text: The Director serves under the Board of Governors and is the school's chief academic and executive officer. Academic policies are decided by its Senate, which is composed of some professors and other representatives. The Senate controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations, and results. Senate committees examine specific academic matters. The teaching, training, and research activities of various departments of the institute are periodically reviewed to maintain educational standards. The Director is the ex officio Chairman of the Senate. The deputy director is subordinate to the Director. Together they manage the Deans, Heads of Departments, Registrar, President of the Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee. Deans and Heads of Departments in NITs are administrative postings rather than career paths. Faculty members serve as Deans and Heads of Departments for limited periods, typically 2 to 3 years, then returning to regular faculty duties. The Registrar is the chief administrative officer and overviews day-to-day operations. Below the Head of Department (HOD), are the various faculty members (professors, assistant professors, and lecturers). The Warden serves under the Chairman of the Hall Management Committee.


title: National Institutes of Technology (India)

text: The "National Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research (NITSER) Act, 2007" was enacted by the Parliament of India to declare India's National Institutes of Technology as Institutes of National Importance. The Act received the assent of the President of India on 5 June 2007 and became effective on Independence Day, 2007. The Act is the second law for technical education institutions after the "Institutes of Technology Act" of 1961.


text: The Council of NITSER is the supreme governing body of India's National Institutes of Technology (NIT) system. The Council of NITSER consists of chairmen, directors of all NITs along with the government nominees from various sectors with the Minister of Education as the Chairman of the council. The Council of NITSER is the highest decision-making body in the NIT fraternity and is answerable only to the Government of India. The Council of NITSER is expected to meet regularly and take steps conducive for maximum growth of the NITs as whole in the near future.


text: The NITs along with the IITs receive comparatively higher grants than other engineering colleges in India. Average NIT funding increased to 100 crores ($15.4 million) by 2011. On average, each NIT also receives 20-25 crore ($3-3.8 million) under World Bank funded Technical Education Quality Improvement Program (TEQIP I and TEQIP II). Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding from industry and contributions from the alumni. The faculty-to-student ratio in the NITs is between 1:7 and 1:9. The cost borne by undergraduate students is around 250,000 (~$3600) per annum. After students from SC and ST categories, physically challenged students will now be the beneficiaries of fee waiver at the NITs in India.


text: The various NITs function autonomously, and their special status as "Institutes of National Importance" facilitates the smooth running of NITs, virtually free from both regional as well as a student politics. Such autonomy means that NITs can create their own curricula and adapt rapidly to the changes in educational requirements, free from bureaucratic hurdles. The medium of instruction in all NITs is English. The classes are usually held between 8:30 am and 5:30 pm, though there are some variations within each NIT. All the NITs have public libraries for the use of their students. In addition to a collection of prescribed books, the libraries have sections for fiction and other literary genres. Electronic libraries allow students access to online journals and other periodicals through the AICTE-INDEST consortium, an initiative by the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Students also have access to IEEE documents and journals.


text: The academic policies of each NIT are decided by its "Senate". This comprises all professors of the NIT and student representatives. Unlike many western universities that have an elected senate, the NITs have an academic senate. It controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards. The "Director" of NIT is the ex-officio Chairman of the Senate.


text: Stringent faculty recruitment and industry collaboration also contribute to NIT success. Faculty other than lecturers must have a DTech and relevant teaching and industry experience. Existing faculty who do not meet these criteria enroll under a Quality Improvement Programme (QIP) at IITs and IISc.


text: All the NITs follow the credits system of performance evaluation, with a proportional weighting of courses based on their importance. The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of grades, with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. Sometimes, relative grading is done considering the overall performance of the whole class. For each semester, the students are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 based on their performance, by taking a weighted average of the grade points from all the courses, with their respective credit points. Each semester evaluation is done independently and then the weighted average overall semesters is used to calculate the cumulative grade point average (CGPA).


text: The Bachelor of Technology (BTech) degree is the most common undergraduate degree in the NITs in terms of student enrollment. The BTech course is based on a 4-year program with eight semesters, while the Dual Degree and Integrated courses are 5-year programs with ten semesters. In all NITs, the first year of BTech and Dual Degree courses are marked by a common course structure for all the students, though in some NITs, a single department introduction related course is also included. The common courses include the basics from most of the departments like electronics, mechanics, chemistry, electrical, and physics. At the end of the first year, some NITs offer an option to the meritorious students to change departments on the basis of their performance in the first two semesters. Few such changes ultimately take place as the criteria for them are usually strict, limited to the most meritorious students. Few NITs also offer 5-year Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) and 4-year Bachelor of Science (BSc) degrees.


text: From the second year onwards, the students study subjects exclusively from their respective departments. In addition to these, the students have to take compulsory advanced courses from other departments in order to broaden their education. Separate compulsory courses from humanities and social sciences department, and sometimes management courses are also enforced. In the last year of their studies, most of the students are placed into industries and organisations via the placement process of the respective NIT, though some students opt out of this either when going for higher studies or when they take up jobs by applying to the companies directly.


text: The NITs offer a number of postgraduate programs including Master of Technology (MTech), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Science (MSc) and Master of Computer Applications (MCA). Some of the NITs offer an M.S. (by research) program; the MTech and M.S. are similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course-based) and thesis (research-based) masters programs respectively. Admissions to masters programs in engineering are made using scores of the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE), while those to masters programs in science are made using scores of the Joint Admission Test to MSc (JAM).


text: 14 NITs, including NIT Allahabad, NIT Bhopal, NIT Calicut, NIT Hamirpur, NIT Jaipur, NIT Jalandhar, NIT Kurukshetra, NIT Rourkela, NIT Silchar, NIT Karnataka, NIT Warangal, NIT Durgapur, NIT Tiruchirappalli, and NIT Agartala have separate departments or schools of management offering master's degrees in management or business administration. Additionally, NIT Arunachal Pradesh also offers an Online MBA program and an M.Tech. in Appropriate Technology and Entrepreneurship, which is perhaps the only one among the NITs.


text: The NITs also offer an unconventional BTech and MTech integrated educational program called "Dual Degree". It integrates undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected areas of specialisation. It is completed in five years as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech (two years). Integrated Master of Science programs is also offered at few NITs which integrates the Undergraduate and Postgraduate studies in Science streams in a single degree program against the conventional university system. These programs were started to allow NITians to complete postgraduate studies from NIT rather than having to go to another institute. NIT Rourkela and NIT Agartala have such systems..


text: The NITs also offer the Doctor of Technology degree (D.Tech.) as part of their doctoral education program. In it, the candidates are given a topic of academic interest by the professor or have to work on a consultancy project given by the industries. The duration of the program is usually unspecified and depends on the specific discipline. DTech candidates have to submit a dissertation as well as provide an oral defence for their thesis. Teaching Assistantships (TA) and Research Assistantships (RA) are often provided. The NITs, along with IITs and IISc, account for nearly 80% of all engineering PhDs in India.


text: NITs provide on-campus housing to students, research scholars, and faculty members. Students live in hostels, also known as halls, throughout their college life.


text: Faculties and researchers from IITs, ISM and IISc organize occasional technical seminars and research labs.


text: Some NITs individually conduct elections to elect student body a general secretary and vice president. These representatives are generally responsible for communicating with the college management and media, organising festivals, and also for various development programmes in their college. Some NITs (such as NIT Rourkela, NIT Surat, and NIT Nagpur) have recently adopted online voting process. The committee which monitors the flow of funds has a student body representative. This committee also includes the chairman of board, an MHRD representative, and NIT professors. Due to some disturbance in the voting process, student elections were stopped in 2008 in SVNIT, Surat. They were, however, resumed in 2015 and are continuing hence.


text: The Disciplinary Committee (DISCO) consists of the Director, the student affairs officer, and professors. and reports to MHRD. DISCO regulates student activities and combats student harassment and illegitimate student politics. After a series of harassment incidents, all NITs took strict measures especially to protect first-year students.


text: Popular extra curricular activities include National Cadet Corps (NCC), National Service Scheme (NSS), Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), and annual college festivities. Students at NITs run hobby clubs such as Linux User Groups (LUGs), music clubs, debate clubs, literary clubs, and web design teams. Students also publish campus magazines which showcase student creativity and journalism. The first Linux User group in India, Bharat Linux User Group, was formed in early 1997 at NIT Surat (SVNIT). Students conduct regular quizzes and cultural programs. They also present research papers and participate in national level technical festivals at IITs, IISc and NITs. Most NITs promote entrepreneurship by creating on-campus incubation centers under the STEP program.


text: All NITs organise annual technical festivals, typically lasting three or four days. The technical festivals are Avishkar (NIT Allahabad), Technosearch (NIT Bhopal), Tathva (NIT Calicut), Terratechnica (NIT Delhi), Gyanith (NIT Puducherry), Aarohan (NIT Durgapur), Nimbus (NIT Hamirpur), Sphinx (NIT Jaipur), TechNITi (NIT Jalandhar), Ojass (NIT Jamshedpur), Techspardha (NIT Kurukshetra), AXIS (NIT Nagpur), Corona (NIT Patna), Aavartan (NIT Raipur), Innovision (NIT Rourkela), Tecnoesis (NIT Silchar), Techvaganza (NIT Srinagar), MindBend (NIT Surat), Engineer (NIT Karnataka), Pragyan (NIT Tiruchirappalli), Technozion (NIT Warangal), Technival (NIT Goa), Morphosis (NIT Mizoram), Cognitia (NIT Meghalaya), Technovya (NIT Nagaland), Addovedi (NIT Arunachal Pradesh), AAYAM (NIT Agartala), Cliffesto (NIT Uttarakhand) and Abhiyantran (NIT Sikkim). Most of them are organised in the months of January or March. Pragyan (NIT Tiruchirappalli) the first student-run organization in the world and the third overall next only to London 2012 Summer Olympics and Manchester United to get an ISO 20121:2012 Certification for Sustainable Event Management. It is also the largest in terms of Sponsorship amounts and also branded as a techno-management festival due to its emphasis on both technology and management.


title: Emo Philips

text: Emo Philips (born February 7, 1956) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, writer and producer. His stand-up comedy persona makes use of paraprosdokians spoken in a wandering falsetto tone of voice. The confused, childlike delivery of his material produces the intended comic timing in a manner invoking the "wisdom of children" or the idiot savant.


title: Emo Philips

text: The character of Emo Philips is widely known for his unique look and on-stage antics, appearing as a fidgety, possibly mentally disturbed, nervous but highly intelligent individual with an obsession for coleslaw. Philips constantly moves throughout the routine, often shifting from sitting to standing positions, wandering from end to end on stage, playing with his hair or clothing, or going as far as to partially undress as he delivers punchlines. His comedy, which is largely self-deprecating and ironic, is often delivered in a modulated falsetto. His look (occasionally described as geeky, disco and vaudeville-inspired), particularly his hair—a 1970s-style bob with straight-lined front fringe—has been a signature part of his appearance and act for most of his career.


title: Emo Philips

text: Philips has recorded three comedy albums. His album "E=mo²", recorded live at Caroline's in Manhattan, New York City, won the 1985 New Music Award for best comedy album. It was later re-released along with his "Live at the Hasty Pudding Theatre" album on a single CD. He also released an album called "Emo" in 2001. A joke of his was voted funniest religious joke ever in a 2005 online poll. In 2006, he appeared at the Newbury Comedy Festival. He was included in the top 50 of "E4"s 100 Greatest Comedians, and also appeared number 54 on Channel 4's top 100 greatest standups.


title: Emo Philips

text: Aside from Philips's long career as a standup comic, he has been featured in acting roles on television series such as "Miami Vice" and "The Weird Al Show". In 2006, he appeared on British television, as a guest on the panel game "8 Out of 10 Cats". Philips has several voiceover credits, including work on the animated series "Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist"; "Home Movies"; "Space Ghost Coast to Coast"; "Adventure Time" as Cuber the mysterious storyteller; and the voice of Dooper in the animated series "Slacker Cats". Philips has also appeared on 4 episodes of "@midnight", in February 2015, April 8, 2016, a 1990s themed episode on September 26, 2016, and the finale episode on August 4, 2017.


title: Emo Philips

text: He has appeared in feature films including 1989's "UHF" (as Joe Earley, a rather clumsy school shop teacher who accidentally saws his thumb off) and "Desperation Boulevard" in 1998. Additionally, he appeared in the original 1992 version of "Meet the Parents" (also executive producer) and was an associate producer of the 2000 remake.


title: Emo Philips

text: Around 2001, Philips began to appear more often after a hiatus in the 1990s. His look was drastically altered, appearing more "new millennium" rather than his signature bob and 1970s casual disco look. Now embracing salt & pepper spiked up grey hair and dressed in black active sportswear, Philips delivered the same comedy routine but with a much more subdued persona. Though still fidgety, Philips no longer carried random props or undressed himself as he used to. Like most of the Reagan era comedians, Philips felt the need to adapt to changing times and styles of the flourishing digital age in an effort to stay relevant to younger audiences, particularly later year Generation X and millennials who comprised the majority of college populations during the early part of the 2000s.


title: Emo Philips

text: Philips only carried this appearance for a few years, retiring it in 2005 and emerging back on the comedy circuit around 2010 with his classic look and persona. He has experienced a considerable resurgence in popularity since then and has been a featured performer at many national comedy tours over the last several years, appearing at the "Moontower Comedy Festival" in Austin, Texas, and appearing frequently on 24/7 Comedy.


title: Emo Philips

text: "Weird Al" Yankovic and Philips toured together throughout the US in 2018, in Yankovic's "Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour", and again in the 2022 iteration.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: Creatures of the Night is the tenth studio album by American rock band Kiss, released in 1982. It was the band's last for Casablanca Records, the only label for which Kiss had recorded up to that point. The album was dedicated to the memory of Casablanca founder and early Kiss supporter Neil Bogart, who had died of cancer during the recording sessions. It is also the band's last album recorded with Ace Frehley credited as an official member and their first album with Vinnie Vincent, as the initially uncredited lead guitarist. Vincent would later be credited but not featured on the cover of the 1985 reissue of the album. It was also Kiss' last album to feature the band with their trademark makeup until their 1998 release "Psycho Circus".


title: Creatures of the Night

text: By 1982, Kiss's popularity in the US had plummeted due to changing musical tastes and their near abandonment of hard rock. 1979's "Dynasty", while commercially successful, alienated many fans with the disco-flavored track "I Was Made for Lovin' You." 1980's "Unmasked" fell further into pop music and was Kiss's first album not to achieve platinum status since 1975's "Dressed to Kill". The band did not even tour the US for "Unmasked", and it also soon faced its first lineup change: founding member Peter Criss, who had not participated in any of the "Unmasked" recording sessions, officially left Kiss in 1980 and was replaced by Eric Carr.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: Fan hopes were raised in 1980 when Kiss announced that they were going to record their heaviest record yet. Instead, the band released "Music from "The Elder"" in late 1981, a concept album originally intended to complement a film called "The Elder" that was ultimately never filmed. Despite confidence from Ezrin this would recreate the success from Destroyer, the album did not improve the band's status, and on the contrary, further diminished Kiss’ US fanbase, failed to achieve gold status, and having cancelled their US Unmasked Tour just a short time before, the band then called off the planned tour for "Music from "The Elder.""


title: Creatures of the Night

text: Kiss's label situation had changed as well. Casablanca Records founder Neil Bogart had sold the label to its distributor PolyGram in 1980, and went on to briefly form Boardwalk Records before being diagnosed with and later succumbing to cancer. Using a clause in their Casablanca contract that gave the band an option to leave the label if Bogart did, Kiss became free agents and signed a multimillion-dollar deal with Mercury Records. Mercury, a label also owned by PolyGram, reverted the band to their "old" label, though in name only.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: The album represented a conscious effort by Kiss to return to the hard rock style that had helped them achieve commercial success with "Destroyer" (1976) and "Love Gun" (1977). The first key ingredient was songwriter/guitarist Vinnie Vincent, who was soon to replace Frehley as the band's new lead guitarist after being introduced to the band by album co-writer Adam Mitchell.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: Musically, the progressive rock of "Music from "The Elder"" and the pop of "Dynasty" and "Unmasked" were completely absent from "Creatures of the Night", making it the heaviest album the group had made at that point. Paul Stanley called Kiss "a heavy metal band" in 1982. "I Still Love You", the only ballad on "Creatures of the Night", was still heavier and darker than any ballad Kiss had released in earlier years. Also contributing to the heavy sound was Carr's drumming style, which was more similar to John Bonham's drumming than to Criss' jazz-influenced style. "Creatures of the Night" is the first Kiss album to have all lead vocal duties handled by either Gene Simmons or Stanley exclusively. All previous studio releases by the group contained at least one song with lead vocals by another band member.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: The song "Rock and Roll Hell" is a rewrite of the song of the same title on the 1979 album "Rock n' Roll Nights" by Canadian band BTO, where the original version of this Simmons/Adams/Vallance song credited to Jim Vallance only.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: Kiss had used "ghost players" on previous albums, most notably Bob Kulick ("Alive II" and "Killers") and Dick Wagner ("Destroyer"), but Vincent handled most of the lead guitar as a session player and co-writer before being added as the full-time replacement for Frehley, though as an employee and not a full member (like Carr). Blues guitarist Robben Ford, a friend of the album's producer Michael James Jackson, contributed two solos in what he described as one of his weirdest gigs. Mr. Mister guitarist Steve Farris (who was considered as a replacement for Frehley but was thought to not have "the right look") provided the solo and lead fills to the title track. Co-writer Mitchell also contributed guitar work to the title track. Though often given credit for playing the solos on "Keep Me Comin'" and "Danger", Kulick admitted in a 2011 interview that none of the studio work he did on "Creatures of the Night" made it to the album; this confirmed the same from an earlier Mitchell interview. Jimmy Haslip (former member of Blackjack) declared in 2008 that he was invited by James Jackson to record five songs (Simmons allegedly refused to play his bass parts due to the end of his relationship with Diana Ross), but Haslip only confirmed that he recorded "Danger."


title: Creatures of the Night

text: Though Ace Frehley did not play on the album, his face was still featured on the album cover for contractual and commercial reasons. Frehley had been pushing the band to do a heavy rock record since "Dynasty", and by the time of "Creatures of the Night", he was fully disillusioned with the band; alcoholism and a prescription medicine dependency (begun after a car wreck) led to him not participating in the recording sessions. In fact, when recording sessions for "Creatures of the Night" began in July 1982, Kiss was essentially a trio. It was only after the album was released and a short promotional tour of Europe was completed that Frehley officially left Kiss. The lead guitar replacement for Frehley for the Creatures of the Night Tour/10th Anniversary Tour in the US was Vincent, adopting his Egyptian Ankh makeup, hastily designed by Stanley.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: Speaking to "Record Mirror" in 1982, Stanley explained the album title as "Basically, we feel that everybody is a creature of the night. We're all less inhibited and we're all vampires. The night makes people feel free and then by the cold light of dawn we crawl home to our coffins to behave like normal people during the day."


title: Creatures of the Night

text: It has been speculated that the original 1982 cover was modeled after the 1979 children's book, "I Can Read About Creatures of the Night".


title: Creatures of the Night

text: Three official variations on the album artwork exist: the 1982 original issue; the 1985 reissue, featuring Stanley, Carr, Gene Simmons, and then-current guitarist Bruce Kulick—who did not play on the album—all without make-up; and the 1997 remastered version (same photo as the original, but with minor variations in the logo and lettering). There is also a bootlegged LP that claims to be a Brazilian promo version that features Vincent in make-up airbrushed over Frehley.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: The band released a video for "I Love It Loud", which received moderate airplay on MTV. In it was a stage set up that featured Carr's drum kit as a giant metallic tank with an exploding turret. Flames and explosions were also in abundance. Frehley did appear in the video as the rhythm guitarist, with Stanley shown playing the seven-note solo.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: The album is the band's most represented of their 1980s material over the course of their career in their live setlists by a wide margin and it is their fourth most represented album overall. "I Love It Loud" is a setlist staple performed at nearly all of their shows, with over 1500 performances, and "War Machine" has also been played on most of their tours, having been performed over 900 times. In addition, the album's title track and "I Still Love You" have both been performed over 300 times each.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: Despite positive reviews, the album did not return the band to the commercial success they had held five years prior. Despite charting higher than "The Elder" (No. 45, compared to "The Elder"'s No. 75), "Creatures of the Night" would not attain gold status until 1994. The album would receive critical recognition, with both "Kerrang!" and "Guitar World" magazines placing the album at No. 5 on their lists of best hard rock albums in 1982. In 2022, "Creatures of the Night" was named No. 4 of 'The 25 greatest rock guitar albums of 1982' list in "Guitar World".


title: Creatures of the Night

text: Carr noted in an interview that "Creatures" was his favorite Kiss record that he played on. Stanley and Simmons, who have generally been dismissive of the band's post-1977 albums, consider "Creatures" to be one of their stronger efforts.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: "Creatures of the Night" was certified gold by the RIAA on May 9, 1994. It was certified gold in Brazil in 1983 for sales of 100,000 copies.


title: Creatures of the Night

text: In 2022, a super deluxe edition of the album was released in multiple configurations on CD, vinyl and streaming. The most extensive, a five CD + Blu-ray audio disc, features a total of 103 songs including a new remastered version of the album, 2 discs of demos and studio outtakes (including all 4 new songs from Killers and 3 unreleased songs from the Elder-era Penny Lane session), and 2 discs of live soundboard recordings from the 1982-83 tour for the album. The first single from this re-release was the song Betrayed, a re-working of a Vinnie Vincent demo from his earlier band Warrior with new lyrics and vocals by Paul Stanley.


title: Betty Gabriel

text: Betty Gabriel (born January 6, 1981) is an American actress. She began her career in musical theater and made her screen debut with the short film "In Memoriam" (2011). She subsequently played Laney Rucker in the action film "" (2016) and Denise in the period drama series "Good Girls Revolt" (2016).


title: Betty Gabriel

text: Gabriel had her breakthrough starring as Georgina in the horror film "Get Out" (2017), which "The New York Times" cited as one of the best performances of 2017. She earned numerous accolades for the role, including nominations for two Black Reel Awards and a Screen Actors Guild Award. She has since become recognized for her work in Blumhouse films, which include starring as Nari Jemisin in "" (2018), Detective Cortez in "Upgrade" (2018) and Deeks in "Adopt a Highway" (2019). She has also portrayed Pam Duffy in the miniseries "Defending Jacob" (2020) and headlines as Sophie Brewer in the Netflix drama series "Clickbait" (2021).


title: Betty Gabriel

text: Gabriel was born January 6, 1981, in Washington D.C. and grew up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Hyattsville, Maryland. In 2002, Gabriel received a BSc in animal science from Iowa State University. After college, Gabriel relocated to Chicago, studying modern dance and working as an actress in the Chicago theater community. In 2014, she graduated with a Master of Fine Arts in drama from Juilliard.


title: Betty Gabriel

text: After doing a bit of theater at Iowa State University, Gabriel got her start working as an actress and dancer in Chicago theater, first as part of her further studies, and then in various productions. Gabriel's first film role was in the 2011 drama "In Memoriam". She began her career as a television actress with minor recurring roles in "Good Girls Revolt" and "Westworld" before landing her first major film role in the 2016 horror sequel "."


title: Betty Gabriel

text: The , featuring Gabriel's character Laney Rucker, takes place in Washington D.C., twenty years after the first Purge event. Gabriel's character is a notorious former gang member who patrols the streets on Purge Night armed and in an armored "triage van," giving aid to the injured and taking them to makeshift aid stations sponsored by the resistance movement. Gabriel's character allows the consideration to questioning "The American Nightmare," much like in the film Get Out.


title: Betty Gabriel

text: Gabriel was on vacation when she was invited to audition for "Get Out". To prepare for the role, Gabriel watched the TED talk of Martin Pistorius to get insight into the feeling of being trapped inside one's own body. She also watched "Bride of Frankenstein" and talked to her own grandmother, who was raised in Alabama, about racial tensions from her era. The film was a critical and commercial success, and Gabriel earned critical acclaim for her performance. Her role was discussed as a contender for Best Supporting Actress for the 2018 Academy Awards by "Variety" and "The New York Times." "The New York Times" cited her role as Georgina as one of the best performances of 2017.


title: Betty Gabriel

text: Gabriel starred opposite Logan Marshall-Green in the sci-fi action horror film "Upgrade" (2018), written and directed by Leigh Whannell, and shot on location in Melbourne, Australia. Gabriel has been in six projects by Blumhouse Productions, "", "12 Deadly Days", "Get Out", "Upgrade", "", and "Adopt A Highway". In 2017, Gabriel joined the cast of "Westworld" as the character Maling. In February 2018, it was announced she would join the second season of "Counterpart" playing an FBI agent.


title: Betty Gabriel

text: In March of 2021, Gabriel had a role in the animated horror film "The Spine of Night," written and directed by Philip Gelatt and Morgan Galen King. Later in August of 2021, she continued her career in the horror genre by playing the role of Sophie Brewer in the Netflix miniseries "Clickbait" (2021), co-written by Christian White and Tony Ayres, and despite the miniseries receiving a 59% on Rotten Tomatoes, it received 1.46 billion views in one week following its debut.


title: Betty Gabriel

text: Gabriel also appeared in the Apple TV+ limited series Manhunt, as well as having a recurring role in the TV series "Jack Ryan" for its third season in 2022.


title: Betty Gabriel

text: Blaxploitation is a genre of film in the 1970s that was originally aimed at African American audiences, often in stereotypical roles. It can also be defined as the exploitation of our desires to see black people, especially African Americans, on screen doing what one would presumably expect from them. Gabriel's character and role in the film, an African American house maid named Georgina, succumbed to the 'kill whitey' violence of the 1970's blaxploitation films, distinguishing another era of disillusionment following the civil right's movement. Jordan Peele, director of Get Out, is connecting former slave labor to the continuation of economically enslaved servants to a wealthy white family. Gabriel's character, later revealed to be an hosted by an older white woman, shows a mixed-race identity leading to loss of personal identity within the character. Thus, interracial understanding is impacted.


title: Betty Gabriel

text: Tropes are devices for telling a story that communicate something figurative. Various tropes that Betty Gabriel's character Georgina falls under are creepy housekeeper, foreshadowing, villainous breakdown, stepford smiler and haughty help. In a Podcast interview called "Another Round with Heben and Tracy," director Jordan Peele describes Gabriel's performance as Georgina as "creepy" and "stepford" embodying the specific tropes of "stepford smiler," a reference to Ira Levin's 1972 novel "The Stepford Wives", and "creepy housekeeper," a trope derived from stories that include murder mystery elements, and supernatural tales that include a housekeeper. Peele also claims that Gabriel "acts the entire premise of the movie in 30 seconds" in the scene he is referring to. Together, these tropes refer to the semiotics, the study of "how signs are used to convey meaning and [shape] our perceptions of life and reality", of "Get Out". Tropes in general are an element of film semiotics, thus her character being used to represent the premise of "Get Out".


title: Betty Gabriel

text: Double Consciousness is an idea explored by W.E.B. Du Bois in his publication "The Souls of Black Folk" in which he describes as the feeling of not being able to find one unified identity. A person (mostly or specifically oppressed groups) divide their identity into many parts to the point where they don't know what part is truly theirs. Double consciousness refers specifically to the African American experience due to their oppression and disvaluation in part of the white dominated society. The 2017 horror film, "Get Out", portrays the existence of double consciousness in black Americans, specifically black women, through Betty Gabriel's character Georgina. Double consciousness in the film is shown through Georgina's mental experience of living with two cultures and not being able to identify which one is truly hers. Georgina is the black maid in the film, working for a white family, however her actions and words do not match up to that of her black identity. It leaves the viewer to question her actual cultural identity and emphasizes the horror of being stuck in someone else's body. The scene in which we see mental distress and continue to question the reality of Georgina's life and identity comes along through the half-point of the film in which she has an interaction with the main character Chris Washington that sends her into hysterical laughter and the shedding of a single tear. The shedding of her tear comes right after she denies her racial oppression, as she does not seem to know whether or not she is being oppressed since she is unsure of what her cultural identity is in the first place. Viewers can see this tear as a glimpse into her emotional state, however we must also notice that this tear is shed, not cried. This tear not being cried steers away from the possibility of emotions that could be tied to it, but instead shows the suspicion that she herself feels about herself and her identity. Her tear followed by her laughter and smile show the suspicion of her racial confusion. The maid's tear is a sign of her internal struggle, we are to understand how her black identity has been silenced by white colonization, the tear serves as a form of communication between the viewers and the character of Chris Washington. The tear can also be thought of as the parts of her black identity as it is the part of her that is powerless and quiet, it is not a privileged sign of emotion, but the sign of her struggle with the double consciousness.


title: Betty Gabriel

text: Gabriel's character Georgina presents a commentary on the mental health issues unique to people of color. There is a conflict between the black psyche and the white world of influence. Since the norms and modes of mental health are determined under a white lens, it creates a division in identity, which can be seen literally by Georgina's body being inhabited by a white woman. This division in Georgina's psyche and identity causes her distress, as seen by the tear, and shows the greater struggle that people of color face over their own minds and bodily autonomy.


title: The Dark Order

text: The Dark Order is a professional wrestling stable, currently performing in All Elite Wrestling (AEW). The stable consists of Evil Uno, John Silver, Alex Reynolds, and Brodie Lee Jr.


title: The Dark Order

text: The group debuted on the inaugural Double or Nothing pay-per-view, with Evil Uno and Stu Grayson as the first members. The stable also included several unnamed masked wrestlers. The next year, Mr. Brodie Lee made his AEW debut and was revealed as the leader (and "exalted one") of the stable. During this period, several wrestlers were inducted into the group. Lee would ultimately defeat Cody Rhodes to win the TNT Championship.


title: The Dark Order

text: However, Brodie Lee died only months later. AEW subsequently hosted the Brodie Lee Celebration of Life, where members of the Dark Order competed in (and won) each match and Lee's son was appointed as the honorary new leader of the stable, as the group turned face.


title: The Dark Order

text: Beyond these known members, the group has also been shown to have masked, unnamed henchmen dubbed as "creepers" that, when the group are portrayed as heels, join them in beatdowns and other disruptive acts.


title: The Dark Order

text: Uno and Grayson previously teamed together as the Super Smash Brothers and were known primarily for their work in Chikara and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG). Reynolds and Silver previously teamed together as the Beaver Boys, and were known for their work in Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW). Both tag teams were one-time PWG World Tag Team Champions.


title: The Dark Order

text: Uno and Grayson were first shown at the end of a "Being The Elite" episode, when The Young Bucks teased the signing of the Super Smash Brothers.


title: The Dark Order

text: On May 25, 2019, at Double or Nothing, Uno and Grayson were repackaged and made their surprise debut as The Dark Order. After Best Friends (Chuck Taylor and Trent) defeated Angélico and Jack Evans, Uno and Grayson appeared ringside after the lights went out, and attacked everyone alongside their masked henchmen (referred to as "creepers"). On July 13, at Fight for the Fallen, they made their AEW in-ring debut in a three-way tag team match defeating Angélico, Evans and Jurassic Express (Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus), advancing to All Out for an opportunity at a first round bye in the AEW World Tag Team Championship tournament. On August 31, at All Out, they defeated Best Friends to receive a first round buy-in for the AEW World Tag Team Championship tournament. They were unsuccessful in the tournament, losing to eventual winners SoCal Uncensored on the October 23 episode of "Dynamite".


title: The Dark Order

text: On November 20, the first of a series of Dark Order vignettes began airing, and in doing so, introduced the spokesman for the stable, who communicated to Alex Reynolds through a hotel television. Then, John Silver and Alex Reynolds joined the Dark Order. On the January 1, 2020 episode of "Dynamite", "The Exalted One" was revealed as the title of the Dark Order's mysterious off-screen leader.


title: The Dark Order

text: The stables first feud was with SoCal Uncensored when the Order tried to recruit Christopher Daniels following his loss to Sammy Guevara. During the following weeks, The Dark Order faced SoCal Uncensored including a victory at Revolution, where Uno and Grayson defeated Kazarian and Scorpio Sky in a tag team match. On the March 18, 2020 episode of "Dynamite", Mr. Brodie Lee made his AEW debut and was revealed as The Exalted One and the leader of The Dark Order, beating up Daniels and Kazarian. Then, Lee would have several squashes against other wrestlers. Also, on the April 22, 2020 episode of "Dynamite", Preston Vance joined the stable as 10. On June 5, it was revealed that Alan Angels had been recruited as a new member of the Dark Order under the moniker of 5. He would later debut on the June 9, 2020 episode of "AEW Dark".


title: The Dark Order

text: In May, Colt Cabana began a losing streak as Brodie Lee tried to recruit him into The Dark Order. On the June 10 episode of "Dynamite", after Cabana lost to Sammy Guevara, Lee came out to help Cabana to his feet and once again offer him a spot in the Dark Order. Later on in the night, Cabana was seen heading into Lee's office. The following week, Cabana was handed an envelope by Lee that stated they will team together against Joey Janela and Sonny Kiss. At the same time, Brodie Lee extended a hand to Anna Jay after her loss to Abadon. Cabana and Lee would defeat Janela and Kiss after Cabana got the pin on Janela. Over the next few weeks, Cabana would begin a winning streak teaming with members of the Dark Order as he was slowly recruited into the group over time. Anna Jay would later make her first appearance alongside the Dark Order on the July 29 episode of "Dynamite". On the August 22 edition of "Dynamite", Brodie Lee defeated Cody for the AEW TNT Championship and later gave him back the shattered pieces of the prototype TNT title. On the following episode of "Dynamite", after a victory celebration, the Dark Order extended an invitation to Tay Conti to join the group. At All Out on September 5, Lee, Cabana, Evil Uno and Grayson were defeated by Matt Cardona, Scorpio Sky, Dustin Rhodes and Q. T. Marshall in an eight-man tag team match. Lee lost the TNT Championship back to Cody on the October 7 episode of "Dynamite". The Dark Order would then more heavily pursue the recruitment of Hangman Page, whom they had made advances towards previously.


title: The Dark Order

text: Days prior to Brodie Lee's death on December 26, 2020, his older son, Brodie Jr., nicknamed "Negative 1", was signed to All Elite Wrestling and became a member of his father's faction at the age of 8, with AEW stating that he can start to perform for the company when he becomes an adult if he so wishes. The December 30 episode of "AEW Dynamite", known as the "Brodie Lee Celebration of Life", featured Dark Order members winning every match. Following this, Dark Order transitioned into babyfaces as they continued their storyline involving Hangman Page where Silver and Reynolds teamed with Page on several occasions while also still trying to recruit him into the group. However, on the January 20, 2021 episode of "Dynamite", Page would politely rebuff their offer, as he felt that he did not work well in groups. At the Revolution event on March 7, Page defeated Matt Hardy; the Dark Order subsequently came down to the ring to celebrate with him. At Fight for the Fallen, Page teamed with the Dark Order to face Omega, the Young Bucks and The Good Brothers (Doc Gallows and Karl Anderson) in a 10-man tag team elimination match, where if Page and the Dark Order won, they would receive matches for the world and tag team championships, respectively. Page and the Dark Order were defeated, with Page being the last man eliminated on his team.


title: The Dark Order

text: Following Double or Nothing, Uno and Grayson were booked for some independent shows, usually against AEW contracted wrestlers, before the premiere of "AEW Dynamite" in October 2019. This began at Pro Wrestling Guerilla's Sixteen, on July 26, marking their first appearance in the company since 2013, when they were known as the Super Smash Brothers. They defeated Best Friends (Chuck Taylor and Trent) by disqualification, when Trent hit a low blow in retaliation for the Dark Order doing the same when the referee was down. On August 7, at an Oriental Wrestling Entertainment (OWE) show in Toronto, they defeated Strong Hearts (El Lindaman and T-Hawk). The next day, they appeared at a Progress Wrestling show in the same city, but were defeated by Aussie Open (Kyle Fletcher and Mark Davis), in a three-way match, also involving The Butcher and The Blade (Andy Williams and Pepper Parks).


title: The Dark Order

text: Stu Grayson described The Dark Order as a Scientology-like cult. As part of the gimmick, the stable has tried to recruit people from outside of professional wrestling. The stable also has a website, joindarkorder.com, as a part of their act. During the early days of the stable, Dark Order received a bad reception after a "cold debut" and a "disastrous main-event angle that saw one of The Dark Order's "minions" go viral for throwing blatantly fake punches." Evil Uno and Stu Grayson agreed that the incident hurt their image until Brodie Lee was revealed as the leader of the faction.


title: Bralessness

text: In Western society, since the 1960s, there has been a slow but steady trend towards bralessness among a number of women, especially millennials, who have expressed opposition to and are giving up wearing bras. In 2016, "Allure" magazine fashion director Rachael Wang wrote, "Going braless is as old as feminism, but it seems to be bubbling to the surface more recently as a direct response to Third Wave moments like #freethenipple hashtag campaign, increased trans-visibility like Caitlyn Jenner's "Vanity Fair" cover ... and Lena Dunham's show "Girls"."


title: Bralessness

text: Women choose to go braless due to discomfort, health-related issues, their cost, and for social reasons, often having to do with self-acceptance and political expression. Women have protested the physical and cultural restrictions imposed by bras over many years. A feminist protest at the 1968 Miss America contest is often seen as the beginning of the anti-bra movement, prompting manufacturers to market new designs that created a softer, more natural look.


title: Bralessness

text: Bras are increasingly an issue for women and girls. In the past, women and school-age girls have been harassed for not wearing a bra. Women have also sued employers for both attempting to require them to go braless, and for harassment as a result of choosing to be braless. High school-age children were also disciplined and humiliated by administrators for going braless. Administrators and faculty were also criticized for failing to educate male students that girls should not be harassed or given undue attention because they are braless .


title: Bralessness

text: The word "braless" was first used circa 1965. Other terms for going braless include breast freedom, top freedom, and bra freedom. Activists advocating going braless have referred to protests as a "bra-cott".


title: Bralessness

text: Researchers and physicians have found health benefits for going braless. One researcher found that women who did not wear a bra experienced less shoulder and neck pain. According to a study published in the "Clinical Study of Pain", large-breasted women can reduce back pain by going braless, and they may find going braless a preferred treatment over reduction mammaplasty. Of the women with larger breasts who participated in the study, 79% decided to stop wearing bras completely.


title: Bralessness

text: Obstetrician Lucky Sekhon stated that women with breasts of all sizes can benefit from bralessness. "Women with larger breasts may initially feel more uncomfortable than those with smaller breasts as their muscles may initially be weak and not feel strong enough to provide adequate support", she says. "Over time, though, their bodies will adjust and naturally start to support the breast tissue appropriately, without the aid of a bra." She states that there is evidence "that wearing a bra can make the muscles and ligaments that support the breasts lazy over time, leading to breast sagging and laxity." She says the belief that going braless for an extended period of time makes your breasts sag is a common misconception. "Women who have gone long periods without wearing a bra often report that this leads their breasts to being firmer, rounder, and perkier over time", she says. Women with larger or fuller breasts may feel more back strain when not wearing a bra, though. "It can take weeks to months to build up the strength in their chest and back muscles for the breasts to become well supported without a bra."


title: Bralessness

text: In another study, eleven adult female subjects aged 22–39 wore a correctly fitted bra for three months and then went braless for three months. After the bra-wearing period, when compared with the bra-free period, the distance between the woman's right and left nipples became wider, and their breasts sagged more.


title: Bralessness

text: Professor Jean-Denis Rouillon, a sports science expert from the University of Franche-Comté at Besançon, France, conducted a 15-year long study that studied the benefits women get from wearing a bra. He discussed his preliminary research in 2013, generating considerable media attention in France and elsewhere. In a controversial finding, he concluded that the nipples of 330 women aged 18 to 35 who never wore bras were on average higher in relation to their shoulders each year than regular bra users. He concluded,


title: Bralessness

text: Rouillon noted that all of the study volunteers were between 18 and 35 years old and that the study results were still preliminary. However, he said, "a middle-aged woman, overweight, with 2.4 children? I'm not at all sure she'd benefit from abandoning bras." His conclusions were supported in part by plastic surgeon Dr. Stafford Broumand from Mount Sinai Medical Center. "For younger women, not wearing a bra will lead to increased collagen production and elasticity, which improves lift in a developing breast. Also, the tension on the connective tissue and ligaments supporting the breast can be beneficial to prevent sagging." Rouillon's research has gained currency among some women who use it to bolster the argument that wearing bras is unhealthy and unnecessary. His study is cited by a number of articles that use it to support the idea that it's acceptable for a woman to go braless.


title: Bralessness

text: But Rouillon's findings were ridiculed by some in the French media. His results and research methods were also questioned by some who challenged his findings because they were not published in a medical journal. Critics and skeptics noted that they cannot locate the actual study Rouillon is reported to have completed, but only reports about it, including the initial interview on French radio that sparked widespread coverage.


title: Bralessness

text: As of 2006, about 10% of Australian women did not wear a bra. Surveys have reported that 5–25 per cent of Western women do not wear a bra.


title: Bralessness

text: Because finding a well-fitting bra is difficult, women who wear bras sometimes feel constricted. One study found that 70% of women wear bras that are too small. Sekhon says that bras can impede blood flow to back and chest muscles, contributing to sore back muscles. Women with large breasts who stop wearing a bra may experience improved blood flow more quickly than women with smaller breasts, as bras supporting larger breasts tend to fit tighter than those worn by women with smaller breasts.


title: Bralessness

text: Sekhon says that women who are used to wearing a bra may initially feel self-conscious and exposed when they go braless. But as women go braless more often, they feel more comfortable and free. Women with large breasts feel increased comfort compared to women with smaller breasts. Some women who have gone braless while working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic do not want to go back to wearing bras again.


title: Bralessness

text: Women wearing a bra often experience "boob sweat", clogged pores, skin irritation, and body odor. They can develop acne mechanica. It is possible to alleviate this problem by going braless.


title: Bralessness

text: Upon returning home from a day at work, many women confess one of the things they look forward to is taking off their bra as soon as they get home. One editor wrote, "Taking your bra off is an extremely liberating feeling, and one we females look forward to—every day, all day long." During the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent requirement for many people to work from home, many women publicly admitted to forgoing wearing a bra at all times.


title: Bralessness

text: Miami fashion blogger Maria Tettamanti gladly confessed that while working from home she is braless. "The only positive attribute coming out of this pandemic is the notion we can work from home braless — free of wires, overly snug, overly padded bras."


title: Bralessness

text: During April 2020, online bra sales dropped 12%, while among bras that were selling, wireless bra sales rose 40 percent.


title: Bralessness

text: Women welcomed the chance to avoid the normal discomfort that often accompanies wearing a bra. One clothing manufacturer surveyed 1000 women and found that 35% of women were braless while working from home. They also reported that hashtags like #nobranoproblem and #bralessandflawless were common on Twitter.


title: Bralessness

text: A Harris Poll commissioned by "Playtex" in 2009 asked more than 1,000 women what they like in a bra. Among the respondents, 67 percent said they prefer wearing a bra to going braless, while 85 percent wanted to wear a "shape-enhancing bra that feels like nothing at all." They were split as regards underwire bras: 49 percent said they prefer underwire bras, the same percentage as those who said they prefer wireless bras. Apparel company Ruby Ribbon surveyed 3,000 women in 2014 in advance of National No Bra Day about their attitudes towards their breasts and bras. Among respondents, 92 percent said they simply want support and comfort and are less interested in sex appeal or fashionable colors and designs. Twenty-one percent rated their bra "An Enemy—I wish I had never met her", and nearly half (46%) answered, "A Business Partner—I put up with her". When asked to describe their bra in one word, the most popular term was "uncomfortable".


title: Bralessness

text: A variety of factors make it difficult for women to find a bra that fits properly. These include widely varying international manufacturing standards and measurement methods, the variety of bra sizes, and the wide anatomical differences among women. In some women, one breast is slightly larger than the other. More obvious and persistent asymmetry in breast size occurs in up to 25% of women.


title: Bralessness

text: Women tend to find a bra that appears to fit and stay with that size for a long period of time even though they may lose and gain weight. Medical studies have shown that most women experience pain as a result of wearing a bra, and shown that it is difficult for women to find a correctly fitting bra. As a result of these factors, 80 – 85% of women who wear a bra are wearing the wrong bra size. In one study, 70% of women wear bras that are too small and 10% wear bras that are too large.


title: Bralessness

text: Women complain of breast, shoulder, neck, and back pain, migraines, indigestion, skin abrasions, and restricted breathing due to wearing bras. Women who have large breasts are more likely to experience discomfort. Large cup size has been correlated with an increase in shoulder and neck pain. One researcher found that 40% of women who rode horses reported breast pain. Women often cite the discomfort and pain associated with wearing bras as the primary reason for disliking them and for giving up wearing one.


title: Bralessness

text: Susan M. Love, a Clinical Professor of Surgery at UCLA, is a founder of the National Breast Cancer Coalition. She wrote, "Except for the women who find bras especially comfortable or uncomfortable, the decision to wear or not wear one is purely aesthetic - or emotional. If you don't enjoy it, and job or social pressures don't force you into it, don't bother."


title: Bralessness

text: Some women choose not to wear bras because they worry that it might increase the risk of breast cancer. This idea was promoted in a controversial 1995 book "Dressed to Kill: The Link Between Breast Cancer and Bras". A 2002 survey found that 6% of women agreed that "Under-wire bras can cause breast cancer", 63% disagreed with this claim, and another 31% did not know.


title: Bralessness

text: There is no credible scientific evidence that wearing bras causes cancer. The United States National Cancer Institute states that bras have not been found to increase a woman's risk for breast cancer, and the American Cancer Society stated, "There are no scientifically valid studies that show wearing bras of any type causes breast cancer."


title: Bralessness

text: Misinformation about bras and cancer spread across the internet "mostly inspired by one study with several scientific flaws...The study, never published in a peer-reviewed journal, did not adjust for known breast cancer risk factors that might be associated with bra-wearing behavior, like weight and age. Also, study participants knew the hypothesis before taking the survey." A well-regarded 2014 study by researchers at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle found no direct link between wearing a bra and developing breast cancer. The report noted, "no aspect of bra wearing, including bra cup size, recency, average number of hours a day worn, wearing a bra with an underwire, or age first began regularly wearing a bra, was associated with risks" of breast cancer. The study included detailed studies of women's lifestyle and bra-wearing habits and found no correlation between bra use and cancer.


title: Bralessness

text: A common misconception is that bras are required to keep breasts from sagging later in life. There is no relationship between wearing a bra and whether breasts sag. Wearing a bra for any amount of time does not arrest, slow, or in any way affect breast ptosis. John Dixey, former CEO of bra-maker Playtex, explained on a British TV Channel 4 interview, "We have evidence that wearing a bra could not prevent sagging, because the breast itself is not muscle, so keeping it toned up is an impossibility. ... There's no permanent effect on the breast from wearing a particular bra. The bra will give you the shape the bra's been designed to give while you're wearing it."


title: Bralessness

text: Modern women have been socialized to believe that perky breasts are desirable. Laura Tempesta, bra expert and founder of bra manufacturer Bravolution, stated, "Lifted breasts are considered attractive in our culture which is why bra-wearing is a cultural development." Women feel pressured to wear bras because society expects their breasts to "stay firm and in the right position", or that if they are braless, it means she is promiscuous, loose, or slutty. An increasing number of millennial women reject these ideas as holdovers from earlier eras when a "woman's existence is for the male gaze."


title: Bralessness

text: Going braless, which for many years was considered a political statement, has in recent years become fashionable. An increasing number of women, especially those among the millennial generation, feel more comfortable about not wearing a bra, and what they wear is based more on what they want and not due to social norms or feminist ideology. With the increasing acceptance of the Me Too movement, co-workers and others have finally realized that they do not have the right to say anything about a woman who chooses not to wear a bra. Jennifer Maher, a gender studies professor at Indiana University, says wearing or not wearing a bra is no longer "a feminist tenet".


title: Bralessness

text: During the 1960s, a few feminists embraced bralessness. However, most Western women continued to wear bras, despite complaining about how uncomfortable they were.


title: Bralessness

text: In 1968 at the feminist Miss America protest, protesters symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "Freedom Trash Can". These included bras, which were among items the protesters called "instruments of female torture" and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced femininity. A local news story in the Atlantic City "Press" reported that "the bras, girdles, falsies, curlers, and copies of popular women's magazines burned in the 'Freedom Trash Can'". But individuals who were present said that no one burned a bra nor did anyone take off her bra. Reporter Lindsy Van Gelder drew an analogy between the feminist protesters and Vietnam War protesters who burned their draft cards, and this parallel between protesters burning their draft cards and women burning their bras was encouraged by some organizers including Robin Morgan. "The media picked up on the bra part", Carol Hanisch said later. "I often say that if they had called us 'girdle burners,' every woman in America would have run to join us."


title: Bralessness

text: Feminism and "bra-burning" became linked in popular culture. While feminist women may or may not literally have burned their bras that day, some stopped wearing them in protest. Feminist author Bonnie J. Dow suggested that the association between feminism and bra-burning was encouraged by individuals who opposed the feminist movement. "Bra-burning" created an image that women were not really seeking freedom from sexism, but were attempting to assert themselves as sexual beings. This might lead individuals to believe, as Susan J. Douglas wrote, that the women were merely trying to be "trendy, and to attract men". Some feminist activists believe that anti-feminists use the bra burning myth and the subject of going braless to trivialize what the protesters were trying to accomplish at the feminist 1968 Miss America protest and the feminist movement in general.


title: Bralessness

text: The trope of feminists burning their bras was anticipated by an earlier generation of feminists who called for burning corsets as a step toward liberation. In 1873 Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward wrote:


title: Bralessness

text: Some feminists began arguing in the 1960s and 1970s that the bra was an example of how women's clothing shaped and even deformed women's bodies to male expectations. Professor Lisa Jardine listened to feminist Germaine Greer talk about bras during a formal college dinner in Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1964 (Greer had become a member of the college faculty in 1962):


title: Bralessness

text: Greer's book "The Female Eunuch" (1970) became associated with the anti-bra movement because she pointed out how restrictive and uncomfortable a bra could be. "Bras are a ludicrous invention", she wrote, "but if you make bralessness a rule, you're just subjecting yourself to yet another repression."


title: Bralessness

text: Susan Brownmiller in her book "Femininity" (1984) took the position that women without bras shock and anger men because men "implicitly think that they own breasts and that only they should remove bras."


title: Bralessness

text: Feminist author Iris Marion Young wrote in 2005 that the bra "serves as a barrier to touch" and that a braless woman is "deobjectified", eliminating the "hard, pointy look that phallic culture posits as the norm." Without a bra, in her view, women's breasts are not consistently shaped objects but change as the woman moves, reflecting the natural body. Young also argued that training bras are used to indoctrinate girls into thinking about their breasts as sexual objects and to accentuate their sexuality. She wrote in 2007 that, in American culture, breasts are subject to patriarchal American media-dominated culture [that] objectifies breasts before such a distancing glance that freezes and masters." Academic Wendy Burns-Ardolino wrote in 2007 that women's decision to wear bras is mediated by the "male gaze".


title: Bralessness

text: In March, 2017, actress Emma Watson was braless in a "Vanity Fair" photo shoot. She was criticized by some who thought she was a hypocrite for supporting feminism and showing some skin. She responded, "Feminism is about giving women a choice; feminism is not a stick with which to beat other women with. It's about freedom, it's about liberation, it's about equality. I really don't know what my tits have to do with it."


title: Bralessness

text: In 1970, bra and girdle sales were about $900 million, down from $1 billion the prior year. But the reduction in sales was due to sharply lower girdle sales, which have been negatively affected by the increasing popularity of panty hose and shorter skirts.


title: Bralessness

text: Manufacturers designed and marketed products that appealed to consumers' personal pride. Themes included "Be Some Body with Formfit Rogers" and "Exquisite Form Loves Women in Full Flower". Bra sales increased sharply. But bra makers also noted the beginning of a trend in which women would rather not wear bras, especially when relaxing at home or in other informal surroundings.


title: Bralessness

text: In the 1960s, some hippie women went braless to make political statements about sexual liberation or their relationship with nature and their bodies. In 1966, during the height of the hippie era in San Francisco, two women students at San Francisco State College protested a proposed law that would require women to wear bras by walking topless near the campus. On August 1, 1969, an Anti-Bra Day was declared in San Francisco to protest societal pressure to wear constrictive, feminine garments. The protest drew large crowds, blocking traffic, and a few women took their bras off from under their clothing in the Financial District.


title: Bralessness

text: In 1968, shortly after the feminist protest against bras and other feminine products at the Miss America pageant, actress Marlo Thomas began going braless on the prime-time television series "That Girl". "God created women to bounce, so be it." Thomas said in an interview in "Good Housekeeping" magazine. "If I bounce, I'm glad to be a girl." On August 5, 1970, the "New York Times" wrote that "the braless look has established a beachhead in Manhattan. ... Generally speaking, the braless woman is under 30 and small‐breasted. But grandmothers are also among the throngs, as are C and D cuppers—who get the most comment, both pro and con, from male oglers."


title: Bralessness

text: In 1971, activist and actress Bianca Jagger broke tradition and wore a tailored Yves St. Laurent Le Smoking jacket to her Catholic wedding with nothing underneath. Singer, songwriter, model, and actress Debbie Harry was well known for going braless during the 1970s. Model and actress Jerry Hall set an example during the same period when she was frequently photographed braless and featured in fashion magazines.


title: Bralessness

text: Writer and social influencer Sabina Socol is known for never wearing a bra. She attributes it to discomfort.


title: Bralessness

text: The young female characters on Lena Dunham's controversial HBO show "Girls" (2012-2017) were often without bras."


title: Bralessness

text: An increasing number of women question previously accepted medical, physiological, anatomical, and social reasons for wearing bras. They recognize that they wear bras for psychological, aesthetic, or practical reasons. An informal movement advocates breast freedom, top freedom, bra freedom, or simply going braless. There are a large number of magazine articles and YouTube videos in which women describe their motives and offer guidance on how to go braless. Poet Savannah Brown of London published a YouTube video, "sav's guide to going braless", which has nearly one million views.


title: Bralessness

text: In 2009 Somalia's hard-line Islamic group Al-Shabaab forced women to shake their breasts at gunpoint to see if they were wearing bras, which they called "un-Islamic". A resident of Mogadishu whose daughters were whipped said, "The Islamists say a woman's chest should be firm naturally, or flat."


title: Bralessness

text: Women took part in the Free the Nipple campaign after a movie of that name was made in 2015. They protested the legal prohibitions and cultural taboos attached to exposing female breasts in places where it is legal for men to be topless.


title: Bralessness

text: The Free the Nipple campaign was sparked in part due to double standards and the censorship of women's bodies on social media. Its advocates believe that women's nipples should be legally and culturally acceptable.


title: Bralessness

text: In many Western countries, women used social media to show their support of the right to go topless or without a bra. In Iceland during Free the Nipple day in 2015, some female university students purposefully wore clothing that revealed they were not wearing a bra and a few others chose to go topless for the day. "Teen Vogue" reported that the Free the Nipple movement may have initially focused on being actually topless, but it has grown to include the idea of going braless under clothes. Women are seeking to free the nipple beneath the outer clothing they wear.


title: Bralessness

text: One outgrowth of the resistance to bras was the formation of No Bra Day in 2013. In 2017, the unofficial day was observed by women in 30 countries, including New Zealand, Romania, Malaysia, Scotland, India, and Ghana. More than 82,000 women posted pictures on Twitter and Instagram using the hashtag #nobraday.


title: Bralessness

text: Some media outlets have capitalized on the no bra phenomenon with exploitative stories. The tabloid website TMZ posted an item about "Happy No Bra Day" with an image of Selena Gomez wearing a see-through top. Another site featured a photo gallery titled "#NoBraDay: 15 Celebs Who Frolick About With Their Fun Bags Freed".


title: Bralessness

text: Whether a woman wears a bra or not has progressed in some social circles from discussions about appropriate clothing to "the body shaming and sexualizing of women" and a "societal debate on the equality of men and women, as it pertains to their bodies."


title: Bralessness

text: One woman commented, "The reason is that I tried being braless, and I liked it better. It wasn't a political decision, except insofar as everything a woman does with her body that isn't letting someone else dictate what she ought to do with it is a political decision."


title: Bralessness

text: French journalist Sabina Socol commented, "I never liked wearing bras; I always felt suffocated in them." She grew up in a household where going braless wasn't seen as sexual or taboo. "Even as a woman with breasts, I do what I want with my body. Every human has nipples. There shouldn't be any shame [in showing them], but if you want to hide them, that's okay, too, as long as the choice is yours."


title: Bralessness

text: In June, 2017, Sarah Starks organized a protest in Charleston, West Virginia, in response to the social expectation that women and girls must wear bras and shirts to avoid offending or arousing others. "It's sexual because people say it is", she added. A West Virginia University professor of social work commented that "if other people are made uncomfortable by it, that's cultural and that's social". Starks commented that breasts are "like this separate, sexual part of us, and if you want to be taken seriously as a woman, cover them up." The protest's purpose was to show that nipples and breasts are not sexual objects. Some of the marchers went braless, others topless, and others fully clothed.


title: Bralessness

text: In Western culture, the bra is sometimes viewed as an icon of popular culture, and purchasing a girl's first bra is seen by some as a long-awaited rite of passage into womanhood, signifying her coming of age. The age at which girls first wear bras is sometimes controversial. Within Western cultures that place great value upon youth, bras are marketed to women of all ages by emphasizing their ability to preserve a youthful appearance.


title: Bralessness

text: Young girls may begin to develop breasts as early as age 9 or as late as 18. The early stage of breast development is known as "breast budding" and is measured on the Tanner scale. Some believe that girls who are developing breasts may be self-conscious and desire a bra to conceal their emerging breasts and for psychological comfort. A girl developing breasts has no physical need for support, so training bras serve only social and psychological purposes. Bras of all kinds are often designed and marketed for fashionable rather than functional purposes. The training bra is marketed to help young girls become accustomed to wearing lingerie.


title: Bralessness

text: Critics of training bras say companies are appealing to very young girls' desire to feel more sexy and attractive. The opponents believe that manufacturers market training bras as a way to sexualize young girls and indoctrinate them into thinking about their breasts as sexual objects. The critics believe that businesses benefit financially by encouraging precocious sexuality in girls and exploiting their fears about self-image and social norms.


title: Bralessness

text: The number and variety of legal issues faced by women about whether to wear a bra or not illustrates the depth and complexity of the subject in society.


title: Bralessness

text: In Chatham, Ontario, Canada, police came under criticism after it was revealed that a woman held in custody was required to remove her bra before a breathalyzer test. The police stated that they required women in custody to give up any item which could be used as "ligatures for self-harm or strangulation" – including necklaces, ties, shoelaces and bras. According to her lawyer, the woman didn’t normally go braless in public and was "terrified and upset" by this requirement.


title: Bralessness

text: In 2013, at the same time that Vancouver police required women to remove their bra, York Regional Police were required by a judge to change this concordant ligature policy, amending it from a blanket requirement to a case-by-case assessment.


title: Bralessness

text: In a similar case in Osaka during 2017, a female defendant was forbidden from wearing a bra while in custody. Although Police rules allow women to request a bra for a court appearance, her request was denied. Her attorneys filed a complaint with the Osaka Bar Association, claiming that denying the woman's right to wear a bra was a "breach of human rights".


title: Bralessness

text: The right of prisoners to choose bralessness was affirmed in the province of Ontario, Canada in 2014.


title: Bralessness

text: Some employers continue to require women to wear bras. Relevant laws governing workplace dress codes may enable employers to instill coverage requirements that differ between genders, however in New York state, human rights law prevents employers from "applying grooming or appearance standards that impose different requirements for people based on gender."


title: Bralessness

text: In January 2011, a German court ruled that employers can require female employees to wear bras or undershirts at work. The case involved an airport security firm defending the essentiality of bras, as part of the dress code, in order to "preserve the orderly appearance of employer-provided uniforms." The case enabled employers and companies in Germany to require their female employees to wear brassiere and to dismiss female employees who do not comply.


title: Bralessness

text: School dress codes are increasingly contested by students who resist rules that are supported by weight or gender discrimination. Bras are a focal point among students who think the codes have become too invasive.


title: Bralessness

text: After a bad sunburn, 17-year-old American high school student Lizzy Martinez wore a boy's loose, oversized, long-sleeve, crew-neck T-shirt without a bra to school in April 2017. Called out of class to the dean's office, Martinez was told she was in violation of the School District of Manatee County's dress code (although the district's dress code did not require females to wear a bra) and was causing a "distraction," stating that boys were "looking and laughing.” Notifying them of her sunburn, she was required her to wear an additional shirt and due to the continued visibility of her nipples through her T-shirt was told by the dean to obtain adhesive bandages from the school's clinic in order to cover them. The American Civil Liberties Union wrote a letter to the school district protesting what they described as their discriminatory enforcement of the school's dress code. Martinez continued to refuse to wear a bra to school, stating, "I was wearing a shirt given to me by a male friend and I'm 100 percent sure he wasn't wearing a bra the countless times he wore it to school." Martinez went on to comment on the discriminatory and victim-blaming nature of the code, stating that "If the boys in my class were so distracted, shouldn't they have been talked to and educated about the situation and not me being pulled out of class?" She organized a "bracott" two weeks later during which she encouraged female students to attend school without a bra, or to wear a shirt with a supportive message. During the protest, about 30 female students did not wear bras, and several students marked their backpacks with adhesive bandages in the shape of an X. University of Richmond law professor Meredith Harbach, who has written about sexualization and public school dress codes, said that the school was "foisting this notion that unrestrained breasts are sexual and likely to cause disruption and distract other students."


title: Bralessness

text: In Montana, senior Kaitlyn Juvik at Helena high school was reprimanded on May 25, 2016, for wearing an off-the-shoulder black top without a bra, being told that she was causing male students and staff to feel "uncomfortable". The school handbook does not require bras, but forbids students from showing a bra strap. The principal insisted the issue was not about whether she wore a bra, but her dress that made others uncomfortable and prompted him to ask her to "cover-up". A friend of hers created a Facebook page named ‘No Bra, No Problem’ about the issue, which quickly attracted over 1,200 members. About 300 fellow students joined her in protesting her treatment by attending school on May 27 without a bra. Several male students wore bras outside their shirts to support the protest. The incident drew international attention due to the school's reaction and her protest. Juvik stated that the issue of women wearing or not wearing a bra is larger than whether a woman wears an article of clothing. She told "People" that it's about "the body shaming and sexualizing of women". "Wearing a bra is a personal choice. It's my body. Why is it anybody else's business whether I'm wearing a bra, especially when I'm covered up and dressed appropriately?"


title: Bralessness

text: In Quebec, Canada, the Facebook group “Les Carrés Jaunes” was launched by four students at Joseph-François-Perrault High School against the “restrictive and sexist" school dress code. During March 2018 the group organised a protest which saw the students wear yellow squares on their clothing to protest this “archaic” code and demand the right to go without bras. One of the organisers, Célestine Uhde, wrote that bras can be uncomfortable. The students "launched the movement to fight the culture of rape and hypersexualization. We want the equality of men and women both in our treatment and how the world views our bodies." She said, "We as women shouldn't be put down because of our bodies."


title: Bralessness

text: Morality police are bodies within some countries that function to police and enforce strict codes of coverage and clothing. There have been reported instances of these police reprimanding women for bralessness.


title: Bralessness

text: In July 2019, a woman was arrested in Iran for not wearing a bra, her actions potentially “[arousing] men”. Within Iran the Guidance Patrol ("Gasht-e Ershad)" act as undercover agents who implement, enforce, and uphold state interpretations and expectations of morality, including rules of dress. Supported by Basij militia and established by the Iranian judiciary and police, the Guidance Patrol hold a primary focus on enforcing the observance of hijab, with all Iranian women (including tourists) required to uphold the coverage rules underpinned by religious conservatism. The arrested woman, Narges, was moved into a van by three women of the Guidance Patrol after they noticed her bralessness soon after she stepped out of the metro station. She claimed that due to medication utilised to treat an acute fibrocystic disease her skin and breasts had become sensitive and painful, further justifying her position in stating that, “I do not wear bras at home, at work or even at parties.” For her release, Narges was coerced into signing a pledge declaring that she would not repeat the action.


title: Bralessness

text: Prior to strict enforcement of the Hays Code in mid-1934, actress Carole Lombard was always braless, as was Jean Harlow. Many pre-code movies were characterized by sexual energy, including scenes of women obviously braless. After the code was enforced, bralessness was not shown in film again until the 1960s.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Robert Wood Johnson IV (born April 12, 1947) is an American businessman who was United States ambassador to the United Kingdom from 2017 to 2021. He is a great-grandson of Robert Wood Johnson I, and a billionaire heir to the Johnson & Johnson pharmaceutical fortune. In 2000, Johnson purchased the New York Jets, a franchise of the National Football League; Johnson remains the co-owner of the Jets, along with his brother, Christopher, who is vice-chairman.


title: Woody Johnson

text: A longtime Republican Party donor, Johnson was a supporter of Donald Trump's presidential campaigns. He was appointed by Trump to the post of United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Britain’s exit from the EU and the relocation of the United States embassy in London occurred during his tenure.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson is heir to the Johnson & Johnson pharmaceutical fortune, which was founded by his great-grandfather, Robert Wood Johnson I. Johnson was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States, the son of Betty (Wold) and Robert Wood Johnson III, who was president of Johnson & Johnson for four years. Johnson grew up with four siblings, Keith Johnson, Billy Johnson, Elizabeth "Libet" Johnson, and Christopher Wold Johnson, in northern New Jersey, and attended the Millbrook School. Johnson worked summer jobs at Johnson & Johnson.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In January 2000, Johnson purchased the New York Jets for $635 million, at the time the third-highest price for a professional sports team and the highest for a New York professional sports team. Johnson outbid the offer of $612 million placed by Charles Dolan, the owner of the Madison Square Garden, New York Knicks, and New York Rangers. "Forbes" valued the team at $3.2 billion as of September 2019.


title: Woody Johnson

text: After buying the Jets, Johnson announced plans to move them to the proposed West Side Stadium in Manhattan. However, after the project's defeat in 2005, Johnson announced the Jets would move to a new Meadowlands Stadium as an equal partner with the Giants. The new stadium opened on April 10, 2010, with naming rights being acquired by MetLife.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson was a member of the eight-man NFL search committee to choose a successor to Paul Tagliabue as NFL commissioner.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson's brother Christopher took over as CEO and acting owner in 2017, while Johnson was U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom. In 2021, after returning to the U.S., Woody Johnson returned as Jets chairman, while Christopher Johnson became vice-chairman.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In June 2021, Johnson stated his excitement to work with coach Robert Saleh and general manager Joe Douglas, whom he praised. He expressed optimism about putting together a winning team in 2021, after the Jets had experienced setbacks during his absence.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In March 2022, Johnson made a £2 billion bid to purchase Chelsea F.C. from sanctioned billionaire Roman Abramovich. He became a fan of the football team while serving as US Ambassador to the United Kingdom. His knowledge of London and sports management was expected to give him an edge over Saudi Media Group, another party interested in buying the team. On March 25, it was reported that he was no longer in the bidding for Chelsea F.C.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson was the chairman and chief executive of The Johnson Company, Inc., a private investment firm. In August 2006, Johnson was asked to testify before the Senate's Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations regarding his participation in a tax avoidance scheme. A Senate report said that Johnson, along with others, was able to buy, for relatively small fees, roughly $2 billion in capital losses that they used to erase taxable gains they garnered from stock sales. The U.S. Treasury lost an estimated $300 million in revenue as a result. In a statement, Johnson said he had been advised by his lawyers in 2000 that the transaction "was consistent with the Tax Code." After the Internal Revenue Service challenged that view in 2003, Johnson in 2006 settled with the IRS and agreed to pay 100 percent of the tax due plus interest.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson is the billionaire heir to the Johnson & Johnson fortune. His net worth was estimated at $5.7 billion in March 2022.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson has given more than $1 million to various Republican candidates and committees. Between 1997 and 1998, he donated $130,000 to the Republican Party, along with donating $22,583 to George W. Bush's 1998 gubernatorial re-election campaign of Texas. He was later a major New York fund-raiser for Bush's 2000 presidential campaign.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In May 2008, he orchestrated a fundraiser in New York City that brought in $7 million in a single evening for John McCain's presidential campaign, by far the largest amount collected up to that point by a campaign that had been struggling to raise money. Johnson also provided significant funding to 2008 Republican National Convention host committee; from a $10 million shortfall, Johnson contributed personally and solicited friends to assist in covering the convention deficit. In 2011, Johnson endorsed former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney in the 2012 Republican presidential primaries. In September 2013, Johnson hosted a fundraiser for the Republican National Committee (RNC) at his home in New York City.


title: Woody Johnson

text: By 2016, Johnson had known Donald Trump for about 30 years, with the two men having social connections. Nevertheless, in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries, Johnson initially endorsed Jeb Bush over Trump. In June 2015, Johnson was named the national finance chairman for Bush's campaign. On several occasions, Trump singled out Johnson in a speech attacking Bush for accepting "special interest" money from donors. In May 2016, after Trump became the presumptive nominee, Johnson endorsed Trump for president. He met with Trump at Trump Tower and was named one of the RNC's six finance vice chairmen, responsible for an effort to raise $1 billion on behalf of Trump's campaign.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson had by August 2019 donated $1.5 million to Trump's campaign and inaugural committee. In February 2020, Johnson gave $575,000 to a fundraising committee for Trump's 2020 re-election campaign, and $355,000 to the RNC. In May 2020, he gave $1 million to America First Action, Inc., a pro-Trump super PAC.


title: Woody Johnson

text: On January 8, 2021, Johnson released a statement condemning the 2021 United States Capitol attack, and calling it a "dark day" in US history.


title: Woody Johnson

text: On January 19, 2017, President-elect Donald Trump announced that he planned to nominate Johnson to become United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. On June 22, 2017, Trump nominated Johnson for the position. Prior to becoming ambassador, he had no diplomatic experience.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Following a hearing in the Senate Judiciary Committee, Johnson was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 3, 2017, by voice vote. He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence on August 21, 2017, in the Oval Office. Johnson presented his credentials to Queen Elizabeth II on November 8, 2017.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In 2018, Johnson oversaw the relocation of the United States Embassy in London from Grosvenor Square, where it had been since 1938, to a new location in Nine Elms.


title: Woody Johnson

text: During Johnson's tenure, Britain withdrew from the EU. Johnson advocated for a bilateral US-UK trade deal post-Brexit, in line with President Trump's hopes during that time. Johnson had a private dinner with Queen Elizabeth II at Winfield House on March 14, 2019, just two days after British Parliament rejected Theresa May's Brexit plan.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In June 2019, he further stated that a post-Brexit deal between the US and the UK would cover "all things that are traded", including the National Health Service and agricultural sector. In January 2020, Johnson stated that the US was never interested in the NHS, but reiterated American interest in a free-trade deal with the UK.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson advocated for closer agricultural trade between the US and UK, and the deregulation of US food exports to Britain. In March 2019, Johnson wrote an article in the "Daily Telegraph" saying that chlorinated chicken was a "public safety no-brainer" and that health fears over hormone-fed beef were "myths". This came after he urged the UK to open up to the US agriculture market after the British exit from the European Union and ignore the "smear campaign" of those with "their own protectionist agenda". Johnson was criticized by several British agriculture standard boards, such as the Red Tractor Assurance whose CEO, Jim Moseley stated the UK's food standards were "now under threat from ... the United States food lobby". Minette Batters, president of the UK National Farmers Union, agreed with Johnson's claims that chlorine-rinsed chicken was safe for consumption, but stated that factors such as animal welfare and environmental protection also had to be considered. Batters commented that accepting US agricultural products produced in ways that would be illegal in the UK would "put British producers out of business". The US National Farmers Union maintained that US methods of meat production were "safe", describing criticism as "fear-mongering".


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson advised the UK government to ban Huawei from being used in the nation's 5G networks after departing Prime Minister Theresa May approved the company in early 2019. Johnson said that Huawei could represent an economic and security risk, comparing it to "letting a kleptomaniac move into your house." In 2020, after Britain decided to ban Huawei from its 5G mobile networks, Johnson welcomed the decision as a victory for human rights and fair trading practices.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In 2020, Johnson was investigated by the State Department inspector general over allegations that he made sexist and racist comments to embassy staff. He had been reported to have held official meetings at mens-only clubs in London, which meant that female staff members would not be able to attend. According to the "New York Times", half a dozen current and former embassy employees said that Johnson made staff members uncomfortable by making remarks about their appearances or race. One diplomat said he made disparaging remarks about Black History Month.


title: Woody Johnson

text: The inspector general's report, issued in August 2020, found that Johnson "sometimes made inappropriate or insensitive comments on topics generally considered Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)-sensitive, such as religion, sex, or color" that could "create an offensive working environment" and violate EEO (antidiscrimination) laws. The report also found morale problems at the embassy attributable to Johnson's conduct, including his suggestions that embassy employees were disloyal to Trump, questioning of embassy staff's motives, and suggestions that he would remove embassy staff from their jobs for raising concerns. The report found that "This caused staff to grow wary of providing him with their best judgment." The inspector general's office recommended that the State Department's Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs and Office of Civil Rights coordinate an investigation into Johnson's conduct, "and based on the results of the review, take appropriate action"; however, the department's leadership indicated that they would not open any "formal assessment" and indicated that Johnson had instead watched a State Department video on workplace harassment. Johnson denied that he had "treated employees with disrespect or discriminated in any way" and denied making any inappropriate comments.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In January 2021, an investigation by the State Department's Office of Civil Rights found that the allegations that Johnson had made inappropriate comments about race and gender were "unsubstantiated".


title: Woody Johnson

text: In February 2018, Johnson as ambassador sought to have the lucrative British Open golf tournament moved to Trump's Turnberry Golf Resort in Scotland, raising the idea with Secretary of State for Scotland David Mundell. The "New York Times" reported, and the former deputy chief of mission at the U.S. embassy in London Lewis Lukens later confirmed, that Trump had asked Johnson to seek British government influence in obtaining the Open for Turnberry. At the time Lukens warned Johnson not to raise the question with the UK government, saying that an attempt to further the president's personal financial interests in this way would be unethical and probably illegal. Johnson did so anyway, unsuccessfully.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In a statement, the British government said that Johnson "made no request of Mr. Mundell regarding the British Open or any other sporting event"; the statement did not say whether Johnson had raised the subject of Turnberry. Johnson did not deny the episode, saying only that he complied with "the ethical rules and requirements of my office"; Trump denied that he had ever spoken to Johnson "about Turnberry." Lukens documented his concerns to State Department officials. Johnson forced out Lukens several months later, before the scheduled end of his tenure in London. The report that Johnson used his position as ambassador to promote the president's personal business interests sparked an inquiry by the State Department inspector general's office. In an interview in August 2020, Lukens said that the inspector general's report had halted without a public report being issued, which he considered unusual.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In 1977, Johnson married former fashion model Nancy Sale Johnson. They had three children before divorcing in 2001. In early 2010, daughter Casey Johnson died of diabetic ketoacidosis. He started a research foundation, the Alliance for Lupus Research, after his daughter Jaime was found to have lupus.


title: Woody Johnson

text: In 2009, Johnson married Suzanne Ircha Johnson, a former actress and equities managing director at Sandler O'Neill & Partners. They have two children. Suzanne's father emigrated from Ternopil, Ukraine after World War II, and her mother was a first-generation Ukrainian American. She grew up in a Ukrainian neighbourhood in Greenwich Village.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson has homes in Bedminster Township, New Jersey, and Manhattan, New York City. Johnson has resided in Palm Beach, Florida, since 2020.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson is known for philanthropic contributions to medical research, especially for diabetes and lupus, two diseases affecting his family members. Johnson also lobbied to increase federal funding for research on the two conditions. Johnson is also a trustee of the Robert Wood Johnson Jr. Charitable Trust and was a trustee of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson was the chairman of the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation. He and his wife became involved with diabetes charities after his daughter Casey was diagnosed with diabetes in 1988. In 1994, he co-wrote the book "Managing Your Child's Diabetes" with his wife Nancy, and Casey. As of 2000, he had donated $12 million to the foundation. Johnson was a chairman on the Council on Foreign Relations, and successfully lobbied Congress to approve a five-year, $750 million package for funding diabetes research in 2002.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Casey died of diabetic ketoacidosis in January 2010. In a 2012 op-ed in "The Wall Street Journal", Johnson urged Congress to approve long-term funding for the Special Diabetes Program.


title: Woody Johnson

text: Johnson is the founding chairman of the Alliance for Lupus Research (ALR). He founded the organization in 1999 after his daughter Jaime was diagnosed with lupus, and he realized that there was a lack of research in that area.


title: Woody Johnson

text: During the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Johnson and his wife Suzanne, who comes from a Ukrainian background, have organized aid efforts for Ukraine. Their family visited Poland, which is the primary destination for Ukrainian refugees displaced by the crisis. While in Poland, they made visits to community centres, shelters and orphanages housing Ukrainian refugees. In an article for "The Telegraph", Johnson has urged the United States and the United Kingdom to take action and assist Ukraine.