title: Joseph Lister

text: Lister instructed surgeons under his responsibility to wear clean gloves and wash their hands before and after operations with five per cent carbolic acid solutions. Instruments were also washed in the same solution and assistants sprayed the solution in the operating theatre. One of his additional suggestions was to stop using porous natural materials in manufacturing the handles of medical instruments.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Lister left Glasgow University in 1869 and was succeeded by George Husband Baird MacLeod. Lister then returned to Edinburgh as successor to Syme as Professor of Surgery at the University of Edinburgh and continued to develop improved methods of antisepsis and asepsis. Amongst those he worked with there, who helped him and his work, was the senior apothecary and later MD, Alexander Gunn. Lister's fame had spread by then, and audiences of 400 often came to hear him lecture. As the germ theory of disease became more understood, it was realised that infection could be better avoided by preventing bacteria from entering wounds in the first place. This led to the rise of aseptic surgery. On the hundredth anniversary of his death, in 2012, Lister was considered by most in the medical field as "the father of modern surgery".


title: Joseph Lister

text: Although Lister was so roundly honoured in later life, his ideas about the transmission of infection and the use of antiseptics were widely criticised in his early career. In 1869, at the meetings of the British Association at Leeds, Lister's ideas were mocked; and again, in 1873, the medical journal "The Lancet" warned the entire medical profession against his progressive ideas. However, Lister did have some supporters including Marcus Beck, a consultant surgeon at University College Hospital, who not only practiced Lister's antiseptic technique, but included it in the next edition of one of the main surgical textbooks of the time.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Lister's use of carbolic acid proved problematic, and he eventually repudiated it for superior methods. The spray irritated eyes and respiratory tracts, and the soaked bandages were suspected of damaging tissue, so his teachings and methods were not always adopted in their entirety. Because his ideas were based on germ theory, which was in its infancy, their adoption was slow. General criticism of his methods was exacerbated by the fact that he found it hard to express himself adequately in writing, so they seemed complicated, unorganised, and impractical.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In 1870, Lister published "On the Effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment upon the Salubrity of a Surgical Hospital".


title: Joseph Lister

text: On the 14 January 1871, Lister published his first details of "Gauze and Spray" in the British Medical Journal.


title: Joseph Lister

text: On 10 February 1877, Scottish surgeon, Sir William Fergusson Chair of Systematic Surgery at King's College Hospital, died. On 18 February, in reply to a tentative approach from a representative of Kings College, Lister stated that he would be willing to accept the Chair on the proviso that he could radically reform the teaching there. There was no doubt that Lister mission was both evangelical and apostolic and this was his true purpose in moving to London.


title: Joseph Lister

text: British surgeon John Wood was originally next in line and was elected to the chair. Wood was hostile to Lister obtaining the chair. On 8 March 1877, in a private letter to an associate, Lister contrasted their differing teaching methods and stated in no uncertain terms his opinion of Fergusson, "The mere fact of Fergusson having held the clinical chair is surely a matter of no great moment". In a comment to another colleague, Lister stated that his goal in taking the appointment was "the thorough working of the antiseptic system with a view to its diffusion in the Metropolis". At a memorial held by his students to persuade him to remain, Lister criticised London teaching. His impromptu speech was heard by a reporter, that ensured it was published in the London and Edinburgh newspapers. This jeopardised Lister's position, as word reached the governing council at King's College, who awarded the chair to John Wood, a few weeks later.


title: Joseph Lister

text: However, negotiations were renewed in May and he was finally elected on 18 June 1877 to a newly created Chair of Clinical Surgery. The second Clinical Surgery Chair was created specifically for Lister, as the hospital feared the negative publicity that would have resulted had Lister not been elected.


title: Joseph Lister

text: On 11 September 1877, Joseph and Aggie moved to London and the couple found a house at 12 Park Crescent, Regent's Park. Lister began teaching on the first day of October. The hospital made it mandatory that all students should attend Lister's lecturers. Attendance was small compared to the four hundred who would regularly attend his classes in Edinburgh. Lister's conditions of employment were met, but he was only provided with 24 beds, instead of the 60 beds that he was used to in Edinburgh. Lister stipulated that he should be able to bring from Edinburgh four people who would constitute the core of his new staff at the hospital. These were Watson Cheyne who became his assistant surgeon, John Stewart, an anatomical artist and senior assistant, along with W. H. Dobie and James Altham who were Lister's dressers (surgical assistants who dressed wounds). There was considerable friction at Lister's first lecture, both from students who heckled him and staff. Even the nurses were hostile. This was clearly illustrated in October 1877 when a patient, Lizzie Thomas, who travelled from Edinburgh Royal Infirmary to be treated for a Psoas abscess, was not admitted due to not having the correct paperwork. Lister could hardly believe that such a lack of sympathy from imperious nurses could exist. More so, such a state of mind was a real danger to his patients, as it depended on loyal staff to carry out the preparations required for antiseptic surgery.


title: Joseph Lister

text: On 1 October 1877, Lister held the customary introductory address, in essence his inaugural lecture in London, with the subject, "The nature of fermentation". Lister described the fermentation of milk and explained how putrefaction was caused by fermentation of blood and, in the process, tried to prove that all fermentation was due to microorganisms. For his demonstration he used a series of test tubes containing milk that were loosely covered with glass caps. Although air had entered the test tubes and the milk had not decomposed demonstrated that air was responsible for fermentation. The experiment had two conclusions, first that unboiled milk had no tendency to ferment and secondly that an organism that Lister had isolated, Bacterium lactis was the cause of lactic acid fermentation.


title: Joseph Lister

text: The address was badly received. In defence, John Stewart described it as: "...a brilliant and most hopeful beginning of what we regarded as a campaign in the enemy's country... There seemed to be a colossal apathy, an inconceivable indifference to the light which, to our minds, shone so brightly, a monstrous inertia to the force of new ideas."


title: Joseph Lister

text: In October 1877, Lister performed an operation on a patient, Francis Smith, that wasn't considered life-threatening. The open operation on a fractured patella, in front of 200 students, involved wiring the two fragments together and was likely the first case in which a healthy knee-joint was ever opened.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In October 1883, St Clair Thomson gathered together Lister's first seven patients who had knee operations for examination at the Medical Society of London meeting.


title: Joseph Lister

text: He also developed a method of repairing kneecaps with metal wire and improved the technique of mastectomy. He was also known for being the first surgeon to use catgut ligatures, sutures, and rubber drains, and developing an aortic tourniquet. He also introduced a diluted spray of carbolic acid combined with its surgical use, however he abandoned the carbolic acid sprays in the late 1890s after he saw it provided no beneficial change in the outcomes of the surgeries performed with the carbolic acid spray. The only reported reactions were minor symptoms that did not affect the surgical outcome as a whole, like coughing, irritation of the eye, and minor tissue damage among his patients who were exposed to the carbolic acid sprays during the surgery.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In 1869, Mathias Saxtorph from the University of Copenhagen visited Lister in Glasgow to adopt his methods. In July 1870, Saxtorph recognised Listers technique as being effective in a letter to Lister where he stated:


title: Joseph Lister

text: The first use of Lister's method in Germany was by Karl Thiersch in Leipzig in 1867. Thiersch who practiced Lister's approach since its introduction, never published his results but taught Lister's methods to his students. His house surgeon Hermann Georg Joseph, tested it on 16 patients who had abscesses, with favourable results. Joseph wrote a thesis on his results proving the value of the Lister method, which was presented in Leipzig the following year. In January 1870, Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben presented a paper to the Berlin Medical Society that described the results but provided no statistical evaluation of those results.


title: Joseph Lister

text: The adoption of Listerism on the European continent was halted during Franco-Prussian War but it became the greatest opportunity to advance Lister's ideas. At the start of the war, Lister had written a pamphlet known as "A Method of Antiseptic Treatment Applicable To Wounded Soldiers in the Present War" that described a simplified technique of antiseptic that could be used on the battlefield and military hospital. The pamphlet was immediately translated into German, however it never made a material difference.


title: Joseph Lister

text: By far the most important advocate for Lister's antiseptic system in Germany was the surgeon and Osteotomy specialist, Richard von Volkmann (1830–1889) who taught at the University of Halle. In August 1870, he became surgeon-general during the Franco-Prussian War and was responsible for 12 army hospitals and 1442 beds. When he returned to his own hospital in the winter of 1871, he found large numbers of patients with infectious diseases throughout the ward. He wrote of the experience:


title: Joseph Lister

text: In 1872, Volkmann sent his assistant Max Schede (1844–1902) to visit Lister at his clinic, to learn his new techniques. Once Schede returned in the autumn of 1872, Volkmann began to use Lister's new techniques. On 16 Feb 1873, in a letter to Theodor Billroth, Volkmann wrote:


title: Joseph Lister

text: In April 1874, Volkmann presented a lecturer with the title: "About antiseptic occlusive bandages and their influence on the healing process of wounds" where he detailed the influence of Lister. The lecture became famous in Germany, to such an extent that Lister's antiseptics were established in Germany, faster than in any other developed country. At the German Congress of Surgery, the members were so enthused with the results of Lister's work, that they invited him to visit Germany and see first hand the results of his work. Lister decided to accept the invitation of a continental tour.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In the spring of 1875, Lister along with Agnes, his sister-in-law and two nieces left Edinburgh. The group spent several weeks in a tour that began in Cannes in France, visited the several cities in Italy and a finished with a four-day visit to Venice. The first place in Germany that Lister visited was the "Allgemeines Krankenhaus" (general hospital) in Munich, which was run by Nussbaum. A celebratory dinner was held in Munich for Lister, with seventy guests. However, it was in Leipzig where Lister received his most glorious reception. A banquet was held with between three and four-hundred guests present, led by MC Karl Thiersch. Lister then visited Volkmann in Halle before visiting Berlin, where the group was entertained by Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben, who worked at the Charité hospital and was one of the earliest adopters of antiseptics.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In December 1892, Lister attended the celebration in honour of the 70th birthday of Pasteur at the Sorbonne in Paris, The theatre, designed to hold 2500 people was crowded and included the university governing staff, ministers of state, ambassadors, the President of France Sadi Carnot and representatives from the Institut de France. At 10.30am, Pasteur entered beginning the ceremony. Lister, invited to give the address, received a great ovation when he stood up. In his speech he spoke about the debt that he and surgery owned to Pasteur. In a scene that was captured later by Jean-André Rixens, Pasteur strode forward and kissed Lister on both cheeks. In January 1896, Lister was present when Pasteur's body was laid in his tomb at the Pasteur Institute.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In 1893, four days into their spring holiday in Rapallo, Italy, Agnes Lister died from acute pneumonia. While still responsible for the wards at Kings College Hospital, Lister's private practice ceased along with an appetite for experimental work. Social gatherings were severely curtailed. Studying and writing lost appeal for him and he sank into religious melancholy. On 31 July 1895, Lister retired from Kings College Hospital. Lister was presented with a portrait painted by Scottish artist John Henry Lorimer, in a small presentation, held in recognition of the affection and esteem that felt by his colleagues.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Despite suffering a stroke, he still came into the public light from time to time. He had for several years been a Surgeon Extraordinary to Queen Victoria, and from March 1900 was appointed the Serjeant Surgeon to the Queen, thus becoming the senior surgeon in the Medical Household of the Royal Household of the sovereign. After her death the following year, he was re-appointed as such to her successor, King Edward VII.


title: Joseph Lister

text: On 24 June 1902, with a 10-day history of appendicitis with a distinct mass on the right lower quadrant, Edward was operated on by Sir Frederick Treves two days before his scheduled coronation. Like all internal surgery at the time, the appendectomy needed by the King still posed an extremely high risk of death by post-operational infection, and surgeons did not dare operate without consulting Britain's leading surgical authority. Lister obligingly advised them in the latest antiseptic surgical methods (which they followed to the letter), and the King survived, later telling Lister, "I know that if it had not been for you and your work, I wouldn't be sitting here today."


title: Joseph Lister

text: Lord Lister died on 10 February 1912 at his country home at the age of 84. The first part of Lister's funeral was a large public service held at Westminster Abbey, which took place at 1.30pm on 16 February 1912. His body was moved from his house and taken to "The Chapel of St. Faith" and a wreath of orchids and lilies was placed by the German ambassador Count Paul Wolff Metternich on behalf of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. Before the start of the service, Frederick Bridge played the music of Henry Purcell, the "funeral march" by Chopin and Beethoven's "Tres Aequili". The body was then placed on a high catafalque, where his Order of Merit, Prussian Pour le Mérite and Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog were placed. It was then borne by several pallbearers including John William Strutt, Archibald Primrose, Rupert Guinness, Archibald Geikie, Donald MacAlister, Watson Cheyne, Godlee and Francis Mitchell Caird where the catafalque was conveyed to Hampstead Cemetery in London, reaching it at 4pm. Lister's body was then buried in a plot in the south-east corner of central chapel, attended by a small group of his family and friends. Many tributes from learned societies all over the world were published in "The Times" on that day. A memorial service was held in St Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh on the same day. Glasgow University held a memorial service in Bute Hall on 15 February 1912.


title: Joseph Lister

text: A marble medallion of Lister was placed in the north transept of Westminster Abbey, that sits alongside four other noted men of science, Darwin, Stokes, Adams, and Watt.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Following his death, the Lord Lister Memorial Fund was established, a public subscription to raise monies for the public good in honour of Lord Lister. It led to the founding of the Lister Medal, considered the most prestigious prize that can be awarded to a surgeon.


title: Joseph Lister

text: On 26 December 1883, Queen Victoria created Lister a baronet, of Park Crescent in the parish of St Marylebone in the county of Middlesex. In 1885, he was awarded the "Pour le Mérite", the highest Prussian order of merit. The order was restricted to 30 living Germans and as many foreigners. On 8 February 1897, he was further honoured when Her Majesty raised him to the peerage as Baron Lister, of Lyme Regis in the county of Dorset. In the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902 (the original day of King Edward VII's coronation), Lord Lister was appointed a privy counsellor and one of the original members of the new Order of Merit (OM). He received the order from the King on 8 August 1902, and was sworn a member of the Privy Council at Buckingham Palace on 11 August 1902. In December 1902, the King of Denmark bestowed upon Lister the Knight of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog, an Order of chivalry that gave him more pleasure than any of his later honours.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In May 1890, Lister was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh, that included the delivery of a short "oration" or lecture, that was held at the Synod Hall in Edinburgh.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In 1877, Lister was awarded the Cothenius Medal of the German Society of Naturalists. In 1886, he was elected vice president of the college, but declined the nomination for office of president, as he wished to devote his remaining time to further research. In 1887, Lister presented the Bradshaw lecture with a lecture titled "On the Present Position of Antiseptic Treatment in Surgery". In 1897, Lister was awarded the College Gold Medal, their highest honour.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Lister was elected to the Royal Society in 1860. In 1863, Lister presented the Croonian Lecture at the society, "On the Coagulation of the Blood". He served as a trustee on the Royal Society council between 1881 and 1883. Ten years later, in November 1893 Lister was elected for two years, to the position of foreign secretary of the society, succeeding the Scottish geologist Sir Archibald Geikie. In 1895, he was elected president of the Royal Society succeeding Lord Kelvin. He held the position until 1900.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In March 1893, Lister received a telegram from Pasteur, Félix Guyon and Charles Bouchard that informed him he had been elected an associate of the Academie des Sciences.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In 1903, the British Institute of Preventive Medicine was renamed Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine in honour of Lister. The building, along with another adjacent building, forms what is now the Lister Hospital in Chelsea, which opened in 1985. The building at Glasgow Royal Infirmary which houses the cytopathology, microbiology, and pathology departments was named in Lister's honour to recognise his work at the hospital. The Lister Hospital in Stevenage, Hertfordshire is named after him.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Lister's name is one of 23 people featured on the frieze of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine – although the committee which chose the names to include on the frieze did not provide documentation about why certain names were chosen and others were not.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Lister is one of only two surgeons in the United Kingdom who have the honour of having a public monument in London, Lister and John Hunter.


title: Joseph Lister

text: The statue of Lister, created by Thomas Brock in bronze in 1924, stands at the north end of Portland Place. There is a bronze statue of Lister, mounted on a granite base in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow that was sculpted by George Henry Paulin in 1924. It sits next to the statue of Lord Kelvin.


title: Joseph Lister

text: The "Discovery" Expedition of 1901–1904 named the highest point in the Royal Society Range, Antarctica, Mount Lister.


title: Joseph Lister

text: In 1879, Listerine antiseptic (developed as a surgical antiseptic but nowadays best known as a mouthwash) was named by its American inventor, Joseph Lawrence, to honour Lister.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Microorganisms named in his honour include the pathogenic bacterial genus "Listeria" named by J. H. H. Pirie, typified by the food-borne pathogen "Listeria monocytogenes", as well as the slime mould genus "Listerella", first described by in 1906.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Lister is depicted in the Academy Award-winning 1936 film "The Story of Louis Pasteur", by Halliwell Hobbes. In the film, Lister is one of the beleaguered microbiologist's most noted supporters in the otherwise largely hostile medical community, and is the key speaker in the ceremony in his honour.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Two postage stamps were issued in September 1965 to honour Lister on the centenary of his antiseptic surgery at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary of Greenlees, the first ever recorded instance of such treatment.


title: Joseph Lister

text: Two quarto volumes of Lister's collected papers, that were prepared by Sir Hector Charles Cameron, Sir W. Watson Cheyne, Rickman J. Godlee and C. J. Martin, Dawson Williams:


title: Fox 2000 Pictures

text: Fox 2000 Pictures was an American film production company within The Walt Disney Studios. It was a sister studio of the larger film studio 20th Century Fox and Fox Searchlight Pictures specializing in producing independent films in mid-range releases that largely targeted underserved groups. The company dissolved on May 14, 2021 following the release of "The Woman in the Window" on Netflix, and the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company on March 20, 2019. Most films from Fox 2000 were released under the 20th Century Fox banner, and sometimes under Fox Searchlight Pictures.


title: Fox 2000 Pictures

text: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributed markets the films produced by Fox 2000 Pictures in theatrical markets, until his closure in 2021.


title: Fox 2000 Pictures

text: Fox 2000 Pictures had produced over 50 films. Fox 2000's "Life of Pi" was nominated for many awards and did well at the box office. "Marley & Me" was the largest Fox 2000 commercial success with a record for the largest Christmas Day box office ever with $14.75 million in ticket sales. The division's highest-grossing film was "Life of Pi" (2012) with $609 million.


title: Fox 2000 Pictures

text: Fox 2000 Pictures formed as a division of 20th Century Fox in 1994 with Laura Ziskin as president. In May 1997, producer Art Linson moved his Knickerbocker Films banner from 20th Century Fox to Fox 2000 with a three-year, exclusive production agreement.


title: Fox 2000 Pictures

text: In 2000, Ziskin left the division and Elizabeth Gabler was hired to replace her. In February 2012, Gabler renewed her contract as president of Fox 2000.


title: Fox 2000 Pictures

text: Fox 2000 signed Karen Rosenfelt's Sunswept Entertainment to a first-look production deal. In July 2014, the division agreed to a three-year first-look production deal with Color Force, a production partnership of Nina Jacobson and Brad Simpson. The Jackal Group, a Fox Networks Group and Gail Berman partnership, signed a first-look feature film production deal with Fox 2000 for Berman in February 2015.


title: Fox 2000 Pictures

text: On March 20, 2019, The Walt Disney Company acquired a majority of 21st Century Fox, including Fox 2000. Disney originally announced that Fox 2000 would continue operating after the acquisition, which gave Disney 11 film units. However, the next day, "The Hollywood Reporter" reported that Disney would shut down the studio in October 2019 after "The Woman in the Window". "Deadline Hollywood" was surprised as Fox 2000, considering to be ideal for streaming films, was the reason for the 21st Century Fox acquisition. However, Fox Searchlight Pictures is also an indie division leaving little room for Fox 2000. In August 2019, "The Art of Racing in the Rain" became the final theatrical film in the studio. The division shut down on May 14, 2021 after "The Woman in the Window" was delayed twice, first due to re-editing after test screenings and then the COVID-19 pandemic. On August 4, 2020, Disney sold the film to Netflix.


title: Decentraland

text: Decentraland is a 3D virtual world browser-based platform. Users may buy virtual plots of land in the platform as NFTs via the MANA cryptocurrency, which uses the Ethereum blockchain. It was opened to the public in February 2020, and is overseen by the nonprofit "Decentraland" Foundation.


title: Decentraland

text: Designers can create and sell clothes and accessories for the avatars to be used in the virtual world.


title: Decentraland

text: "Decentraland" was created by Argentinians Ari Meilich and Esteban Ordano, and has been in development since 2015. When it launched in 2017, parcels of digital land sold for about $20, and mana tokens sold for $0.02. The game's first map, Genesis City, was made up of 90,601 parcels of land. It raised $26 million in its initial coin offering (ICO) in 2017.


title: Decentraland

text: In April 2021, during a surge in popularity for NFTs, parcels sold for between $6,000 and $100,000. Because of the relatively small pool of mana, the currency is volatile, spiking to as high as $5.79 after events like Facebook's rebrand to Meta.


title: Decentraland

text: In November 2021 a virtual real-estate company purchased a plot of land in decentraland for $2.43 million.


title: Decentraland

text: In late 2021 and early 2022, major brands appeared in Decentraland or bought "properties" in it. These include Samsung, Adidas, Atari, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Miller Lite, and Sotheby's held its first metaverse auction, and in March 2022, Decentraland hosted Metaverse Fashion Week in which major fashion brands appeared, including Dolce & Gabbana, Tommy Hilfiger, Elie Saab, Nicholas Kirkwood, Perry Ellis, Imitation of Christ, and Estée Lauder. Music artists including Deadmau5 and Grimes held concerts in the platform.


title: Decentraland

text: In October 2022 the DappRadar tracking site reported that the Decentraland platform was seeing fewer than 1,000 users performing currency transactions on the site each day, with one particular 24-hour period having only 38 such users. Decentraland later claimed that "active users" were only users that had unique blockchain wallet addresses that interact with its system and that users that didn't have wallet addresses weren't counted. Sam Hamilton, Creative Director at Decentraland, said by their own metrics the platform was used by an average of 8,000 people per day. "The Verge" compared this number unfavorably with the 2009 PC game "Left 4 Dead 2", which had 18,000 active users playing the game at one point during the same month.


title: Decentraland

text: In March 2020, Luke Winkie, writing for "PC Gamer", described the game as "rickety", noting numerous bugs and the game's "brutally long loading times", as well as hard-locks related to the game's cryptocurrency-based authentication process. Winkie described the platform as having a strongly libertarian political bent, saying ""Decentraland" is a truly fascinating concept. It peels back like an onion, revealing a Randian fever-dream built with "Roblox" textures".


title: Decentraland

text: According to Eric Ravenscraft of "Wired", activity on the platform is unclear, with the world mostly empty and with a number of concurrent users of around 1,600 in 2021, a figure that might include inactive users who remain logged on. Ravenscraft wrote that "Decentraland" was buggy with poor moderation. Users have minted NFTs of avatars with slurs in their names and at one point the name "Jew" was for sale for $362,000. Despite the community voting in favor of adding "Hitler" to the banned names list, there were not enough votes for the decentralized autonomous organization's (DAO) smart contract to execute. Ravenscraft also said the game currently feels reminiscent of an early access game.


title: Decentraland

text: In January 2022, a video clip of a rave in "Decentraland" was posted to Twitter by DJ Alex Moss. The clip went viral and was widely mocked on social media. Zack Zwiezen, writing for "Kotaku", unfavorably compared the clip to similar virtual concerts and parties in "AdventureQuest 3D", "Fortnite", "Roblox", and "VR Chat", and described the look of the game itself as similar to “a fictional game that was tossed together in a few hours for an episode of "CSI: Whatever City", in which the investigators are trying to solve a murder that involves some 'new' and 'popular' online world." Prompted by the clip, Jason Koebler of "Vice" investigated other raves held on the platform, and described the experience as mostly empty and plagued by technical bugs.


title: Decentraland

text: In January 2022, Zachariah Kelly writing for "Gizmodo", reviewed a virtual version of Melbourne Park created in "Decentraland" to promote the Australian Open. Kelly praised the 3d models created for the project, as well as the platform's ability to run in a browser, but poor draw distance and other issues made it feel "clunky" and lacking in activity. Kelly was also skeptical of the necessity for blockchain and NFTs. Kelly Revisited "Decentraland"s Australian Open space several days later, to review the closing concert. He said his experience was plagued by technical issues, and that footage of the event taken by others were unfavorably compared to online concerts held on other platforms, such as "Fortnite".


title: Decentraland

text: In April 2022 Business Insider review Lisa Han praised the world's architecture and minigames, though criticized the emptiness of the world and its glitches and technical issues along with the game's removal of a quest log feature and the limitations of user interaction with Decentraland's architecture.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: The Man in the Moon is a 1991 American coming of age drama film. It was the final film directed by Robert Mulligan, from a screenplay written by Jenny Wingfield. It stars Reese Witherspoon in her film debut, Sam Waterston, Tess Harper, Emily Warfield, and Jason London.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: The film’s story, set in rural 1950s Louisiana, centers around Dani (Witherspoon), a 14-year-old tomboy who experiences first love and heartbreak when older boy Court (London) moves next door. The film received critical acclaim, making Roger Ebert’s list of the Top 10 Films of 1991.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: In the summer of 1957, Danielle "Dani" Trant is a 14-year-old girl in Louisiana who, according to her father Matthew, is "too small to be running off by herself." Dani and her older sister Maureen, who is going off to college in the fall, are very close. Maureen helps take care of their younger sister, Missy, while their mother Abigail is pregnant.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: Dani however prefers to listen to her Elvis Presley records and run off to the neighbor's creek to go skinny dipping. It is here that she meets her new neighbor, 17-year-old Court Foster. Court kicks Dani out of his creek. When Dani goes home, her mother tells her to wash up because an old childhood friend is coming for dinner with her children.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: The Trants' old friend turns out to be a widow, Mrs. Foster, with her three sons Court, Dennis, and Rob. When Dani realizes who Court is, the two dislike each other. Court calls Dani "a little girl". When Dani's father Matthew tells Dani to accompany Court into town for groceries, Dani and Court drive into town and start to get along. Dani develops a crush on Court.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: Maureen goes on a date to a dance with her boyfriend Billy Sanders. When they leave the dance, Billy wants to park his car and have sex. Maureen gets angry and breaks up with Billy because she believes "love should be beautiful". The next day, Dani asks Maureen for advice on how to kiss a boy. Maureen demonstrates by practicing on her hand.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: Dani and Court continue to go swimming during the hot sunny days and become very close friends. The two agree to meet to go swimming at night, since Court has too much work to do during the day. Dani sneaks off and swims with Court until they reach the point where they are about to kiss. Court pushes Dani away and says she is a little girl that doesn't know what she's doing, and runs off home.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: Dani leaves too just as a thunderstorm is breaking out. Abigail wakes up and runs outside looking for Dani. Just as Dani gets home and runs to her mother, her mother also runs and trips on a root, falls and hits her head. Dani's father races her to the hospital, where she is kept in order to treat a concussion and toxemia caused by her fall. When her father returns home from the hospital, he spanks Dani with his belt.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: The next day, Court brings food to the Trant house and apologizes to Dani for the other night. Dani, still hurt, just ignores him at first, until Court says he would still like to be friends. The next time they go swimming the two share Dani's first kiss. Dani is still hurt and angry at her father for hitting her. When he tries to talk to her the next day feeling remorseful for using his belt on her, she only replies with "Yes Sir" or "No Sir" to his questions.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: Once Dani has made up with her father, he tells Dani to invite Court over once in a while so he can get to know him better. When Court comes over for dinner, he finally meets Maureen. Dani can tell it is love at first sight for the two of them and now feels like the odd one out. While Dani visits her mother in the hospital, Court shows up at the Trant house where Maureen is home babysitting Missy. Though initially reluctant to return Court’s affections because she knows about Dani’s feelings for Court, Maureen gives in and she and Court kiss.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: Over the next few days, Dani is getting pushed away by Court. While the rest of the family goes to pick up Abigail and the new baby from the hospital, Court and Maureen proclaim their love for each other, consummating their love in a field. When Maureen sneaks back home, she is caught by Dani. Dani realizes Maureen was with Court, and angry at her sister’s betrayal, she runs towards Court’s farm alone. Meanwhile, Court has been plowing the fields and, distracted by daydreams of Maureen, falls off his tractor and gets into an accident. Dani arrives at Court’s, greeted with the sight of Court badly injured in the field cradled by his inconsolable mother. Dani races home to tell her father.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: When Matthew returns home, he has some of Court's blood on his clothes and the family realizes that Court has died. Maureen hides her pain at first, while Dani bursts into tears. After Court's funeral, Dani continues to be angry at Maureen for stealing Court away from her. Matthew tells Dani that although she has a right to be hurt, being mad won't bring Court back, and Maureen will be her sister for life. Dani comforts Maureen as she weeps on Court's fresh grave, and the film ends with Maureen and Dani talking on the porch at night as the summer draws to a close, looking up at the moon, becoming close again.


title: The Man in the Moon

text: "The Man in the Moon" marked the film debut of then 14-year-old Reese Witherspoon. Director Mulligan commented that casting her in the role of Dani was:


title: The Man in the Moon

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 90% based on 20 reviews, with a consensus that reads: "It's sentimental, and some viewers may feel manipulated by the melodramatic final act, but "The Man in the Moon" offers a finely drawn coming-of-age story with an excellent cast—including Reese Witherspoon in her film debut." On Metacritic it has a score of 73% based on reviews from 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Man in the Moon

text: Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" praised the performances of Waterston, Harper, and Strickland. Maslin also wrote, “Mr. Mulligan also gets an outstandingly natural performance out of Miss Witherspoon, who has no trouble carrying a lot of the film single-handedly. It falls to her to remind the audience that this story is at heart about a family, and she does.”


title: The Man in the Moon

text: The film was highly praised by Roger Ebert, who awarded the film four stars in his review and included it at No. 8 in his Top 10 list of the best films of 1991, declaring:


title: The Man in the Moon

text: Later, Mulligan became disenchanted with how the film was edited and cut by airlines, particularly American and Delta Air Lines, for in-flight showings. He became so disturbed by these airline edits to the picture that he insisted that his name be removed from the credits of the film.


title: Van Nuys

text: Van Nuys () is a neighborhood in the central San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California. Home to Van Nuys Airport and the Valley Municipal Building, it is the most populous neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley.


title: Van Nuys

text: In 1909, the Suburban Homes Company – a syndicate led by Hobart Johnstone Whitley, general manager of the board of control, along with Harry Chandler, H. G. Otis, M. H. Sherman and O. F. Brandt – purchased 48,000 acres of the Farming and Milling Company for $2.5 million. Henry E. Huntington extended his Pacific Electric Railway (Red Cars) through the Valley to Owensmouth (now Canoga Park). The Suburban Home Company laid out plans for roads and the towns of Van Nuys, Reseda (Marian) and Canoga Park (Owensmouth). The rural areas were annexed into the city of Los Angeles in 1915.


title: Van Nuys

text: The town was founded in 1911 and named for Isaac Newton Van Nuys, a rancher, entrepreneur and one of its developers. It was annexed by Los Angeles on May 22, 1915, after completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, providing it with the water required for further growth. Van Nuys was the first new stop on the San Fernando Line of the Pacific Electric Railway red cars system, which boosted its early land sales and commercial success. From as far as Alhambra, in 1917, day trips were organized for potential buyers of five-acre farms.


title: Van Nuys

text: Van Nuys became the Valley's satellite Los Angeles municipal civic center with the 1932 Art Deco Valley Municipal Building (Van Nuys City Hall), a visual landmark and Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, starting the present-day Government Center complex of government services buildings.


title: Van Nuys

text: In 1991, Marvin Braude, a member of the Los Angeles City Council, redesignated a 45-block area of Van Nuys as a part of Sherman Oaks. This redesignated area included the community of Magnolia Woods. Some area residents had presented a petition and several original deeds that stated "Sherman Oaks" to Braude. They argued that the area was a part of Sherman Oaks until the 1960s, when ZIP Codes labeling the area as Van Nuys were established.


title: Van Nuys

text: In October 2005, the Metro Orange Line opened with two stations, Van Nuys station (Los Angeles Metro) and Sepulveda station.


title: Van Nuys

text: In 2014, a "Great Streets" project was introduced by Mayor Eric Garcetti with Van Nuys Blvd. to be redesigned between Victory Blvd. and Oxnard Street. Also, Sepulveda Blvd. was resurfaced between Victory Blvd and Oxnard Street in May 2014. A new Los Angeles County family services building was built on the southwest corner of Van Nuys Blvd. and Saticoy Street in 2016.


title: Van Nuys

text: Van Nuys is bordered on the north by North Hills, on the northeast by Panorama City, on the east by Valley Glen, on the south by Sherman Oaks, on the southwest by the Sepulveda Basin, on the west by Lake Balboa, and on the northwest by Northridge. Its street and other boundaries are Roscoe Boulevard on the north, Sepulveda Boulevard, the Tujunga Wash, Woodman Avenue and Hazeltine Avenue on the east, Oxnard Street on the south, the Sepulveda Basin on the southwest and Odessa and Hayvenhurst avenues and Balboa Boulevard on the west.


title: Van Nuys

text: Some former Van Nuys neighborhoods won approval in 2009 by the Los Angeles City Council to break off from Van Nuys and join the neighboring communities of Lake Balboa, Valley Glen, and Sherman Oaks in an effort to raise their property values. City Council member Tony Cardenas "suggested the change was motivated by racism."


title: Van Nuys

text: The 2000 U.S. census counted 136,443 residents in the 8.99-square-mile Van Nuys neighborhood—or 11,542 people per square mile. In 2000, the median age for residents was 28, considered young for city and county neighborhoods, and the percentages of residents aged 10 or younger and 19 to 34 were among the highest in Los Angeles County.


title: Van Nuys

text: The neighborhood was considered "moderately diverse" ethnically within Los Angeles. The breakdown was Hispanics, 60.5%; whites, 23.1%; Asians, 6.4%; blacks, 6%; and others, 4%. Mexico (41.5%) and El Salvador (17.3%) were the most common places of birth for the 49.8% of the residents who were born abroad—a high percentage for Los Angeles. There were 4,917 families headed by single parents or 21.3%, considered high for both the city and the county.


title: Van Nuys

text: The median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $41,134, considered average for the city, but low for the county. The percentages of households that earned $40,000 or less were high for the county. Renters occupied 73.9% of the housing stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 26.1%.


title: Van Nuys

text: Van Nuys Boulevard has a long and diverse commercial district along it, as do other major streets crossing through Van Nuys.


title: Van Nuys

text: There are two Target stores in Van Nuys, one on Sepulveda and Hatteras and another on Raymer and Kester.


title: Van Nuys

text: Van Nuys has two Asian supermarkets, one on Sherman Way and White Oak, and one on Sepulveda and Victory.


title: Van Nuys

text: From December 1947 until August 1992, General Motors operated an automobile factory called Van Nuys Assembly at Van Nuys Boulevard and Arminta Street to augment production efforts at their South Gate Assembly factory, which opened in 1936. The Van Nuys plant manufactured 6.3 million vehicles, including the Chevrolet Impala, Corvair, and later was the primary location for the Nova, Camaro, and Pontiac Firebird. Other models built were the Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Chevelle, the Oldsmobile Omega, and the Pontiac Ventura. Badge engineered versions of the Impala, Nova and Camaro were also manufactured at this location. In October 1989, GM announced that Camaro and Firebird production would be moved to a facility in Sainte-Thérèse. Due to air quality remediation efforts and decreasing market share of GM products, the factory was closed.


title: Van Nuys

text: In 1999, The Plant shopping center opened on the former factory site, anchored by a Home Depot, OfficeMax & 16-screen Mann movie theater multiplex. Through the following years there were additions to The Plant shopping center the following additions were: In-N-Out Burger,7-Eleven, Gap Outlet, Ono Hawaiian BBQ, Starbucks, Party City, and Old Navy.


title: Van Nuys

text: Sound City Studios is a well-respected recording studio in Van Nuys. Van Nuys, along with Chatsworth, is home to numerous pornographic film studios, distributors, and manufacturers.


title: Van Nuys

text: The Los Angeles Fire Department operates Station 39 (Van Nuys), Station 90 Van Nuys Airport Area, Station 100 West Van Nuys, and Station 102 East Van Nuys, serving the community.


title: Van Nuys

text: The Los Angeles Police Department operates the nearby Van Nuys Community Police Station at 6420 Sylmar Avenue, 91401, serving the neighborhood.


title: Van Nuys

text: The United States Postal Service operates the Civic Center Van Nuys Post Office at 6200 Van Nuys Boulevard in Van Nuys (closed and moved outside the Van Nuys civic center to 6531 Van Nuys Blvd, Van Nuys, CA 91401) and the Van Nuys Post Office at 15701 Sherman Way in the Lake Balboa neighborhood in Los Angeles, west of Van Nuys.


title: Van Nuys

text: The California Department of Developmental Services operates the North Los Angeles County Regional Center on Sherman Way west of Sepulveda Boulevard, but they closed that location and moved to a new location on Oakhurst and Plummer in Chatsworth in 2016. The agency serves a large population of developmentally disabled people living in the San Fernando Valley.


title: Van Nuys

text: The Social Security Administration once operated a branch office on Van Nuys Boulevard north of Victory Boulevard in Van Nuys. This location was closed in 2011, and moved to Panorama City on Roscoe Blvd and Van Nuys Blvd.


title: Van Nuys

text: The Van Nuys Recreation Area is in Van Nuys. The area has an auditorium and gymnasium with a capacity of 420 people, and a multipurpose/community room with a capacity of 20–25 people. The area has barbecue pits, lighted baseball diamonds, lighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, a community room, lighted handball courts, an indoor gymnasium with no weights, picnic tables, a lighted soccer field, and lighted tennis courts.


title: Van Nuys

text: Delano Park in Van Nuys has an auditorium, barbecue pits, a lighted baseball diamond, a children's play area, a lighted football field, an indoor gymnasium with no weights, picnic tables, and a lighted soccer field.


title: Van Nuys

text: The Van Nuys adjacent Sepulveda Basin Recreation Area to the west is a large open space park behind Sepulveda Dam. The Metro Orange Line bicycle path connects Van Nuys to it and other valley destinations. It has numerous recreation facilities and natural areas, including a wildlife preserve, cricket complex, and archery range at Woodley Park.


title: Van Nuys

text: The Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Park is in Sherman Oaks, near Van Nuys. The park has an auditorium, two lighted baseball diamonds, six unlighted baseball diamonds, lighted indoor basketball courts, lighted outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, a 60-person community room, a lighted football field, an indoor gymnasium without weights, picnic tables, a lighted soccer field, and lighted tennis courts. Located in the same place as the park, the Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Pool is a seasonal outdoor heated swimming pool.


title: Van Nuys

text: The Van Nuys Sherman Oaks Senior Citizen Center (a.k.a. Bernardi Center), also on the park grounds, has an auditorium and multi-purpose room. The senior community hall also has two community/meeting rooms, two kitchens, a play area, a shuffle board area, a stage, and two storage rooms.


title: Van Nuys

text: Fifteen percent of Van Nuys residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree by 2000, an average figure for both the city and the county, but the percentage of the same-age residents who had less than a high school diploma (43.1%) was high for Los Angeles.


title: Van Nuys

text: Van Nuys Middle School was in the Van Nuys community until 1991 when its area was moved into Sherman Oaks. The school continued to use the name "Van Nuys" despite the move.


title: Van Nuys

text: Van Nuys Airport, the 25th busiest airport in the United States, and among the 20 busiest airports in the world by aircraft movements, is located in Van Nuys.


title: Van Nuys

text: The community includes a terminal for the Van Nuys FlyAway Bus service, which travels from Van Nuys to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).


title: Van Nuys

text: Van Nuys has two Metro G Line stations: the Van Nuys (Los Angeles Metro station) and the Sepulveda (Los Angeles Metro station) which will be rebuilt on elevated bridges by 2024. The G Line connects to the Metro B Line subway at the North Hollywood (Los Angeles Metro station), for access to Hollywood, Downtown Los Angeles, and other Los Angeles Metro lines. The Metro Busway also uses the Van Nuys station. All stations, and the neighborhood's major streets, are served by Metro Local, Metro Rapid, and/or other bus lines and systems. The Metro G Line bicycle path and pedestrian walkway runs in a landscaped zone alongside the entire route, to Pierce College, Canoga Park, and the Chatsworth Station on the west, and North Hollywood on the east.


title: Van Nuys

text: The area also has Amtrak and Metrolink service at Van Nuys station. It is served by the Amtrak Pacific Surfliner and Coast Starlight, and the Metrolink Ventura County Line.


title: Van Nuys

text: Van Nuys Boulevard is planned to host the East San Fernando Light Rail line by 2027 with construction starting in 2021.


title: Van Nuys

text: Other nearby freeways include the Route 101 (Ventura Freeway), the Route 170 (Hollywood Freeway), the Route 118 (Simi Valley Freeway), and the Golden State Freeway section of Interstate 5.


title: Van Nuys

text: Valley Presbyterian Hospital is a 350-bed hospital at 15107 Vanowen St, Van Nuys, Los Angeles, CA 91405. It was founded in 1958 and initially designed by architect William Pereira. It has 350 beds, as well as an emergency room which can handle pediatric patients. Also in Van Nuys is the Southern California Hospital, at 14433 Emelita St, which is a psychiatric facility that provides no emergency services. The nearest Kaiser Permanente hospital to Van Nuys is Kaiser Panorama City Medical Center.


title: Michael Dante DiMartino

text: Michael Dante DiMartino (born July 18, 1974) is an American animator, producer, writer, and director. He is best known, together with Bryan Konietzko, as the co-creator of the animated TV series "" and "The Legend of Korra", both on Nickelodeon.


title: Michael Dante DiMartino

text: Before "Avatar", DiMartino worked for twelve years at Film Roman, helping to direct "King of the Hill", "Family Guy" and "Mission Hill", in addition to his own animated short, "Atomic Love", which was screened at a number of high-profile film festivals. The dedication to his father's memory can be seen in the penultimate episode of "Avatar: The Last Airbender". In a 2010 interview the president of Nickelodeon, Cyma Zarghami, confirmed that DiMartino and Konietzko were developing a new series for the network, called "The Legend of Korra". The series premiered on April 14, 2012, running 12 episodes for the first book "Air" and 14 for the second book "Spirits", which premiered on September 13, 2013, to 2.60 million viewers in the U.S., then the third book "Change" and the fourth and final book "Balance" of 13 episodes each.


title: Michael Dante DiMartino

text: On October 4, 2016, DiMartino released a new original novel, "Rebel Genius". The story features a 12-year-old protagonist, Giacomo, who discovers he has a magical 'Genius,' the living embodiment of an artist's creative spirit, in a world where artistic expression is outlawed.


title: Michael Dante DiMartino

text: In September 2018, it was announced that Konietzko and DiMartino would serve as executive producers and showrunners for Netflix's upcoming live-action adaptation series of "Avatar: The Last Airbender". On August 12, 2020, Konietzko and DiMartino revealed on social media that they've both departed the show, due to creative differences with the Netflix team.


title: Michael Dante DiMartino

text: In February 2021, ViacomCBS (the parent company of Nickelodeon) announced its formation of Avatar Studios, a division of Nickelodeon centered on developing newer animated series and movies set in the same universe as "Avatar: The Last Airbender" and "The Legend of Korra" with both DiMartino and Konietzko helming the studio as co-chief creative officers reporting to Nickelodeon Animation Studio president, Ramsey Ann Naito. Its first project will be an animated theatrical film which is set to start production later the same year.


title: Michael Dante DiMartino

text: DiMartino was born in Shelburne, Vermont. He studied at the Rhode Island School of Design with Bryan Konietzko, with whom he created "Avatar".


title: Black and Blue

text: Black and Blue is the 13th British and 15th American studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on 23 April 1976 by Rolling Stones Records.


title: Black and Blue

text: This album was the first recorded after former guitarist Mick Taylor quit in December 1974. As he had done the previous time the Stones were between second guitarists in 1968, Keith Richards recorded the bulk of the guitar parts himself, though the album recording sessions also served as an audition for Taylor's replacement. Richards said of the album that it was used for "rehearsing guitar players, that's what that one was about." Numerous guitarists showed up to auditions; those who appeared on the album were Wayne Perkins, Harvey Mandel, and Ronnie Wood. Wood had previously contributed to the title track from the "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" album, and became a temporary touring member of the Stones in 1975 and official member in 1976. The Stones rhythm section of bassist Bill Wyman and drummer Charlie Watts appear on nearly all tracks, and frequent collaborators Nicky Hopkins and Billy Preston play keyboards on most of the album, with percussionist Ollie E. Brown also appearing on about half of the tracks. The album was the second to be self-produced, credited to "The Glimmer Twins", a pseudonym used by Jagger and Richards for their roles as producers.


title: Black and Blue

text: "Black and Blue" showed the band blending its traditional rock and roll style with heavy influences from reggae and funk music. Only one single from the album, "Fool to Cry", had any significant chart success, and reception to the album was mixed. The album received a few positive reviews at the time of release, though many reviewers found it mostly forgettable, and tended to rank it very low compared to prior Stones releases. Retrospective reviews from more recent publications such as AllMusic have been kinder to the album, with critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine stating that the album's "being longer on grooves and jams than songs" ended up being "what's good about it".


title: Black and Blue

text: The Rolling Stones returned to Munich, Germany, in December 1974—where they had recorded their previous album "It's Only Rock 'n' Roll"—and began the recording of their new album at Musicland Studios, with Mick Jagger and Keith Richards (as the Glimmer Twins) producing again. With a view to releasing it in time for a summer 1975 Tour of the Americas, the band broke for the holidays and returned in January in Rotterdam, Netherlands, to continue working—all the while auditioning new guitarists as they recorded. Among the hopefuls were Steve Marriott, Harvey Mandel, Wayne Perkins, Peter Frampton, and Ronnie Wood (although only Mandel, Perkins and Wood's guitar work would appear on the finished album). Guitar heroes Rory Gallagher and Jeff Beck both went over for a jam with the band "just to see what was going on," but both declined interest in joining the group, happy with their solo careers. Jeff Beck stated that, "in two hours I got to play three chords – I need a little more energy than that." Beck's jamming with the Stones remains unreleased to date, but is available on bootleg recordings. With much work to follow, it was decided to delay the album for the following year and release the "Made in the Shade" compilation instead. "Cherry Oh Baby" (which was a cover version of Eric Donaldson's 1971 reggae song) would be the only song from the upcoming album sporadically played on the 1975 "Tour of the Americas".


title: Black and Blue

text: Following the conclusion of the tour, the band went to Montreux, Switzerland, in October for some overdub work, returning to Musicland Studios in Munich in December to perform similar work. After some final touch-ups, "Black and Blue" was completed in New York City in February 1976. That month the Stones flew to Sanibel Island Beach on Sanibel Island, Florida, to be photographed by fashion photographer Hiro for the album cover art.


title: Black and Blue

text: Stylistically, "Black and Blue" embraces hard rock with "Hand of Fate" (solo by Wayne Perkins) and "Crazy Mama"; funk with "Hot Stuff" (solo by Harve Mandel); reggae with their cover of "Cherry Oh Baby"; and blues with "Melody," featuring the talents of Billy Preston – a heavy contributor to the album. Musical and thematic styles were merged on the seven-minute "Memory Motel," with both Jagger and Richards contributing lead vocals to a love song embedded within a life-on-the-road tale.


title: Black and Blue

text: While all the album's songs except "Cherry Oh Baby" were officially credited to Jagger/Richards as authors, the credit for "Hey Negrita" specifies "Inspiration by Ron Wood" and "Melody" lists "Inspiration by Billy Preston". Bill Wyman would later release a version of "Melody" with his Rhythm Kings, crediting Preston as author. "Melody" is based on "Do You Love Me" by Billy Preston and Bruce Fisher, from Preston's 1973 album Everybody Likes Some Kind of Music.


title: Black and Blue

text: Two extra tracks recorded in the Rotterdam sessions were later released on 1981's "Tattoo You": "Slave" and "Worried About You" (guitar solo by Wayne Perkins).


title: Black and Blue

text: Released in April 1976 — with "Fool to Cry", a worldwide top 10 hit, as its lead single — "Black and Blue" reached No. 2 in the UK and spent an interrupted four-week spell at number 1 in the United States, going platinum there.


title: Black and Blue

text: The album was promoted with a controversial billboard on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood that depicted the model Anita Russell, bound by Jagger under the phrase "I'm "Black and Blue" from the Rolling Stones – and I love it!" The billboard was removed after protests by the feminist group Women Against Violence Against Women, although it earned the band widespread press coverage.


title: Black and Blue

text: Critical view was polarised. Lester Bangs wrote in "Creem" that "the heat's off, because it's all over, they really don't matter anymore or stand for anything [...] this is the first meaningless Rolling Stones album, and thank God". However, Robert Christgau gave the album an A−, commending the band for taking risks. Christgau singled out "Hot Stuff" and "Fool to Cry" for particular praise before concluding: "diagnosis: not dead by a long shot".


title: Black and Blue

text: In 1994, "Black and Blue" was remastered and reissued by Virgin Records, again in 2009 by Universal Music, and once more in 2011 by Universal Music Enterprises in a Japanese-only SHM-SACD version. The 1994 remaster was initially released in a Collector's Edition CD, which replicated in miniature many elements of the original gatefold album packaging.


title: Black Speech

text: The Black Speech is one of the fictional languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien for his legendarium, where it was spoken in the evil realm of Mordor. In the fiction, Tolkien describes the language as created by Sauron as a constructed language to be the sole language of all the servants of Mordor.


title: Black Speech

text: Little is known of the Black Speech except the inscription on the One Ring. Scholars note that Tolkien constructed this to be plausible linguistically, and to sound rough and harsh. The scholar Alexandre Nemirovski, on linguistic evidence, has proposed that Tolkien based it on the ancient Hurrian language, which like the Black Speech was both agglutinative and ergative.


title: Black Speech

text: The Black Speech is one of the more fragmentary languages in "The Lord of the Rings". Unlike his extensive work on the Elvish languages, Tolkien did not write songs or poems in the Black Speech, apart from the One Ring inscription. He stated that:


title: Black Speech

text: Tolkien's attitude to the Black Speech is revealed in one of his letters. From a fan, Tolkien received a goblet with the Ring inscription on it in Black Speech. Because the Black Speech in general is an accursed language, and the Ring inscription in particular is a vile spell, Tolkien never drank out of the goblet, and used it only as an ashtray.


title: Black Speech

text: The linguist and Tolkien scholar Carl F. Hostetter wrote that the Dark Lord Sauron created the Black Speech "in a perverse antiparallel of Aulë's creation of Khuzdul for the Dwarves". Sauron attempted to impose Black Speech as the official language of the lands he dominated and all his servants, but in this he was only partially successful. Black Speech influenced the Orcs' vocabulary, but soon developed into many Orkish dialects, which were not mutually intelligible. By the end of the Third Age, Orcs mostly communicated using a debased Westron. Tolkien described one Orc's utterances as being in "the Common Speech, which he made almost as hideous as his own tongue".


title: Black Speech

text: The language was used "only in Mordor", Tolkien stated, and it was "never used willingly by any other people"; for this reason, "even the names of places in Mordor are in English", representing Westron.


title: Black Speech

text: The only text of "pure" Black Speech is the inscription upon the One Ring. It is written in the Elvish Tengwar script, with flourishes:


title: Black Speech

text: The couplet is from the Rhyme of the Rings, a verse describing the Rings of Power. This corresponds to the following table as explained by Tolkien.


title: Black Speech

text: The Black Speech was by Tolkien's real intention, and Sauron's fictional one also, a harshly guttural language "with such sounds as sh, gh, zg; indeed," wrote Hostetter, "establishing this effect, as well as the bits of grammar needed to lend the Ring-inscription linguistic verisimilitude, seems to have been about the extent of Tolkien's work on this language." David Ashford, in the "Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts", observes that uniquely among Tolkien's languages, the Black Speech is explicitly a constructed language devised as unpleasant by Sauron for his Orcs, and described by Tolkien as


title: Black Speech

text: Linguists including Ashford and Helge Fauskanger comment that this is Tolkien's subjective view, as it is difficult to identify which sounds might have been experienced as hideous. Fauskanger suggests that the Elves did not like the uvular "r" employed by the Orcs. The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey writes that the word "durbatulûk", "to rule them all", embodied Tolkien's view that sound and meaning went together, commenting that


title: Black Speech

text: A few Black Speech words are given in Appendix F of "The Return of the King". These include "Lugbúrz", meaning "Dark Tower" (Barad-dûr), "snaga", "slave", and "ghâsh", "fire". The name Nazgûl is a combination of "nazg" meaning "ring" and "gûl" meaning "wraith(s)", hence "ringwraith".


title: Black Speech

text: The only known sample of debased Black Speech/Orkish is in "The Two Towers", where a "yellow-fanged" Mordor Orc curses the Isengard Uruk Uglúk:


title: Black Speech

text: In "The Peoples of Middle-earth", Christopher Tolkien gives the translation: "Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth; the great Saruman-fool, skai!". However, in a note published in the journal "Vinyar Tengwar", it is translated: "Uglúk to the dung-pit with stinking Saruman-filth, pig-guts, gah!"


title: Black Speech

text: For Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, the linguist David Salo used what little is known of the Black Speech to invent two phrases:


title: Black Speech

text: The word "burzum-ishi" ('in darkness') is taken from the Ring Verse, and three other abstract nouns are invented with the same ending "–um". The word "ashi", meaning 'only', is taken from "ash" ('one') in the Ring Verse. The other words were made up by Salo.


title: Black Speech

text: The Swedish linguist Nils-Lennart Johannesson compared the Black Speech with Tolkien's two major Elvish languages, Quenya and Sindarin in terms of phonology and syllable structure. He found that there were more sonorant sounds and more open syllables in Elvish than in either English or Black Speech. He stated that these consistent differences were "sufficiently prominent" to make Elvish sound "pleasant and harmonious", whereas Black Speech sounded "harsh and strident".


title: Black Speech

text: M. G. Meile, labelling the Black Speech as "Sauron's Newspeak" by analogy with George Orwell's dystopian language, noted that it was "doubly artificial": where the Elvish languages were Tolkien's invention, the Black Speech was also supposedly an invention in his invented Middle-earth, since it had been created by the Dark Lord Sauron as an "evil Esperanto" for his slaves. He stated that as the only language of this type in Middle-earth, this made the Black Speech more important than it would appear from the few words Tolkien defined for it. Further, Tolkien wrote that it was made in mockery of Quenya, in other words that it was an evil language shadowing "the linguistic embodiment of good", and indeed, Meile wrote, it had many correspondences with Quenya. For instance, the word for Orcs, the monsters made in mockery of the Elves, is Quenya "urco, orco", which becomes Black Speech "Uruk".


title: Black Speech

text: The linguist Joanna Podhorodecka examines the "lámatyáve", a Quenya term for "phonetic fitness", of Tolkien's constructed languages. She analyses them in terms of 's theory of symbolic vocal gestures that convey emotions. She notes that Tolkien's inspiration was "primarily linguistic"; and that he had invented the stories "to provide a world for the languages", which in turn were "agreeable to [his] personal aesthetic". She compares two samples of Elvish (one Sindarin, one Quenya) and one of Black Speech, tabulating the proportions of vowels and consonants. The Black Speech is 63% consonants, compared to the Elvish samples' 52% and 55%. Among other features, front vowel sounds like (like the "i" in "machine") are much rarer in Black Speech than in Elvish, while back vowel sounds like (like the "u" in "brute") are much more common. Podhorodecka therefore comments that the phonology of Black Speech is similar to speech affected by aggressive emotions, which has a higher proportion of consonants (especially plosives) to vowels. She concludes that Tolkien's constructed languages were certainly individual to him, but that their "linguistic patterns resulted from his keen sense of phonetic metaphor", so that the languages subtly contribute to the "aesthetic and axiological aspects of his mythology".


title: Black Speech

text: The Russian historian Alexandre Nemirovski claimed a strong similarity to the extinct Hurrian language of northern Mesopotamia, which had recently been partially deciphered at the time of the writing of "The Lord of the Rings", E. A. Speiser's "Introduction to Hurrian" appearing in 1941. Fauskanger corresponded with Nemirovski, and notes that Nemirovski argued that Tolkien designed Black Speech "after some acquaintance with Hurrian-Urartian language(s)." The evidence that Nemirovski presented for this is entirely linguistic, based on similarities of the elements of the agglutinative forms of Black Speech; Hurrian was similarly agglutinative.


title: Black Speech

text: Ashford writes that the Black Speech is at once agglutinative and ergative, "something of a rarity even now". Further, he notes, in the 1940s ergativity was a recent linguistic discovery, so that Tolkien was making use of the newest research in his favourite field. In Ashford's view, given the "striking parallels" in both syntax and morphology, the "mysterious history", and the "topical interest" of Hurrian at that time, the case for a Hurrian connection is persuasive.


title: Black Speech

text: Tolkien stated that when coining the Black Speech word "nazg", he might have been influenced by the Irish Gaelic word for "ring", "nasc" (Scottish "nasg"). He denied that "nazg" had any connection to Old English.


title: Black Speech

text: Mark Mandel, writing in the "Tolkien Journal" in 1965, wrote that "-ishi" is "a postposition of location, or (to borrow a term from Finnish grammar) an inessive suffix."


title: Eliza Bennett

text: Eliza Bennett (born 17 March 1992) is an English actress and singer. Her most notable roles have been those of Meggie Folchart in the film "Inkheart", Tora in the film "Nanny McPhee", Susan in "From Time to Time" and Holly Manson in the West End musical "Loserville". Bennett starred on the MTV black comedy series "Sweet/Vicious" as Jules Thomas. In 2021, Bennett began playing Amanda Carrington in the CW series "Dynasty".


title: Eliza Bennett

text: Bennett was born and grew up in Reading, Berkshire with her older brother and sister and attended Leighton Park School.


title: Eliza Bennett

text: Bennett landed her first role as Jemima in "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" at the London Palladium in 2002 aged nine. She got her first film role playing Princess Arabella in 2004's "The Prince & Me". In 2005 Bennett landed one of her biggest film roles, playing Tora in "Nanny McPhee".


title: Eliza Bennett

text: In 2005, she played Hayley in the TV movie "Supernova", Young Anne in the 2006 film "Victims", Emily in "The Contractor" with Wesley Snipes and television work as Nora in the "Agatha Christie's Marple" episode "By the Pricking of My Thumbs".


title: Eliza Bennett

text: In 2006, Bennett played the role of Meggie Folchart in the film "Inkheart", based on the novel by Cornelia Funke. In 2009, she went on to land the role of Susan in Julian Fellowes' film "From Time to Time".


title: Eliza Bennett

text: In 2010, Bennett played the role of Kate Anderson in Johannes Roberts' thriller film "F", and appeared in "Roadkill" in 2011. In 2012, she portrayed the psychopathic character of Kayleigh in the thriller film "Confine"; a role for which she received a best supporting actress nomination at the Wild Rose Independent Film Festival, eventually receiving a distinctive achievement award. and also winning Best Actress Award for Confine at CYIFF 2013


title: Eliza Bennett

text: In 2012 she played the role of Kayleigh in the film "Confine", Alex/Brittany in the 2015 film "H8RZ" and Agathe Von Trapp in the 2015 film "".


title: Eliza Bennett

text: From 2016 to 2017, Bennett starred as Jules Thomas in "Sweet/Vicious". In 2021, she began playing Amanda Carrington in the CW series "Dynasty".


title: Eliza Bennett

text: Bennett performed a song for "Inkheart" soundtrack, called "My Declaration", originally written and performed by Tom Baxter.


title: Eliza Bennett

text: In 2012, Bennett went back to musical theatre when she was cast as Holly in the West End musical "Loserville". This was first performed at the West Yorkshire Playhouse in Leeds, before getting a West End transfer to the Garrick Theatre in 2012.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior (, ), also known in the United States as Ong-Bak: The Thai Warrior is a 2003 Thai martial arts film directed by Prachya Pinkaew, featured stunt choreography by Panna Rittikrai and starring Tony Jaa. "Ong-Bak" proved to be Jaa's breakout film, with the actor hailed internationally as the next major martial arts star. Jaa went on to star in "Tom-Yum-Goong" (called "The Protector" in the US and "Warrior King" in the UK) and directed and starred in two prequels to "Ong-Bak": "Ong-Bak 2" and "Ong-Bak 3".


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: In the village of Ban Nong Pradu in rural northeastern Thailand lies an ancient Buddha statue named Ong-Bak. The village falls in despair after thieves from Bangkok decapitate the statue and take the head with them. Ting, a villager extremely skilled in Muay Thai, volunteers to travel to Bangkok to recover the stolen head of Ong-Bak. His only lead is Don, a drug dealer who attempted to buy an amulet in Nong Pradu one day earlier.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: Upon arriving in Bangkok with a bagful of money donated by his village, Ting meets up with his cousin Humlae, who has dyed his hair blond and begun calling himself "George". Humlae and his friend Muay Lek are street-bike racing hustlers who make a living out of conning yaba dealers. Reluctant to help Ting, Humlae steals Ting's money and bets all of it in an underground fighting tournament at a bar on Khaosan Road. Ting tracks down Humlae and gets his money back after stunning the crowd by knocking out the champion in the ring with one kick. His extraordinary skill grabs the attention of Komtuan, a grey-haired crime lord who uses a wheelchair and needs an electrolarynx to speak. It is discovered that Don had stolen Ong-Bak's head to sell to Komtuan, who sees no value in it and orders him to dispose of it.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: The next day, Humlae and Muay Lek are chased all over town by drug dealer Peng and his gang after a botched baccarat game scam at an illegal street gambling booth. Ting fights off most of the thugs and helps Humlae and Muay Lek escape in exchange for helping him find Don. They return to the bar, where Ting wins the respect of the crowd after defeating three opponents consecutively. The trio find Don's hideout, triggering a lengthy tuk-tuk chase. The chase ends at a port in the Chao Phraya River, where Ting discovers Komtuan's cache of stolen Buddha statues submerged underwater.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: After the statues are recovered by local police, Komtuan sends his thugs to kidnap Muay Lek and tells Humlae to ask Ting to fight his bodyguard Saming near the Thai-Burmese border in exchange for Muay Lek and the Ong-Bak head. Ting is forced to throw the match against the drug-enhanced Saming, and Humlae throws in the towel. After the fight, Komtuan reneges on his promise to release Muay Lek and return the head, and he orders his henchmen to kill the trio. Ting and Humlae subdue the thugs and head to a mountain cave, where Komtuan's men are decapitating a giant Buddha statue. Ting defeats the remaining thugs and Saming, but is shot by Komtuan. Before the crime lord attempts to destroy the Ong-Bak head with a sledgehammer, Humlae jumps to protect it, taking the brunt of the hammer blows. The giant Buddha statue head suddenly falls, crushing Komtuan to death and critically injuring Humlae. Humlae gives Ting the Ong-Bak head, and with his dying breath, asks him to look after Muay Lek and make sure she graduates from college.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: The head of Ong-Bak is restored in Ban Nong Pradu. Humlae's ashes, carried by an ordained monk, arrives into the village in a procession on an elephant's back while the villagers and Muay Lek celebrate the return of Ong Bak's head.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: "Ong-Bak" introduced international audiences to a traditional form of muay Thai (or Muay Boran, an ancient muay Thai style), a kickboxing style that is known for violent strikes with fists, feet, shins, elbows, and knees. The fights were choreographed by Panna Rittikrai, who was also Tony Jaa's mentor and a veteran director of B-movie action films.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: Jaa, who was trained in Muay Thai since childhood, wanted to make the film in order to bring Muay Thai to the mainstream. He and Panna struggled to raise money to produce a demo reel to drum up interest for the making of the film. Their first reel was made on expired film stock, so they had to raise more money and start over.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: During the foot chase through the alleys, there is writing on a shop house door that reads "Hi Speilberg, let do it together" [sic]. This refers to the director's desire to someday work with Steven Spielberg. During the tuk-tuk chase, a pillar on the left side of the screen reads: "Hi, Luc Besson, we are waiting for you." The French producer-director's company, EuropaCorp, would go on to purchase the international distribution rights to the film.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: After "Ong-Bak" became a hit in Thailand, sales rights for outside Asia were purchased by Luc Besson's EuropaCorp, which in turn re-edited the film. Most of the subplot involving Muay Lek's sister, Ngek, was removed, and the final showdown between Ting and Saming was shortened. EuropaCorp also re-scored the soundtrack with some hip-hop sounds, replacing the Thai rock score; this is this version that has been made available in the United States and most of the Western world.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: For the United Kingdom release, the soundtrack was scored yet again; this time with an orchestral score, but the film was left uncut with the subplot of Ngek.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: The Hong Kong cut of the film's theatrical release omits a "bone breaking" sequence toward the end, where George's arm is snapped and Ting in turn snaps the leg of a bad guy. DVD releases in Hong Kong have the scene restored.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: An alternative ending offered on the Thai, U.S., Australian, and UK DVD releases has Humlae surviving. He is seen at the end bandaged up, limping, with his arm broken, supported by his parents. Prachya Pinkaew stated in an interview that although there was debate, they ultimately decided it would be appropriate for him to make a meaningful sacrifice for the village.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: "Ong-Bak: The Thai Warrior" was released in the U.S. on DVD by Magnolia Pictures on August 30, 2005 and on Blu-ray Disc by 20th Century Fox on February 2, 2010.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: "Ong-Bak" premiered as the closing film of the 2003 Bangkok International Film Festival, and then opened in a wide release in Thailand cinemas in February 2003. On February 11, 2005, the film was released in North America in 387 theatres under the title "Ong-Bak: The Thai Warrior". In its opening weekend, it grossed US$1,334,869 ($3,449 per screen), on its way to a US total of $4,563,167.


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: The film was lauded for its action, in particular the fight scenes, which are emphasized over its storyline or characters. Its onrush of chase scenes, hand-to-hand combat and acrobatics,


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: The fight choreography drew notice for its quality, the inventiveness of the moves and lack of CGI and wire-fu. The film holds an 85% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 109 reviews, with the consensus being: "While "Ong-Bak: The Thai Warrior" may be no great shakes as a movie, critics are hailing the emergence of a new star in Tony Jaa, whose athletic performance is drawing comparisons with Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, and Jet Li.". On Metacritic it has a score of 69% based on reviews from 28 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: Combat sports and striking analyst Jack Slack stated that "Ong-Bak" "is perhaps the finest martial arts movie of this generation".


title: Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior

text: After "Ong-Bak" became a huge worldwide hit, Jaa's name was attached to many projects. He went on to act in a small role in the Petchtai Wongkamlao vehicle, "The Bodyguard" (co-directed by Panna Rittikrai), and then starred in the much-anticipated "Tom-Yum-Goong" in 2005. In March 2006, it was announced that filming for "Ong Bak 2" would start that fall and the film would be a prequel to the original. The film was eventually released in December 2008, with Jaa debuting as director.


title: Debra Hill

text: Debra Hill (November 10, 1950 – March 7, 2005) was an American film producer and screenwriter, best known for producing various works of John Carpenter.


title: Debra Hill

text: She also co-wrote four of his films: "Halloween", "The Fog", "Escape from New York" and "Escape from L.A." They also wrote and produced "Halloween II" together.


title: Debra Hill

text: Hill was born in Haddonfield, New Jersey, and grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1975, she started as a production assistant on adventure documentaries and progressed through jobs as a script supervisor, assistant director and second unit director. Hill first worked with John Carpenter in 1975, as the script supervisor and assistant editor of "Assault on Precinct 13". This led not only to further professional collaborations between Hill and Carpenter, but also marked the beginning of their personal relationship.


title: Debra Hill

text: In 1978, she and director Carpenter co-wrote the horror movie "Halloween". Following its success, Hill and Carpenter worked together on "Halloween II" (1981) and "" (1982). Their other credits together include: "The Fog" (1980), "Escape from New York" (1981) and its sequel, "Escape from L.A." (1996). In 1986, Hill formed an independent production company with her friend Lynda Obst. Together, they produced "Adventures in Babysitting", "Heartbreak Hotel", and "The Fisher King". In 1988, she entered a contract with Walt Disney Pictures under which she produced "Gross Anatomy", short films for the Walt Disney theme park, and an NBC special for Disneyland's 35th anniversary. She also produced "The Dead Zone" (1983), "Head Office" (1985), and "Clue" (1985).


title: Debra Hill

text: She was honored by Women in Film in 2003 with the Crystal Award. She recalled the transition from being called "sweetheart" and "darling" in her early years as a producer to the respectful "ma'am" many years later on the DVD commentary for "Escape From New York" with production designer Joe Alves.


title: Debra Hill

text: Hill helped support talent in the film industry, and a number of Hill's associates went on to later success in film. For example, James Cameron, the filmmaker, once worked for Hill in the visual effects department. Jeffrey Chernov was Hill's second assistant director and went on to become an executive producer of "Black Panther".


title: Debra Hill

text: Friends and colleagues commented that Hill became frustrated with the film industry in that the industry did not welcome more women as directors. Even with the lack of support, Hill persisted with her work.


title: Debra Hill

text: Hill was diagnosed with colon cancer in February 2004. Despite her diagnosis and eventual amputation of her legs, Hill continued to work on several projects. She worked with John Carpenter and actor Kurt Russell on a comic adaptation of the Snake Plissken character, as well as a proposed Snake Plissken video game.


title: Debra Hill

text: In 2005, Hill reunited with Carpenter to produce the remake of "The Fog" and was working on the Oliver Stone film "World Trade Center" when she died of cancer on March 7, 2005. After her death, Carpenter told the Associated Press that working with Hill was "one of the greatest experiences of my life – she had a passion for not just movies about women or women's ideas but films for everybody".


title: Bug Hall

text: Brandon "Bug" Hall (born February 4, 1985) is an American actor. He is best known for his childhood roles as Alfalfa Switzer in "The Little Rascals" (1994), Newt Shaw in "The Big Green" (1995), and Buster Stupid in "The Stupids" (1996).


title: Bug Hall

text: Brandon Hall, nicknamed "Bug" by his family, was born in Fort Worth, Texas, on February 4, 1985. He is the second oldest in his family. Most popular as a child actor during the 1990s, he is best known for portraying "Our Gang" kid Alfalfa in the 1994 film "The Little Rascals". He and five others in the cast of "The Little Rascals" won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance by a Youth Ensemble in a Motion Picture. Following "Rascals", Hall appeared in John Landis's "The Stupids" and the soccer comedy "The Big Green". In 1996, Hall was nominated for a YoungStar award (Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Made For TV Movie) for his work as Eddie Munster in the Fox telefilm "The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas", and he voiced a little boy in Disney's "Hercules" in 1997.


title: Bug Hall

text: In 1998, he played the lead as Scout Bozell in the film "Safety Patrol". Bug Hall also starred in Disney's "Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves" as Adam Szalinski. Since then, he has continued to appear in films as a teenager and young adult. He was in the direct-to-DVD film "Skipped Parts", released in 2000, with Mischa Barton. He also appeared in 2002 in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Get a Clue", starring Lindsay Lohan and Brenda Song. Hall has had many notable TV guest appearances, appearing on "Charmed", "Strong Medicine", "", "Cold Case", "Justice", "Providence", "Criminal Minds", and "90210".


title: Bug Hall

text: In 2013 Bug Hall converted to Catholicism and in 2020 left Hollywood. In 2021 he released a YouTube video explaining that he had moved to a farm in the Midwest with his wife and daughters and that the family were to take a vow of poverty.


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: The 4.6×30mm (designated as the 4,6 × 30 by the C.I.P.) cartridge is a small-caliber, high-velocity, smokeless powder, rebated rim, bottlenecked centerfire cartridge designed for personal defense weapons (PDW) developed by German armament manufacturer Heckler & Koch (HK) in 1999. It was designed primarily for the MP7 PDW to minimize weight and recoil while increasing penetration of body armor. It features a bottlenecked case and a pointed, steel-core, brass-jacketed bullet.


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: The 4.6×30mm cartridge was introduced in 1999 as a competitor to FN Herstal's 5.7×28mm cartridge. Heckler & Koch started the development of a semi-automatic handgun for their 4.6×30mm PDW cartridge, but Heckler & Koch cancelled the Ultimate Combat Pistol (UCP) at the prototype stage.


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: Compared to standard intermediate cartridges one can carry more 4.6×30mm ammunition due to the lower weight and relatively small dimensions of the cartridge. Also, due to the lower weight of the bullet, aiming in rapid fire is much easier as recoil depends much on the weight of the bullet. CRISAT testing shows that because of the smaller diameter and high projectile velocity of the round, body armor penetration is higher than that of traditional handgun projectiles.


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: A series of tests performed by NATO in the United Kingdom and France indicated that 5.7×28mm was a superior cartridge. The results of the NATO tests were analyzed by a group of experts from France, the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom and the group's conclusion was that the 5.7×28mm was "undoubtedly" the more efficient cartridge.


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: Among other points, the NATO group cited superior effectiveness (27% greater) for the 5.7×28mm against unprotected targets and equal effectiveness against protected targets. It also cited less sensitivity to extreme temperatures for the 5.7×28mm and cited a greater potential risk of barrel erosion with the 4.6×30mm. In addition, the group pointed out that 5.7×28mm is close to the 5.56×45mm NATO by its design and manufacture process, allowing it to be manufactured on existing production lines. The group also pointed out that 5.7×28mm weapons are more mature than 4.6×30mm weapons, and the 5.7×28mm FN Five-seveN pistol was already in production at that time, while the 4.6×30mm Heckler & Koch UCP pistol was still only an early concept. However, the German delegation and others rejected the NATO recommendation that 5.7×28mm be standardized, and as a result, the standardization process was indefinitely halted, though both cartridges would ultimately be standardized by NATO with STANAG 4509 for 5.7×28mm and STANAG 4820 for 4.6×30mm respectively.


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: Americans define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 22 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 160 mm (1 in 6.3 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = 4.52 mm, Ø grooves = 4.65 mm, land width = 1.21 mm and the primer type is small rifle.


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: In C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) regulated countries every rimless rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that 4.6×30mm chambered arms in C.I.P.-regulated countries are currently (2018) proof tested at PE piezo pressure.


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: The Belgian 5.7×28mm cartridge introduced in 1993 is probably the closest currently available ballistic twin of the 4.6×30mm.


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: The German Army version of the 4.6×30mm cartridge (DM11 Penetrator) weighs 6.5 g and uses a 2-g copper-plated steel bullet projectile at muzzle velocity. The DM11 Penetrator cartridge is designed for the MP7. The Ultimate Combat can penetrate the NATO CRISAT target at more than 200 meters. This ammunition combines energy transfer in soft targets and very good penetration. The muzzle velocity V and V indicate a G1 ballistic coefficient of approximately 0.141 to 0.150 (BCs are somewhat debatable) making the DM11 projectile aerodynamically more efficient compared to typical service handgun projectiles, but less efficient compared to typical assault rifle projectiles. At the stated effective range of 200 m, the DM11 projectile will be traveling at approximately Mach 1.25 (425 m/s) under International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) conditions at sea level (air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m).


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: The Action 4.6×30mm Law Enforcement cartridge weighs 6.5 g and is loaded with a 2 g CuZn-alloy (brass) solid hollow point projectile that achieves 700 m/s (2,300 ft/s) muzzle velocity. The cartridge is designed for the MP7. This ammunition is optimized for energy transfer in soft targets and to offer decent penetration performance on hard and combined targets like car doors or glass and body armor. The muzzle velocity V and V indicate a G1 ballistic coefficient of 0.112 to 0.119. At the stated effective range of 200 m, the 2 g Action projectile travels at approximately Mach 1.67 (586 m/s or 1923 f/s) under International Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level (air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m).


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: The ball 4.6×30mm cartridge weighs 7 g and is loaded with a 2.7 g full metal jacket projectile with a PbSb-alloy core and a copper-plated steel jacket that achieves 600 m/s (2,000 ft/s) muzzle velocity. The cartridge is designed for the MP7. This ammunition is optimized for energy transfer in soft targets and offers good precision. The muzzle velocity V and V indicate a G1 ballistic coefficient of 0.171 to 0.187. At the stated effective range of 200 m, the 2.7 g ball projectile travels at approximately Mach 1.36 (463 m/s) under International Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level (air density ρ = 1.225 kg/m).


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: VBR produces a 4.6×30mm two-part controlled fragmenting projectile that is claimed to increase the content of the permanent wound cavity and double the chance to hit a vital organ.


title: HK 4.6×30mm

text: Heckler & Koch claims that the CPS Black Tip ammunition made by Fiocchi has a muzzle energy of approximately 525 J that is comparable to 9×19mm rounds.


title: Government of France

text: The Government of France (French: "Gouvernement français"), officially the Government of the French Republic ("Gouvernement de la République française" ), exercises executive power in France. It is composed of the Prime Minister, who is the head of government, as well as both senior and junior ministers. The Council of Ministers, the main executive organ of the Government, was established in the Constitution in 1958. Its members meet weekly at the Élysée Palace in Paris. The meetings are presided over by the President of France, the head of state, although the officeholder is not a member of the Government.


title: Government of France

text: The Government's most senior ministers are titled as ministers of state ("ministres d'État"), followed in protocol order by ministers ("ministres"), ministers delegate ("ministres délégués"), whereas junior ministers are titled as secretaries of state ("secrétaires d'État"). All members of the Government, who are appointed by the President following the recommendation of the Prime Minister, are responsible to the National Assembly, the lower house of the French Parliament. Cases of ministerial misconduct are tried before the "Cour de Justice de la République".


title: Government of France

text: All members of the French government are appointed by the president of the Republic on the advice of the prime minister. Members of the government are ranked in a precise order, which is established at the time of government formation. In this hierarchy, the prime minister is the head of government. They are appointed by the president of the Republic. While the president is constitutionally free to appoint whomever they like, in practice, they must nominate a candidate that reflects the will of the majority of the National Assembly, as the government relies on the confidence of the French Parliament. After being nominated to lead a government, the prime minister nominee must propose a list of ministers to the president. The president can either accept or reject these proposed ministers. Ministers are ranked by importance:


title: Government of France

text: According to the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic, the government directs and decides the policy of the nation. In practice, the government writes bills to be introduced to parliament, and also writes and issues decrees. All political decisions made by the government must be registered in the government gazette.


title: Government of France

text: The Council of Ministers () is established by the Constitution. It is composed only of the senior ministers, though some secretaries of state may attend Council meetings. The Council of Ministers is chaired by the president, unlike the government, but is still led by the prime Minister, who was officially titled as the president of the Council of Ministers () during the Third and Fourth Republics.


title: Government of France

text: All bills and some decrees must be approved by the Council of Ministers. Furthermore, it is the Council of Ministers that defines the collective political and policy direction of the government, and takes practical steps to implement that direction. In addition to writing and implementing policy, the government is responsible for national defense, and directs the actions of the French Armed Forces. The workings of the government of France are based on the principle of collegiality.


title: Government of France

text: Meetings of the Council of Ministers take place every Wednesday morning at the Élysée Palace. They are presided over by the president of the Republic, who promotes solidarity and collegiality amongst government ministers. These meetings follow a set format. In the first part of a meeting, the Council deliberates over general interest bills, ordinances, and decrees. In the second part, the Council discusses individual decisions by each minister regarding the appointment of senior civil servants. In the third part, usually, either one minister will give a presentation about some reform or project that they are directing, or the president will ask for advice on some subject from the ministers. In addition, the minister of foreign affairs provides the Council with weekly updates on important international issues.


title: Government of France

text: Most government work, however, is done elsewhere. Much of it is done by each individual ministry, under the direction of the minister responsible for that ministry. Ministers each have their own staff, called a "ministerial cabinet" (). Each ministerial cabinet consists of around ten to twenty members, who are political appointees. Cabinet members assist the minister in running a ministry. Members of ministerial cabinets are powerful figures within the government and work in both the political and administrative spheres. The hierarchy in each ministerial cabinet is determined by the Minister. Working groups consisting of representatives from several ministries are commonplace. It is the duty of the prime minister to oversee these inter-ministry meetings and to ensure that government work is done effectively and efficiently. All ministerial cabinet decisions must be co-signed by the prime minister. Any decree must also seek the prime minister's advice as well.


title: Government of France

text: The government is responsible for the economic and financial policy of the French Republic, must authorize all expenditures made by each ministry, and also manage all revenue. Expenditures are made through what is called a "finance law" (), which is equivalent to an appropriation bill. Each minister must prepare a list of requests for funds annually, and submit it to the Budget Ministry. This ministry decides whether to grant or deny requests for funding by ministers. The ministry also calculates the state budget for the coming year. The parliament must vote on all applications of finance law.


title: Government of France

text: Members of the French Government cannot occupy any position of occupational or trade leadership at the national level, any public employment, or any professional activity. These restrictions are in place to alleviate external pressure and influence on ministers, and to enable them to focus on their governmental work. Despite these restrictions, members of the government are allowed to keep local elected positions, such as those of city mayor or regional councilor. Whilst the Constitution of the French Republic does not prohibit ministers from being the leader of a political party, it is customary that ministers should not occupy such a post.