title: Lance

text: During the Second Boer War, British troops successfully used the lance on one occasion - against retreating Boers at the Battle of Elandslaagte (21 October 1899). However, the Boers made effective use of trench warfare, rapid-fire field artillery, continuous-fire machine guns, and accurate long-range repeating rifles from the beginning of the war. The combined effect was devastating, so much of the British cavalry was deployed as mounted infantry, dismounting to fight on foot. For some years after the Boer War, the six British lancer regiments officially carried the lance only for parades and other ceremonial duties. At the regimental level, training in the use of the lance continued, ostensibly to improve recruit riding skills. In 1909, the bamboo or ash lance with a steel head was reauthorized for general use on active service.


title: Lance

text: The Russian cavalry (except for the Cossacks) discarded the lance in the late 19th century, but in 1907, it was reissued for use by the front line of each squadron when charging in open formation. In its final form, the Russian lance was a long metal tube with a steel head and leather arm strap. It was intended as a shock weapon in the charge, to be dropped after impact and replaced by the sword for close combat in a melee. While demoralizing to an opponent, the lance was recognized as being an awkward encumbrance in forested regions.


title: Lance

text: The relative value of the lance and the sword as a principal weapon for mounted troops was an issue of dispute in the years immediately preceding World War I. Opponents of the lance argued that the weapon was clumsy, conspicuous, easily deflected, and inefficient in a melee. Arguments favoring the retention of the lance focused on the impact on morale of having charging cavalry preceded by "a hedge of steel" and on the effectiveness of the weapon against fleeing opponents.


title: Lance

text: Lances were still in use by the British, Turkish, Italian, Spanish, French, Belgian, Indian, German, and Russian armies at the outbreak of World War I. In initial cavalry skirmishes in France this antique weapon proved ineffective, German uhlans being "hampered by their long lances and a good many threw them away". A major action involving repeated charges by four regiments of German cavalry, all armed with lances, at Halen on 12 August 1914 was unsuccessful. Amongst the Belgian defenders was one regiment of lancers who fought dismounted.


title: Lance

text: With the advent of trench warfare, lances and the cavalry that carried them ceased to play a significant role. A Russian cavalry officer whose regiment carried lances throughout the war recorded only one instance where an opponent was killed by this weapon.


title: Lance

text: The Greco-Turkish War of 1919-22 saw an unexpected revival of lances amongst the cavalry of the Turkish National Army. During the successful Turkish offensives of the final stages of the war across the open plains of Asia Minor, Turkish mounted troops were armed with bamboo shafted-lances taken from military storage and inflicted heavy losses on the retreating Greek Army.


title: Lance

text: The cavalry branches of most armies which still retained lances as a service weapon at the end of World War I generally discarded them for all but ceremonial occasions during the 1920s and 1930s. There were exceptions during this era, duch as the Polish cavalry, which retained the lance for combat use until either 1934 or 1937,but contrary to popular legend did not make use of it in World War II. The German cavalry retained the lance (the Stahlrohrlanze) as a service weapon until 1927,as did the British cavalry until 1928.The Argentine cavalry were documented carrying lances until the 1940s, but this appears to have been used as part of recruit riding school training, rather than serious preparation for active service.


title: Lance

text: When the Canadian North-West Mounted Police was established, it was modeled after certain British cavalry units that used lances. It made limited use of this weapon in small detachments during the 1870s, intended to impress indigenous peoples.


title: Lance

text: The modern Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the North-West Mounted Police's descendant, employs ceremonial, though functional, lances made of male bamboo. They feature a crimped swallowtail pennant, red above and white below, symbolic of the long plain cloth that was wrapped just below the sharp metal tip for absorbing blood fluid to keep it from running down the shaft and making the lance slippery to hold on to and control.


title: Lance

text: The New South Wales Mounted Police, based at Redfern Barracks, Sydney, Australia, carry a lance with a navy blue and white pennant on ceremonial occasions.


title: Lance

text: "Lance" is also the name given by some anthropologists to the light flexible javelins (technically darts) thrown by atlatls (spear-throwing sticks), but these are usually called "atlatl javelins". Some were not much larger than arrows, and were typically feather-fletched like an arrow and unlike the vast majority of spears and javelins (one exception would be several instances of the many types of ballista bolt, a mechanically-thrown spear).


title: Arya filmography

text: Jamshad Cethirakath (born 11 December 1980), known by his on-screen mononym Arya, is an Indian actor and producer who predominantly appears in Tamil cinema. Arya has won the Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South and received two nominations each for Filmfare Awards and Vijay Awards. He was included on the 2015 edition of the "Forbes India" Celebrity 100, a list based on the top earning Indian celebrities.


title: Arya filmography

text: He made his breakthrough portraying rogue characters in Vishnuvardhan's "Arinthum Ariyamalum" (2005) and "Pattiyal" (2006). He later won critical acclaim for playing an Aghori in Bala's "Naan Kadavul" (2009). Arya gained further commercial success with the release of the period drama "Madrasapattinam" (2010), the comedy film "Boss Engira Bhaskaran" (2010), family action film "Vettai" (2012) and Atlee's family film "Raja Rani" (2013). In 2013, he appeared in three more Tamil films: R. Kannan's comedy film "Settai", Vishnuvardhan's action thriller "Arrambam" and Selvaraghavan's fantasy film "Irandam Ulagam". In 2021, he appeared in Pa. Ranjith's sports film "Sarpatta Parambarai" as a main lead, which garnered him high critical acclaim. He also collaborated with the Vetaran director Sundar C., with acted in Comedy Horror film "Aranmanai 3" (2021).


title: Sharon Leal

text: Sharon Ann Leal is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles in movies such as "Dreamgirls", "This Christmas", "Why Did I Get Married?", "Why Did I Get Married Too?" and her roles on the television shows "Legacy", "Guiding Light", "Boston Public" and "Supergirl".


title: Sharon Leal

text: Leal was born in Tucson, Arizona. Her mother, Angelita, is Filipina. Her father was an African-American military policeman who broke up with her mother before Sharon was born. Shortly after, her mother married Jesse Leal, a Master Sergeant in the United States Air Force and a police officer at Clark Air Base, Philippines; he legally adopted Sharon.


title: Sharon Leal

text: Leal's career began with the role of Dahlia Crede in the CBS daytime serial "Guiding Light". Later, she joined the Broadway company of "Rent". Soon after, she was cast as Mimi for the San Francisco leg of the first national tour of "Rent". Leal appeared on the 1999 original cast recording of the Off-Broadway musical "Bright Lights, Big City" alongside Patrick Wilson and Jesse L. Martin. She also appeared on the 2001 cast recording of "Making Tracks".


title: Sharon Leal

text: From 2000 to 2004, Leal starred in the Fox prime time TV series "Boston Public". She also had a role in the theatrical release "Face the Music". She then appeared in a recurring role in the short-lived NBC series "LAX", as the wife of airport co-director, Roger de Souza.


title: Sharon Leal

text: In 2006, she co-starred in the film adaptation of the Broadway musical "Dreamgirls" as Michelle Morris, Effie White's replacement in the pop group The Dreams, with Beyoncé Knowles, Jennifer Hudson, Eddie Murphy and Jamie Foxx. In 2007, Leal was cast in the Tyler Perry production "Why Did I Get Married?" and "This Christmas". In 2010, she starred in Perry's sequel production "Why Did I Get Married Too?". She also portrayed the character Vanessa Lodge in the series "Hellcats", until it was cancelled in 2011. In 2013, Leal played the supporting role in the movie "1982", which tells a story of a drug addicted mother and a father's fight to protect his daughter.


title: Sharon Leal

text: In October 2001, Leal married Bev Land. Their son Kai Miles Land was born in September 2001. The couple divorced in 2009.


title: Sharon Leal

text: Former "Guiding Light" co-star Yvonna Wright has said that she and Leal are close friends; the two starred together in a community production of "Dreamgirls" in their hometown.


title: The Marías

text: The Marías are an American indie pop band from Los Angeles, California. They are known for performing songs in both English and Spanish, as well as infusing their music with elements like jazz percussion, guitar riffs, smoke-velvet vocals, and horn solos. María Zardoya is the lead vocalist with Josh Conway on drums. In concert they are joined by Jesse Perlman on guitar, Doron Zounes on bass, Edward James on keyboards, and Gabe Steiner on trumpet. Carter Lee played bass with the band until his 2019 departure.


title: The Marías

text: The band is named after its lead singer María Zardoya who was born in Puerto Rico and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. She and her partner Josh Conway, the drummer, met at a show at the Kibitz Room, the bar and music venue inside Canter's Deli in Los Angeles. She was performing on the bill and he was managing the sound, something he had never done before. They began writing almost immediately after meeting, and subsequently began dating. Soon they recruited close friends to join as band members; Edward James on keyboards, and guitarist Jesse Perlman. They were offered an opportunity to make songs for television, which helped them understand the visual and sonic feel that they were striving for, but when it did not materialize, they used their recordings to make an EP, entitled "Superclean Vol. I". "Vol. I" was released in 2017, while its counterpart "Vol. II" was released in 2018. In September 2021, their single "Hush" topped the "Billboard" Adult Alternative Airplay chart, becoming their first chart-topping single. On November 23, the Recording Academy announced that band's debut album "Cinema" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. In 2022, the band will be going on their first tour, in promotion of "Cinema", as well as opening for Halsey on her Love and Power Tour.


title: The Marías

text: In 2022, they collaborated with Bad Bunny on the song “Otro Atardecer” from his album "Un Verano Sin Ti".


title: The Marías

text: María Zardoya has stated that her influences include the late Tejano singer Selena, Norah Jones, Sade, Nina Simone, Billie Holiday, Carla Morrison, Julieta Venegas, Erykah Badu, and filmmaker Pedro Almodóvar, while Conway is influenced by Tame Impala, Radiohead, D'Angelo, and The Strokes.


title: The Marías

text: Zardoya stated that although Conway was not familiar with her Spanish roots, the band was nevertheless open to experimenting with new styles, ultimately leading to several Spanish-language tracks across their releases.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Magnesium chloride is the family of inorganic compounds with the formula , where x can range from 0 to 12. These salts are colorless or white solids that are highly soluble in water. These compounds and their solutions, both of which occur in nature, have a variety of practical uses. Anhydrous magnesium chloride is the principal precursor to magnesium metal, which is produced on a large scale. Hydrated magnesium chloride is the form most readily available.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Magnesium chloride can be extracted from brine or sea water. In North America, it is produced primarily from Great Salt Lake brine. In the Jordan Valley, it is obtained from the Dead Sea. The mineral bischofite () is extracted (by solution mining) out of ancient seabeds, for example, the Zechstein seabed in northwest Europe. Some deposits result from high content of magnesium chloride in the primordial ocean. Some magnesium chloride is made from evaporation of seawater.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: In the Dow process, magnesium chloride is regenerated from magnesium hydroxide using hydrochloric acid:


title: Magnesium chloride

text: crystallizes in the cadmium chloride motif, which features octahedral Mg centers. Several hydrates are known with the formula , and each loses water upon heating: "n" = 12 (−16.4 °C), 8 (−3.4 °C), 6 (116.7 °C), 4 (181 °C), 2 (about 300 °C). In the hexahydrate, the is also octahedral, but is coordinated to six water ligands. The thermal dehydration of the hydrates ("n" = 6, 12) does not occur straightforwardly. Anhydrous is produced industrially by heating the chloride salt of hexammine complex .


title: Magnesium chloride

text: As suggested by the existence of some hydrates, anhydrous is a Lewis acid, although a weak one. One derivative is tetraethylammonium tetrachloromagnesate . The adduct is another. In the coordination polymer with the formula MgCl(dioxane), Mg adopts an octahedral geometry. The Lewis acidity of magnesium chloride is reflected in its deliquescence, meaning that it attracts moisture from the air to the extent that the solid turns into a liquid.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Anhydrous is the main precursor to metallic magnesium. The reduction of into metallic Mg is performed by electrolysis in molten salt. As it is also the case for aluminium, an electrolysis in aqueous solution is not possible as the produced metallic magnesium would immediately react with water, or in other words that the water would be reduced into gaseous before Mg reduction could occur. So, the direct electrolysis of molten in the absence of water is required because the reduction potential to obtain Mg is lower than the stability domain of water on an E–pH diagram (Pourbaix diagram).


title: Magnesium chloride

text: The production of metallic magnesium at the cathode (reduction reaction) is accompanied by the oxidation of the chloride anions at the anode with release of gaseous chlorine. This process is developed at a large industrial scale.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Magnesium chloride is one of many substances used for dust control, soil stabilization, and wind erosion mitigation. When magnesium chloride is applied to roads and bare soil areas, both positive and negative performance issues occur which are related to many application factors.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Ziegler-Natta catalysts, used commercially to produce polyolefins, often contain as a catalyst support. The introduction of supports increases the activity of traditional catalysts and allowed the development of highly stereospecific catalysts for the production of polypropylene.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Magnesium chloride is used for low-temperature de-icing of highways, sidewalks, and parking lots. When highways are treacherous due to icy conditions, magnesium chloride helps to prevent the ice bond to the pavement, allowing snow plows to clear the roads more efficiently.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Magnesium chloride is used in three ways for pavement ice control: Anti-icing, when maintenance professionals spread it onto roads before a snow storm to prevent snow from sticking and ice from forming; prewetting, which means a liquid formulation of magnesium chloride is sprayed directly onto salt as it is being spread onto roadway pavement, wetting the salt so that it sticks to the road; and pretreating, when magnesium chloride and salt are mixed together before they are loaded onto trucks and spread onto paved roads. Calcium chloride damages concrete twice as fast as magnesium chloride. The amount of magnesium chloride is supposed to be controlled when it is used for de-icing as it may cause pollution to the environment.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: In Japan it is sold as "nigari" (, derived from the Japanese word for "bitter"), a white powder produced from seawater after the sodium chloride has been removed, and the water evaporated. In China, it is called "lushui" (卤水).


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Nigari or Iushui is, in fact, natural magnesium chloride, meaning that it is not completely refined (it contains up to 5% magnesium sulfate and various minerals). The crystals originate from lakes in the Chinese province of Qinghai, to be then reworked in Japan.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: It is an inexpensive dietary supplement providing magnesium, hence its interest in view of a general deficit in our current consumption (to be in full health, the human body must in particular benefit from a balance between calcium and magnesium). It is also an ingredient in baby formula milk.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Because magnesium is a mobile nutrient, magnesium chloride can be effectively used as a substitute for magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) to help correct magnesium deficiency in plants via foliar feeding. The recommended dose of magnesium chloride is smaller than the recommended dose of magnesium sulfate (20 g/L). This is due primarily to the chlorine present in magnesium chloride, which can easily reach toxic levels if over-applied or applied too often.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: It has been found that higher concentrations of magnesium in tomato and some pepper plants can make them more susceptible to disease caused by infection of the bacterium "Xanthomonas campestris", since magnesium is essential for bacterial growth.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Magnesium concentrations in natural seawater are between 1250 and 1350 mg/L, around 3.7% of the total seawater mineral content. Dead Sea minerals contain a significantly higher magnesium chloride ratio, 50.8%. Carbonates and calcium are essential for all growth of corals, coralline algae, clams, and invertebrates. Magnesium can be depleted by mangrove plants and the use of excessive limewater or by going beyond natural calcium, alkalinity, and pH values. The most common mineral form of magnesium chloride is its hexahydrate, bischofite. Anhydrous compound occurs very rarely, as chloromagnesite. Magnesium chloride-hydroxides, korshunovskite and nepskoeite, are also very rare.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Magnesium ions are bitter-tasting, and magnesium chloride solutions are bitter in varying degrees, depending on the concentration.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Magnesium toxicity from magnesium salts is rare in healthy individuals with a normal diet, because excess magnesium is readily excreted in urine by the kidneys. A few cases of oral magnesium toxicity have been described in persons with normal renal function ingesting large amounts of magnesium salts, but it is rare. If a large amount of magnesium chloride is eaten, it will have effects similar to magnesium sulfate, causing diarrhea, although the sulfate also contributes to the laxative effect in magnesium sulfate, so the effect from the chloride is not as severe.


title: Magnesium chloride

text: Chloride () and magnesium () are both essential nutrients important for normal plant growth. Too much of either nutrient may harm a plant, although foliar chloride concentrations are more strongly related with foliar damage than magnesium. High concentrations of ions in the soil may be toxic or change water relationships such that the plant cannot easily accumulate water and nutrients. Once inside the plant, chloride moves through the water-conducting system and accumulates at the margins of leaves or needles, where dieback occurs first. Leaves are weakened or killed, which can lead to the death of the tree.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Andreas Siegfried Sachs (7 April 1930 – 23 November 2016), known professionally as Andrew Sachs, was a German-born British actor and writer. He made his name on British television and found his greatest fame for his portrayal of the comical Spanish waiter Manuel in "Fawlty Towers".


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs had a long career in acting and voice-over work for television, film and radio. He was successful well into his eighties, with roles in numerous films such as "Quartet", and as Ramsay Clegg in "Coronation Street".


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs was born in Berlin, Germany, the son of Katharina (née Schrott-Fiecht), a librarian, and Hans Emil Sachs, an insurance broker. His father was Jewish and his mother was Lutheran, with Austrian ancestry. The family moved to Britain in 1938 to escape the Nazis. They settled in north London, and he lived in Kilburn for the rest of his life.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: In 1960, Sachs married the actress, writer, and fashion designer Melody Lang, who took his surname. He adopted her two sons from a previous marriage, who became known as John Sachs and William Sachs, and the couple had one daughter, Kate Sachs, in 1961. Lang appeared in one episode of "Fawlty Towers", "Basil the Rat", as Mrs. Taylor.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: In the late 1950s, whilst still studying shipping management at college, Sachs worked on radio productions, including "Private Dreams and Public Nightmares" by Frederick Bradnum, an early experimental programme made by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs began in acting with repertory theatre and made his West End debut as Grobchick in the 1958 production of the Whitehall farce "Simple Spymen". He made his screen debut in 1959 in the film "The Night We Dropped a Clanger". He then appeared in numerous television series throughout the 1960s, including some appearances in ITC productions such as "The Saint" (1962) and "Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)" (1969).


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs is best known for portraying Manuel, the Spanish waiter on the iconic sitcom "Fawlty Towers" (1975 and 1979), a role for which he was nominated for a BAFTA award (the award went to co-star John Cleese). He claimed in 1981 that Manuel was "really a very small part. In fact there was only one episode of "Fawlty Towers" – the one with the hamster – in which I had anything much to do."


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs recorded three singles in character as Manuel; the first was "Manuel's Good Food Guide" in 1977, in which he appeared, in character, on the cover. Sachs was co-author of the tracks. This was followed in 1979 by "O Cheryl" with "Ode to England" on the B side, under the name "Manuel and Los Por Favors". Sachs shares the writing credits for the B side with "B. Wade", who also wrote the A side. In 1981, at the urging of Elton John, "Manuel" released a cover version of Joe Dolce's worldwide hit "Shaddap You Face", with "Waiter, there's a Flea in my Soup" on the B side. When finally released it reached 138 in the UK Chart. Dolce prohibited Sachs from releasing his version until the original had been a hit.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1980, when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews while making a personal appearance as Manuel at the HMV store on London's Oxford Street.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs, who had himself experienced life as a 'foreigner' in Britain, denied allegations that the character was based on racist stereotypes, arguing that Manuel could have been any 'foreign' worker.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: During the shooting of the "Fawlty Towers" episode "The Germans", Sachs was left with second degree acid burns due to a fire stunt. He was also hit with a faulty prop on the set of the show by Cleese and suffered a severe headache.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs was frequently heard as a narrator of television and radio documentaries, including all five series of BBC's BAFTA Award-winning business television series "Troubleshooter" presented by Sir John Harvey-Jones and ITV's "...from Hell" series. He also narrated several audio books, including C. S. Lewis's Narnia series and Alexander McCall Smith's first online book, "Corduroy Mansions", as well as two audiobooks of the popular children's TV series "Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends" "Thomas and the Tiger" and "Thomas and the Dinosaur". He provided the voice of Puzzle the Donkey in the Focus on the Family production of "The Last Battle" by C. S. Lewis. In 2000, Sachs narrated the spoof documentary series "That Peter Kay Thing". He also narrated the documentary series "Eyewitness", based on the children's books of the same name.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs performed all the voices in the English-language version of Jan Švankmajer's 1994 film "Faust". He also did voices for children's animation, including "William's Wish Wellingtons", "Starhill Ponies", "The Gingerbread Man", "Little Grey Rabbit", "The Forgotten Toys", "Asterix and the Big Fight". and the horse in the English-language version of 1970's cult TV show "Monkey".


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Roles for radio include G. K. Chesterton's Father Brown, 1984–1986, Dr. John Watson in four series of original Sherlock Holmes stories for BBC Radio 4, Jeeves in "The Code of the Woosters", Edmond Dantès in "The Count of Monte Cristo" on BBC Radio 7's "Young Classics" series, and Tooley in Neil Gaiman's "Neverwhere".


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Although no other role gained him the same attention as Manuel, Sachs continued to star in a range of productions, both comedic and dramatic. In a reversal of his "Fawlty Towers" role, he was the hotel manager Don Carlos Bernardo in the 1977 "Are You Being Served?" movie, and in 1980 starred in the title role of a four-part BBC adaptation of the H. G. Wells's "The History of Mr Polly". The following year, he portrayed a French Revolutionary in Mel Brooks's "History of the World, Part I".


title: Andrew Sachs

text: In 1994 Sachs appeared in the popular Thames Television comedy drama series "Minder". He played Sidney Myers in the episode""All Things Brighton Beautiful"".


title: Andrew Sachs

text: In 1996, Sachs portrayed Albert Einstein in an episode of the American PBS series "NOVA" entitled "Einstein Revealed". In 1997, Sachs played opposite Shane Richie in Chris Barfoot's "Dead Clean": in a tale of mistaken identity, Sachs plays airport window cleaner Kostas Malmatakis who is hired to assassinate a businessman by his greedy partner (Mark Chapman); the British short won a Gold Remi at the Houston Worldfest in 2001.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs has had several roles in "Doctor Who" productions. He played "Skagra" in the webcast/audio version of the "Doctor Who" story "Shada", completed by Big Finish Productions and in 2008 he played the elderly version of former companion Adric, in another "Doctor Who" story for the same company, "The Boy That Time Forgot". In the 1980s, Sachs had submitted his name to be considered for the part of the Seventh Doctor in the television series.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: In 2005, Sachs served as the performer for the audiobook version of "Urchin of the Riding Stars", the first book of "The Mistmantle Chronicles". In 2007, the BBC broadcast an adaptation of "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency" with Sachs portraying Reg (Professor Urban Chronotis, the Regius Professor of Chronology). He would later appear in another Adams adaptation as the Book in the live tour of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" during its run at Bromley's Churchill Theatre.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: On 17 November 2008, it was announced that Sachs had been approached to appear in ITV soap "Coronation Street". He later confirmed on 14 December that he was taking up the offer, saying "My wife was such a fan that I've been watching it since 1962". In May 2009 he made his debut on the street as Norris' brother, Ramsay. He appeared in 27 episodes and left in August 2009.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs toured with the Australian pianist Victor Sangiorgio in a two-man show called "Life after Fawlty", which included Richard Strauss's voice and piano setting of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem "Enoch Arden". 2012 saw his last major role, as Bobby Swanson in the movie "Quartet".


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Between 1962 and 1985 Sachs wrote a number of plays for theatre and radio, in parallel with his acting career. His first radio play, in 1962, was "One Man and His Dog". "Till Death Do Us Join", concerning Ernest Wire's desire to murder his wife, and Ruby Drab's hope to 'dispose of her spouse', was produced by the BBC in 1964 and broadcast in Australia as "So You Want to Get Rid of Your Wife" the following year. In 1978, BBC Radio 4 broadcast "The Revenge", a ground-breaking 30-minute play totally without dialogue (an experiment in binaural stereo recording), written and performed by Sachs. It was dismissed by playwright Jonathan Raban as a "wordless sequence of noises" and "a well-puffed curiosity". The play has however subsequently been repeated a number of times on BBC Radio 4 Extra.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: "Made in Heaven", which had starred Sachs's future "Fawlty Towers" co-star Prunella Scales when produced for radio in 1971, was brought to the stage in 1975. As performed at the Chichester Festival it starred Patrick Macnee. Though it was a popular success, Sachs said in 1981, "the critics really slaughtered it ... Actually, I had to agree with the critics. There was a lot wrong with the play." He professed his intention to rewrite the work and stage it again.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs claimed he would "concentrate on writing if anything happened to impair my acting. But I'm very much a part-time writer."


title: Andrew Sachs

text: On 25 October 2008, the BBC apologised to Sachs and his agent after they had been informed that Russell Brand and Jonathan Ross had made several obscene phone calls to him during an episode of "The Russell Brand Show" recorded on 16 October and broadcast two days later, on which Sachs had agreed to appear. Both presenters had left explicit messages on Sachs's telephone answering machine stating that Brand had had sex with his granddaughter, Georgina Baillie.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Gordon Brown, the then Prime Minister, criticised Ross and Brand's actions, saying that it was "clearly inappropriate and unacceptable behaviour", and the television watchdog, Ofcom, launched an inquiry into the matter. Afterwards, Brand and Controller of Radio 2 Lesley Douglas resigned, with Ross soon suspended. In February 2014, Sachs was interviewed by the BBC about his autobiography. He spoke of how the scandal still affected him.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: Sachs was diagnosed with vascular dementia in 2012, which eventually left him unable to speak and forced him to use a wheelchair. He died on 23 November 2016 at the Denville Hall nursing home in Northwood, London. His funeral took place on 1 December, the same day his death was publicly announced. Melody Sachs died the following year.


title: Andrew Sachs

text: On 2 December 2016, BBC One broadcast the "Fawlty Towers" episode "Communication Problems" in his memory. John Cleese paid tribute to Sachs, describing him as a "sweet, sweet man".


title: Andrew Sachs

text: In July 2021 the BBC Two television series "Secrets of the Museum" featured the conservation and installation of the waiter's white outfit, worn by the Manuel character in "Fawlty Towers", which had been donated to the Victoria and Albert Museum by his daughter Kate, as part of the museum's permanent costume exhibition.


title: Hillsong United

text: Hillsong United (stylised as Hillsong UNITED or UNITED) is a worship collective that originated as a part of Hillsong Church. Formed in 1998 as part of Hillsong's youth ministry, the band consists of several rotating worship leaders from the church, including Joel Houston, Taya Smith-Gaukrodger, Matt Crocker, Jonathon Douglass, Brooke Fraser, Jad Gillies and Benjamin Hastings. Due to several songs written by the youth ministry, Hillsong Worship leader Darlene Zschech recommended that they record an album, which resulted in their debut extended play, "One", which was released alongside the Hillsong Worship album "Touching Heaven Changing Earth". Since then, the group has released fourteen live albums, as well as five studio albums (Sixteen albums in total). The band composes songs and performs in church services as well as concerts in worldwide tours.


title: Hillsong United

text: The band was originally formed in 1998, by close friends from within the youth ministry called "Powerhouse Youth", led by Hillsong Youth Pastors Phil and Lucinda Dooley for many years. As the house band for the Powerhouse meetings, the group played original songs and rearranged popular radio tunes at their weekly meeting for local youth aged 16–25. Band members sometimes also contributed to the larger interdenominational ministry Youth Alive Australia and its albums. Most members of the band also attended Hillsong Church services.


title: Hillsong United

text: Powerhouse grew and split in the mid 1990s into two youth groups: Powerhouse (aged 18–25) and Wildlife (12–17). Reuben Morgan, assisted by guitarist Marcus Beaumont and vocalist/songwriter Tanya Riches, administrated the band and music for Powerhouse and all United nights, albums and events until 2003, when the role was passed on to Joel Houston. The three performed with the 18–25's Powerhouse band that also included Mark Stevens, Nigel Hendroff, Peter King and Raymond Badham. For the older group, Peter King was the main piano player and music director, with guitarist Nigel Hendroff later taking the music directing role. In the younger ministry Wildlife, it was former Channel V Leg-Up competition-winning Able band boys Joel Houston and Marty Sampson, with Able band's Luke Munns and Michael Guy Chislett being the main drummer and guitarist respectively, while Joel Houston played bass. They were initially trained by Russell Fragar. Marty Sampson, Holly Dawson, Mark Stevens, Katrina Peoples, Michelle Fragar, Tanya Riches and Bec Mesiti were some of the original key vocalists. In late 1997, the team made a huge impact at their youth ministry's summer camp. On returning from the camp, the youth ministries of Hillsong Church decided to join together monthly, calling these meetings the "UNITED" Nights.


title: Hillsong United

text: Darlene Zschech suggested to Reuben Morgan that the youth band make an album in 1998 after so many songs were written in the youth ministry.


title: Hillsong United

text: As a result, the EP "One" was recorded by a new band. "Everyday" was recorded in 1999 and packaged with the Hillsong Worship annual album. Both achieved Gold sales status in Australia. The band continued to release an album each year, rebranding as Hillsong United. In 2002, after Reuben Morgan stepped down as co-worship leader of the band, Joel Houston, the eldest son of the church's senior pastor Brian Houston, and Marty Sampson led the group together.


title: Hillsong United

text: Band members are involved in Hillsong Church services and also play for the church. Many are volunteers who go unpaid for their time or contribution. As such, the line up changes on a regular basis due to the volunteers' needs and the needs of the church; that is to say, due to the naturally resultant "churn". Luke Munns, the drummer for the band from 1998 through 2006, played on seven live recordings before transitioning from the drums to front the rock and indie band LUKAS. Sampson stepped down as one of the main leaders of the band following his marriage in November 2006. He contributed two more songs with United—"Devotion", which he wrote and sang, and "Saviour King", which he wrote with Mia Fieldes—before officially stepping down. These songs were part of the 2007 release "All of the Above". Current members of the Hillsong United band include Joel Houston, Jonathon Douglass (J.D.), Jadwin "Jad" Gillies, Matt Crocker, Taya Smith, Dylan Thomas (on rhythm guitar), Timon Klein (on lead guitar), Peter James & Benjamin Tennikoff (on keyboards), Adam Crosariol (on bass guitar), and Simon Kobler (on drums).


title: Hillsong United

text: The annual Hillsong United CD and DVD was recorded for many years during the Hillsong youth ministry's October conference "Encounterfest", and then released in the first quarter of the following year. The 2007 album "All of the Above" was the first album to be fully studio recorded. The band has toured in a number of countries, leading worship in various places and has an international influence. The official UNITED logo was designed by Munns in 2002 for "To the Ends of the Earth".


title: Hillsong United

text: In 2014, Hillsong United was nominated for and won five GMA Dove Awards, including Song of the Year for "Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)". The band also received its first ever American Music Awards nomination that year, for Favorite Artist – Contemporary Inspirational, but did not win. 2015 saw the band nominated for a second consecutive year in the same category at the 43rd edition of the show. It was also nominated for the first time at that year's Billboard Music Awards in the Top Christian Artist and Top Christian Song categories; it won the former. The band was nominated again at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards, and garnered four nods across all three Christian categories, winning its second consecutive Top Christian Artist award, and its first for Top Christian Song with "Oceans (Where Feet May Fail)". The band won two Dove Awards, including Worship Album of the Year, for its fourth studio album "Empires", at the 47th Gospel Music Awards held that October. In 2018, the band received four nominations at the 49th GMA Dove Awards including one for Artist of the Year—it won Recorded Worship Song of the Year for its single "So Will I (100 BillionX)".


title: Hillsong United

text: A documentary, "", directed by Michael John Warren, chronicles the rise of the band, was originally supposed be released by Warner Bros. during the 2015 Easter weekend. As Alcon Entertainment and Warner Bros. were unable to close a deal, the film was pulled out from Warner Bros's schedule. In March 2015, Relativity Media obtained the distribution rights and the film shifted to a 29 May release. In April, Relativity moved the film to 30 September 2015. However, Relativity Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July and let go of the rights to the producers. PureFlix acquired the film and it was released 16 September 2016.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: "Somewhere Only We Know" is a song composed and performed by English alternative rock band Keane, officially released as the first single from their debut album, "Hopes and Fears" (2004). The single peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart during its first week of sales.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: The first demo was composed by Tim Rice-Oxley in about 2001. Rice-Oxley said that the song came from "hammering away on the piano" explaining "I was thinking of something like David Bowie's "Heroes", which you drive along to a really rocking beat...It was one of the first things we recorded for the album." It was first played on the guitar just before Dominic Scott left the band, and recorded as a demo the same year with a Yamaha CP70 instead of the guitar. Keane recorded the final version in 2003 at the Helioscentric Studios, Rye, East Sussex for the album. Keane also played this song at the historic concert Live 8 in London, along with the single "Bedshaped".


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: A demo version of "Somewhere Only We Know" was leaked into the Internet in 2004. This version features a different length (4:24) and an extra bridge. Chaplin's shouts near the outro of the final version do not feature in the demo.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: "Somewhere Only We Know" is a traditional piano rock song. The piano is the most relevant instrument due to its harmonic and rhythmic role. It is played in quavers throughout the whole song, holding the tempo and the rhythmic pattern. The studio version is recorded in 87bpm, and follows a 4/4 time signature, the most commonly used in traditional rock songs. It is in the key of A major. The song form can be analyzed as ABAB CBCB, a variation of the strophic form. The verse (A) chord progression is a plain (I-II-V), one of the most used chord progressions in music; the chorus (B) presents a (VI-III-IV-V) progression; the variation of the verse section (C) presents a (II-III-IV-V) progression.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: The bass line was recorded by Rice-Oxley. When played live (up until 2007 with the arrival of bassist Jesse Quin), this song uses a pre-recorded bass, which is played in an Apple PowerBook G4. The 16-beat rhythm was made by Hughes.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: The song was mixed by Mark "Spike" Stent. 3" pocket CDs were released as a limited edition of 1000, containing the B-side "Snowed Under" as well as links to receive a polyphonic ringtone via SMS. These copies are now valued at £20 due to their rarity. This song was the first Keane item released on vinyl format. The records were numbered and limited to 5,000 copies, only sold in the United Kingdom. The B-side "Walnut Tree" was recorded during the James Sanger sessions at Normandy, France.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: The song's lyrics refer to Manser's Shaw, a place in Battle where Keane members used to visit in their childhood days and the site of the Battle of Hastings, fought on 14 October 1066. According to Rice-Oxley, they wrote the song after returning to Battle from London after failing to achieve musical success. The "pathway" referenced in the song refers to the trail between the house of Rice-Oxley's parents and the local pub.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: Richard Hughes, Keane's drummer, offered the following explanation of the song on Chris Flynn's fansite:


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: The song talks about a place called "Manser's Shaw" in Battle, East Sussex where the band used to spend their childhood days. It was inspired by a poem.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: The lyrics talk about waiting for someone under a walnut tree but Rice-Oxley hasn't given a real meaning to this. It appeared on the "" soundtrack. James Sanger is credited on this song for his contributions at his studios in France. This song was mixed by Andy Green.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: Keane appear coming out of a studio and taking a taxi. Then they come across a forest where the "simple thing" aliens live (called Roxleys by some fans). Each Roxley represents the spirit of a tree.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: This international video was directed by Corin Hardy, produced by Kit Hawkins for White House Pictures and shot between 22 and 23 November 2003. Hardy was influenced by the movie "Princess Mononoke" and created the "simple thing" aliens, based on the "kodamas" appearing on that film.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: The video saga starts with an image of a backstage door shortly before Keane gets through it with Tom holding a snare. They get into a British taxi cab. A little spirit (a "simple thing" alien) is inside the taxi. Then they arrive in a wooded area (in East Sussex, owned by Anthony Becvar, an acquaintance of Corin Hardy). The "simple thing" alien remains in the cab. They began walking through the forest, "an empty land", across a "fallen tree" and finally arrive to a stream. They are now playing the song in the stream. Near the end of the song, the little spirits, Roxleys, appear again and get closer to Keane. Finally lights representing their hearts shine.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: This video was shot on 29 May 2004 in Hollywood, California and directed by The Saline Project. The song kicks off and Keane are playing a gig on the stage with a photograph of a forest behind them. Soon, the photograph becomes real and Keane are actually playing in the forest it represents. After the chorus, the forest becomes a city, and buildings start to grow. On the last chorus, it starts raining before converting into a forest again. The forest disappears, and then Keane are playing again on the stage.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: The cover art, designed by Madefire and Alex Lake, represents maple leaves falling, as on the music video. It also relates to the themes of the B-sides, "Walnut Tree" and "Snowed Under". Although neither of these songs appear on the "Hopes and Fears" album, they are relatively well known due to live performances and soundtracks. The letters reading "KEANE" are also in the background, featuring the red leaves.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: In 2013, English singer Lily Allen released a cover version of the song. It was released on 10 November 2013 in the United Kingdom as a digital download through Parlophone and Regal Recordings. The song was selected as the soundtrack to the John Lewis 2013 Christmas advertisement. The song reached number one in the UK Singles Chart, becoming her third number-one single. "Somewhere Only We Know" is included on Allen's third studio album, "Sheezus".


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: A portion of the proceeds from the sales of the single were donated to Save the Children's Philippine Typhoon Appeal campaign.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: Allen's version of the song was used for the trailer of "The Little Prince" (2015), which was shown in French.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: Allen's version of the song was also used on an advertisement by Brazilian telecommunications company Vivo in 2015.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: The video for the song is a composite made by editor Chris Morris of the John Lewis "The Bear and the Hare" Christmas advert, directed by Elliot Dear and Yves Geleyn, and its making-of video, directed by Jake & Josh (Jacob Hopewell & Josh Hine), allowing the song to run to its full length.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: On 24 November 2013, "Somewhere Only We Know" reached number one in the UK Singles Chart, thus becoming Allen's third number-one single following "Smile" (2006) and "The Fear" (2009). Although the song spent a total of three non-consecutive weeks at the top spot, it did not reach number one on the UK Singles Downloads Chart. It sold 46,279 copies during its second week at number one, the lowest number for a number-one single since Taio Cruz's "Break Your Heart" sold 42,746 copies in its third week at number one in 2009.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

text: In total the single sold over 600,000 copies. According to the BPI, the single was awarded a gold disc in January 2014, representing 400,000 sales. The song was included on the album "Now 86!" which sold more than 1.1 million copies to become the UK's best-selling album of 2013.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Pure Prairie League is an American country rock band whose origins go back to 1965 and Waverly, Ohio, with singer and guitarist Craig Fuller, drummer Tom McGrail, guitarist and drummer Jim Caughlan and steel guitarist John David Call. Fuller started the band in 1970 and McGrail named it after a fictional 19th century temperance union featured in the 1939 Errol Flynn cowboy film "Dodge City". In 1975 the band scored its biggest hit with the single "Amie", a track that originally appeared on their 1972 album "Bustin' Out". Pure Prairie League scored five consecutive Top 40 LPs in the 1970s and added a sixth in the 1980s. They disbanded in 1988 but regrouped in 1998 and continue to perform . The line-up has been fluid over the years, with no one member having served over the band's entire history. The band's most recent line-up consists of Call, drummer Scott Thompson, keyboardist Randy Harper, guitarist Jeff Zona and bassist Jared Camic. Among the other notable past musicians to have played with Pure Prairie League include guitarists Vince Gill, Gary Burr and Curtis Wright.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Although the band has its roots in Waverly, it was actually formed in Columbus, Ohio and had its first success in Cincinnati. Craig Fuller, Tom McGrail, Jim Caughlan and John David Call had played together in various bands since high school, notably the Vikings, the Omars, the Sacred Turnips and the Swiss Navy.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: In 1970 the first Pure Prairie League line-up was Fuller, McGrail, singer/songwriter/guitarist George Ed Powell (a popular Cincinnati folk singer), Phill Stokes (bassist in Columbus bands Sanhedrin Move and J.D. Blackfoot) and Robin Suskind (a popular guitar teacher in the University of Cincinnati neighborhood) on guitar and mandola, with John David Call joining the band later that year. Call's steel guitar added country credibility to the band's playlist and sparked guitar duels with Fuller that created the signature sound of the band. They rose to popularity as the house band at New Dilly's Pub in the Mt. Adams section of Cincinnati.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: In mid-1971, McGrail and Stokes left the band to rehearse with but were unable to put a viable band together. Jim Caughlan, who had played guitar and drums with Fuller, Call and McGrail in earlier bands, took over on drums and Jim Lanham from California, formerly of Country Funk, replaced Stokes on bass.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Early on, the Pure Prairie League was looking for national artist representation and they made contact with a well-known Cleveland based rock and roll promoter, Roger Abramson. At the behest of the group's roadie (who had also worked for the James Gang) Jim "Westy" Westermeyer, Abramson saw the band at New Dilly's Pub and later signed them to a management contract. Abramson was able to land a contract with RCA Records. He then placed Pure Prairie League as an opening act with many of the concerts he produced at that time.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Their eponymous first album used a Norman Rockwell "Saturday Evening Post" cover, showing a trail-worn cowboy, named Luke, who would appear on the cover of every Pure Prairie League recording thereafter. After releasing their debut album (recorded in New York City) in March 1972 and embarking on a nationwide tour, Call, Caughlan and Lanham all left the band.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: At that point, Pure Prairie League owed RCA another album and Craig Fuller agreed to record the second record in RCA's Toronto studio with the help of George Ed Powell and Bob Ringe (who had also produced the first album). Al Brisco played pedal steel guitar on the session. "Bustin' Out" (begun in the summer of 1972) was produced by Ringe and featured the songs of Fuller and Powell. Billy Hinds from Cincinnati (drums, percussion) joined the band and Hinds's friend, Michael Connor, played piano on most of the sessions and would become a regular in the Pure Prairie League line-up for years to come. Mick Ronson added string arrangements to several tracks, most notably "Boulder Skies" and "Call Me Tell Me". Michael Reilly, who would become the longtime bass player and front man for the band, joined in early September 1972, soon after the record was completed. "Bustin' Out" was released in October 1972.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Shortly afterward, the group returned to Ohio and Fuller had to face trial for charges of draft evasion in Kentucky. Before conscientious objector (C.O.) status could be arranged, he was sentenced to six months in jail and forced to leave Pure Prairie League in February 1973. At this point, RCA dropped the band and their future looked bleak.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: By August 1973, the band members were in Cincinnati and managed to persuade Call to return. Fuller, though out of prison by now, was working the late shift in a community hospital to satisfy his C.O. requirements and was not inclined to rejoin at that time. (He was eventually given a full pardon by President Gerald Ford.) Reilly took over as the band's leader and front man and brought in his friend Larry Goshorn (vocals, guitars) to replace Fuller in November 1973. Goshorn had played in a popular Ohio band called the Sacred Mushroom.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Pure Prairie League hit the road and began playing gigs constantly, mostly in the Northeast, Midwest and Southeast. As a result of their heavy schedule, particularly at colleges, their songs became well known; "Amie" (Craig Fuller's ode to an on-again/off-again relationship), from the second album, became a particular favorite.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: As "Amie" grew in popularity, radio stations began receiving requests for it. As a result, RCA re-released "Bustin' Out" and issued "Amie" as a single. It peaked at No. 27 on April 26, 1975, just as a minor bluegrass revival was underway on mid-western college campuses.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: RCA re-signed Pure Prairie League and their third album, "Two Lane Highway", was released in June 1975. It featured guest appearances by Chet Atkins, fiddler Johnny Gimble, Don Felder from The Eagles and Emmylou Harris, who dueted with the band on the song "Just Can't Believe It", which received much airplay on country stations. "Highway" was the band's highest 'charter' at No. 24 and "Bustin' Out" reached gold status. This began a string of five consecutive Top 40 album releases as "If the Shoe Fits" (January 1976), "Dance" (November 1976) and "Live, Takin' the Stage" (September 1977) all made the Top 40.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: In 1977 Call left because of increasing back troubles. Larry Goshorn's brother, Tim, joined in time to record "Just Fly" (March 1978). But in 1978 there was a mass exodus as the Goshorns left to form their own group, The Goshorn Brothers, and Powell, the last remaining original member, retired from the road to run his pig farm in Ohio. However the group soldiered on as Reilly quickly brought in temporary members, California country rocker Chris Peterson (vocals, guitar) and the group's soundman, Jeff Redefer (guitar), to play a few shows until new, permanent players could be located.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: In September 1978 auditions led to the hiring of Vince Gill (vocals, guitars, mandolin, banjo, fiddle). Further auditions brought in Steven Patrick Bolin (vocals, guitars, flute) in January 1979. This revamped line-up recorded "Can't Hold Back" (June 1979), which turned out to be their last for RCA. Sax player Jeff Kirk accompanied the band on some of their dates during the 1979 tour.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Casablanca Records, who at this time was trying to play down its reputation as primarily a disco label, signed Pure Prairie League and other non-dance acts to its roster in 1980. In January, guitarist Jeff Wilson came in to replace Bolin and the band's next release, "Firin' Up" (February 1980) spawned the hits "Let Me Love You Tonight" and "I'm Almost Ready", both sung by Gill, with saxophone accompaniment by David Sanborn. A second Casablanca release, "Something in the Night" (February 1981), kept Pure Prairie League on the charts with "Still Right Here in My Heart". However, as fate would have it, Casablanca ultimately went bankrupt and was sold to Polygram Records. Polygram then dropped most of Casablanca's roster, including Pure Prairie League.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Despite the lack of a recording contract, the group still found itself in demand as a live act and played in clubs and at outdoor festivals.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Tim Goshorn returned in 1982 and Mike Hamilton (vocals, guitars, from Kenny Loggins' band) also joined the same year and was there for six months (until mid-1982). Al Garth (vocals, woodwinds, fiddle, keyboards), another Loggins alumnus (Loggins & Messina, also Poco and Nitty Gritty Dirt Band), joined as well, from 1982 to 1985.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Longtime drummer Billy Hinds retired from the road in 1984. He was first succeeded by Merel Bregante (also ex-Loggins & Messina and Nitty Gritty Dirt Band) and then by Joel Rosenblatt (1985–1986) and Steve Speelman (ex-Steele) (1986–1988). Sax player Dan Clawson took over for Garth in 1985 and Gary Burr (vocals, guitars) was there from 1984 to 1985.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: 1985 also saw the return of the group's co-founder Craig Fuller (who had fronted the groups American Flyer and Fuller/Kaz in the mid-to-late 1970s, after he had returned to music).


title: Pure Prairie League

text: "Mementos 1971-1987", which contained re-recordings of their best known material plus four new songs, was released on the small Rushmore label in December 1987 and was recorded back in Ohio, where the band had returned to their home base. It featured guest appearances from many of the band's alumni, including Gill, Powell, the Goshorns, Call, Burr, Rosenblatt and Mike Hamilton.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: In 1988 the band decided to call it quits. Fuller, who had already joined a reformed Little Feat in 1987, played with Pure Prairie League for their final shows in the spring of 1988.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: A decade later (in 1998), Pure Prairie League was back with a line-up of Fuller, Connor, Reilly, Burr, Fats Kaplin (pedal steel guitar, mandolin, banjo, fiddle, accordion, washboard) and Rick Schell (vocals, drums, percussion). After two years, Burr was succeeded by Curtis Wright (vocals, guitars) in June 2000. The group began work on a new album in 2002, yet abandoned the sessions and separated again after Schell became busy with other projects.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Michael Connor (born December 7, 1949) died after a long battle with cancer on September 2, 2004, at age 54. Following Connor's death, the group resumed touring once again with Fuller, Reilly, Schell, Wright and Kaplin (when available) and released "All in Good Time" in November 2005. Their first album in 18 years, this release appeared on the small Drifter's Church label.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Since this time, Pure Prairie League has continued to tour, playing a handful of shows every year. Donnie Lee Clark replaced Curtis Wright in late 2006 after Wright joined Reba McEntire's band. Mike Reilly was sidelined in 2006 after he was forced to undergo a liver transplant. Jack Sundrud (from Poco) came in to sub for Reilly. Rick Plant also did a brief stint with them on bass before relocating to Australia in late 2006. Jeff "Stick" Davis (from Amazing Rhythm Aces) sat in on bass for Mike in 2007. In May 2007 Reilly appeared at a few shows and played guitar yet was unable to come back full-time until 2008. John David Call played some concerts in 2006 & 2007, standing in for Kaplin, and returned to the band full-time in June 2010.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: As of May 2011, it was announced, via the Pure Prairie League website, that Fuller would not be appearing at all of the band's shows that year, as he decided to take a break from touring. He ended up leaving the group again altogether by 2012. On February 10, 2012 at The Syndicate in Newport, Kentucky, Fuller, his son Patrick, Tommy McGrail, and George Ed Powell (a frequent guest at their Ohio shows in recent years) took to the stage to join the current Pure Prairie League line-up of John David Call, Mike Reilly, Rick Schell and Donnie Lee Clark. In May 2012 Scott Thompson (vocals, drums, percussion) replaced Rick Schell, who departed to continue to grow his real estate business.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Former member Tim Goshorn (born November 27, 1954) died at his home in Williamstown, Kentucky after a bout with cancer on April 15, 2017, at age 62.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: Tim Goshorn's brother Larry, who had played with Pure Prairie League from 1973 to 1978, also fell victim to cancer and died on September 14, 2021.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: In 2021 long time bassist Mike Reilly retired from the road due to health issues and fifteen year veteran Donnie Lee Clark departed as well, paving the way for new members Jared Camic (vocals, bass) and Jeff Zona (vocals, guitar). Reilly did return briefly in February 2022 as a special guest on the Rock Legends Cruise.


title: Pure Prairie League

text: The band endorses a number of charitable efforts, Pittsburgh's ongoing BurghSTOCK Concert Series among them.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The Volkswagen ID.4 and Volkswagen ID.5 are battery electric compact crossover SUVs produced by Volkswagen. Based on the MEB platform, the ID.4 is the second model of the Volkswagen ID. series. The production version of the ID.4 debuted in September 2020 as the first fully-electric crossover SUV under the Volkswagen brand, while the coupe-shaped variant of the ID.4 (akin to the Audi e-tron Sportback) is marketed as the Volkswagen ID.5 and was revealed in November 2021.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The ID.4 is positioned by Volkswagen as a high-volume, mass-market electric vehicle — a car for "the millions, not the millionaires," as the company claimed in its advertising. It was delivered to European customers from late 2020, and the first quarter of 2021 for the North American market.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The ID.4 was previewed the I.D. Crozz and I.D. Crozz II concept cars, which debuted in 2017 at the Shanghai and Frankfurt Auto Show, respectively. A prototype version of the ID.4 appeared in camouflage at the 2019 Frankfurt Motor Show discreetly so as not to steal the show from the first electric mass-market vehicle of the German brand, the ID.3.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The production version was unveiled globally on 23 September 2020. Unlike the ID.3 which is oriented mainly for the European market, the ID.4 also targeted the North American region as one of its core markets. Volkswagen Group of America CEO Scott Keogh went as far as saying the ID.4 "drives like a GTI, it has the packaging of a Tiguan and the purpose of the Beetle," to emphasize its driving dynamics, design, and technology.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: At launch, the electric SUV is solely offered with rear-wheel-drive and an electric motor located at the rear axle, with the dual motor all-wheel-drive version following later. First sales were for the ID.4 "1st edition", which differs in some interior and exterior features from the series production models.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: Headlights and taillights are mostly LED lamps on the ID.4, with Matrix LED lights being an optional feature. The front features a low-positioned air inlet behind which the radiator and parts of the air conditioning system are located. Short overhangs and a wheelbase of add up to a length of . Wheels are offered in 18–21 inch sizes. RWD models can tow a maximum of braked with an optional tow bar and fits roof rails as standard.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: Apple Carplay and Android Auto are offered as standard, in addition to an optional augmented reality head-up display (HUD). In addition to the 5.3 inch driver display, the ID.4 features a 10-inch infotainment screen, though an optional 12 inch screen is available. By default, the vehicle includes a light strip below the windscreen providing visual cues related to certain functions such as the state of charge (SOC) when charging or brake alerts, which VW calls "ID. Light".


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: An optional heat pump extending range under low temperature conditions is offered or even fitted as standard in certain markets such as Canada and uses a R744 (CO) refrigerant. It is claimed to heat the cabin 2-3 times more efficiently than a resistance heater.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The boot offers 848 L of volume and 1,817 L when the rear seats are folded, although the vehicle does not offer a storage compartment at the front end ("frunk").


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The Volkswagen ID.5 was previewed in August 2021, revealed in November 2021, and produced since January 2022. It features a lower 0.26 drag coefficient, which is 0.02 lower than the ID.4. The model is available in three variants, which are Pro, Pro Performance and GTX, with the latter using a dual motor all-wheel-drive layout. Three powertrain options are available, although unlike the ID.4, the ID.5 comes with just one battery capacity, which is 77 kWh. The ID.5's sloping roofline decreases the cargo space, which offers 549 L with the rear seats up and 1,561 L with the seats folded.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The ID.4 is fitted with the APP 310 drive of the underlying MEB platform, which consists of a water-cooled brushless permanently excited synchronous machine positioned at the rear axle. The motor produces between of power and up to of torque, revolving at speeds of up to 16,000 rpm.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The ID.4 recuperates energy when braking as standard, with up to 0.25 g. If the driver lifts their foot off the accelerator pedal, the vehicle is set to coast along in order to preserve energy, with the motor freely rotating. However the vehicle can be set to recuperate instead, again with forces of up to 0.25 g. When stronger deceleration is required, the vehicle uses conventional hydraulic brakes.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The battery consists of a lithium-Ion battery pack which houses 9 battery modules in 10 compartments (Pure) or 12 modules (Pro) containing the individual battery cells (24 per module) in a rectangular aluminium casing which sits in the vehicle's underbody. While the smaller battery holds an energy content of 55 kWh, of which 52 kWh are made available to the user, the larger pack comes in at 82/77 kWh.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The battery's thermal management system is designed to maintain the battery's temperature around the ideal range of and utilises liquid cooling.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: For the European market, the ID.4 is available with three electric motor options. The versions with or are powered by a 52 kWh battery pack, while the version with the larger 77 kWh battery produces and has a WLTP range of "up to" on a single charge. The range-topping model is capable of a sprint in 8.5 seconds.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: An AWD variant of the ID.4, marketed as the ID.4 GTX in Europe, accelerates in 5.7 seconds and in 6.2 seconds.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The ID.4 is produced at the Volkswagen Zwickau-Mosel Plant in Germany and will also be built at the company's Emden plant from 2022.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: For the North American market, you can get a RWD configuration that produces and of torque or an AWD configuration that produces and of torque. It is powered by a 62 kWh or 82 kWh battery pack (gross capacity) positioned in the underbody. The 82 kWh battery pack offers a range of on a full charge on the EPA cycle, depending on version. The 62 kWh battery pack has not been EPA rated as of August 2022, Volkswagen estimates it will be able to achieve on a full charge.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: For model year 2023, the Volkswagen ID.4 sold in North America will be made in Volkswagen's Chattanooga Tennessee Assembly Plant. The North American ID.4 got a moderate refresh for 2023 that introduced a new 62 kWh battery pack that is now on the new Standard and S trim levels, the Standard trim level reduced the base price of the ID.4 to $37,495. The larger 82 kWh battery pack got updated to increase the peak DCFC charging rate from 135 kW to 170 kW. This refresh also includes a redesigned center console, a larger 12-inch Discover Pro Max infotainment system, Park Assist Plus (autonomous parking system), and 45-watt USB-C fast device charging standard across all trims. As well as new options like Area View (surround view camera system), VW Premium Sound system, three-zone automatic climate control, heated rear seats, and new paint colors.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The Volkswagen ID.4 is available as two variants in China called the ID.4 X and the ID.4 Crozz. The two variants feature slightly different styling and are produced by SAIC-Volkswagen and FAW-Volkswagen respectively.


title: Volkswagen ID.4

text: The ID.4 Crozz is similar to the European ID.4 and is offered with a smaller battery and a range of and of power as well as a longer-ranged version offering of range according to the NEDC test and of power. A high performance version with dual motor all-wheel drive and as well as of range is to be released as well. For the SAIC-Volkswagen ID.4 X, the car gains in length, mainly through the addition of a different bumper.


title: Hi Bye, Mama!

text: Hi Bye, Mama! () is a 2020 South Korean television series starring Kim Tae-hee, Lee Kyu-hyung, and Go Bo-gyeol. It aired on tvN from February 22 to April 19, 2020.


title: Hi Bye, Mama!

text: Cha Yu-ri (Kim Tae-hee) has been a ghost since she died in a tragic accident five years ago. Through a reincarnation project, she is given the possibility to become human again if she succeeds in going back to her place within 49 days. However, her husband, Cho Gang-hwa (Lee Kyu-hyung), is now remarried. She has to choose between her own or her husband's happiness.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The North American F-82 Twin Mustang is the last American piston-engined fighter ordered into production by the United States Air Force. Based on the North American P-51 Mustang, the F-82 was originally designed as a long-range escort fighter for the Boeing B-29 Superfortress in World War II. The war ended well before the first production units were operational.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: In the postwar era, Strategic Air Command used the aircraft as a long-range escort fighter. Radar-equipped F-82s were used extensively by the Air Defense Command as replacements for the Northrop P-61 Black Widow as all-weather day/night interceptors. During the Korean War, Japan-based F-82s were among the first USAF aircraft to operate over Korea. The first three North Korean aircraft destroyed by U.S. forces were shot down by F-82s, the first being a North-Korean Yak-11 downed over Gimpo Airfield by the USAF 68th Fighter Squadron.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: Initially intended as a very long-range (VLR) escort fighter, the F-82 was designed to escort Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers on missions exceeding from the Solomon Islands or Philippines to Tokyo, missions beyond the range of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning and conventional P-51 Mustangs. Such missions were part of the planned U.S. invasion of the Japanese home islands, which was forestalled by the surrender of Japan after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the opening of Soviet attacks on Japanese-held territory in Manchuria.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: In October 1943, the North American Aircraft design team began work on a fighter design that could travel over without refueling. It consisted of a twin-fuselage design, parallel to the experimental German Messerschmitt Bf 109Z "Zwilling." Although based on the lightweight experimental XP-51F, which would later become the P-51H Mustang, it was actually a new design. North American Design Chief Edgar Schmued incorporated two P-51H Mustang fuselages lengthened by the addition of a fuselage plug located behind the cockpit where additional fuel tanks and equipment could be installed. These were mounted to a newly designed center wing section containing the same six .50 caliber (12.7mm) M3 Browning machine guns as a single-engine Mustang, but with more concentrated fire. The first XP-82 prototype was equipped with a removable centerline gun pod housing eight additional .50 caliber M3 Brownings, but this did not feature on production aircraft. An even more powerful centerline gun pod containing a cannon was considered, but was never built. The outer wings were reinforced to allow the addition of hard points for carrying additional fuel or of ordnance. The two vertical tails were also from the XP-51F, but incorporated large dorsal fillets for added stability in case of an engine failure. The aircraft had a conventional landing gear with both wheels retracting into bays under each fuselage center section.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The XP-82 was to be powered by two Packard-built Rolls-Royce V-1650 Merlin engines. Initially, the left engine was a V-1650-23 with an additional gear in the propeller reduction box to allow the left propeller to turn opposite to the right propeller, which was driven by the more conventional V-1650-25. In this arrangement both propellers would turn upward as they approached the center wing, which in theory would have allowed better single-engine control. This proved not to be the case when the aircraft refused to become airborne during its first flight attempt. After a month of work North American engineers finally discovered that rotating the propellers to meet in the center on their upward turn created sufficient drag to cancel out all lift from the center wing section, one quarter of the aircraft's total wing surface area. The engines and propellers were then exchanged, with their rotation meeting on the downward turn, and the problem was fully solved. The first XP-82 prototype ("44-83886") was completed on 25 May 1945, and made the type's first successful flight on 26 June 1945. This aircraft was accepted by the Army Air Forces on 30 August 1945, whose officials were so impressed by the aircraft, while still in development, that they ordered the first production P-82Bs in March 1945, fully three months before its first flight.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The XP-82 prototypes, and production P-82Bs and P-82Es, retained both fully equipped cockpits so that pilots could fly the aircraft from either position, alternating control on long flights, while later night fighter versions kept the cockpit on the left side only, placing the radar operator in the right position.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: Although some P-82B airframes were completed before the end of World War II, most remained at the North American factory in California waiting for engines until 1946. As a result, none saw service during the war.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: Like most versions of the P-51 Mustang, the first two prototype XP-82s as well as the next 20 P-82B models were powered by British-designed Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, re-engineered for increased durability and mass-production, and built under license by Packard. These provided the fighter with excellent range and performance; however, the Army had always wanted to give the Twin Mustang a purely American and stronger engine than the foreign-designed P-51's V-1650 (built at Packard plants, dismantled after the war). In addition, the licensing costs paid to Rolls-Royce for each V-1650 were being increased by Britain after the war. It therefore negotiated in August 1945 with the Allison Division of the General Motors Corporation for a new version of the Allison V-1710-100 engine. This forced North American to switch subsequent production P-82C and later models to the lower-powered engines. It was found that Allison-powered P-82 models demonstrated a lower top speed and poorer high-altitude performance than the earlier Merlin-powered versions. The earlier P-82B models were designated as trainers, while the "C" and later models were employed as fighters, making the P-82 one of the few aircraft in U.S. military history to be faster in its trainer version than the fighter version.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: In 1948, the 3200th Proof Test Group at Eglin AFB, Florida, fitted the 4th F-82B Twin Mustang with retractable pylons under the outer wings capable of mounting 10 High-Velocity Air Rockets (HVAR) each, which folded into the wing undersurface when not in use. This installation was not adopted on later models, the standard "tree" being used instead. The 13th aircraft was experimentally fitted with a center wing mounted pod housing an array of recon cameras, and was assigned to the 3200th Photo Test Squadron, being designated, unofficially, the RF-82B.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: On 27 February 1947, P-82B, named "Betty Jo" and flown by Colonel Robert E. Thacker, made history when it flew nonstop from Hawaii to New York without refueling, a distance of in 14 hr 32 min. It averaged . This flight tested the P-82's range. The aircraft carried a full internal fuel tank of , augmented by four tanks for a total of . Colonel Thacker did not drop three external tanks when their fuel was expended, either because of an oversight, or because they were stuck due to a mechanical glitch. This remains the longest nonstop flight ever made by a propeller-driven fighter, and the fastest time in which such a distance has ever been covered in a piston-engine aircraft. The aircraft chosen was an earlier "B" model powered by Rolls-Royce Merlin engines (see "Surviving aircraft" below).


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The Twin Mustang was developed at the end of the prop-driven fighter era and at the dawn of the jet age. Its designed role as a long-range fighter escort was eliminated by the end of World War II. With the rapid draw-down of the armed forces after the war, the newly established United States Air Force had little money for new prop-driven aircraft, especially since jets, such as the Messerschmitt Me 262, had been faster than P-51 Mustangs in the skies of Germany in late 1944. The completed airframes (minus engines) of the P-82 pre-production aircraft already manufactured went into storage, with an uncertain future.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: However, during the 1947 Soviet Aviation Day display at Tushino Airport, a surprise appearance was put in by what looked like three Boeing B-29s, followed by a fourth, passenger version, the Tu-70. The first three were examples of the Tupolev Tu-4, which was a reverse-engineered B-29 Superfortress, three examples of which were known to have been interned in the Soviet Union after having been forced to land there during bombing raids against Japan in WWII. Since the USSR was expected to have nuclear weapons sooner or later, the appearance of the Soviet Tu-4 was a shock to U.S. military planners, since it meant that the U.S. mainland might be vulnerable to a Soviet nuclear attack from the air.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: Until jet interceptors could be developed and put into service, the Twin Mustangs already built were seen as an interim solution to SAC's fighter escort mission for its strategic bomber force and also as an all-weather air defense interceptor.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: Early attempts to develop jet-powered all-weather fighters ran into a series of delays. The Curtiss-Wright XF-87 Blackhawk was ordered in December 1945, but it ran into development difficulties and the project was abandoned in October 1948. The Northrop P-89 Scorpion had greater promise, but it too had teething troubles and was not expected to enter service until 1952 at the earliest. Due to the lack of a suitable jet-powered replacement, the wartime Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighter was forced into this role, and in order to fill in the gap until the Scorpion became available, night fighter adaptations of the Twin Mustang were developed and deployed.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: On 11 June 1948, the newly formed United States Air Force replaced the P-for-pursuit category with F-for-fighter. All P-82s were then re-designated F-82.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The F-82E was the first operational model and its initial operational assignment was to the Strategic Air Command 27th Fighter (later Fighter-Escort) Wing at Kearney Air Force Base, Nebraska in March 1948.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: During World War II, the P-51 Mustang had escorted Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers from bases in England and Southern Italy to targets in Nazi-occupied Europe. However, the Cold War brought on the challenge of B-29, Boeing B-50 or Convair B-36 missions into the Soviet Union. The size of the Soviet Union dictated long bombing missions there and back from bases in Europe or Alaska, most of it over Soviet territory. Also the weather, which was bad enough in Western Europe, would make bombing missions exceptionally difficult between October and May. With no long-range jet fighters to escort the strategic bomber force, the 27th FEW was to fly these missions in F-82Es.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The F-82E had a range of over , which meant that with external fuel tanks it could fly from London to Moscow, loiter for 30 minutes over the target, and return, the only American fighter which could do so. It also had an operational ceiling of , where it could stay close to the bombers it was designed to protect. The first production F-82Es reached the 27th in early 1948, and almost immediately the group was deployed to McChord AFB, Washington, in June, where its squadrons stood on alert on a secondary air defense mission due to heightened tensions over the Berlin Airlift. It was also believed that the 27th would launch an escort mission, presumably to the Soviet Union, if conflict broke out in Europe. From McChord, the group flew its Twin Mustangs on weather reconnaissance missions over the northwest Pacific, but problems were encountered with their fuel tanks. Decommissioned F-61 Black Widow external tanks were found at Hamilton AFB, California, which could be modified for the F-82; fitted on the pylons of the Twin Mustang, these solved the problem. With a reduction in tension, the 27th returned to its home base in Nebraska during September.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: Four F-82s were deployed from McChord to Alaska, where the pilots provided transition training to the 449th Fighter (All Weather) Squadron, which used Twin Mustangs in the air defense mission. They remained in Alaska for about 45 days, returning to rejoin the rest of the group at the beginning of November 1948.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: In January 1949, Eighth Air Force planned a large celebration at Carswell Air Force Base. All of its assigned units were to participate in a coordinated flyover. Most of the Strategic Air Command's bombers were to participate, along with its only "Long Range" fighter group, the 27th. The weather in Nebraska was horrible, with most airports in the Midwest forced to close on the day of the display. Kearney Air Force Base was hit with a blizzard, and paths were cut through the snow allowing the F-82s to take off and rendezvous with the bombers. This was seen as proof of the F-82's capabilities in bad weather.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: In early 1949, the 27th began carrying out long-range escort profile missions. Flights to Puerto Rico, Mexico, the Bahamas and nonstop to Washington, D.C. were carried out. For President Truman's 1949 inauguration, the 27th FEW launched 48 aircraft to fly in review, along with several other fighter units, in formation down Pennsylvania Avenue. Another flyover of the newly dedicated Idlewild Airport in New York City soon followed, with the aircraft flying non-stop from Kearney AFB.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: In March 1949, Kearney AFB was closed and the 27th FEW was reassigned to Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas. Other long-range missions were flown cross-country, including simulated dogfights with Lockheed F-80 Shooting Stars. The 27th FEW began transitioning to the Republic F-84 Thunderjet in March 1950, and the F-82Es were largely surplus, with the last examples being phased out by September. A few were sent to Far East Air Forces for combat in Korea and some were sent to Alaska for bomber escort missions over the Arctic from Ladd AFB until 1953. The majority went to reclamation and were gone by 1952.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: With the appearance of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 over North Korea in late 1950, the B-29, as well as all of the propeller-driven bombers in the USAF inventory, were rendered obsolete as strategic offensive weapons. The straight-winged F-84Gs were ineffective against the MiG, and it took the swept-wing North American F-86 Sabre to counter them. It would take a new generation of swept-wing jet bombers, able to fly higher and faster, to survive the MiG-15 and subsequent Soviet interceptors. The era of large formations of bombers flying to a strategic target ended after the Korean War. Strategic bombing became a one-plane, one target mission, with the jet-powered Boeing B-52 Stratofortress flying higher and faster than most enemy interceptors. The escort fighter became redundant, and by 1957 SAC had inactivated the last of its strategic fighter escort wings.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The appearance of the Soviet Tupolev Tu-4 in 1947 posed a new threat to postwar USAAF planners, and with the start of the Cold War in 1948, led to the establishment of Air Defense Command (ADC) in the United States Air Force.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: In 1947, the embryonic ADC was not particularly effective. During a number of simulated raids on the United States carried out by Strategic Air Command during the period 1947–1949, defending F-51 Mustangs and F-47 Thunderbolts repeatedly failed to find the incoming bombers, and were seldom in a position to shoot them down. Furthermore, when they did so, the bombers had already made their runs over intended targets.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The radar-equipped wartime Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighter was found to be effective in locating and attacking the incoming SAC bombers, and also had the range to attack the bombers far from their intended targets. With no suitable jet interceptors, the P-61 transitioned to the ADC interceptor mission. Available F-61s were war-weary and night fighter F-82C/D models were modified into all-weather interceptors to replace them.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The production interceptor versions of the Twin Mustang were designated the F-82F and F-82G; the distinguishing feature between the F and G models was largely the nacelle beneath the center-wing that housed radar equipment (F-82F's AN/APG-28 and F-82G's SCR-720C18). In addition, the interceptor required numerous modifications. The right side cockpit was replaced with a radar operator's position without flight controls. A long radar pod, resembling a sausage and irreverently known as a "long dong", was attached to the underside of the wing center section, below the six .50 cal (12.7mm) machine guns and with its dish in front of the propellers to prevent interference. This unconventional arrangement did not affect the aircraft's performance seriously. Additionally the unit could be jettisoned in an emergency, or for belly landings and was sometimes even lost during high-G maneuvers. F-82F models were designated for ADC units in the United States, while the F-82G models were deployed to Far East Air Forces for air defense of Japan and Okinawa. F-82s were not deployed to Europe.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The first F-82Fs began reaching ADC squadrons in September 1948. By the end of September, ADC had 29 F-82Fs. By the middle of 1949 the F-82 was replacing Black Widows in service with Air Defense Command along the west coast at Hamilton AFB, California (317th FIS) and McChord AFB, Washington (318th FIS, 319th FIS). East coast defense was the mission of the Twin Mustangs assigned to McGuire AFB, New Jersey (2d FIS, 5th FIS).


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: In addition to the forces in the Continental United States, the Caribbean Air Command 319th FIS at France Field in the Panama Canal Zone received 15 F-82Fs in December 1948 to replace Black Widows for defending the Panama Canal but remained there only briefly before being reassigned to McChord AFB in May 1949.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: The Twin Mustang was replaced in ADC service during 1950–1951 by the Lockheed F-94 Starfire, the last being with the 318th FIS at McChord AFB in late 1951. Some went to Alaska, where they were modified into F-82H but most were scrapped.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: After World War II, the Northrop P-61 Black Widow was the Far East Air Forces (FEAF) main interceptor. However, a lack of spare parts and maintenance issues made it difficult to keep the war-weary aircraft in the air. Until an all-weather jet interceptor became available, the F-82G Twin Mustang was seen as the interim solution. The last operational P-61s were sent by the 68th and 339th Fighter (All Weather) Squadrons to the reclamation yard at Tachikawa Air Base in February 1950, with Twin Mustangs arriving as replacement aircraft.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: In Far East Air Forces, there were three squadrons operating the Twin Mustang, consisting of 45 aircraft. The 4th Fighter (All Weather) Squadron was attached to the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing at Naha Air Base, Okinawa, tasked with providing air defense within the Twentieth Air Force's area of responsibility during darkness and inclement weather. The 68th F(AW)S area would cover southern Japan from their base at Itazuke and the 8th Fighter Bomber Wing, with the 339th F(AW)S covering Tokyo and northern Japan from Johnson Air Base. FEAF had about 40 Twin Mustangs assigned to the command.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: With the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, the F-82 was pressed into combat duty. On 25 June 1950, 68th Fighter Squadron F-82 aircrews on alert at Itazuke Air Base were told that North Korea had crossed the 38th Parallel. They were ordered to fly to the area and report any activity on the main roads and railroads. They arrived to find overcast conditions, with cloud tops at . The Twin Mustangs flew through the clouds using radar and broke out at , heading for Kimpo Airfield near Seoul. The pilots observed huge convoys of North Korean trucks and other vehicles, including 58 tanks, which had crossed into South Korea. The crews flew back through the clouds to Itazuke Air Base, where they were debriefed by a U.S. Army colonel from General Douglas MacArthur's staff. This reconnaissance flight is considered to be the first United States air combat mission of the Korean War.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: With this information, along with other intelligence reports available to them, FEAF confirmed that the Korean People's Army had, indeed, launched a full-scale invasion of South Korea. FEAF's first priority, however, was to evacuate United States citizens. On the morning of 26 June, the nearby Norwegian freighter "Reinholte" was sent to Inchon harbor to evacuate non-military personnel from Seoul, which lay directly in the invasion route. A flight of Twin Mustangs from the 68th F(AW)S was dispatched to the area, arriving at dawn to provide air protection for the evacuation. Two of the F-82s were dispatched to fly over the road from Seoul, while others flew top cover over the Inchon docks. The patrol went without incident until about 1300, when a pair of Soviet-built aircraft (the exact aircraft type has never been determined) came out of the clouds. Orders given to the F-82 pilots prohibited any aggressive action; however, gun switches were activated when the enemy leader tightened up his turn and peeled off at the F-82s with his wing man in close tail. The F-82s dropped their external tanks, turned on combat power and started a climbing turn towards the North Korean aircraft. For some reason, the North Korean leader fired while too far away, with his bullets falling short of the F-82s which then pulled up into the clouds and above the overcast, putting them in a position to return fire if the North Koreans followed them. However, they did not, and no further contact was made for the rest of the day. The evacuation at Inchon was successfully carried out with a total of 682 civilians being transported to Sasebo, Japan.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: Once the bulk of U.S. civilians had been evacuated out of South Korea by ship, the priority of FEAF changed to a military nature. The 339th F(AW)S received orders from Fifth Air Force to move all available aircraft, along with crews and equipment, to Itazuke Air Base to assist the 68th in providing air cover for the evacuation of Seoul. However, the 339th's complement of aircraft were scattered over several bases at the time. Seven F-82s at Yokota AB were flyable and two were in the hangar undergoing maintenance for major repairs. Four other F-82s were at Misawa AB on TDY. The three at Yokota were dispatched immediately to Itazuke, as well as the four at Misawa, making a total of seven combat ready F-82Gs present for duty on 27 June. The 68th F(AW)S had a total of twelve operational F-82Gs. This, combined with what the 339th could contribute, was insufficient to meet the combat needs thrust upon FEAF. The F-80 Shooting Star was available, but its thirsty jet engine meant it could only remain over the airfield for a few minutes before having to return to base and it could not reach the forward combat area from Japan. No USAF P-51 Mustangs were available. FEAF ordered Twentieth Air Force to send eight F-82s from its 4th F(AW)S from Okinawa to Itazuke, making a total of 27 F-82s available for combat duty. This was commendable, considering that on 31 May 1950 a total of 32 F-82s existed within FEAF. With these combined squadrons, the 347th Provisional Fighter Group (AW) was formed.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: Before dawn on 27 June, the 347th Provisional Group was up in the air over Korea, with a mission to provide cover for the Douglas C-54 Skymaster transports flying in and out of Kimpo Airfield as they moved the last civilians out. Fearing that the North Korean Air Force might try to shoot down the transport (a C-54 had been destroyed on the ground at Kimpo by North Korean fighters on 25 June), the Air Force requested air cover to protect the aircraft during takeoff. Fortunately, 339th Fighter All Weather Squadron (F(AW)S) with their F-82Gs were based at Yokota AB and the 68th F(AW)S was based at Itazuke AB Japan. With Lieutenant Colonel John F. Sharp in command, 27 F-82Gs of the 35 in Japan answered the call. Arriving in the early morning, they orbited Kimpo Airfield in three flights, each above the other. Suddenly, at 1150 hours, a mixed group of five North Korean fighters (Soviet-built Yak-9s, Yak-11s and La-7s) appeared, heading for the airfield. One of the Yak-11s immediately scored several hits on 68th F(AW)S pilot Lt. Charles Moran's vertical stabilizer. Moments later, Lt. William G. "Skeeter" Hudson, also of the 68th F(AW)S, initiated a high-G turn to engage the Yak, and soon was closing in on the Yak's tail. He then fired a short burst at close range, scoring hits with his six machine guns. The Yak banked hard to the right, with the F-82G in close pursuit. A second burst hit the Yak's right wing, setting the gas tank on fire and knocking off the right flap and aileron. The North Korean pilot bailed out, but his observer, who was either dead or badly wounded, remained in the doomed aircraft. Parachuting down to Kimpo Airfield, the North Korean pilot was immediately surrounded by South Korean soldiers. Surprisingly, he pulled out a pistol and began firing at them. The South Korean soldiers returned fire, killing him. Moments later, Lt. Moran shot down an La-7 over the airfield, while a few miles away, Major James W. Little, commanding officer of the 339th F(AW)S, shot down another La-7. The C-54 was able to escape safely. Three of the five North Korean aircraft had been shot down, with pilot Lt. William G. "Skeeter" Hudson and radar operator Lt. Carl Fraiser scoring the first United States aerial "kill" of the Korean War.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: In the following weeks, the F-82 pilots would exceed all expectations in aerial combat. On 28 June, orders came down for all F-82s to be used in heavy ground support against any North Korean activity found between the front lines and the 38th Parallel. Every F-82 which could be made ready for flight was pressed into combat service. Although Fifth Air Force needed every available aircraft to slow down the North Korean invasion force, it was hard to justify the release of all F-82s from their defensive responsibilities for the many key bases in Japan. It was decided to release all F-82s for combat except for a flight which was deployed from the 4th F(AW)S in Okinawa to Japan and a full squadron of F-80s for air defense. On 30 June, FEAF requested HQ USAF for an additional 21 F-82 aircraft, which was denied. In addition, the projected level of support which could be provided at the level of combat usage FEAF was experiencing was no more than 60 days due to a shortage of parts. The fact was that, when F-82 production ended in April 1948, no provision had been made for an adequate supply of spare parts, as the aircraft was not expected to remain in operational service once jet-powered aircraft were available. Further, the Air Force simply did not have that many F-82s in the first place (182 total operational aircraft), and did not want to weaken the F-82 units committed to the Pacific Northwest or Atlantic coast, or to draw from the fourteen F-82Hs in Alaska.


title: North American F-82 Twin Mustang

text: This was a heavy blow to FEAF planners, as they wanted to use the F-82 for escorting B-26 Invaders deep into North Korea and for searching out ground targets along the Han River. Making do with what they had was the order of the day, and maintenance crews were cannibalizing everything in sight in order to keep the maximum number of F-82s airborne. During the period 26–30 June, the 68th squadron flew 35 combat sorties, averaging five hours per sortie, with the 339th flying similar numbers of missions.