title: Timber rattlesnake

text: This species is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List (assessed in 2007). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.


title: Timber rattlesnake

text: The timber rattlesnake is listed as endangered in New Jersey, Vermont, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Virginia, Indiana, New York, Illinois, and New Hampshire.


title: Timber rattlesnake

text: Timber rattlesnakes have already been extirpated in Maine and Rhode Island and only one population remains in New Hampshire. They are protected in many of the Appalachian states, but their populations continue to decline.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: The Elder Scrolls: Arena is an open-world action role-playing video game developed and published by Bethesda Softworks. The first game in the "Elder Scrolls" series, it was released for MS-DOS on March 25, 1994. The game follows the player trying to uncover a conspiracy against King Uriel Septim VII.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: "Arena" takes place on the entire continent of Tamriel, complete with wilderness, towns and dungeons which are procedurally-generated. The game features a day/night cycle and includes a spell creation system that allows players to mix various spell effects. Development for "Arena" was initially planned to have the player travel in towns across Tamriel, fighting other teams in their arenas until the player became "grand champion". As development on the game progressed, side quests took more importance and the tournament aspect of the game took a back seat. Role-playing elements were added to the game and the game expanded to include towns outside the arenas and dungeons beyond the cities.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: "Arena" would spawn later sequels that created a series which has gone on to become one of the biggest western RPGs of all time. The game received praise from critics and would go on to win several awards such as "Computer Gaming World"s 1994 "Role-Playing Game of the Year". The game set a new standard for this type of CRPG, and demonstrated just how much room was left for innovation. Although not as popular as the later games, "Arena" generated a cult following and was successful enough to spawn a popular sequel, "" in 1996. In 2004, a downloadable version of the game was made available free of charge as part of the tenth anniversary of the series.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: The game is played from a first-person perspective. Melee combat is performed by right-clicking the mouse and dragging the cursor across the screen to attack as if swinging a weapon. Magic is used by cycling through a menu found by clicking the appropriate button on the main game screen, then clicking the spell to be used, and its target.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: The game's world is infinite. While the game's manual claims you can walk from one village to another, in actuality it is infinite, and you can only fast travel to get between towns. This is achieved by combining procedurally-generated content and specifically designed world spaces to create a realistic and massive wilderness, where one may find inns, farms, small towns, dungeons, and other places of interest. The towns contain developer-designed buildings and shops, but the order in which these appear and their names are procedurally generated. There are several hundred dungeons and 17 specially designed dungeons for the main quest.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: "Arena "is notable for being one of the first games to feature a realistic day/night cycle, where at sunset shops close and people clear the streets before the monsters arrive and roam around until morning. This soon became a staple feature of most open-world games.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: In addition to the main quest which is completed by beating all seventeen dungeons and finding pieces of the staff, small side quests also appear. These are often found by asking around town for rumours. These quests are usually very simple, such as delivering a parcel or defeating a randomly chosen dungeon.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: "Arena" has been noted for its tendency to be unforgiving towards new players. It is easy to die in the starting dungeon, as powerful enemies can be encountered if the player lingers too long. This effect gradually disappears as the player becomes more powerful and more aware of the threats that loom everywhere. Ken Rolston, lead designer of "Morrowind", says he started the game at least 20 times, and only got out of the beginning dungeon once.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: The game's setting begins in Tamriel on the 389th year of the Third Era, when Emperor Uriel Septim VII summons his advisor and Imperial Battlemage Jagar Tharn over concerns of betrayal from within the court. It transpires that his concerns were justified when Tharn is revealed to be the traitor, magically trapping the Emperor and his general, Talin Warhaft, in another dimension.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: When Tharn proceeds to magically disguise himself as Emperor in order to usurp the throne, his conspiracy is witnessed by mage apprentice Ria Silmane, whom he murders before she can warn the Elder Council. Tharn then summons demon minions to replace the Emperor's Guard and in his disguise he sends the player character, a court official and subordinate of General Warhaft, to die in the Imperial dungeons.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: Following her death, Ria uses her magic to take an incorporeal form, holding herself together long enough to inform the imprisoned player of Tharn's betrayal and instructs them throughout their escape from the infamous dungeons. Past that point, she lacks the power to manifest physically and appears to the player during dreams. She creates a key to allow the player to escape the dungeons and teleports them to a different province through a mystical Shift Gate.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: The player is informed that the only way to stop Tharn is to get hold of the Staff of Chaos which holds his lifeforce. This staff has been split by Tharn into many fragments throughout the continent of Tamriel. Each time one is found, Ria appears to the player the next time they rest, in order to provide the general location of the next fragment. At the end of the quest in 3E 399 (a decade after the start of the game), the player finds the final piece and reassembles the staff. This, however, does not release the Emperor as all of the staff's power has been drained into the Jewel of Fire, an oversight by Ria. The player travels to the Imperial City to confront Tharn's minions, the player finds the Jewel of Fire and touches it with the Staff of Chaos, this destroys both the jewel and the staff as well as releasing the Emperor. The jewel also turned out to be where Tharn has stored his lifeforce and the destruction of the jewel resulted in his death. As a token of respect and gratitude, Uriel Septim grants the player the title of Eternal Champion, and Ria Silmane finally enters the afterlife.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: Designer Ted Peterson recalls the experience: "I remember talking to the guys at SirTech who were doing "" at the time, and them literally laughing at us for thinking we could do it." Peterson worked alongside Vijay Lakshman as one of the two designers of what was then simply "Arena", a "medieval-style gladiator game".


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: Ted Peterson, Lakshman and Julian LeFay were those who, in Peterson's opinion, "really spear-headed the initial development of the series." Game journalist Joe Blancato credits company co-founder Chris Weaver with the development: "If Weaver had a baby, "Arena" was it, and it showed." During the development of "Arena", Todd Howard, later executive producer of "Oblivion" and lead designer on "Skyrim" and "Fallout 3" and "4", joined Bethesda Softworks, testing the CD-ROM version of "Arena" as his first assignment. Peterson had joined the company in 1992, working assignments on "Terminator 2029", "", and "", as well as other "fairly forgettable titles".


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: Peterson, Lakshman and LeFay were longtime aficionados of pencil-and-paper role-playing games, and it was from these games that the world of Tamriel was created. They were also fans of Looking Glass Studios' "" series, which became their main inspiration for "Arena".


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: The influence of "Legends of Valour", a game Peterson describes as a "free-form first-person perspective game that took place in a single city", has also been noted. Asked for his overall comment on the game, he replied "It was certainly derivative ...". Aside from the fact that Bethesda had made "Arena" "Much, much bigger" than other titles on the market, Peterson held that the team "[wasn't] doing anything too new" in "Arena".


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: Initially, "Arena" was not to be an RPG at all. The player and a team of his fighters would travel about a world fighting other teams in their arenas until the player became "grand champion" in the world's capital, the Imperial City. Along the way, side quests of a more role-playing nature could be completed. As the process of development progressed, however, the tournaments became less important and the side quests more. Role-playing elements were added to the game, as the game expanded to include the cities outside the arenas, and dungeons beyond the cities. Eventually it was decided to drop the idea of tournaments altogether, and focus on quests and dungeons, making the game a "full-blown RPG".


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: The original concept of arena combat never made it to the coding stage, so few artifacts from that era of development remain: the game's title, and a text file with the names of fighting teams from every large city in Tamriel, and a brief introduction for them. The concept of travelling teams was eventually left aside as well because the team's decision to produce a first-person RPG had made the system somewhat less fun. The game was going to have a team of up to four party members, but that feature was dropped and reduced to a single adventurer.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: Although the team had dropped all arena combat from the end game, because all the material had already been printed up with the title, the game went to market as "The Elder Scrolls: Arena". The team came up with a lore-friendly explanation for this, being because the Empire of Tamriel was so violent, it had been nicknamed the "Arena". It was Lakshman who came up with the idea of "The Elder Scrolls", and though, in the words of Peterson, "I don't think he knew what the hell it meant any more than we did", the words eventually came to mean "Tamriel's mystical tomes of knowledge that told of its past, present, and future." The game's initial voice-over was changed in response, beginning: "It has been foretold in the Elder Scrolls ..."


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: The game was originally due to release on Christmas Day 1993 but it was then released three months later in March 1994. The misleading packaging further contributed to distributor distaste for the game, leading to an initial distribution of only 3,000 units—a smaller number even, recalls Peterson, than the sales for his "Terminator 2029" add-on. "We were sure we had screwed the company and we'd go out of business." However, "PC Gamer US" reported in late 1995:


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: "Arena" was originally released on CD-ROM and 3.5" floppy disk. The CD-ROM edition is the more advanced, featuring enhanced speech for some characters and CGI video sequences. In late 1994, "Arena" was re-released in a special "Deluxe Edition" package, containing the CD-ROM patched to the latest version, a mousepad with the map of Tamriel printed on it, and the Codex Scientia, an in-depth hint book.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: The version that was released as freeware by Bethesda Softworks in 2004 is the 3.5" floppy disk version, not the CD-ROM edition. Newer systems may require an emulator such as DOSBox to run it, as "Arena" is a DOS-based program.


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: When previewing the game in December 1993, "Computer Gaming World" noted "Arena"s "huge world split into nine provinces", many races and terrains, NPC interactions, and absence of level limits. The magazine stated that the game had sophisticated graphics "without forgetting the lessons of the past in terms of game design" or being "more like [console] action games", citing similarities with "Ultima IV", "Wasteland", "Dragon Wars", and "Darklands". The magazine in April 1994 said that "Arena" "looks like a cross between "Ultima Underworld" and """, with both depth and sophisticated 3D graphics. It surmised "This may be the 'biggest' world, in terms of game play, that will reach store shelves this year", with a "rich and compelling" storyline and setting. The magazine's Scorpia in May 1994 noted the game's "many, many, "many" side quests". She liked the combat ("the most natural way of fighting that I've seen in a first-person game"), magic system, world detail, and character creation, but disliked "Arena"s instability "even with three patches so far" and insufficient travel time to finish quests. Scorpia complained that "in a game of this size, everything eventually becomes mechanical and repetitious", including towns, conversation trees, quests, and enemies, reporting that "Everything is isolated, and there is no sense of a coherent whole here". She said that ""Arena" ... is too big to offer real variety, and thus becomes no more than a very sophisticated dungeon crawl with minimal plot", but hoped that Bethesda would apply to "Elder Scrolls" "a tightening of the code, a little polishing up of the basic engine, a little scaling back of the size, and the inclusion of some real role-playing elements ... with a solid storyline. These are well within Bethesda's abilities". The next month she reported that another patch had been released and a fifth was being developed ("Obviously, the game was released far, far too soon, with less than adequate playtesting"). She advised players to store their save games after finishing "Arena", as "I expect that the next game will show quite a few improvements over the initial entry in the series".


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: In "PC Gamer US", Bernie Yee summarized "Arena" as a "stunning technological achievement; give this game a better storyline, and you might have the best FRP ever designed." Later that year, the magazine named "Arena" the 18th greatest game of all time. The editors praised it as "next-generation role-playing that will satisfy both newcomers and veterans alike." The game was a runner-up for "PC Gamer US"s 1994 "Best Role-playing Game" award, losing to "". Barry Brenesal of "Electronic Entertainment" wrote, "While "The Elder Scrolls, Chapter One: Arena" has nothing revolutionary to offer in role-playing fantasy, it is nevertheless a worthwhile game for the sheer depth of its quest capabilities that far outnumber the competition." "Arena" won "Computer Gaming World"s 1994 "Role-Playing Game of the Year" award, beating "Wolf", "Realms of Arkania: Star Trail", "" and "Superhero League of Hoboken". The editors hailed "Arena" as "a breakthrough game".


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: Despite the formidable demands the game made on players' machines, the game became a cult hit. Evaluations of the game's success vary from "minor" to "modest" to "wild", but are unvarying in presenting the game as a success. Game historian Matt Barton concludes that, in any case, "the game set a new standard for this type of CRPG, and demonstrated just how much room was left for innovation."


title: The Elder Scrolls: Arena

text: "OpenTESArena" is an open-source, free-software replacement game engine for "Arena", similarly to "Daggerfall Unity" and "OpenMW" for "Daggerfall" and "Morrowind" respectively. It brings many modern improvements to "Arena" such as WASD movement, higher resolutions and mouselook. "OpenTESArena" also supports Linux, macOS and Windows natively instead of requiring an MS-DOS emulator to run the game.


title: Perpendicular

text: In elementary geometry, two geometric objects are perpendicular if they intersect at a right angle (90 degrees or π/2 radians). The condition of perpendicularity may be represented graphically using the "perpendicular symbol", ⟂. It can be defined between two lines (or two line segments), between a line and a plane, and between two planes.


title: Perpendicular

text: Perpendicularity is one particular instance of the more general mathematical concept of "orthogonality"; perpendicularity is the orthogonality of classical geometric objects. Thus, in advanced mathematics, the word "perpendicular" is sometimes used to describe much more complicated geometric orthogonality conditions, such as that between a surface and its "normal vector".


title: Perpendicular

text: A line is said to be perpendicular to another line if the two lines intersect at a right angle. Explicitly, a first line is perpendicular to a second line if (1) the two lines meet; and (2) at the point of intersection the straight angle on one side of the first line is cut by the second line into two congruent angles. Perpendicularity can be shown to be symmetric, meaning if a first line is perpendicular to a second line, then the second line is also perpendicular to the first. For this reason, we may speak of two lines as being perpendicular (to each other) without specifying an order.


title: Perpendicular

text: Perpendicularity easily extends to segments and rays. For example, a line segment formula_1 is perpendicular to a line segment formula_2 if, when each is extended in both directions to form an infinite line, these two resulting lines are perpendicular in the sense above. In symbols, formula_3 means line segment AB is perpendicular to line segment CD.


title: Perpendicular

text: A line is said to be perpendicular to a plane if it is perpendicular to every line in the plane that it intersects. This definition depends on the definition of perpendicularity between lines.


title: Perpendicular

text: Two planes in space are said to be perpendicular if the dihedral angle at which they meet is a right angle.


title: Perpendicular

text: The word foot is frequently used in connection with perpendiculars. This usage is exemplified in the top diagram, above, and its caption. The diagram can be in any orientation. The foot is not necessarily at the bottom.


title: Perpendicular

text: More precisely, let be a point and a line. If is the point of intersection of and the unique line through that is perpendicular to , then is called the "foot" of this perpendicular through .


title: Perpendicular

text: To make the perpendicular to the line AB through the point P using compass-and-straightedge construction, proceed as follows (see figure left):


title: Perpendicular

text: To prove that the PQ is perpendicular to AB, use the SSS congruence theorem for QPA' and QPB' to conclude that angles OPA' and OPB' are equal. Then use the SAS congruence theorem for triangles OPA' and OPB' to conclude that angles POA and POB are equal.


title: Perpendicular

text: To make the perpendicular to the line g at or through the point P using Thales's theorem, see the animation at right.


title: Perpendicular

text: The Pythagorean theorem can be used as the basis of methods of constructing right angles. For example, by counting links, three pieces of chain can be made with lengths in the ratio 3:4:5. These can be laid out to form a triangle, which will have a right angle opposite its longest side. This method is useful for laying out gardens and fields, where the dimensions are large, and great accuracy is not needed. The chains can be used repeatedly whenever required.


title: Perpendicular

text: If two lines ("a" and "b") are both perpendicular to a third line ("c"), all of the angles formed along the third line are right angles. Therefore, in Euclidean geometry, any two lines that are both perpendicular to a third line are parallel to each other, because of the parallel postulate. Conversely, if one line is perpendicular to a second line, it is also perpendicular to any line parallel to that second line.


title: Perpendicular

text: In the figure at the right, all of the orange-shaded angles are congruent to each other and all of the green-shaded angles are congruent to each other, because vertical angles are congruent and alternate interior angles formed by a transversal cutting parallel lines are congruent. Therefore, if lines "a" and "b" are parallel, any of the following conclusions leads to all of the others:


title: Perpendicular

text: In the two-dimensional plane, right angles can be formed by two intersected lines if the product of their slopes equals −1. Thus defining two linear functions: and , the graphs of the functions will be perpendicular and will make four right angles where the lines intersect if . However, this method cannot be used if the slope is zero or undefined (the line is parallel to an axis).


title: Perpendicular

text: For another method, let the two linear functions be: and . The lines will be perpendicular if and only if . This method is simplified from the dot product (or, more generally, the inner product) of vectors. In particular, two vectors are considered orthogonal if their inner product is zero.


title: Perpendicular

text: Each diameter of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent line to that circle at the point where the diameter intersects the circle.


title: Perpendicular

text: If the intersection of any two perpendicular chords divides one chord into lengths "a" and "b" and divides the other chord into lengths "c" and "d", then equals the square of the diameter.


title: Perpendicular

text: The sum of the squared lengths of any two perpendicular chords intersecting at a given point is the same as that of any other two perpendicular chords intersecting at the same point, and is given by 8"r" – 4"p" (where "r" is the circle's radius and "p" is the distance from the center point to the point of intersection).


title: Perpendicular

text: Thales' theorem states that two lines both through the same point on a circle but going through opposite endpoints of a diameter are perpendicular. This is equivalent to saying that any diameter of a circle subtends a right angle at any point on the circle, except the two endpoints of the diameter.


title: Perpendicular

text: The major and minor axes of an ellipse are perpendicular to each other and to the tangent lines to the ellipse at the points where the axes intersect the ellipse.


title: Perpendicular

text: In a parabola, the axis of symmetry is perpendicular to each of the latus rectum, the directrix, and the tangent line at the point where the axis intersects the parabola.


title: Perpendicular

text: From a point on the tangent line to a parabola's vertex, the other tangent line to the parabola is perpendicular to the line from that point through the parabola's focus.


title: Perpendicular

text: The orthoptic property of a parabola is that If two tangents to the parabola are perpendicular to each other, then they intersect on the directrix. Conversely, two tangents which intersect on the directrix are perpendicular. This implies that, seen from any point on its directrix, any parabola subtends a right angle.


title: Perpendicular

text: The product of the perpendicular distances from a point P on a hyperbola or on its conjugate hyperbola to the asymptotes is a constant independent of the location of P.


title: Perpendicular

text: A rectangular hyperbola has asymptotes that are perpendicular to each other. It has an eccentricity equal to formula_4


title: Perpendicular

text: The altitudes of a triangle are perpendicular to their respective bases. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides also play a prominent role in triangle geometry.


title: Perpendicular

text: The Droz-Farny line theorem concerns a property of two perpendicular lines intersecting at a triangle's orthocenter.


title: Perpendicular

text: Harcourt's theorem concerns the relationship of line segments through a vertex and perpendicular to any line tangent to the triangle's incircle.


title: Perpendicular

text: In a square or other rectangle, all pairs of adjacent sides are perpendicular. A right trapezoid is a trapezoid that has two pairs of adjacent sides that are perpendicular.


title: Perpendicular

text: Each of the four maltitudes of a quadrilateral is a perpendicular to a side through the midpoint of the opposite side.


title: Perpendicular

text: An orthodiagonal quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose diagonals are perpendicular. These include the square, the rhombus, and the kite. By Brahmagupta's theorem, in an orthodiagonal quadrilateral that is also cyclic, a line through the midpoint of one side and through the intersection point of the diagonals is perpendicular to the opposite side.


title: Perpendicular

text: By van Aubel's theorem, if squares are constructed externally on the sides of a quadrilateral, the line segments connecting the centers of opposite squares are perpendicular and equal in length.


title: Perpendicular

text: Up to three lines in three-dimensional space can be pairwise perpendicular, as exemplified by the "x, y", and "z" axes of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system.


title: Retard (pejorative)

text: In modern use, retard is a pejorative term either for someone with a mental disability or for someone who is considered stupid, slow to understand, or ineffective in some way. The adjective retarded is in the same way used for something very foolish or stupid. Because it is now considered offensive, the word is commonly referred to by the euphemisms "r-word" and "r-slur".


title: Retard (pejorative)

text: It was previously used as a medical term. The verb "to retard" means to delay or hold back, and so "retard" became known as a medical term in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to describe children with intellectual disabilities, or "retarded mental development". Until the 1960s, the terms "moron", "idiot", "cretin", and "imbecile" were all genuine, non-offensive terms to refer to people with mental intellectual disabilities and low intelligence. These words were discontinued in that form when concerns arose that they had developed negative meanings, with "retard" and "retarded" replacing them. After that, the terms "handicapped" (United States) and "disabled" (United Kingdom) replaced "retard" and "retarded". "Disabled" is now considered a more polite term than "handicapped" in the United States as well.


title: Retard (pejorative)

text: The word "retard" dates as far back as 1426. It stems from the Latin verb "retardare", meaning "to hinder" or "make slow". The English adopted the word and used it as similar meaning, slow and delayed. The word "to decelerate" would become a more common term than "to retard".


title: Retard (pejorative)

text: "Retard" has transitioned from an impartial term to one that is negatively loaded. For this reason, the term is now widely considered as degrading even when used in its original context.


title: Retard (pejorative)

text: Much like today's socially acceptable terms "idiot" and "moron", which are also defined as some sort of mental disability, when the term "retard" is being used in its pejorative form, it is usually not being directed at people with mental disabilities. Instead, people use the term when teasing their friends or as a general insult.


title: Retard (pejorative)

text: Despite not typically being used in official context, "mental retardation" was still written in many of the United States' laws and documents until October 5, 2010, when U.S. President Barack Obama signed into effect S. 2781, also known as Rosa's Law. The bill changed references in federal law; the term mental retardation was replaced by mental disability. Additionally, the phrase "mentally retarded individual" was replaced with "an individual with an intellectual disability". Rosa's Law was named after Rosa Marcellino, a nine-year-old girl with Down syndrome. She worked with her parents to have the words "mentally retarded" officially removed from health and education code in Maryland, her home state. With this new law, "mental retardation" and "mentally retarded" no longer exist in federal health or education and labor policy. The rights of individuals with disabilities would remain the same. The goal of this change in phrasing was to remove language that may be considered derogatory to communities.


title: Encomienda

text: The encomienda () was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. The labourers, in theory, were provided with benefits by the conquerors for whom they laboured, including military protection and education. The "encomienda" was first established in Spain following the Christian conquest of Moorish territories (known to Christians as the "Reconquista"), and it was applied on a much larger scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Spanish Philippines. Conquered peoples were considered vassals of the Spanish monarch. The Crown awarded an "encomienda" as a grant to a particular individual. In the conquest era of the early sixteenth century, the grants were considered to be a monopoly on the labour of particular groups of indigenous peoples, held in perpetuity by the grant holder, called the "encomendero"; following the New Laws of 1542, upon the death of the "encomendero", the encomienda ended and was replaced by the repartimiento.


title: Encomienda

text: Encomiendas devolved from their original Iberian form into a form of "communal" slavery. In the "encomienda", the Spanish Crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community but did not dictate which individuals in the community would have to provide their labour. Indigenous leaders were charged with mobilising the assessed tribute and labour. In turn, "encomenderos" were to ensure that the "encomienda" natives were given instruction in Catholicism and the Spanish language, to protect them from warring tribes or pirates; to suppress rebellion against Spaniards, and maintain infrastructure. The natives provided tributes in the form of metals, maize, wheat, pork, and other agricultural products.


title: Encomienda

text: With the ousting of Christopher Columbus in 1500, the Spanish Crown had him replaced with Francisco de Bobadilla. Bobadilla was succeeded by a royal governor, Fray Nicolás de Ovando, who established the formal "encomienda" system. In many cases natives were forced to do hard labour and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted. However, Queen Isabella I of Castile forbade slavery of the native population and deemed the indigenous to be "free vassals of the crown". Various versions of the Laws of the Indies from 1512 onwards attempted to regulate the interactions between the settlers and natives. Both natives and Spaniards appealed to the Real Audiencias for relief under the "encomienda" system.


title: Encomienda

text: "Encomiendas" have often been characterized by the geographical displacement of the enslaved and breakup of communities and family units, but in New Spain, the "encomienda" ruled the free vassals of the crown through existing community hierarchies, and the natives remained in their settlements with their families.


title: Encomienda

text: The heart of "encomienda" and "encomendero" lies in the Spanish verb "encomendar", "to entrust". The "encomienda" was based on the "reconquista" institution in which "adelantados" were given the right to extract tribute from Muslims or other peasants in areas that they had conquered and resettled.


title: Encomienda

text: The "encomienda" system traveled to America as the result of the implantation of Castilian law over the territory. The system was created in the Middle Ages and was pivotal to allow for the repopulation and protection of frontier land during the "reconquista". This system originated in the Catholic south of Spain to extract labour and tribute from Muslims (Moors) before they were exiled in 1492 after the Moorish defeat in the Granada War. This system was a method of rewarding soldiers and moneymen who defeated the Moors. The "encomienda" established a system similar to a feudal relationship, in which military protection was traded for certain tributes or by specific work. It was especially prevalent among military orders that were entrusted with the protection of frontier areas. The king usually intervened directly or indirectly in the bond, by guaranteeing the fairness of the agreement and intervening militarily in case of abuse.


title: Encomienda

text: The "encomienda" system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution. The "encomenderos" did not own the land on which the natives lived. The system did not entail any direct land tenure by the "encomendero"; native lands were to remain in the possession of their communities. This right was formally protected by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the New World belonged to this crown and not to the Catholic monarchs as a whole.


title: Encomienda

text: The first grantees of the "encomienda" system, called "encomenderos", were usually conquerors who received these grants of labour by virtue of participation in a successful conquest. Later, some receiving "encomiendas" in New Spain (Mexico) were not conquerors themselves but were sufficiently well connected that they received grants.


title: Encomienda

text: In his study of the "encomenderos" of early colonial Mexico, Robert Himmerich y Valencia divides conquerors into those who were part of Hernán Cortés' original expedition, calling them "first conquerors", and those who were members of the later Narváez expedition, calling them "conquerors". The latter were incorporated into Cortes' contingent. Himmerich designated as "pobladores antiguos" (old settlers) a group of undetermined number of "encomenderos" in New Spain, men who had resided in the Caribbean region prior to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.


title: Encomienda

text: In the New World, the Crown granted "conquistadores" as "encomendero", which is the right to extract labour and tribute from natives who were under Spanish rule. Columbus established the "encomienda" system after his arrival and settlement on the island of Hispaniola requiring the natives to pay tributes or face brutal punishments. Tributes were required to be paid in gold. However, during this time gold was scarce.


title: Encomienda

text: Some women and some indigenous elites were also "encomenderos". Maria Jaramillo, the daughter of Marina and conqueror Juan Jaramillo, received income from her deceased father's "encomiendas". Two of Moctezuma's daughters, Isabel Moctezuma and her younger sister, Leonor Moctezuma, were granted extensive "encomiendas" in perpetuity by Hernán Cortés. Leonor Moctezuma married in succession two Spaniards, and left the "encomiendas" to her daughter by her second husband. Vassal Inca rulers appointed after the conquest also sought and were granted "encomiendas".


title: Encomienda

text: The "encomienda" was essential to the Spanish crown's sustaining its control over North, Central and South America in the first decades after the colonization. It was the first major organizational law instituted on the continent, which was affected by war, widespread disease epidemics caused by Eurasian diseases, and resulting turmoil. Initially, the "encomienda" system was devised to meet the needs of the early agricultural economies in the Caribbean. Later it was adopted to the mining economy of Peru and Upper Peru. The "encomienda" lasted from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the seventeenth century.


title: Encomienda

text: Philip II enacted a law on 11 June 1594 to establish the "encomienda" in the Philippines, where he made grants to the local nobles ("principalía"). They used the "encomienda" to gain ownership of large expanses of land, many of which (such as Makati) continue to be owned by affluent families.


title: Encomienda

text: In 1501 Isabella I of Castile declared Native Americans as subjects to the Crown, and so, as Castilians and legal equals to Spanish Castilians. This implied that enslaving them was illegal except under very specific conditions. It also allowed the establishment of "encomiendas", since the "encomienda" bond was a right reserved to full subjects to the crown. In 1503, the crown began to formally grant "encomiendas" to conquistadors and officials as rewards for service to the crown. The system of "encomiendas" was aided by the crown's organizing the indigenous into small harbors known as "reducciones", with the intent of establishing new towns and populations.


title: Encomienda

text: Each "reducción" had a native chief responsible for keeping track of the labourers in his community. The "encomienda" system did not grant people land, but it indirectly aided in the settlers' acquisition of land. As initially defined, the "encomendero" and his heirs expected to hold these grants in perpetuity. After a major Crown reform in 1542, known as the New Laws, "encomendero" families were restricted to holding the grant for two generations. When the Crown attempted to implement the policy in Peru, shortly after the 1535 Spanish conquest, Spanish recipients rebelled against the Crown, killing the viceroy, Blasco Núñez Vela.


title: Encomienda

text: In Mexico, viceroy Antonio de Mendoza decided against implementing the reform, citing local circumstances and the potential for a similar conqueror rebellion. To the crown he said, "I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order." The "encomienda" system was ended legally in 1720, when the crown attempted to abolish the institution. The "encomenderos" were then required to pay remaining "encomienda" labourers for their work.


title: Encomienda

text: The "encomiendas" became very corrupt and harsh. In the neighborhood of La Concepción, north of Santo Domingo, the "adelantado" of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000-man army planning to stage a rebellion. Upon hearing this, the "adelantado" captured the "caciques" involved and had most of them hanged.


title: Encomienda

text: Later, a chieftain named Guarionex laid havoc to the countryside before an army of about 3,090 routed the Ciguana people under his leadership. Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes, the islanders sought to join the Spanish forces. They helped the Spaniards deal with their ignorance of the surrounding environment.


title: Encomienda

text: As noted, the change of requiring the "encomendado" to be returned to the crown after two generations was frequently overlooked, as the colonists did not want to give up the labour or power. The "Codice Osuna", one of many colonial-era Aztec codices (indigenous manuscripts) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in Nahuatl, there is evidence that the indigenous were well aware of the distinction between indigenous communities held by individual "encomenderos" and those held by the Crown.


title: Encomienda

text: The "encomienda" system was the subject of controversy in Spain and its territories almost from its start. In 1510, an Hispaniola "encomendero" named Valenzuela murdered a group of Native American leaders who had agreed to meet for peace talks in full confidence. The Taíno "cacique" Enriquillo rebelled against the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533. In 1538, Emperor Charles V, realizing the seriousness of the Taíno revolt, changed the laws governing the treatment of people labouring in the "encomiendas". Conceding to Las Casas's viewpoint, the peace treaty between the Taínos and the "audiencia" was eventually disrupted in four to five years. The crown also actively prosecuted abuses of the "encomienda" system, through the Laws of Burgos (1512–13) and the New Laws of the Indies (1542).


title: Encomienda

text: The priest of Hispaniola and former "encomendero" Bartolomé de las Casas underwent a profound conversion after seeing the abuse of the native people. He dedicated his life to writing and lobbying to abolish the "encomienda" system, which he thought systematically enslaved the native people of the New World. Las Casas participated in an important debate, where he pushed for the enactment of the New Laws and an end to the "encomienda" system. The Laws of Burgos and the New Laws of the Indies failed in the face of colonial opposition and, in fact, the New Laws were postponed in the Viceroyalty of Peru. When Blasco Núñez Vela, the first viceroy of Peru, tried to enforce the New Laws, which provided for the gradual abolition of the "encomienda", many of the "encomenderos" were unwilling to comply with them and revolted against him.


title: Encomienda

text: When the news of this situation and of the abuse of the institution reached Spain, the New Laws were passed to regulate and gradually abolish the system in America, as well as to reiterate the prohibition of enslaving Native Americans. By the time the new laws were passed, in 1542, the Spanish crown had acknowledged their inability to control and properly ensure compliance of traditional laws overseas, so they granted to Native Americans specific protections not even Spaniards had, such as the prohibition of enslaving them even in the case of crime or war. These extra protections were an attempt to avoid the proliferation of irregular claims to slavery.


title: Encomienda

text: The liberation of thousands of Native Americans held in bondage throughout the Spanish empire by the new viceroy, Blasco Núñez Vela, on his journey to Peru, led to his eventual murder and armed conflict between the "encomenderos" and the Spanish crown which ended with the execution of those "encomenderos" involved.


title: Encomienda

text: In most of the Spanish domains acquired in the 16th century the "encomienda" phenomenon lasted only a few decades. However, in Peru and New Spain the "encomienda" institution lasted much longer.


title: Encomienda

text: In Chiloé Archipelago in southern Chile, where the "encomienda" had been abusive enough to unleash a revolt in 1712, the "encomienda" was abolished in 1782. In the rest of Chile it was abolished in 1789, and in the whole Spanish empire in 1791.


title: Encomienda

text: The "encomienda" system was generally replaced by the crown-managed "repartimiento" system throughout Spanish America after mid-sixteenth century. Like the "encomienda", the new "repartimiento" did not include the attribution of land to anyone, rather only the allotment of native workers. But they were directly allotted to the Crown, who, through a local Crown official, would assign them to work for settlers for a set period of time, usually several weeks. The "repartimiento" was an attempt "to reduce the abuses of forced labour". As the number of natives declined and mining activities were replaced by agricultural activities in the seventeenth century, the hacienda, or large landed estates in which labourers were directly employed by the hacienda owners ("hacendados"), arose because land ownership became more profitable than acquisition of forced labour.


title: Encomienda

text: Raphael Lemkin (coiner of the term genocide) considers Spain's abuses of the native population of the Americas to constitute cultural and even outright genocide, including the abuses of the "encomienda" system. He described slavery as "cultural genocide par excellence" noting "it is the most effective and thorough method of destroying culture, of desocializing human beings". Economic historian Timothy J. Yeager argued the "encomienda" was deadlier than conventional slavery because of an individual labourer's life being disposable in the face of simply being replaced with a labourer from the same plot of land. University of Hawaii historian David Stannard describes the "encomienda" as a genocidal system which "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths".


title: Encomienda

text: Yale University's genocide studies program supports this view regarding abuses in Hispaniola. The program cites the decline of the Taíno population of Hispaniola in 1492 to 1514 as an example of genocide and notes that the indigenous population declined from a population between 100,000 and 1,000,000 to only 32,000 a decline of 68% to over 96%. Historian Andrés Reséndez contends that enslavement in gold and silver mines was the primary reason why the Native American population of Hispaniola dropped so significantly, as the conditions that native peoples were subjected to under enslavement, from forced relocation to hours of hard labour, contributed to the spread of disease. For example, according to anthropologist Jason Hickel, a third of Arawak workers died every six months from forced labour in the mines.


title: Encomienda

text: Skepticism towards accusations of genocide linked to the "encomienda" and the Spanish conquest and settlement of the Americas typically involve arguments like those of Noble David Cook, wherein scholars posit that accusations of genocide are a continuation of the Spanish Black Legend. Writing about the Black Legend and the conquest of the Americas, Cook wrote, "There were too few Spaniards to have killed the millions who were reported to have died in the first century after Old and New World contact" and instead suggests the near total decimation of the indigenous population of Hispaniola as mostly having been caused by diseases like smallpox. He argues that the Spanish unwittingly carried these diseases to the New World.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: Mirchi () is a 2013 Indian Telugu-language action drama film written and directed by debutante Koratala Siva, and produced by UV Creations. The film stars Prabhas, Anushka Shetty and Richa Gangopadhyay with Sathyaraj, Nadhiya, Sampath Raj, Adithya Menon, Subbaraju and Brahmanandam featuring in supporting roles. The film was tentatively titled "Vaaradhi", but was later renamed as "Mirchi". "Mirchi" was one of the highest grossing Telugu films of the year 2013.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: The film has received six state Nandi Awards, including Nandi Award for Best Feature Film (Gold), and Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director for 2013. Kailash Kher won Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu, and Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song "Pandagala Digivacchavu". It was remade in Kannada as "Maanikya" (2014), in Bengali as "Bindaas" (2014) and in Odia as "Biswanath" (2022).


title: Mirchi (film)

text: In Milan, Italy, a girl runs into Jai, a guitarist, and asks him to save her from a gang of goons chasing her. Jai, without fighting, resolves the conflict. The girl introduces herself as Manasa. They slowly become friends, but one day, Manasa asks Jai to leave her as she cannot stand the separation from him, because of her family restrictions, if their relationship develops any further. Jai then returns to India and changes the mind of Manasa's violent brother Poorna. Poorna invites Jai to his village for vacation. There, where everyone is violent and conservative in nature, Jai changes their nature, except Uma's, and makes them more lovable. Manasa's family expresses their wish to marry her to Jai. When Manasa expresses her love for Jai, he tells about his past.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: Jai was born to Manasa family's rival family. When Jai was a child, his father Deva wanted to reform the people of his village from unnecessary violence, but his mother Latha did not want to stay there, so she left him with Jai. Many years later, Jai became a successful businessman and runs a leading construction company. When Jai learns about his family, he visits them. He falls in love with family friend Vennela, who lives with Jai's family as a joint family . Manasa's uncle was threatening Deva to give him some land, but when Deva refused, they criticized him, which Jai did not appreciate. Because of this, he started taking revenge on Manasa's family without revealing his identity. When a marriage proposal comes for Vennela, she calls Latha and tells her that she is in love with Jai and cannot live without him. So everyone decide to get them married. During the marriage, the police inspector tells Deva that the enmity is rekindling because of Jai. Soon afterwards, the rivals come and Jai starts killing them. During fight, Latha dies. Deva banishes Jai and blames her death on him.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: In present-day, Uma challenges Jai that if he can try his way of violence and defeat his men, then Uma too would follow Jai's way of non-violence. After successfully defeating them, Uma asks Jai if he could defeat the rival's son, not knowing that it was Jai himself, and that he would marry Manasa to Jai. Jai gets angry at his stubbornness and reveals his true identity as Deva's son. Uma starts fighting with Jai and wants to kill him. Jai fights back and speaks about how enmity would never end if both the sides fight and peace is the only solution. All of Manasa's family members come forward and asks him to consider how Jai changed their family. Uma changes once the disabled Manasa's father gains ability to speak to proclaims that Jai should live. This was watched by Deva, who had just arrived there. Deva asks for Jai's forgiveness for banishing him and welcomes him back to the family. Jai reunites with Vennela, encouraged by Manasa.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: Finalized the casting of the film with two heroines Anushka and Richa Gangopadhyay. The father and mother characters in the film are being played by Tamil actors Sathyaraj and Nadhiya.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: Principal photography for the film began on 1 December 2011 at S. V. P. National Police Academy establishment in Hyderabad. Filming resumed on 16 January 2012 at a house set at Kokapet on the outskirts of Hyderabad. The set was built and previously used for S. S. Rajamouli's "Maryada Ramanna". The filming continued till end of January with action Sequences for climax episodes were canned. After one month, filming resumed at Saradhi Studios in Hyderabad. Director canned few scenes involving Supreeth, Kota Srinivasa Rao and Prabhas.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: In March 2012, filming was done at Ramoji Film City with lead actors. Filming resumed from 17 May in RFC where action sequences were canned on a railway station set. A new schedule began from 17 June in Hyderabad where important scenes on lead actors were shot. After the schedule, filming resumed in Pollachi where scenes on Prabhas, Anushka and Richa were canned. It was reported that the unit would move to Italy to shoot few songs on the lead actors. The film completed its Europe schedule on 14 October, where couple of songs were shot. The unit members of the film shifted to Tenkasi for shooting action scenes on 24 October. The next schedule of the film was progressed at Ramoji Film City picturising a song "Suno Senorita" on Prabhas and Richa Gangopadhyay. The Small Schedule of the movie was canned at Kutralam in Tamil Nadu on Prabhas, Anushka Shetty and on few lead Cast members. Ramajogayya Sastry visited the shooting spot of "Mirchi" at Annapurna Studios where a song was canned on Prabhas and Anushka Shetty with Dance Master Prem Rakshith. The visual effects of the movie was done by Light Line Entertainments in which a foreign location was creatively visualised.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: Devi Sri Prasad composed the Music for this film. The audio launch was held on 5 January 2013 at Ramanaidu Studios in Nanakramguda at Hyderabad. Krishnam Raju attended the audio launch function as chief guest, released the audio CD and handed over the first piece to Rajamouli. Dil Raju, Shyam Prasad Reddy released the trailers on this occasion.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: AP Herald gave a review stating "Devi Sri Prasad started this year giving chart-buster songs to music lovers, this album surely stands as one of the best audio in Prabhas films."


title: Mirchi (film)

text: "Mirchi" received an A (adults only) classification from the CBFC which was initially willing to give the film a U/A (parental guidance) classification with 2-3 cuts, but the makers accepted the A certificate in order to avoid cuts. The movie released worldwide on 8 February 2013 amidst high expectations as it is the biggest outing of Prabhas. Great India Films is releasing "Mirchi" in 176 centers from 7 February in USA alone, which is by far one of the best and humongous release. The movie has beaten the record of Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu (SVSC) and Naayak, which had released in 69 and 54 screens, respectively, in the country. "Mirchi" is coming up with all digital screening in USA to ensure that it will have superb quality screens across USA.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: "Mirchi" overseas rights sold to a leading distribution company Great India Films, USA. Some information is that "Mirchi" overseas rights sold for 2 Crores to Great India Films. "Mirchi" satellite rights were bought for by Maa TV. "Mirchi" had a pre-release revenue up to by music and satellite rights. The film's Hindi satellite rights were sold for .


title: Mirchi (film)

text: On 21 October 2012 the First Look posters and photos was released to the market in the view of the Prabhas Birthday on 23 October. "Mirchi" movie teaser was scheduled for launch on 18 November 2012. The first teaser of "Mirchi" movie was released in YouTube on 18 November 2012. The teaser got viral response across web and it has raised the expectations among the fans and movie buffs.


title: Mirchi (film)

text: Jalapathy Gudelli gave the film 3.25 stars out of 5, concluding his review that ""Mirchi" showcases Prabhas in different avatar. Neat package of masala moments and Prabhas are the strengths. "Mirchi" is a decent entertainer and time pass flick". Jeevi gave a rating of 3.25 out of 5, commenting that "First half of "Mirchi" is decent. Flashback episode which occupies 100% of second half is good. Climax could have been better. The plus points of the film are Prabhas, music and all-round orientation. On a whole, "Mirchi" has all the ingredients of a commercial potboiler". Mahesh S Koneru gave his verdict that "At the Box Office, the film will turn in a good commercial performance", giving the film a score of 3.25/5. Way2movies also gave a rating of 3.25/5, giving the verdict that "Prabhas rocks the show in this decent yet formulaic commercial entertainer". Super good movies gave the film 3 stars in a scale of 5, reviewing that "Go and Watch "Mirchi", It entertains both Class and Mass. It is a worth watch".


title: Mirchi (film)

text: In the contrary, The Times of India gave the film a revised rating of 3.5/5 (from 2.5/5), recommending the film, "Watch it for Prabhas, for there isn't much of anything else that this movie has to offer, besides extreme close-ups of Richa's waistline." NDTV Movies gave the film a mixed review, stating that "apart from good direction and strong performances by lead actors, Mirchi lacks narrative power and is loosely based on an amalgamation of some old films, which makes the film quite predictable."


title: Mirchi (film)

text: The film had a 30 crore budget and collected 80 crores at the worldwide box officeand the distributor share of 47.85 crores and declared as Blockbuster at the Box Office


title: Mirchi (film)

text: John Abraham, actor turned producer has acquired the Hindi remake rights of "Mirchi" from the makers. John told PTI, "I saw the film and loved it a lot. We have bought the rights of the film and are quite excited to remake it here in Hindi. I would be acting in the film too. The cast and crew members are not yet finalized." From South, Kannada actor, director and producer Sudeep directed and acted in the Kannada remake of "Mirchi". The film was named as "Maanikya" (2014). Sudeep roped V. Ravichandran for an important role in the remake. It was remade in Bengali as "Bindaas" (2014) with Dev, Srabanti and Sayantika.


"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" is a song by Swedish band ABBA. It was recorded in August 1979 in order to help promote their North American and European tour of that year, and was released on ABBA's "Greatest Hits Vol. 2" album as the brand new track.


"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" was written and composed by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, with the lead vocal sung by Agnetha Fältskog. Fältskog, as the narrator, weaves the image of a lonely woman who longs for a romantic relationship and views her loneliness as a forbidding darkness of night, even drawing parallels to how the happy endings of movie stars are so different from her own existence. The melody line of the song was played on an ARP Odyssey synthesizer.


title: Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)

text: Originally, ABBA had recorded another song, "Rubber Ball Man", which was planned as a single. It featured the typical "ABBA-arrangement" with both Fältskog and Anni-Frid Lyngstad on lead vocals and the use of classical strings. This song was also performed by the group during rehearsals for its 1979 tour as "Under My Sun". However, the group felt that "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!", with its disco sound, would be a better choice, and thus, "Rubber Ball Man" remained nothing more than a demo.


text: The single version of this song, which was released in its full length of 4:48 everywhere else in the world, was released in the United States and Canada in an edited format, being just 3:36 in length. This was done by removing the first half of the opening instrumental, the first four of the eight bars of the instrumental bridge between the second and final chorus, and fading the song out early. It is believed the edit was done by Atlantic, ABBA's North American record label and not Polar, hence the reason why it was available only in the US and Canada. This single version has never appeared on any commercial CD issued by Polar/Universal to date and along with the US promo edit of "Chiquitita", it marked the only time Atlantic ever commercially released an edited version of an ABBA single while they had the North American rights to release ABBA recordings.


text: As of September 2021, it is ABBA's tenth-biggest song in the UK, including both pure sales and digital streams.


text: The single was never released by Polar Music in the group's native Sweden, instead being featured on the "Greatest Hits Vol. 2" album, which did get a Swedish release. While Polar released the single in neighbouring Norway, Denmark, and Finland, copies of these versions were not made available in the Swedish record stores, who thus arranged to import copies of the United Kingdom version on Epic Records. Sales of these imports were sufficient for the single to reach no. 16 on the sales chart in Sweden.


text: "¡Dame! ¡Dame! ¡Dame!" is the Spanish-language version of the song. The song was released as a single to promote "Gracias Por La Música" in Latin America and other Spanish-speaking countries.


text: "Cash Box" called it "another exercise of sparkling euro-pop, with the slightest hint of boogie bottom to give the song an edge."


text: The song is notable as being one of two works in ABBA's discography (the other being Dancing Queen) that have gone on to become gay anthems.


text: "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" was another highly successful song for ABBA. It hit no. 1 in Belgium, Finland, France, Ireland, and Switzerland, while reaching the top 3 in Austria, West Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Norway. It also proved to be ABBA's most successful song in Japan, hitting no. 17.


text: "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" was A-Teens' third single (fourth in other territories) from their first album "The ABBA Generation", a collection of ABBA cover versions.


text: When the single was released in 1999 in Sweden, it earned a Gold certification. It also became their third top ten hit there and the band's third top 40 hit in Germany. The song peaked at no. 51 in Switzerland, no. 27 in the Netherlands, no. 20 in Mexico, and no. 22 in Argentina and Chile.


text: "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" was recorded in Spanish for the Latin American promotion that started in early 2000.


text: The video starts with the boys entering a warehouse, where they find a crystal ball. Inside, there is an "alternate world" where they perform the song. Part of the video also features the band at a bowling alley where they play a few games against each other.


text: The video had high rotation on several music channels, but it was not as successful as the first singles.


text: The version of the song used on the video is the Radio Version, which is shorter and includes different beats and sounds to the album version.


text: In 2001, the song was covered by the first edition of the French TV reality show Star Academy 1. The song was credited to Olivia Ruiz, Jenifer Bartoli and Carine Haddadou, three of the contestants. This version went straight to no. 1 in France, dislodging Star Academy's previous hit, "La Musique (Angelica)", and stayed atop for two weeks.


text: American singer and actress Cher covered the song on her album "Dancing Queen", released on 28 September 2018. Cher's version is the lead single on the album. The accompanying audio video for "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" was premiered through Cher's official YouTube channel on 9 August 2018. An extended version of the track was later released on 14 September 2018. The song peaked at number 4 on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart.


text: Writing for "Rolling Stone", Brittany Spanos felt that "working with producer Mark Taylor who helped seal Cher's legacy with the game-changing 'Believe' in the late Nineties, she finds subtle changes that update ABBA classics without totally stripping them of the catchiness that made those songs beloved hits well beyond their heyday. 'Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)', 'SOS' and 'Mamma Mia' are given just enough of a knob turn that they're transformed from upbeat FM radio pop into club bangers, pulsating with every beat."


text: "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" was the first single released from the soundtrack for the 2008 film version of "Mamma Mia!" by American actress Amanda Seyfried, who plays Sophie in the film. In the film, only the chorus is sung while the rest of the song is instrumental, much like the original stage play. On the soundtrack, Seyfried sings the complete song as a solo performance, and also does the same in a music video to promote the movie. The version on the soundtrack is a minute shorter than the version featured on the film's tie-in website.


text: In 1986, Erasure released a live version of the song as a B-side to their single Oh L'amour and then in 1987 on their US version of the album The Two Ring Circus.


text: Tribute group Abbacadabra released a cover of the song on their album "Abbasalute" through Almighty Records in 1992. Mixes of the group's cover version were most recently included on its 2008 compilation "We Love ABBA: The Mamma Mia Dance Compilation". Audio samples can be heard on the official Almighty Records website.


text: The British sitcom comedy "Gimme Gimme Gimme" recorded a short version of the song as its title theme in 1999.


text: "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" is one of the major numbers in the "Mamma Mia!" musical and movie. The movie version was released as a single in 2008.


text: In 2008, the song was covered in a jazz/lounge style by American group BNB on its album "Bossa Mia: Songs of ABBA".


text: The Unix/Linux computer operating system command line utility "man" for displaying manual pages would print "gimme gimme gimme" when run without arguments on 00:30 (as the opening lyrics of the song are "half past twelve"). The Easter egg has been removed since version man-db 2.8.0 after it had been discovered as an annoyance in a software automatic test system on 20 November 2017 and brought to broad attention on the Stack Exchange Q&A network site dedicated to Unix & Linux.


text: In 2005, the song was sampled by Madonna, who used it on her worldwide hit single "Hung Up" from "Confessions on a Dance Floor". Madonna is said to have sent a letter to Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus asking to use the song as a sample, since the Swedish songwriting duo are reluctant to let other artists sample their material. It was only the second time that an ABBA track had been officially sampled, the first being the Fugees in 1996 with their hit "Rumble in the Jungle", sampling part of 1977's "The Name of the Game".


text: Ava Max "subtly sample[d]" the ABBA song in her 2019 single "Torn". Max stated that she listened to ABBA and Ace of Base during her childhood, and wanted to "add a little disco flair in there".


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: The "Colorado"-class battleships were a group of four United States Navy super-dreadnoughts, the last of its pre-Treaty battleships. Designed during World War I, their construction overlapped the end of that conflict and continued in its immediate aftermath. Though all four keels were laid, only three ships entered service: , , and . was over 75% completed when she was canceled under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922. As such, the 16" gun "Colorado"-class ships were the last and most powerful battleships built by the U.S. Navy until the entered service on the eve of World War II.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: The "Colorado"s were the final group of the Standard-type battleships, designed to have similar speed and handling to simplify maneuvers with the line of battle. The cancelled which was to follow would have in several ways been a departure from this practice. Apart from an upgrade in striking power with their eight 16-inch guns, the "Colorado"s were essentially repeats of the earlier . The "Colorado"s were also the last American capital ships built with four main armament turrets and twin-mounted guns.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: All three ships had extensive careers during World War II. "Maryland" and "West Virginia" were both present during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. While "Maryland" escaped relatively unscathed, "West Virginia" was sunk in the shallow waters of the harbor but subsequently raised and repaired. All three ships served as naval gunfire support ships during numerous amphibious operations. "Maryland" and "West Virginia" were present at the last surface action between battleships, the Battle of Surigao Strait during the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944. All three ships were placed into the reserve fleet after the end of the war and were scrapped by the late 1950s.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: The construction of battleships armed with 16-inch guns was envisioned by the General Board of the United States Navy and Bureau of Construction and Repair (C&R) as early as 1913, as the upgrade in gun caliber promised twice the kinetic energy of the 12-inch gun then in service and half again as much as the 14-inch gun then being introduced. The 14-inch gun dominated the design of battleships between 1913 and 1916, just as the 12-inch gun had dictated designs from 1908 to 1910. However, while the General Board approved the 16-inch gun as early as 1911, George von Lengerke Meyer, the Secretary of the Navy, felt that a move to the larger gun caliber would make capital ships still on the drawing board obsolete. For this reason, he restricted the Bureau of Ordnance to proceed no further than blueprints for the new gun as a hedge against foreign developments. He finally approved construction of this gun in October 1912 and the weapon was test-fired successfully in August 1914. This success, along with the unofficial news in several naval publications of 15- and 16-inch weapons being adopted by the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany and Japan, led the Board to consider cancelling the construction of the in favor of an up-gunned design. Such a move meant an increase of 8,000 tons per ship, twice as much as the jump from the s to the "Pennsylvania"s. Debate continued for the next three years. Each year, President Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels, balked at the potential increase in cost and ordered instead that the design features of the Standard Class be continued, but eventually compromised with the 1917 design battleships by allowing their armament to be upgraded. However, this was the only substantial change permitted.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: The design of the "Colorado" class was therefore adapted from the preceding ; other than the significant improvement of eight /45 caliber guns in four dual turrets taking the place of the "Tennessee"-class's twelve /50 caliber guns in four triple turrets, there was no major difference between the two designs. Likewise, the "Tennessee"s were the results of modifications to the , which had been the most modern U.S. Navy capital ships to see service in World War I and had attracted the attention of British constructors both serving with and outside C&R. This similarity would carry over into the and es as the U.S. Navy further standardized its capital ship designs. This was partly the result of wartime experience, when over 250 destroyers and more than 450 submarine chasers had to be built quickly for service in the North Atlantic. The U.S. Navy had done this by a process almost akin to the assembly line, sticking to one basic design per class with a maximum amount of standardization and rationalization. Since the Naval Act of 1916 meant the imminent construction of 16 battleships and six battlecruisers, it was necessary to streamline production to save time and labor.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Nevertheless, while U.S. battleships were standardized as much as possible, design improvements were incorporated whenever practicable. Most of the changes in the "Tennessee"s were incorporated prior to any of their keels being laid. However, plans for the underwater protection—the ships' main defense against torpedoes and shells that fell short of the ship but traveled through the water to hit underneath the waterline—could not be worked out in time. The problem was that tests in caissons—experiments that would eventually prove that a series of compartments divided between being filled with liquid and being left empty would be a very effective defense against torpedoes—were not yet complete. In order to commence construction of the ships as soon as possible, proposals sent to shipbuilding corporations noted that if they were selected to build the ships, alterations to the design of the ships three months after their keels were laid must be allowed.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: The "Colorado"s were very similar overall to the "Tennessee"s, with a overall length and a beam at the waterline of . They displaced at normal load and at deep load and had a draft of . As in the "New Mexico" and "Tennessee" classes, they were designed with a clipper bow to help keep the ships dryer in heavy seas, and also kept the secondary armament in the superstructure rather than in the upper hull ("Pennsylvania" and earlier classes), where the guns had proved to be excessively wet in heavy seas and thus were frequently unusable.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Turbo-electric transmission, which had been used in the prior class, was retained here. Advantages included the ability for the turbines to run at optimum speed without regard to propeller speed, which led to greater fuel economy and range, and an easier sub-division of machinery, which increased the ships' ability to withstand torpedo hits. Each of the four propeller shafts was powered by a 5,424 kilowatt electric motor, fed by two two-phase turbo generators (General Electric for "Maryland", Westinghouse for "Colorado" and "West Virginia") rated at 5,000 volts). Eight oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers, each in its individual compartment, provided steam for the generators. Altogether, the ships' power plant was rated at 28,900 electrical horsepower (EHP) to provide a flank speed of . With a maximum bunker capacity of 4570 tons, the "Colorado"s range without refueling at sea was .


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: The "Colorado" class was armed with eight /45 caliber Mark 1 guns, which fired a armor-piercing (AP) shell at a muzzle velocity of and a rate of about 1.5 rounds per minute to a range of at a maximum turret elevation of 30 degrees. Development of this weapon had begun in August 1913, using a bored-out and relined Mark 2 gun, with the promise of twice the muzzle energy of the /50 caliber Mark 7 guns and 50 percent more than the 14-inch /45 caliber weapon used on the "New York"-class battleships. After an initial proof firing in July 1914 and minor changes, the 16-inch Mark 1 was re-proved in May 1916 and production approved in January 1917. When the "Colorado"s were modernized in the 1930s, these guns were rebuilt per standard navy practice and redesignated 16-inch/45 (40.6 cm) Mark 5 and Mark 8.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Fourteen /51 caliber Mark 15 guns were installed to defend against enemy destroyers. This was reduced to 12 in 1922. The Mark 15 fired a shell at a velocity of to a maximum range of at 20 degrees at a rate of seven rounds per minute and was extremely accurate, with a danger space longer than the range to the target for distances less than . As in the "New Mexico" and "Tennessee" classes, these were mounted in unarmored casemates on the main deck, one deck higher than in previous classes, to allow them to be manned in heavy weather if necessary.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: In 1942, the Mark 15 guns were replaced on "West Virginia" with sixteen /38 caliber Mark 12 dual-purpose guns in twin turrets. On "Maryland" and "Colorado" ten Mark 15s were retained and augmented with eight 5 in/38 cal Mark 12s in single mountings with protective shields; the twin turrets planned and later installed were at that time in short supply. The Mark 12 fired a shell to a maximum range of and a maximum elevation of at an elevation of 45 degrees. They had a high rate of fire due to their being hand-loaded but power-rammed and their capability for easy loading at any angle of elevation. The introduction of proximity-fused anti-aircraft shells in 1943 made the 5 in/38 even more potent in this capacity.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Four /23 caliber guns were mounted initially for anti-aircraft (AA) defense. This was increased to eight guns in 1922. These guns fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of to a maximum range of and ceiling of at an elevation of 45.3 degrees and a rate of between eight and nine rounds per minute. These weapons were replaced in 1928–1929 with the same number of /25 caliber guns, the first Navy gun designed specifically for AA use. They fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of at a rate of between 15 and 20 rounds per minute to a maximum range of at an elevation of 45 degrees and a ceiling of at a maximum elevation of 85 degrees. These weapons were supplemented with quadruple-mount (quad) 1.1-inch/75-caliber guns in 1937–1938.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: In 1942, the air defense system on these ships was overhauled completely. In addition to her 5 in/38s, they carried sixteen Bofors 40 mm guns in quad mounts and up to thirty-two Oerlikon 20 mm cannons in single mounts. The quad 40 mm Bofors fired a shell at a rate of 120 rounds per minute per barrel nominal, 140 to 160 rounds per minute when horizontal (gravity assist), to a maximum range of at 45 degrees and a ceiling of . The 20 mm Oerlikons fired a shell at an average muzzle velocity of and a practical rate of between 250 and 320 rounds per minute to a maximum range of at 45 degrees and a ceiling of .


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: A second overhaul of AA defense was made between 1944 and 1945, as the Navy had found 20 mm shells too light to stop Japanese "kamikaze" planes; this plus the higher approach speeds of these planes made these manually-controlled guns obsolete. In their place, more quad 40 mm Bofors mounts were fitted. "Maryland" eventually carried forty quad 40 mm and eighteen 20 mm guns. "Colorado"s quad 40mm guns were increased to forty but she kept all her 20 mm guns. "West Virginia" carried forty quad 40 mm and fifty 20 mm guns.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: The "all or nothing" armor scheme introduced in the "Nevada"-class battleships was continued here, as throughout the Standard-type warships, with armor suite virtually identical to the preceding "Tennessee" class. The exception was an increase in belt armor near vital machinery to to correspond with the increased main gun caliber. Otherwise, the minimum thickness along the belt remained 14 inches. Upper deck armor was initially and was later increased to . Lower deck armor ranged between and was also presumably strengthened during conversion.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: As with the "Tennessee"s, the "Colorado"s were modernized in the 1930s to improve their staying power. A new underwater protection scheme featured five compartments separated by armored bulkheads thick on either side of the ship: an outer empty one, three filled, and an empty inner one. In addition, the eight boilers were moved from their location in previous designs and placed in separate spaces to port and starboard of the turboelectric power plant. This arrangement formed another line of defense, which would allow the ship to sail if one or even an entire side of boilers was incapacitated. A consequence was the chief aesthetic change between the "New Mexico"s and "Tennessee"s: the single large funnel of the former was replaced by two smaller funnels in the latter. Turret armor was 5" on the roofs, 8 on the sides and rears, and 18 on the faces.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Other improvements imported from the "Tennessee" class included an attempt to move the forward torpedo room away from the 16-inch gun magazines, as the room was viewed as vulnerable. Also, the design called for the use of external, rather than internal, belt armor so that a "break in the continuity of the side structure" would not exist, which would minimize drag in the water and any corresponding waste of power.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: With fiscal year 1917 appropriations, bids on the four "Colorado"s were opened on 18 October 1916; though "Maryland"s keel was laid on 24 April 1917, the other three battleships were not until 1919–1920. With the cancellation of the first , the "Colorado"s were the last U.S. battleships to enter service for nearly two decades. They were also the final U.S. battleships to use twin gun turrets—the s and second es had nine 16-inch/45 caliber guns and the s used nine 16 in/50 caliber in three triple turrets.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Plans for modernization of the "Tennessee" and "Colorado" classes were made in October 1931, in part to take advantage of loopholes in the Washington Naval Treaty. While reconstruction under this treaty was allowed only to increase protection from air and underwater attack, it could include improvements in fire control and increased elevation for main armament as these items were not listed in the treaty. Also, any changes made inside the hull could be justified as meant to increase protection, even if the outcome meant increased speed or longer operational range, since the term "blister" had been specified to limit changes only outside the hull, such as main armor belt thickness and main gun caliber. Modifications to the secondary battery were also outside the purview of the Washington Treaty.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Included in initial plans was some protection against chemical shells which contained poisonous gas, although the General Board stated in the late 1920s that decontaminating a battleship hit with these shells would not be possible—the ship would have to be scuttled. Also, the deck armor was to be bolstered with -special treatment steel (STS)—which would add to the displacement of the ships—the armor on the tops of the main turrets was to be made thicker, fire controls were to be improved with the latest technology, and new shells for the main guns were to be designed. Two (later four) quad 1.1-inch guns were to be added, and all of the machinery in place would be removed in favor of newer equipment so that the ships would not lose any speed with the great increase in weight. Anti-torpedo bulges were also to be installed to improve buoyancy but not to increase the ships' beams any greater than so they could still use the Panama Canal when transferring from the Atlantic to the Pacific and vice verse. These improvements were estimated to cost about $15,000,000 per ship ($71,723,000 total). However, with the country in the throes of the Great Depression, not much money was available for the Navy. Savings of $26,625,000 could be realized by reconditioning the propulsion machinery rather than replacing it, which would lower the ships' speed. Adding protection against chemical shells could be dropped, along with development of the new shells. Nevertheless, the cost-saving elements of the later proposal were later dropped. The Navy asked the Secretary of the Navy to request money in the fiscal year 1933 to modernize the two classes from Congress, but the depression worsened. Although proposals for modifications were still made, plans were put on hold and never carried out.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: In the beginning of 1934, the Bureau of Construction and Repair proposed that the "Big Five"—the two "Tennessee"s and three "Colorado"s—be fitted with anti-torpedo bulges so that the ships could benefit from increased buoyancy; because of, among other factors, the normal procedure of leaving port with the maximum amount of fuel possible on board, the five ships were quite overweight and rode low in the water. For example, in June 1935, "Tennessee" had a normal operating displacement of —more than above the maximum emergency load her original design called for. This made her draft higher—meaning that the ship's waterline was down . Construction and Repair called for a bulge on the "Colorado"s that would displace about and raise the ships' draft by . Installing these would be a year's worth of work, with each ship spending six months of that in a dry dock—the first month docked so that the hull shape could be determined, the next six sailing while the bulge was built, and the last five back in the dock so it could be added to the ship.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Three years later (1937), the various Navy bureaus held a joint meeting to discuss a possible partial modernization of the "Tennessee"s and "Colorado"s. They were much different than the changes proposed in 1933; there were no provisions for extra deck armor, but many additions and replacements. To gain space for newer fire control systems, the ships were to be reboilered. The main and secondary battery fire controls were to be replaced, including new rangefinders and plotting room instruments for the main, while new Mark 33 anti-aircraft fire control directors were planned. The mainmast and M2 Brownings would be removed, and studies of the feasibility of a torpedo bulge, the addition of which Construction and Repair believed to be paramount, which would increase the beam to and displacement to . Varying plans for these were complete by October 1938. None was a full reconstruction; costs ranged from $8,094,000 to $38,369,000 per ship. However, as the money for the improvements would lessen the amount available for new battleship construction, and these would be better than any reconstructed old battleship, the Secretary of the Navy rejected these plans in November. Congress did appropriate $6,600,000 in 1939 for some of these improvements, including the bulges.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: With the beginning of World War II in Europe, the Navy began to apply lessons learned by the British to U.S. ships. The King Board of 1940–1941 proposed sweeping changes to the secondary armament of the battleships to increase their defense against air attacks. These included the removal of all /25 caliber guns and 5 in/51 in favor of the dual-purpose 5 in/38, the addition of six quad 1.1-inch guns, and the cutting away of superstructure to clear arcs of fire for the new anti-aircraft weapons. An ultimate secondary battery of sixteen 5 in/38 in dual mounts, sixteen Bofors 40 mm in quadruple mounts and eight single Oerlikon 20 mm was called for by the board in 1941, although they were not certain the ships could handle the added weight and it would take a large amount of time in dry dock for these modifications to take place. With these concerns, an interim measure of four quad 1.1-inch guns was proposed by the board; however, the gun was not being produced in any great number very quickly, so a second interim solution was implemented. /50 caliber guns were added to all of the U.S. battleships except for "Arizona" and "Nevada" by June 1941; these were replaced on the three battleships in the Atlantic by the quad 1.1-inch guns by November—they received them first because they were closer to a war zone.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: As these modifications were carried out upon the various battleships, much additional weight was added onto the already overweight ships, forcing torpedo bulges to be added so that a decent freeboard could be maintained. These would cost $750,000 and around three or four months in a dry dock. The King Board suggested that the deck armor be bolstered and 5 in/38 dual-purpose guns be added, but the Chief of Naval Operations decreed that any major changes such as these had to wait due to the wars raging around the world at the time. The addition of bulges, however, was approved for the "Big Five", with each ship spending three months in dry dock at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. "Maryland" would be first (17 February 1941 to 20 May), followed by "West Virginia" (10 May to 8 August), "Colorado" (28 July to 28 October), "Tennessee" (19 January 1942 to 21 April) and "California" (16 March to 16 June). However, the estimates for how long the addition of bulges would take were too low; Puget Sound believed that they could complete work on "Maryland" in 123 calendar days (about four months)—if the work would be given a priority equal to that of s refit and higher than new construction.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Only two of the ships had bulges added to them through this program, "Maryland" (completed 1 August 1941) and "Colorado" (26 February 1942); the attack on Pearl Harbor interrupted the refits intended for "West Virginia" and the two "Tennessee"s. The surprise strike did not touch "Colorado", which was at Puget Sound, and did not hurt "Maryland" very badly; however, "West Virginia" was severely damaged and needed a major refit at minimum.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Little to no major modifications were made to the two active "Colorado"s in the opening months of the U.S.'s entry into the war; all of the battleships in the Pacific Fleet had a constant order to be ready to sail within 48 hours in case of a Japanese attempt to invade Hawaii or the West Coast and could not be spared for any major yard work. "Colorado" was hurried through the rest of her refit with the addition of essential items like radar, splinter protection, fourteen Oerlikon 20 mm and four quad 1.1-in guns; "Maryland" received a similar treatment later, the only difference being sixteen 20 mm guns and no 1.1-in guns. Although tower masts were constructed for "Colorado" and "Maryland" and a majority of their aft cage masts were cut down by the ships' crews in the beginning of 1942, the ships could not be spared the time needed to install the new masts. The tower masts were placed into storage and not used until early 1944.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: "Colorado" and "Maryland" were greatly needed in the war zone, and as such did not undergo a major refit until 1944, although minor additions and removals, mainly to the anti-aircraft weaponry, were made in-between. Throughout the war, both ships saw their anti-aircraft battery changed constantly. Beginning in 1942, they carried eight 5 in/25, four quad 1.1-in guns, a greatly varying number of 20 mm guns, and eight .50 caliber machine guns. In June 1942, "Colorado" had fourteen 20 mm guns; just five months later, this was upped to twenty-two, with thirty-six temporarily approved for a later time. By February 1943, both "Colorado" and "Maryland" had two more quad 1.1-in guns added (for a total of six mounts) and forty-eight total 20 mm guns; a month later she was given an additional ten .50 caliber machine guns. November 1943 saw the removal of two of the single-purpose 5 in/51, the six quad 1.1-in guns, and a small number of 20 mm guns (six on "Colorado" and eight on "Maryland") in favor of thirty-two Bofors 40 mm guns – six quad and two twin.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: Both ships finally underwent major refits in 1944. Here their remaining aft cage masts were taken off in favor of the tower masts, the two twin 40 mm replaced by quads, a quadruple 20 mm added, and a new radar fitted. Although more extensive refits were proposed by Admiral Ernest J. King, including the addition of eight twin 5 in/38, more advanced fire control systems, and a second protective deck plating, the Bureau of Ships, after demonstrating what would have to be removed as compensation for the weight added for King's ideas, counter-proposed that a smaller reconstruction, like the ones given to the , would be more desirable. However, no action was taken until "Maryland" was struck by a kamikaze aircraft. While undergoing repair, eight twin 5 in/38 were added, but nothing else; her conning tower was removed and replaced by a special-treated steel structure to balance the additional weight of the 5 in guns.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: was the third ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 38th state. Her keel was laid down on 29 May 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden, New Jersey. She was launched on 22 March 1921 and commissioned on 30 August 1923, Captain R. R. Belknap in command. During her career, "Colorado" was involved in various ceremonies and fleet exercises, and assisted residents of Long Beach, California following the 1933 earthquake. In 1937, she was one of several ships that searched for Amelia Earhart after she and her plane went missing. "Colorado" was at Puget Sound undergoing overhaul at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: After extensive training maneuvers along the West Coast, "Colorado" returned to Pearl Harbor in April 1942. From November 1942 to September 1943 she was stationed in the South West Pacific. In November 1943, she participated in operations against the Japanese during both the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign and Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, and shelled Luzon and Okinawa in advance of the planned amphibious assaults there. Following the end of World War II "Colorado" participated in Operation Magic Carpet before being decommissioned in 1947. She was sold for scrap in 1957.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named in honor of the seventh state. Her keel was laid down on 24 April 1917 by the Newport News Shipbuilding Company of Newport News, Virginia. She was launched on 20 March 1920 and commissioned on 21 July 1921, Captain C.F. Preston in command. During her career she made a goodwill voyage to Australia and New Zealand in 1925, and transported President-elect Herbert Hoover on the Pacific leg of his tour of Latin America in 1928. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, she served as a mainstay of fleet readiness through multiple training exercises.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: In 1940, "Maryland" changed her base of operations to Pearl Harbor. She was moored at Battleship Row next to Ford Island during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Damaged during the attack, "Maryland" reported to Puget Sound, where she was repaired and modernized. "Maryland" supported the amphibious landings during the Battle of Tarawa, and thereafter participated in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, the Battle of Peleliu, the Philippines campaign, and the Battle of Okinawa. Following the end of World War II "Maryland" participated in Operation Magic Carpet before being decommissioned in 1947. She was sold for scrap in 1959.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: was the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 42nd state. Her keel was laid down on 30 June 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden, New Jersey. She was launched on 1 September 1921, but on 8 February 1922, two days after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, all construction work ceased on the 75.9% completed dreadnought.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: The ship was towed out to sea off the Virginia Capes in November 1924 to be used as a gunnery target. On the first day of testing, the ship was hit by two torpedoes and three near-miss bombs with minor damage and a list of three degrees. On that day, the ship had 400 pounds of TNT detonated on board, but she remained afloat. Two days later, the ship was hit by fourteen shells dropped from , but only one penetrated. The ship was finally sunk on 26 November 1924 by the battleships and with fourteen 14-inch shell hits. After the test, it was determined that the existing deck armor on battleships was inadequate, and that future battleships should be fitted with triple bottoms.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: was the second ship of the United States Navy named in honor of the 35th state. Her keel was laid down on 12 April 1920 by the Newport News Shipbuilding Company of Newport News, Virginia. She was launched on 17 November 1921 and commissioned on 1 December 1923, Captain Thomas J. Senn in command. Despite a grounding incident early in her career "West Virginia" received high acclaim for gunnery and armor protection, and was involved in exercises to test the defenses of the Hawaiian Islands in the 1930s. On the morning of 7 December 1941, "West Virginia" was sunk at her berth in Battleship Row by multiple Japanese torpedo and bomb hits, but thanks in large part to counterflooding the battleship settled on an even keel, similar to . Refloated on 17 May 1942, "West Virginia" received sufficient temporary repairs to sail to Puget Sound for reconstruction and modernization.


title: Colorado-class battleship

text: In July 1944 she departed Puget Sound and rejoined the Pacific Fleet for combat operations on the eve of the Philippines campaign. There she participated in the Battle of Surigao Strait, the last battleship vs battleship duel of World War II, where her new Mk. 8 fire-control radar enabled her to hit the with her first salvo – in the dark – at . In February 1945 "West Virginia" participated in the Battle of Iwo Jima, initially by preinvasion bombardment, and later by callfire support for the ground forces on the island. Her last combat operations were during the Battle of Okinawa; after the surrender of Japan, she participated in Operation Magic Carpet. Decommissioned in 1947, she was sold for scrap in 1959.


title: Alison Balsom

text: Alison Louise Balsom, Lady Mendes, (born 7 October 1978) is an English trumpet soloist, arranger, producer, and music educator. Balsom was awarded Artist of the Year at the 2013 Gramophone Awards and has won three Classic BRIT Awards and three German Echo Awards, and was a soloist at the BBC Last Night of the Proms in 2009. She was the artistic director of the 2019 Cheltenham Music Festival.


title: Alison Balsom

text: Balsom attended Tannery Drift First School in Royston, Hertfordshire, where she started taking trumpet lessons from the age of seven, followed by Greneway Middle School and Meridian School, whilst also playing in the Royston Town Band from ages 8 to 15. Subsequently, she took her A-levels at Hills Road Sixth Form College in Cambridge.


title: Alison Balsom

text: Playing in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain from ages 15 to 18, Balsom studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 2001 with first class honours and the Principal's Prize for the highest mark. She has also studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama, and at the Conservatoire de Paris with Håkan Hardenberger.


title: Alison Balsom

text: Balsom has been a professional solo classical trumpeter since 2001. She is a former BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artist, during which time she performed much of the major concerto repertoire for solo trumpet and orchestra with all of the BBC Orchestras, and she released her debut album with EMI Classics in 2002. In 2005, she released her second disc, "Bach Works for Trumpet", as part of a contract with EMI Classics. In 2006, Balsom won 'Young British Classical Performer' at the Classical BRIT Awards and was awarded the 'Classic FM Listeners' Choice Award' at the Classic FM Gramophone Awards. She won 'Female Artist of the Year' at the 2009 and 2011 Classical BRIT Awards.


title: Alison Balsom

text: Her third album (the second disc in the EMI contract), "Caprice", was released in September 2006, and her "Italian Concertos" disc was on the list of New York Times albums of the year. Balsom was a soloist at the 2009 Last Night of the Proms, performing, among other pieces, Haydn's Trumpet Concerto with the BBC Symphony Orchestra and a jazz arrangement of George Gershwin's "They Can't Take That Away from Me" with mezzo-soprano Sarah Connolly.


title: Alison Balsom

text: In collaboration with playwright Samuel Adamson, Balsom devised "Gabriel", a play using the music of "The Fairy-Queen" and other pieces by Henry Purcell and George-Frideric Handel, which she performed with actors and The English Concert as part of the 2013 summer season at Shakespeare's Globe.