angle. Very strong intensities known as Bragg peaks are obtained in the diffraction pattern at the points where the scattering angles satisfy Bragg condition. As mentioned in the introduction, this condition is a special case of the more general Laue equations, and the Laue equations can be shown to reduce to the Bragg condition under additional assumptions.


title: Bragg's law

text: The phenomenon of Bragg diffraction by a crystal lattice shares similar characteristics with that of thin film interference, which has an identical condition in the limit where the refractive indices of the surrounding medium (e.g. air) and the interfering medium (e.g. oil) are equal.


title: Bragg's law

text: When X-rays are incident on an atom, they make the electronic cloud move, as does any electromagnetic wave. The movement of these charges re-radiates waves with the same frequency, blurred slightly due to a variety of effects; this phenomenon is known as Rayleigh scattering (or elastic scattering). The scattered waves can themselves be scattered but this secondary scattering is assumed to be negligible.


title: Bragg's law

text: A similar process occurs upon scattering neutron waves from the nuclei or by a coherent spin interaction with an unpaired electron. These re-emitted wave fields interfere with each other either constructively or destructively (overlapping waves either add up together to produce stronger peaks or are subtracted from each other to some degree), producing a diffraction pattern on a detector or film. The resulting wave interference pattern is the basis of diffraction analysis. This analysis is called "Bragg diffraction".


title: Bragg's law

text: Suppose that a single monochromatic wave (of any type) is incident on aligned planes of lattice points, with separation formula_6, at angle formula_7. Points A and C are on one plane, and B is on the plane below. Points ABCC' form a quadrilateral.


title: Bragg's law

text: There will be a path difference between the ray that gets reflected along AC' and the ray that gets transmitted along AB, then reflected along BC. This path difference is


title: Bragg's law

text: The two separate waves will arrive at a point (infinitely displaced from these lattice planes) with the same phase, and hence undergo constructive interference, if and only if this path difference is equal to any integer value of the wavelength, i.e.


title: Bragg's law

text: If only two planes of atoms were diffracting, as shown in the pictures, then the transition from constructive to destructive interference would be gradual as a function of angle, with gentle maxima at the Bragg angles. However, since many atomic planes are participating interference in most real materials, very sharp peaks surrounded by mostly destructive interference result.


title: Bragg's law

text: A colloidal crystal is a highly ordered array of particles that forms over a long range (from a few millimeters to one centimeter in length); colloidal crystals have appearance and properties roughly analogous to their atomic or molecular counterparts. It has been known for many years that, due to repulsive Coulombic interactions, electrically charged macromolecules in an aqueous environment can exhibit long-range crystal-like correlations, with interparticle separation distances often being considerably greater than the individual particle diameter. Periodic arrays of spherical particles give rise to interstitial voids (the spaces between the particles), which act as a natural diffraction grating for visible light waves, when the interstitial spacing is of the same order of magnitude as the incident lightwave. In these cases in nature, brilliant iridescence (or play of colours) is attributed to the diffraction and constructive interference of visible lightwaves according to Bragg's law, in a matter analogous to the scattering of X-rays in crystalline solid. The effects occur at visible wavelengths because the separation parameter is much larger than for true crystals. Precious opal is one example of colloidal crystals producing striking optical effects.


title: Bragg's law

text: Volume Bragg gratings (VBG) or volume holographic gratings (VHG) consist of a volume where there is a periodic change in the refractive index. Depending on the orientation of the modulation of the refractive index, VBG can be used either to transmit or reflect a small bandwidth of wavelengths. Bragg's law (adapted for volume hologram) dictates which wavelength will be diffracted:


title: Bragg's law

text: where is the Bragg order (a positive integer), the diffracted wavelength, Λ the fringe spacing of the grating, the angle between the incident beam and the normal () of the entrance surface and the angle between the normal and the grating vector (). Radiation that does not match Bragg's law will pass through the VBG undiffracted. The output wavelength can be tuned over a few hundred nanometers by changing the incident angle (). VBG are being used to produce widely tunable laser source or perform global hyperspectral imagery (see Photon etc.).


title: Bragg's law

text: Bragg's law, as stated above, can be used to obtain the lattice spacing of a particular cubic system through the following relation:


title: Bragg's law

text: where formula_18 is the lattice spacing of the cubic crystal, and , , and are the Miller indices of the Bragg plane. Combining this relation with Bragg's law gives:


title: Bragg's law

text: One can derive selection rules for the Miller indices for different cubic Bravais lattices; here, selection rules for several will be given as is.


title: Bragg's law

text: These selection rules can be used for any crystal with the given crystal structure. KCl has a face-centered cubic Bravais lattice. However, the K and the Cl ion have the same number of electrons and are quite close in size, so that the diffraction pattern becomes essentially the same as for a simple cubic structure with half the lattice parameter. Selection rules for other structures can be referenced elsewhere, or derived. Lattice spacing for the other crystal systems can be found here.


title: Scarlett Byrne

text: Scarlett Hannah Hefner (née Byrne; born 6 October 1990) is an English actress. She is best known for her roles as Slytherin student Pansy Parkinson in the "Harry Potter" series, and as Nora Hildegard in "The Vampire Diaries".


title: Scarlett Byrne

text: Byrne began her acting career in 2005 in the short film "CryBaby", before portraying Chloe Daniels in an episode of the British TV drama "Doctors".


title: Scarlett Byrne

text: In 2009, Byrne got the role of Pansy Parkinson in the sixth film in the "Harry Potter" series, "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", before reprising her role in the final two films of the series. Following the end of the "Harry Potter" series, she played Brittany in "", as well as appearing in several short videos written by fellow "Harry Potter" actor Jessie Cave for her website Pindippy.


title: Scarlett Byrne

text: During 2013, Byrne played the role of Sarah in the short film "Lashes". Byrne became a regular cast member for the fourth season of the sci-fi show "Falling Skies". She moved to Vancouver for the filming of "Falling Skies". While she departs the series at the end of season 4, Byrne reprises the role in the penultimate episode of the series, "Reunion".


title: Scarlett Byrne

text: In 2015, she joined "The Vampire Diaries" as witch-vampire hybrid, heretic, Nora Hildegard. Byrne was a major recurring character in the seventh season of the series and appeared in twelve episodes of the season. The character was then killed off in the sixteenth episode along with her fiancé Mary-Louise. She also had a guest appearance role in an episode of the MTV comedy series, "Mary + Jane".


title: Scarlett Byrne

text: In 2017, Byrne played the role of Lisa in the action-thriller film "Skybound", alongside Gavin Stenhouse. In February 2017, Byrne posed nude for Playboy magazine.


title: Scarlett Byrne

text: In October 2018, she joined Evanna Lynch and her partner Keo Motsepe on the trios dance in week 4 on "Dancing with the Stars."


title: Scarlett Byrne

text: In August 2015, Byrne became engaged to Cooper Hefner. On 4 November 2019, Byrne and Hefner announced that they had married. On 24 August 2020, Byrne gave birth to their first daughter. On 26 March 2022, she gave birth to twin daughters.


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: The 2023 IHF World Men's Handball Championship will be the 28th event hosted by the International Handball Federation. It will be held in Poland and Sweden from 11 to 29 January 2023. Denmark are the two-times defending World Champions, having won the 2019 and 2021 edition.


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: However until the bidding phase expired on 15 April 2015 only three nations entered documents to bid for this event. On 21 April 2015 it was announced that Poland and Sweden have agreed intentions to jointly hosting this tournament:


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: A decision was scheduled for 4 June 2015, but the Congress was moved to 6 November 2015. Poland and Sweden were chosen as the hosts. This is going to be the first time for Poland to participate as the host country at IHF World Men's Handball Championship.


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: The tournament will take place in nine cities (four in Poland and five in Sweden): Kraków, Gdańsk, Katowice, Płock, Stockholm, Malmö, Gothenburg, Jönköping and Kristianstad. The opening game will take place in Katowice while the final will take place in Stockholm.


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: The logo was unveiled on 23 August 2021. The logo was designed to be used on a dark blue background, but it may also stand alone. The logo synthetically presents a flying ball. It was inspired by a comet lighting up the sky. The symbol conveys dynamism and expression. The trails form a hand which, in combination with a ball in the foreground, create a characteristic and friendly graphic form. The logo’s colors refer to the national colors of Poland and Sweden, the organizers of the Men’s World Championship 2023. It carries a clear message about the sports discipline of handball. A skillful and well-balanced color split alludes to the cooperation of the event hosts and sticking together for the success of the Championship. The logo was designed by Polish design agency Studio Signature. The slogan: "Stick Together" was unveiled on 15 September 2021. The concept “Stick together” is the framework for all our communication and is the sender in all posts or other expressions coming from the 28th IHF Men’s World Championship Poland/Sweden 2023. We use “Stick together” to talk about the big questions and the broader context, but we also use “Stick together” locally in all marketing in each host city. It symbolizes by each concept:


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: , the number of compulsory places awarded to each continental confederation is divided as follows: 4 places each for Africa, Asia and Europe. Due to there is more than one organiser from the same Continental Confederation (Europe), the number of compulsory places of the respective Continental Confederation shall be reduced accordingly. So only 3 compulsory places for Europe, while Africa and Asia are kept with 4 four places allocated. Starting in 2021 Pan America was split into two zones: the North America and Caribbean Zone having 1 place, and the South and Central America Zone having 3 places.


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: One additional place is available for Oceania, but only when that region's national team ranks fifth or higher at the Asian Championship. Since no Oceania team placed among the top five at the Asian Championship, the IHF will award an additional wild card.


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: In addition, there will be several performance places for the continental confederations (12 places), which are based on the teams ranked 1–12 in the preceding World Championship.


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: Taking into consideration the results of the 2021 Men's World Championship, 20 out of 32 places are distributed as follows:


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: Each host country can assign one qualified team to each host city. Therefore Spain will play in group A (Krakow), Norway in group F (Krakow), and Denmark in group H (Malmö). Germany in group E (Katowice), Iceland in group D (Kristianstad) and Croatia in group G (Jönköping).


title: 2023 World Men's Handball Championship

text: Places 1 to 8 and 25 to 32 will be decided by play-off or knock-out. Teams finishing third in the main round will be ranked 9th to 12th, teams finishing fourth in the main round 13th to 16th, teams finishing fifth in the main round 17th to 20th and teams ranked sixth 21st to 24th. In case of a tie in points gained, the goal difference of the main round will be taken into account, then number of goals scored. If teams are still be equal, number of points gained in the preliminary round will be considered followed by the goal difference and then number of goals scored in the preliminary round.


title: Metroid Prime

text: Metroid Prime is an action-adventure video game developed by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo for the GameCube. "Metroid Prime" is the fifth main installment in the "Metroid" franchise and the first game in the series to use 3D computer graphics and a first-person perspective. Since exploration takes precedence over combat, Nintendo classifies the game as a "first-person adventure" rather than a first-person shooter. It was released in North America in November 2002, and in Japan and Europe the following year. One day before its North American release, Nintendo released the Game Boy Advance game "Metroid Fusion", marking the return of the "Metroid" series after an eight-year hiatus following "Super Metroid" (1994).


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime" is the first game in the "Metroid Prime" saga, which takes place between the original "Metroid" and "". Like previous games in the series, "Metroid Prime" has a science fiction setting in which players control the bounty hunter and series protagonist, Samus Aran. The story follows Samus as she battles the Space Pirates and their biological experiments on the planet Tallon IV. The game was a collaboration between Retro's staff in Austin, Texas, and Japanese Nintendo employees, including producers Shigeru Miyamoto and Kensuke Tanabe, the former of whom suggested the project after visiting Retro's headquarters in 2000.


title: Metroid Prime

text: The game garnered universal praise and commercial success, selling over units worldwide. It won a number of Game of the Year awards, and is regarded by many critics and gamers to be one of the greatest video games ever made, remaining one of the highest-rated games on Metacritic. In 2009, an enhanced version was released for the Wii as a stand-alone game in Japan, and as part of the "" compilation internationally.


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime" is a 3D action-adventure game in which players control series protagonist Samus Aran from a first-person perspective, unlike previous games of the "Metroid" series, with third-person elements used for Morph Ball mode. The gameplay involves solving puzzles to reveal secrets, platform jumping, and shooting foes with the help of a "lock-on" mechanism that allows circle strafing while staying aimed at the enemy.


title: Metroid Prime

text: Samus must travel through the world of Tallon IV searching for twelve Chozo Artifacts that will open the path to the Phazon meteor impact crater, while collecting power-ups that let her reach new areas. The Varia Suit, for example, protects Samus' armor against high temperatures, allowing her to enter volcanic regions. Some items are obtained after boss fights. Items must be collected in a specific order; for example, players cannot access certain areas until they find a certain Beam to open doors, or discover new ordnance with which to beat bosses. Players are incentivized to explore to find upgrades such as ammunition packs and extra health.


title: Metroid Prime

text: The heads-up display, which simulates the inside of Samus' helmet, features a radar display, a map, ammunition for missiles, a health meter, a danger meter for negotiating hazardous landscape or materials, and a health bar and name display for bosses. The display can be altered by exchanging visors; one uses thermal imaging, another has x-ray vision, and another features a scanner that searches for enemy weaknesses and interfaces with mechanisms such as force fields and elevators. The game introduces a hint system that provides the player with clues about ways to progress through the game.


title: Metroid Prime

text: Players can gain two features by connecting "Prime" with "Metroid Fusion" using a GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable: cosmetic use of the Fusion Suit that Samus wears in "Fusion" and the ability to play the original "Metroid" game.


title: Metroid Prime

text: Throughout the game, players must find and collect items that improve Samus's arsenal and suit, including weapons, armor upgrades for Samus's Power Suit and items that grant abilitiesincluding the Morph Ball, which allows Samus to compress herself into a ball in order to roll into narrow passages and drop energy bombs, and the Grapple Beam, which works by latching onto special hooks called grapple points, allowing Samus to swing across gaps. Unlike those in earlier games in the series, the beam weapons in "Metroid Prime" have no stacking ability, in which the traits of each beam merge. Instead, the player must cycle the four beam weapons; there are charge combos with radically different effects for each. Other upgrades include boots that allow Samus to double-jump and a Spider Ball upgrade that allows her to climb magnetic rails.


title: Metroid Prime

text: Items from previous "Metroid" games appear with altered functions. Art galleries and different endings are unlockable if the player collects a high percentage of items and Scan Visor logs. "Prime" is one of the first "Metroid" games to address the reason Samus does not start with power-ups acquired in previous games; she begins the game with some upgrades, including the Varia Suit, Missiles and Grapple Beam, but they are lost during an explosion on the Space Pirate frigate "Orpheon". The producers stated that starting with some power-ups was a way to give the player "different things to do" and to learn the functions of these items before settling into the core gameplay.


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime" is the first of the three-part "Prime" storyline. Retro Studios wrote an extensive storyline for "Metroid Prime", which was considered a major difference from previous "Metroid" games. Short cutscenes appear before important battles, and a scanner in the heads-up display extracts backstory-related information from objects. The "Prime" trilogy is set between the events of "Metroid" and "Metroid II".


title: Metroid Prime

text: The game takes place on the planet Tallon IV, formerly inhabited by the Chozo race. Five decades ago, the Chozo race fell after a meteor impacted on Tallon IV. The meteor contaminated the planet with a corruptive, mutagenic substance that the Space Pirates later named Phazon, and also brought with it a creature known to the Chozo as "The Worm". A large containment field emitter of the Artifact Temple in the Tallon Overworld area was built as a seal to the meteor's energies and influence within the crater where it landed, which the Space Pirates attempt to disable or bypass in order to gain better access to extract the Phazon. The containment field is controlled by twelve Chozo artifacts that are scattered around the planet.


title: Metroid Prime

text: Samus Aran intercepts a distress signal from the Space Pirate frigate "Orpheon", whose crew have been slaughtered by the Pirates' own genetically modified, experimental subjects. At the ship's core, she battles with the Parasite Queen, a giant version of the tiny parasites aboard the ship. The Parasite Queen is defeated and falls into the ship's reactor core, initiating the destruction of the ship. While Samus is escaping from the frigate, she encounters a cybernetic version of Ridley called Meta Ridley. During her escape, an explosion damages Samus's suit, causing some of her abilities to malfunction. Samus escapes the frigate and chases Ridley in her gunship towards the nearby planet Tallon IV.


title: Metroid Prime

text: After landing in the Tallon Overworld, Samus explores nearby areas of Tallon IV and discovers the Chozo Ruins, the remains of the Chozo civilization. As she explores the ruins, she learns the Chozo on the planet had been killed by something referred to as "The Great Poison", designated as Phazon by the Space Pirates, that originated from a meteor that impacted on the planet many years ago. After regaining her lost abilities in the ruins, Samus finds her way to the Magmoor Caverns, a series of magma-filled tunnels, which are used by the Space Pirates as a source of geothermal power. Following the tunnels, Samus travels to the Phendrana Drifts, a cold, mountainous location which is home to an ancient Chozo ruin and Space Pirate research labs used to study the Metroids. After obtaining new abilities, Samus explores the wreckage of the crashed "Orpheon" and then infiltrates the Phazon Mines, where she learns the outcome of the Phazon experimentation project, including the Metroid Prime, a creature that had come to Tallon IV with the meteor. Advancing deeper into the mines, Samus fights her way through the Phazon-enhanced Space Pirates and obtains the Phazon Suit after defeating the monstrous Omega Pirate.


title: Metroid Prime

text: Samus discovers the Artifact Temple that the Chozo built to contain the Metroid Prime and to stop the Phazon from spreading over the planet. To gain access to the meteor's Impact Crater, Samus collects and unites the twelve Chozo artifacts. As Samus returns to the temple with the artifacts, Meta Ridley appears and attacks her. Samus defeats Ridley and enters the Impact Crater, where she finds the Metroid Prime. After she defeats it, the Metroid Prime absorbs Samus's Phazon Suit and explodes. Samus escapes the collapsing crater and leaves Tallon IV in her ship. If the player completes the game with all of the items obtained, Metroid Prime is then shown reconstructing itself into a body resembling Samus.


title: Metroid Prime

text: According to producer Shigeru Miyamoto, Nintendo did not develop a "Metroid" game for the Nintendo 64 as the company "couldn't come out with any concrete ideas". "Metroid" co-creator Yoshio Sakamoto said he could not imagine how the Nintendo 64 controller could be used to control Samus. Nintendo approached another company to make "Metroid" for Nintendo 64, but the offer was declined, supposedly because the developers thought they could not equal "Super Metroid".


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime" was a collaboration between Nintendo EAD and R&D1 and the American company Retro Studios. Retro was created in 1998 by an alliance between Nintendo and Iguana Entertainment founder Jeff Spangenberg. The studio would create games for the forthcoming GameCube targeted at a mature demographic. After establishing its offices in Austin, Texas in 1999, Retro worked on four GameCube projects. When Miyamoto visited Retro in 2000, he suggested a new "Metroid" game after seeing their prototype first-person shooter engine. In 2000 and early 2001, four games in development at Retro were canceled, including an RPG, "Raven Blade," leaving "Prime" the only game in development. During the last nine months of development, Retro's staff worked 80- to 100-hour weeks to reach Nintendo's deadline, as according to senior artist James Dargie: "I think it took us almost six months to do the first level that Nintendo approved, then we had less than a year to do the rest of the game".


title: Metroid Prime

text: Nintendo created the music, Retro handled art and engineering, and both teams worked on the overall design. The Japanese crew, which included producers Miyamoto, Kensuke Tanabe, Kenji Miki, and designer and "Metroid" co-creator Sakamoto, communicated with Retro through e-mails, telephone conferences and personal gatherings. The game was planned to use a third-person perspective, but after Miyamoto intervened this was changed to first-person perspective and almost everything already developed was scrapped. The change was prompted by camera problems experienced by Rare, which was developing the Nintendo 64 game "Jet Force Gemini". According to director Mark Pacini, Miyamoto believed that "shooting in third person was not very intuitive"; Pacini also said that exploration is easier using first-person. Pacini said that after picking that perspective, the crew decided not to make a traditional first-person shooter: "We weren't trying to fit in that genre. We had to break down the stereotypes of what a first-person game is and make a fun "Metroid" game".


title: Metroid Prime

text: Pacini stated that Retro tried to design the game so that the only difficult parts would be boss battles and players would not be afraid to explore because "the challenge of the game was finding your way around". Senior designer Mike Wikan said that the focus on exploration led the team to spend time making the platform jumping "approachable to the player", and to ensure the gameplay had "shooting [as] a very important, though secondary, consideration". Retro developed the storyline under the supervision of Yoshio Sakamoto, who verified that the ideas were consistent with the lore of the earlier games. The developers intended that Kraid, a boss from "Metroid" and "Super Metroid", would appear in "Metroid Prime", and designer Gene Kohler modeled and skinned him for that purpose, but he was cut for time reasons. The team considered implementing the Speed Booster power-up from "Super Metroid" but concluded it would not work well because of the first-person perspective and "limitations imposed by the scale of our environment".


title: Metroid Prime

text: The first public appearance of the game was a ten-second video at Space World 2000. In November of the same year, Retro Studios confirmed its involvement with the game in the "job application" part of its website. In February 2001, the game was confirmed by Nintendo, which also announced that because of its emphasis on exploration and despite the first-person perspective, "Metroid Prime" would be a first-person adventure rather than a first-person shooter. The game was showcased at E3 2001 in May, with its title confirmed as "Metroid Prime".


title: Metroid Prime

text: Kenji Yamamoto, assisted by Kouichi Kyuma, composed the music for "Prime". The soundtrack contains arrangements of tracks from previous games in the series because Yamamoto wanted "to satisfy old Metroid fans. It's like a present for them". The initial Tallon Overworld theme is a reinterpretation of "Metroid"s Brinstar theme, the music heard in Magmoor Caverns is a new version of the music from "Super Metroid"s Lower Norfair area, and the music heard during the fight with Meta Ridley is a fast-paced reimagining of the Ridley boss music first featured in "Super Metroid"which has reappeared in most "Metroid" games since. Tommy Tallarico Studios initially provided sound effects for the game, but Shigeru Miyamoto thought they were not yet good enough for an extended presentation at Space World 2001. The game supports Dolby Pro Logic II setups and can be played in surround sound. The official soundtrack to the game was released on an album called "Metroid Prime & Fusion Original Soundtracks", which was published by Scitron on June 18, 2003.


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime" was released for the GameCube in North America on November 18, 2002, and in Japan and Europe the following year on February 28 and March 21, respectively.


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Prime" was released for the GameCube in five versions. The original North American and Japanese NTSC versions and the second North American version, which contained minor changes, all used a loader that sometimes caused the game to freeze in specific rooms. The European PAL version resolved these glitches and contained altered elements of the gameplay to prevent sequence breaking, a slower loader that prevented the occasional crashes, slightly different story details, and narration in the opening and closing scenes. Some of these changes were carried over from the PAL version to the NTSC region's Player's Choice re-release, along with additional changes not made in other releases. This version, which was bundled with a silver GameCube, also contained a second disc featuring a preview trailer and a demo for "Metroid Prime 2: Echoes", a timeline of "Metroid" games, and an art gallery.


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime" was rereleased in Japan in 2009 for the Wii as part of the "New Play Control!" series. It has improved controls that use the Wii Remote's pointing functionality. The credit system from "Metroid Prime 3: Corruption" is also included to unlock the original bonus content and the ability to take snapshots of gameplay. Internationally, the Wii version was released in "", a single-disc compilation containing "Prime", "Echoes", and "Corruption" for Wii. The compilation became available for download from the Wii U's Nintendo eShop in January 2015.


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime" became one of the best-selling games on the GameCube. It was the second best-selling game of November 2002 in North America, behind ""; 250,000 units were sold in the first week of its release. , the game had sold more than 1.49 million copies in the U.S. alone, and had earned more than . It was also the eighth best-selling GameCube game in Australia. More than 78,000 copies were sold in Japan, and Nintendo added the game to its Player's Choice line in the PAL region. It sold a total of copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling "Metroid" game for almost 20 years. It was eventually surpassed by "Metroid Dread" in May 2022.


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime" was met with critical acclaim. "Electronic Gaming Monthly" awarded the game a perfect review score. It won numerous Game of the Year awards and was praised for its detailed graphics, special effects, varied environments, moody soundtrack and sound effects, level design, immersive atmosphere and innovative gameplay centered on exploration in contrast with action games such as "", while staying faithful to the "Metroid" formula. Criticisms included the unusual control scheme, lack of focus on the story, and repetitive backtracking. "Game Informer" considered the control scheme awkward, "Entertainment Weekly" compared the game to a "1990s arcade game, filled with over the top battle sequences, spectacular visual effectsand a pretty weak plot", and GamePro stated that inexperienced players "might find it exhausting to keep revisiting the same old places over and over and over". In 2004, the video game countdown show "Filter" said "Metroid Prime" had the best graphics of all time.


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime" appeared on several lists of best games; it was ranked 23rd in IGN's Top 100, 29th in a 100-game list chosen by GameFAQs users, 18th in "Official Nintendo Magazine"s 2009 list of greatest Nintendo games and 10th in "Nintendo Power"'s "Top 200 Nintendo Games Ever". IGN named "Metroid Prime" the best GameCube game, while GameSpy ranked it third in a similar list, behind "" and "Resident Evil 4". "Nintendo Power" also ranked "Metroid Prime" as the sixth-best game of the 2000s. "Wired" ranked the game 10th in its list of "The 15 Most Influential Games of the Decade" for popularizing "exploration, puzzle-solving, platforming and story" among first-person shooters, saying that the game was "breaking the genre free from the clutches of "Doom"". "Wired"s writer continued that "Metroid Prime" took a massive stride forward for first-person games. "Metroid Prime" also became popular among players for speedrunning; specialized communities were formed to share these speedruns.


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime" marked the beginning of the "Metroid Prime" saga, which chronologically takes place between the original "Metroid" and "". Four more games in the first-person perspective and a pinball spin-off would be released. The sequel "" - in which Samus travels to planet Aether and discovers that a Phazon meteor crashed there, creating an alternate reality, and Samus fights a mysterious enemy called Dark Samus - was released in November 2004 for the GameCube. It was followed by "Metroid Prime Pinball", a spin-off game featuring the locations and bosses of "Metroid Prime", developed by Fuse Games and released in 2005 for the Nintendo DS.


title: Metroid Prime

text: The next game released was "Metroid Prime Hunters" for the Nintendo DS; its storyline takes place between the events of "Prime" and "Echoes". A demo of the game, titled "Metroid Prime Hunters: First Hunt", was bundled with the Nintendo DS, and the full game was released in 2006 in North America and Europe. In its narrative, Samus tries to discover an "ultimate power" while facing six rival bounty hunters. "Hunters" was not developed by Retro Studios, but by Nintendo's Redmond-based subsidiary Nintendo Software Technology. The game contains more first-person shooter aspects than "Prime" and "Echoes", with removal of assisted aiming, more action-oriented gameplay, and various multiplayer modes.


title: Metroid Prime

text: "Metroid Prime"s third main installment was "", which closes the original "Prime" trilogy. It was released on August 27, 2007 for the Wii console. In "Corruption"s story, Samus is corrupted by Phazon after being attacked by Dark Samus, who has become the leader of a Space Pirate group and is sending Phazon Seeds to corrupt planets. "Corruption"s gameplay differs from that of "Prime" and "Echoes"; the assisted aiming is replaced with free aiming with the Wii Remote, and the interchangeable beams are replaced with a stackable upgrade system.


title: Metroid Prime

text: Following "Corruption"s release, most of Retro's staff moved on to work on what would eventually become "Donkey Kong Country Returns", leaving a small team behind to port the original trilogy to the Wii. "Prime" and "Echoes" would be re-released as part of the "New Play Control!" lineup in Japan and as part of a compilation known as "" internationally. The next original title in the series, "" was released in 2016. The game was developed by Nintendo's Vancouver-based subsidiary Next Level Games and focused on cooperative shooting and a mission-based structure for up to four players, with Samus being relegated to small cameos in the main storyline. The announcement initially drew ire from fans, as the game's timing and overall structure were not what was expected after a five-year-long hiatus since the controversial 2010 game, "".


title: Metroid Prime

text: A fourth main installment in the series, "Metroid Prime 4", was announced at Nintendo's E3 2017 Spotlight broadcast, and is currently in development for the Nintendo Switch. The game was initially thought to be developed by an entirely different team overseen by series producer Kensuke Tanabe, instead of Retro Studios. Bandai Namco Singapore was working on the game alongside Nintendo and the project included some staff members who worked on the cancelled "Star Wars 1313" game. In 2019, the development of "Metroid Prime 4" was restarted and project was handled by Retro Studios.


title: Metroid Prime

text: Elements of "Metroid Prime" have appeared in other games, such as "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" in which the Frigate Orpheon is a playable stage, featuring the Parasite Queen in the background and several music tracks from "Metroid Prime" as background music. This stage later returned in "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate". "Metroid Prime"s style of gameplay and HUDs also influenced and was compared to later first-person shooters, such as "Geist" and "".


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure (known as Tangled: The Series during its first season) is an American animated television series developed by Chris Sonnenburg and Shane Prigmore, and produced by Disney Television Animation. It premiered on Disney Channel as a Disney Channel Original Movie titled "" on March 10, 2017. Its regular episodes premiered on March 24, 2017. The series is based on the 2010 film "Tangled" and features the returning voices of Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi, alongside Eden Espinosa, Clancy Brown, Julie Bowen, James Monroe Iglehart, Jeff Ross, Paul F. Tompkins, and Jeremy Jordan.


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: In February 2017, ahead of the series premiere, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on June 24, 2018. In May 2018, ahead of the premiere of the series' second season, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third and final season, which premiered on October 7, 2019, and concluded on March 1, 2020.


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: Six months after escaping Mother Gothel and reuniting with her birth parents, King Frederic and Queen Arianna of Corona, Princess Rapunzel is unable to properly adjust due to her father's constant protection. When she and her handmaiden Cassandra sneak out of the castle, they come upon some black rock spikes that magically restore Rapunzel's long blonde hair. Rapunzel, Cassandra, Eugene Fitzherbert, Pascal the chameleon, Maximus the horse, and a young alchemist named Varian uncover the mystery of her hair's return and its connection to the black rocks growing around Corona. Eventually, Rapunzel learns that the Sundrop Flower's power resides in her with the black rocks directing her to the Dark Kingdom.


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: The second season centers around Rapunzel's group traveling to the Dark Kingdom while accompanied by Lance, Hook Foot, and Shorty and joined by the mysterious sword-wielding Adira of the Dark Kingdom. The group soon learn that the rocks are created by the Sundrop's counterpart, the Moonstone Opal. During the journey, Rapunzel gets the chance to explore the world and learns the origins of the Sundrop and Moonstone as two halves of an ancient power seeking to be rejoined. At the end of the season, Cassandra betrays Rapunzel and absorbs the Moonstone's power for herself.


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: The third and final season involves Rapunzel returning to Corona to act as queen upon finding out that her parents were overthrown, whilst simultaneously dealing with the threat of Cassandra and Zhan Tiri, an ancient demon that plots on using the Moonstone and Sundrop's power to take over and destroy Corona.


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: On June 3, 2015, Disney Channel announced that the series was in development. On February 15, 2017, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season ahead of the series premiere. The series features new songs from Alan Menken and Glenn Slater. Menken previously scored the original film, while he and Slater wrote the film's songs.


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: On May 31, 2018, it was announced that the second season would premiere on June 24, 2018, and that the series had also been renewed for a third season. Additionally, it was also announced that the series would be re-titled "Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure".


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: Despite the name of the series being changed prior to the release of the second season, all seasons of the series are listed as "Tangled: The Series" then "Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure" on Disney+.


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: On March 10, 2017, Tangled began airing on the Disney Channel. It was titled "Tangled: The Series" for its first season. On May 21, Tangled began airing on the Disney Channel in Southeast Asia. Then on September 12 of the same year, it began airing on the Disney Channel for Latin America. Also in 2017 it aired as part of the Disney Channel Saturday morning block, then named "Get Animated".


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: "Tangled: Before Ever After" and the first four "Tangled: Short Cuts" were released on DVD on April 11, 2017. "Tangled: Queen for a Day" was released on DVD on December 12, 2017. The entire series was released on Blu-ray on December 28, 2021 as a Disney Movie Club Exclusive.


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: Storyboard artists for the series, Kaitlyn Ritter and Anna Lencioni, pitched an idea for a comic spin-off focusing on Varian titled "Varian and the Seven Kingdoms", which saw Varian teaming up with new friends to discover the seven alchemical transformations. According to Ritter, while Disney was enthusiastic with the project and gave support and encouragement, they ultimately passed as they felt that a series that focused on a Rapunzel-related character without Rapunzel would be risky. Disney suggested changing Varian to a completely original character so as to be an original brand, but Ritter and Lencioni refused.


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: Reviews of the show varied. Klaudia Amenábar of "The Mary Sue" described the show positively, stating that it has "relatable themes" for Millennials and those in Generation Z, focusing on topics like emotional abuse, trauma, deciding who you are, friendship, and creating relationships. Amenábar also argued that Rapunzel's friend, Cassandra "Cass" is "extremely gay-coded sword lesbian...[a] badass Sword Lesbian...


title: Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure

text: [with] sheer gay energy." She further talked about the "healthy and supportive masculinity" of Eugene, called it more Millennial sitcom than anything else, and stated that it parses out "uniquely adult issues for kids." Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media made a similar argument, although she focused on whether was appealing to kids and families. She noted that there is romantic chemistry between Rapunzel and Eugene, the prevalence of frightening moments, and argued that kids of a younger age may not have "the attention span to see it through," while praising the fun character adventures. Furthermore, she stated that series is episodic, better suited "for a slightly older audience" and is good "family fare." On the other hand, Ian Goodwillie of "CBR" criticized that the series is aimed at kids, deviates from the fairy tale, has an overbearing king, said it deviates "from the animated movie it's based on" while following a classic good vs. evil conflict, disliked the evil demon which is the villain. Even so, he praised that the same actors who voiced Eugene and Rapunzel in the movie came back for the series, called the series fun, said that the movie set a strong foundation for the series, stated that the series had an interesting story, and loved two minor characters (Pascal and Maximus).


title: MTN Group

text: MTN Group Limited, formerly M-Cell, is a South African multinational mobile telecommunications company, operating in many African and Asian countries. Its head office is in Johannesburg. , MTN recorded 280 million subscribers, making it the 8th largest mobile network operator in the world, and the largest in Africa. Active in over 20 countries, one-third of the company's revenue comes from Nigeria, where it holds about 35% market share.


title: MTN Group

text: MTN Group is the primary sponsor of the South Africa national rugby union team and sponsors English football club Manchester United and Zambian Super League. The Nigerian subsidiary of the group also has an existing sponsorship deal with the Nigerian Football Federation.


title: MTN Group

text: The company was founded in 1994 as M-Cell with assistance from the South African government. In 1995, it replaced its then-CEO, John Beck, with Robert (Bob) Chaphe and founder Leena Jaitley. In 2001, the company reported that its controlling shareholder was Johnnic Holdings, and the chairperson was Irene Charnley. In 2002, Phuthuma Nhleko became the CEO, replacing then-CEO Paul Edwards, who had invested in expansion to Nigeria.


title: MTN Group

text: In May 2008, Bharti Airtel, an India-based telecommunications company, explored the possibility of buying MTN Group. Reliance Communications was also in talks with MTN for a "potential combination of their businesses". In July, the two companies ended discussions regarding the merger.


title: MTN Group

text: In June 2008, MTN Group agreed to purchase Verizon Business South Africa, which was a provider of data services to customers in South Africa and four other African countries. The acquisition was completed on 28 February 2009.


title: MTN Group

text: On 26 June 2009, MTN Group's subsidiary merged with Belgacom International Carrier Services (BICS), a subsidiary of Belgacom. The combined subsidiary functioned as the international gateway for carrier services of MTN.


title: MTN Group

text: In October 2012, MTN announced a partnership with Afrihost to provide DSL Broadband services in Africa.


title: MTN Group

text: In November 2012, South African holding company Shanduka Group acquired a minority stake in MTN Group's Nigeria business for $335 million.


title: MTN Group

text: In 2014, MTN was named on the 2014 BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brand rankings and named the Most Admired and Most Valuable Brand in Africa. MTN retained its ranking as the Most Admired and the Most Valuable African brand in 2015.


title: MTN Group

text: In March 2016, the company appointed Rob Shuter as chief executive officer. Shutter was replaced on 1 September 2020 when Ralph Mupita was appointed Chief Executive.


title: MTN Group

text: On 31 May 2018, MTN Ghana launched its initial public offering (IPO). The IPO closed on 31 July 2019. A total of up to 4,637,394,533 ordinary shares of MTN Ghana, representing 35% of its equity was offered to qualifying applicants. This was part of the agreement between MTN Ghana and Ghana's National Communications Authority (NCA) in November, 2015 for MTN Ghana to deploy 4G LTE mobile services to its customers in Ghana. Among other methods of payments, MTN mobile money was included as a payment option for the MTN share offer subscription. This was the first time mobile money had been used as a payment method in an IPO. The current CEO of MTN Ghana is Mr. Selorm Adadevoh.


title: MTN Group

text: On February 23, 2017, Nigerian protestors attacked a MTN office in Abuja, Nigeria as a counterattack due to violence targeted against Nigerians in South Africa.


title: MTN Group

text: In September 2019 MTN began closing stores in Nigeria and some of their stores in Johannesburg, South Africa due to rioting, looting, and attacks on some of their facilities.


title: MTN Group

text: Geoffrey Onyeama the Nigerian Foreign Minister stated at a press briefing on September 4, 2019, that MTN group along with Shoprite, stated that the targeted South African stores in Nigeria are "subsidiaries that are owned by Nigerians." And that "the property owned by Nigerians within Nigeria and the people working there are Nigerians."


title: MTN Group

text: Lai Mohammed, Nigeria's Minister of Information and Culture, reported that some of the South African companies that were attacked in Nigeria have Nigerian investors owning significant amounts of stakes, and Nigerian employees.


title: MTN Group

text: In March 2019 MTN launched a WhatsApp channel to let its customers buy airtime and data bundles through the messaging app. Customers can also check their balances and store their credit or debit cards in the app for future purchases. The service is provided by another South African company that has a global reach, Clickatell, which is a WhatsApp Business Solution provider.


title: MTN Group

text: MTN sold its Cyprus branch to Monaco Telecom for €260 million in July 2018. It was later re-branded as Epic in June 2019.


title: MTN Group

text: In December 2019, former Deputy Finance Minister of the Government of South Africa, Mcebisi Jonas, was appointed as the board chairperson of the company.


title: MTN Group

text: In August 2020, MTN decided to sell its shares in Syria, Afghanistan and Yemen, and to divest its 49% minority holding in Irancell over time. The company's decision was based on the fact that their assets in the Middle East contributed less than 4% to group earnings in the first half of the year.


title: MTN Group

text: On October 30, 2020, MTN made public the sale of their shares in the e-commerce brand Jumia. The sale was worth 142.31 million dollars.


title: MTN Group

text: In February 2021, the MTN Group partnered with Mastercard to ensure safe and secure global e-commerce payments of their customer base in 16 African countries. A Mastercard virtual payment platform that is linked to MTN MoMo (Mobile Money) wallets makes this possible.


title: MTN Group

text: In March 2021, MTN CEO Ralph Mupita announced during the company's annual results call that the group was now considering spinning off its mobile money activities. "We see a separation and carve out of our fintech business as something that we have to do”. In April 2021, he estimated the value of the group's mobile money arm to at least US$5 to 6 billion.


title: MTN Group

text: MTN South Africa provides GSM, UMTS, HSPA+ (21.1 Mbit/s), HSUPA (42 Mbit/s, 2100 MHz), VOIP, 3G, 4G, LTE and 5G services. On 1 December 2011, MTN became the second cellular provider to introduce 4G and LTE in South Africa They were also the first network operator in South Africa to launch a live public 5G network available in Johannesburg and Cape Town On 30 June 2020


title: MTN Group

text: Supersonic is an Internet service provider that was founded in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2018 by MTN Group in to provide FTTH (Fibre) Internet services to South African consumers. SuperSonic is owned by MTN Group.


title: MTN Group

text: Supersonic provides Fibre through most Service Providers including OpenServe and Vumatel. SuperSonic also offers “Air Fibre”, a 5G Based Mobile data service introduced in February 2021.


title: MTN Group

text: MTN Group sponsored the CAF Champions League football competition, as well as APOEL FC, winners of the Cypriot First Division in 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2014, and participants in the 2009–10 and 2011–12 UEFA Champions League.


title: MTN Group

text: On 18 March 2010, it was announced that MTN signed a sponsorship deal with English football club Manchester United F.C.


title: MTN Group

text: MTN has been criticised for its activities in Iran's telecommunications sector. MTN has a 49 percent stake in government-controlled MTN Irancell, the second-largest mobile phone operator in Iran, and 21 percent of MTN's subscriber base is from the country. In January 2012, the US-based advocacy group United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI) launched a campaign publicly calling for MTN to scale back its operations in Iran and end its business in the country. UANI alleges that MTN technology is "enabling the Iranian government to locate and track individual cellphone users which it says is a violation of users' human rights".


title: MTN Group

text: In June 2012, Reuters and the BBC reported an allegation by Chris Kilowan, a former executive for the company in Iran, that MTN Group may have been complicit in securing American telecommunications technology from Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard and Cisco Systems on behalf of Irancell, in violation of trade sanctions against Iran. Oracle, which owns Sun Microsystems, said that it was investigating and denied involvement, saying that it complies with US export laws. Hewlett-Packard issued a similar statement. MTN Group denied the allegations, saying that it complied with US sanctions against Iran.


title: MTN Group

text: Turkey's Turkcell filed a $4.2 billion lawsuit in Washington, D.C., in 2012 alleging the company used bribery to win a mobile licence in Iran that was first awarded to Turkcell. The court delayed the case in October 2012 pending a US Supreme Court decision on the Alien Tort Statute, the US human rights law on which Turkcell's suit is based. In May 2013, Turkcell dropped its multibillion-dollar US lawsuit against MTN Group, citing a US Supreme Court ruling that hurt its case. On 27 November 2013, Turkcell resumed in Johannesburg.


title: MTN Group

text: In 2015, the Nigerian subsidiary of MTN was fined by the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria through the telecommunications regulator, Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) for partial compliance of regulatory guidelines to Mobile Network Operators to disconnect from their network, all improperly registered Subscribers Identification Modules (SIM). The commission exercised section 20(1) of the Telephone Subscribers regulation (TSR) law on MTN, leading to a calculated fine of $5.2 billion, according to the constitution.


title: MTN Group

text: The compliance audit carried out by the NCC on MTN network revealed unregistered 5.2 million customers lines were not deactivated as directed. This led to the NCC fining MTN with the sum of $1000 for each unregistered SIM according to the Telephone Subscribers regulation (TSR) law, which amounted to $5.2bn.


title: MTN Group

text: What followed was major resignations among the top echelon of the organization including the chief executive officer, Sifiso Dabengwa, the Head of Nigeria Operation, Micheal Ikpoki and the Head of Cooperate Affairs, Akinwale Goodluck being replaced with Phuthuma Nhleko, Ferdi Moolman and Amina Oyegbola as new chairman, managing director and Head of Corporate and Regulation respectively.


title: MTN Group

text: The new management employed a diplomatic measure between the government of the Republic of South Africa and its Nigerian counterpart to ameliorate the burden of the liabilities from the fine. This action brought about the reduction of the liability to $3.2 billion.


title: MTN Group

text: In September 2021, MTN announced that it will close its zero-rated access to the popular social network Twitter. As of early 2022, MTN has had poor internet connection throughout the country, the cause is still unknown.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Scar is a fictional lion and the main antagonist in Disney's "The Lion King" franchise. He was created in 1989 by screenwriters Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts, and Linda Woolverton, and animated by Andreas Deja. Scar is introduced in the first film as the ruthless, power-hungry brother of Mufasa, ruler of the Pride Lands. Originally first-in-line to Mufasa's throne until he is suddenly replaced by Mufasa's son Simba, Scar decides to lead an army of hyenas in his plot to take the throne by killing Mufasa and exiling Simba, ultimately blaming his brother's death on his nephew.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Loosely based on King Claudius, the main antagonist of William Shakespeare's "Hamlet", Scar's villainy was additionally inspired by Adolf Hitler. As the character's supervising animator, Deja based Scar's appearance on that of original voice actor Jeremy Irons, as well as the actor's performance as Claus von Bülow in "Reversal of Fortune". Chiwetel Ejiofor voices the photorealistic version of the character in the CGI remake of the 1994 film with Kelvin Harrison Jr. voicing him in follow-up film.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: As a character, Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics, who greeted Irons' vocal performance with equal enthusiasm. However, Scar's violence, dark color palette and allegedly effeminate mannerisms were initially met with mild controversy. Nevertheless, Scar continues to be revered as one of Disney's greatest villains by various media publications, topping "The Huffington Post"’s list and ranking within the top ten of similar lists published by Yahoo! Movies, the "Orlando Sentinel", E! and CNN. He has also been ranked among the greatest villains in film history by "Digital Spy "and "Entertainment Weekly."


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: "The Lion King" was first conceived in 1988. The film was eventually pitched to Disney executives, one of whom was among the first to observe similarities between author Thomas M. Disch's treatment and William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet". Although first citing these similarities as initially unintentional, director Rob Minkoff always felt it was essential "to anchor [the film] with something familiar." As directors, Minkoff and Roger Allers aspired to create "an animal picture based in a more natural setting," describing the film as "More true-life adventure than mythical epic." Although not the first Disney film to have been inspired by Shakespeare's work, "The Lion King "remains the studio's most prominent example due to close parallels between its characters and "Hamlet", while both stories revolve around main characters who struggle to come to terms with the reality that they must confront their treacherous uncles and avenge their fathers' deaths. Scar is based on King Claudius. According to "Slate", while Claudius is mostly "a second-rate schemer ... consumed by anxiety and guilt," Scar very much "delight[s] in his monstrosity;" both characters are motivated by jealousy. Meanwhile, "The Week "observed that although both characters ultimately die, Claudius is killed by protagonist Hamlet while Scar dies "at the hand of his former hyena minions, and not Simba himself." Additionally, the character shares similarities with Iago from Shakespeare's play "Othello"; both antagonists are skilled in exploiting their victims' fears.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: The original plot of "The Lion King" revolved around a rivalry between lions and baboons. A baboon himself, Scar was their leader. After this plot was abandoned, Scar was re-written into a rogue lion lacking any blood relation to both Mufasa and Simba. The writers eventually decided that making Scar and Mufasa brothers would make the film more interesting. At one point Scar owned a pet python as a sidekick, but this character was abandoned. Because the film was originally intended to be much more adult-oriented, Scar was to have become infatuated with Simba's childhood friend and eventual love interest Nala, wanting the young lioness to rule alongside him as his queen and consequentially banishing the character when she refuses. This concept was to have been further explored during a reprise of Scar's song "Be Prepared", but both the idea and the song were ultimately completely removed from the film because they were deemed too "creepy". In addition to that, there was a scene in which Scar was originally going to defeat Simba, and throw him off Pride Rock, before they are both engulfed by flames. This ending was cut for being far too dark for young viewers. To further emphasize the character's villainy and tyranny, the writers loosely based Scar on Adolf Hitler. According to "The Jerusalem Post", Scar's song "Be Prepared" "features goose-stepping hyenas in a formation reminiscent of a Nuremberg rally." This idea was first suggested by story artist Jorgen Klubien.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: According to the directors, "[a] patronizing quality" was vital to Scar's role in the film. Minkoff told the "Los Angeles Times", "When Scar puts the guilt trip on Simba, that's an intense idea ... probably something that is "not" typical of the other Disney pictures, in terms of what the villain does." Additionally, Scar serves as a departure from previous Disney villains because they "came off at least as buffoonish as they were sinister". Because Scar is the film's main antagonist, supervising animator Andreas Deja believed that "villains work really well when they're subtle", explaining, "to see them think and scheme and plot is much more interesting than showing them beating somebody up." By blaming Mufasa's death on an innocent Simba, Scar ultimately triggers "a cycle of guilt, flight, denial and redemption, as the hero goes into self-imposed exile before finally reconciling with his father's memory, returning to face his wicked uncle and generally coming of age." The character's first line in "The Lion King" "essentially summarizes the entire film, providing foreshadowing". It reads, "Life's not fair is it? You see I—well, I ... shall never be King. And you ... shall never see light of another day .(chuckles) Adieu." subtly revealing the plot as well as "the reason why [Scar] decides to murder his own brother." (This line is given minor edits for the 2019 remake: "Life's ... not fair. ... Is it, my little friend? While some are born to feast, others spend their lives in the dark ... begging for scraps. The way I see it, ... you and I are exactly the same: ... we both want to find a way out.")


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Tim Curry, Malcolm McDowell, Alan Rickman, Patrick Stewart, and Ian McKellen were all originally considered for the role of Scar. However, the role was ultimately won by British actor Jeremy Irons because of his classical theater training; the directors had deliberately wanted Scar "to come across as a Shakespearean character." Successfully recruiting Irons for the film was considered an unprecedented achievement for the studio because, at the time, it was rare for a dramatic actor of Irons' caliber to agree to voice an animated character, especially immediately after winning an Academy Award. In fact, the Oscar-winning actor nearly declined because, in fear of jeopardizing his successful career, he was "[h]esitant to jump from a dramatic role to an animated feature." Prior to "The Lion King", Irons was famous for starring as several villains and antagonists in live-action films "geared towards adults." Although he had starred in a children's film before, the actor admitted that it did not mirror the success of "The Lion King", a film that has since gained notoriety for its cast of well known, award-winning Hollywood actors, which animation historian Jerry Beck referred to in his book "The Animated Movie Guide" as "the most impressive list of actors ever to grace an animated film."


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: As directors, Minkoff and Allers "work[ed] very closely with the actors to create their performance." Describing Irons as "a gentleman and a brilliant actor," Allers revealed that the actor was constantly offering "extra interpretations of lines which were fantastic." Producer Don Hahn recalled that Irons "really wanted to play with the words and the pacing," specifically referring to a scene in which Scar coaxes Simba onto a rock and tricks the young cub to stay there and await his father's arrival alone, dubbing it "a father and son ..." thing"." According to Hahn, "The comedy in [Irons's] inflection comes from Scar sounding so disdainful he can barely summon the will to finish the sentence." Irons's physical appearance and mannerisms served as inspiration for Scar's supervising animator Andreas Deja, namely his flicking his paw in disgust. Critics have cited physical similarities between Irons and Scar.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: In a reference to the role that earned Irons an Academy Award, Claus von Bülow in "Reversal of Fortune "(1990), the writers gave Scar one of von Bülow's lines, "You have no idea," which is uttered by Irons in a similar tone. According to author Rachel Stein of "New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism", Irons relies "on his history of playing sexually perverse, socially dangerous male characters to animate his depiction of Scar." On the contrary, Irons revealed to Connect Savannah that the similarities between the voices of Scar and von Bülow were largely unintentional, explaining, "Whatever voice came was arrived at by looking at the initial sketches, and from the freedom the directors gave me to try anything." Irons concluded, "The fact that he may occasionally remind you of Claus, comes from the fact that they both share the same voice box."


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: While recording Scar's song, "Be Prepared," Irons encountered challenges with his singing voice. The actor reportedly "blew out his voice" upon belting the line "you won't get a sniff without me," rendering him incapable of completing the musical number. Consequently, Disney was forced to recruit American voice actor Jim Cummings, who had also been providing the voice of "The Lion King"s laughing hyena Ed at the time, to impersonate Irons and record the rest of the song. Jim Cummings told "The Huffington Post "that "[s]tunt singing" is actually something the actor continues to do regularly, having done the same for American actor Russell Means, voice of Chief Powhatan in Disney's "Pocahontas "(1995). Critics observed that Irons "fakes his way ... through 'Be Prepared' in the grand tradition of talk-singing," drawing similarities between him and American actor James Cagney and English actor Rex Harrison. Deja revealed that, during a recording session, Irons' stomach was grumbling. Deja joked, "The growling sound could be heard in his recording, so we had to record that part of his dialog all over again." As a result of Irons' prominent British accent, critics have compared both the actor and Scar to Shere Khan, the villain of Disney's "The Jungle Book "(1967), voiced by English actor George Sanders.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Chiwetel Ejiofor was officially chosen on November 1, 2017 for the role of Scar for the CGI live action remake, "The Lion King" (2019) directed by Jon Favreau, as he had impressed him after watching his antagonistic performance as Baron Mordo in the Marvel film "Doctor Strange" (2016). Ejiofor said that "especially with Scar, whether it's a vocal quality that allows for a certain confidence or a certain aggression, to always know that at the end of it you’re playing somebody who has the capacity to turn everything on its head in a split second with outrageous acts of violence – that can completely change the temperature of a scene". Favreau said of casting Ejiofor, "[He] is just a fantastic actor, who brings us a bit of the mid-Atlantic cadence and a new take on the character. He brings that feeling of a Shakespearean villain to bear because of his background as an actor. It's wonderful when you have somebody as experienced and seasoned as Chiwetel; he just breathes such wonderful life into this character." When Jeremy Irons was interviewed on "Larry King Now" on November 30, 2016, he expressed interest in reprising the role.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: In August 2021, it was announced that Kelvin Harrison Jr. would voice Young Scar in Barry Jenkins' follow-up to the 2019 film.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: The studio originally dismissed "The Lion King "as a risk because, at the time, it was believed that the greatest films starred people. Concerned about the novelty of the film, Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg decided to divide the studio into two separate animated films, "The Lion King "and "Pocahontas", the latter of which was dubbed "the home run" because it was expected to be the more successful of the two projects. Disney's more seasoned and experienced animators gravitated towards "Pocahontas", while the studio's newer animators were relegated to working on "The Lion King", dubbing themselves the "B-team". However, Allers received Katzenberg's decision positively as an opportunity for "newer animators ... to step up to leadership roles", among them Andreas Deja, who became Scar's supervising animator. Well known for animating several Disney villains, Deja summarized the experience as "more fun than drawing heroes" because "You have so much more to work with in terms of expressions and acting and drawing-wise than you would have with a nice princess or a prince ... where you have to be ever so careful with the draftsmanship."


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Before becoming involved with "The Lion King", Deja had already developed a reputation for animating Disney villains. Prior to animating Scar, Deja had just recently served as the supervising animator of Gaston and Jafar, the villains in Disney's "Beauty and the Beast "(1991)" "and "Aladdin "(1992), respectively. Initially, Deja had been considering the idea of animating a hero as opposed to a villain for a change, contemplating taking on the task of animating Simba instead. However, Deja soon relented upon learning that Scar would be voiced by Irons, feeling that it would be "fun" to animate a character voiced by such a prestigious actor. Meanwhile, Minkoff and Allers had already had Deja in mind for animating Scar long before the animator approached the directors about the position. The level anthropomorphism used in "The Lion King" exceeded that of any Disney animated film by which it was preceded. Because Scar is an animal as opposed to a human, Deja and the animators experienced certain challenges and limitations when it came to instilling movement in the character, and thus experimented with manipulating Scar's facial expressions, specifically the way in which he tilts his head condescendingly, raises his eyebrows and lifts his chin. The animals were each drawn with certain human-like attributes and characteristics in order to help convey emotions and tell the story. Meanwhile, the studio recruited live lions for the animators to study while drawing. As the film's villain, Scar is the only lion drawn with claws.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly "described Scar as "a figure of both pity and evil, and of treacherous comedy" with "Irons ... filling this devious coward with elegantly witty self-loathing." As an animator, Deja believes that "If you have a great voice to work with, your work is half done." Enjoying the way in which Irons "has a way with words and phrasing," Deja deliberately based much of Scar's appearance on the actor himself, specifically the shape of his mouth and facial expressions. Several of the actor's physical attributes were incorporated into Scar's design, with Irons admitting to recognizing his own baggy eyes in his character. Additionally, Deja studied Irons' performances in the films "Reversal of Fortune "(1990) and "Damage" (1992) for inspiration, while refusing to watch Disney's "The Jungle Book "while working on "The Lion King" in order to avoid being influenced by the film's villain – Shere Khan, a tiger.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Scar sings the musical number "Be Prepared," written by songwriters Elton John and Tim Rice, while contemplating Mufasa's death plot and bringing the hyenas along. Described as the film's "darkest" song, a "pompous," "fascistic paean to usurpers," the musical sequence depicts the lion "as a big-cat fascist." According to "Business Insider", in addition to loosely basing the character on Adolf Hitler to further emphasize Scar's tyranny, the filmmakers very much directly based his song "Be Prepared," which references Nazism by having Scar's army of hyenas goose step while addressing them from a high ledge – similar to the way in which Hitler would have from a balcony – in the Nazi propaganda film "Triumph of the Will "(1935), a film that documents Nazi Germany during 1934.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: According to "Entertainment Weekly", the concept originated from a sketch by story artist Jorgen Klubien, in which Scar was depicted as Hitler. Although hesitant that then-Disney Animation chief Jeffrey Katzenberg would approve, the filmmakers ultimately decided to pursue it, describing the sequence as a ""Triumph of the Will"-style mock-Nuremberg rally." The "St. Louis Post-Dispatch "reviewed, "those goose-stepping hyenas seem a little much in hindsight," while Film School Rejects coined it a "hellish gathering."


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Scar debuted in "The Lion King" (1994). The scheming younger brother of Mufasa, Scar was next-in-line to take the throne until his nephew Simba, Mufasa's son, was born, replacing him. Determined to seize the throne, Scar devises a plan to kill both Simba and Mufasa. After trapping Simba in a vast gorge, Scar signals his hyena minions, Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, to trigger a wildebeest stampede. Although Mufasa saves Simba, the king is weakened, and unable to climb out of the gorge to safety. When Mufasa begs Scar for help, Scar instead digs his claws into his brother’s. At that moment, Mufasa realizes too little too late that he is responsible for the stampede and the last thing he hears is him menacingly saying “long live the king!” before sending him to his death below. Convincing Simba that he is to blame for Mufasa's death, Scar advises the prince to run away and never return, then orders the hyenas to kill him. Scar returns to Pride Rock and tells the pride that both Mufasa and Simba died in the stampede before becoming king and allowing the hyenas into the Pride Lands. Unbeknownst to Scar, Simba was able to escape the hyenas.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Years go by as Scar squanders the kingdom's resources and allows his army of hyenas to wreak havoc upon the Pride Lands, which turn barren. In addition, he forbids anyone from mentioning Mufasa’s name in his presence (mainly to try and get out of his shadow). Meanwhile, aided by his friends Nala, Timon and Pumbaa, an adult Simba returns to Pride Rock and witnesses Scar striking his mother Sarabi and confronts his uncle, who then demands that Simba admit to the pride that he killed Mufasa. As he prepares to throw Simba off Pride Rock, Scar whispers to Simba that he was the one who killed Mufasa, confident that the secret will die with him. However, this angers Simba, who leaps up and tackles Scar to the ground and forces his uncle to admit his action to the pride, initiating a battle between the pride and Scar's hyenas. Scar tries to escape, but is cornered by Simba on the top of Pride Rock; Scar begs for mercy and even attempts to blame his doings on the hyenas, unaware that they are listening nearby. Simba spares Scar on the condition that Scar permanently departs. Scar briefly pretends to do so, but then attacks Simba and they fight. Scar knocks Simba on his back, but as he lunges to deliver the killing blow, Simba kicks Scar over the cliff ledge to the base of Pride Rock. Scar survives but is cornered by the vengeful hyenas, who eat him alive for betraying them, ending his threat to Simba and his family for good.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Due to his death in "The Lion King", Scar's appearance and presence in its sequel " "(1998) is limited. Upon (and despite) Scar's demise, a rivaling pride of lions known as the Outsiders decide to remain loyal to him, led by his most devoted follower, Zira. Zira's son Kovu is chosen to serve as Scar's heir. Simba banishes the Outsiders to the Outlands, and forbids his daughter Kiara from going there. She goes there anyway, however, and meets and befriends Kovu. Meanwhile, Zira trains Kovu to murder Simba, but when he becomes an adult, he has a change of heart as he begins to develop feelings for Kiara.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Scar makes a brief cameo appearance in the film during Simba's nightmare. In the nightmare, Simba runs down the cliff where his father died in the stampede, attempting to rescue him. Scar appears, however, and then turns into Kovu and throws Simba off the cliff. Scar makes another cameo appearance in a pool of water, as a reflection, after Kovu is exiled from the Pridelands.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Once again, Scar does make some appearances in this film but does not speak. However, once again, his role remains vital, story wise. In the film, Nala, now Simba's queen, mentions Scar when she explains to Timon and Pumbaa why Simba left.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Scar makes three cameo appearances at the film's climax. The first cameo is the scene where he backs Simba up against the ledge, right when lightning strikes the base of Pride Rock; the second is during the scene where he admits to murdering Mufasa, before being pinned down by Simba; and the third is when he is defeated by Simba and kicked off the edge of Pride Rock. He survives this fall, but is attacked and killed by the hyenas that he betrayed.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: The success of "The Lion King "spawned a Broadway musical based on the film, directed by Julie Taymor with a book written by "The Lion King "co-director Roger Allers and screenwriter Irene Mecchi. American actor John Vickery originated the role of Scar. In one scene in the musical, Scar, during the song "The Madness of King Scar", tries to seduce a young adult Nala and make her his queen and mother of his cubs. Nala however, rejects Scar's advances and leaves Pride Rock.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: In the photo-realistic computer animated remake, Scar is described by his voice actor Chiwetel Ejiofor as more "psychologically possessed" and "brutalized" than in the original film. Ejiofor also said that "[Scar and Mufasa's] relationship is completely destroyed and brutalized by Scar's way of thinking. He's possessed with this disease of his own ego and his own want." Among the changes, Scar is stated to have challenged Mufasa in the past and lost (it is implied he got his scar in the fight), and that both brothers courted Sarabi, who chose Mufasa. He is also not allied with the hyenas from the very beginning and has to earn their trust. During his reign, Scar takes a more active role in hunting alongside the pack of hyenas, and is also seen trying to force Sarabi, whom he still lusts for, to become his mate and queen. He restricts every conversation about his deceased brother rather than banning his name. His scar appears black instead of pink as in the original film and his general appearance is strikingly similar to that of an Asiatic lion, having a noticeably thinner mane and lighter physique.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: During the climax, when he attempts to force Simba off Pride Rock, Scar makes the mistake of admitting to remember Mufasa's final moment, which exposes the truth to the lionesses, as he previously claimed that he was very late to rescue him at the gorge. As in the original film, Scar attempts to escape while the hyenas fight the lionesses, but is pursued by Simba to a ledge near the top of Pride Rock. Cornered, Scar begs for mercy and attempts to frame the hyenas for his crimes, denouncing them as "revolting scavengers", unaware that they are listening nearby. Simba refuses to believe Scar's lies, but spares his life on the condition that he leave the Pride Lands forever. Scar refuses and attacks Simba, who throws him off the cliff after a brief fight. Scar survives the fall, but is soon surrounded and attacked by the vengeful hyenas. In a minor change to the original ending, Scar initially fights back against the hyenas, but is quickly overpowered and eaten alive, ending his reign of terror for good.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Scar is portrayed in paintings throughout season 1 of "The Lion Guard" television series, which explains some of his backstory. When Scar was younger—as per tradition to all second born children of the current reigning "Lion King"—he led the Lion Guard who protected The Pride Lands and defended "The Circle of Life" from all enemies before his great-nephew Kion led the Guard. Like Kion, Scar was also gifted with The Roar of the Elders, which causes the lions of the Pride Lands' past to roar with the user. However, the power went to Scar's head and he vainly believed that with this power, he should be the king instead of Mufasa, but when his fellow Lion Guard members refused to aid him in his plan to dethrone Mufasa, Scar furiously destroyed them with the Roar. As a result, Scar lost the Roar forever, as it is only meant to be used for good, not evil.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Scar appears as a fiery spirit in a volcano in season 2 (voiced by David Oyelowo) starting in the one-hour long special "The Rise of Scar", when Kion unknowingly summons him after using the Roar of the Elders in anger when Janja the hyena provokes him. After being summoned, Scar conspires with Janja and the other animals in the Outlands to take over the Pride Lands and defeat the new Lion Guard and Simba, who were initially unaware that Scar had returned.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Later in the season, the Lion Guard finds out that Scar has returned while they are in the Outlands getting volcanic ash needed to cure Simba from a scorpion sting. Upon returning to the Pride Lands, Kion acknowledges to his team that they have a tough fight ahead, but remains confident that they will be able to defeat Scar. Scar’s army begins sacking various locations in the Pride Lands, causing great unrest, until the Lion Guard trains the residents of the Pride Lands into a militia capable of fending off the Outlanders.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: In the hour-long season 3 special "Battle for the Pride Lands", Scar battles the Lion Guard, attempting to burn down Pride Rock, as well as kill Janja and his clan along with them for being tempted to defect to Jasiri’s clan. At the end of the special, Kion defeats Scar by summoning the Great Kings of the Past, to bring punishment onto Scar for his crimes, which results in his destruction, freeing the Pride Lands and the Outlands from his tyranny forever.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: In flashback in "Battle for the Pride Lands", it is revealed that an adolescent Scar met a rogue lion who offered his help in overthrowing Mufasa, but the rogue’s cobra companion bit Scar on the eye (leaving a scar) and poisoned him, which gradually worsened Scar's jealousy and brought out his darker instincts. Scar killed the rogue lion and his cobra, and was given the nickname “Scar” by Mufasa who was claimed to be apathetic to Scar’s plight. Scar then adopted the nickname and began plotting to personally kill his brother. This all motivates Scar to give Kion the same fate, instructing the cobra Ushari to mark Kion in the same manner; much of season 3 revolves around the results of this.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Scar makes a few appearances in "Six New Adventures", a book series that was sequel to the original "Lion King". Most prominently, he is the antagonist in "A Tale of Two Brothers". In the story, Simba breaks a promise to Kopa, his son, and Rafiki warns against this, using Scar's relationship with his own father, Ahadi, as an example why this was wrong. Feeling Mufasa is the favored child, Scar tries to make him look foolish by pitting him against a Buffalo named Boma. However, the plan fails and Scar, then named Taka, comes away with his namesake as a 'mark of shame'.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: The character appears in the 1994 video game "The Lion King." According to AllGame, Scar appears towards the end of video game as Simba finally "must defeat his Uncle Scar" and "stop Scar and reclaim what is rightfully his." Scar plays a similar role in the video game " "(2000); Simba's climactic "battle with Scar concludes the first six levels of the game." According to IGN, the video game features the voices of the film's cast, including Jeremy Irons as Scar. Scar, voiced by James Horan, appears as a non-player character in "Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure "(2003) and "Kingdom Hearts II" as a villain who ultimately transforms into a Heartless as a result of the character's own "hatred and jealousy." Scar is a payable character to unlock for a limited time in "Disney Magic Kingdoms".


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Scar makes a brief cameo in Disney's animated feature film "Hercules" (1997) in the form of a limp lion skin coat worn by Hercules, parodying the Nemean lion. This is also likely a reference to Zazu's remark (in the first film) that Scar would "make a very handsome throw rug" ("And just think: whenever he gets dirty, you can take him out and beat him!"). Scar's supervising animator Andreas Deja also served as the supervising animator of Hercules.


title: Scar (The Lion King)

text: Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics, some of whom praised him as a better character than Simba. Author Peter M. Nichols wrote in his book "New York Times Essential Library: Children's Movies: A Critic's Guide to the Best Films Available on Video and DVD" that Scar "is the most interesting character in the film," describing Simba and Mufasa "bores in comparison." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times "called Scar a "delectably wicked" villain. Maslin went on to praise Irons's voice acting, writing that the actor "slithers through the story in grandiose high style, with a green-eyed malevolence that is one of film's chief delights." Leah Rozen of "People" described Scar as "a flawless realization of Irons's special talent." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" lauded Scar as the film's "best character," jokingly describing him as "Irons' Claus von Bulow with fur." Similarly, ComingSoon.net's Joshua Starnes hailed Scar as "the best part of the film." Praising both Scar and Irons's acting, Starnes continued, "He switches so quickly and easily from campy to deadly its like a showcase for how to do an over-the-top villain right." Concluding that "Villains are often the most memorable characters in a Disney animated film," Roger Ebert described Scar "one of the great ones." James Berardinelli of ReelViews reviewed, "Gone is the buffoonery that has marked the recent trio of Ursula, Gaston, and Jafar," writing, "Scar is a sinister figure, given to acid remarks and cunning villainy." Berardinelli concluded, "The cold-hearted manner in which he causes Mufasa's death lets us know that this is not a lion to be trifled with."