title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote returned to Greenville and took a job with a local radio station, but he spent most of his time writing. He sent a section from his first novel to "The Saturday Evening Post". "Flood Burial" was published in 1946, and when Foote received a $750 check from the "Post" as payment, he quit his job to write full-time.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote's first novel, "Tournament", was published in 1949. It was inspired by his planter grandfather, who had died two years before Foote's birth. For his next novel, "Follow Me Down" (1950), Foote drew heavily from the proceedings of a Greenville murder trial he attended in 1941 for both the plot and characters.


title: Shelby Foote

text: "Love in a Dry Season" was his attempt to deal with the "so-called upper classes of the Mississippi Delta" around the time of the Great Depression. Foote often expressed great affection for this novel, which was published in 1951. In "Shiloh" (1952) Foote foreshadows his use of historical narrative as he tells the story of the bloodiest battle in American history to that point from the first-person perspective of seven different characters. The narrative is presented by 17 characters – Confederate soldiers Metcalf, Dade, and Polly; and Union soldiers Fountain, Flickner, with each of the twelve named soldiers in the Indiana squad given one section of that chapter. A close reading of this work reveals a very complete interlocked picture of the characters connecting with each other (Union with Union, Confederate with Confederate). The novel quickly sold 6,000 copies and received critical acclaim from reviewers. Later assessments from academic historians have been more mixed: historians Timothy S. Huebner and Madeleine M. McGrady have argued Foote "favored the South throughout the novel, portraying the Confederate cause as a fight for constitutional liberty and omitting any reference to slavery".


title: Shelby Foote

text: "Jordan County: A Landscape in Narrative", was published in 1954 and is a collection of novellas, short stories, and sketches from Foote's mythical Mississippi county. "September, September" (1978) is the story of three white Southerners who plot and kidnap the 8-year-old son of a wealthy African American, told against the backdrop of Memphis in September 1957.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote freely admitted he struggled to write realistic African-American characters, and had avoided including them in his work until "September, September" (1978). Foote admitted that writing black characters for the novel "scared the hell out of" him. Foote, in particular, struggled to write the wealthy black character Theo Wiggins, confiding to Walker Percy that the character was one of "those bourgeois negroes, and I never really knew a single bourgeois nigger in my life."


title: Shelby Foote

text: Although he was not one of America's best-known fiction writers, Foote was admired by his peers—among them the aforementioned Walker Percy, Eudora Welty, and his literary hero William Faulkner, who once told a University of Virginia class that Foote "shows promise, if he'll just stop trying to write Faulkner, and will write some Shelby Foote." Foote's fiction was recommended by both "The New Yorker" and critics from "The New York Times Book Review".


title: Shelby Foote

text: While writing his history of the war in the 1950s and 1960s, Foote was a liberal on racial issues. He supported school integration, opposed Eisenhower's hands-off approach to Southern racism and openly championed Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Foote protested against the KKK's use of the Confederate flag, believing 'that everything they stood for was almost exactly the opposite of everything the Confederacy had stood for'. Foote was an outspoken supporter of the Civil Rights Movement in the South, arguing in 1968 that "the main problem facing the white, upper-class South is to decide whether or not the negro is a man ... if he is a man, as of course he is, then the negro is entitled to the respect an honorable man will automatically feel to an equal.”


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote moved to Memphis in 1952. Upon completion of "Jordan County: A Landscape in Narrative", he resumed work on what he thought would be his magnum opus, "Two Gates to the City", an epic work he'd had in mind for years and in outline form since the spring of 1951. He had trouble making progress and felt he was plunging toward crisis with the "dark, horrible novel." Unexpectedly, he received a letter from Bennett Cerf of Random House asking him to write a short history of the Civil War to appear for the conflict's centennial. According to Foote, Cerf contacted him based on the factual accuracy and rich detail he found in "Shiloh", but Walker Percy's wife Bunt recalled that Walker had contacted Random House to approach Foote. Although the novelist had no experience writing serious history, Cerf offered him a contract for a work of approximately 200,000 words.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote had never been trained in the traditional scholarly standards of academic historical research, which emphasized archives and footnotes. Instead he visited battlefields. He read widely, using standard biographies and campaign studies as well as recent books by Hudson Strode, Bruce Catton, James G. Randall, Clifford Dowdey, T. Harry Williams, Kenneth M. Stampp and Allan Nevins. He did not footnote his secondary sources nor use the archives but instead mined the primary sources in the 128-volume Official Records of the War of the Rebellion. Foote described himself as a "novelist-historian" who accepted "the historian’s standards without his paraphernalia" and "employed the novelist’s methods without his license." Foote deliberately avoided the use of footnotes, arguing that "they would detract from the book's narrative quality by intermittently shattering the illusion that the observer is not so much reading a book as sharing an experience". He argued that footnotes would have "totally shattered what I was doing. I didn't want people glancing down at the bottom of the page every other sentence". Foote concluded that most historians are "so concerned with finding out what happened that they make the enormous mistake of equating facts with truth...you can't get the truth from facts. The truth is the way you feel about it".


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote worked for several weeks on an outline and decided that his plan couldn't be done to Cerf's specifications. He requested that the project be expanded to three volumes of 500,000 to 600,000 words each, and he estimated that the entire project would be done in nine years.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Upon approval for the new plan, Foote commenced writing the comprehensive three volume, 3000-page history, together entitled "". The individual volumes are "Fort Sumter to Perryville" (1958), "Fredericksburg to Meridian" (1963), and "Red River to Appomattox" (1974).


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote supported himself during the twenty years he worked on the narrative with three Guggenheim Fellowships (1955–1960), Ford Foundation grants, and loans from Walker Percy.


title: Shelby Foote

text: While Foote has been praised as an engaging commentator on the Civil War, his sympathy toward Lost Cause viewpoints and his rejection of traditional scholarly standards of academic history have seen his work reappraised and criticized, as well as defended, in recent years.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote's work has been accused of reproducing Lost Cause fallacies. Foote lauded Nathan Bedford Forrest as "one of the most attractive men who ever walked through the pages of history" and dismissed what he characterized as "propaganda" about Forrest's role in the Fort Pillow Massacre. Foote compared Forrest to John Keats and Abraham Lincoln, and suggested that he had tried to prevent the massacre, despite evidence to the contrary.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote had a picture of Forrest hanging on his wall, and believed that "he's an enormously attractive, outgoing man once you get to know him and once you get to know more facts". Foote was staunchly anti-slavery, and believed that emancipation alone was insufficient to address historical wrongs done to African-Americans: "The institution of slavery is a stain on this nation's soul that will never be cleansed. It is just as wrong as wrong can be, a huge sin, and it is on our soul. There's a second sin that's almost as great and that's emancipation . . . There should have been a huge program for schools. There should have been all kinds of employment provided for them. Not modern welfare, you can't expect that in the middle of the nineteenth century, but there should have been some earnest effort to prepare these people for citizenship. They were not prepared, and operated under horrible disadvantages once the army was withdrawn, and some of the consequences are very much with us today." Foote condemned the Freedmen's Bureau, which "did, perhaps, some good work, but it was mostly a joke, corrupt in all kinds of ways." Foote's biographer has concluded that "at its best, Foote's writing dramatised tensions related to racial and regional identity. At its worst, it fell back on the social prescriptions of Southern paternalism."


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote maintained that "the French Maquis did far worse things than the Ku Klux Klan ever did—who never blew up trains or burnt bridges or anything else," and that the First Klan "didn't even have lynchings." Foote saw slavery as a cause of the Civil War, commenting that "the people who say slavery had nothing to do with the war are just as wrong as the people who say it had everything to do with the war." Furthermore, Foote also argued that slavery was "certainly doomed to extinction" but was used "almost as a propaganda item," and that "those who wanted to exploit it could grab onto it."


title: Shelby Foote

text: He developed new respect for such disparate figures as Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, Patrick Cleburne, Edwin Stanton and Jefferson Davis. By contrast, he grew to dislike such figures as Phil Sheridan and Joe Johnston. He considered United States President Abraham Lincoln and Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest to be two authentic geniuses of the war. When he stated this opinion in conversation with one of General Forrest's granddaughters, she replied after a pause, "You know, we never thought much of Mr. Lincoln in my family."


title: Shelby Foote

text: While the work generated generally favorable reviews for its literary merits, Foote's efforts received pointed and strong criticisms from professional historians and scholars of slavery. Scholars criticized Foote for not including footnotes and for neglecting subjects such as economics and politics of the Civil War era, as well as the role of slavery and the participation of African Americans more generally. Foote was criticized for his lack of interest in more current historical research, and for a less firm grasp of politics than military affairs. Foote relied extensively on the work of Hudson Strode, whose sympathy for Lost Cause claims resulted in a portrait of Jefferson Davis as a tragic hero without many of the flaws attributed to him by other historians."


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote has been described as writing "from a white Southern perspective, perhaps even with a certain bias": Radical Republicans are portrayed negatively in his work, and the name Frederick Douglass is absent from every volume of his "Narrative". In 2011, the historian Annette Gordon-Reed suggested that Foote's work was powered by romantic nostalgia rather than an attempt at scholarship, with the work reflecting "the very strong mark of memory as opposed to history...the memories of that war which grew up with many white Southern males of his generation, are what power the narrative." More broadly, Chandra Manning has suggested that Foote belongs to a school of Civil War historiography that "answers 'where does slavery fit in the Union cause' by saying 'nowhere,' except maybe in the most reluctant and instrumental way". The historian Joshua M. Zeitz described Foote as "living proof that many Americans—especially those who are most interested in the Civil War—remain under the spell of a century-old tendency to mystify the Confederacy's martial glory at the expense of recalling the intense ideological purpose associated with its cause... [Foote is] living testimony to the failure of many Civil War enthusiasts and public figures to disavow the American army that fought under the rebel banner. As a nation, we remain very much under the spell of Robert E. Lee, even as we decry slavery and its legacy".


title: Shelby Foote

text: Historian John F. Marszalek reviewing volume 3 focused on the purely military history covered by Foote:


title: Shelby Foote

text: In a 1997 interview with Donald Faulkner and William Kennedy, Foote stated that he would have fought for the Confederacy, and, "What's more, I would fight for the Confederacy today if the circumstances were similar. There's a great deal of misunderstanding about the Confederacy, the Confederate flag, slavery, the whole thing. The political correctness of today is no way to look at the middle of the 19th century. The Confederates fought for some substantially good things. States' rights is not just a theoretical excuse for oppressing people. You have to understand that the raggedy Confederate soldier who owned no slaves and probably couldn't even read the Constitution, let alone understand it, when he was captured by Union soldiers and asked, 'What are you fighting for?' replied, 'I'm fighting because you're down here.' So I certainly would have fought to keep people from invading my native state."


title: Shelby Foote

text: Beyond his sympathies for the Confederacy and the description of marginalization of African-Americans within his works, Foote retained complex, patriarchal and sympathetic views of African Americans and race relations. Foote continued to develop his perception of the travesties that befell blacks in Southern life, a culture that he would later call "perhaps the most racist society in the United States." In his earlier life, Foote had claimed to know more about the life of African Americans in the South than James Baldwin: "I told some interviewer I knew a hell of a lot more about negroes than Baldwin even began to know."


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote struggled with drawing on black characters as models for his writing; he was unable to pull from real-world examples of blacks in the 1950s without relying upon outdated stereotypes of blacks.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Speaking in 1989, Foote stated that "this black separatist movement is a bunch of junk", believing that African-Americans should model themselves on Jews, who Foote believed had a talent for making money. Foote, however, believed "the odds against" black people were to be "too great" for them to succeed in the US, as a result of "having a different color skin". Foote maintained that the KKK of the 1920s was "mostly anti-Catholic, incidentally anti-Semitic and really was not much concerned about the Negro".


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote believed that his experience and knowledge of the South meant he understood African-American historical figures such as Nat Turner better than Northern African-American intellectuals, stating in the 1970s that "I think that I am closer to Nat Turner than James Baldwin is. I'm talking about, I am personally more like Nat Turner than James Baldwin is, even though they are both Negroes. I consider somebody out of Harlem to be very different from someone out of Tidewater Virginia". By the 1970s, Foote believed that a "Jewish intellectual movement" had come to dominate American literature.


title: Shelby Foote

text: After finishing "September, September", Foote resumed work on "Two Gates to the City", the novel he had set aside in 1954 to write the Civil War trilogy. The work still gave him trouble and he set it aside once more, in the summer of 1978, to write "Echoes of Shiloh," an article for "National Geographic Magazine". By 1981, he had given up on "Two Gates" altogether, though he told interviewers for years afterward that he continued to work on it. He served on the Naval Academy Advisory Board in the 1980s.


title: Shelby Foote

text: In 1986, Foote strongly denounced the Memphis chapter of the NAACP in their campaign for the removal of the Nathan Bedford Forrest Monument in Memphis, accusing them of anti-white prejudice: "the day that black people admire Forrest as much as I do is the day when they will be free and equal, for they will have gotten prejudice out of their minds as we whites are trying to get it out of ours." Foote argued in favor of "the Confederate flag flying anywhere anybody wants to fly it at any time. If they have a referendum in a state that says ‘Take the flag down off the state capitol,’ I think they ought to take the flag down. But the flag to me represents many noble things."


title: Shelby Foote

text: In the late 1980s, Ken Burns had assembled a group of consultants to interview for his Civil War documentary. Foote was not in this initial group, though Burns had Foote's trilogy on his reading list. A phone call from Robert Penn Warren prompted Burns to contact Foote. Burns and crew traveled to Memphis in 1986 to film an interview with Foote in the anteroom of his study. In November 1986, Foote figured prominently at a meeting of dozens of consultants gathered to critique Burns' script. Burns interviewed Foote on-camera in Memphis and Vicksburg in 1987. That same year, he became a charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. The Civil War historian Judkin Browning has noted that Foote's outspoken praise of Nathan Bedford Forrest in the documentary ensured "Lost Causers raised their beer mugs in salute while historians hurled their lagers at their televisions." Foote has been further criticized for repeating "plainly wrong" Lost Cause tropes in his commentary, particularly over the issue of apparently "overwhelming" Northern industrial advantage and his downplaying of the role of slavery in causing the Civil War.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote remained adamant that slavery was not the only cause of the Civil War, stating in 2001 that "no soldier on either side gave a damn about the slaves—they were fighting for other reasons entirely in their minds."


title: Shelby Foote

text: The Civil War historian Harold Holzer was a further critic of Foote's presentation of Forrest. "Ken Burns always looks for varied voices and he always looks for characters, and Shelby Foote was certainly a character," Holzer says. "The most amazing thing he said was that the two great geniuses of the war were Lincoln and Nathan Bedford Forrest. Foote somehow compared the great emancipator with a man who owned slaves, murdered blacks and joined the Ku Klux Klan." The historians of slavery and the Civil War era Eric Foner and Leon Litwack added to these criticisms, suggesting that Foote consistently underplayed the extent of Southern white racism, in effect treating "white southerners" as synonymous with all "southerners." Litwack concluded that "Foote is an engaging battlefield guide, a master of the anecdote, and a gifted and charming story teller, but he is not a good historian."


title: Shelby Foote

text: The extent of Foote's apparent apologia for white Southern racism and Lost Cause mythologizing was satirized in the character of Sherman Hoyle in the 2004 mockumentary "", a character defined by his "consistent lamenting of and apologies for the good ole days."


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote professed to be a reluctant celebrity. When "The Civil War" was first broadcast, his telephone number was publicly listed and he received many phone calls from people who had seen him on television. Foote never unlisted his number, and the volume of calls increased each time the series re-aired. Many Memphis natives were known to pay Foote a visit at his East Parkway residence in Midtown Memphis.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Horton Foote, the playwright and screenwriter ("To Kill A Mockingbird", "Baby the Rain Must Fall" and "Tender Mercies") was the voice of Jefferson Davis in the PBS series. The two Footes are third cousins; their great-grandfathers were brothers. "And while we didn't grow up together, we have become friends; I was the voice of Jefferson Davis in that TV series", Horton Foote added proudly.


title: Shelby Foote

text: In 1992, Foote received an honorary doctorate from the University of North Carolina. In the early 1990s, Foote was interviewed by journalist Tony Horwitz for the project on American memory of the Civil War which Horwitz eventually published as "Confederates in the Attic" (1998). Foote was also a member of The Modern Library's editorial board for the re-launch of the series in the mid-1990s, this series published two books excerpted from his Civil War narrative. Foote also contributed a long introduction to their edition of Stephen Crane's "The Red Badge of Courage" giving a narrative biography of the author. He also received the 1992 St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1994. Also in 1994, Foote joined Protect Historic America and was instrumental in opposing a Disney theme park near battlefield sites in Virginia. Along the way, Burns asked him to return for his upcoming documentary "Baseball", where he appeared in both the 2nd Inning discussing his recollections of the dynamics of the crowds in his youth and in the 5th Inning (TV series), where he gave an account of his meeting Babe Ruth.


title: Shelby Foote

text: In 1998, the author Tony Horwitz visited Foote for his book "Confederates in the Attic", a meeting in which Foote declared he was "dismayed" by the "behavior of blacks, who are fulfilling every dire prophesy the Ku Klux Klan made", and that African Americans were "acting as if the utter lie about blacks being somewhere between ape and man were true". Foote emphasized that his loyalties during the 1860s would have been to white Southerners: "I’d be with my people, right or wrong." Foote also argued that freedmen had led to the failure of Reconstruction and that the Confederate flag represented "law, honour, love of country." Foote stated that he would have been willing to fight for the Confederacy: "If I was against slavery, I'd still be with the South. I'm a man, my society needs me, here I am."


title: Shelby Foote

text: In 1999, Foote received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from The College of William & Mary.


title: Shelby Foote

text: On September 2, 2001, Shelby Foote was the focus of the C-SPAN television program "In-Depth". In a 3-hour interview, conducted by C-SPAN founder Brian Lamb, Foote shows off the library of his home, working room, and writing desk, and details the writing of his books as well as taking on-air calls and emails.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote campaigned in the 2001 referendum on the Flag of Mississippi, arguing against a proposal which would have replaced the Confederate battle flag with a blue canton with 20 stars. Foote rejected the Confederate flag's association with white supremacy and argued "I’m for the Confederate flag always and forever. Many among the finest people this country has ever produced died in that war. To take it and call it a symbol of evil is a misrepresentation."


title: Shelby Foote

text: In 2003, Foote received the Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award. The Helmerich Award is presented annually by the Tulsa Library Trust.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote died at Baptist Hospital in Memphis on June 27, 2005, aged 88. He had had a heart attack after a recent pulmonary embolism. He was interred in Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis. His grave is beside the family plot of General Forrest.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Many reviews of "The Civil War: A Narrative" praised its style. However, the academic reviewers often complained about the absence of footnotes, and Foote's deliberate refusal to cover social, economic, and racial themes. The eminent Southern historian, C. Vann Woodward, cautioned that the academicians had themselves abdicated their most honored role:


title: Shelby Foote

text: Woodward, who wrote a best-selling naval history of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, added that, "In no field is the abdication of the professionals more evident than in military history, the strictly martial, guns-and-battle aspect of war, the most essential aspect."


title: Shelby Foote

text: In 1993, Richard N. Current argued that Foote too often depended on a single, unsupported source for lifelike details, but "probably is as accurate as most historians... Foote's monumental narrative most likely will continue to be read and remembered as a classic of its kind."


title: Shelby Foote

text: In a 2011 commentary, Ta-Nehisi Coates concluded that Foote was not guilty of "neo-Confederate apologia." However, Foote "gave twenty years of his life, and three volumes of important and significant words to the Civil War, but he could never see himself in the slave. He could not get that the promise of free bread can not cope with the promise of free hands. Shelby Foote wrote "The Civil War", but he never understood it. Understanding the Civil War was a luxury his whiteness could ill-afford."


title: Shelby Foote

text: In 2013, the Sons of Confederate Veterans used Foote's presentation of Nathan Bedford Forrest as a "humane slave holder" to protest against the removal of his statue in Memphis. Foote had argued that Forrest "avoided splitting up families or selling [slaves] to cruel plantation owners."


title: Shelby Foote

text: In October 2017, John F. Kelly, the White House Chief of Staff for President Donald Trump, argued that "the lack of ability to compromise led to the Civil War." He also described Robert E. Lee as an "honorable man" who "gave up... his country to fight for his state," and claimed that "men and women of good faith on both sides made their stand where their conscience had to make their stand." In response to the ensuing controversy, the White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders cited the work of Foote in defense of Kelly: "I do know that many historians, including Shelby Foote in Ken Burns' famous Civil War documentary, agreed that a failure to compromise was a cause of the Civil War."


title: Shelby Foote

text: In 2017, the conservative writer Bill Kauffman, writing in "The American Conservative", argued for a revival of Foote's sympathetic portrayal of the South.


title: Shelby Foote

text: On October 18, 2019, a Mississippi Writers Trail historical marker was installed in Greenville, Mississippi, to honor the literary and historical contributions of Shelby Foote.


title: Shelby Foote

text: Foote's distinctive Southern accent was the model for Daniel Craig's character in the 2019 film "Knives Out".


title: Shelby Foote

text: These two books published by the Modern Library are excerpted from the three-volume narrative. The former was a whole chapter in the second volume, and the latter excerpted from the second volume where some material was interspersed with other events. Both were also presented as unabridged audio books read by the author.


title: Xiumin

text: Kim Min-seok (; born March 26, 1990), better known by his stage name Xiumin (; ), is a South Korean singer and actor. He is best known as a member of the South Korean-Chinese boy band Exo, its sub-group Exo-M and its sub-unit Exo-CBX. He debuted as a soloist on September 26, 2022 with the release of his EP, "Brand New".


title: Xiumin

text: His stage name is a combination of the Chinese reading of hanja characters 秀 (xiù), which means great or show, and 珉 (mín) which is part of his birth name.


title: Xiumin

text: Xiumin was born on March 26, 1990 in Seoul and grew up in Guri, Gyeonggi Province. He was a student at Catholic Kwandong University where he attended a seminar and gave a presentation for students in Applied Music. Xiumin learned martial arts and has a black belt in Kendo and Taekwondo. He also trained in Wushu and Fencing. Xiumin is also known as an avid fan of football, and is an honorary ambassador of the Korea Football Association.


title: Xiumin

text: Before Xiumin's participation in SM's Everysing Contest, he had auditioned for JYP entertainment in 2008 but was rejected.


title: Xiumin

text: In 2008, Xiumin won second place in the SM Everysing Contest. He later became a trainee through SM Entertainment's Casting System in the same year.


title: Xiumin

text: Xiumin was revealed as the seventh member of South Korean-Chinese boy group Exo in January 2012. The group debuted on April 8, 2012. In 2013, Xiumin made a guest appearance alongside actress Kim Yoo-jung in the music video for the song "Gone" by South Korean singer Jin, now a member of Lovelyz.


title: Xiumin

text: In January 2015, Xiumin made his musical theatre debut, playing the character of Aquila in the SM Entertainment musical "School OZ" alongside labelmates Changmin, Key, Luna, Suho and Seulgi. In October 2015, Xiumin played the leading role opposite actress Kim So-eun in the web drama "Falling for Challenge". He also released his first solo song since debut titled "You Are the One" as a soundtrack of the web drama. "Falling for Challenge" was the most watched web drama in South Korea in 2015, reaching 20 million views just after 17 days.


title: Xiumin

text: In February 2016, Xiumin was featured in AOA member Jimin's solo single "Call You Bae", and appeared in its music video. In July 2016, he made his big screen debut alongside Yoo Seung-ho in the South Korean film "". In August 2016, he collaborated with fellow Exo members Chen, and Baekhyun on an original soundtrack titled "For You" for the television series "". In October 2016, together with Chen and Baekhyun, Xiumin became a member of Exo's first official sub unit Exo-CBX. The group made their debut with the extended play "Hey Mama!" on October 31.


title: Xiumin

text: In July 2017, Xiumin collaborated with NCT member Mark on a single titled "Young & Free" for S.M. Entertainment's digital music project Station. In August, he became a regular cast member on the MBC reality TV show "It's Dangerous Beyond The Blankets".


title: Xiumin

text: Xiumin enlisted for his mandatory military service on May 7, 2019, serving active duty. He performed his final concerts before his enlistment with Exo-CBX's Magical Circus - Special Edition concert in Japan, and his solo fan meeting concert, Xiuweet Time, at Jamsil Arena on May 4. Following his enlistment, he released his debut solo single, "You", which is part of SM Station, on May 9. In August 2019, it was reported that Xiumin would be starring in an army musical titled "Return: The Promise of That Day" together with Shinee member Onew and Yoon Ji-sung, which ran from October 22 to December 1 at the Olympic Park’s Woori Art Hall in Seoul. Xiumin took his final military leave in November 2020, and did not return to the army due to the military's policy on COVID-19; he was discharged on December 6.


title: Xiumin

text: On September 26, Xiumin released his debut EP, "Brand New", alongside its lead single of the same name. "Brand New" is a retro K-pop record, which brings "nostalgic '90s sonic euphoria to listeners" according to "The Korea Herald".


title: Venkatesh filmography

text: Venkatesh is an Indian film actor known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema. In a career spanning twenty nine years, he starred in seventy two feature films. He has played a variety of challenging roles in Telugu cinema and a few Bollywood films. He has received seven state Nandi awards, and six Filmfare Awards for best acting.


title: Venkatesh filmography

text: Along with his brother D. Suresh Babu, Venkatesh is the co-owner of Suresh Productions, one of the largest film production companies in India. Venkatesh has starred in several of his films under this production, most of them turned out to be blockbusters, owing to this, he is widely known as "Victory Venkatesh" in the media. Apart from films, He is the Captain of "Telugu Warriors" representing Tollywood in Celebrity Cricket League.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: Abu Ghraib prison (, "Sijn Abū Ghurayb") was a prison complex in Abu Ghraib, Iraq, located west of Baghdad. Abu Ghraib prison was opened in the 1950s and served as a maximum-security prison with torture, weekly executions, and poor living conditions. From the 1970s, the prison was used by Saddam Hussein and later the United States to hold political prisoners. It developed a reputation for torture and extrajudicial killing, and was closed in 2014.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: Abu Ghraib gained international attention in 2003 following U.S. invasion of Iraq, when the torture and abuse of detainees committed by guards in part of the complex operated by Coalition forces was exposed. Israeli interrogators were in Iraq, alongside the Coalition, because they spoke Arabic.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: In 2006, the United States transferred complete control of Abu Ghraib to the federal government of Iraq, and was reopened in 2009 as Baghdad Central Prison (Arabic: سجن بغداد المركزي "Sijn Baġdād al-Markizī"). However, due to security concerns during the War in Iraq, it closed in 2014. Since all of the 2,400 inmates were transferred to other high-security prisons, the prison complex is currently vacant, and Saddam-era mass graves have been uncovered at the site.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: The prison was built by Western contractors in the 1950s. The prison held as many as 15,000 inmates in 2001. In 2002, Saddam Hussein's government began an expansion project to add six new cellblocks to the prison. In October 2002, he gave amnesty to most prisoners in Iraq. After the prisoners were released and the prison was left empty, it was vandalized and looted. Almost all of the documents relating to prisoners were piled and burnt inside of prison offices and cells, leading to extensive structural damage.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: From 2003 until August 2006, Abu Ghraib prison was used for detention purposes by both the U.S.-led coalition forces and the Iraqi government. The Iraqi government has controlled the area of the facility known as "The Hard Site". The prison was used to house only convicted criminals. Suspected criminals, insurgents or those arrested and awaiting trial were held at other facilities, commonly known as "camps" in U.S. military parlance. The U.S. housed all its detainees at "Camp Redemption", which is divided into five security levels. This camp built in the summer of 2004 replaced the three-level setup of Camp Ganci, Camp Vigilant and Abu Ghraib's Tier 1. The remainder of the facility was occupied by the U.S. military.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: Abu Ghraib served as both a FOB (Forward Operating Base) and a detention facility. When the U.S. military was using the Abu Ghraib prison as a detention facility, it housed approximately 7,490 prisoners there in March 2004. Later population of detainees was much smaller, because Camp Redemption had a much smaller capacity than Camp Ganci had, and many detainees have been sent from Abu Ghraib to Camp Bucca for this reason. The U.S. military initially held all "persons of interest" in Camp Redemption. Some were suspected rebels, and some suspected criminals. Those convicted by trial in Iraqi court are transferred to the Iraqi-run Hard Site.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: In the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse scandal, reserve soldiers from the 327th Military Police battalion were charged under the Uniform Code of Military Justice with prisoner abuse, beginning with an Army Criminal Investigation Division investigation on January 14, 2004. In April 2004, U.S. television news-magazine "60 Minutes" reported on a story from the magazine "The New Yorker", which recounted torture and humiliation of Iraqi detainees by U.S. soldiers and contracted civilians. The story included photographs depicting the abuse of prisoners. The events created a substantial political scandal within the U.S. and other coalition countries.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: On April 20, 2004, insurgents fired 40 mortar rounds into the prison, killing 24 detainees and injuring 92. Commentators thought the attack was either an attempt to incite a riot or retribution for detainees' cooperating with the United States. In May 2004, the U.S.-led coalition embarked on a prisoner-release policy to reduce numbers to fewer than 2,000. The U.S. military released nearly 1,000 detainees at the prison during the week ending August 27, 2005, at the request of the Iraqi government. In a May 24, 2004 address at the U.S. Army War College, President George W. Bush announced that the prison would be demolished. On June 14 Iraqi interim President Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer said he opposed this decision; on June 21 U.S. military judge Col. James Pohl ruled the prison was a crime scene and could not be demolished until investigations and trials were completed.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: On April 2, 2005, the prison was attacked by more than 60 insurgents in the engagement known as the Battle of Abu Ghraib. In the two hours before being forced to retreat, the attackers suffered at least 50 casualties according to the U.S. military. Thirty-six persons at or in the prison, including U.S. military personnel, civilians and detainees, were injured in the attack. The attackers used small arms, rockets, and RPGs as weapons, and threw grenades over the walls. A suicide VBIED detonated just outside the front wall after Marines fired on it. Officials believe that the car bomb was intended to breach the prison wall, enabling an assault and/or mass escape for detainees. Insurgents also attacked military forces nearby on highways en route to the prison for reinforcement and used ambushes along the roads. Al Qaeda in Iraq claimed responsibility.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: In March 2006, the U.S. military decided to transfer the 4,500 inmates to other prisons and transfer control of the Abu Ghraib prison to Iraqi authorities. The prison was reported emptied of prisoners in August 2006. The formal transfer was made on September 2, 2006. The formal transfer was conducted between Major General Jack Gardner, Commander of Task Force 134, and representatives of the Iraqi Ministry of Justice and the Iraqi Army.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: In February 2009, Iraq reopened Abu Ghraib under the new name of Baghdad Central Prison. It was designed to house 3,500 inmates. The government said it planned to increase the number up to 15,000 prisoners by the end of the year.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: A major prison break occurred on July 21, 2013, and media outlets reported a mass breakout of prisoners at Abu Ghraib. Reportedly, at least 500 prisoners escaped. A senior member of the security and defense committee in parliament described the prisoners as mostly those who were "convicted senior members of al-Qaeda and had received death sentences." A simultaneous attack occurred at another prison, in Taji, around 12 miles north of Baghdad, where 16 members of the Iraqi security forces and six militants were killed. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) issued a statement on a jihadist forum claiming that they were responsible for organising and executing the prison break, which had taken months of preparation, and claimed that the attacks involved 12 car bombs, suicide bombers and a barrage of mortars and rockets. They also claimed that they killed more than 120 government troops, though the Iraqi authorities claimed that 25 members of the security forces were killed, along with 21 prisoners and at least 10 militants.


title: Abu Ghraib prison

text: On April 15, 2014, the Iraqi Justice Ministry announced that it had closed the prison amid fear that it could be taken over by ISIL, which controlled much of Anbar Province at the time. All 2,400 inmates were moved to other high-security facilities in the country. It was not made clear if the closure is temporary or permanent.


title: Curry powder

text: Curry powder is a spice mix originating from the Indian subcontinent where it is typically called garam masala.


title: Curry powder

text: Key ingredients of curry powder consist of ginger, garlic, fennel, mace, cumin, coriander, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric and have been in use for over 4000 years, at least since the Indus Valley civilization. As commercially available in Western markets, curry powder is comparable to the traditional Indian concoction of spices known as "garam masala".


title: Curry powder

text: Conceived as a ready-made ingredient intended to replicate the flavor of an Indian sauce, it was first sold by Indian merchants to British traders.


title: Curry powder

text: Curry powder was used as an ingredient in 18th century British recipe books, and commercially available from the late 18th century, with brands such as Crosse & Blackwell and Sharwood's persisting to the present. The ingredient "curry powder", along with instructions on how to produce it, are also seen in 19th Century US and Australian cookbooks, and advertisements.


title: Curry powder

text: British traders introduced the powder to Meiji Japan, in the mid-19th century, where it became known as Japanese curry.


title: Curry powder

text: In the West, the word "curry" is a broad reference to various Indian curries prepared with different combinations of spices in the Indian subcontinent. The sauce like component characterized with "curry" has been derived from the Tamil word "kaṟi" meaning 'sauce' or 'relish for rice', and finds synonyms with other regional references to local dishes evolving over thousands of years in the Indian subcontinent, such as "jhol", "shorba" and "kalia".


title: Curry powder

text: A number of standards on curry powder have been defined. Most outline analytical requirements such as moisture, ash content, and oil content as well as permissible additives. Some also define a number of expected ingredients.


title: Curry powder

text: In the United States, curry powder is expected to contain at least these ingredients: turmeric, coriander, fenugreek, cinnamon, cumin, black pepper, ginger, and cardamom.


title: Curry powder

text: The 1999 East Asian standard (EAS 98:1999) does not define an ingredient baseline. A newer 2017 draft from Uganda does require turmeric, coriander, cumin, fenugreek and mustard.


title: Curry powder

text: The Indian (FSSAI), Pakistani (PS:1741-1997), and international (ISO 2253:1999) standards do not define a baseline of essential ingredients.


title: Curry powder

text: One tablespoon (6.3 g) of typical curry powder contains the following nutrients according to the USDA:


title: Vinny Paz

text: Vinny Paz (born Vincenzo Edward Pazienza, December 16, 1962), formerly Vinny Pazienza, is an American former professional boxer who held world titles at lightweight and light middleweight. The 2016 film "Bleed for This" is based on his comeback from a spinal injury.


title: Vinny Paz

text: In the 1980s, Pazienza built a reputation along the East Coast, defeating such opponents as Melvin Paul (KO 2), Joe Frazier Jr. (TKO 7), Harry Arroyo (UD 10), Nelson Bolanos (TKO 6), and Roberto Elizondo (KO in 10). His first world title fight came on June 7, 1987, in Providence, Rhode Island, where he outpointed Greg Haugen over 15 rounds to become the IBF world lightweight champion. The pair would meet two more times: Haugen recovering the title in an immediate rematch, and Pazienza prevailing in a 10-round decision in their rubber match in 1990.


title: Vinny Paz

text: Pazienza failed in title tries in the junior welterweight division: in 1988, against WBC World Champion Roger Mayweather and in 1990, against both WBO Champion Hector "Macho" Camacho and WBA World Champion Loreto Garza.


title: Vinny Paz

text: In 1991, Pazienza moved into the junior middleweight division. This movement was at the advice of his new trainer Kevin Rooney. In his first fight at junior middleweight, he won the USBA championship against Ron Amundsen in a 12-round decision. He defeated the WBA world jr. middleweight champion Gilbert Delé with a 12th-round TKO in Providence, becoming the second fighter in boxing history to win both the lightweight and junior middleweight world championships.


title: Vinny Paz

text: Pazienza was forced to relinquish the title due to a serious car accident in which his neck was broken. He was scheduled for a Jan.10 title defense against Pat Lawlor in Atlantic City but it was called off. Doctors informed him he might never walk again and would certainly never fight again. Pazienza had to wear a medical device called a Halo, a circular metal brace screwed into the skull in four spots and propped up with four metal rods. He had the Halo screwed to his skull for three months, during which time he maintained a workout regimen against doctors orders. He returned to the ring thirteen months after the accident and defeated future WBC world jr. middleweight champion Luis Santana by a 10-round decision.


title: Vinny Paz

text: After the Santana fight, Pazienza went on to defeat Brett Lally by a 6th-round TKO, and then, in another TKO, former world champion Lloyd Honeyghan in the 10th round. Pazienza went on to win the vacant IBO middleweight world title in 1993 with an 11th-round KO over Dan Sherry. Pazienza then went on to beat Roberto Durán twice, both via unanimous decision, with the IBC super middleweight title on the line both times. In the first fight, Durán put Pazienza down in Rounds 2 and 5, but referee Joe Cortez controversially ruled the Round 2 knockdown to be a slip. The first fight divided the people watching as some felt that Durán had won a close fight, but others felt that Pazienza had won either narrowly or widely after finishing strongly in the last five rounds. The second fight was more lopsided in Pazienza's favour, as despite the official judges giving Pazienza the win by scores of 116–112, 117–111 and 118–110, the TV commentators expressed puzzlement at the closeness of the official scoring as they thought that Pazienza had won every round in a 120–108 shutout.


title: Vinny Paz

text: In June 1995, Pazienza lost his world title bid against IBF world super middleweight champion Roy Jones Jr. In 1996, Pazienza inflicted then-prospect Dana Rosenblatt's only loss (a knockout in four rounds) to win the vacant WBU super middleweight world championship.


title: Vinny Paz

text: In early 2001, Pazienza legally changed his last name to Paz. In 2002, he lost to WBC world super middleweight champion Eric Lucas in what would be his last shot at a world title. In 2004, Paz fought in his last fight, defeating Tocker Pudwill via 10-round unanimous decision. His record stands at 50–10, with 30 wins by knockout and five world titles (the IBF lightweight championship, WBA jr. middleweight championship, IBO super middleweight championship, IBC super middleweight championship, and the WBU super middleweight championship). He also won the USBA title. He had a very serious gambling addiction and even after his career, wasted over $10 million on his lifestyle and blackjack.


title: Vinny Paz

text: On November 12, 1991, Pazienza was a passenger in a car that was involved in a head-on collision in Warwick, Rhode Island, at an estimated speed of , as a result of which he suffered a dislocated vertebra and two fractured vertebrae in his neck. The driver of his car suffered a head injury and the driver of the oncoming car suffered minor injuries. Pazienza sued both drivers and was awarded $926,000, after the District Court for the District of Rhode Island ruled that the driver of the car in which Pazienza was a passenger was solely responsible for causing the accident.


title: Vinny Paz

text: Outside of boxing, Paz was a guest star on the TV series , a guest on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", was featured on "The Montell Williams Show", served as a guest security guard on an episode of "The Jerry Springer Show", and refereed the Brawl for All fight at WrestleMania XV between Bart Gunn and Butterbean. He appeared in the unreleased 1997 movie "The Good Life".


title: Vinny Paz

text: The 2016 film "Bleed for This" is based on his comeback from a spinal injury, and stars Miles Teller as Pazienza.


title: Vinny Paz

text: Paz has been arrested on a variety of criminal charges, including alcohol-related crimes, domestic violence, passing bad checks, and disorderly conduct.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: Tom and Jerry: The Movie is a 1992 American animated musical comedy film based on the characters "Tom and Jerry" created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. Produced and directed by Phil Roman from a screenplay by Dennis Marks (who also scripted some episodes of "Tom & Jerry Kids" at the time), the film stars the voices of Richard Kind, Dana Hill (in her final film role), Anndi McAfee, Tony Jay, Rip Taylor, Henry Gibson, Michael Bell, Ed Gilbert, David L. Lander, Howard Morris and Charlotte Rae.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: It is the first theatrical feature-length animated film featuring the cat-and-mouse pair as well as their return to the big screen after 25 years. Although largely mute in the original cartoons, the duo are given extensive spoken dialogue for the only time to date. Joseph Barbera, co-founder of Hanna-Barbera and co-creator of "Tom and Jerry", served as creative consultant for the film. The film tells the story about a young 8-year-old girl named Robyn Starling, who enlists Tom and Jerry's help to escape from her evil abusive aunt and reunite with her lost and presumed-dead father.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: After having its world premiere in Germany on October 1, 1992, "Tom and Jerry: The Movie" was released theatrically in the United States on July 30, 1993, by Miramax Films and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. As the film only grossed $3.6 million on a $3.5 million budget, it underperformed at the box office, and was panned by critics, audiences, and fans of the franchise, for its screenplay, direction, musical numbers, and Tom and Jerry's dialogue, while the animation style, voice acting, and Mancini's musical score (one of his final works) were mostly praised.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: While moving to a new house, Tom and Jerry are left behind by the moving van that Tom's owners are in. Tom chases the van, but is attacked by a bulldog and forced to hide in the empty house. The next morning, the old house is demolished to the ground, leaving both animals homeless and wandering around the city for shelter until they meet a stray dog named Puggsy and his flea companion, Frankie. Upon introducing themselves, Tom and Jerry, realizing they can both speak, are forced to befriend each other to survive. While Tom and Jerry search for food, Puggsy and Frankie are captured by dogcatchers, and Tom is confronted by a group of volatile singing alley cats until Jerry traps them in the sewer.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: Tom and Jerry soon meet Robyn Starling, a runaway 8-year-old girl who lost her mother when she a baby and later her father supposedly in an avalanche during an expedition in Tibet. Robyn and her family's fortune as a result are currently in the custody of her abusive guardian/godmother Aunt Pristine Figg, her lawyer Lickboot, and her obese skateboard-riding dachshund Ferdinand, who see Robyn only as a way to keep their obtained wealth. A local police officer brings Robyn, Tom, and Jerry home. Figg reluctantly allows Tom and Jerry to stay, she then punishes Robyn for running away by sending her to bed without dinner and later locks her up in the attic-(where she currently sleeps). Meanwhile, after a food fight between Tom, Jerry, and Ferdinand, Figg suggests taking them to Dr. Applecheek, who is said to love animals. Jerry overhears Figg and Lickboot discussing a telegram confirming Robyn's father is alive and running his company in Tibet. Jerry tells Tom, and they attempt to tell Robyn, but Figg locks Robyn in her room and takes Tom and Jerry to Dr. Applecheek, who is in truth a sadistic animal kidnapper and the dogcatchers' employer. Figg had paid Applecheek to kill Tom and Jerry.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: Tom and Jerry reunite with Puggsy and Frankie, who suggest using a nearby control panel to release the cages, freeing numerous captured animals. As Tom and Jerry inform Robyn of her father's survival, Tom, Jerry and Robyn set out to find Robyn's father on a raft, but the raft is suddenly struck by a ship and they are separated. Meanwhile, in Tibet, Robyn's father becomes aware of his daughter's problems and flies back to America to reconcile with her.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: The next day, Figg and Lickboot put a $1,000,000 bounty on Robyn to anyone who can find her, with no promise on paying. Robyn is found and detained by amusement park manager Captain Kiddie. Kiddie is initially accommodating to Robyn until he sees Figg's bounty on a milk carton, whereupon he traps Robyn on a Ferris wheel and contacts Figg, who leaves with Lickboot and Ferdinand while Applecheek and the dogcatchers try to beat them there in order to collect the bounty. Tom and Jerry find and rescue Robyn and trap the dogcatchers on the Ferris wheel just as Figg and Lickboot arrive. They escape in a paddle steamer with Figg, Lickboot, Kiddie, and Applecheek in hot pursuit. Applecheek falls from a bridge and sinks Kiddie's dinghy, while Figg and Lickboot head to "Robyn's Nest" – a small cabin where Robyn and her father spent their summers – predicting she will hide there.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: Tom, Jerry and Robyn arrive at the cabin where Robyn is ambushed by Figg and Lickboot, who lock Tom and Jerry outside with Ferdinand. Robyn was angry that Aunt Figg has lied to her and refuses to return to her awful aunt, but during an altercation, an oil lamp is cracked open and starts a fire that engulfs the cabin. As Figg and Lickboot attempt to escape, Tom and Jerry get Robyn to refuge on the roof. Figg and Lickboot escape the cabin but trip on Ferdinand's skateboard and crash onto the paddle steamer, which sails out of control down the river. Robyn's father then arrives in his helicopter and saves her, but runs out of time to help Tom and Jerry as the cabin collapses, though they miraculously survive. After the rescue, Robyn's father promises to never leave her again, and Tom and Jerry's bravery make the newspaper, which is read by Puggsy and Frankie, who are proud of Tom and Jerry for learning how to be friends. Sometime later, the cat and mouse begin a new life in Robyn's luxurious villa and briefly reignite their never-ending conflict one last time.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: There were numerous attempts to make a "Tom and Jerry" feature film, mainly in the 1970s after the successful reruns of the original cartoons and the airings of the new TV animated versions (although there have been debatable possibilities of making attempts in the golden age of cartoons). Chuck Jones, who previously worked on his take on the characters in his studio MGM Animation/Visual Arts, wanted to make a "Tom and Jerry" film but later pulled the plug on the idea due to not finding a suitable script to work with.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: Among of the attempts (with Jones involved) was when MGM wanted to make the feature in live-action with David Newman (one of the writers who wrote "Bonnie and Clyde") to write the screenplay and for Dustin Hoffman and Chevy Chase to star as the duo, but sometime later, the idea was shelved.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: In the late 1980s, Phil Roman and his company Film Roman managed to revive the attempts of making an animated film featuring the duo after his experience in directing the animated specials featuring another popular cartoon cat Garfield, as well as his love for the original "Tom and Jerry" cartoons. This gave the opportunity of making it the first theatrical animated film for Film Roman and his second directorial role for a theatrical animated film since "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown", though in this case as an individual director after directing the TV movie "", with Joseph Barbera aboard as a consultant. One of the rare options the crew decided to take is going in a different direction and something new on the portrayal of the duo by giving them fluent dialogue, because they considered that most of the audience would feel bored or uninterested in the repetitively mute aspect.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: In the early development of the script by Dennis Marks, some of its dialogue and actions in other scenes, including the main characters talking throughout at the beginning before encountering Puggsy and Frankie, had to be taken out. Originally, a comedic sequence before the further events of the duo talking was drafted as a prologue and homage to the original cartoons before the credits, but it was later decided to drop the idea and partially replaced by the animated slapstick scenes during the credits for the sake of moving forward on the situations for the story.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: Animators on "Tom and Jerry: The Movie" include Eric Thomas, Art Roman, Doug Frankel, Tony Fucile, Steven E. Gordon, Leslie Gorin, Dan Haskett, Brian Robert Hogan, Gabi Payn, Irven Spence and Arnie Wong. Some animation was outsourced to Wang Film Productions in Taiwan, where James Miko and Aundre Knutson served as supervising directors. Additional animation was provided by The Baer Animation Company and Creative Capers Cartoons. The computer animation for the vehicles was provided by Kroyer Films.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: During production, after witnessing the successful start of Disney's musical Renaissance, the crew decided to make the film a musical and hired Oscar-winning composers Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse to write the musical numbers after working in another musical film together titled "Victor/Victoria", with a touch of melodic structure reminiscent to the classic golden age of movie musicals, especially the ones from MGM like "The Wizard of Oz" and "Singin' in the Rain", and with help from music students at Roger Williams University. Original songs performed in the film include "Friends to the End", "What Do We Care? (The Alley Cats' Song)", "(Money is Such) A Beautiful Word", "God's Little Creatures", "I Miss You (Robyn's Song)", "I've Done It All", and "All in How Much We Give".


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: A soundtrack album was released by MCA Records in 1993 and included both the songs and score from the film, composed by Henry Mancini. The end credits has a pop version of "I Miss You" (the song Robyn sings), this time sung by Stephanie Mills (this version of the song is strangely absent from the soundtrack) which is slowly followed by "All in How Much We Give" also sung by Stephanie Mills. "All in How Much We Give" was written by Jody Davidson.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 14% approval rating based on 14 reviews, with an average score of 3.4/10. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: Joseph McBride of "Variety" gave the film a negative review, saying that ""Tom and Jerry Talk" won't go down in film history as a slogan to rival "Garbo Talks"." Charles Solomon of the "Los Angeles Times" panned the film's songs and Phil Roman's direction. Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" criticized the dialogue between the cat and mouse and said that the voices "don't fit the characters". Hinson also complained that the musical numbers are "as forgettable as they are intolerably bouncy and upbeat".


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert awarded the film thumbs down ratings on their show "Siskel & Ebert". Although they praised the animation style for its faithfulness to the theatrical shorts, neither thought that it was a good idea to give dialogue to the two characters. Additionally, they felt that the film suffered from a lack of slapstick action compared to the shorts, and criticized the story for giving the character of Robyn Starling more screen time than the titular characters. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" was more positive in his review; he praised Mancini's score and the musical numbers, and felt that "[the characters of] Tom and Jerry have charm."


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: "Tom and Jerry: The Movie" released theatrically on July 30, 1993 in the United States and Canada alongside "Rising Sun", "" and "So I Married an Axe Murderer". Ranking number fourteen at the North American box office, the film grossed $3,560,469 worldwide.


title: Tom and Jerry: The Movie

text: The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 26, 1993 by Family Home Entertainment. The VHS release of the film was reissued on March 2, 1999 and was released on DVD on March 26, 2002 in United States and on September 26, 2008 in Germany by Warner Home Video. Despite receiving a UK VHS release from First Independent Films, no UK Region 2 DVD release is as of yet currently available. However, UK buyers can import the French, German, Dutch, or South African copies, as they are Region 2, and play in English. The film became available on HBO Max in a digitally-remastered widescreen format on July 1, 2020.


title: Jung Yoo-jin

text: Jung Yoo-jin (born February 19, 1989), also known as Eugene Jung, is a South Korean model and actress.


title: Jung Yoo-jin

text: She is known for her roles in Korean dramas, such as "Heard It Through the Grapevine" (2015), "Moorim School", "W" and "Snowdrop".


title: Jung Yoo-jin

text: In February 2018, Jung signed with new management agency FNC Entertainment. On March 3, 2022, Jung's contract with FNC Entertainment has expired recently.


title: Mike Evans (actor)

text: Michael Jonas Evans (November 3, 1949 – December 14, 2006) was an American actor, best known as Lionel Jefferson on both "All in the Family" and "The Jeffersons". He was also a guest celebrity panelist on the TV game show "Match Game".


title: Mike Evans (actor)

text: Evans was born in Salisbury, North Carolina. His father, Theodore Evans Sr., was a dentist, and his mother, Annie Sue Evans, a teacher. He attended Palmer Memorial Institute, a private school for young black Americans in Sedalia, North Carolina. His family later moved to Los Angeles, where he graduated from Los Angeles High School. He studied acting at Los Angeles City College.


title: Mike Evans (actor)

text: A college student majoring in drama but with no acting experience, Evans caught his big break when "All in the Family" producer and director John Rich hired him to play Lionel Jefferson, the son of the Bunkers' new black neighbors. Show developer Norman Lear preferred Cleavon Little for the role, but Rich lobbied to cast an actor who would appear less threatening.


title: Mike Evans (actor)

text: Evans continued to play the role on the spinoff "The Jeffersons", but left after the first season to pursue other aspects of his career. According to Jimmie Walker, Evans had threatened to leave if he was not given more screen time, and Norman Lear let him out of his contract. Actor and opera singer Damon Evans (no relation to Michael) then took the role of Lionel, but Mike Evans returned in the role for the sixth through eighth seasons. Evans was a creator/writer of the series "Good Times" (1974–79).


title: Mike Evans (actor)

text: Evans played Lenny in the cast of the 1976–77 Danny Thomas situation comedy "The Practice" during its second and final season.


title: Mike Evans (actor)

text: In July 1974, Evans met Helena Jefferson (1952–2002). They married on January 10, 1976. On September 11, 2002, Helena Evans died of breast cancer after she was diagnosed in February 2001.


title: Mike Evans (actor)

text: Four years after her death, Evans died of throat cancer at his mother's home in Twentynine Palms, California, at the age of 57.


title: Mike Evans (actor)

text: He was survived by his two daughters (Carlena and Tammie), his mother (Annie Sue), a brother, a cousin, and a niece. Evans's body was cremated.


title: Critical path method

text: The critical path method (CPM), or critical path analysis (CPA), is an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities. It is commonly used in conjunction with the program evaluation and review technique (PERT). A critical path is determined by identifying the longest stretch of dependent activities and measuring the time required to complete them from start to finish.


title: Critical path method

text: The critical path method (CPM) is a project modeling technique developed in the late 1950s by Morgan R. Walker of DuPont and James E. Kelley Jr. of Remington Rand. Kelley and Walker related their memories of the development of CPM in 1989. Kelley attributed the term "critical path" to the developers of the PERT, which was developed at about the same time by Booz Allen Hamilton and the U.S. Navy. The precursors of what came to be known as Critical Path were developed and put into practice by DuPont between 1940 and 1943 and contributed to the success of the Manhattan Project.


title: Critical path method

text: Critical Path Analysis is commonly used with all forms of projects, including construction, aerospace and defense, software development, research projects, product development, engineering, and plant maintenance, among others. Any project with interdependent activities can apply this method of mathematical analysis. CPM was used for the first time in 1966 for the major skyscraper development of constructing the former World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York City. Although the original CPM program and approach is no longer used, the term is generally applied to any approach used to analyze a project network logic diagram.


title: Critical path method

text: The essential technique for using CPM is to construct a model of the project that includes the following:


title: Critical path method

text: Using these values, CPM calculates the longest path of planned activities to logical end points or to the end of the project, and the earliest and latest that each activity can start and finish without making the project longer. This process determines which activities are "critical" (i.e., on the longest path) and which have "total float" (i.e., can be delayed without making the project longer). In project management, a critical path is the sequence of project network activities which add up to the longest overall duration, regardless if that longest duration has float or not. This determines the shortest time possible to complete the project. There can be 'total float' (unused time) within the critical path. For example, if a project is testing a solar panel and task 'B' requires 'sunrise', there could be a scheduling constraint on the testing activity so that it would not start until the scheduled time for sunrise. This might insert dead time (total float) into the schedule on the activities on that path prior to the sunrise due to needing to wait for this event. This path, with the constraint-generated total float would actually make the path longer, with total float being part of the shortest possible duration for the overall project. In other words, individual tasks on the critical path prior to the constraint might be able to be delayed without elongating the critical path; this is the 'total float' of that task. However, the time added to the project duration by the constraint is actually critical path drag, the amount by which the project's duration is extended by each critical path activity and constraint.


title: Critical path method

text: A project can have several, parallel, near critical paths; and some or all of the tasks could have 'free float' and/or 'total float'. An additional parallel path through the network with the total durations shorter than the critical path is called a sub-critical or non-critical path. Activities on sub-critical paths have no drag, as they are not extending the project's duration.


title: Critical path method

text: CPM analysis tools allow a user to select a logical end point in a project and quickly identify its longest series of dependent activities (its longest path). These tools can display the critical path (and near critical path activities if desired) as a cascading waterfall that flows from the project's start (or current status date) to the selected logical end point.


title: Critical path method

text: Although the activity-on-arrow diagram (PERT Chart) is still used in a few places, it has generally been superseded by the activity-on-node diagram, where each activity is shown as a box or node and the arrows represent the logical relationships going from predecessor to successor as shown here in the "Activity-on-node diagram".


title: Critical path method

text: In this diagram, Activities A, B, C, D, and E comprise the critical or longest path, while Activities F, G, and H are off the critical path with floats of 15 days, 5 days, and 20 days respectively. Whereas activities that are off the critical path have float and are therefore not delaying completion of the project, those on the critical path will usually have critical path drag, i.e., they delay project completion. The drag of a critical path activity can be computed using the following formula:


title: Critical path method

text: These results, including the drag computations, allow managers to prioritize activities for the effective management of project, and to shorten the planned critical path of a project by pruning critical path activities, by "fast tracking" (i.e., performing more activities in parallel), and/or by "crashing the critical path" (i.e., shortening the durations of critical path activities by adding resources).


title: Critical path method

text: Critical path drag analysis has also been used to optimize schedules in processes outside of strict project-oriented contexts, such as to increase manufacturing throughput by using the technique and metrics to identify and alleviate delaying factors and thus reduce assembly lead time.


title: Critical path method

text: 'Crash duration' is a term referring to the shortest possible time for which an activity can be scheduled. It can be achieved by shifting more resources towards the completion of that activity, resulting in decreased time spent and often a reduced quality of work, as the premium is set on speed.


title: Critical path method

text: Crash duration is typically modeled as a linear relationship between cost and activity duration; however, in many cases a convex function or a step function is more applicable.


title: Critical path method

text: Originally, the critical path method considered only logical dependencies between terminal elements. Since then, it has been expanded to allow for the inclusion of resources related to each activity, through processes called activity-based resource assignments and resource optimization techniques such as Resource Leveling and Resource smoothing. A resource-leveled schedule may include delays due to resource bottlenecks (i.e., unavailability of a resource at the required time), and may cause a previously shorter path to become the longest or most "resource critical" path while a resource-smoothed schedule avoids impacting the critical path by using only free and total float. A related concept is called the critical chain, which attempts to protect activity and project durations from unforeseen delays due to resource constraints.


title: Critical path method

text: Since project schedules change on a regular basis, CPM allows continuous monitoring of the schedule, which allows the project manager to track the critical activities, and alerts the project manager to the possibility that non-critical activities may be delayed beyond their total float, thus creating a new critical path and delaying project completion. In addition, the method can easily incorporate the concepts of stochastic predictions, using the PERT and event chain methodology.


title: Critical path method

text: Currently, there are several software solutions available in industry that use the CPM method of scheduling; see list of project management software. The method currently used by most project management software is based on a manual calculation approach developed by Fondahl of Stanford University.


title: Critical path method

text: A schedule generated using the critical path techniques often is not realized precisely, as estimations are used to calculate times: if one mistake is made, the results of the analysis may change. This could cause an upset in the implementation of a project if the estimates are blindly believed, and if changes are not addressed promptly. However, the structure of critical path analysis is such that the variance from the original schedule caused by any change can be measured, and its impact either ameliorated or adjusted for. Indeed, an important element of project postmortem analysis is the 'as built critical path' (ABCP), which analyzes the specific causes and impacts of changes between the planned schedule and eventual schedule as actually implemented.


title: Zac Farro

text: Zachary Wayne Farro (born June 4, 1990) is an American musician, best known as the drummer for the rock band Paramore. He is the younger brother of Josh Farro, who is Paramore's former lead guitarist and backing vocalist. After he and his brother exited Paramore in 2010, Josh formed a band named Novel American, which Zac was also a part of. Farro is currently the sole member of the band HalfNoise. Farro rejoined Paramore in 2016.


title: Zac Farro

text: Farro was born in Voorhees Township, New Jersey. Farro is the middle child of five siblings (Nate, Joshua, himself, Jonathan, and Isabelle) and is of Italian descent. Farro began playing drums at around the age of nine, and he was eleven years old when he played his first drum kit. The family later moved to Franklin, Tennessee.


title: Zac Farro

text: Farro, at age 14, was a founding member of Paramore, created in Franklin, Tennessee in 2004. The lineup included Hayley Williams (lead vocals/keyboards), Farro (drums), his older brother Josh Farro (lead guitar and backing vocals), and Jeremy Davis (bass guitar). Jeremy Davis admitted he was initially unsure if the band could be taken seriously because of Zac's young age until he saw him play. The band released three studio albums, "All We Know Is Falling", "Riot!" and "Brand New Eyes", as well as two live albums and one EP. "Brand New Eyes", their third album, was released on September 29, 2009. In June 2009, the band welcomed Taylor York (rhythm guitar), a long time friend of the Farros' and who previously played with them as a touring member. On December 18, 2010, the band's website announced the Farros' amicable departure. On December 21, 2010, Josh Farro released an official exit statement for himself and his brother, refuting the band's previous story.


title: Zac Farro

text: On June 8, 2016, Paramore posted a short video of themselves, with Farro, in a studio to their social media. This was preceded by a number of images which all included both Farro and producer of the upcoming Paramore album Justin Meldal-Johnsen, leading fans and various media outlets to speculate the return of Farro. Farro later clarified that he was only recording drums for the album and that he had not rejoined the band as a full member. On August 12, in a podcast for "Billboard", he commented that the most important thing to him was to reignite his friendship with the band and that being in the studio together "felt like [Farro and Paramore] haven't skipped a beat." Despite initially mentioning that he was only participating in the recording of their fifth album, it was confirmed on February 2, 2017, that Farro was back as the official drummer in the band.


title: Zac Farro

text: He has also performed the songs 'Scooby's in the Back', 'French Class', and 'All That Love Is' by his band HalfNoise at various Paramore gigs with Hayley doing back up vocals.


title: Zac Farro

text: Two days after his departure from Paramore, Zac took part in a new project band called "Tunnel", releasing a new song called "Hide Your Eyes". The duo then renamed themselves "HalfNoise" due to other bands being named "Tunnel". The band featured Farro (drums, vocals) and Jason Clark (guitar, vocals).


title: Zac Farro

text: HalfNoise released its first single "Mountain" May 29, 2014. Farro also announced an album, "Volcano Crowe", released on September 30, 2014.


title: Zac Farro

text: HalfNoise released the single "Know The Feeling" on June 9, 2016, and later released a music video for the single June 23, 2016, directed by Aaron Joseph.


title: Zac Farro

text: Josh Farro founded the band Novel American with former Cecil Adora members Van Beasley, Ryan Clark and Tyler Ward briefly after his departure from Paramore and the group announced plans to record an EP as well as play local venues in the near future.


title: Zac Farro

text: On May 23, 2014, Novel American was scrapped because the band could not find a suitable lead vocalist.


title: Zac Farro

text: Farro has stated that some of his influences include: Jimmy Eat World, Radiohead, The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Death Cab for Cutie, Mew, Paper Route, Sigur Rós, Thrice, Sunny Day Real Estate, Dave Grohl and Múm.


title: Zac Farro

text: Farro has went through multitude of different drum and cymbal endorsements throughout his career, with Promark sticks and Remo drum heads being consistent parts of his set. Farro used and was endorsed by custom drum company Truth Drums paired with Meinl cymbals, until his departure from the group in 2010. When Farro rejoined the group in 2017, he used and endorsed drums by Gretsch paired with Zildjian cymbals.


title: Zac Farro

text: In October 2022, Farro was spotted using a yellow Vistalite kit from drum company Ludwig paired with Istanbul Agop cymbals. Endorsements for both companies were later announced a month later.


title: TeenNick

text: TeenNick is an American pay-TV channel that is operated by the Paramount Media Networks division of Paramount Global. Aimed primarily at teens and tweens, its programming includes a variety of live-action series inherited from sister channel Nickelodeon.


title: TeenNick

text: The channel launched on September 28, 2009, as the merger between two defunct programming blocks which also targeted a teenage audience: TEENick on Nickelodeon and The N on Noggin. Before its introduction as a channel, TeenNick's space used to be held by Nick GAS (from 1999 to 2007) and a short-lived, 24-hour version of The N (from 2007 to 2009).


title: TeenNick

text: When the TeenNick channel was first announced in early 2009, its name was spelled "TEENick" like the block it was based on.


title: TeenNick

text: Nick Cannon, the original host of the TEENick block on Nickelodeon, was described in publicity materials as the chairman of TeenNick as well as its programming consultant. Cannon also hosted several shows on the channel, including "TeenNick Top 10".


title: TeenNick

text: As of September 2018, TeenNick is available to approximately 63.314 million pay-TV households in the United States.


title: TeenNick

text: TeenNick is the successor to TEENick and The N, two programming blocks that aired on Nickelodeon and Noggin, respectively.


title: TeenNick

text: TEENick was a celebrity-hosted programming block on Nickelodeon aimed at tweens. The block launched on March 4, 2001, and lasted until February 1, 2009. TEENick aired on Sunday nights from 6 to 9p.m. ET/PT. In 2005, it was rebroadcast on Saturday from 8 to 10p.m. ET/PT (replacing the popular SNICK block that started in 1992). Saturday night editions were broadcast as "TEENick Saturday Night" until 2006 where it rebranded as "TEENick" for both broadcasts. The inaugural host was Nick Cannon, followed by Jason Everhart (a.k.a. "J. Boogie"). TEENick's programming mainly consisted of live-action comedies, such as "True Jackson, VP", "The Troop", and "iCarly", as well as occasional reruns of animated shows such as "All Grown Up!" and "My Life as a Teenage Robot".


title: TeenNick

text: Meanwhile, The N was a nighttime block on Noggin that launched on April 1, 2002, running from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. ET every day. Series that previously aired during Noggin's time as an all-ages channel — like "A Walk in Your Shoes" and "Sponk!" — migrated to The N. The block spawned several original series, including the animated comedy "O'Grady" and the live-action dramas "Out There" and "South of Nowhere". The N was also the U.S. broadcast home of Canada's "". Like the rest of the Noggin channel, The N's original shows were created with educational goals, which was uncommon for teen programming at the time.


title: TeenNick

text: On August 13, 2007, Nickelodeon announced that it would shut down Nick GAS at the end of the year, with a 24-hour version of The N taking over its channel space. The N's standalone network ran for less than two years, from December 31, 2007, to September 28, 2009. Upon gaining its own channel, The N incorporated several TEENick series into its lineup, including "Drake & Josh", "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide", and "Zoey 101". According to "Polygon", "Nickelodeon began phasing out The N's programming and replacing it with TEENick, an entertainment block with no educational curriculum and zero involvement from Noggin. The N lost its footing by 2009, and both [The N] and its website closed down completely."


title: TeenNick

text: The TeenNick channel debuted on September 28, 2009, at 6a.m. ET, accompanied by the debut of a new logo, designed by New York-based creative director/designer Eric Zim. Nick Cannon, who was the original host of the TEENick block itself, was declared in publicity materials as the "Chairman of TeenNick." Cannon had a major presence on the channel, appearing in network promotions, continuing to be associated in some way with the network until the cancellation of the "TeenNick Top 10" in 2018. Several shows from TEENick and The N's program libraries were carried over to the TeenNick channel, though the majority of the programming came from TEENick's library rather than The N's.


title: TeenNick

text: On February 1, 2010, TeenNick began incorporating music videos into its morning and afternoon schedule on a regular basis, airing between certain programs – and effectively reducing commercial breaks within programs where a music video is to be aired afterward from 6a.m. to 3p.m. ET (this had been done periodically for some time before that date, usually airing between 6 and 8a.m. ET, although not every day), same thing as Nickelodeon did with programs such as "iCarly", "Big Time Rush", "Victorious", and "How to Rock".


title: TeenNick

text: In July 2011, TeenNick began carrying programs originally filmed for high-definition broadcast in a letterboxed format, due to the absence of an HD simulcast feed of the channel. After Nicktoons and Nick Jr. launched HD services in 2013, TeenNick was the only Nickelodeon-branded network without an HD simulcast network until September 2016; this remains limited to IPTV providers and some cable company mobile and digital media player apps, such as that of the companies under the Spectrum branding.


title: TeenNick

text: From 2011 to 2022, the TeenNick channel had aired a "retro" programming block dedicated to reruns of classic Nickelodeon series. It was inspired by a large amount of interest in Nickelodeon's past programs on social media outlets. The block was originally known as "The '90s Are All That," in reference to the sketch comedy series "All That" that was a fixture on Nickelodeon throughout the 1990s and 2000s. To align itself with Nickelodeon's cross-platform branding, the block was renamed three times: to "The Splat" on October 5, 2015; to "NickSplat" on May 1, 2017; and to its final name "NickRewind" on March 18, 2019.


title: TeenNick

text: As of 2019, reruns of Nickelodeon-produced series and specials, feature films, and acquired programs all broadcast in multi-hour blocks serve as the main programming on the network.


title: TeenNick

text: In the first few years following its launch in 2009, TeenNick had somewhat lightened programming content standards than the rest of the Nickelodeon channels. In addition to reruns of the TEENick block's family-targeted shows, the TeenNick channel picked up several foreign shows with more mature content (e.g. profanity or suggestive dialogue), like "Open Heart". Following a rebranding in summer 2015, the channel dropped most of the other programming to almost exclusively air reruns of Nickelodeon's original series. By 2019, TeenNick "de facto" shared the same content standards as other Nickelodeon networks. This year also marked another rebranding, which saw the network billed as "Viacom's "tween"-oriented cable network" instead of a network for teenagers.


title: TeenNick

text: Many programs that had aired on TEENick, and several programs that had aired on The N, were carried over to TeenNick. These were mixed with some syndicated shows from other networks. On April 20, 2011, TeenNick announced that it had acquired the rights to air "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" starting in May, though this was short-lived and it returned to FX (and later, Pivot) within a matter of months.


title: TeenNick

text: TeenNick produced few original shows. The first original series produced under the TeenNick name, the half-hour teen drama "Gigantic", ran from October 2010 to April 22, 2011. The last original program exclusive to TeenNick, the music video countdown show "TeenNick Top 10", was cancelled in 2018, commiserate with Viacom's new 'six prime networks' strategy effectively cutting out all but Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. from airing original children's series on their network spaces. First-run episodes of series airing on TeenNick since then have been primarily in the form of Nickelodeon series that are burned off due to low ratings on the flagship channel, such as, in the recent past; "Hollywood Heights", "House of Anubis", "Bucket & Skinner's Epic Adventures", and "Star Falls". Also, "Alien Dawn", and foreign shows from international Nickelodeon networks which receive a minimum US run to fulfill contracts, such as "Life with Boys", "Dance Academy", "HO: Just Add Water", and "Alien Surf Girls". As TeenNick has a high definition feed with very limited distribution, and is nearly exclusive to higher-cost digital cable tiers, ratings for those shows traditionally have a drastic fall with a move to TeenNick, alongside the network producing few promotions referring the transplanted programming.


title: TeenNick

text: On July 15, 2019, the network began to broadcast in primetime a mixture of content from MTV, including repeats of "Teen Wolf" and "My Super Sweet 16", and series which originated as YouTube Originals from recent Viacom acquisition AwesomenessTV (a company founded by Nickelodeon president Brian Robbins and frequent co-collaborator Joe Davola). Season three of "Hunter Street" (which airs on weeknights over a month), initially meant for Nickelodeon, began to air on the channel on July 29, 2019. By the winter of 2019, regular Nickelodeon repeats had returned to the primetime lineup.


title: TeenNick

text: Nick Cannon's on-air presence as the chairman of the network decreased after "TeenNick Top 10" stopped airing in March 2018. This was the last series produced by Cannon's company, NCredible Entertainment, for the network. In July 2020, Cannon was fired from all roles at ViacomCBS due to anti-Semitic statements, though later returned after making several apologies and amends for his behavior.


title: TeenNick

text: NickRewind was TeenNick's late-night programming block dedicated to Nickelodeon's most popular programs, mainly from the 1990s. Originally launched on July 25, 2011, as "The '90s Are All That", NickRewind operated in much the similar way as Nick at Nite, which serves as a separate identity for the overnight programming on Nickelodeon, though NickRewind was not considered its own network in Nielsen ratings due to targeting the same demographic as TeenNick. After relaunching as "The Splat" in 2015, the block expanded to include programming from the 1980s to early-mid 2000s. The block was discontinued on January 31, 2022.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Wiseguy is an American crime drama television series that aired on CBS from September 16, 1987, to December 8, 1990, for a total of 75 episodes over four seasons. The series was produced by Stephen J. Cannell and was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, to avoid the higher studio costs associated with filming in Los Angeles.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: "Wiseguy" originally starred Ken Wahl as Vinnie Terranova, a Brooklyn native and Fordham University graduate who was a deep cover operative for the FBI under the supervision of senior agent Frank McPike, played by Jonathan Banks. The primary cast was rounded out by Jim Byrnes, who played an information operative known as Lifeguard (real name Daniel Burroughs) who assisted Vinnie in the field.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: After the third season, Wahl departed from the series. Steven Bauer was brought in to replace Wahl as the lead, with Cecil Hoffman joining as a fourth regular cast member alongside Bauer and the returning Banks and Byrnes. "Wiseguy" ended its run midway through the 1990-91 television season with three produced episodes left unaired.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: The series followed Vincent "Vinnie" Terranova, an undercover agent of the OCB (Organized Crime Bureau), a fictional division of the FBI. The show kept its focus on both the mechanics of being deep undercover and the consequences of the protagonist's actions.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Unlike similar series of the day, "Wiseguy" was serialized over multiple episodes telling a self-contained story that would conclude in the final episode of the cycle. This gave rise to the industry term "story arc". Some cycles were short while others were extended, but each new story had a specific set of central characters exclusive to it who would appear over the course of multiple episodes. For example, Kevin Spacey appeared in seven episodes of a first-season arc as an antagonist, while Jerry Lewis was a protagonist for five episodes in a season-two arc.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Vincent Michael "Vinnie" Terranova (Ken Wahl) is an undercover agent who is 30 years old when the series begins. His job is to infiltrate criminal organizations, gather evidence, and then destroy the organization to bring the guilty parties to justice. At the beginning of the show, he is estranged from his family because of an eighteen-month prison sentence (meant to establish his "wiseguy" credentials with the criminal underworld) and continued ties to criminals, and OCB regulations forbade Vinnie to tell his family the truth; however, his brother Peter (Gerald Anthony), a Catholic priest, knew the truth (Vinnie had revealed everything under the seal of the confessional), and in the first season episode "Prodigal Son" when his Italian-born mother Carlotta (Elsa Raven) is hospitalized after being mugged, Vinnie reveals the truth to her (with McPike and Lifeguard concealing Vinnie's confession from the OCB Regional Director), thereby reconciling mother and son. Carlotta calls him "Vincenzo" but his legal name is Vincent. Vinnie was often seen wearing Fordham University sweatshirts and hats as he and Peter are Fordham graduates.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Frank McPike (Jonathan Banks) is Vinnie's superior officer, who assigns Vinnie to cases, supplies him with important information and coordinates back-up support. He became Vinnie's immediate superior after Vinnie was released after completing an eighteen-month sentence in the Newark State Penitentiary (Frank was responsible for ensuring that Vinnie served the full term in order to cement his cover). Since McPike is a known law enforcement official and Vinnie is deep undercover, McPike will often have Vinnie arrested on a trumped-up charge so that he can talk to Vinnie without revealing his identity. Frank has a troubled marriage. He separates from his wife after diverting some money recovered from a gangster to pay for a liver transplant for her.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Lifeguard (Jim Byrnes), with whom Vinnie communicates almost exclusively by telephone, is Vinnie's other contact person. Vinnie (ideally) calls him every morning with the latest updates on the case, and Lifeguard provides him with quick updates. He also, under the name of "Mike Terranova" provides Vinnie with an emergency contact number (555-4958, a play on Vince's agent number), without revealing Vinnie's true identity. (The cover location is "Sailor Hardware"; the code phrase "Uncle Mike" indicates an emergency request for assistance.) Daniel is a double-leg amputee, but is remarkably mobile in his wheelchair; he is also mobile with a pair of prosthetic legs. Like McPike, Daniel is divorced as a result of his work; his ex-wife stays in close contact, apparently because Daniel has resources she wants, and Daniel endures this with resentment. Eventually he forms a relationship with OCB's West Coast Lifeguard operator when Vinnie's investigations take him to Washington State.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Appearing only in season 4 as the focal character in Terranova's absence, Santana (Steven Bauer) is a recently disbarred United States attorney who becomes allies with McPike and the OCB.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Stein (Cecil Hoffman), also only appearing in season 4, is Santana's fellow U.S. attorney and love interest.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: The fourth season was only done as part of a realignment of CBS' primetime programming lineup that saw switches of other programming, along with some cancellations. It was cancelled later that year.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: FBI undercover agent Vinnie Terranova is released from prison after serving an 18-month sentence to establish his cover. After his training agent is murdered by Dave Steelgrave (Gianni Russo), an Atlantic City Mafia boss, Vinnie vows to infiltrate the organization and take the Steelgraves down. He eventually earns the trust of Sonny Steelgrave (Ray Sharkey), Dave's brother, and after Dave's death and the apparent defection of one of the Steelgrave captains, he is made Sonny's second-in-command. Over time, Vinnie feels conflicted by his genuine feelings of friendship towards Sonny, and having to lie to his mother about his work for the government in order to maintain his cover. Eventually, Sonny discovers that Vinnie is an undercover agent and, about to be arrested for his crimes, commits suicide rather than face the death penalty. Vinnie is ultimately able to overcome the guilt he feels over his betrayal of Sonny and continues to work as an undercover agent.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Vinnie, using his reputation developed as a result of infiltrating the Steelgrave crime family, made contact with a hitman/assassin named Roger Lococco (William Russ). However, Vinnie soon discovered a much bigger target: Roger's boss, the (mentally unstable) multi-billionaire international criminal mastermind and arms dealer Mel Profitt (Kevin Spacey), and his sister Susan (Joan Severance). Mel had an addiction to prescription medication (often administered to him by Susan) which further contributed to his unstable emotional state. He was also a believer in Malthusian economics. After much international intrigue involving Mel, Susan and Lococco (who turned out to be a CIA agent, under even deeper cover than Vinnie), the entire organization was destroyed. The arc alluded to an incestuous relationship between Mel and Susan.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: After everything collapsed around him, Mel suffered a complete mental breakdown and asked Susan to "send him home". She obliged him by injecting him with a lethal dose of heroin and amphetamines and giving him a Viking funeral, and eventually went insane (through no help of Lococco, who began gaslighting her) and was committed to a mental facility.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: As it turned out, the Profitt connection was part of a much larger plot by the CIA to train mercenaries and install a puppet regime in the Caribbean. Lococco's training officer and immediate superior Herb Ketcher proved to be behind the plot and after Vinnie and McPike infiltrated the operation, the entire thing was exposed as a front for an American corporation and Lococco turned state's evidence. Shortly after his testimony, Lococco went off the grid. Ketcher, after being exposed, would take his own life before consequences were dealt to him.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: As the arc came to an end Vinnie announced his resignation from OCB and would not listen when McPike said he would give him six months off instead.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Stephen J. Cannell, producer of "Wiseguy", stated that the character Jim Profit from the short-lived Fox series "Profit" (which Cannell also produced) was named after and partially based on the Mel Profitt character.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Note - In 1997 "TV Guide" ranked the episode "Blood Dance" number 14 on its "100 Greatest Episodes of All Time" list.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: At the beginning of the second season, Vinnie is living at home with his mother and brother, Father Pete (Gerald Anthony) and working for a friend at a gas station as everyone in his neighborhood still believes he is in the Mafia.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: McPike, meanwhile, has been dispatched to find Vinnie by the new director of OCB, Paul Beckstead. Vinnie's resignation letter has yet to be processed, and McPike has been given the following choice: either debrief Vinnie and process his resignation or bring him back from sabbatical. Vinnie refuses to go along, however.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: Meanwhile, his friend gets an eviction notice and nearly is driven to sabotage in an attempt to protect his business. A patron of his turns him on to the teachings of "Dr." Knox Pooley, who leads a group called the "Pilgrims of Promise" that has white supremacist leanings. His right-hand man, Calvin Hollis, has a particularly dim view of Jewish people and he leads a group of Pilgrims in an attack on a synagogue.


title: Wiseguy (TV series)

text: In the aftermath of the attack, Pete goes on television condemning the attack; shortly after he is run down in an alley.