title: Eric Lindros

text: On August 11, 2005, after the NHL labour dispute had cancelled the 2004–05 season, Lindros signed a one-year, $1.55 million contract with the Maple Leafs for the 2005–06 season. After a steady start to his tenure with Toronto in which he recorded 22 points in 32 games, Lindros suffered a tear of a ligament in his left wrist against the Dallas Stars on December 10, 2005. After a 27-game absence, Lindros returned to the Toronto lineup on February 28, 2006, his 33rd birthday, against the Washington Capitals. His return was brief, however, as he re-injured his wrist while taking a slapshot in a game against the Ottawa Senators on March 4, effectively ending his season. He had surgery on the wrist at the Hand and Upper Limb Centre in London, Ontario, two days after the game.


title: Eric Lindros

text: Lindros signed a one-year contract for the 2006–07 season with Dallas on July 17, 2006. He would play in 49 regular season games collecting 26 points, and three games in the 2007 playoffs.


title: Eric Lindros

text: On the day of his retirement, November 8, 2007, it was also announced that Lindros had donated $5 million to the London Health Sciences Centre. This donation supports programs such as the Fowler Kennedy Sport Medicine Clinic, and is one of the largest personal donations by a Canadian sports figure.


title: Eric Lindros

text: On November 11, 2007, three days after his retirement, the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) appointed Lindros to the newly created position of NHLPA ombudsman. Lindros had been involved with the organization throughout his career. Lindros cut ties with the NHLPA, however, on February 3, 2009, resigning as ombudsman after 15 months on the job.


title: Eric Lindros

text: On May 9, 2010, Lindros, along with his mother Bonnie, supermodel/actress Monika Schnarre and a few other Canadian notables, helped Habitat for Humanity Toronto by recognizing Mother's Day by building homes.


title: Eric Lindros

text: On December 31, 2011, he played in the 2012 NHL Winter Classic Alumni Game between the New York Rangers and the Philadelphia Flyers.


title: Eric Lindros

text: In April 2016 Lindros supported Rowan's Law. This was concussion-education legislation named in memory of a teen rugby player from Ottawa who died during a game. The legislation was privately sponsored by Nepean-Carleton MPP Lisa MacLeod. Later MacLeod revealed she knew of rumours relating to alleged sexual misconduct by Patrick Brown, then Ontario Progressive Conservative leader. In 2018 she acknowledged her source had been Lindros.


title: Eric Lindros

text: In June 2016, Lindros was announced as one of four appointees to the 2016 Hockey Hall of Fame induction class, joined by the late Pat Quinn, goaltender Rogie Vachon and Russian winger Sergei Makarov.


title: Eric Lindros

text: On January 14, 2017, Lindros reunited with his former "Legion of Doom" linemates John LeClair and Mikael Renberg to play in the 50th Anniversary Alumni game between the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Philadelphia Flyers.


title: Eric Lindros

text: In a 2017 interview on French Canadian television, he opened up about his time being drafted by the Nordiques. He later stated that he had no problem with Quebec City or the people, stating that his wife is French Canadian. He stated that the real reason was he did not respect Marcel Aubut and criticized on how he would never play for him. At the end of the interview, he was given the Nordiques igloo and fleur-de-lys jersey at last, 26 years after the saga began.


title: Eric Lindros

text: On January 18, 2018, the Flyers retired Lindros's no. 88 jersey in a pre-game ceremony at the Wells Fargo Center.


title: Eric Lindros

text: The oldest son of Carl Lindros and Bonnie Roszell-Lindros, Lindros has Swedish heritage. The name "Lindros" means "rose of the linden tree." His great-grandfather Axel immigrated to Canada from Bredaryd, a small village in Sweden, and Eric is the third generation of the Lindros family to be born in Canada. His father Carl Lindros received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Western Ontario (where he played football, well enough to be drafted 30th overall by the Canadian Football League's Edmonton Eskimos in the 1970 CFL College Draft), and became a chartered accountant. Lindros's mother Bonnie is a registered nurse. Lindros has one brother, Brett, and one sister, Robin.


title: Eric Lindros

text: Lindros's younger brother Brett played for the New York Islanders and retired early on May 1, 1996, due to post-concussion syndrome.


title: Eric Lindros

text: The book "Fire on Ice", co-written by Randy Starkman and published in October 1991 by HarperCollins, chronicled the life and early hockey career of Lindros.


title: Eric Lindros

text: In 2012 Lindros married Kina Lamarche, a native Quebecer and former president of the North American wing of Travelex. They have three children: Carl Pierre, and twins Sophie and Ryan. Lindros and his family currently reside in Toronto. They are close friends with Goldie Hawn and Kurt Russell, with both families owning a cottage on Lake Rosseau in Muskoka, Ontario.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: The Korean Armistice Agreement (; ) is an armistice that brought about a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed by United States Army Lieutenant General William Harrison Jr. and General Mark W. Clark representing the United Nations Command (UNC), North Korea leader Kim Il-sung and General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA), and Peng Dehuai representing the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The armistice was signed on 27 July 1953, and was designed to "ensure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved."


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: During the 1954 Geneva Conference in Switzerland, Chinese Premier and foreign minister Chou En-lai suggested that a peace treaty should be implemented on the Korean peninsula. However, the US secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, did not accommodate this attempt to achieve such a treaty. A final peace settlement has never been achieved. The signed armistice established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), the de facto new border between the two nations, put into force a cease-fire, and finalized repatriation of prisoners of war. The DMZ runs close to the 38th parallel and has separated North and South Korea since the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed in 1953.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: South Korea never signed the Armistice Agreement, due to President Syngman Rhee’s refusal to accept having failed to unify Korea by force. China normalized relations and signed a peace treaty with South Korea in 1992. In 1994, China withdrew from the Military Armistice Commission, essentially leaving North Korea and the UN Command as the only participants in the armistice agreement. In 2011, South Korea stated that North Korea had violated the armistice 221 times.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: By mid-December 1950, the United States was discussing terms for an agreement to end the Korean War. The desired agreement would end the fighting, provide assurances against its resumption, and protect the future security of UNC forces. The United States asked for a military armistice commission of mixed membership that would supervise all agreements. Both sides would need to agree to “cease the introduction into Korea of any reinforcing air, ground or naval units or personnel... and to refrain from increasing the level of war equipment and material existing in Korea.” The U.S. wished to create a demilitarized zone that would be roughly wide. The proposed agreement would also address the issue of prisoners of war which the U.S. believed should be exchanged on a one-for-one basis.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: While talk of a possible armistice agreement was circulating, in late May and early June 1951, the President of the Republic of Korea (ROK, South Korea) Syngman Rhee opposed peace talks. He believed the ROK should continue to expand its army in order to march all the way to the Yalu River and completely unify the nation. The UNC did not endorse Rhee's position. Even without UNC support, Rhee and the South Korean government attempted to mobilize the public to resist any halt in the fighting short of the Yalu River. Other ROK officials supported Rhee's ambitions and the National Assembly of South Korea unanimously passed a resolution endorsing a continued fight for an "independent and unified country." At the end of June, however, the Assembly decided to support armistice talks, although President Rhee continued to oppose them.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: Like Syngman Rhee, North Korean leader Kim Il-sung also sought complete unification. The North Korean side was slow to support armistice talks and only on 27 June 1951seventeen days after armistice talks had begundid it change its slogan of "drive the enemy into the sea" to "drive the enemy to the 38th parallel." North Korea was pressured to support armistice talks by its allies the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, whose support was vital to enabling North Korea to continue fighting.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: Talks concerning an armistice started 10 July 1951, in Kaesong, a North Korean city in North Hwanghae Province, near the South Korean border. The two primary negotiators were Chief of Army Staff General Nam Il, a North Korean deputy premier, and United States Vice Admiral Charles Turner Joy. After a period of two weeks, on 26 June 1951, a five-part agenda was agreed upon, which guided talks until the signing of the armistice on 27 July 1953. The items to be discussed were:


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: After the agenda was decided, talks proceeded slowly. There were lengthy intervals between meetings. The longest gap between discussions started on 23 August 1951, when North Korea and its allies claimed that the conference site in Kaesong had been bombed. North Korea requested for the UNC conduct to an immediate investigation, which concluded that there was evidence a UNC aircraft had attacked the conference site. The evidence, however, appeared to be manufactured. The communists subsequently refused to permit an investigation during daylight hours. Armistice talks did not start again until 25 October 1951. The US would not allow further discussion to take place in Kaesong. Panmunjom, a nearby village in Kyonggi Province, close to both Koreas, was chosen as the new location for deliberations. That was conditional on responsibility for protection of the village being shared by both powers.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: A major, problematic negotiation point was the repatriation of prisoners-of-war. The Communists held 10,000, and the UNC held 150,000. The PVA, KPA, and UNC could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, chaired by Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: In 1952, the United States elected a new president, Dwight D. Eisenhower, and on 2 December 1952, he went to Korea to investigate what might end the war. With the UN accepting India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, PVA, and UNC ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the Kansas Line, a line of UN positions north of the 38th parallel, which had been established in Operation Rugged. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by KPA, ROKA, United States, and Joint UNC forces. Discussions continued slowly because of difficulties regarding demarcation of the border between North and South Korea. China and North Korea expected the line to remain at the 38th parallel. Within weeks, however, both nations accepted the Kansas Line. In March 1953, the death of Joseph Stalin helped spur negotiations. While the Chinese leader Mao Zedong was not then willing to compromise, the new Soviet leadership issued a statement two weeks after Stalin's death, which called for a quick end to hostilities.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: On 19 July 1953, the delegates reached agreement covering all issues on the agenda. On 27 July 1953, at 10:00 a.m., the Armistice was signed by Nam Il, a delegate of the KPA and PVA, and William K. Harrison Jr., a UNC delegate. Twelve hours after the signing of the document, all regulations that were approved in the armistice went into effect. The agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) was established to prevent reinforcements being brought into Korea, whether additional military personnel or new weapons, and NNSC member inspection teams from Czechoslovakia, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland operated throughout Korea.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: The signed Armistice established a "complete cessation of all hostilities in Korea by all armed forces," which was to be enforced by the commanders of both sides. The armistice is, however, only a ceasefire between military forces, rather than an agreement between governments to normalize relations. No formal peace treaty was signed, and normalized relations were not restored. The armistice established the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) and the DMZ. The DMZ was agreed as a fortified buffer zone between the two Korean nations. The DMZ follows the Kansas Line, where the two sides actually confronted each other at the time of the signing of the Armistice. The DMZ is currently the most heavily-defended national border in the world .


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: Ultimately, more than 22,000 KPA or PVA soldiers refused repatriation. On the opposite side, 327 South Korean soldiers, 21 American soldiers, and 1 British soldier also refused repatriation and remained in North Korea or in China. (See list of American and British defectors in the Korean War.)


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: With the signing of the Armistice, the war ended. Despite the three-year war, the international border remained at a similar location as from before the war.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: Article IV (Paragraph 60) of the Armistice Agreement calls for a political conference to be held within 3 months of the signing of the agreement in order "to ensure the peaceful settlement of the Korean question." A conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland in April 1954, missing the 3 month timeline by 6 months. The conference focused on two separate conflicts: the conflict in Korea; and the conflict in Indochina. Participants in the talks on the conflict in Korea were the US, the USSR, France, China, and North and South Korea. The peace agreement on the Korean peninsula was officially raised at the conference, by Chinese diplomat Zhou Enlai with the US Secretary of Defense, John Foster Dulles, but no progress was made. The United States intentionally avoided discussing the “Peace Treaty on the Korean Peninsula,” in spite of criticism from the other representatives at the conference about the negative attitude of the United States.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: Paragraph 13d of the Armistice Agreement mandated that neither side introduce new weapons into Korea, other than piece-for-piece replacement of equipment. In September 1956 the U.S. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Radford indicated that the U.S. military intention was to introduce atomic weapons into Korea, which was agreed to by the U.S. National Security Council and President Eisenhower. The U.S. unilaterally abrogated paragraph 13d, breaking the Armistice Agreement, despite concerns by United Nations allies. At a meeting of the Military Armistice Commission on 21 June 1957, the U.S. informed the North Korean representatives that the United Nations Command no longer considered itself bound by paragraph 13d of the armistice. In January 1958 nuclear armed Honest John missiles and 280mm atomic cannons were deployed to South Korea, followed within a year by atomic demolition munitions and nuclear armed Matador cruise missiles with the range to reach China and the Soviet Union. North Korea believed the U.S. had introduced new weapons earlier, citing NNSC inspection team reports for August 1953 to April 1954. The U.S. believed that North Korea had introduced new weapons contrary to 13d, but did not make specific allegations.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: Following the abrogation of paragraph 13d, the NNSC largely lost its function, and became primarily office based in the DMZ with a small staff. North Korea denounced the abrogation of paragraph 13d. North Korea responded militarily by digging massive underground fortifications resistant to nuclear attack, and by the forward deployment of its conventional forces so that the use of nuclear weapons against it would endanger South Korean and U.S. forces as well. In 1963 North Korea asked the Soviet Union and China for help in developing nuclear weapons, but was refused.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: In 1975, the U.N. General Assembly adopted resolutions endorsing the desirability of replacing the Armistice Agreement with a peace treaty and dissolving the UNC. This was followed by North Korean attempts to start peace discussions with the U.S. The U.S. however believed influencing China to restrict North Korean actions would be more effective.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: In October 1996, the U.N. Security Council, by a statement of the President of the Security Council, Honduras, urged that the Armistice Agreement should be fully observed until replaced by a new peace mechanism. Approving nations included the United States and the People's Republic of China, two of the armistice's signatories, effectively refuting any suggestion that the armistice was no longer in force.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: North Korea has announced that it will no longer abide by the armistice at least six times, in 1994, 1996, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2013.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: On 28 April 1994, North Korea announced that it would cease participating in the Military Armistice Commission, but would continue contact at Panmunjom through liaison officers and maintain the general conditions of the armistice. North Korea stated it regarded the U.S. deployment of Patriot missiles in South Korea as terminating the armistice.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: On 3 September 1994 China joined North Korea in withdrawing from and ceasing participation in the Military Armistice Commission.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: In January 2002 U.S. President George W. Bush, in his first State of the Union Address, labeled North Korea a part of an Axis of Evil. In October 2006 North Korea conducted its first nuclear weapons test. There were two isolated violent incidents in 2010: the ROKS Cheonan sinking, which was attributed to North Korea, despite denials; and the North Korean Bombardment of Yeonpyeong. In 2010, the U.S. position regarding a peace treaty was that it could only be negotiated when North Korea "takes irreversible steps toward denuclearization."


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: In 2013 North Korea argued that the Armistice was meant to be a transitional measure and that North Korea had made a number of proposals for replacing the armistice with a peace treaty, but the U.S. had not responded in a serious way. It further argued that the Military Armistice Commission and the NNSC had long been effectively dismantled, paralysing the supervisory functions of the Armistice. North Korea believes the annual U.S. and South Korean exercises Key Resolve and Foal Eagle are provocative and threaten North Korea with nuclear weapons. JoongAng Ilbo reported that U.S. vessels equipped with nuclear weapons were participating in the exercise, and the Pentagon publicly announced that B-52 bombers flown over South Korea were reaffirming the U.S. "nuclear umbrella" for South Korea.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: In March 2013, North Korea announced that it was scrapping all non-aggression pacts with South Korea. It also closed the border and closed the direct phone line between the two Koreas. North Korea further stated it had the right to make a preemptive nuclear attack. A United Nations spokesman stated that the Armistice Agreement had been adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, and could not be unilaterally dissolved by either North Korea or South Korea. On 28 March 2013, the U.S. sent two B-2 Spirit stealth bombers to South Korea to participate in ongoing military exercises in the region, including the dropping of inert munitions on a South Korean bomb range. This was the first B-2 non-stop, round-trip mission to Korea from the United States. Following this mission, North Korean state media announced that it was readying rockets to be on standby to attack U.S. targets. In May 2013, North Korea offered to enter into negotiations for a peace treaty to replace the armistice agreement.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: In August 2016, North Korea installed anti-personnel mines to prevent the defection of its front-line border guards around the Bridge of No Return, situated in the Joint Security Area (JSA). The UN Command protested this move as it violates the Armistice Agreement which specifically prohibits armed guards and anti-personnel mines.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: In 2016, when North Korea proposed formal peace talks, the U.S. adjusted its position from the pre-condition that North Korea should have already taken “irreversible steps toward denuclearization,” to a negotiating stance that includes North Korea halting its nuclear program. The discussions did not take place. A State Department spokesman said that “[North Korea] periodically raise[s] the idea and it never really gets far.”


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: On 27 April 2018 the Panmunjom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and Unification on the Korean Peninsula was signed by South Korean President Moon Jae-in and the North Korean leader Kim Jong-un which commits the two countries to denuclearization and talks to bring a formal end to conflict. The two leaders agreed to, later in the year, convert the Korean Armistice Agreement into a full peace treaty, formally ending the Korean War after 65 years. The DPRK later called off talks with South Korea scheduled for 16 May, blaming U.S.–South Korean military exercises, and threw the planned 12 June summit into doubt, saying it might not attend if Washington continues to demand it unilaterally abandon its nuclear arsenal. The 2018 North Korea–United States Summit was held in Singapore on 12 June 2018 at Capella Hotel despite previous tensions before the summit. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and United States President Donald Trump signed a joint declaration that declared the following:


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: The joint statement also includes Trump's commitment to providing security guarantees to North Korea and that there will be follow-up negotiations between Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and an undetermined high-level North Korean official thereafter.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: At the start of a three-day summit with South Korean President Moon Jae-in in Pyongyang, the pair's third meeting of 2018, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un stated that his meeting with Trump “provided geopolitical stability and that he expects more progress in talks between his nation and Washington.” Kim also credited Moon with making the “historic” U.S.–DPRK summit in Singapore possible. The third day of the Moon–Kim summit yielded a joint statement from the two leaders announcing an agreement to pursue a co-host bid for the 2032 Olympic Games. Further, the joint statement announced that the two nations will now “participate jointly” at international competitions, including the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games., although North Korea did not ultimately attend the Tokyo games.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: Over the years, United States Presidents have made proclamations in support of the National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day. For instance, following the example of every U.S. president since Eisenhower, on 26 July 2017, President Donald Trump proclaimed 27 July as National Korean War Veterans Armistice Day.


title: Korean Armistice Agreement

text: North Korea commemorates 27 July as a national holiday known as Day of Victory in the Great Fatherland Liberation War.


title: Tristin Mays

text: Tristin Mays (born June 10, 1990) is an American actress. Mays portrayed Riley Davis in the reboot of the "MacGyver" series on CBS who works as a covert operative for the Phoenix Foundation.


title: Tristin Mays

text: Mays' parents, Viveca and Michael Mays, worked as an artist and in the military, respectively. She grew up in New York City until 2003 when her family moved to Moreno Valley, California, where she graduated from Vista del Lago High School. Her older brother Jeryn is also an actor.


title: Tristin Mays

text: While best known for her role as Riley Davis on the 2016 TV series "MacGyver", Mays has played in television series including as Shaina in the Nickelodeon series "Gullah Gullah Island" and as Robin Dixon, the daughter of Marcus Dixon, Carl Lumbly's character in "Alias".


title: Tristin Mays

text: Her other television credits include "Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide", "Everybody Hates Chris", "True Jackson, VP", "Zeke and Luther", "Big Time Rush", "Victorious" and "The Vampire Diaries".


title: Tristin Mays

text: As a seven-year-old in 1997, she joined the cast of "Gullah Gullah Island", replacing Shaina M. Freeman as Shaina. That same year, she was cast as Nala in "The Lion King" on Broadway. She subsequently played Fan in Dickens' "A Christmas Carol". In 2009, she was a series regular in the web series "Private" based on the novels of the same name. In 2011, she starred in the internet sitcom "FAIL" with fellow "Gullah Gullah Island" co-star Vanessa Baden. She also appeared in the TV show "Impractical Jokers" Season 8 Episode 4.


title: House (season 4)

text: The fourth season of "House", also known as House, M.D., premiered on September 25, 2007 and ended May 19, 2008. Having previously fired Chase, and with Foreman and Cameron quitting, House starts a competition between 40 applicants for the vacant positions. He eventually narrows them down to seven, firing one each episode. In the episode "Games", he fires Amber "Cutthroat Bitch" Volakis (Anne Dudek), hiring Dr. Chris Taub (Peter Jacobson), Dr. Lawrence Kutner (Kal Penn) and Dr. Remy "Thirteen" Hadley (Olivia Wilde) as his new team. Dr. Foreman rejoins the team after his dismissal from another hospital. Meanwhile, Amber begins a relationship with Wilson.


title: House (season 4)

text: When production of the season was interrupted by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, the number of episodes was reduced to 16 instead of the planned 24. Executive producer Katie Jacobs explained that it was hard for the writers to finish the story arcs started during the season with eight fewer episodes. Season four also introduced seven actors to the cast; in addition to Jacobson, Penn, and Wilde, who became regulars, Andy Comeau portrayed Travis Brennan, an epidemiologist; Edi Gathegi played Jeffrey Cole, a geneticist; Carmen Argenziano appeared as Henry Dobson, a former medical school admissions officer; and Anne Dudek portrayed Amber "Cut-throat Bitch" Volakis, an interventional radiologist. Each of the four departed the show after elimination, except for Volakis, who remained recurring until the finale, having started a relationship with Wilson.


title: House (season 4)

text: Michael Adler, Kristina Anapau, Julie Ariola, Essence Atkins, Rob Benedict, Eli Bildner, Joel Bissonnette, David Campbell, Matt DeCaro, Dan Desmond, Conor Dubin, Amy Dudgeon, Fred Durst, Laurie Fortier, Heather Fox, Jennifer Hall, Henry Hayashi, Jeff Hephner, Charlie Hofheimer, Brian Klugman, Caroline Lagerfelt, Kay Lenz, Jason Lewis, Liana Liberato, Nick McCallum, Ivana Miličević, Pat Millicano, Janel Moloney, Chad Morgan, Jason Manuel Olazabal, Holmes Osborne, Eyal Podell, Bevin Prince, Paul Rae, Jeremy Renner, Reynaldo Rosales, Jonathan Sadowski, Mary Kate Schellhardt, Azura Skye, Laura Silverman, Scott Alan Smith, Mira Sorvino, Douglas Spain, Anthony Starke, Khleo Thomas, Steve Valentine, Alex Weed, Frank Whaley, Michael Whaley, Chad Willett, Thomas F. Wilson, Tom Wright and Kathleen York.


title: Jim Parrack

text: Jim Parrack (born February 8, 1981) is an American actor best known for his role as Hoyt Fortenberry in HBO series "True Blood". He has also appeared in the film "" and as "Slim" in the 2014 Broadway production of "Of Mice and Men" alongside James Franco, Chris O'Dowd and Leighton Meester. In 2020, he began starring in the Fox drama "".


title: Jim Parrack

text: Parrack was born on February 8, 1981, in Allen, Texas. He attended the co-ed Allen High School for secondary education. In 2001, Parrack moved to Los Angeles, California where he studied acting at The Stella Adler Academy and then at the Playhouse West.


title: Jim Parrack

text: Parrack made his screen debut in the 2006 drama film "Annapolis". From 2006 to 2008, he made multiple guest appearances on television shows such as "Monk", "Grey's Anatomy", "", and "Criminal Minds". In 2008, Parrack was cast as Hoyt Fortenberry in the vampire television drama series "True Blood". He was part of the main starring cast for the first five seasons, before departing for a season. Parrack returned to the show for the seventh and final season, again as a main cast member.


title: Jim Parrack

text: In 2011, Parrack returned to feature films, starring in the military science fiction war film "". The film was directed by Jonathan Liebesman and co-starred Aaron Eckhart, Michelle Rodriguez, Bridget Moynahan, Ne-Yo, and Michael Peña. In 2013, he starred in the drama film "Child of God" and the Spanish-American drama "A Night in Old Mexico". He co-starred in the films "Fury" (2014), "The Adderall Diaries" (2015), and "Suicide Squad" (2016). In 2014, Parrack joined the Broadway cast of "Of Mice and Men", playing the role of Slim.


title: Jim Parrack

text: Parrack married actress/writer/director Ciera Danielle on October 19, 2008. He and Danielle separated in September 2013, and in June 2014 it was reported the couple had filed for divorce due to irreconcilable differences. In Spring 2014, it was confirmed he was in a relationship with "The Hunger Games" actress Leven Rambin. On October 10, 2015, he and Rambin married in Texas. On May 9, 2017, the couple split ending their two-year marriage. Rambin filed and was granted an annulment, and the marriage was dissolved. Rambin has since referred to her relationship with Parrack as "abusive", later revealing that he had cheated on her. He has been in a relationship with ballet dancer Hayley Walters since at least 2018. Parrack is the president of 120 Productions, Inc. He is good friends with actor James Franco.


title: Kris Statlander

text: Kristen Stadtlander (born August 7, 1995) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Kris Statlander. She is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling, and has also performed on the independent circuit. She is currently inactive due to suffering a knee injury.


title: Kris Statlander

text: Statlander was born in West Islip, New York on Long Island. After working professionally as a stunt double, she began her professional wrestling training under Pat Buck and Curt Hawkins at the Create A Pro Wrestling Academy in Hicksville, New York in 2016. Statlander later became the first female graduate of the academy. She previously dated fellow AEW wrestler Max Caster.


title: Kris Statlander

text: Statlander made her professional wrestling debut in November 2016. Statlander made an appearance for WWE on an episode of "SmackDown Live" that aired on April 9, 2019, teaming with Karissa Rivera in a losing effort against the then-WWE Women's Tag Team Champions Billie Kay and Peyton Royce. In June that same year, she competed at an event for the promotion Beyond Wrestling in an intergender match against Joey Janela in a losing effort.


title: Kris Statlander

text: Statlander made her debut for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) on November 19, 2019, competing in a tag team match alongside Big Swole against Riho and Britt Baker on "Dark", where Statlander and Swole were defeated. In December, AEW announced that Statlander had signed with the promotion. Following her signing, she defeated Baker on the December 18 episode of "Dynamite" to become the No. 1 contender for the AEW Women's World Championship. She made her final appearance for Create A Pro Wrestling, the promotion under which she trained, on December 20. Statlander competed against Riho for the AEW Women's World title on the January 8, 2020, episode of "Dynamite", where she was defeated due to interferences by Brandi Rhodes, Awesome Kong, Mel, and the debuting Luther. She received another opportunity to compete for the title on February 29, 2020, at Revolution, this time against new champion Nyla Rose, where she was once again defeated. In June 2020, Statlander suffered an ACL injury in her left leg during an episode of "Dynamite".


title: Kris Statlander

text: Statlander returned alongside Trent Beretta on March 31, 2021, helping Chuck Taylor and Orange Cassidy defeat Miro and Kip Sabian on "Dynamite", effectively joining Best Friends. In September at All Out, she challenged Baker for the AEW Women's World Championship but was unsuccessful. In November, Statlander, along with the rest of Best Friends, joined the New Japan Pro-Wrestling-based stable Chaos. In August 2022 Statlander suffered a completely torn ACL and lateral meniscus in her right leg during a match on AEW Dark and stated she would need an indefinite amount of time to recover.


title: Kris Statlander

text: Statlander originally employed an alien gimmick, which she attributed to her being "a big science nerd". Under this character, she was nicknamed "The Galaxy's Greatest Alien" and billed as having come from the Andromeda Galaxy. Statlander changed her gimmick in 2022 since she felt that with the previous gimmick "I was never really being fully taken seriously", calling the previous character as "too fun, too lovable, I guess, too goofy and easygoing".


title: Kris Statlander

text: Statlander uses a 450° splash and an inverted piledriver as finishers, respectively called "Area 451" and the "Big Bang Theory". With her change in gimmick, Big Bang Theory was renamed "Friday Night Fever", referring to the song "More Than a Woman" by the Bee Gees, which was her theme early in her career.


title: Donald Harvey

text: Donald Harvey (April 15, 1952 – March 30, 2017) was an American serial killer who claimed to have murdered 87 people, though official estimates are between 37 and 57 victims. He was able to do this during his time as a hospital orderly. His spree took place between 1970 and 1987.


title: Donald Harvey

text: Harvey claimed to have begun killing to "ease the pain" of patientsmostly cardiac patientsby smothering them with their pillows. However, he gradually grew to enjoy killing and became a self-described "angel of death". At the time of his death, Harvey was serving 28 life sentences at the Toledo Correctional Institution in Toledo, Ohio, having pled guilty to murder charges to avoid execution.


title: Donald Harvey

text: Donald Harvey was born in Hamilton, Ohio on April 15, 1952, the oldest of three children born to Ray and Goldie Harvey. He was raised in the tiny Appalachian town of Booneville, Kentucky, where his parents were struggling tobacco farmers and members of the local Baptist church. From the ages of five to eighteen, Harvey was sexually molested by both an uncle and a neighbor, but he told no one except his sister, and only after the abuse ended. Harvey dropped out of school in the ninth grade, but he earned a correspondence school GED in 1968. After an arrest for burglary in March 1971, Harvey enlisted in the United States Air Force, but was discharged after nine months due to two suicide attempts; after these nervous breakdowns, he came to terms with his homosexuality.


title: Donald Harvey

text: Harvey began working in hospitals at the age of 18. His first medical job was as an orderly at the Marymount Hospital in London, Kentucky. He later confessed that during the ten-month period he worked at the hospital, he killed at least a dozen patients. His second victim was killed in the room with Danny George, a twelve-year-old child. Harvey was insistent that he killed purely out of a sense of empathy for the suffering of those who were terminally ill, but also admitted that many of the killings were committed were due to anger at the victims. Unusual for a serial killer, Harvey had no specific target- his victims were men and women of all ages, races, ethnicities and backgrounds. The only thing they had in common was that they were all cardiac patients.


title: Donald Harvey

text: The full extent of Harvey's crimes may never be known since so many were undetected for so long. He did not use any particular "modus operandi" and used many methods to kill his victims, such as: arsenic, cyanide, insulin, suffocation, miscellaneous poisons, morphine, turning off ventilators, administration of fluid tainted with hepatitis B and/or HIV (which resulted in a hepatitis infection, but no HIV infection, and illness rather than death), and insertion of a coat hanger into a catheter, causing an abdominal puncture and subsequent peritonitis. Cyanide and arsenic were his most-used methods, with Harvey administering them via food or injections. The majority of Harvey's crimes took place at the Marymount Hospital, the Cincinnati V.A. Medical Hospital, and Cincinnati's Drake Memorial Hospital. At various times, he worked as an orderly or an autopsy assistant.


title: Donald Harvey

text: Harvey did not limit his victims to helpless hospital patients. When he suspected his lover and roommate Carl Hoeweler of infidelity, he poisoned Hoeweler's food with arsenic so he would be too ill to leave their apartment. He poisoned two of his neighborssickening one, Diane Alexander, by putting hepatitis serum in her drink, and killing the other, Helen Metzger, by putting arsenic in her pie. He also killed Hoeweler's father Henry with arsenic.


title: Donald Harvey

text: After keeping his crimes hidden for seventeen years, Harvey slipped in March 1987. An autopsy on John Powell, who had died abruptly after spending several months on life support following a motorcycle accident, revealed large amounts of cyanide in his system. Harvey became a person of interest when investigators learned he had been forced to resign from the Cincinnati VA hospital after he was caught stealing body parts for occult rituals. At the time, most hospitals did not vet orderlies as closely as doctors or nurses. When they brought Harvey in for questioning, he confessed to Powell's murder, claiming he had euthanized him with cyanide.


title: Donald Harvey

text: Pat Minarcin, then an anchor at Cincinnati station WCPO-TV, found it unlikely that someone who had spent almost two decades caring for patients could suddenly kill one without having killed before. During his report on the night of Harvey's arrest, Minarcin asked on-air if there had been any other deaths. It was soon revealed that several nurses at Drake had raised concerns with administrators upon noticing a spike in deaths while Harvey was employed there, but they had been ordered to keep quiet. Not wanting to chance that he would be acquitted, the nurses contacted Minarcin and told him that there was evidence Harvey killed at least ten more people. Over the next several months, Minarcin investigated the suspicious deaths and amassed enough evidence to air a half-hour special report detailing evidence that linked Harvey to at least 24 murders in a four-year period. Harvey had been able to stay under the radar in part because he worked in an area of Drake where patients were not expected to survive.


title: Donald Harvey

text: When Harvey's court-appointed lawyer, Bill Whalen, was briefed in advance about Minarcin's findings, he immediately asked Harvey if he had killed anyone else. Harvey replied that by his "estimate," he had killed as many as 70 people. Whalen knew that if prosecutors could link Harvey to more than one murder, he could receive the death penalty. In a bid to save his client's life, he offered prosecutors a plea bargainif the death penalty were taken off the table, Harvey would accept a sentence of life imprisonment and confess to all of his murders. The prosecutors agreed. In a marathon session with prosecutors, Harvey admitted to killing 24 people.


title: Donald Harvey

text: In August 1987, Harvey pled guilty to 24 counts of first-degree murder. In accordance with the plea agreement, he was sentenced to three concurrent terms of life in prison. The plea agreement allowed prosecutors to seek the death penalty if more murders came to light. With this in mind, that November Harvey pled guilty in Laurel County, Kentucky, circuit court to killing nine patients at Marymount in the 1970s. He was sentenced to life plus 20 years, to run concurrently with the Ohio sentence. Ultimately, Harvey pled guilty to 37 murders. However, he confessed to killing as many as 50 people.


title: Donald Harvey

text: On March 28, 2017, authorities reported that Harvey had been found in his cell severely beaten. He died on March 30, 2017. On May 3, 2019, fellow inmate James Elliott was charged with aggravated murder and other charges related to the death of Donald Harvey. In September 2019, he was sentenced to 25 years to life in prison after pleading guilty to killing Harvey. The sentence was originally ordered to run consecutively to his other sentences, but was later changed to run concurrently. Elliott will become eligible for parole in 2046, when he is 71 years old.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: Jatayu Earth Center, also known as Jatayu Nature Park or Jatayu Rock, is a park and tourism centre at Chadayamangalam in Kollam district of Kerala. It stands at an altitude of 350m (1200ft) above the mean sea level.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: Jatayu Nature Park holds the distinction of having the world’s largest bird sculpture, which is of Jatayu.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: The sculpture measures ( long, wide, in height and occupies of floor area). It was sculpted by Rajiv Anchal.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: This rock-theme nature park was the first Public–private partnership tourism initiative in the state of Kerala under the BOT model. The park is about away from the city of Kollam and away from the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: The park located near the town of Chadayamangalam (Jatayumangalam), which was named for Jatayu. Jatayu was a demi-god in Ramayana (a Hindu epic) who had the form of a vulture.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: According to the epic, Ravana was attempting to abduct Sita to Lanka when Jatayu tried to rescue her. Jatayu fought valiantly with Ravana, but as Jatayu was very old Ravana soon defeated him, clipping his wings, and Jatayu fell onto the rocks in Chadayamangalam. Rama and Lakshmana while on the search for Sita, chanced upon the stricken and dying Jatayu, who informed them of the battle with Ravana and told them that Ravana had headed South.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: The statue is a representation of a legend, and symbolizes the protection of women, and their honour and safety. It was designed and sculpted by Rajiv Anchal.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: Jatayu is said to have taken refuge in a cave after his battle with Ravana. An Ayurvedic and Siddha cave resort is under construction and will offer ayurvedic healing paired with tales of Jatayu.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: The park opened to visitors on 4 July 2018 and was soft-inaugurated by Pinarayi Vijayan, Chief Minister of Kerala. The park's first phase was worth and included the adventure zone having radius. On 29 November 2015, Dubai Corporation for Tourism and Commerce's Director of stakeholder relations, Majid Al Marri visited the under construction Jatayu Nature Park along with the then Chief Minister of Kerala, Mr. Oommen Chandy.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: The park is located on a hill-top in Kollam district in Kerala. No special transportation is required to get into the park, however visitors are required to use a cable car to reach the top of the park. Visitors intending to enter the park must obtain a paid ticket. Tourists may only bring cameras, and no bags are allowed. Lockers are provided for other items and there will be a security screening process before entering the top.


title: Jatayu Earth's Center Nature Park

text: A plaque outside the museum pays tribute to the fallen Jatayu, in a poem translated by K. Jayakumar, was dedicated by Pinarayi Vijayan, the Chief minister of Kerala.


title: Chatham House Rule

text: Under the Chatham House Rule, anyone who comes to a meeting is free to use information from the discussion, but is not allowed to reveal who made any particular comment. It is designed to increase openness of discussion. The rule is a system for holding debates and discussion panels on controversial topics, named after the headquarters of the UK Royal Institute of International Affairs, based in Chatham House, London, where the rule originated in June 1927.


title: Chatham House Rule

text: The rule was created in 1927 and refined in 1992. Since its most recent refinement in 2002, the rule states:


title: Chatham House Rule

text: The rule is designed to promote openness of discussion of public policy and current affairs, as it allows people to express and discuss controversial opinions and arguments without suffering the risk of stalling their career or even dismissal from their job, and with a clear separation from the opinion and the view of their employer.


title: Chatham House Rule

text: The rule allows people to speak as individuals and to express views that may not be those of their organisations, and therefore encourages free discussion. Speakers are free to voice their own opinions, and to contest the opinions of other participants, without concern for their personal reputation or their official duties and affiliations. The Chatham House Rule resolves a boundary problem faced by many communities of practice, in that it permits acknowledgement of the community or conversation, while protecting the freedom of interaction that is necessary for the community to carry out its conversations. It is designed to reduce the risk of what has come to be described as groupthink, where unpopular views are excluded from discussion, reducing the range of opinions an organisation can discuss.


title: Chatham House Rule

text: The aim of the rule is to guarantee anonymity to those speaking within its walls so that better international relations may be achieved. The rule is now used internationally as an aid to free discussion. The original rule of 1927 was refined in October 1992 and again in 2002. Chatham House has translated the rule into Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian.


title: Chatham House Rule

text: The rule is a contrast (or a compromise) between private meetings, where revealing what was said in the meeting is forbidden, and "on the record" events where the discussion is completely public and attributed.


title: Chatham House Rule

text: Generally, the Chatham House Rule is imposed as a condition of being allowed to attend a meeting or event: all participants are understood to have agreed that it would be conducive to free discussion that they should be subject to the rule for the relevant part of the meeting. The success of the rule may depend upon it being considered morally binding, particularly in circumstances where a failure to comply with the rule may not result in sanction.


title: Chatham House Rule

text: The European Central Bank (ECB) sometimes adopts the Chatham House Rule. In May 2015, release of a speech, which adhered to the rule, by ECB board member Benoît Cœuré caused divided opinion as to its use and his self-publication. The Cœuré speech affected currency, and stock and bond markets. Thereafter, ECB invocations of the rule for a question-and-answer session and opening remarks for Cœuré, respectively, by Vice President Vítor Constâncio and fellow board member Peter Praet, gained attention. An ECB governing council member Boštjan Jazbec also had, the same month, convened questions-and-answers, under the rule.


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot is an American rock band from San Diego, California. The band's members are Jon Foreman (lead vocals, guitar), Tim Foreman (bass guitar, backing vocals), Chad Butler (drums, percussion), and Jerome Fontamillas (guitar, keyboards, backing vocals). After early successes in the Christian rock scene, Switchfoot first gained mainstream recognition with the inclusion of four of their songs in the 2002 movie "A Walk to Remember". This recognition led to their major label debut, "The Beautiful Letdown", which was released in 2003 and featured the hits "Meant to Live" and "Dare You to Move". The album sold over 2.6 million copies. They have since been noted for their energetic live shows, and their seventh studio album "Hello Hurricane" received a Grammy award in 2011 for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album.


title: Switchfoot

text: According to Jon Foreman, the name "Switchfoot" comes from a surfing term. "We all love to surf and have been surfing all our lives so to us, the name made sense. To switch your feet means to take a new stance facing the opposite direction. It's about change and movement, a different way of approaching life and music."


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot was founded in 1996 as Chin Up, consisting of Jon Foreman and his brother Tim, along with Chad Butler on drums. After playing a few shows including the Foreman brothers' dad's megachurch North Coast Calvary Chapel in Carlsbad, California, the band was contacted by music industry veteran Charlie Peacock and eventually signed to his indie label Re:think Records under the current moniker, Switchfoot. Re:think went on to distribute the first three Switchfoot albums, "The Legend of Chin", "New Way to Be Human", and "Learning to Breathe". Because Re:think was bought by Christian giant Sparrow Records before Switchfoot's first release, however, the band's and Peacock's intentions of being marketed outside of the Contemporary Christian music scene and reaching a wider audience were put on hold. Consequently, the band was mostly marketed to Christian radio and retail outlets early in their careers, a time Jon Foreman has described as when "half of who we were was lost."


title: Switchfoot

text: Of Switchfoot's first three albums, "Learning to Breathe" was the most successful, receiving a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Gospel Album.


title: Switchfoot

text: Later on in 2002, Switchfoot's music was featured prominently in the movie "A Walk to Remember", starring singer and actress Mandy Moore, who sang Switchfoot's song "Only Hope" during a scene in the movie. In addition to Moore's cover of "Only Hope", Switchfoot's songs "You", "Learning to Breathe", and "I Dare You to Move" were showcased in the film, as well as their own original version of "Only Hope" towards the end of the film.


title: Switchfoot

text: Following the exposure that came from "A Walk to Remember", Switchfoot attracted attention from multiple record labels, and ultimately signed with Columbia Records/SonyBMG. Their major label debut, "The Beautiful Letdown", under Columbia Records/Red Ink, represented the band's evolution from the predominantly lo-fi, indie rock sound of their early albums, toward a more layered, synth-influenced sound that helped launch the band to mainstream popularity. This shift sonically could be attributed to the fact that the album was the first to include keyboardist Jerome Fontamillas, formerly of industrial bands Mortal and Fold Zandura. Fontamillas had been touring with Switchfoot since 2000, following the release of "Learning to Breathe".


title: Switchfoot

text: "The Beautiful Letdown" has since been certified double platinum, selling more than 2.6 million copies, on the strength of constant touring and the huge mainstream radio hits "Meant to Live" and "Dare You to Move". A live DVD depicting one of the band's live concerts, "Live in San Diego", went platinum as well, and a third single, "This Is Your Life" was released to radio. In addition, the song "Gone" received major airplay on Christian radio stations as well.


title: Switchfoot

text: Following the runaway success of "The Beautiful Letdown", a compilation titled "" was released, which featured Switchfoot's first three indie albums released under Re:think records including the original artwork for all the albums. This collection has since been certified Gold, with total sales of over 500,000 copies.


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot also received five 2005 Dove Award nominations, and won four, including Artist of the year.


title: Switchfoot

text: In 2005, prior to the release of "Nothing Is Sound", Switchfoot announced that guitarist Drew Shirley (previously the guitarist for All Together Separate) had become the band's fifth member after touring with the band since 2003. "Nothing Is Sound" was released on September 13, 2005, and with Shirley's inclusion saw Switchfoot's sound become even more densely layered and guitar-heavy, resulting in an album that was edgier and darker than any of their previous work. "Stars" was released as the first radio single to promote the album, and was a solid hit on mainstream and alternative rock radio stations. It was also used in ads for HBO. "We Are One Tonight" was released as the second single in early 2006, and was also featured in ads for the 2006 Winter Olympics.


title: Switchfoot

text: The album debuted at No. 3 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart, an all-time high for the band, while bassist Tim Foreman attracted headlines by speaking out against the copy-protection used by the label and providing fans a detailed workaround on the band's message board, which was quickly deleted by Sony. This copy-protection is known as Extended Copy Protection, which has been identified by leading anti-virus companies as a trojan horse and a rootkit.


title: Switchfoot

text: During the Spring 2006 leg of the Nothing Is Sound Tour, the band introduced "a video diary of life on the road" in the form of free video podcasts available via iTunes and streaming online on YouTube. In addition to featuring snippets of upcoming songs and live performances, the videos gave fans an inside look at the more casual and humorous aspects of the band members' touring lives, as well as featuring footage of the band working on their follow-up to "Nothing Is Sound".


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot's next album, "Oh! Gravity.", was released on December 26, 2006, to considerable critical acclaim. It entered the Billboard chart at No. 18 and peaked at No. 1 on iTunes' Top Albums chart.


title: Switchfoot

text: Before the release of the album, Switchfoot e-mailed a newsletter on June 2 which contained a free download of the song "Daylight to Break", a statement from Foreman implying that the band wanted to have a new album out by the end of the year, as well as a thanks to their fans for helping keep the band together for ten years. The band tried to involve their fans in the creation of the album, setting up a webcam in their recording studio and running a contest for a chance to play the cowbell in the studio with the band.


title: Switchfoot

text: To promote the album, the band first released the song, "Dirty Second Hands", as a "preview" single via iTunes on September 26. The title track "Oh! Gravity" was also released to iTunes on October 21 and was sent to radio on October 31 as the lead single for the album, seeing limited success at alternative and modern rock radio. The album's second single, "Awakening", was released in early 2007. Although it saw virtually no play on mainstream radio, the accompanying band-funded music video song received over one million hits on YouTube in less than three months. Along with preorders of "Oh! Gravity" came a 3-song EP called "Oh! Switchfoot." The short CD included three songs: "The Sound in My Mouth", "C'mon C'mon", and "Oh! Gravity (Acoustic)".


title: Switchfoot

text: Later, on August 10, 2007, Jon Foreman revealed that the band had severed ties with Columbia Records in order to release music as an Indie band. "Neither party has any hard feelings," he said of the split a few months later. "I think for us, the reason why we signed with Columbia was because of the people that were there. So it's very understandable when all those people are gone, you don't hold any real bad feelings or good feelings towards a company name. I think that's part of the problem with the corporate entity as a whole is that there's no true responsibility." Later in October, the band announced that they had created a new record label called lowercase people records, in order to better make a direct connection with their fans.


title: Switchfoot

text: Subsequently, Foreman began working on his own set of solo EPs (one named after each season of the year); the first of these was released on November 27, 2007, the last on June 10, 2008. "Your Love Is Strong" is the most well known from the string of releases. Each of Jon's EP's contained six songs. At the end of this, he released a sort of "best of" album called Limbs and Branches. Foreman wrote two additional songs for this called "Over the River" and "Broken from the Start". Once all four EP's were released, they were released again on vinyl in limited quantity. Foreman also began a side project with Sean Watkins of Nickel Creek originally called "The Real SeanJon" but later renamed "Fiction Family".


title: Switchfoot

text: With their new status as an independent band, Switchfoot embarked on their 2007 fall tour, playing shows with Relient K and Ruth. The tour, dubbed the "Appetite for Construction Tour", was designed to benefit Habitat For Humanity, with the bands donating one dollar per ticket sold to the cause. In addition, Foreman wrote the song "Rebuild" with Matt Thiessen from Relient K, and released it as a way to raise additional money for Habitat. By the end of the tour, the bands had raised over $100,000 for Habitat for Humanity. With no new album to promote, the band continued touring for philanthropic causes, booking a short national tour in March through May (titled the Up In Arms Tour), partnering with and benefitting the organization To Write Love on Her Arms.


title: Switchfoot

text: In March 2008, the band wrote and recorded a new song called "This Is Home" for the film "". The song was included on the film's and an accompanying music video was also filmed, with footage from the film.


title: Switchfoot

text: Later that year, Columbia Records/Sony Music released a Switchfoot greatest hits compilation album titled "The Best Yet", a sort of "final farewell from Sony".


title: Switchfoot

text: Prior to the label split, Foreman had announced in a March 17, 2007 MySpace blog that Switchfoot had begun pre-production for a new album, saying that "the new SF record is underway." Later, on October 12, 2007, Foreman also announced that the band had begun construction of their own studio in their hometown of San Diego. The studio, named Spot X Studio, was completed in the spring of 2008, and the band began recording their follow-up to 2006's "Oh! Gravity."


title: Switchfoot

text: In April, the band announced that instead of one studio album, they had actually been at work on 4 albums-worth of material, and had decided at the time to release them one after another, starting with the first one on November 10, 2009, titled "Hello Hurricane".


title: Switchfoot

text: Upon completion of "Hello Hurricane", the band began searching for "the right partners" to distribute the songs globally. On August 7, 2009, the band announced that lowercase people records was licensing the album to Atlantic Records, ensuring "these tunes are heard around the world." To help promote this new release, the band took a hands-on approach with their lead single, "Mess of Me", by hiding copies of the single all across the world and encouraging fans to share it around by finding the discs and making copies of their own to hide. Through this, the single spread all across the world in grassroots fashion in advance of a traditional radio release, which saw the track hitting the Top 15 of Modern Rock radio. This was followed by the release of "The Sound (John M. Perkins' Blues)", which went on to become the band's first Top 10 Modern Rock hit since "Dare You to Move".


title: Switchfoot

text: On December 1, 2010, it was announced that "Hello Hurricane" had been nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album. It won the Grammy on February 13, 2011.


title: Switchfoot

text: Late in 2010, Switchfoot announced, via newsletter, that they would be releasing an EP of songs that they wrote and recorded between "Nothing Is Sound" and "Oh! Gravity". It was called "Eastern Hymns for Western Shores". For a time the location of the masters of these tracks were unknown. Once found, Switchfoot announced that the EP would be available as part of their holiday fan pack which also included a Switchfoot calendar, poster, sweatshirt jacket, and limited edition post cards, one for each of the songs on the EP. In their newsletter the band described these songs as showing their "darker" side. The EP included five never before heard songs along with a different cut of the "Oh! Gravity" song "Dirty Second Hands".


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot's eighth studio album, "Vice Verses", was released on September 27, 2011, and debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard 200. According to Butler, the core of the record rests thematically in the idea of the polarity of life. A release date of September 27, 2011, was announced on AllAccess, with "Dark Horses" hitting modern rock radio on July 20.


title: Switchfoot

text: In an interview with CBN.com, Bassist Tim Foreman calls "Vice Verses" a cousin to "Hello Hurricane", not a sequel to their last album, but related in some ways. Tim, speaking of his brother (Switchfoot's lead singer, Jon), said, "It features some of his best lyrical work," and that Tim is happy with the musical component of the project as well. "From the very beginning, we set goals, one of them being to make a very rhythmic record, a very soulful record, and a very hard-hitting record that really pushes the boundaries, the highs and the lows," he told CBN.com.


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot performed a song for the "Hawaii Five-0" soundtrack, released October 4, 2011, titled "Out of Control".


title: Switchfoot

text: On Record Store Day 2012, Switchfoot released their latest EP record, "Vice Re-Verses". The digital download of the EP was later released on May 1.


title: Switchfoot

text: As of May 2013, Switchfoot was on tour and filming a movie called "Fading West". The band's guitarist Drew Shirley has said that it was "a surf documentary mixed with behind the scenes footage of the band" and that "the soundtrack will be released as a CD and it will be [their] next album". On September 17, 2013 Switchfoot released "Fading West EP" containing three songs from the full-length album. Two songs on the EP, "Who We Are" and "Love Alone Is Worth the Fight", were released to different radio formats as the lead singles promoting the upcoming album. The "Fading West" film premiered during the Fading West Tour that started in September 2013, and was released digitally on December 10, 2013. Switchfoot's ninth studio album, also titled "Fading West", was released on January 14, 2014 through lowercase people and Atlantic Records.


title: Switchfoot

text: In February 2014, in a YouTube Interview with "Relevant" magazine, Jon Foreman hinted that a new album was coming out in late 2014 or early 2015 that would mostly consist of the songs that were cut from the "Fading West" film. The album, an EP titled "The Edge of the Earth", was released on September 9, 2014. Foreman also announced that he would be releasing between 30-50 new songs for his solo albums most likely during 2015.


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot toured in the UK, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the Netherlands in May and June 2015.


title: Switchfoot

text: In July and August 2015, Switchfoot toured with Needtobreathe, Drew Holcomb and the Neighbors and Colony House during the second leg of the 2015 "Tour De Compadres" tour.


title: Switchfoot

text: On April 29, 2016, Concord Music Group announced that the band had signed a worldwide recording and co-publishing deal with Vanguard Records imprint and Concord's sister publishing unit, The Bicycle Music Company.


title: Switchfoot

text: On May 12, 2016, Switchfoot announced that the album, titled "Where the Light Shines Through", would be released on July 8, 2016. It was produced by Switchfoot and John Fields, with whom the band has worked on "The Beautiful Letdown", "Nothing Is Sound" and "Oh! Gravity".


title: Switchfoot

text: The band supported the album with the "Looking for America" Tour, featuring Relient K and traveled to over 70 cities from September 17, 2016 through February 2017.


title: Switchfoot

text: On December 6, 2016, Switchfoot revealed through an email newsletter and on their website that the premiere of their new film, Live from Hollywood Palladium, would coincide with their 2017 Summer Getaway event.


title: Switchfoot

text: In July 2017 the band took to the road touring with Lifehouse on the "Looking for Summer" tour. Where the band delivered 30+ shows across the U.S. and Canada. It was the first time that both Lifehouse & Switchfoot had toured together, where rock fans across North America got to hear both dynamic Rock bands of the same era. A new single by Lifehouse and Switchfoot had been released to help those affected by Hurricane Harvey while on tour. The song, “Shine Like Gold”.


title: Switchfoot

text: On December 15, 2017, Switchfoot announced via their website and mailing list that, after returning home from their fall tour, they will be taking a hiatus "for the foreseeable future". The band said in their announcement, "For the first time in twenty years, we are taking an extended break."


title: Switchfoot

text: On March 30, 2018, the band posted a clip on YouTube stating that they had come out of their hiatus and were working on something called "Project 11". They also previewed a heavy metal version of "Meant to Live", claiming this to be their new sound. Two days later on April 1, this was revealed to be an April Fool's Joke.


title: Switchfoot

text: On August 9, 2018, the band's song "You Found Me" was released as the single promoting the drama film "". The soundtrack album for the film was released on September 14, 2018.


title: Switchfoot

text: On October 19, 2018, Switchfoot announced the release of their eleventh album "Native Tongue" on January 18, 2019 through Fantasy Records. In support of the album, the band embarked on a 2019 concert tour of the United States, supported by Colony House and Tyson Motsenbocker. The first single "Native Tongue" and its music video were released in conjunction with the album announcement.


title: Switchfoot

text: In Spring 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Switchfoot started working on an EP titled "Covers", containing the band's take on songs by Frank Ocean, Vampire Weekend, The Chainsmokers, The Verve, Harry Styles and Jon Bellion. It was released on June 19, 2020 via Fantasy Records. They also played a monthly livestream concert called the "Fantastic Not Traveling Music Show" during which they played a variety of song requests spanning their career.


title: Switchfoot

text: On May 7, 2021, Switchfoot released "I Need You (To Be Wrong)" as the first single from their twelfth studio album


title: Switchfoot

text: "Interrobang". The album was released on August 20, 2021. A "deluxe" edition of the album was released on July 8, 2022, the six year anniversary of their 2016 album "Where The Light Shines Through". Switchfoot returned to live touring opening for Needtobreathe on the "Into the Mystery Tour". They also collaborated with Needtobreathe on an Amazon original Christmas song titled "Hometown Christmas".


title: Switchfoot

text: In September 2022 the band announced their first Christmas album "This Is Our Christmas Album" will be released in November. The album was released on November 4, 2022.


title: Switchfoot

text: Since Switchfoot's first release in 1997, the band's sound has changed significantly. The style of the early albums with independent label re:think Records consisted primarily of guitar-driven alternative rock, hard rock with characteristics of a three-man lineup, though they also incorporated string arrangements with slower songs.


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot's frontman and guitarist Jon Foreman cites his musical influences as U2, The Beatles, and Keith Green, and has said that he admires the vocal "strength and vulnerability" of Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash. Guitarist Drew Shirley cites U2, Miles Davis, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Tommy Walker, Phil Keaggy, Michael Jackson, Dave Matthews Band, and the Brand New Heavies, while bassist Tim Foreman pays tribute to Stevie Wonder. Chad Butler also cites Dave Grohl as an influence for "The Beautiful Letdown". "We've never fit in any of the genre boxes," says Jon Foreman. "I think that diversity is our strength".


title: Switchfoot

text: With regard to their lyrics, Foreman notes "we try to make music for thinking people", which can be characterized by his allusions to the works of philosophers like Søren Kierkegaard and Augustine of Hippo in the songs "Sooner or Later (Soren's Song)" and "Something More (Augustine's Confession)" respectively. "Meant to Live", the band's runaway hit, was inspired by T. S. Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men", while "Stars", the lead single off "Nothing Is Sound", briefly "looks at things from the Descartes perspective," according to Foreman.


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot is often referred to as a Christian rock band; even after having been signed to the mainstream Columbia Records from 2003–2007, Atlantic Records from 2008–2016, and currently, Vanguard Records, their albums are still distributed to Christian retail outlets through Sparrow Records/EMI CMG, their songs are featured on Christian radio and charts, they play at Christian festivals, and they are presented with Dove Awards. The band has always philosophically disagreed with this label; "We're Christian by faith, not genre," Tim Foreman explained to "Rolling Stone" magazine in 2003.


title: Switchfoot

text: Says Jon Foreman, "We've always been very open and honest about where the songs are coming from. For us, these songs are for everyone. Calling us 'Christian rock' tends to be a box that closes some people out and excludes them, and that's not what we're trying to do. Music has always opened my mind—and that's what we want".


title: Switchfoot

text: "[Signing to Columbia was] a realization of something that we'd wanted to be from the beginning," Foreman explains. "When we were signed to re:think Records [an indie label], the goal was to get the music out to everybody. [But] when Sparrow [a Christian label] bought re:think Records, it was evident that our music wasn't going to be in the hands of everybody. As a Christian, I have a lot to say within the walls of the church. But also, as a Christian, I've got a lot to say just about life in general ... So to be able to be on Columbia "and" on Sparrow felt like the realization of the two sides of what we had to say. It's a dream come true to be able to have songs that are outside of the box."


title: Switchfoot

text: Following the release of "The Beautiful Letdown", the band temporarily stopped playing at Christian festivals and doing interviews with Christian organizations, as they found the speculation about their faith to be distracting from the music. Three years later, they went back to headlining at large Christian-based music festivals, and also agreed to be featured on the June 2006 cover of "CCM Magazine" after declining the opportunity for years. Yet in many ways they used the opportunity to describe their split from the CCM industry. This has caused some, such as "Spin" writer Andrew Beaujon, to take the view that "their lyrics often have two different meanings, one meaning for a Christian audience and one meaning for the rest of us. They try to relate to two different groups of people at once." Jon Foreman has compared the Christian undertones of his music to the undertones of C.S. Lewis's books.


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot has been involved in a number of humanitarian causes, including DATA, the ONE Campaign, the Keep A Breast Foundation, Habitat for Humanity, Invisible Children, and To Write Love on Her Arms.


title: Switchfoot

text: In addition to supporting those causes, they founded the Switchfoot Bro-Am Surf Contest, an annual benefit contest and concert to raise money for various organizations serving homeless kids in the band's hometown of San Diego. Also, before recording "Nothing Is Sound", the band made a trip to several South African villages in January 2005, which inspired the album's song "The Shadow Proves the Sunshine". Seeing an orphanage filled with infants who all lost their parents to AIDS, befriending orphans in the streets, and getting involved with a children's choir called the "Kuyasa Kids" moved them to start an organization called lowercase people. The organization originally published a quarterly online magazine for music, arts and social justice. They have also produced a CD by the Kuyasa Kids to help raise money for the children's communities.


title: Switchfoot

text: In 2008, Switchfoot also got involved in the musical movement to spread awareness about 21st century slavery and human trafficking, performing "Awakening" for the documentary film "Call + Response".


title: Switchfoot

text: Jon Foreman has also released several solo projects, and is also involved in an acoustic collaboration called Fiction Family with Sean Watkins of the band Nickel Creek.


title: Switchfoot

text: On Saturday, July 31, 2010, Switchfoot performed live at the 2010 Boy Scouts of America National Jamboree final arena show: "A Shining Light Across America" in Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia. Jon and Tim Foreman were both Boy Scouts in their youth, and were honored by the opportunity to perform at the Scouts' 100th anniversary event.


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot hosts a yearly charity event in their hometown of San Diego known as the "Bro Am". Established in 2005, the event benefits local and national charitable organizations, including the band's own Bro Am foundation. The Bro Am festivities typically include a silent auction the night before the public event, wherein donors bid in a silent auction for charity. The Bro Am event consists of surf contests in the morning and musical performances in the afternoon, culminating in Switchfoot's capstone performance. Since its inception, the Bro Am has raised over $1 million for charitable causes.


title: Switchfoot

text: In 2017, Switchfoot joined forces with the fellow rock band Lifehouse, to help raise funds for Hurricane Harvey victims through their song "Shine Like Gold”.


title: Switchfoot

text: Switchfoot won a Grammy Award for Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album in 2011 with "Hello Hurricane". They've also garnered eleven GMA Dove Awards and twelve San Diego Music Awards.


title: Chris Avellone

text: Chris Avellone is an American video game designer and comic book writer. He worked for Interplay and Obsidian Entertainment before working as a freelancer. He is best known for his work on role-playing video games such as "" and the "Fallout" series.


title: Chris Avellone

text: Avellone is an alumnus of the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Fairfax County, Virginia. He studied at the College of William & Mary, graduating with a major in English and a minor in fine arts, focused on architecture.


title: Chris Avellone

text: Working initially as a freelancer in the two years after college, Avellone wrote campaigns for "Dungeons & Dragons"-inspired fantasy role-playing games. After entering the video game industry through the company Interplay in 1995, he briefly worked on the development of the 1997 title "". In 1997 he took over the development of "Descent to Undermountain", which he later called a disappointment. Avellone contributed to the 1998 game "Fallout 2" and continued to work on its franchise.


title: Chris Avellone

text: Interplay acquired the rights to produce a role-playing video game set in the "Planescape" campaign setting with development led by Avellone. The game, "" was released in 1999 and is frequently cited as among the best-written games in history.


title: Chris Avellone

text: Avellone worked on all the games of the "Icewind Dale" series, which were released from 2000 to 2002. As a designer, Avellone contributed to the fantasy titles "" (2001), "Champions of Norrath" (2004) and led the design of the canceled "Fallout" title "Van Buren", after which he resigned from Interplay and co-founded Obsidian Entertainment. For the company, Avellone worked on the role-playing games "" (2004) and "Neverwinter Nights 2" (2006) and on the action role-playing game "Alpha Protocol". He also worked as a senior designer on "".


title: Chris Avellone

text: He worked as the project director and lead creative designer on "Dead Money", "Old World Blues" and "Lonesome Road" "Fallout: New Vegas" downloadable content. Avellone worked as a narrative designer on "Pillars of Eternity" prior to leaving Obsidian Entertainment in June 2015. Avellone has since worked as a freelancer on games such as "Pillars of Eternity", "", "Prey", "", "", and "Into the Breach".


title: Chris Avellone

text: In June 2020, Avellone was accused by three people of using his status for sexual misconduct and harassment towards women during industry conventions. Following these allegations, Techland announced that they and Avellone agreed to end his work on "Dying Light 2". Gato Studios also removed Avellone from "The Waylanders"; according to lead writer Emily Grace Buck, Avellone had "very little writing" over that project, having only penned a few quests that they planned to rewrite. Paradox Interactive said that while Avellone had worked on an early version of "", much of his work had since been overwritten.


title: Chris Avellone

text: Avellone published a denial of the allegations through "Medium" in June 2021 and stated he had filed a libel suit against his accusers in a California court.


title: Heat stroke

text: Heat stroke or heatstroke, also known as sun stroke, is a severe heat illness that results in a body temperature greater than , along with red skin, headache, dizziness, and confusion. Sweating is generally present in exertional heatstroke, but not in classic heatstroke. The start of heat stroke can be sudden or gradual. Heatstroke is a life-threatening condition due to the potential for multi-organ dysfunction, with typical complications including seizures, rhabdomyolysis, or kidney failure.


title: Heat stroke

text: Heat stroke occurs because of high external temperatures and/or physical exertion. It usually occurs under preventable prolonged exposure to extreme environmental or exertional heat. However, certain health conditions can increase the risk of heat stroke, and patients, especially children, with certain genetic predispositions are vulnerable to heatstroke under relatively mild conditions.


title: Heat stroke

text: Preventive measures include drinking sufficient fluids and avoiding excessive heat. Treatment is by rapid physical cooling of the body and supportive care. Recommended methods include spraying the person with water and using a fan, putting the person in ice water, or giving cold intravenous fluids. Adding ice packs around a person is reasonable but does not by itself achieve the fastest possible cooling.


title: Heat stroke

text: Heat stroke results in more than 600 deaths a year in the United States. Rates have increased between 1995 and 2015. Purely exercise-induced heat stroke, though a medical emergency, tends to be self-limiting (the patient stops exercising from cramp or exhaustion) and fewer than 5% of cases are fatal. Non-exertional heatstroke is a much greater danger: even the healthiest person, if left in a heatstroke-inducing environment without medical attention, will continue to deteriorate to the point of death, and 65% of the most severe cases are fatal even with treatment.


title: Heat stroke

text: Heat stroke generally presents with a hyperthermia of greater than in combination with disorientation. However, high body temperature does not necessarily indicate that heat stroke is present, such as with people in high-performance endurance sports or with people experiencing fevers. Exertional heat stroke is more accurately diagnosed based on a constellation of symptoms rather than just a specific temperature threshold. There is generally a lack of sweating in classic heatstroke, while sweating is generally present in exertional heatstroke.


title: Heat stroke

text: Early symptoms of heat stroke include behavioral changes, confusion, delirium, dizziness, weakness, agitation, combativeness, slurred speech, nausea, and vomiting. In some individuals with exertional heatstroke, seizures and sphincter incontinence have also been reported. Additionally, in exertional heat stroke, the affected person may sweat excessively. If treatment is delayed, patients could develop vital organ damage, unconsciousness and even organ failure. In the absence of prompt and adequate treatment, heatstroke can be fatal.


title: Heat stroke

text: Heat stroke occurs when thermoregulation is overwhelmed by a combination of excessive metabolic production of heat (exertion), excessive heat in the physical environment, and insufficient or impaired heat loss, resulting in an abnormally high body temperature. Substances that inhibit cooling and cause dehydration such as alcohol, stimulants, medications, and age-related physiological changes predispose to so-called "classic" or non-exertional heat stroke (NEHS), most often in elderly and infirm individuals in summer situations with insufficient ventilation.


title: Heat stroke

text: Exertional heat stroke (EHS) can happen in young people without health problems or medications most often in athletes, outdoor laborers, or military personnel engaged in strenuous hot-weather activity or in first responders wearing heavy personal protective equipment. In environments that are not only hot but also humid, it is important to recognize that humidity reduces the degree to which the body can cool itself by perspiration and evaporation. For humans and other warm-blooded animals, excessive body temperature can disrupt enzymes regulating biochemical reactions that are essential for cellular respiration and the functioning of major organs.


title: Heat stroke

text: When the outside temperature is , the temperature inside a car parked in direct sunlight can quickly exceed . Young children or elderly adults left alone in a vehicle are at particular risk of succumbing to heat stroke. "Heat stroke in children and in the elderly can occur within minutes, even if a car window is opened slightly." As these groups of individuals may not be able to open car doors or to express discomfort verbally (or audibly, inside a closed car), their plight may not be immediately noticed by others in the vicinity. In 2018, 51 children in the United States died in hot cars, more than the previous high of 49 in 2010.


title: Heat stroke

text: Dogs are even more susceptible than humans to heat stroke in cars, as they cannot produce whole-body sweat to cool themselves. Leaving the dog at home with plenty of water on hot days is recommended instead, or, if a dog must be brought along, it can be tied up in the shade outside the destination and provided with a full water bowl.


title: Heat stroke

text: The pathophysiology of heat stroke involves an intense heat overload followed by a failure of the body's thermoregulatory mechanisms. More specifically, heat stroke leads to inflammatory and coagulation responses that can damage the vascular endothelium and result in numerous platelet complications, including decreased platelet counts, platelet clumping, and suppressed platelet release from bone marrow.


title: Heat stroke

text: Growing evidence also suggests the existence of a second pathway underlying heat stroke that involves heat and exercise-driven endotoxemia. Although its exact mechanism is not yet fully understood, this model theorizes that extreme exercise and heat disrupt the intestinal barrier by making it more permeable and allowing lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria within the gut to move into the circulatory system. High blood LPS levels can then trigger a systemic inflammatory response and eventually lead to sepsis and related consequences like blood coagulation, multi-organ failure, necrosis, and central nervous system dysfunction.


title: Heat stroke

text: In terms of the diagnosis for this condition one sees the following (though this is not a complete list):


title: Heat stroke

text: The risk of heat stroke can be reduced by observing precautions to avoid overheating and dehydration. Light, loose-fitting clothes will allow perspiration to evaporate and cool the body. Wide-brimmed hats in light colors help prevent the sun from warming the head and neck. Vents on a hat will help cool the head, as will sweatbands wetted with cool water. Strenuous exercise should be avoided during hot weather, especially in the sun peak hours as well as avoiding confined spaces (such as automobiles) without air-conditioning or adequate ventilation.


title: Heat stroke

text: In hot weather, people need to drink plenty of cool liquids and mineral salts to replace fluids lost from sweating. Thirst is not a reliable sign that a person needs fluids. A better indicator is the color of urine. A dark yellow color may indicate dehydration.


title: Heat stroke

text: Treatment of heat stroke involves rapid mechanical cooling along with standard resuscitation measures.


title: Heat stroke

text: The body temperature must be lowered quickly via conduction, convection, or evaporation. The person should be moved to a cool area, such as indoors or to a shaded area. Clothing should be removed to promote heat loss through passive cooling. Conductive cooling methods such as ice-water immersion should also be used, if possible. Evaporative and convective cooling by a combination of cool water spray or cold compresses with constant air flow over the body, such as with a fan or air-conditioning unit, is also an effective alternative. The person should not be wrapped in wet towels or clothing as this can act as insulation and increase the body temperature.


title: Heat stroke

text: Aggressive ice-water immersion remains the gold standard for life-threatening heat stroke. This method may require the effort of several people and the person should be monitored carefully during the treatment process. Immersion should be avoided for an unconscious person, but if there is no alternative, the person's head must be held above water.


title: Heat stroke

text: Immersion in very cold water was once thought to be counterproductive by reducing blood flow to the skin and thereby preventing heat from escaping the body core. However, research has shown that this mechanism does not play a dominant role in the decrease in core body temperature brought on by cold water. Dantrolene, a muscle relaxant used to treat other forms of hyperthermia, is not an effective treatment for heat stroke.


title: Heat stroke

text: Hydration is important in cooling the person. In mild cases of concomitant dehydration, this can be achieved by drinking water, or commercial isotonic sports drinks may be used as a substitute. In either exercise- or heat-induced dehydration, electrolyte imbalance can result, and can be worsened by excess consumption of water. Hyponatremia can be corrected by intake of hypertonic fluids. Absorption is rapid and complete in most people but if the person is confused, unconscious, or unable to tolerate oral fluid, then an intravenous drip may be necessary for rehydration and electrolyte replacement.


title: Heat stroke

text: The person's condition should be reassessed and stabilized by trained medical personnel. The person's heart rate and breathing should be monitored, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may be necessary if the person goes into cardiac arrest.


title: Heat stroke

text: It was long believed that heat strokes lead only rarely to permanent deficits and that convalescence is almost complete. However, following the 1995 Chicago heat wave, researchers from the University of Chicago Medical Center studied all 58 patients with heat stroke severe enough to require intensive care at 12 area hospitals between July 12 and 20, 1995, ranging in age from 25 to 95 years. Nearly half of these patients died within a year 21 percent before and 28 percent after release from the hospital. Many of the survivors had permanent loss of independent function; one-third had severe functional impairment at discharge, and none of them had improved after one year. The study also recognized that because of overcrowded conditions in all the participating hospitals during the crisis, the immediate care which is critical was not as comprehensive as it should have been.


title: Heat stroke

text: In rare cases, brain damage has been reported as a permanent sequela of severe heat stroke, most commonly cerebellar atrophy.


title: Heat stroke

text: There are various aspects that can affect the incidence of heat stroke. Including sex, age, geographical location, and even occupation. The incidence of heat stroke is higher among men however, the incidence of other heat illnesses is higher among women. The incidence of other heat illnesses in women compared with men ranged from 1.30 to 2.89 per 1000 person-years versus 0.98 to 1.98 per 1000 person-years.


title: Heat stroke

text: In Slavic mythology, there is a personification of sunstroke, Poludnitsa (lady midday), a feminine demon clad in white that causes impairment or death to people working in the fields at midday. There was a traditional short break in harvest work at noon, to avoid attack by the demon. Antonín Dvořák's symphonic poem, "The Noon Witch", was inspired by this tradition.


title: Heat stroke

text: Heatstroke can affect livestock, especially in hot, humid weather; or if the horse, cow, sheep or other is unfit, overweight, has a dense coat, is overworked, or is left in a horsebox in full sun. Symptoms include drooling, panting, high temperature, sweating, and rapid pulse.


title: Heat stroke

text: The animal should be moved to shade, drenched in cold water and offered water or electrolyte to drink.


title: Rosin

text: Rosin (), also called colophony or Greek pitch (), is a solid form of resin obtained from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers, produced by heating fresh liquid resin to vaporize the volatile liquid terpene components. It is semi-transparent and varies in color from yellow to black. At room temperature rosin is brittle, but it melts at stove-top temperature. It chiefly consists of various resin acids, especially abietic acid. The term "colophony" comes from , Latin for "resin from Colophon" (), an ancient Ionic city.


title: Rosin

text: Rosin is brittle and friable, with a faint piny odor. It is typically a glassy solid, though some rosins will form crystals, especially when brought into solution. The practical melting point varies with different specimens, some being semi-fluid at the temperature of boiling water, others melting at 100 °C to 120 °C. It is very flammable, burning with a smoky flame, so care should be taken when melting it. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene and chloroform.


title: Rosin

text: Rosin consists mainly of abietic acid, and combines with caustic alkalis to form salts (rosinates or pinates) that are known as rosin soaps. In addition to its extensive use in soap making, rosin is largely employed in making varnishes (including fine violin varnishes), sealing wax and various adhesives. It is also used for preparing shoemakers' wax, for pitching lager beer casks, and numerous other purposes such as providing backing surfaces to tin ware, copper ware, or even silver and gold vessels when embossing or engraving them. Its relatively low melting point, and firm solid form allows liquid rosin to be poured into the vessel, and when cooled allows embossing or engraving of the vessel without deforming the vessel - even if it has a skin which is quite thin. Afterwards, the object can be reheated in an oven, and the rosin poured out for reuse. Any remaining rosin film can easily be rinsed away with alcohol or other solvents.


title: Rosin

text: Rosin is also sometimes used as internal reinforcement for very thin skinned metal objects - things like silver, copper or tin plate candlesticks, or sculptures, where it is simply melted, poured into a hollow thin-skinned object, and left to harden.


title: Rosin

text: Prolonged exposure to rosin fumes released during soldering can cause occupational asthma (formerly called "colophony disease" in this context) in sensitive individuals, although it is not known which component of the fumes causes the problem.


title: Rosin

text: The type of rosin used with bowed string instruments is determined by the diameter of the strings. Generally this means that the larger the instrument is, the softer the rosin should be. For instance, double bass rosin is generally soft enough to be pliable with slow movements. A cake of bass rosin left in a single position for several months will show evidence of flow, especially in warmer weather.


title: Rosin

text: Prolonged exposure to rosin, by handling rosin-coated products, such as laser printer or photocopying paper, can give rise to a form of industrial contact dermatitis.


title: Rosin

text: Rosin is an ingredient in printing inks, photocopying and laser printing paper, varnishes, adhesives (glues), soap, paper sizing, soda, soldering fluxes, and sealing wax.


title: Rosin

text: Rosin can be used as a glazing agent in medicines and chewing gum. It is denoted by E number E915. A related glycerol ester (E445) can be used as an emulsifier in soft drinks. In pharmaceuticals, rosin forms an ingredient in several plasters and ointments.


title: Rosin

text: In industry, rosin is a flux used in soldering. The lead-tin solder commonly used in electronics has 1 to 2% rosin by weight as a flux core, helping the molten metal flow and making a better connection by reducing the refractory solid oxide layer formed at the surface back to metal. It is frequently seen as a burnt or clear residue around new soldering.


title: Rosin

text: A mixture of pitch and rosin is used to make a surface against which glass is polished when making optical components such as lenses.


title: Rosin

text: Rosin is added in small quantities to traditional linseed oil/sand gap fillers ("mastic"), used in building work.


title: Rosin

text: When mixed with waxes and oils, rosin is the main ingredient of "mystic smoke", a gum which, when rubbed and suddenly stretched, appears to produce puffs of smoke from the fingertips.


title: Rosin

text: Rosin and its derivatives also exhibit wide-ranging pharmaceutical applications. Rosin derivatives show excellent film forming and coating properties. They are also used for tablet film and enteric coating purpose. Rosins have also been used to formulate microcapsules and nanoparticles.


title: Rosin

text: Glycerol, sorbitol, and mannitol esters of rosin are used as chewing gum bases for medicinal applications. The degradation and biocompatibility of rosin and rosin-based biomaterials has been examined in vitro and ex vivo.


title: Rosin

text: Rosin is the resinous constituent of the oleo-resin exuded by various species of pine, known in commerce as crude turpentine. The separation of the oleo-resin into the essential oil (spirit of turpentine) and common rosin is accomplished by distillation in large copper stills. The essential oil is carried off at a temperature of between ° and , leaving fluid rosin, which is run off through a tap at the bottom of the still, and purified by passing through straining wadding. Rosin varies in color, according to the age of the tree from which the turpentine is drawn and the degree of heat applied in distillation, from an opaque, almost pitch-black substance through grades of brown and yellow to an almost perfectly transparent colorless glassy mass. The commercial grades are numerous, ranging by letters from A (the darkest) to N (extra pale), superior to which are W (window glass) and WW (water-white) varieties, the latter having about three times the value of the common qualities.


title: Rosin

text: Tall oil rosin is produced during the distillation of crude tall oil, a by-product of the kraft paper making process.


title: Rosin

text: When pine trees are harvested "the resinous portions of fallen or felled trees like longleaf and slash pines, when allowed to remain upon the ground, resist decay indefinitely." This "stump waste", through the use of destructive distillation or solvent processes, can be used to make products including rosin. This type of rosin is typically called wood rosin.