title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: Maura Johnston of "The Guardian" wrote a negative review of the song, faulting the "sloppy" lyrics and blaming Swift for not giving a clear context in the lyrics. Lindsay Zoladz of "The Ringer" said, "Unleashed on a deeply confused public late Thursday night, the song is a strange collage of retro reference points: mid-aughts "Gossip Girl" placement pop, the soundtrack to Disney's live-action "Maleficent", and — yes, really — Right Said Fred's 'I'm Too Sexy', except devoid of the self-effacing humor and wit. Yes, the new Taylor Swift song just made me compliment Right Said Fred." Brittany Spanos of "Rolling Stone" believed that the song marked a continuation of the feud between Swift and rapper Kanye West; the latter had previously name-dropped Swift in his song "Famous" by using the line, "I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why? / I made that bitch famous". The single was noted as being darker and angrier than what Swift had done before. Meaghan Garvey from "Pitchfork" referred to it in a review as "a hardcore self-own" track. In 2019, "Slant" listed "Look What You Made Me Do" as one of the 100 singles that defined the 2010s decade.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: Considered as Swift's comeback after a one-year public hiatus, bolstered by its accompanying music video, the song broke records on several platforms, and became one of Swift's biggest hits. In the United States, "Look What You Made Me Do" debuted at number 77 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, powered by its first three days of airplay. It also sold slightly under 200,000 digital copies within its first day of sales in the country, where it became the fastest selling download since Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You". One week later, the song ascended from number 77 to number one on the Hot 100 after its first full week of tracking, becoming the fifth-largest rise to the top position and Swift's fifth number-one single in the United States. Ending the record-tying 16-week reign of Luis Fonsi's "Despacito", "Look What You Made Me Do" became one of the most dominant number-one hits of all time, leading ahead of "Despacito" with more than double the Hot 100 points.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: The song also topped the nation's Streaming Songs chart with 84.4 million streams, becoming its most streamed song within a week by a female artist at the time and second overall behind the 103 million that Baauer's "Harlem Shake" gained in 2013. The track also had more weekly streams in the US than any other song in 2017. The song stayed atop the charts for three consecutive weeks, tying with American rapper Cardi B's "Bodak Yellow" as the longest-running female at the number one spot on the charts in 2017.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: With 353,000 copies sold in its first week, "Look What You Made Me Do" opened atop the US Digital Songs chart and had the country's biggest sales opening since Justin Timberlake's "Can't Stop the Feeling!" in 2016 as well as the best weekly sales for a song by a female artist since Adele's "Hello" in 2015. The track also became the country's first number-one song by a female artist since Sia's "Cheap Thrills" (both in 2016). It additionally was the first solo song by a female to top the US charts since "Hello". It remained atop the Hot 100 and Streaming Songs charts for a second week with 114,000 copies sold and 61.2 million streams. That week, it was bumped to number two on the Digital Songs chart by Swift's track "...Ready for It?", which debuted at number one with 135,000 digital copies sold. As a result, Swift became the first artist to have two tracks sell over 100,000 digital copies in the nation within a week since Sheeran did so with "Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill". It also became the first time a female had two songs within the top five of the Hot 100 since 2015 when Swift's songs "Blank Space" and "Shake It Off" respectively were at numbers four and five on the chart. The single also topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart, becoming Swift's eighth single to do so. However, a week after reaching number one on the Mainstream Top 40, it moved to number 7—the largest fall from the top in the chart's history; and from number 5 to number 20 on the all-format Radio Songs chart. It also spent a total of eight weeks in the Hot 100's top ten.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: In the United Kingdom, "Look What You Made Me Do" sold 20,000 copies and was streamed 2.4 million times in less than a week. The song debuted at the top the UK Singles Chart on September 1, 2017 – for the week ending date September 7, 2017, with opening sales of 30,000 copies and 5.3 million streams within the week and becoming Swift's first chart-topping song in Britain. It spent two weeks at the top spot. As of April 2019, "Look What You Made Me Do" has sold over 700,000 combined units in the UK.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: "Look What You Made Me Do" also debuted at number one on the Irish Singles Chart on September 1, 2017, and became Swift's first song to top the chart in Ireland. "Look What You Made Me Do" opened at number one in Australia on September 2, 2017, becoming her fifth track to top the ARIA Charts. It spent another week at the summit. The song has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 70,000 units. After debuting at number one on the Canadian Hot 100, "Look What You Made Me Do" was also certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 units on September 14, 2017. In New Zealand, "Look What You Made Me Do" entered at the number one spot on September 4, 2017, becoming Swift's fourth chart-topping single there. In the Philippines, "Look What You Made Me Do" debuted at number seven on the Philippine Hot 100 in its first week. A week later, it ascended to the number one spot, ending the ten-week reign of "Despacito".


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: Preparation for the music video began in January 2017, while the shooting took place in May. The dance was choreographed by Tyce Diorio, who had previously worked with Swift on the video for her 2014 single "Shake It Off". Swift's makeup as a zombie was done by Bill Corso. Post-production of the video lasted until the morning of its release. A 20-second music video teaser was released on "Good Morning America" on August 25.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: The song's music video premiered on August 27, 2017, at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards. The video broke the record for most-watched video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day. It topped the 27.7 million Vevo views Adele's "Hello" attracted in that timeframe, as well as the 36 million YouTube views of Psy's "Gentleman" video. It was viewed at an average 30,000 times per minute in its first 24 hours, with views reaching over three million views per hour.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: It was also reported that the diamonds used in a scene were authentic. The diamonds, loaned from celebrity jeweler Neil Lane, were said to be worth over $10 million, hence triggering tight security measures. The video, widely considered to be Swift's best and one of pop music's most iconic comebacks, was named the fifth-best music video of 2017 by "Rolling Stone" and seventh-best music video of 2017 by "Billboard". In 2019, it was ranked as the most iconic pop video of the 2010s by "PopSugar". In 2020, "Parade" ranked the video 20th on the list of 71 Best Music Videos of All Time. As of now, the video has amassed over 1.49 billion views.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: Swift has said that part of the premise of the video is rooted in the idea that, "If everything you write about me was true, this is how ridiculous it would look." It is a satirical send-up of media theories about her true intentions that have little validity. The video begins with an overhead shot of a cemetery before the camera zooms in on a grave with a headstone that reads "Here Lies Taylor Swift's reputation." After that, a zombie Swift, wearing the dress from her "Out of the Woods" music video, crawls out of the grave before proceeding to dig another grave for her Met Gala 2014 self. The next scene shows Swift in a bathtub filled with diamonds, with a necklace spelling out No next to a ring, supposedly sending up tabloid press rumors of past romantic relationships. She is then seen seated on a throne while snakes surround her and serve tea. Swift later crashes her golden Bugatti Veyron on a post and sings the song's chorus holding a Grammy as the paparazzi take photos. She is also seen swinging inside a golden cage, robbing a streaming company in a cat mask, and leading a motorcycle gang. Afterwards, she gathers a group of women at "Squad U" and dances with a group of men in another room. Then, she is seen standing on top of the wing of a plane in an airport hangar, sawing off the wing in half and spray-painting "reputation" in pink on the side of the plane. At the video's climax, Swift is seen standing on a T-shaped throne while clones of herself (from her past music videos, stage performances and red carpet appearances) struggle and fight against each other trying to reach her. The video concludes with a scene of a line up of surviving Swift clones bowing in the hangar while Swift stands and watches on the wing of the plane. The clones bicker with one another, describing each other as "so fake" and "playing the victim". The 2009 VMA Swift clone then says "I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative", resulting in the other Swifts yelling at her to "shut up!" in unison.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: Several scenes from the music video were compared to the works of Croatian singer Severina, particularly the scene with the group of women at "Squad U" and the scene with the T-shaped throne. The former was compared to her 2016 music video for "Silikoni", and the latter was compared to the performances from her 2013 Dobrodošao u Klub Tour.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: True to Swift's tradition, the video contains numerous hidden meanings and references. In the opening scene, there is a subtle "Nils Sjöberg" tombstone shown when Swift is digging up a grave, referencing the pseudonym she used for a songwriting credit on Calvin Harris' 2016 single "This Is What You Came For". Similarly, Swift—masked as a cadaveric version of herself in the "Out of the Woods" music video—was shown digging a grave for herself in the gown worn to the 2014 Met Gala. A single dollar bill in the bathtub full of diamonds that she bathes in was also speculated to symbolize the dollar she was awarded for winning a sexual assault trial earlier in 2017. Interpretations for the bathtub scene were contrasting. Some believe that it is a response to media statements teasing that she "cries in a marble bathtub surrounded by pearls" with the necklace spelling no next to a ring sending up tabloid media rumors of her relationships. Others speculate that the bathtub scene is a jibe at Kim Kardashian, the then-wife of Swift's long-time feuding partner, Kanye West. Some viewers took the scene as a reference to Kardashian's 2016 robbery, in which she was robbed of jewelry worth over $10 million while held at gunpoint at a hotel in Paris, France.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: In a separate scene, Swift is shown sitting atop a golden throne, where a carving of a phrase "Et tu, Brute?" could be seen on the armrest, a reference to William Shakespeare's drama "Julius Caesar". Swift's infamous title as a "snake" during her hiatus was also represented when a snake slithers onto the throne to serve Swift some tea. The scene where Swift's car crashes and is surrounded by paparazzi was speculated by some to be a jab at Katy Perry, as Swift's hairstyle is similar to Perry's in the scene and the car crash itself is reminiscent of the one in Perry's music video for "Unconditionally" (2013). The sports car was also suspected to be a reminder of a car in Perry's "Waking Up in Vegas" (2009) video, which Kahn also directed. However, given the video's theme of mocking the media, the car crash scene likely makes fun of the theory that Swift's real fallout with Perry was a dramatized act for publicity and album material. Swift is ridiculing the idea that she would damage her friendships for business gains, with the car crash being a metaphor for her feud with Perry and the Grammy Award in her hands in the wreckage symbolizing the awards won from the songs "inspired" by the aforementioned feud. Swift's withdrawal of her entire music catalog from streaming services and the media's claims that she was doing this for greed and to start her own streaming company were hinted when Swift and her crew robbed a streaming company's money vault in the video.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: Swift leading an army of tall, skinny, and robotic women at a "Squad U" gathering poked fun at the media's accusations that her close group of friends were artificial and had unrealistic body shapes. During the second chorus, Swift is seen with eight men, each of whom revealed an "I Heart TS" crop top after unbuttoning a jacket at her command. This scene mocks the idea that Swift forced her then-boyfriend Tom Hiddleston to wear an "I Heart TS" tank top. During the bridge, Swift stands on a mountain of clones of her past selves, which reiterates that she is leaving behind her "America's Sweetheart" image and embracing her newfound role as an evil "snake". The clones are wearing various noteworthy outfits that Swift herself previously wore. The shirt that her "You Belong with Me" music video clone wears, however, is slightly different from the original one: this time, the names of her current close friends are scribbled on it, including Selena Gomez, Gigi Hadid, Martha Hunt, Lily Aldridge, Lena Dunham (all of whom appeared in Swift's "Bad Blood" music video), Blake Lively, Ryan Reynolds, Haim, Ed Sheeran and Todrick Hall.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: The video's ending features an assembly of "old Taylors" in front of a private jet who are talking amongst one another and making snide references to the many false and exaggerated media portrayals of her over the course of her career. These include claims that Swift fakes her classic surprised face at award shows; that her "nice girl" façade masks a truly mean, manipulative personality; accusations that Swift always play the victim instead of taking responsibility for her own actions and decisions; and numerous mentions of her 2016 feud with Kanye West and Kim Kardashian, ignited by the release of his 2016 song "Famous". Examples include the "that bitch" line in "Famous" which Swift had disapproved of, and Kardashian illegally recording and editing Swift's phone call with West. In June 2016, discussing the relationship between her and West after the release of "Famous", Swift wrote on Instagram, "I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative." The same line is spoken by the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Taylor clone just before the video ends. She is wearing the same outfit Swift had worn during the actual 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, when West infamously interrupted her acceptance speech for the Best Female Video award and ignited tensions between the two for the first time.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: Swift performed "Look What You Made Me Do" live for the first time as part of the KIIS-FM Jingle Ball 2017 on December 1, 2017, in Inglewood, California. Two days later, Swift returned onstage to perform the song again as part of 99.7 Now!'s Poptopia in San Jose, California with the same setlist. The next week Swift sang the song on three other occasions; the B96 Chicago and Pepsi Jingle Bash 2017 in Chicago, the Z100 Jingle Ball 2017 in New York City and Jingle Bell Ball 2017 in London.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: The song was also a regular part of her setlist for the Reputation Stadium Tour, with a tilted throne and golden snakes; while there are snakes on the high screen in the back during the part where she sings, "I don't trust nobody and nobody trust me, I'll be the actress starring in your bad dreams", a big cobra floating appears on stage with the line from the bridge announcing the death of the "Old Taylor" spoken by comedian Tiffany Haddish.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: ABC used "Look What You Made Me Do" in a promotional video for its Shonda Rhimes' Thursday line-up an hour after its release. ESPN used the song in "Saturday Night Football" advertisements for the season-opening game between Alabama and Florida State, which was aired on ABC on September 2 along with her other song "...Ready for It?". In the "South Park" episode "Moss Piglets", the water-bears in Timmy and Jimmy's experiment for the science fair dance to the song in response to Swift's singing. The song was used in the trailer for the 2019 comedy film "Murder Mystery". American actress Reese Witherspoon performs the song for the jukebox musical film, "Sing 2," in the role of Rosita.


title: Look What You Made Me Do

text: A cover version of "Look What You Made Me Do" was recorded by band Jack Leopards & the Dolphin Club, and produced by Antonoff and Nils Sjöberg, the latter being a pseudonym that Swift first used as a co-writer for the song "This Is What You Came For" by Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna. The cover was featured in the opening credits of "Beautiful Monster", an episode of the television show "Killing Eve" that aired on May 24, 2020, and subsequently released on digital music platforms. There is no documentation of the band's existence before the release of the cover. Fans also interpreted the cover to be Swift's way of bypassing potential licensing issues with her former label Big Machine Records and its owner Scooter Braun, with whom Swift is involved in a dispute regarding Braun's acquisition of the label and, subsequently, the master recordings of her back catalogue.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: Romaine or cos lettuce ("Lactuca sativa" L. var. "longifolia") is a variety of lettuce that grows in a tall head of sturdy dark green leaves with firm ribs down their centers. Unlike most lettuces, it is tolerant of heat. In North America, romaine is often sold as whole heads or as "hearts" that have had the outer leaves removed and are often packaged together.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: Commercially sold romaine lettuce has occasionally been the subject of product warnings by both U.S. and Canadian health authorities warning that consumer supplies can become contaminated with or host bacteria. Cattle can harbor the bacteria without ill effects, and be asymptomatic carriers of the bacterium. Lettuce becomes contaminated with the bacterium as the result of cattle manure being used to fertilize crop fields, or the proximity of cattle pastures and feedlots to water sources used to irrigate crops.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: In North American English it is known as "romaine" lettuce and in British English the names "cos" lettuce and "romaine" lettuce are both used. Many dictionaries trace the word "cos" to the name of the Greek island of Cos, from which the lettuce was presumably introduced. Other authorities trace "cos" to the Arabic word for lettuce, "" .


title: Romaine lettuce

text: The first mention of cos lettuce in English dates from the late 17th century in John Evelyn's 1699 work "Acetaria. A discourse of sallets".


title: Romaine lettuce

text: It apparently reached Western Europe via Rome, as it is called "lattuga romana" in Italian and "" in French, both meaning "Roman lettuce" – hence the name "romaine", the common term in North America.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: For 3000 years (from at least 2700 BC), lettuce was associated with the ancient Egyptian god of fertility, Min, for its resemblance to the phallus.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: Romaine lettuce may be used in the Passover Seder ritual feast as a type of bitter herb. It symbolises the bitterness inflicted by the Egyptians while the Israelites were slaves in Egypt.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: Romaine is a common salad green, and is the usual lettuce used in Caesar salad. Romaine lettuce is commonly used in Middle Eastern cuisine. Romaine, like other lettuces, may also be cooked. For example, it can be braised or made into soup. The thick ribs, especially on the older outer leaves, should have a milky fluid that gives the romaine its typically bitter herb taste.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: From November 2017 through January 2018, the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHA) identified romaine as being linked to illness in 41 persons in Canada. A probably related outbreak affected 25 people in 15 states of the U.S. who ate leafy greens, but the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were unable to confirm that it was romaine in particular. There was one death. The disease agent was Shiga toxin-producing . The most recent illness started on December 12, 2017; the PHA declared the outbreak over on January 10, 2018, and the CDC declared it over on January 25.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: In response to another "E. coli" O157:H7 outbreak, which probably began in mid-March 2018, the CDC recommended in April 2018 that consumers not buy or eat romaine lettuce unless they could confirm it was not from the Yuma, Arizona, growing region. On May 22, 2018, after a month-long warning, the CDC announced it was now safe to consume romaine again. The outbreak killed five people and caused 89 hospitalizations across 32 states.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: In June 2018, the FDA traced the source of the latest "E. coli" outbreak to water from a canal located in Yuma, Arizona.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: In November 2018, the US CDC and the PHA of Canada issued a warning to consumers that romaine lettuce should not be consumed in any form, and that they should dispose of any currently on hand. The same strain of "E. coli" identified in the 2017-2018 outbreak was implicated. At least 43 people became ill in this outbreak, which the FDA traced to one of six counties in Central California: Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz and Ventura. As of January 9, 2019, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has declared the most recent "Escherichia coli" O157:H7 outbreak linked to California grown romaine lettuce over.


title: Romaine lettuce

text: Many US growers of romaine lettuce farm in Salinas in the summer and the Imperial Valley and Yuma in the winter, relying on day laborers crossing the border from Mexico. Much of the romaine lettuce sold in northern Europe is grown in southern Spain, relying on migrant laborers from Africa.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: The langues d'oïl (; ) are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands. These belong to the larger category of Gallo-Romance languages, which also include the historical languages of east-central France and western Switzerland, southern France, portions of northern Italy, and the Val d'Aran in Spain.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: Linguists divide the Romance languages of France, and especially of Medieval France, into two main geographical subgroups: the "langues d'oïl" to the North, and the "langues d'oc" in the Southern half of France. Both groups are named after the word for "yes" in them or their recent ancestral languages. The most common modern "langue d'oïl" is standard French, in which the ancestral "oïl" has become "oui."


title: Langues d'oïl

text: "Langue d'oïl" (in the singular), "Oïl dialects" and "Oïl languages" (in the plural) designate the ancient northern Gallo-Romance languages as well as their modern-day descendants. They share many linguistic features, a prominent one being the word "oïl" for "yes". ("Oc" was and still is the southern word for "yes", hence the "langue d'oc" or "Occitan languages"). The most widely spoken modern Oïl language is French ("oïl" was pronounced or , which has become , in modern French "oui").


title: Langues d'oïl

text: In the singular, "langue d'oïl" refers to the mutually intelligible linguistic variants of "lingua romana" spoken since the 9th century in northern France and southern Belgium (Wallonia), since the 10th century in the Channel Islands, and between the 11th and 14th centuries in England (the Anglo-Norman language). "Langue d'oïl", the term itself, has been used in the singular since the 12th century to denote this ancient linguistic grouping as a whole. With these qualifiers, "langue d'oïl" sometimes is used to mean the same as Old French (see "History" below).


title: Langues d'oïl

text: "Oïl languages" are those modern-day descendants that evolved separately from the varieties of the ancient "langue d'oïl". Consequently, "langues d'oïl" today may apply either: to all the modern-day languages of this family "except" the French language; or to this family "including" French. ""Oïl" dialects" or "French dialects" are also used to refer to the "Oïl languages except French"—as some extant Oïl languages are very close to modern French. Because the term "dialect" is sometimes considered pejorative, the trend today among French linguists is to refer to these languages as "langues d'oïl" rather than "dialects".


title: Langues d'oïl

text: Gallo has a stronger Celtic substrate from Breton. Gallo originated from the oïl speech of people from eastern and northern regions: Anjou; Maine (Mayenne and Sarthe); and Normandy; who were in contact with Breton speakers in Upper Brittany. See Marches of Neustria


title: Langues d'oïl

text: "For the history of phonology, orthography, syntax and morphology, see "History of the French language" and the relevant individual Oïl language articles."


title: Langues d'oïl

text: Each of the Oïl languages has developed in its own way from the common ancestor, and division of the development into periods varies according to the individual histories. Modern linguistics uses the following terms:


title: Langues d'oïl

text: In the 9th century, "romana lingua" (the term used in the "Oaths of Strasbourg" of 842) was the first of the Romance languages to be recognized by its speakers as a distinct language, probably because it was the most different from Latin compared with the other Romance languages (see "History of the French language").


title: Langues d'oïl

text: Many of the developments that are now considered typical of Walloon appeared between the 8th and 12th centuries. Walloon "had a clearly defined identity from the beginning of the thirteenth century". In any case, linguistic texts from the time do not mention the language, even though they mention others in the Oïl family, such as Picard and Lorrain. During the 15th century, scribes in the region called the language "Roman" when they needed to distinguish it. It is not until the beginning of the 16th century that we find the first occurrence of the word "Walloon" in the same linguistic sense that we use it today.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: By late- or post-Roman times Vulgar Latin within France had developed two distinctive terms for signifying assent ("yes"): "hoc ille" ("this (is) it") and "hoc" ("this"), which became "oïl" and "oc", respectively. Subsequent development changed "oïl" into "oui", as in modern French. The term "langue d'oïl" itself was first used in the 12th century, referring to the Old French linguistic grouping noted above. In the 14th century, the Italian poet Dante mentioned the "yes" distinctions in his "De vulgari eloquentia". He wrote in Medieval Latin: ""nam alii oc, alii si, alii vero dicunt oil"" ("some say 'oc', others say 'sì', others say 'oïl'")—thereby distinguishing at least three classes of Romance languages: "oc languages" (in southern France); "si languages" (in Italy and Iberia) and "oïl languages" (in northern France).


title: Langues d'oïl

text: Other Romance languages derive their word for "yes" from the classical Latin "sic," "thus", such as the Italian "sì", Spanish and Catalan "sí", Portuguese "sim", and even French "si" (used when contradicting another's negative assertion). Sardinian is an exception in that its word for "yes", "eja", is from neither origin. Similarly Romanian uses "da" for "yes", which is of Slavic origin.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: However, neither "lingua romana" nor "langue d'oïl" referred, at their respective time, to a single homogeneous language but to mutually intelligible linguistic varieties. In those times, spoken languages in Western Europe were not codified (except Latin and Medieval Latin), the region's population was considerably lower than today, and population centers were more isolated from each other. As a result, mutually intelligible linguistic varieties were referred to as one language.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: In the 13th century these varieties were recognized and referred to as "dialects" ("idioms") of a single language, the "langue d'oïl". However, since the previous centuries a common literary and juridical "interdialectary" langue d'oïl had emerged, a kind of koiné. In the late 13th century this common langue d'oïl was named "French" ("françois" in French, "lingua gallica" or "gallicana" in Medieval Latin). Both aspects of ""dialects of a same language"" and ""French as the common langue d'oïl"" appear in a text of Roger Bacon, "Opus maius", who wrote in Medieval Latin but translated thus: ""Indeed, idioms of a same language vary amongst people, as it occurs in the French language which varies in an idiomatic manner amongst the French, Picards, Normans and Burgundians. And terms right to the Picards horrify the Burgundians as much as their closer neighbours the French"".


title: Langues d'oïl

text: It is from this period though that definitions of individual Oïl languages are first found. The Picard language is first referred to by name as ""langage pikart"" in 1283 in the "Livre Roisin". The author of the "Vie du bienheureux Thomas Hélye de Biville" refers to the Norman character of his writing. The "Sermons poitevins" of around 1250 show the Poitevin language developing as it straddled the line between oïl and oc.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: As a result, in modern times the term "langue d'oïl" also refers to that Old French which was not as yet named "French" but was already—before the late 13th century—used as a literary and juridical "interdialectary language".


title: Langues d'oïl

text: The term "Francien" is a linguistic neologism coined in the 19th century to name the hypothetical variant of Old French allegedly spoken by the "late 14th century" in the ancient province of "Pays de France"—the then Paris region later called "Île-de-France". This "Francien", it is claimed, became the Medieval French language. Current linguistic thinking mostly discounts the "Francien" theory, although it is still often quoted in popular textbooks. The term "francien" was never used by those people supposed to have spoken the variant; but today the term could be used to designate that specific "10th-and-11th centuries" variant of langue d'oïl spoken in the Paris region; both variants contributed to the koine, as both were called "French" at that time.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: For political reasons it was in Paris and Île-de-France that this koiné developed from a written language into a spoken language. Already in the 12th century Conon de Béthune reported about the French court who blamed him for using words of Artois.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: By the late 13th century the written koiné had begun to turn into a spoken and written standard language, and was named "French". Since then French started to be imposed on the other Oïl dialects as well as on the territories of "langue d'oc".


title: Langues d'oïl

text: In 1539 the French language was imposed by the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts. It required Latin be replaced in judgements and official acts and deeds. The local Oïl languages had always been the language spoken in justice courts. The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts was not intended to make French a national language, merely a chancery language for law and administration. Although there were competing literary standards among the Oïl languages in the mediæval period, the centralisation of the French kingdom and its influence even outside its formal borders sent most of the Oïl languages into comparative obscurity for several centuries. The development of literature in this new language encouraged writers to use French rather than their own regional languages. This led to the decline of vernacular literature.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: It was the French Revolution which imposed French on the people as the official language in all the territory. As the influence of French (and in the Channel Islands, English) spread among sectors of provincial populations, cultural movements arose to study and standardise the vernacular languages. From the 18th century and into the 20th century, societies were founded (such as the "Société liégoise de Littérature wallonne" in 1856), dictionaries (such as George Métivier's "Dictionnaire franco-normand" of 1870) were published, groups were formed and literary movements developed to support and promote the Oïl languages faced with competition. The Third Republic sought to modernise France and established primary education where the only language recognised was French. Regional languages were discouraged, and the use of French was seen as aspirational, accelerating their decline. This was also generally the case in areas where Oïl languages were spoken. French is now the best-known of the Oïl languages.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: Besides the influence of French literature, small-scale literature has survived in the other Oïl languages. Theatrical writing is most notable in Picard (which maintains a genre of vernacular marionette theatre), Poitevin and Saintongeais. Oral performance (story-telling) is a feature of Gallo, for example, while Norman and Walloon literature, especially from the early 19th century tend to focus on written texts and poetry (see, for example, "Wace" and "Jèrriais literature").


title: Langues d'oïl

text: As the vernacular Oïl languages were displaced from towns, they have generally survived to a greater extent in rural areas - hence a preponderance of literature relating to rural and peasant themes. The particular circumstances of the self-governing Channel Islands developed a lively strain of political comment, and the early industrialisation in Picardy led to survival of Picard in the mines and workshops of the regions. The mining poets of Picardy may be compared with the tradition of rhyming Weaver Poets of Ulster Scots in a comparable industrial milieu.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: There are some regional magazines, such as "Ch'lanchron" (Picard), "Le Viquet" (Norman), "Les Nouvelles Chroniques du Don Balleine" (Jèrriais), and "El Bourdon" (Walloon), which are published either wholly in the respective Oïl language or bilingually with French. These provide a platform for literary writing.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: Apart from French, an official language in many countries (see list), the Oïl languages have enjoyed little status in recent times.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: Currently Walloon, Lorrain (under the local name of "Gaumais"), and Champenois have the status of regional languages of Wallonia.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: The Norman languages of the Channel Islands enjoy a certain status under the governments of their Bailiwicks and within the regional and lesser-used language framework of the British-Irish Council. The Anglo-Norman language, a variant of Norman once the official language of England, today holds mostly a place of ceremonial honour in the United Kingdom (now referred to as "Law French").


title: Langues d'oïl

text: The French government recognises the Oïl languages as languages of France, but the Constitutional Council of France barred ratification of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: The "langues d'oïl" were more or less influenced by the native languages of the conquering Germanic tribes, notably the Franks. This was apparent not so much in the vocabulary (which remained overwhelmingly of Latin origin) as in the phonology and syntax; the invading Franks, Burgundians and Normans became the rulers and their accents were imposed as standard on the rest of the population. This accounts in large part for the relative distinctiveness of French compared to other Romance languages.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: The English language was heavily influenced by contact with Norman following the Norman Conquest and much of the adopted vocabulary shows typically Norman features.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: Portuguese was heavily influenced by more than a millennium of perennial contact with several dialects of both Oïl and Occitan language groups, in lexicon (up to 15–20% in some estimates, at least 5000 word roots), phonology and orthography. The influence of Occitan was, nevertheless, the most marked, through the status Provençal in particular achieved in southwestern Europe around the troubadour apex in the Middle Ages, when Galician-Portuguese lyric was developed. Aside the direct influence of Provençal literature, the presence of languages from modern-day France in the Galician-Portuguese area was also strong due to the rule of the House of Burgundy, the establishment of the Orders of Cluny and Cister, the many sections of the Way of St. James pilgrimage route that come from elsewhere in Europe out of the Iberian Peninsula, and the settlement in Iberia of people from the other side of the Pyrenees, arriving during and after the Reconquista.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: The anti-Portuguese factor of Brazilian nationalism in the 19th century led to an increased use of the French language in detriment of Portuguese, as France was seen at the time as a model of civilization and progress. The learning of French has historically been important and strong among the Lusophone elites, and for a great span of time it was also the foreign language of choice among the middle class of both Portugal and Brazil, only surpassed in the globalised postmodernity by English.


title: Langues d'oïl

text: The development of French in North America was influenced by the speech of settlers originating from northwestern France, many of whom introduced features of their Oïl varieties into the French they spoke. (See also "French language in the United States, French language in Canada")


title: The Witches (novel)

text: The Witches is a children's dark fantasy novel by British author Roald Dahl. The story is set partly in Norway and partly in England, and features the experiences of a young English boy and his Norwegian grandmother in a world where child-hating societies of witches secretly exist in every country. The witches are ruled by the vicious and powerful Grand High Witch, who arrives in England to organize her plan to turn all of the children there into mice.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: "The Witches" was originally published in 1983 by Jonathan Cape in London, with illustrations by Quentin Blake who had previously collaborated with Dahl. It received mixed reviews and was criticized for misogyny. In 2012, the book was ranked number 81 among all-time best children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal", a US monthly. In 2019, the BBC listed "The Witches" on its list of the 100 most influential novels. In 2012, the Grand High Witch appeared on a Royal Mail commemorative postage stamp.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: The book was adapted into an unabridged audio reading by Lynn Redgrave, a stage play and a two-part radio dramatization for the BBC, a 1990 film directed by Nicolas Roeg which starred Anjelica Huston and Rowan Atkinson, a 2008 opera by Marcus Paus and Ole Paus, and a 2020 film directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Anne Hathaway.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: The story is narrated from the perspective of an unnamed seven-year-old English boy, who goes to live with his Norwegian grandmother after his parents are killed in a tragic car accident. The boy loves all his grandmother's stories, but he is especially enthralled by the stories about real-life witches who she says are horrific female demons who seek to kill human children. She tells him a real witch looks exactly like an ordinary woman, but there are ways of telling whether she is a witch, such as real witches have claws instead of fingernails, which they hide by wearing gloves, and are bald, which they hide by wearing wigs that often make them break out in rashes.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: As specified in the parents' will, the narrator and his grandmother return to England, where he was born and had attended school, and where the house he is inheriting is located. However, the grandmother warns the boy to be on his guard, since English witches are known to be among the most vicious in the world, notorious for turning children into loathsome creatures so that unsuspecting adults will kill them. The grandmother reveals that witches in different countries have different customs and that, while the witches in each country have close affiliations with one another, they are not allowed to communicate with witches from other countries. She also tells him about the mysterious Grand High Witch of All the World, the feared and diabolical leader of all of the world's witches, who visits their councils in every country, each year.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: Shortly after arriving back in England, while the boy is working on the roof of his treehouse, he sees a strange woman in black staring up at him with an eerie smile and quickly registers that she is a witch. Later, while the boy is training his pet mice, William and Mary, given to him as a consolation present by his grandmother after the loss of his parents, in the hotel ballroom the "Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children" show up for their annual meeting. When one of them reaches underneath her hair to scratch at her scalp with a gloved hand, the boy realizes that this is the yearly gathering of England's witches (all of the other women are wearing gloves as well), but he is trapped in the room. A young woman goes on stage and removes her entire face, which is a mask. The narrator realizes that this is none other than the Grand High Witch herself. She expresses her displeasure at the English witches' failure to eliminate enough children. The Grand High Witch unveils her master plan: all of England's witches are to purchase sweet shops (with counterfeited money printed by her from a magical money-making machine) and give away free sweets and chocolates laced with a drop of her latest creation: "Formula 86 Delayed-Action Mouse-Maker", a magic potion which turns the consumer into a mouse at a specified time set by the potion-maker. The intent is for the children's teachers and parents to unwittingly kill the transformed children.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: To demonstrate the formula's effectiveness, the Grand High Witch brings in a child named Bruno Jenkins, a rich and often greedy boy lured to the convention hall with the promise of free chocolate. She reveals that she had tricked Bruno into eating a chocolate bar laced with the formula the day before, and had set the "alarm" to go off during the meeting. The potion takes effect, transforming Bruno into a mouse before the assembled witches. Shortly after, the witches detect the narrator's presence and corner him. The Grand High Witch then pours an entire bottle of Formula 86 down his throat, and the overdose instantly turns him into a mouse. However, the transformed child retains his mentality, personality and even his voice - refusing to be lured into a mouse-trap. After tracking down Bruno, the transformed boy returns to his grandmother's hotel room and tells her what he has learned. He suggests turning the tables on the witches by slipping the potion into their evening meal. With some difficulty, he manages to get his hands on a bottle of the potion from the Grand High Witch's room.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: After an attempt to return Bruno to his parents fails spectacularly (mainly due to his mother's fear of mice), the grandmother takes Bruno and the narrator to the dining hall. The narrator enters the kitchen, where he pours the potion into the green pea soup intended for the witches' dinner. On the way back from the kitchen, a cook spots the narrator and chops off part of his tail with a carving knife, before he manages to escape back to his grandmother. The witches all turn into mice within a few minutes, having had massive overdoses just like the narrator. The hotel staff and the guests all panic and unknowingly end up killing the Grand High Witch and all of England's witches.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: Having returned home, the boy and his grandmother devise a plan to rid the world of witches. Impersonating the chief of police of Norway on the telephone, she discovers that the Grand High Witch was living in a castle in that country. They will travel to the Grand High Witch's Norwegian castle, and use the potion to change her successor and assistants into mice, then release cats to destroy them. Using the Grand High Witch's money-making machine and information on witches in various countries, they will try to eradicate them everywhere. The grandmother reveals that, as a mouse, the boy will probably only live for about another nine years, but the boy does not mind, as he does not want to outlive his grandmother (she reveals that she is also likely to live for only nine more years), as he would hate to have anyone else look after him.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: Dahl based the novel on his own childhood experiences, with the character of the grandmother modeled after Sofie Dahl, the author’s mother. The author was “well satisfied” by his work on "The Witches", a sentiment which literary biographer Robert Carrick believes may have come from the fact that the novel was a departure from Dahl’s usual “all-problem-solving finish.” Dahl did not work on the novel alone; he was aided by editor Stephen Roxburgh, who helped rework "The Witches." Roxburgh’s advice was very extensive and covered areas such as improving plots, tightening up Dahl’s writing, and reinventing characters. Soon after its publication, the novel received compliments for its illustrations done by Quentin Blake


title: The Witches (novel)

text: Due to the complexity of "The Witches" and its departure from a typical Dahl novel, several academics have analyzed the work. One perspective offered by Castleton University professor James Curtis suggests that the rejection of the novel by parents is caused by its focus on “child-hate” and Dahl’s reluctance to shield children from such a reality. The scholar argues that the book showcases a treatment of children that is not actually worse than historical and modern examples; however, Dahl’s determination to expose to his young readers the truth can be controversial. Despite society occasionally making progress in its treatment of children, Curtis argues that different aspects of child-hate displayed in Dahl’s work are based on real world examples. As the boy’s grandmother informs him, the witches usually strike children when they are alone; Curtis uses this information from the novel to connect to the historical problem of child abandonment. As children have been maimed or killed due to abandonment, children are harmed by witches in the novel when they have been left alone.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: In 2012, "The Witches" was ranked number 81 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal", a monthly with primarily US audience. It was the third of four books by Dahl among the Top 100, more than any other writer. In November 2019, the BBC listed "The Witches" on its list of the 100 most influential novels.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: The novel received mainly positive reviews in the United States, but with a few warnings due to the more fear inducing parts of it. Ann Waldron of the "Philadelphia Inquirer" wrote in her 1983 review that she would suggest not gifting the book to a child that is more emotional to particularly frightening scenarios. Other mixed receptions were the results of Dahl’s depiction of the witches being monstrous in characterization. Soon after its publication, the novel received compliments for its illustrations done by Quentin Blake.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: "The Witches" was criticized for being misogynistic, and banned by some libraries as a result. It appears on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 to 1999, at number 22. During the editing process, the editor Stephen Roxburgh told Dahl that he was concerned about misogyny in the book. However, he dismissed these concerns by explaining he was not afraid of offending women. Alex Carnevale of This Recording stated that the book is how boys learn to become men who hate women.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: Jemma Crew of the "Newstatesman" considers it an "unlikely source of inspiration for feminists". The "Times" article "Not in Front of the Censors" suggests that the least interesting thing to a child about a witch is that they appear to look like a woman, and even offers the perspective that a witch might be a very feminist role model to a young school girl.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: Questions have also been raised about the ending of the book, with some critics suggesting it might encourage suicide in children by telling them they can avoid growing up by dying.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: In 1990, "The Witches" was adapted into a film starring Anjelica Huston and Rowan Atkinson, directed by Nicolas Roeg, co-produced by Jim Henson, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. In the film, the boy is American and named Luke Eveshim, his grandmother is named Helga Eveshim, and The Grand High Witch is named Evangeline Ernst.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: The most notable difference from the book is that the boy is restored to human form at the end of the story by the Grand High Witch's assistant (a character who does not appear in the book), who had renounced her former evil. Dahl regarded the film as "utterly appalling".


title: The Witches (novel)

text: In 2008, BBC Radio 4's "Classic Serial" broadcast a two-part dramatization of the novel by Lucy Catherine directed by Claire Grove. The cast included Margaret Tyzack as the Grandmother, Toby Jones as the Narrator, Ryan Watson as the Boy, Jordan Clarke as Bruno and Amanda Lawrence as the Grand High Witch.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: The book was adapted into an opera by Norwegian composer Marcus Paus and his father, Ole Paus, who wrote the libretto. It premiered in 2008.


title: The Witches (novel)

text: Another film adaptation co-written and directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Anne Hathaway as the Grand High Witch was released in October 2020 on HBO Max, after it was removed from its original release date due to COVID-19 pandemic. The most notable difference from the book is that this adaptation takes place in 1968 Alabama, and the protagonist is an African-American boy who is called "Hero Boy". The adaptation also stays true to the book's ending rather than the 1990 film, having the protagonist stay a mouse at the end.


title: Muteness

text: Muteness or mutism () is defined as an absence of speech while conserving or maintaining the ability to hear the speech of others. Mutism is typically understood as a person's inability to speak, and commonly observed by their family members, caregivers, teachers, doctors or speech and language pathologists. It may not be a permanent condition, depending on the cause, which might be physical, medical, organic, psychological, developmental, neurological or traumatic. A specific physical disability or communication disorder can be diagnosed. Loss of previously normal speech (aphasia) can be due to accidents, disease, or surgical complication; it is rarely for psychological reasons.


title: Muteness

text: Treatment or management also varies by cause, determined after a speech assessment. Treatment can sometimes restore speech. If not, a range of assistive and augmentative communication devices are available.


title: Muteness

text: Organic causes of mutism may stem from several different sources. One cause of muteness may be problems with the physiology involved in speech, for example, the mouth or tongue. Mutism may be due to apraxia, that is, problems with coordination of muscles involved in speech. Another cause may be a medical condition impacting the physical structures involved in speech, for example, loss of voice due to the injury, paralysis, or illness of the larynx. Anarthria is a severe form of dysarthria. The coordination of movements of the mouth and tongue or the conscious coordination of the lungs are damaged.


title: Muteness

text: Neurological damage due to stroke may cause loss or impairment of speech, termed aphasia. Neurological damage or problems with development of the area of the brain involved in speech production, Broca's area, may cause muteness. Trauma or injury to Broca's area, located in the left inferior frontal cortex of the brain, can cause muteness. Muteness may follow brain surgery. For example, there is a spectrum of possible neurobehavioural deficits in the posterior fossa syndrome in children following cerebellar tumor surgery.


title: Muteness

text: When children do not speak, psychological problems or emotional stress, such as anxiety, may be involved. Children may not speak due to selective mutism. Selective mutism is a condition in which the child speaks only in certain situations or with certain people, such as close family members. Assessment is needed to rule out possible illness or other conditions and to determine treatment. Prevalence is low, but not as rare as once thought. Selective mutism should not be confused with a child who does not speak and cannot speak due to physical disabilities. It is common for symptoms to occur before the age of five. Not all children express the same symptoms.


title: Muteness

text: Selective mutism may occur in conjunction with autism spectrum disorder or other diagnoses. Differential diagnosis between selective mutism and language delay associated with autism or other disorders is needed to determine appropriate treatment.


title: Muteness

text: Adults who previously had speech and subsequently ceased talking may not speak for psychological or emotional reasons, though this is rare as a cause for adults. Absence or paucity of speech in adults may also be associated with specific psychiatric disorders.


title: Muteness

text: Absence of speech in children may involve communication disorders or language delays. Communication disorders or developmental language delays may occur for several different reasons.


title: Muteness

text: Language delays may be associated with other developmental delays. For example, children with Down syndrome often have impaired language and speech.


title: Muteness

text: Children with autism, categorized as a neurodevelopmental disorder in the DSM-V, often demonstrate language delays.


title: Muteness

text: Evaluation of children with language delays is necessary to determine whether the language delay was caused by another condition. Examples of such conditions are autism spectrum disorder, hearing loss and apraxia. The manner of treatment depends on the diagnosed condition. Language delays may impact expressive language, receptive language, or both. Communication disorders may impact articulation, fluency (stuttering) and other specified and unspecified communication disorders. For example, speech and language services may focus on the production of speech sounds for children with phonological challenges.


title: Muteness

text: Intervention services and treatment programs have been specifically developed for autistic children with language delays. For example, pivotal response treatment is a well-established and researched intervention that includes family participation. Mark Sundberg's verbal behavior framework is another well-established assessment and treatment modality that is incorporated into many applied behavior analysis (ABA) early intervention treatment programs for young children with autism and communication challenges.


title: Muteness

text: Treatment for absence of speech due to apraxia, involves assessment, and, based on the assessment, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and/or speech therapy. Treatment for selective mutism involves assessment, counseling, and positive supports. Treatment for absence of speech in adults who previously had speech involves assessment to determine cause, including medical and surgery related causes, followed by appropriate treatment or management. Treatment may involve counseling, or rehabilitation services, depending upon cause of loss of speech.


title: Muteness

text: Management involves the use of appropriate assistive devices, called alternative and augmentative communications. Suitability and appropriateness of modality will depend on users' physical abilities and cognitive functioning.


title: Muteness

text: Augmentative and alternative communication technology ranges from elaborated software for tablets to enable complex communication with an auditory component to less technologically involved strategies. For example, a common method involves the use of pictures that can be attached to velcro strips to create an accessible communication modality that does not require the cognitive or fine motor skills needed to manipulate a tablet.


title: Muteness

text: Speech-generating devices can help people with speech deficiencies associated with medical conditions that affect speech, communication disorders that impair speech, or surgeries that have impacted speech. Speech-generating devices continue to improve in ease of use.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Always is a 1989 American romantic fantasy drama film directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Richard Dreyfuss, Holly Hunter, John Goodman, Brad Johnson and Audrey Hepburn in her final film role.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: "Always" is a remake of the 1943 romantic drama "A Guy Named Joe" set during World War II. The main departure from the 1943 film is the changing of the setting from wartime to a modern aerial firefighting operation. The film, however, follows the same basic plot line: the spirit of a recently dead expert pilot mentors a newer pilot, while watching him fall in love with the girlfriend he left behind. The names of the four principal characters of the earlier film are all the same, with the exception of the Ted Randall character, who is called Ted Baker in the remake, and Pete's last name is Sandich instead of Sandidge.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: The film was released by Universal Pictures in the United States on December 22, 1989, the same day as "Tango & Cash". Both films were the last to be released by Hollywood in the 1980s.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Pete Sandich is an aerial firefighter whose excessive risk taking in the air deeply troubles his girlfriend, Dorinda Durston, a pilot who doubles as an air traffic controller for the fire fighters. It also concerns Pete's best friend, Al Yackey, a fellow firefighter pilot.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: After yet another risky and nearly fatal flight that Pete casually shrugs off, Al suggests he accept a safer job training firefighting pilots in Flat Rock, Colorado. Pete refuses until Dorinda tearfully confronts him, confessing her perpetual fear and anguish that he will be killed. Pete relents and tells Dorinda he will take the training job.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Pete flies one last mission, despite Dorinda's gloomy premonition. During the fire bombing run, Al's engine catches fire and is about to explode. Pete makes a dangerously steep dive and skillfully douses Al's engine with a fire-retardant slurry, saving Al. As Pete struggles to regain control from the dive, he flies directly through the forest fire, igniting his own engine and causing the aircraft to explode.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Pete strolls through a burnt-out forest. Coming to a small clearing, he meets Hap, who explains Pete died in the explosion and now has a new purpose: As spirits did for him during his lifetime, he will provide "Spiritus" ("the divine breath") to guide others who will interpret his words as their own thoughts.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Although time is non-linear from Pete's perspective, six months have elapsed in the real world and Al wants a grieving Dorinda to move past Pete's death. He takes her with him to Colorado to work at the flight school where Pete was to command pilots who will be training to fight fires, one of which is Ted Baker. More months pass and, to Pete's anguish, Ted falls in love with Dorinda as she begins emerging from her year-long mourning. Pete attempts to sabotage the budding romance, but Hap reminds him that his life ended; he was sent to inspire Ted, but also to bid Dorinda farewell.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Ted, with Pete's inspiration, plans a dangerous rescue mission of trapped firefighters. Unable to bear another loss, Dorinda takes Ted's aircraft to do the job herself. Pete, unseen by Dorinda, fails to dissuade her. However, with Pete's guidance, Dorinda is able to save the firefighters who are trapped on the ground. On the return flight, Pete tells her everything he wanted to say in life.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Dorinda makes an emergency water landing in a lake. As the sinking plane's cockpit floods, Dorinda seems reluctant to escape. Pete appears before her and, offering his hand, leads her to the surface. As Dorinda, now alone, wades ashore, Pete releases her heart to allow Ted to replace him.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Dorinda walks back to the airbase and embraces Ted. Pete smiles and heads in the opposite direction to assume his place in the hereafter.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Spielberg confided that while making "Jaws" in 1974, he and Dreyfuss had traded quips from "A Guy Named Joe", considered a "classic" war film, that they both wanted to remake. As an "inside joke," a clip from "A Guy Named Joe" is included in a scene in "Poltergeist", which Spielberg had produced. Dreyfuss had seen the 1943 melodrama "at least 35 times." For Spielberg, who recalled seeing it as a child late at night, "it was one of the films that inspired him to become a movie director," creating an emotional connection to the times that his father, a wartime air force veteran had lived through. The two friends quoted individual shots from the film to each other and when the opportunity arose, years later, were resolved to recreate the wartime fantasy.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Principal photography began on May 15, 1989; production took place in northwestern Montana in the Kootenai National Forest, with some scenes filmed in and around Libby. Some 500 of its residents were recruited for the film as extras to act as wildland firefighters. The scenes where the plane flies over the lake at the beginning and lands in the lake at the end of the movie were filmed at Bull Lake, south of Troy. The scenes set in "Flat Rock, Colorado," were filmed at and around the Ephrata airport in eastern Washington. The scene where Pete and Hap are walking through the wheat field was filmed at Sprague, southwest of Spokane, where they spent two weeks filming in June. Footage of Yellowstone National Park's 1988 fires was used for the fire sequences. Production wrapped in August 1989. Hepburn retired from acting and died in 1993.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Two Douglas A-26 Invader fire bombers (Douglas B-26C Invader No. 57] and Douglas TB-26C Invader No. 59) were prominently featured in "Always". The flying for the film was performed by well-known film pilot Steve Hinton and Dennis Lynch, the owner of the A-26s.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: A number of other aircraft also appeared in "Always": Aeronca 7AC Champion, Bellanca 8KCAB Super Decathlon, Beechcraft Model 18, Cessna 337 Super Skymaster, Cessna 340, Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina, de Havilland Canada DHC-6-300 Twin Otter, Douglas C-54 Skymaster, Fairchild C-119C Flying Boxcar, McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and North American B-25J Mitchell. Two helicopters were also seen: Bell 206 JetRanger and Bell UH-1B Iroquois.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: "Always" opened at #5 at that week's box office, grossing $3,713,480, competing with "Christmas Vacation", "Tango & Cash" (opening the same weekend), "The War of the Roses" and "Back to the Future Part II". Although now considered only a modest financial success when compared to other Spielberg ventures, the film brought back returns grossing $43,858,790 in the U.S. and $30,276,000 on foreign territories, for a $74,134,790 worldwide total.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: "Always" has received a 65% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 26 reviews, its consensus reads, "Its central romance takes occasional dives into excessive sentimentality, but "Always" otherwise flies high thanks to director Steven Spielberg's rousing feel for adventure." Metacritic calculated an average score of 50 out of 100 based on 15 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Always (1989 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" considered it "dated" and more of a "curiosity," calling it Spielberg's "weakest film since his comedy "1941"". "Variety" gave it a more generous review: ""Always" is a relatively small scale, engagingly casual, somewhat silly, but always entertaining fantasy."


title: Always (1989 film)

text: "Always" was nominated in 1991 for the Saturn Award as Best Fantasy Film, while Jerry Belson was nominated for the Best Writing category of the award at the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films (USA). A number of critics have now considered the film as the progenitor of a new crop of "ghost" genre films, including "Ghost" (1990).


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Six manga adaptations have also been produced; one, a series that began serialization in Shogakukan's "CoroCoro Comic" from December 2012, became an award winner. An anime television series produced by OLM, Inc. began airing in Japan from January 2014 and was a ratings success, boosting the franchise in popularity, and began airing in North America from September 2015. An animated film was released in December 2014; with three more films being produced. As of 2022, the game series had sold over 17 million copies worldwide.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Despite not meeting Level-5's expectations in the United States, the franchise still enjoyed a successful U.S. launch, with the original 3DS game selling 400,000 units, as well as toys and an airing of the TV series on Disney XD in the United States on September 5, 2015. However, interest in the "Yo-kai Watch" franchise steadily declined, and Hasbro's "Yo-kai Watch" toy line was discontinued in the United States in 2017 and in Europe and Latin America in 2018.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The franchise was first thought up as a "Doraemon" IP, something that could be long lasting over a long period of time. Akihiro Hino, CEO of Level-5, researched extensively what makes a franchise long-lasting, and came up with "Yo-kai Watch".


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: "Yo-kai Watch" revolves around befriending Yo-kai that are haunting the city. They are based on traditional "yōkai" (Japanese mythical creatures), but often with clever twists. If one befriends a Yo-kai they get their friendship medal, an object that allows one to summon Yo-kai. With these, they can summon Yo-kai to either fight other Yo-kai, befriend others, or solve everyday tasks.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The basic plot for most of the media is that the main character (either Nate or Katie) obtains a Yo-kai Watch through Whisper, a butler Yo-kai. They then befriend Jibanyan, a cat Yo-kai who haunts an intersection because he thinks his owner from when he was alive named Amy called him lame for getting hit by a truck. During the anime's run, other Yo-kai were introduced.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The main video game series is a role-playing video game where the player befriends Yo-kai, and fights the bad ones that seek to rule over the world. The main emphasis in the games is placed on fighting the Yo-kai. All of the main series' games up to Yo-kai Watch 2 have the same battle style; using the 3DS's touchscreen during battles to rotate amongst the player's Yo-kai at will. All of the Yo-kai have powerful moves called Soultimates; some being healing moves, but most of them being offensive. In Yo-kai Watch 3, the battle system was changed into more of a grid-based movement system, and the added use of the Dream Link to use the Yo-kai Blaster against foes during battle.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The first game in the main series, "Yo-kai Watch", was announced at the 2011 Tokyo Game Show and first released in Japan on July 11, 2013. It sets the foundation for the rest of the video game franchise, introducing all of the main mechanics. The game was released in North America on November 6, 2015 and in Europe on April 29, 2016.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The second main game in the series, was released in Japan on July 10, 2014 as two versions, "Bony Spirits" and "Fleshy Souls". "Yo-kai Watch 2" expands the areas to be explored, with nearly 100 new Yo-kai in the present day of the Kemamoto region (called Harrisville outside of Japan) and the past, where the player time travels to meets traditional Yo-kai and sees their grandfather, who made the predecessor to the Yo-kai Watch. A third version, "Psychic Specters", was released on December 12, 2014 to coincide with the first Yo-kai Watch film . "Psychic Specters" featured characters and scenarios not initially included in "Bony Spirits" and "Fleshy Souls".


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: "Bony Spirits" and "Fleshy Souls" were localized in English and released in the United States on September 30, 2016 (April 7, 2017 in Europe). The localized "Bony Spirits" and "Fleshy Souls" received the Oni Evolution update on September 14, 2017, making those games compatible with save data from the western release of "Psychic Specters" on September 29, 2017.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: In Japan, "Yo-kai Watch 3" was announced alongside "Yo-kai Watch Busters" in April 2015 and released with the "Sushi" and "Tempura" versions on July 16, 2016. Two main characters are playable at the same time: Nate Adams and Hailey Anne. The first half of the game has Nate and his family moving from Springdale to the United States which is called BBQ in the localization, in the fictional town of St. Peanutsburg, where new American-themed Yo-kai can be found. The other half of the game focuses on a new character, Hailey Anne Thomas, and her partner Yo-kai Usapyon, who run a detective agency together. A third version, "Sukiyaki", was eventually released in Japan on December 16, 2016. Sukiyaki combines Sushi and Tempura into one game, as well as additional exclusives.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: On September 27, 2018, Nintendo of America announced that Yo-kai Watch 3 was getting a localization release outside of Japan, which released December 16, 2018 in Europe and January 2019 in North America.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: "Yo-kai Watch 4" was released for the Nintendo Switch in Japan on June 20, 2019. It features character designs from "Yo-kai Watch Shadowside", as well as the original designs. The game also includes characters from previous games, as well as the main characters from "".


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: An enhanced version, "Yo-kai Watch 4++", was later released both as paid DLC as well as at retail for both the Switch and PlayStation 4 on December 5, 2019.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: An English localization was under consideration as confirmed by Level-5 during Anime Expo 2019, but due to the company's American branch shutting down, the status of the game's localization is currently unknown.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: A spin-off game, was first announced in the April 2015 issue of "CoroCoro Comic" alongside "Yo-kai Watch 3". "Busters" allowed up to four players to cooperate in battling boss Yo-kai. The first two versions of the game, and , were released on July 11, 2015. A free expansion for the two "Yo-kai Watch Blasters" games called was released on December 12, 2015, adding characters and settings featured in second anime feature film "".


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: A sequel, , was also released in two versions, and , on December 16, 2017. The sequel games are compatible with save data from the first games as well as the three versions of "Yo-kai Watch 3".


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The first game was localized in English regions as "Yo-kai Watch Blasters", where it released on September 7, 2018. The game would be released outside Japan under the same two version branding, as "Red Cat Corps" and "White Dog Squad". A free update for both games, "Moon Rabbit Crew", was released on September 27, 2018.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Busters 2 has not been localized into English and it will most likely not release due to the fact that the Nintendo 3DS production was discontinued.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The Data Carddass game was first location tested in late December 2013, and debuted at the Next Generation World Hobby Fair Winter 2014 before being released in early 2014. The game is played much like Bandai's other Data Carddass games, in which the player uses an interface resembling a slot machine to determine the events of a battle between 3 of the player's Yo-kai against 3 enemy Yo-kai, after the player sought them out on the game interface. Winning the game awards the player a card that can be used for future "Tomodachi UkiUkipedia" play.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: In August 2015, a collaboration with Ubisoft to release a special version of the "Just Dance" series was announced, set to feature songs from the anime's soundtrack, and the result was , which was released on the Wii U on December 5, 2015, exclusively in Japan.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: On June 27, 2018, Level-5 and GungHo Online Entertainment announced the release of Yo-kai Watch World, in a special live stream on that day. (Before the same-day release of the game, it was teased online as a "game that will shock the world", as stated from Level-5.) Said to compete with Pokémon Go, it featured many new gameplay mechanics, as well as the battle sequences being similar to the original 3DS games. Currently, it is only able to work within Japan, as other locations do not mostly work outside of Japan. Service for Yo-kai Watch World will be discontinued on December 23rd, 2022.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Six manga adaptations based on the series have been published by Shogakukan. A series by Noriyuki Konishi began serialization in "CoroCoro Comic" from December 15, 2012. This series has been licensed by Viz Media under its Perfect Square imprint for its North American releases up to Volume 10, and is now directly from Viz Media as of Volume 11. In other countries (like Europe, for example), it is under the Kazé imprint.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: A shōjo manga series by Chikako Mori, titled , began serialization in "Ciao" magazine from December 27, 2013. In this series, it was based on the alternate timeline, in which Katie Forester would receive the Yo-kai Watch. This is in contrast to the main timeline, where Nate Adams is the primary.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: A yonkoma series by Coconas Rumba, titled , has been serialized in "CoroCoro Comic SPECIAL" from August 30, 2014 to June 30, 2018.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Another yonkoma series by Santa Harukaze, titled , began serialization in "CoroCoro Ichiban!" from April 2015.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: A series by Shō Shibamoto, titled , began serialization in the seinen manga magazine "Hibana" on April 10, 2015 and ended on September 10 of that year.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: A manga series based on "Yo-kai Watch Blasters" by Atsushi Ohba began serialization in "CoroCoro Comic" in June 2015 and ended in October of that year.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: A comic book series was announced in January 2017, courtesy of IDW Publishing, and was released in May 2017.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Loosely based on the main Yo-kai Watch series, a manga series by Noriyuki Konishi started serialization before the release of Yo-kai Watch on the 3DS, and the debut of the original Yo-kai Watch anime. In the series, the art style was different from the current designs, like the early design of the Yo-kai Watch, and also has different character personalities. As the games and anime were released, the manga kept the art style, but the characters also slowly developed over time.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Volume 16 transitioned the manga into the current "Yo-kai Watch!" anime timeline, while still keeping the art style of the previous edition.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: An anime television series based on the game, produced by OLM, began airing in Japan on Disney XD on October 5, 2015. Most of the episodes focus on Nathan "Nate" Adams solving problems caused by Yo-kai. It has a higher focus on comedy than the games. Some of the episodes have a "Mini-Corner" which features one of the main Yo-kai characters.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: On April 7, 2015, Level-5 unveiled a promotional video for a third season of the anime series, which premiered in July 2015. The third season features a new protagonist named Hailey Anne Thomas and her Yo-kai companion Usapyon. It also features new models of the Yo-kai Watch called the "Yo-kai Watch Model U" and the "Yo-kai Watch Dream" model. The third season of the anime series premiered on January 6, 2017, and entered a Busters Arc in July. In February 2018, a sequel series titled "Yo-kai Watch Shadowside" started airing after the original series ended on March 30, 2018. The first two episodes of the Shadowside anime were broadcast as an hour-long special on April 13, 2018. The Yo-kai Watch Shadowside anime lasted for over 49 episodes, ending on March 29, 2019.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: A revival series known as "Yo-kai Watch!" ran from April 5, 2019 to December 20, 2019 in Japan. It is a continuation of the original series, while serving as a sort of prologue to the fourth movie, in which Nate receives the Yo-kai Watch Elder Version K, which looks like the same watch as the Yo-kai Watch Elder used in Yo-kai Watch Shadowside. While introducing some new Yo-kai, some elements of Shadowside still retain in the new series, like the Yo-kai Arks, and the Shadowside Tribes that were used, for example.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: "Yo-kai Watch Jam: Yo-kai Academy Y: Close Encounters of the N Kind" ran from December 27, 2019 to April 2, 2021. It is a follow-up to the sixth movie.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Another revival series, "Yo-kai Watch ♪" started airing on April 9, 2021 which reuses aspects more based on the first season. In the series Nate now uses a "enhanced" version of the original Yo-kai Watch which can recognize all different types of medals.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: In the course of the franchise's history, six "Yo-kai Watch" movies have been made. The first one, "", was released in Japan on December 20, 2014,


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The second, "", was released in Japan on December 19, 2015, and the third movie, "", an anime and live action movie, was released in Japan on December 17, 2016 The fourth film, "", opened in Japan on December 16, 2017. A fifth movie, "", released in Japanese theatres on December 14, 2018. A sixth movie, "Yo-kai Watch Jam the Movie: Yo-Kai Academy Y - Can a Cat be a Hero?", was released in Japanese theatres on December 13, 2019.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The series is being released on DVD box sets, along with rental DVDs, in Japan by Kadokawa Media Factory. Every episode to date is available for streaming on multiple video on demand services in Japan, such as Hulu and Rakuten Video Showtime.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: At the premiere of the "Yo-kai Watch" film, Level-5's president Akihiro Hino officially announced that the "Yo-kai Watch" anime would begin broadcast internationally in 2015. He also jokingly requested Etsuko Kozakura and Tomokazu Seki, who voice Jibanyan and Whisper respectively, to "study English".


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Dentsu Entertainment USA announced in April 2014 that they were seeking broadcast and merchandising partners in North America for the anime. The anime began broadcast as a 26-episode season on Disney XD on October 5, 2015, with the official Yo-kai Watch YouTube channel posting episodes a month later. Since the show had performed well, a second season (no relation to the Japanese second season) with an additional 50 episodes was broadcast on August 1, 2016. The third season premiered on July 2, 2018 on Disney XD in the United States, and ended on December 29, 2018. In 2019, Disney XD removed the "Yo-kai Watch" anime from its lineup due to declining ratings; but eventually returned to the network in a weekend-only timeslot in January 2020, re-taking the place of a previous replacement, "". The first season's first volume was released on DVD by NCircle Entertainment on February 26, 2019, and one version of that set comes with a free comic book. The first season's second volume was released on September 3, 2019.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The first movie was also brought over, as a special screening one day screening, on October 15, 2016. This was only in the US, via Fathom Events. Those who attended got a Hovernyan medal.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Outside of the US, the first season and the movie used to be available to stream on Netflix, but as of now, it is no longer available to stream.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The English version of the anime dub used a cast from Sprite Animation Studios for the first two seasons, but they were replaced in the third season with actors from SDI Media due to budget costs and low ratings on Disney XD.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Viz Media Europe has licensed the series in Europe, Russia, and Africa. They premiered the anime in the UK and Ireland on Cartoon Network on April 23, 2016. In France it showed on three different stations: Boing in April, 2016, Gulli in September, 2016, and Cartoon Network France in March, 2017. Other countries it aired in are Germany and Austria (Nickelodeon), Spain and Africa on Boing, Belgium and the Netherlands on Nickelodeon, and Israel on Noga. Cartoon Network also has it airing on their Portugal, Turkey, Poland and the Nordic, Central and Eastern Europe feeds, starting in Spring 2016.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Viz has also hired Bulldog Licensing and German brand-management company m4e to represent the brand in the UK and German-speaking territories, respectively.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: An alternative English dub began airing on Cartoon Network Asia and Toonami Asia in Asian countries from June 27, 2015. The alternative English dub uses the original Japanese names.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Shogakukan Asia also licensed the series in the Philippines. Similarly, for a few years, GMA Network also made a Tagalog dub of the original anime.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: For Yo-kai Watch Shadowside, a subbed version air in the Southeast Asia area, in 2019 via Animax Asia.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The Fusion Agency acquired the licensing and merchandising rights for the series in Australia and New Zealand. It aired in Australia on 9Go! on December 14, 2015.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The music for the games and anime series is composed by Level-5 employee Kenichiro Saigo. The following themes are used in both the video games and anime series. In the original anime, all opening themes are performed by King Cream Soda, with lyrics by m.o.v.e vocalist Motsu. The anime themes are also dubbed into English for its North American broadcast.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Recent seasons of the anime have had opening and ending themes performed by Japanese YouTubers such as Soraru, Rinu, and Strawberry Prince.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Various toys, such as the eponymous Yo-kai Watch and Yo-kai Medals, have been produced based on the series, receiving high commercial success. Hasbro released a toy line based on the series worldwide in December 2015. In July 2016, Square Enix's MMORPG "" held a special crossover event lasting until October which allowed players to gather Medals from existing in-game battles and exchange them for minions modeled after the franchise's titular Yo-kai as well as weapons inspired by them. In January 2018, McDonald's began offering Yo-kai Watch toys in US Happy Meals, alongside the much more popular Shopkins.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: The original "Yo-kai Watch" game received a score of 36/40 from Famitsu, with its sequel "Yo-kai Watch 2" also scoring 36/40. "Yo-kai Watch 2" won the Grand Prize in the Japan Game Awards. It also won 3 other awards: The Best Sales Award, and two Excellence Awards (for the 2nd game and its third version). In 2014, "Yo-kai Watch"'s manga in CoroCoro Comic won the 38th Kodansha Manga Award in the Best Children's Manga category. In the following year, it also was awarded the Best Children's manga at the 60th Shogakukan Manga Awards.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: When the anime first aired, in 2014, the franchise became popular in Japan. By February, the first game, which originally sold only 53,654 copies, was at over 500,000 shipped and the anime was surpassing Pokémon in the TV rankings; being compared to it and being dubbed the "Pokémon Killer". By the second game's release, the first game had sold 1,195,287 copies and the second game surpassed that at release at 1,316,707 copies. The third version also impressed, at 1,244,171 units.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Even the president of Level-5, Akihiro Hino, was surprised by Yo-kai Watch's popularity. "While I did believe that it would get its break, honestly, to have it come this far, where the children of Japan would get so hopped-up on Yo-kai, to the point where all the goods would sell out, is something I didn’t expect." They were the second most popular characters in Japan, in a survey by Video Research Ltd. Explanations for its popularity ranged from catchy songs and dances, to being something parents and kids could enjoy together, to "weird adults" not being interested in it. Hino himself said that it was the relatable characters and situations relatable to modern kids that made it popular.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: This also translated into toy sales, racking in 55.2 billion yen for Namco Bandai. Yo-kai Watch toys were frequently out of stock; people having to wait in lotteries to get a Yo-kai Watch and search hard for medals. Other merchandise had to wait longer because of the long licensing wait times. This demand made it the second highest product in Nikkei Trendy that year.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: It was a top seller in many other areas as well: The Yo-kai Watch Guide was the number one book in 2014, its first theme song, Geragerapo no Uta, was the number 50 song on the Oricon Singles Chart, and the movie had the highest opening of any Japanese film since 2000. Yo-kai Watch even had a special segment on Kohaku Uta Gassen, Japan's most viewed music program.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: By 2015, sales had started to fall to numbers ranging from around a quarter to 1/8 of what they were the previous year. Prices were cut and there was less visible excitement among children. By the time the third games were released, in 2016, it was on a downward slope with the game launching with about half of what the second games did, with 632,135 units and the third version of the game launched with half of what the first versions sold with 337,979 units. The toy sales were 10.4 billion yen in toy sales and estimated to be at 6.3 billion yen in 2017. This was largely due to hype building for two games that were coming from Nintendo's "Pokémon" franchise, the "Pokémon Go" smartphone app and "Pokémon Sun" and "Moon" for the 3DS.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: In addition to the wake of "Pokémon"'s renewed popularity, analysts had a few other theories on why "Yo-kai Watch" was falling. Ken Hōri of The Business Journal and Ollie Barder of Forbes thought it was mainly distribution issues; products that were ordered from the summer vacation were over stocked, because of the six-month waiting period for copyright approvals. Another reason he had was that the toys had incompatible medals with later watches, leading to a loss of interest. Barder and Sato of Siliconera also mentioned oversaturation, with it being Sato's main focus.


title: Yo-kai Watch

text: Unlike in its native Japan where it experienced a short period of great popularity, "Yo-kai Watch" had an overall underwhelming performance in the United States. Although it got off to a promising start in that region, with the original game selling at least 400,000 units there as of 2016, the sequel, "Yo-kai Watch 2", sold less than 200,000 copies in comparison. Meanwhile, Disney XD's English broadcast of the anime series has estimated only 100,000-300,000 viewers per episode, and was removed from the network's schedule in 2017. Despite the franchise's unsatisfactory western response, it maintains a cult following with many attempts to revive the franchise such as #SaveYoKaiWatch which trended on Twitter. The franchise is also popular in Europe, with the original game's sales out pacing the Japanese release as of October 2016.


title: Palanivel Thiagarajan

text: Palanivel Thiagarajan (PTR) is an Indian politician and the current Finance Minister of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election in 2016 and 2021 from Madurai Central.


title: Palanivel Thiagarajan

text: He is the son of the late P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan, who was also a well-known politician in Tamil Nadu. His grandfather, P. T. Rajan, was the Chief Minister of Madras Presidency from 4 April 1936, to 24 August 1936.


title: Palanivel Thiagarajan

text: Following his schooling at The Lawrence School, Lovedale, and Vikaasa School, Madurai, Thiagarajan, he graduated with a degree in chemical engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli (formerly, Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirappalli). He obtained a master's degree in operations research and a Ph.D. in human factors engineering/engineering psychology at University at Buffalo. He then completed his MBA in financial management at MIT Sloan School of Management. He is a patent holder of Methods & systems for providing structured loan commitment transactions.


title: Palanivel Thiagarajan

text: He began his career in 1990 as an independent consultant in Operations and Systems Improvement. In 2001 he joined Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. as Trader and Co-Portfolio Manager – Firm Relationship Loan Portfolio. He quit Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. as Head Of Offshore Capital Markets in the year 2008. He then worked for Standard Chartered Bank, Singapore in the Global Capital Markets division. He quit Standard Chartered Bank as Managing Director, Financial Markets Sales in 2014.


title: Palanivel Thiagarajan

text: Thiagarajan was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from Madurai Central Assembly constituency in the 2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election. He was re-elected in the 2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election


title: Palanivel Thiagarajan

text: He is the Finance and Human Resources Management Minister of Tamil Nadu since May 2021. He has released a White Paper on Tamil Nadu's finances after a long time.


title: Palanivel Thiagarajan

text: He married Margaret, whom he met at University at Buffalo where he pursued his Ph.D. while pursuing her master's. They have two sons.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: San Francisco Bay is a large tidal estuary in the U.S. state of California, and gives its name to the San Francisco Bay Area. It is dominated by the big cities of San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: San Francisco Bay drains water from approximately 40 percent of California. Water from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, and from the Sierra Nevada mountains, flow into Suisun Bay, which then travels through the Carquinez Strait to meet with the Napa River at the entrance to San Pablo Bay, which connects at its south end to San Francisco Bay. It then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait. However, this entire group of interconnected bays is often called the "San Francisco Bay". The bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2, 2017.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: The bay covers somewhere between , depending on which sub-bays (such as San Pablo Bay), estuaries, wetlands, and so on are included in the measurement. The main part of the bay measures wide east-to-west and somewhere between and north-to-south. It is the largest Pacific estuary in the Americas.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: The bay was navigable as far south as San Jose until the 1850s, when hydraulic mining released massive amounts of sediment from the rivers that settled in those parts of the bay that had little or no current. Later, wetlands and inlets were deliberately filled in, reducing the Bay's size since the mid-19th century by as much as one third. Recently, large areas of wetlands have been restored, further confusing the issue of the Bay's size. Despite its value as a waterway and harbor, many thousands of acres of marshy wetlands at the edges of the bay were, for many years, considered wasted space. As a result, soil excavated for building projects or dredged from channels was often dumped onto the wetlands and other parts of the bay as landfill.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: From the mid-19th century through the late 20th century, more than a third of the original bay was filled and often built on. The deep, damp soil in these areas is subject to soil liquefaction during earthquakes, and most of the major damage close to the Bay in the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 occurred to structures on these areas.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: The Marina District of San Francisco, hard hit by the 1989 earthquake, was built on fill that had been placed there for the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, although liquefaction did not occur on a large scale. In the 1990s, San Francisco International Airport proposed filling in hundreds more acres to extend its overcrowded international runways in exchange for purchasing other parts of the bay and converting them back to wetlands. The idea was, and remains, controversial. ("For further details, see the "Bay fill and depth profile" section.")


title: San Francisco Bay

text: There are five large islands in San Francisco Bay. Alameda, the largest island, was created when a shipping lane was cut to form the Port of Oakland in 1901. It is now a suburban community. Angel Island was known as "Ellis Island West" because it served as the entry point for immigrants from East Asia. It is now a state park accessible by ferry. Mountainous Yerba Buena Island is pierced by a tunnel linking the east and west spans of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. Attached to the north is the artificial and flat Treasure Island, site of the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition. From the Second World War until the 1990s, both islands served as military bases and are now being redeveloped. Isolated in the center of the Bay is Alcatraz, the site of the famous federal penitentiary. The federal prison on Alcatraz Island no longer functions, but the complex is a popular tourist site. Despite its name, Mare Island in the northern part of the bay is a peninsula rather than an island.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: San Francisco Bay is thought to represent a down-warping of the Earth's crust between the San Andreas Fault to the west and the Hayward Fault to the east, though the precise nature of this remains under study. About 560,000 years ago, a tectonic shift caused the large inland Lake Corcoran to spill out the central valley and through the Carquinez Strait, carving out sediment and forming canyons in what is now the northern part of the San Francisco Bay and Golden Gate strait.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: Until the last ice age, the basin which is now filled by the San Francisco Bay was a large linear valley with small hills, similar to most of the valleys of the Coast Ranges. As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise. By 5000 BC the sea level rose , filling the valley with water from the Pacific. The valley became a bay, and the small hills became islands.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: The indigenous inhabitants of the San Francisco Bay are Ohlone. The first European to see San Francisco Bay is likely N. de Morena who was left at New Albion at Drakes Bay in Marin County, California, by Sir Francis Drake in 1579 and then walked to Mexico.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: The first recorded European discovery of San Francisco Bay was on November 4, 1769, when Spanish explorer Gaspar de Portolá, unable to find the Port of Monterey, continued north close to what is now Pacifica and reached the summit of the Sweeney Ridge, now marked as the place where he first sighted San Francisco Bay. Portolá and his party did not realize what they had discovered, thinking they had arrived at a large arm of what is now called Drakes Bay. At the time, Drakes Bay went by the name "Bahia de San Francisco" and thus both bodies of water became associated with the name. Eventually, the larger, more important body of water fully appropriated the name "San Francisco Bay".


title: San Francisco Bay

text: The first European to enter the bay is believed to have been the Spanish explorer Juan de Ayala, who passed through the Golden Gate on August 5, 1775, in his ship the "San Carlos" and moored in a bay of Angel Island now known as Ayala Cove. Ayala continued to explore the Bay area and the expedition's cartographer, José de Cañizares, gathered the information necessary to produce the first map of the San Francisco Bay Area. A number of place names survive (anglicized) from that first map, including Point Reyes, Angel Island, Farallon Islands and Alcatraz Island.


title: San Francisco Bay

text: The United States seized the region from Mexico during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). On February 2, 1848, the Mexican province of Alta California was annexed to the United States with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. A year and a half later, California requested to join the United States on December 3, 1849, and was accepted as the 31st State of the Union on September 9, 1850.