title: X González

text: González was raised in Parkland, Florida, a suburb of the Miami metropolitan area. Their mother is a mathematics tutor and their father is a cybersecurity attorney who immigrated from Cuba to New York City in 1968. They have two older siblings.


title: X González

text: González graduated from Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in the spring of 2018. They served as the president of its gay–straight alliance. In high school, González was also the tracking team leader on Project Aquila, a mission to send a school-made weather balloon "to the edge of space"; the project was documented by fellow student David Hogg. They enjoy creative writing and astronomy but not mathematics.


title: X González

text: On the day of the shooting, González was in the auditorium with dozens of other students when the fire alarm went off. They attempted to exit through the hallway, but were told to take cover and took refuge back in the auditorium, where they were held for two hours until police let students out.


title: X González

text: On February 17, 2018, González gave an 11-minute speech in front of the Broward County Courthouse at a gun control rally in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The speech was in reaction to the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, three days previously, during which a gunman had killed 17 and severely injured many more.


title: X González

text: In the speech they pledged to work with their peers to pressure lawmakers to change the law. "We are going to be the last mass shooting," González proclaimed. "That's going to be Marjory Stoneman Douglas in that textbook, and it's all going to be due to the tireless efforts of the school board, the faculty members, the family members and most importantly the students." The speech notably featured a call and response: "We call B.S.", in response to gun laws, calling for advocacy and empowering young people to speak out against school shootings. The speech then went viral. According to "The Washington Post," González's speech became emblematic of the "new strain of furious advocacy" that sprang up immediately after the shooting.


title: X González

text: In an interview with Ellen DeGeneres, González said they felt their message would resonate through repetition. "I knew I would get my job done properly at that rally if I got people chanting something. And I thought 'We call B.S.' has four syllables, that's good, I'll use that. I didn't want to say the actual curse words... this message doesn't need to be thought of in a negative way at all."


title: X González

text: A recording of González delivering a line in the speech was sampled as the intro for Madonna's "I Rise", released in May 2019.


title: X González

text: They and other survivors spoke with Florida state legislators in Tallahassee on February 20, 2018. The students watched the legislature vote down debate on an existing gun control bill.


title: X González

text: The students also spoke at an internationally televised town hall hosted by CNN on February 21, 2018. González and others criticized the National Rifle Association (NRA), as well as politicians who accept money from it, as being complicit in the shootings and stated that "you're either funding the killers, or you're standing with the children."


title: X González

text: At the town hall, González pressed an NRA representative to clarify their position on guns. "Dana Loesch, I want you to know that we will support your two children in the way that you will not," González said at the town hall. "The shooter at our school obtained weapons that he used on us legally. Do you believe that it should be harder to obtain the semi-automatic and... the modifications for these weapons to make them fully automatic like bump stocks?" Loesch answered González by arguing that mentally ill people shouldn't have access to weapons. González interjected and noted that they hadn't answered their question. "I think I'm gonna interrupt you real quick and remind you that the question is actually, do you believe it should be harder to obtain these semi-automatic weapons and modifications to make them fully automatic, such as bump stocks?"


title: X González

text: Shortly after their viral speech and high-profile media appearances, González joined Twitter and acquired more than 1 million followers within a span of less than ten days.


title: X González

text: González continued to speak out against gun violence. "Glamour Magazine" called González "the face of the #NeverAgain movement" and "a recognizable icon" while "The Washington Post" called their "La nueva cara of Florida Latinx" ("The new face of Florida Latinx") and drew comparisons to the revolutionary José Martí. NBC News called them "one of the most visible student activists to emerge from the shooting..." In a nationally televised interview on "60 Minutes", González described the idea of arming teachers in classrooms with guns as "stupid". In March 2018, González was on the cover of "Time magazine" along with fellow activists Jaclyn Corin, David Hogg, Cameron Kasky, and Alex Wind. That same month they were profiled by "France 24".


title: X González

text: González and other students, including fellow Parkland survivors Hogg, Kasky, and Sarah Chadwick, organized and participated in the nationwide March for Our Lives protest on March 24, 2018, with a focus on speakers and a march in Washington, DC. González spoke for six minutes, the length of time of the Parkland shooting, and paid tribute to the victims by mentioning each one by name and giving examples of things they would never again be able to do. They followed this by several minutes of silence. González was interviewed on MSNBC at the march, stating people needed to "empathize rather than feel apathy" and calling for young people to register to vote.


title: X González

text: In March 2018, the Florida Legislature passed a bill titled the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Act. It raises the minimum age for buying firearms to 21, establishes waiting periods and background checks, provides a program for the arming of some teachers and the hiring of school police, bans bump stocks, and bars potentially violent or mentally unhealthy people arrested under certain laws from possessing guns. In all, the law allocates around $400 million for implementation. Rick Scott signed the bill into law on March 9. The governor commented, "To the students of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, you made your voices heard. You didn't let up and you fought until there was change."


title: X González

text: In May 2018 González met with James Shaw Jr., a man who prevented further bloodshed at a mass shooting in a Waffle House restaurant by rushing the attacker and taking away his AR-15 rifle and saving more lives; both Shaw and González described each other as heroes.


title: X González

text: González was attacked for their Fort Lauderdale speech by many from the political right wing of American politics and press. They have also faced derogatory comments made by internet trolls about their sexual orientation, short hair, and skin color. They were verbally attacked by Leslie Gibson, then the Republican candidate running unopposed for the Maine legislature and lifetime NRA member, who referred to them as a "skinhead lesbian", whereupon 28-year-old Eryn Gilchrist filed papers to run against him, thus providing an opponent; Republican former state Senator Thomas Martin, Jr., who said that Gibson's remarks did not represent the Maine Republican Party, and that he planned to contact the survivors to commend their courage, also filed to run for the seat. A few days later Gibson himself dropped out of the race.


title: X González

text: González was the target of a number of far-right conspiracy theories and hoaxes since the shooting. Conspiracy theorists have falsely accused the students, including González, of being crisis actors. Benjamin Kelly, an aide to Florida state Representative Shawn Harrison (R-63), was fired after making such accusations. Donald Trump Jr. faced criticism for appearing to support the crisis actor accusations. The conspiracy theories spread about González and other Parkland survivors were named PolitiFact's 2018 Lie of the Year.


title: X González

text: Following their highly publicized speech at the March for Our Lives, pro-gun activists doctored fake photos and video showing González ripping up a copy of the United States Constitution, spreading them widely on internet forums and social media. Snopes.com observed that the video was in fact a digitally manipulated "Teen Vogue" video of them tearing up shooting range targets. Adam Baldwin defended spreading the fake video, saying it was "political satire".


title: X González

text: Republican congressman Steve King attacked González for wearing a Cuban flag patch on their jacket during their speech, saying in a post on Facebook, "This is how you look when you claim Cuban heritage yet don't speak Spanish and ignore the fact that your ancestors fled the island when the dictatorship turned Cuba into a prison camp, after removing all weapons from its citizens; hence their right to self defense." The Cuban flag worn by González was adopted in 1902, fifty years before the communist take over, and has been used by anti-Castro Cuban exiles as a symbol of patriotism. One of the survivors of the Orlando nightclub shooting, Brandon Wolf, responded to King saying "When it was my community, where were you? When it was Sandy Hook? Columbine? Were you on the sideline mocking those communities too? Did you question someone identifying as a mother? Did you question whether people like me were crisis actors?" and "Emma stood for 6 mins and 20 seconds to honor the lives of 17 gone too soon. The least you could do is shut your privileged, ineffective trap for 6 seconds to hear someone else's perspective." In an interview with the "New Civil Rights Movement", Wolf also pointed out that King keeps a Confederate flag on his desk.


title: X González

text: King's comments generated fierce condemnation from Wolf, González, and other members of Never Again MSD. In June 2018, as part of the March for Our Lives' "Road to Change" tour, gun control advocates and members of Never Again MSD arrived at King's office in Sioux City to protest against King. Protesters and gun control advocates berated King for his history of racially charged statements and attacks; González personally denounced King and accused him of racism. King largely ignored the protests.


title: X González

text: González is bisexual and uses they/them pronouns. According to "Vogue", their buzz cut is not a reaction to the school shooting, but rather to Florida's climate. "People asked me, 'Are you taking a feminist stand?' No, I wasn't. It's Florida. Hair is just an extra sweater I'm forced to wear," González recalled. "I even made a PowerPoint presentation to convince my parents to let me shave my head, and it worked." In May 2021, González announced the usage of a new personal name, X, citing dissociation with their previous personal name and feminine pronouns.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: It's Only Rock 'n Roll is the 12th British and 14th American studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on 18 October 1974 by Rolling Stones Records. It was the last Rolling Stones album to feature guitarist Mick Taylor; the songwriting and recording of the album's title track had a connection to Taylor's eventual replacement, Ronnie Wood. "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" combines the core blues and rock 'n' roll–oriented sound with elements of funk and reggae. "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" reached number one in the United States and number two in the UK.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Though it was not as successful as their prior albums, "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" was an important transitional album for the Rolling Stones. Following the departure of long-time producer Jimmy Miller, the album was self-produced by guitarist Keith Richards and singer Mick Jagger under the pseudonym "The Glimmer Twins". Taylor, bassist Bill Wyman and drummer Charlie Watts played on most of the tracks, while frequent collaborators Ian Stewart, Nicky Hopkins, and Billy Preston contributed additional instrumentation. The album featured the first appearance of percussionist Ray Cooper, who would continue to work with the Rolling Stones into the 1980s.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: The title track was recorded separately from the rest of the album. The basic rhythm track had been laid down by members of the Faces, including Wood and drummer Kenney Jones, during a jam session with Jagger, David Bowie, and bassist Willie Weeks. Jagger liked the song so much that he brought the basic track to Richards, who added some guitar overdubs, and after some polishing, it was put on the album as-is. In 1975, the band began auditioning guitarists including Jeff Beck, Wayne Perkins, Harvey Mandel and Rory Gallagher as possible replacements after the departure of Taylor, while recording the next studio album, "Black and Blue" (1976).


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Work began on "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" following the Rolling Stones' autumn 1973 European tour. Production began in November at Munich, Germany's Musicland Studios. According to guitarist Keith Richards, "We were really hot (off the road) and ready just to play some new material." The recording sessions were attended by Belgian painter Guy Peellaert, who Mick Jagger invited to do the album cover after seeing his work in the book "Rock Dreams", which featured illustrations of various rock musicians such as the Rolling Stones. Peellaert eventually painted the band as "rock deities," descending a temple staircase, surrounded by young girls and women worshiping them in Grecian clothing. The cover bears a very strong resemblance to Henri Gervex's painting, "The Coronation of Nicolas II" (1896). The artist refused to sign a deal of exclusivity, and in 1974 provided the album art for David Bowie's "Diamond Dogs".


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: The album was at first developed as a half-live, half-studio production with one side of the album featuring live performances from the Stones' European tour while the other side was to be composed of newly recorded cover versions of the band's favourite R&B songs. Covers recorded included a take of Dobie Gray's "Drift Away", Jimmy Reed's "Shame Shame Shame," and the Temptations' "Ain't Too Proud to Beg." Soon the band began working off riffs by Richards and new ideas by Mick Jagger and the original concept was scrapped in favour of an album with all-new material. The cover of "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" was the only recording to make the cut, while the "Drift Away" cover is a popular bootleg.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" marked the Stones' first effort in the producer's chair since "Their Satanic Majesties Request", and the first for Jagger and Richards under their pseudonym "The Glimmer Twins." On the choice to produce, Richards said at the time:


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: "I think we'd come to a point with Jimmy (Miller) where the contribution level had dropped because it'd got to be a habit, a way of life, for Jimmy to do one Stones album a year. He'd got over the initial sort of excitement which you can feel on "Beggars Banquet" and "Let It Bleed". Also, Mick and I felt that we wanted to try and do it ourselves because we really felt we knew much more about techniques and recording and had our own ideas of how we wanted things to go. "Goats Head Soup" hadn't turned out as we wanted to – not blaming Jimmy or anything like that... But it was obvious that it was time for a change in that particular part of the process of making records."


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Starting with this release, all future Rolling Stones albums would either be produced by themselves or in collaboration with an outside producer.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Most of the album's backing tracks were recorded first at Musicland; solo vocals were recorded later by Jagger, about whom Richards would say, "he often comes up with his best stuff alone in the studio with just an engineer."


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: The song "Luxury" showed the band's growing interest in reggae music, while "Till the Next Goodbye" and "If You Really Want to Be My Friend" continued their immersion in ballads. Seven of the album's 10 songs crack the four-minute mark, a feature that would come to be disparaged during the rising punk rock scene of the late 1970s.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Ronnie Wood, a long-time acquaintance of the band, began to get closer to the Rolling Stones during these sessions after he invited Mick Taylor to play on his debut album, "I've Got My Own Album to Do". Taylor spent some time recording and hanging out at Wood's house, The Wick. By chance, Richards was asked one night by Wood's wife at the time, Krissy, to join them at the guitarist's home. While there, Richards recorded some tracks with Wood and quickly developed a close friendship, with Richards going as far as moving into Wood's guest room. Jagger soon entered the mix and it was here that the album's lead single and title track, "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)", was first recorded. Wood worked closely on the track with Jagger, who subsequently took the song and title for their album. The released version of this song features Wood on 12-string acoustic guitar.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" was Mick Taylor's last album with the Rolling Stones. Similar to receiving no writing credits on the Stones' previous album, "Goats Head Soup", Taylor reportedly had made songwriting contributions to "Till the Next Goodbye" and "Time Waits for No One," but on the album jacket, all original songs were credited to Jagger/Richards. Taylor said in 1997:


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: "I did have a falling out with Mick Jagger over some songs I felt I should have been credited with co-writing on "It's Only Rock 'n Roll". We were quite close friends and co-operated quite closely on getting that album made. By that time Mick and Keith weren't really working together as a team so I'd spend a lot of time in the studio."


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Taylor's statement contradicts Jagger's earlier comment concerning the album. Jagger stated in a 1995 "Rolling Stone" interview about "Time Waits for No One" that Taylor "maybe threw in a couple of chords."


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Alongside the usual outside contributors, namely Billy Preston, Nicky Hopkins and unofficial member Ian Stewart, Elton John sideman Ray Cooper acted as percussionist for the album. Several songs were finished songs and overdubs and mixing were performed at Jagger's home, Stargroves, in the early summer of 1974.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: The lead single, "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)", was released by Rolling Stones Records on 26 July 1974, with the catalogue number RS 19114 and "Through the Lonely Nights" as the B-side. Despite the familiar sound, it surprised many by failing to reach the top 10 in the United States (although it did reach the top 10 in the UK). With its sing-along chorus, it has become a staple at Rolling Stones concerts. The B-side "Through the Lonely Nights" (later included on the album "Rarities 1971–2003") dates back to the previous year's "Goats Head Soup" sessions as well as the track "Short and Curlies". "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" appeared three months later on 18 October 1974, with the catalogue number COC 59103. The band's cover of "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" was released as the second single in the United States only, with the catalogue number RS-19302 and "Dance Little Sister" as the B-side; it also became a top 20 hit. Its parent album appeared in October with brisk initial sales, reaching number two in the UK (breaking a string of number-one albums that stretched back to 1969's "Let It Bleed") and number one in the United States, where it eventually went platinum.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Instead of immediately touring to promote the album, the band decided to head back into the Munich studios to record the next album, to Taylor's disappointment and subsequent resignation from the band. A tour didn't happen until the following summer in the United States, the ‘Tour of the Americas '75’, with future member Ronnie Wood taking Taylor's place on guitar.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: The title track became a permanent staple of the band's live setlist, but apart from some performances of "Ain’t Too Proud to Beg" and "If You Can’t Rock Me" on the Licks Tour, none of the other tracks have been performed since 1977. As of 2006, "Till The Next Goodbye," "Time Waits For No-One," "If You Really Want To Be My Friend" and "Short and Curlies" had never been played live.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: In order to promote the album, music videos were filmed for several of the songs. The most commonly seen video from the album was the one for "It’s Only Rock’n’Roll (But I Like It)," featuring the band (in U.S. Navy sailor suits) playing in a tent, which gradually fills with soap bubbles (Taylor is featured in the video but did not play on the actual recording). Videos were also filmed for "Ain’t Too Proud to Beg" and "Till The Next Goodbye."


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Initial reviews for "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" were mixed. "Rolling Stone"s Jon Landau called "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" "one of the most intriguing and mysterious, as well as the darkest, of all Rolling Stones records." Rock critic Lester Bangs disparaged the album in "The Village Voice", much like "Goats Head Soup", saying, "The Stones have become oblique in their old age, which is just another word for perverse except that perverse is the corniest concept extant as they realized at inception... "Soup" was friendly and safe. I want the edge and this album doesn't reassure me that I'll get it, what a curious situation to be stuck in, but maybe that's the beauty of the Stones, hah, hah, kid? This album is false. Numb. But it cuts like a dull blade. Are they doing the cutting, or are we?" Arthur Levy of "Zoo World" also gave a mixed assessment. While he enjoyed the album more with each listen, he felt it was mixed poorly and that certain tracks, such as "'Till the Next Goodbye" and "Time Waits for No One", were evidence that the band were starting to feel the effects the last couple of years had on their music. Numerous reviewers felt the closing track, "Fingerprint File", was stylistically different from the rest of the album and didn't belong.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: On the other side, "NME" voted the album as the second best album of the year. When comparing the album to its predecessor, John Morthland of "Creem" gave "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" a positive review, calling it one of the best albums of the year. Although he called the title track "lame", he considered the songs and the band's performance significantly better than "Goats Head Soup", writing, "they sound like a "band" of interacting members playing songs that they care about, rather than faceless session men layin' down some tracks". Similarly, Greg Shaw of "Phonograph Record" considered the record to be better than its predecessor, but felt there was a pervading "nonchalance" throughout the album: "A certain amount of thought and care is put into each song, but not enough to weight it down or divert anyone's attention from the groove." However, Shaw writes that the album as a whole is cohesive, ultimately calling it "the best party album in years".


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Retrospectively, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic felt the record was uneven, but overall considered the songs and performances an improvement over "Goats Head Soup". In 2020, Steve Sutherland of "Hi-Fi News" similarly called the album the band's "riposte" but agreed its overall quality lacked cohesiveness.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Author James Hector added that "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" was a definitive turning point for the band. "The album marked the band’s decisive entry into a comfortable living as rock's elder statesmen. From this point on, their youth culture importance vanished, and there would be few musical surprises in the future." Hector concluded with "On "It's Only Rock 'n Roll", the band had become what they imagined their mass audience desired them to be. They were wrong."


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: In 1994, "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" was remastered and reissued by Virgin Records, in 2009 by Universal Music, and once more in 2011 by Universal Music Enterprises in a Japanese-only SHM-SACD version. The 1994 remaster was initially released in a Collector's Edition CD, which replicated in miniature elements of the original vinyl album packaging.


title: It's Only Rock 'n Roll

text: Two different versions of "Luxury" exist. A shorter version (4:30) is included on the early CD version from 1986, while the 5:01 version was originally released on vinyl in Europe, and on the 1994 and 2009 CD remasters. The difference is the shorter version starts the fadeout 30 seconds earlier, and thereby missing the short guitar solo at the end.


title: Stephen Sommers

text: Stephen Sommers (born March 20, 1962) is an American filmmaker, best known for big-budget action movies, such as "The Mummy" (1999), its sequel, "The Mummy Returns" (2001), "Van Helsing" (2004), and "" (2009). He also directed "The Adventures of Huck Finn" (1993), Disney's live action version of "Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book" (1994) and the cult classic horror film "Deep Rising" (1998).


title: Stephen Sommers

text: Stephen Sommers was born in Indianapolis, and grew up in St. Cloud, Minnesota, where he attended St. Cloud Apollo High School. He is a 1980 graduate of Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota, and the University of Seville in Spain. After graduating, he spent four years performing as an actor in theater groups and managing rock bands throughout Europe. He eventually returned to the United States and moved to Los Angeles, where he attended the USC School of Cinematic Arts for three years, earning a master's degree and writing and directing the award-winning short film "Perfect Alibi".


title: Stephen Sommers

text: "Perfect Alibi" helped Sommers acquire independent funding to write and direct his first feature film, the teen racing film "Catch Me If You Can", filmed for $800,000 on location in his hometown of St. Cloud. The film was sold at the Cannes Film Festival for $7 million and later debuted on video in the United States.


title: Stephen Sommers

text: Almost four years later, broke and in danger of having his house repossessed, he wrote and directed an adaptation of Mark Twain's classic "The Adventures of Huck Finn" for Walt Disney Pictures, as well as "Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book". He later wrote the screenplays for "Gunmen" and "Tom and Huck", which he also executive produced for Disney (along with a TV version of "Oliver Twist" in 1997 starring Richard Dreyfuss and Elijah Wood), and worked as a staff writer at Hollywood Pictures. While there, he worked on a script called "Tentacle", which he later directed under the title "Deep Rising" in 1998.


title: Stephen Sommers

text: In 1999, he wrote and directed Universal Studios' big-budget remake of "The Mummy". The film was a smash hit, and Sommers received two Saturn Awards nominations for Best Director and Best Writer in 2000 by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. A successful sequel, "The Mummy Returns", followed two years later, and he also co-wrote and produced 2002's "The Scorpion King", a prequel/spin-off of "The Mummy Returns".


title: Stephen Sommers

text: In 2004, Sommers founded his own company (along with editor/producing partner Bob Ducsay), The Sommers Company, and returned to theater screens with "Van Helsing", a film pitting legendary vampire hunter Gabriel Van Helsing against the triumvirate of Universal movie monsters: Count Dracula, The Wolf Man, and Frankenstein's monster. Before "Van Helsing" even premiered, Sommers and Ducsay began developing a spin-off TV series for NBC called "Transylvania". Though featuring none of the characters from the film, the series (which was to have made use of the film's Prague set) was about a young cowboy from Texas who becomes a sheriff in Transylvania, has many strange adventures, and encounters many strange creatures. Sommers and Ducsay were to have been executive producers, and Sommers wrote scripts for the pilot and first several episodes, but NBC decided not to go through with the show.


title: Stephen Sommers

text: Since "Van Helsing", Sommers has been attached to a number of projects. He was originally set to direct "Night at the Museum", but dropped out due to creative differences. He was also attached to a remake of "When Worlds Collide" (to be executive produced by Steven Spielberg), a new big-screen adaptation of "Flash Gordon", a swashbuckling adventure film called "Airborn" based on the novel "Airborn", a romantic/adventure story called "Big Love", and a remake of the French film "Les Victimes". Sommers opted out of directing the third "Mummy" film, titled "", instead becoming one of its producers.


title: Stephen Sommers

text: Sommers directed Paramount Pictures' summer 2009 live-action adaptation of "", and also served as a producer. Around that time, he was developing a Tarzan adaptation for Warner Bros. but left the project. His most recent film, "Odd Thomas", had been delayed from release due to lawsuits against the production company, but was eventually released.


title: Victoria Song

text: Song Qian (; born February 2, 1987), known professionally as Victoria or Victoria Song, is a Chinese singer, dancer, actress, model, host and author known for her work as a member of South Korean girl group f(x).


title: Victoria Song

text: In 2010, Song gained fame as part of "We Got Married Season 2," as well as being a cast member of KBS's "Invincible Youth". She is also known for her roles in television series "When Love Walked In" (2012), "Beautiful Secret" (2015), "Ice Fantasy" (2016), "A Life Time Love" (2017), "Moonshine and Valentine" (2018), Find Yourself (2020); and the films "My New Sassy Girl" (2016), "My Best Friend's Wedding" (2016), and "Wished" (2017).


title: Victoria Song

text: Song Qian was born in Qingdao, Shandong. She left her hometown at a young age to study Chinese traditional dance at the Beijing Dance Academy. After her high school graduation, she was accepted to the Beijing Dance Academy and majored in Chinese ethnic dance. In September 2007, Song was first scouted by an SM Entertainment casting agent while in Beijing dance competition and eventually cast into SM Entertainment after passing the audition under SM Casting System. She was originally trained to prepare for her acting and modeling career in South Korea.


title: Victoria Song

text: Prior to debuting, Song was introduced to the public through various appearances in music videos and commercials; her first appearance is in "Spris" commercial with Lee Joon-gi in early 2008. She made her official debut as a member of f(x) in September 2009.


title: Victoria Song

text: In June 2010, Song became a cast member for the first season of the variety show "Invincible Youth" in which she was a part of G7, consisting of 7 female idols from various groups. She was also cast on the reality show "We Got Married" with Nichkhun of 2PM. The couple was collectively known as Khuntoria in the variety show. Nichkhun and Song both gained entertainment-wide popularity as a result of the show's success. At the end of the year, Song won the 'Popularity Award' at the MBC Entertainment Awards for her stint in "We Got Married".


title: Victoria Song

text: In January 2012, Song was cast to play the lead role in the Chinese-Taiwanese co-production "When Love Walked In", alongside label-mate Zhou Mi, and Calvin Chen of the group Fahrenheit. The drama reached the number one spot in viewership ratings. She won the 'Best New Actress' award at the China TV Drama Awards for her performance. In December 2012, Song released a photo-essay book titled "Victoria's Hong-Ma", which included her travel experiences in Hong Kong and Macao. The Chinese version of the book was subsequently released in 2013.


title: Victoria Song

text: In 2014, Song was chosen to host the Korean-Chinese variety show titled "Strongest Group" together with Zhou Mi. She was also featured in his solo album single, titled "Loving You". Song then starred in Zhang Liyin's music videos "Agape" and "Not Alone" as the lead female character alongside former EXO member Tao.


title: Victoria Song

text: In 2015, it was also revealed that Song would team up with Chinese manager Jia Shikai for her local activities.


title: Victoria Song

text: Following the setup of her studio, Song starred in Hunan TV's music romance drama "Beautiful Secret". She released a solo single titled "Star Tears" for the drama's soundtrack. The drama eventually went on to record the highest average viewership ratings for the first half of 2016 in China.


title: Victoria Song

text: In 2016, Song starred in "My New Sassy Girl" with Cha Tae-hyun. The film, a remake of "My Sassy Girl" (2001), was released simultaneously in South Korea and China. She then appeared in the Chinese remake film of "My Best Friend's Wedding", playing the role of Kimberly Wallace in the original film. The same year, Song starred in "Ice Fantasy", an epic fantasy drama adapted from the novel of the same name by Guo Jingming. She sang an OST for "Ice Fantasy", titled "Li Luo", which is also her character's name in the drama. Song was next cast in the modern romance drama "Endless August" by Anni Baobei alongside Rain.


title: Victoria Song

text: From January to April 2017, Song co-hosted the variety program "Ace vs Ace". She also became a fixed cast on Zhejiang TV's "Beat The Champions", which started airing in April. In June, she starred alongside Huang Xiaoming in the fantasy romance drama "A Life Time Love", based on the novel "Once Promised" by Tong Hua. In July, she co-starred in fantasy comedy film "Wished", directed by Dayyan Eng, which garnered good reviews for Song and had the highest audience scores across the top 4 ticketing platforms for local Chinese comedies released that summer. In August, she joined the cast of Hunan TV's female-centric reality show "Up Idol".


title: Victoria Song

text: In January 2018, Song starred in "The Chronicles of Town Called Jian", a mystery period drama produced by Li Shaohong; based on the "Tarot Goddess Sleuths" series. The drama has previously completed filming in 2014.


title: Victoria Song

text: On March 13, 2018, she released her debut solo single "Roof on Fire" along with its music video. She has also joined the dance-oriented variety show, "Hot Blood Dance Crew", and talent scouting program "The Next Top Bang" as a mentor.


title: Victoria Song

text: In May 2018, Song starred in fantasy romance drama "Moonshine and Valentine" alongside Huang Jingyu. The series received positive reviews, and Song was praised for her acting performance. In October she starred in the fantasy adventure film "Legend of the Ancient Sword", based on the video game "Gu Jian Qi Tan 2". The same year, she was cast in modern romance drama "Broker" alongside Luo Yunxi, playing an intelligent and beautiful scientist.


title: Victoria Song

text: On September 5, 2019, Song announced that her contract with SM Entertainment had expired and that she would be leaving the company. On the same day, SM Entertainment announced that Song had not yet left the company, but rather the two were finding new ways to work together.


title: Victoria Song

text: In 2019, Song starred in the modern romance dramas "Love Under the Moon" and sung the opening theme song "Practice To Be Friends". In 2020, Song starred in the romantic comedy drama "Find Yourself". The drama was a huge hit and Song gained further recognition for her role as a working woman who is inexperienced in love.


title: Victoria Song

text: On May 19, 2020, Victoria released her self-titled solo album digitally after being postponed since 2017. The album consists of ten tracks, including the previously released single "Roof on Fire" (2018) and three English-language tracks. The lead single, "Up To Me" was also released in the same day along with its music video. The album sold over 250,000 copies in its first 22 hours of pre-sale, making Victoria Song the fastest Chinese female artist to reach diamond certification on QQ Music in 2020. The album reached #1 place on QQ Music after sold over than 300,000 copies in the first weeks. In the next few weeks, she also released music videos for "怀念" and "官能支配 (Functional Control)".


title: Victoria Song

text: In the summer of 2020, Victoria participated in the 2020 edition of the Chinese version of "Produce 101", called "Chuang 2020" where she was an MC and a mentor. She also performed on the show.


title: Victoria Song

text: In August 2020, Victoria's female-centric drama "Love Yourself" was released both in China and Internationally. She stars as a television reporter who is lost about love.


title: Victoria Song

text: In 2021, Song terminated her endorsement contract with the clothing manufacturer H&M after it criticized China for human rights violations against Uyghurs in the Xinjiang region of China where cotton for clothing products is grown. In April 2021, SM Entertainment announced that their contract with Victoria had ended.


title: Victoria Song

text: In 2008, Song and Super Junior-M participated in a campaign for Chinese athletes during the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. In 2010, she and fellow f(x) members were appointed ambassadors for a blood donation campaign for "World Blood Donor Day". The following year, she participated in the press conference to promote awareness for a fundraising campaign to help children in Africa, which was jointly organized by the Red Cross and UNICEF.


title: Victoria Song

text: In November 2012, she and Kangta also attended a cultural charity event in China, where they gave music and dance lessons to children in need. The event was organized by SM Entertainment and CJ E&M to celebrate 20 years of China and South Korea's diplomatic ties.


title: Victoria Song

text: Towards the end of 2014, Song opened a flea market where she sold her personal items for charity. She donated all proceeds to UNICEF on December 31. In April 2015, she and other "Beautiful Secret" cast members launched "Beautiful Childhood Secret" to promote awareness for children with hearing disabilities. The members and crew ordered customized picture books for the disabled children. In the same month, Song also auctioned off a handmade doll, named "Song Song", on the UNICEF charity auction site and in June, she participated in UNICEF's "Help Nepal Children" charity bracelet project.


The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, or simply UNPO is an international organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalised nations and peoples worldwide. It was formed on 11 February 1991 in The Hague, Netherlands. Its members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories.


title: Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

text: UNPO works to develop the understanding of and respect for the right to self-determination, provides advice and support related to questions of international recognition and political autonomy, trains groups on how to advocate for their causes effectively, and directly advocates for an international response to human rights violations perpetrated against UNPO member groups. Some former members, such as Armenia, East Timor, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia and Palau, have gained full independence and joined the United Nations (UN).


text: UNPO was conceived of in the 1980s by leaders of self-determination movements, Linnart Mäll of the Congress of Estonia, Erkin Alptekin of East Turkestan, and Lodi Gyari of Tibet, together with , along with the international law adviser of the 14th Dalai Lama. The founders were representatives of national movements of Estonia, Latvia, Tibet, Crimean Tatars, Armenia, Georgia, Tatarstan, East Turkestan, East Timor, Australian Aboriginals, the Cordillera in the Philippines, the Greek minority in Albania, Kurdistan, Palau, Taiwan, and West Papua. A key UNPO goal was, and remains, to replicate the success of the 14th Dalai Lama's and the Tibetan people's non-violent message in the face of oppression and occupation.


text: UNPO chose for its founding headquarters in 1991 The Hague in the Netherlands because the city aimed at becoming the International City of Peace and Justice and hosts international courts like the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and International Criminal Court (ICC). A Foundation was established in the Netherlands to provide secretarial support to the UNPO General Assembly and to carry out research and educational activities related to unrepresented peoples worldwide. The Foundation maintains a permanent presence before the European Union, United States and United Nations. It is funded by a combination of member contributions, donations from individuals and project-based grants from foundations.


text: UNPO's vision is to affirm democracy as a fundamental human right, implement human, civil and political rights worldwide, uphold the universal right to autonomy and self-determination, and further federalism. It encourages nonviolent methodologies to reach peaceful solutions to conflicts and oppression. UNPO supports members in getting their human and cultural rights respected and in preserving their environments. The organization provides a forum for members to network and assists them in participating at an international level.


text: Although UNPO members often have different goals, they have one thing in common: they are generally not represented diplomatically (or only with a minor status, such as observer) in major international institutions, such as the United Nations (UN). As a result, their ability to have their concerns addressed by the global bodies mandated to protect human rights and address conflict is limited.


text: All members are required to sign and abide by the UNPO Covenant. UNPO members are required to be nonviolent.


text: UNPO's representing nations may become suspended from the Organization if they fail to follow its covenant.


text: In 24 January 1993, was briefly admitted in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, but was suspended in a few months. The membership suspension was made permanent on 22 January 1995.


text: Some members of the UNPO have left because of United Nations (UN) recognition, autonomy agreements, or for other reasons.


text: Former members who became part of the UN are highlighted with a blue background and "italics". Original members (from 11 February 1991) are listed with pink background and in bold.


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: Jean-Louis Xavier Trintignant (; 11 December 1930 – 17 June 2022) was a French actor. He made his theatrical debut in 1951, and went on to be regarded as one of the best French dramatic actors of the post-war era. He starred in many classic films of European cinema, and worked with many prominent auteur directors, including Roger Vadim, Costa-Gavras, Claude Lelouch, Claude Chabrol, Bernardo Bertolucci, Éric Rohmer, François Truffaut, Krzysztof Kieślowski, and Michael Haneke.


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: He made a critical and commercial breakthrough in "And God Created Woman" (1956), followed by a starmaking romantic turn in "A Man and a Woman" (1966), and "The Great Silence" (1968). He won the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 1968 Berlin International Film Festival for his performance in "The Man Who Lies" and the Best Actor Award at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival for Costa-Gavras's "Z". Trintignant's other notable films include, "My Night at Maud's" (1969), "The Conformist" (1970), "" (1994), and "The City of Lost Children" (1995). He won the 2013 César Award for Best Actor for his role in Michael Haneke's "Amour".


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: Trintignant was born on 11 December 1930 in Piolenc, Vaucluse, the son of Claire (née Tourtin) and Raoul Trintignant, an industrialist. He grew up with the intention of studying law, but he soon discovered an interest in acting, and moved to Paris at the age of 20 to study drama, making his theatrical debut in 1951.


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: After touring in the early 1950s in several theater productions, his first motion picture appearance came in 1955, and the following year he gained stardom with his performance opposite Brigitte Bardot in Roger Vadim's "And God Created Woman".


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: Trintignant's acting was interrupted for several years by mandatory military service. After serving in Algiers, he returned to Paris and resumed his work in film. He had the leading male role in Claude Lelouch's film "A Man and a Woman" ("Un homme et une femme", 1966), which was the most commercially successful French film internationally for some years.


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: In Italy, he was always dubbed into Italian, and he worked with Italian directors including Sergio Corbucci in "The Great Silence", Valerio Zurlini in "Violent Summer" and "The Desert of the Tartars", Ettore Scola in "La terrazza", Bernardo Bertolucci in "The Conformist", and Dino Risi in "The Easy Life".


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: Throughout the 1970s, Trintignant starred in many films, including the English-language films "The Outside Man" in 1971 and "Under Fire" in 1983. Following this, he starred in François Truffaut's final film, "Confidentially Yours," and reprised his best-known role in the sequel "" ("Un homme et une femme, 20 ans dejà", 1986).


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: In 1994, he starred in Krzysztof Kieślowski's final film, "". For the remainder of his career, he took an occasional film role but focused on stage work. After a 14-year gap, Trintignant came back to the screen for Michael Haneke's film "Amour". Haneke sent Trintignant the screenplay, which had been written specifically for him. Trintignant said he chose film projects on the basis of the director and said of Haneke that "he has the most complete mastery of the cinematic discipline, from technical aspects like sound and photography to the way he handles actors". He worked with Haneke again in 2017 when he starred in "Happy End".


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: On 20 July 2018, Trintignant announced his retirement from cinema, but, in March 2019, he accepted a role in Claude Lelouch's film "The Best Years of a Life" ("Les plus belles annees d'une vie"), a follow-up to "A Man and a Woman" and its sequel "A Man and a Woman: 20 Years Later".


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: Trintignant came from a wealthy family. He was the nephew of racecar driver Louis Trintignant, who was killed in 1933 while practising on the Péronne racetrack in Picardy. Another uncle, Maurice Trintignant (1917–2005), was a Formula One driver who twice won the Monaco Grand Prix as well as the 24 hours of Le Mans. Jean-Louis himself was an enthusiastic amateur rally driver and competed in a number of high-level rallies in the 1970s and 1980s, including several rounds of the World Rally Championship; he finished first in his class in the 1981 Monte Carlo Rally. Raised in and around automobile racing, Trintignant was the natural choice of film director Claude Lelouch for the starring role of a racecar driver in the 1966 film "A Man and a Woman". He suffered a leg injury from a motorbike accident in June 2007.


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: His first wife was actress Stéphane Audran. His second wife, Nadine Marquand, was an actress, screenwriter, and director. They had three children: Vincent, Pauline (who died of crib death in 1969), and Marie Trintignant (21 January 1962 – 1 August 2003). At age 17 Marie performed in "La terrazza" alongside her father and later became a successful actress. She was killed at age 41 by her boyfriend, rock musician Bertrand Cantat, in a hotel room in Vilnius, Lithuania.


title: Jean-Louis Trintignant

text: In 2018, Trintignant announced that he was diagnosed with prostate cancer and would not be seeking treatment. In November 2021, it was reported that he was gradually losing his sight and was in declining health. Trintignant died at his home on 17 June 2022, at the age of 91.


title: Payal Rajput

text: Payal Rajput (born 5 December 1992) is an Indian actress who works predominantly in Telugu and Punjabi films. She also appeared in Tamil and Hindi films and is also recognized for her works in Hindi Television series.


title: Payal Rajput

text: Rajput started her television career in "Sapnon Se Bhare Naina" as Sonakshi. She played the lead role of Siya in "Aakhir Bahu Bhi Toh Beti Hee Hai", in "Gustakh Dil" as Ishaani and in "" as Maya.


title: Payal Rajput

text: In 2017, she debuted in the Punjabi film industry by playing the role of the main female lead, Kainaat Dhillon, in "Channa Mereya", opposite Ninja. The film was a remake of the Marathi film "Sairat", and was released on 14 July 2017. She made her Telugu film debut with 2018 film "RX 100."


title: General manager

text: A general manager (GM) is an executive who has overall responsibility for managing both the revenue and cost elements of a company's income statement, known as profit & loss (P&L) responsibility. A general manager usually oversees most or all of the firm's marketing and sales functions as well as the day-to-day operations of the business. Frequently, the general manager is responsible for effective planning, delegating, coordinating, staffing, organizing, and decision making to attain desirable profit making results for an organization (Sayles 1979).


title: General manager

text: In many cases, the general manager of a business is given a different formal title or titles. Most corporate managers holding the titles of chief executive officer (CEO) or president, for example, are the general managers of their respective businesses. More rarely, the chief financial officer (CFO), chief operating officer (COO), or chief marketing officer (CMO) will act as the general manager of the business. Depending on the company, individuals with the title managing director, regional vice president, country manager, product manager, branch manager, or segment manager may also have general management responsibilities. In large companies, many vice presidents will have the title of general manager when they have the full set of responsibility for the function in that particular area of the business and are often titled vice president and general manager.


title: General manager

text: In technology companies, general managers are often given the title of product manager. In consumer products companies, general managers are often given the title brand manager or category manager. In professional services firms, the general manager may hold titles such as managing partner, senior partner, or managing director.


title: General manager

text: In the hotel industry, the general manager is the head executive responsible for the overall operation of an individual hotel establishment including financial profitability. The general manager holds ultimate managerial authority over the hotel operation and usually reports directly to a regional vice president, corporate office, and/or hotel ownership/investors.


title: General manager

text: Some of the common duties of a general manager include are hiring and the management of an executive team, which consists of individual department heads, who oversee various hotel departments and functions, budgeting and financial management; creating and enforcing hotel business objectives and goals; sales management; marketing management; revenue management; project management; contract management; handling of emergencies and other major issues involving guests, employees, or the facility; public relations; labor relations; local government relations; and maintaining business partnerships whilst maintaining a well balanced healthy relationship with employees without robbing them emotionally and avoiding permanent employment.


title: General manager

text: The extent of duties of an individual hotel general manager vary significantly depending on the size of the hotel and company organization; for example, general managers of smaller boutique-type hotels may be directly responsible for additional administrative duties such as accounting, human resources, payroll, purchasing, and other duties that would normally be handled by other subordinate managers or entire departments and divisions in a larger hotel operation. Mr Bonamy Lewis is a good example of how not to treat your subordinates.


title: General manager

text: In most professional sports, the general manager is the team executive responsible for acquiring the rights to player personnel, negotiating their contracts, and reassigning or dismissing players no longer desired on the team. The general manager may also have responsibility for hiring and firing the head coach of the team.


title: General manager

text: For many years in U.S. professional sports, coaches often served as general managers for their teams as well, deciding which players would be kept on the team and which ones dismissed, and even negotiating the terms of their contracts in cooperation with the ownership of the team. In fact, many sports teams in the early years of U.S. professional sports were coached by the owner of the team, so in some cases the same individual served as owner, general manager and head coach.


title: General manager

text: As the amount of money involved in professional sports increased, many prominent players began to hire agents to negotiate contracts on their behalf. This intensified contract negotiations to ensure that player contracts are in accordance with salary caps, as well as being consistent with the desires of the team’s ownership and its ability to pay.


title: General manager

text: General Managers are usually responsible for the selection of players in player drafts and work with the coaching staff and scouts to build a strong team. In sports with developmental or minor leagues, the general manager is usually the team executive with the overall responsibility for "sending down" and "calling up" players to and from these leagues, although the head coach may also have significant input into these decisions.


title: General manager

text: Some of the most successful sports general managers have been former players and coaches, while others have backgrounds in ownership and business management.


title: General manager

text: The term is not commonly used in Europe, especially in football, where the position of manager or coach is used instead to refer to the managing/coaching position. The position of director of football might be the most similar position on many European football clubs.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Fool's Gold is a 2008 American romantic action comedy film from Warner Bros. Pictures about a recently divorced couple who rekindle their romantic life while searching for a lost treasure. The film is directed by Andy Tennant and reunites the "How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days" stars Matthew McConaughey and Kate Hudson. It received negative reviews from critics and grossed $111 million worldwide.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Ben "Finn" Finnegan is a treasure hunter and he has been searching for the sunken Spanish galleon, the "Aurelia", that was lost at sea with the 1715 Treasure Fleet for over eight years. He and his right-hand man Ukrainian Alfonz find a fragment of dishware especially produced as part of the Queen's Dowry when his accidentally sunken ship uncovers it in the seabed.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Owing Gangster rapper Bigg Bunny over $60,000, Finn is roughed up by Bigg's thugs and left for dead. He hurries, once he escapes, to the divorce hearing his wife Tess has called in Key West, but he arrives one minute too late and the divorce goes through. Right after the proceeding, Finn shows her in a sketch the unique markings on the plate fragment he found.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Tess refuses to get sucked back into Finn's passion again, having decided to sell their boat to resume her graduate school studies she'd abandoned for him eight years ago. When he breaks it to her that it's sunk, she knocks him out.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Returning to "The Precious Gem", the yacht where she has been working as a steward owned by multi-millionaire Nigel Honeycutt, Tess intends to save up enough money to return to Chicago. She's desperate to leave Key West, fearing Finn will find them.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Meanwhile, Finn has reconnected with Alfonz, who gives him intel on Nigel. His high-profile daughter Gemma is coming to his yacht by helicopter, so he takes a dinghy out, inadvertently saving her hat, injuring himself in the process. Taking Finn on board, the doctor who attends him recommends he stay for a few hours.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: That evening, Tess is shocked that Finn is on the yacht. After dinner, she and Finn tell Nigel about the fabled "Aurelia", with its 40 chests of riches, the Queen's Dowry. After spending two years in Seville's Archivo de Indias, they headed back to physically search for it in Florida. And finally the plate Finn just found is a clue to the location of the treasure. They persuade Nigel and Gemma to join them and fund the search.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Bigg Bunny and Finn's former mentor Moe Fitch are intent on finding the treasure first. The yacht and Moe's vessel compete to find it in The Bahamas. As Finn attempts to secretly take down Moe's search grid, he discovers a sword. Tess and Finn follow the clues to an ancient church and discover a diary describing its location. They are so excited by this discovery that they celebrate by having passionate sex.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: A short time later, Bigg Bunny and his associates, who have been following them, take Tess hostage, assuming incorrectly that Finn is dead. Bigg Bunny forces her to aid him to seek the treasure in a blowhole. Tess finds it in the cave beneath, but is attacked by Cyrus, one of Bigg Bunny's associates.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Finn and the Honeycutts enlist Moe to help Tess and keep the treasure from Bigg Bunny. They arrive as Bigg Bunny sends his associate Curtis the water to find out who was killed in the blowhole. Tess, Moe and Finn are able to overpower Curtis and get out of the blowhole, but Bigg Bunny kidnaps Tess again, this time on his plane. Moe then takes Curtis prisoner.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Gemma gets Finn to the seaplane on her jet ski, and he leaps onto the plane's pontoon as it takes flight. As Bigg Bunny attempts to shoot Finn, Tess kicks Bigg Bunny out of the plane, sending him into the ocean. Tess and Finn then have to land the plane. In the end, the treasure is displayed in Moe's museum, now renamed the Fitch-Finnegan Maritime Museum and Tess and Finn are back together, and she is shown to be pregnant.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Warner Bros. and director Andy Tennant planned to shoot the film in the Caribbean, but decided on Queensland, Australia because the hurricane season in the Caribbean was likely to stall production of the film. The Key West scenes were filmed in Port Douglas. Filming also took place in Brisbane, the Gold Coast, Hamilton Island, Lizard Island, Airlie Beach, and Hervey Bay. Scenes were also filmed at Batt Reef, where Steve Irwin died from a stingray barb in 2006.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Inside scenes were shot on a sound stage at the Warner Bros studio facility and the actors and crew stayed in luxury homes and apartments on the Gold Coast. McConaughey mentioned having a python in the backyard of his house in Port Douglas. McConaughey said, "There were other days like the day we went out diving and swam with a dugong, which was very cool."


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Two crew members were stung by Irukandji jellyfish during filming, so some of the water scenes were shot in the Caribbean because the actors were so frightened.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: At the time of filming, "The Precious Gem" luxury motor yacht in the film was called the "Keri Lee" and has subsequently been renamed "Penny Mae". It was designed by yacht architect Ward Setzer of Setzer Design Group and originally named "Status Quo".


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Warner Brothers Entertainment, Inc., was sued in 2011 by Canadian novelist Lou Boudreau, in Canadian court, alleging copyright infringement by Tennant and two other men over the authorship of the script. Warner Brothers did not comment on the matter.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: "Fool's Gold" was released on February 8, 2008, in the North America and grossed $21.5 million in 3,125 theaters its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the box office. The film grossed over $110.5 million worldwide — $70.2 million in the North America and $40.3 million in other territories.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 11% based on reviews from 144 critics, with an average rating of 3.6/10. The site's consensus reads: "With little chemistry among the performers, humorless gags, and a predictable storyline, "Fool's Gold" fails on every level." Metacritic rated the film 29 out of 100 based on 28 reviews. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B− on scale of A to F.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Several critics compared the film unfavorably to "National Treasure" and "Romancing the Stone". Some critics referred to the film as "tedious" and "listless." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave the film zero stars out of four and said "Paris Hilton's appalling "The Hottie and the Nottie" is "marginally better." Travers wrote "I defy any 2008 comedy to be as stupid, slack and sexless" as "Fool's Gold". Lou Lumenick of the "New York Post" gave the film one star out of four and called it "excruciatingly lame". Lumenick said, "It's all basically an excuse to show off the scenery", including McConaughey's abs. Carrie Rickey of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" gave the film one and a half stars out of four and said it "plays like a Three Stooges movie with scuba gear", but that "a Three Stooges movie is enlightened next to this one." Rickey described McConaughey as "perennially shirtless" and Hudson as "peculiarly mirthless".


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Pete Vonder Haar of "Film Threat" gave the film one and a half stars and said "the resolution is never in doubt, the villains are comedic rather than menacing, and no one involved seems to care one way or the other that their names are attached to this indifferent mess." Vonder Haar said McConaughey plays Finn "as "Sahara"s Dirk Pitt minus the SEAL training and a few million brain cells." and asked "Does McConaughey have some codicil in his contract stipulating he must spend at least 51% of a movie shirtless?" Sid Smith of the "Chicago Tribune" gave it two stars out of four and said the characters "are comic book clichés". Smith said "the outcome is predictable" and "The wasted talents include Sutherland, affecting a hokey British accent, and hatchet-faced Ewen Bremner." Brian Lowry of "Variety" said, "The lure of Matthew McConaughey shirtless for extended stretches doubtless has some marketing value, but after that, "Fool's Gold" offers small compensation." Lowry wrote "At times the pic feels like a comedic version of "The Deep", only without the comedy." Lowry said the tropic scenery was well-shot but said "there's not much chemistry" between McConaughey and Hudson.


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: Carina Chocano of the "Los Angeles Times" called it a "cheesy, familiar bore" and said it "feels at times like a third-rate Bond movie set to a Jimmy Buffett album." Chocano said "Hudson is the best thing about the movie. She has a likable, grounded presence and sharp comic timing." Nathan Rabin of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a "C+" and called it "the kind of thing people watch because it's the in-flight movie". Rabin called the repeated mentions of Finn's sexual prowess "a delightfully unnecessary move". Rabin said the film "outstays its welcome by a good 20 minutes" and called it "extravagantly stupid", but that the film's strengths were the "photogenic locales, obscenely beautiful stars, a laid-back soundtrack" and an unwillingness to take itself seriously. Lou Lumenick said the ending was "surprisingly bloody" and Brian Lowry said the ending is "a little more violent than necessary" and "a bit grittier than it should be tonally, as if we've detoured into a different movie." Simon Braund of "Empire" magazine gave the film one star out of five and called it "Absolute tosh. A ridiculous, unerringly tedious plot is weighed down by listless performances from a cast who clearly wished they were somewhere else, despite the sumptuous location."


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: The film earned a Razzie Award nomination for Kate Hudson as Worst Actress (also for "My Best Friend's Girl").


title: Fool's Gold (2008 film)

text: "Fool's Gold" was released on DVD and Blu-ray discs on June 17, 2008. About 1,225,904 DVD units have been sold, acquiring revenue of $20,502,574. This does not include Blu-ray sales. It was presented in anamorphic widescreen with an English-language 5.1 digital surround soundtrack. The extras for the DVD include Flirting with Adventure McConaughey-Hudson chemistry featurette, and a gag reel. "Fool's Gold" was released on R4 Australian DVD on June 5, 2008.


title: Go-go dancing

text: Go-go dancers are dancers who are employed to entertain crowds at nightclubs or other venues where music is played. Go-go dancing originated in the early 1960s at the French bar Whisky a Gogo located in Juan-les-Pins. The bar's name was taken from the French title of the Scottish comedy film "Whisky Galore!", which was titled "Tight Little Island" in the United States. The French bar then licensed its name to the very popular West Hollywood rock club Whisky a Go Go, which opened in January 1964 and chose the name to reflect the already popular craze of go-go dancing. Many 1960s-era clubgoers wore miniskirts and knee-high, high-heeled boots, which eventually came to be called go-go boots. Nightclub promoters in the mid‑1960s then conceived the idea of hiring women dressed in these outfits to entertain patrons.


title: Go-go dancing

text: The term "go-go" derives from the phrase "go-go-go" for a high-energy person, and was influenced by the French expression "à gogo", meaning "in abundance, galore", which is in turn derived from the ancient French word "la gogue" for "joy, happiness". The term "go-go dancer" originated from the French bar Whisky a Gogo located in Juan-les-Pins, a seaside town near Cannes, which was among the first places in the world to replace live music with records selected by a disc jockey and to provide the spectacle of paid dancers known as go-go girls.


title: Go-go dancing

text: On 19 June 1964, Carol Doda began go-go dancing topless at the Condor Club on Broadway and Columbus in the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco. She became the world's most famous topless and bottomless go-go dancer, dancing at the Condor for 22 years. In Canada, in 1966, Bonny Rush was mentioned as the country's first topless go-go dancer in the news media.


title: Go-go dancing

text: Fully dressed go-go dancers began to be hired regularly at the Whisky a Go Go on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood in the Los Angeles area in July 1965, wearing Courrèges boots (or often the knee-high boots known as go-go boots) and mini flapper dresses. The Whisky a Go Go was also the first go-go club to have go-go cages suspended from the ceiling (they were there from the very beginning in 1965), and thus the profession of cage dancer was born.


title: Go-go dancing

text: By early 1965 the concept of go-go cages had also become popular in Europe. In Germany, the discothèques "Scotch Kneipe" and "Pussycat" in Munich were the first to have go-go cages.


title: Go-go dancing

text: British go-go dancer Sandy Sarjeant became popular performing on the ITV music show "Ready Steady Go!".


title: Go-go dancing

text: The phrase "go-go" was adopted by bars in the 1960s in Tokyo, Japan. It gained a lesser reputation when it was abandoned by a majority of clubs and appropriated by bawdy "burlesque" and striptease establishments, which in turn became known as go-go bars and the women working there known as go-go dancers too. During the Vietnam War there were many go-go bars in Saigon, South Vietnam, to entertain U.S. troops. A synonym used in Vietnam for go-go dancing is "table dancing".


title: Go-go dancing

text: Go-go dancers were employed as background dancers accompanying performances (real or lip-synced) by rock and roll bands on teen music programs in the mid-1960s. "Hullabaloo" was a musical variety series that ran on NBC from 12 January 1965 – 29 August 1966. "The Hullabaloo Dancers"—a team of four men and six women—appeared on a regular basis. Another female dancer, model/actress Lada Edmund, Jr., was best known as the caged "go-go girl" dancer in the "Hullabaloo A-Go-Go" segment near the closing sequence of the show. Other dance TV shows during this period such as ABC's "Shindig!" (16 September 1964 – 8 January 1966) also featured go-go dancers in cages. Sometimes these cages were made of clear plastic with lights strung inside of them; sometimes the lights were synchronized to go on and off with the music. "Shivaree" (syndicated, 1965-1966), another music show, usually put go-go dancers on scaffolding and on a platform behind the band which was performing. "Beat-Club," a German show in the period, also used go-go dancers. Each show of the period had a particular method of bringing the go-go dancers into camera view.


title: Go-go dancing

text: The US TV crime drama series "Honey West" (1965–1966) included an episode called "The Princess and the Paupers" which featured a go-go dancing sequence.


title: Go-go dancing

text: Many gay clubs had male go-go dancers, often called go-go boys, from 1965 to 1968, after which few gay clubs had go-go dancers until 1988, when go-go dancing again became fashionable at gay clubs (and has remained so ever since). Nowadays, gay male go-go dancers are a lot more popular and common in American culture, especially in bigger cities such as Los Angeles and New York. There are more gay go-go dancers than female go-go dancers in today's club scene, a big turnaround from the 1960s.


title: Go-go dancing

text: There were many go-go bars in Thailand during the Vietnam War and they continued (on a smaller scale) after the war ended in 1975. During the 1980s, Thailand became a leading center for sex tourism. Many go-go bars are located in Bangkok in Patpong, Nana Plaza, and Soi Cowboy. Soi Twilight is Bangkok’s main street for gay go-go bars.


title: Go-go dancing

text: Not very many nightclubs had go-go dancers in the 1970s. However, in the late 1970s, there was a nightclub at 128 West 45th Street (the same location where the Peppermint Lounge had been) in Manhattan, New York City, called "G.G. Barnum's Room", patronized largely by transgender women, that had male go-go dancers who danced on trapezes above a net over the dance floor.


title: Go-go dancing

text: In 1978, the Xenon night club in Manhattan became the first night club to provide go-go boxes for amateur go-go dancers to dance on.


title: Go-go dancing

text: In the early 1980s go-go dancing again became popular in New York City clubs inspired by the music of Madonna. Madonna included go-go dancers in her MTV music videos. By the late 1980s, go-go dancing had spread once more to nightclubs throughout the Western world and East Asia.


title: Go-go dancing

text: Today, go-go dancing has also found an outlet in mass media. Horrorpops, a Danish band, is known for featuring go-go dancers in their live performances and their music videos. The music video for "Horrorbeach" was dedicated entirely to the band's go-go dancers. Go-go dancers can be employed to enhance a band's performance, or a DJ's music mix.


title: Go-go dancing

text: In Russia, in the 2013 elections the Civilian Power party put forward four female go-go dancers as candidates for deputies.


title: Go-go dancing

text: The tradition of go-go dancers on TV music shows continues around the world, such as the Viva Hotbabes and SexBomb Girls in the Philippines. However, while American shows of the 1960s featured dancers that were highly trained, many modern dancers are not always professional (for example some nightclubs in tourist areas in Magaluf or Ibiza). However there are many companies that supply professionally trained dancers to nightclubs for podium work around the world.


title: Go-go dancing

text: Currently, the City of West Hollywood celebrates the history and culture of go-go dancing by hosting an annual "Go-Go Boy Appreciation Day" that includes a street festival and competition.


title: Go-go dancing

text: Go-go dancers that are hired to dance at night clubs, special parties, festivals, circuit parties or rave dances in bright, colorful costumes are called performance art dancers. Most often, go-go dancers are typically women who perform to entertain a crowd in public or at clubs and they often wear sexy clothing or printed clothes. Their costumes often include accessories such as glow sticks, light chasers, toy ray guns that light up, go-go shorts embedded with battery-operated fiber optic tubes in various colors, strings of battery-operated colored lights in plastic tubes, fire sticks, a musical instrument, or an animal (usually a snake). In the early to mid‑1980s, the performance art dancer John Sex, who performed with a python, played a role in making go-go dancing popular once again at gay and bisexual night clubs along with his life partner Sebastian Kwok.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a self-report personality test developed over several decades of empirical research by Raymond B. Cattell, Maurice Tatsuoka and Herbert Eber. The 16PF provides a measure of personality and can also be used by psychologists, and other mental health professionals, as a clinical instrument to help diagnose psychiatric disorders, and help with prognosis and therapy planning. The 16PF can also provide information relevant to the clinical and counseling process, such as an individual's capacity for insight, self-esteem, cognitive style, internalization of standards, openness to change, capacity for empathy, level of interpersonal trust, quality of attachments, interpersonal needs, attitude toward authority, reaction toward dynamics of power, frustration tolerance, and coping style. Thus, the 16PF instrument provides clinicians with a normal-range measurement of anxiety, adjustment, emotional stability and behavioral problems. Clinicians can use 16PF results to identify effective strategies for establishing a working alliance, to develop a therapeutic plan, and to select effective therapeutic interventions or modes of treatment. It can also be used within other areas of psychology, such as career and occupational selection.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Beginning in the 1940s, Cattell used several techniques including the new statistical technique of common factor analysis applied to the English-language trait lexicon to elucidate the major underlying dimensions within the normal personality sphere. This method takes as its starting point the matrix of inter-correlations between these variables in an attempt to uncover the underlying source traits of human personality. Cattell found that personality structure was hierarchical, with both primary and secondary stratum level traits. At the primary level, the 16PF measures 16 primary trait constructs, with a version of the Big Five secondary traits at the secondary level. These higher-level factors emerged from factor-analyzing the 16 x 16 intercorrelation matrix for the sixteen primary factors themselves. The 16PF yields scores on primary and second-order "global" traits, thereby allowing a multilevel description of each individual's unique personality profile. A listing of these trait dimensions and their description can be found below. Cattell also found a third-stratum of personality organization that comprised just two overarching factors.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The measurement of normal personality trait constructs is an integral part of Cattell's comprehensive theory of intrapersonal psychological variables covering individual differences in cognitive abilities, normal personality traits, abnormal (psychopathological) personality traits, dynamic motivational traits, mood states, and transitory emotional states which are all taken into account in his behavioral specification/prediction equation. The 16PF has also been translated into over 30 languages and dialects and is widely used internationally.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Cattell and his co-workers also constructed downward extensions of the 16PF – parallel personality questionnaires designed to measure corresponding trait constructs in younger age ranges, such as the High School Personality Questionnaire (HSPQ) – now the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire (APQ) for ages 12 to 18 years, the Children's Personality Questionnaire (CPQ), the Early School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ), as well as the Preschool Personality Questionnaire (PSPQ).


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Cattell also constructed (T-data) tests of cognitive abilities such as the Comprehensive Ability Battery (CAB) – a multidimensional measure of 20 primary cognitive abilities, as well as measures of non-verbal visuo-spatial abilities, such as the three scales of the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT), In addition, Cattell and his colleagues constructed objective (T-data) measures of dynamic motivational traits including the Motivation Analysis Test (MAT), the School Motivation Analysis Test (SMAT), as well as the Children's Motivation Analysis Test (CMAT). As for the mood state domain, Cattell and his colleagues constructed the Eight State Questionnaire (8SQ), a self-report (Q-data) measure of eight clinically important emotional/mood states, labeled Anxiety, Stress, Depression, Regression, Fatigue, Guilt, Extraversion, and Arousal.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The most recent edition of the "Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire" (16PF), released in 1993, is the fifth edition (16PF5e) of the original instrument. The self-report instrument was first published in 1949; the second and third editions were published in 1956 and 1962, respectively; and the five alternative forms of the fourth edition were released between 1967 and 1969.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The "16PF Fifth Edition" contains 185 multiple-choice items which are written at a fifth-grade reading level. Of these items, 76% were from the four previous 16PF editions, although many of them were re-written to simplify or update the language. The item content typically sounds non-threatening and asks simple questions about daily behavior, interests, and opinions.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: A characteristic of the 16PF items is that, rather than asking respondents to self-assess their personality as some instruments do (e.g., "I am a warm and friendly person; I am not a worrier; I am an even tempered person."), they tend instead to ask about daily, concrete situations, e.g.:


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Cattell argued that self-ratings relate to self-image, and are affected by self-awareness, and defensiveness about one's actual traits. The 16PF provides scores on 16 primary personality scales and five global personality scales, all of which are bi-polar (both ends of each scale have a distinct, meaningful definition). The instrument also includes three validity scales:


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The Impression Management (IM) scale is a bipolar scale with high scores reflecting a preponderance of socially desirable responses and low scores reflecting a preponderance of socially undesirable responses. Possible reasons for an extremely high Impression Management score include: the examinee may actually behave in highly socially desirable ways, and responses are accurate self-descriptions; responses reflect an unconscious distortion consistent with the examinee's self-image but not with their behavior; or deliberate self-presentation as behaving in a highly socially desirable manner. A low impression management score suggests an unusual willingness to admit undesirable attributes or behaviors and can occur when an examinee is unusually self-critical, discouraged, or under stress.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The Acquiescence (ACQ) scale's purpose is to index the degree to which the examinee agreed with items regardless of what was being asked. A high score might indicate that the examinee misunderstood the item content, responded randomly, has an unclear self-image, or had a "yea-saying" response style.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The Infrequency (INF) scale comprises the most statistically infrequent responses on the test, which are all middle (b) responses and appear in the test booklet with a question mark. A score above the 95th percentile may indicate that the examinee had trouble reading or comprehending the questions, responded randomly, experienced consistent indecisiveness about the a or c response choice, or tried to avoid making the wrong impression by choosing the middle answer rather than one of the more definitive answers.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Administration of the test takes about 35–50 minutes for the paper-and-pencil version and about 30 minutes by computer. The test instructions are simple and straightforward and the test is un-timed; thus, the test is generally self-administrable and can be used in either an individual or a group setting. The 16PF test was designed for adults at least age 16 and older, but there are also parallel tests for various younger age ranges (e.g., the 16PF Adolescent Personality Questionnaire).


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The "16PF Questionnaire" has been translated into more than 30 languages and dialects. Thus the test can be administered in different languages, scored based on either local, national, or international normative samples, and computerized interpretive reports provided in about 23 different languages. The test has generally been culturally adapted (rather than just translated) in these countries, with local standardization samples plus reliability and validity information collected locally and presented in individual manuals.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The test can be hand-scored using a set of scoring keys, or computer-scored by mailing-in or faxing-in the answer sheet to the publisher IPAT. There is also a software system that can be used to administer, score, and provide reports on the test results directly in the professional's office; and an Internet-based system that can also provide administration, scoring, and reports in a range of different languages.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: After the test has been administered there is a total score computed from each of the 16 personality factors. These totals have been created in a way to correlate to the sten scale. Scores on the 16PF are presented on a 10-point scale, or standard-ten scale. The sten scale has a mean of 5.5 and a standard deviation of 2, with scores below 4 considered low and scores above 7 considered high. The sten scales are bipolar, meaning that each end of the scale has a distinct definition and meaning. Because bipolar scales are designated with "high" or "low" for each factor, a high score should not be considered to reflect a positive personality characteristic and a low score should not be considered to reflect a negative personality characteristic.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Cattell and Schuerger provided six steps that outline how they recommend interpreting the results of the 16PF:


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: There are about a dozen computer-generated interpretive reports that can be used to help interpret the test for different purposes, for example:


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The 16PF traits are also included in the "Psychological Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ)", which combines measures of both normal and abnormal personality traits into one test (Cattell, Cattell, Cattell, Russell, & Bedwell, 2003)


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: In the Fourth and Fifth Editions of the 16PF, there were five global factors that seem to correspond fairly closely to the "Big Five personality traits". The Big Five (BF) trait of Openness seems to be related to 16PF Openness/Tough-mindedness, The BF trait of Conscientiousness to the 16PF Self-Control, the BF Extraversion to the 16PF Extraversion, the BF Agreeableness/Dis-Agreeableness to the 16PF Independence/Accommodation, and the BF Neuroticism to the 16PF Anxiety. In fact, the development of the Big-Five factors began in 1963 with W.T. Norman factor-analyzing responses to the same items as the 16PF, replicating Cattell's work and suggested that five factors would be sufficient.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: However, one big technical difference between Cattell's five Global Factors and popular five-factor models was Cattell's insistence on using oblique rotation in the factor analysis whereas Goldberg and Costa & McCrae used orthogonal rotation in their factor analysis. Oblique rotation allows the factors to correlate with each other, whereas orthogonal rotation restricts the factors from correlating with each other. Although personality traits are thought to be correlated, using orthogonal factor analysis makes the factors easier to understand and to work on statistically in research. This is one of the reasons the Big-Five traits have definitions that are different from the 16PF global factors. For example, as seen in the table below, in Cattell's model the primary personality trait of Dominance (Factor E) is strongly located in the Independence/Accommodation global factor which represents a quality of fearless, original thinking and forceful, independent actions. However, other popular big five models consider Dominance as a facet of several Big-Five traits, including Extraversion, Dis-Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Thus Dominance is spread across a range of Big-Five factors with little influence on any one (Cattell & Mead, 2008). Below is a table that shows how the 16 primary factors are related to the five global factors of the 16 Personality Factor theory. Compare with the Hierarchical Structure of the Big Five. Also, note that factor B is considered separate from the other factors because it is not a part of the hierarchical structure of personality in the same way as the other factors.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Assumptions shared by standardized personality tests, simply stated, are that humans possess characteristics or traits that are stable, vary from individual to individual, and can be measured. Factor analysis is a statistical procedure for reducing the redundancy in a set of intercorrelated scores. One major technique of factor analysis, the principal-components method, finds the minimum number of common factors that can account for an interrelated set of scores. Cattell's goal was to empirically determine and measure the essence of personality. Cattell used factor analysis to reduce thousands of psychological traits into what he believed to be 16 of the basic dimensions, or source traits of human personality. As a result, he created the 16PF personality test.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The 16PF Questionnaire was created from a fairly unusual perspective among personality tests. Most personality tests are developed to measure just the pre-conceived traits that are of interest to a particular theorist or researcher. The main author of the 16PF, Raymond B. Cattell, had a strong background in the physical sciences, especially chemistry and physics, at a time when the basic elements of the physical world were being discovered, placed in the periodic table, and used as the basis for understanding the fundamental nature of the physical world and for further inquiry. From this background in the physical sciences, Cattell developed the belief that all fields are best understood by first seeking to find the fundamental underlying elements in that domain, and then developing a valid way to measure and research these elements (Cattell, 1965).


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: When Cattell moved from the physical sciences into the field of psychology in the 1920s, he described his disappointment about finding that it consisted largely of a wide array of abstract, unrelated theories and concepts that had little or no scientific bases. He found that most personality theories were based on philosophy and on personal conjecture, or were developed by medical professionals, such as Jean Charcot and Sigmund Freud, who relied on their personal intuition to reconstruct what they felt was going on inside people, based on observing individuals with serious psycho-pathological problems. Cattell (1957) described the concerns he felt as a scientist:


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Thus, Cattell's goal in creating the "16PF Questionnaire" was to discover the number and nature of the fundamental traits of human personality and to develop a way to measure these dimensions. At the University of London, Cattell worked with Charles Spearman who was developing factor analysis to aid in his quest to discover the basic factors of human ability. Cattell thought that could also be applied to the area of personality. He reasoned that human personality must have basic, underlying, universal dimensions just as the physical world had basic building blocks (like oxygen and hydrogen). He felt that if the basic building blocks of personality were discovered and measured, then human behavior (e.g., creativity, leadership, altruism, or aggression) could become increasingly understandable and predictable.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: This statement has become known as the Lexical Hypothesis, which posits that if there is a word for a trait, it must be a real trait. Allport and Odbert used this hypothesis to identify personality traits by working through two of the most comprehensive dictionaries of the English language available at the time, and extracting 18,000 personality-describing words. From this gigantic list they extracted 4500 personality-describing adjectives which they considered to describe observable and relatively permanent traits.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Cattell and his colleagues began a comprehensive program of international research aimed at identifying and mapping out the basic underlying dimensions of personality. Their goal was to systematically measure the widest possible range of personality concepts, in a belief that "all aspects of human personality which are or have been of importance, interest, or utility have already become recorded in the substance of language" (Cattell, R. B., 1943, p. 483). They wanted to include every known personality dimension in their investigation, and thus began with the largest existing compilation of personality traits (Allport and Odbert, 1936). Over time, they used factor analysis to reduce the massive list of traits by analyzing the underlying patterns among them. They studied personality data from different sources (e.g. objective measures of daily behavior, interpersonal ratings, and questionnaire results), and measured these traits in diverse populations, including working adults, university students, and military personnel. (Cattell, 1957, 1973).


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The 16 Personality Factors were identified in 1949 by Raymond Cattell. He believed that in order to adequately map out personality, one had to utilize L-Data (life records or observation), Q data (information from questionnaires), and T-data (information from objective tests). The development of the 16PF Questionnaire, although confusingly named, was an attempt to develop an adequate measure of T-data.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Cattell analyzed the list of 4500 adjectives and organized the list of adjectives into fewer than 171 items and asked subjects to rate people whom they knew on each of the adjectives on the list (an example of L-data because the information was gathered from observers). This allowed Cattell to narrow down to 35 terms and factor analysis in 1945, 1947 and 1948 revealed a 11 or 12 factor solution.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: In 1949 Cattell found that there were 4 additional factors, which he believed consisted of information that could only be provided through self-rating. This process allowed the use of ratings by observers, questionnaires, and objective measurements of actual behavior. In 1952 the ILLIAC I became available at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to be used for factor analysis.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Together the original 12 factors and the 4 covert factors made up the original 16 primary personality factors. As the five factor theory gained traction and research on the 16 factors continued, subsequent analysis identified five factors underlying the 16 factors. Cattell called these global factors.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The 16PF factorial structure resembles that of Szondi test and the "Berufsbilder test" (BTT), despite being based on different theories.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Because the 16PF dimensions were developed through factor analysis, construct validity is provided by studies that confirm its factor structure. Over several decades of factor-analytic study, Cattell and his colleagues gradually refined and validated their list of underlying source traits. The search resulted in the sixteen unitary traits of the 16PF Questionnaire. These traits have remained the same over the last 50 years of research. In addition, the 16PF Questionnaire traits are part of a multi-variate personality model that provides a broader framework including developmental, environmental, and hereditary patterns of the traits and how they change across the life span (Cattell, 1973, 1979, 1980).


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: The validity of the factor structure of the 16PF Questionnaire (the 16 primary factors and 5 global factors) has been supported by more than 60 published studies (Cattell & Krug, 1986; Conn & Rieke, 1994; Hofer and Eber, 2002). Research has also supported the comprehensiveness of the 16PF traits: all dimensions on other major personality tests (e.g., the NEO Personality Inventory, the California Psychological Inventory, the Personality Research Form, and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) have been found to be contained within the 16PF scales in regression and factor-analytic studies (Conn & Rieke, 1994; Cattell, 1996).


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Since its release in 1949, the 16PF Questionnaire has been revised four times: once in 1956, once in 1962, once in 1968, and the current version was developed in 1993. The US version of the test was also re-standardized in 2002, along with the development of forms for children and teenagers; versions for the UK, Ireland, France and the Netherlands were re-standardised in 2011. Additionally, there is a shortened form available primarily for employee selection and the questionnaire has been adapted into more than 35 languages. The questionnaire has also been validated in a range of international cultures over time.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: From the beginning of his research, Cattell found personality traits to have a multi-level, hierarchical structure (Cattell, 1946). The first goal of these researchers was to find the most fundamental primary traits of personality. Next they factor-analyzed these numerous primary traits to see if these traits had a structure of their own—i.e. if some of them naturally went together in self-defining, meaningful groupings.


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: They consistently found that the primary traits themselves came together in particular, meaningful groupings to form broader secondary or global traits, each with its own particular focus and function within personality (Cattell & Schuerger, 2003). For example, the first global trait they found was Extraversion-Introversion. It resulted from the natural affinity of five primary traits that defined different reasons for an individual to move toward versus away from other people (see below). They found that there was a natural tendency for these traits to go together in the real world, and to define an important domain of human behavior—social behavior. This global factor Global Extraversion/Introversion (the tendency to move toward versus away from interaction with others) is composed from the following primary traits:


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: In a similar manner, these researchers found that four other primary traits consistently merged to define another global factor which they called Receptivity or Openness (versus Tough-Mindedness). This factor was made up of four primary traits that describe different kinds of openness to the world:


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Another global factor, Self-Controlled (or conscientious) versus Unrestrained, resulted from the natural coming together of four primary factors that define the different ways that human beings manage to control their behavior:


title: 16PF Questionnaire

text: Because the global factors were developed by factor-analyzing the primary traits, the meanings of the global traits were determined by the primary traits which made them up. In addition, then the global factors provide the overarching, conceptual framework for understanding the meaning and function of each of the primary traits. Thus, the two levels of personality are essentially inter-connected and inter-related.