title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: On 29 March 2017, Toshiba's Westinghouse filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, citing a yearly loss for Toshiba that could exceed $9 billion, almost three times its previous estimate. "The Wall Street Journal" reported that four nuclear reactors being built in the southeastern U.S. would be left to an unknown fate. In July, 2017, the co-owners of the V.C. Summer plant announced that the project was terminated. On September 24, 2017, the Post & Courier reported that Westinghouse had hired unlicensed workers to create mechanical and electrical blueprints for the V.C. Summer expansion without having a professional engineer sign off on them which was in violation of state law. The blueprints were often faulty and led to significant delays. The U.S. government had given $8.3 billion of loan guarantees on the financing of the four nuclear reactors being built in the U.S.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: Besides the issues with the AP1000 design, the fuel manufacturing division has been profitable, but not enough to cover corporate overheads and support the other divisions. Research and development investment in fuel manufacturing has been low, which has impacted the quality and comparative performance of its fuel compared to competitors.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: On 6 April 2018, Toshiba announced the completion of the sale of Westinghouse's holding company to Brookfield Business Partners (a subsidiary of Canadian investment management company Brookfield Asset Management Inc.) and some partners for $4.6bn.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: In October 2022, Brookfield Renewable Partners (another subsidiary of Brookfield Asset Management) and Cameco announced the acquisition of Westinghouse Electric from Brookfield Business Partners in a US$7.9billion deal including debt. Brookfield Renewable and its institutional partners will own a 51% interest in Westinghouse, while Cameco will own remaining 49% as part of the deal.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: Although no longer associated with CBS Corporation (now Paramount Global), Westinghouse Electric Company LLC, as of 2011, still uses the trademarks owned by Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Paramount's "brand management" subsidiary, under license, as is the case with other Westinghouse licensees.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: A revived interest in the nuclear power generation field in the late 1980s led to Westinghouse's development of the AP600 reactor which received NRC approval. Interest in the Westinghouse design, but with larger power output led to the change of the project to the AP1000 in 1999 and shortly after became the first Generation III+ reactor to receive final design approval from the NRC in 2004. As of 2014, four of these units are under construction in China, though the first was due to come on-line in November 2013. and has been delayed until December 2014. The delay due to the constantly changing, and consequently untested, design prompted Li Yulun, former vice-president of China National Nuclear Corporation, in 2013 to raise concerns over the safety standards of the plant. Citing a lack of operating history, he questioned the manufacturer's assertion that the AP1000 reactor's "primary system canned motor pumps" were "maintenance-free" over 60 years, the assumed life of the reactor, and noted that Westinghouse had yet to receive approval from British authorities on an improved version of AP1000. As of 2019 all four AP1000 reactors in China are operating.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: As of January 2009, six AP1000 plants had been ordered in the US, and several other customers had chosen the AP1000, if they were to build new nuclear plants, for a combined total of at least 14 new plants, announced by the NuStart Consortium, Duke Power, Progress Energy, Southern Nuclear and SCE&G. In May 2011 after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, US government regulators found problems with the design of the shield building of the new reactors. Gregory Jaczko, chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission since 2005 said that computations submitted by Westinghouse about the building's design appeared to be wrong and "had led to more questions." He said the company had not used a range of possible temperatures for calculating potential seismic stresses on the shield building in the event of an earthquake, for example. The NRC asked Westinghouse not only to fix its calculations, but also to explain why it submitted flawed information in the first place. Westinghouse countered that the "confirmatory items" that the commission was asking for were not "safety significant."


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: In November 2011, the AP1000 Oversight Group published a report highlighting six areas of major concern and un-reviewed safety questions requiring immediate technical review by the NRC. The report concluded that certification of the AP1000 should be delayed until the original and current "unanswered safety questions" raised by the AP1000 Oversight Group are resolved.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: In December 2011, the UK's Office for Nuclear Regulation published a design assessment report on the AP1000 reactor which highlighted 51 'Generic Design Assessment' issues remaining that must be addressed before the assessment would be completed.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: In October 2013, US energy secretary Ernest Moniz announced that China was to supply components to the US nuclear power plants under construction as part of a bilateral co-operation agreement between the two countries. Since China's State Nuclear Power Technology Co (SNPTC) acquired Westinghouses's AP1000 technology in 2006, it has developed a manufacturing supply chain capable of supplying international power projects. Industry analysts have pointed out that there are gaps in the Chinese supply chain.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: Westinghouse Electric Company fully owns several subsidiaries in Europe, such as the European Service Center, also called Westinghouse Electric Belgium located in Nivelles, Belgium, where equipment is prepared for projects throughout Europe. After Westinghouse's 1990 takeover of ABB Reaktor in Germany, it transferred radiological storage activities located in Ladenburg, Germany, to consolidate in Nivelles, which had to be extended. Soon afterwards another expansion was necessary as employees in the Brussels office were transferred to Nivelles. It was estimated that 200 people were working in Nivelles at the end of 2011.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: In 2001, Westinghouse took over Logitest in Les Ulis, France, one of 3 companies qualified to inspect nuclear steam generator plants for Électricité de France. After the French nuclear market partially opened in 2004 to suppliers from outside the country to fulfill European Commission directives regarding international competition, Westinghouse started to expand its business in France with a


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: Westinghouse team located in Metz in charge of repair, replacement and automation services. By 2005, Westinghouse had 160 employees in France and two-thirds of Westinghouse's business in France was fuel supply. Westinghouse Electrique France is located in Orsay and Manosque near Marseille (engineering development). As of 2014, about 400 employees are part of Westinghouse in France.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: Westinghouse owns a nuclear fuel fabrication plant at Västerås, Sweden which has provided nuclear fuel for Russian VVER-1000 nuclear reactors. In 2000 Westinghouse started development of fuel for customers in Finland and Hungary, supported by cheap Export–Import Bank of the United States loans, but the business remained small-scale in competition from cheaper Russian suppliers. A 2008 contract was agreed to supply VVER-1000 fuel; however, in trial use the fuel became deformed. In 2015, the European Union awarded $2 million in funding to a Westinghouse-led consortium to support the development of a more competitive fuel for the Russian built reactors. In 2018, the contract to supply VVER fuel was extended to 2025. In 2018, Westinghouse, under a further EU-funded project, started developing VVER-440 fuel.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: In October 2022, Westinghouse was selected to build Poland's first nuclear power plant based on three AP1000 reactors, with possibly a further three at a later date.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: In South Korea, Westinghouse has been involved in the construction of new nuclear plants since 1972, with the first plant Kori Nuclear Power Plant starting up in 1977 and in commercial operation in 1978, followed by eight reactors under construction in the early 1980s. Combustion Engineering (now Westinghouse) entered into a ten-year technology transfer program with the Korean nuclear industry aiming at self-reliance, which was extended in 1997.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: In December, 2006, China's State Nuclear Power Technology Company (SNPTC) selected Westinghouse to provide four new AP1000 nuclear power plants. The first was due to come on line in 2013, but has been delayed until the end of 2014.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: On 7 June 2016, Nuclear Power corporation of India have agreed to begin engineering and site design work for six nuclear power reactors in India and to conclude contractual agreements by June 2017.


title: Westinghouse Electric Company

text: Westinghouse has been involved in South Africa through support of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station since the 1990s, both reactors are Westinghouse-licensed. In 2007, Westinghouse acquired IST Nuclear (Pty) Ltd, and won the final bidding process for new nuclear plants in South Africa, for which it signed an MOU in 2013. IST Nuclear provides services and systems for the pebble-bed reactor.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: The Delhi Durbar (lit. "Court of Delhi") was an Indian imperial-style mass assembly organized by the British at Coronation Park, Delhi, India, to mark the succession of an Emperor or Empress of India. Also known as the Imperial Durbar, it was held three times, in 1877, 1903, and 1911, at the height of the British Empire. The 1911 Durbar was the only one that a sovereign, George V, attended. The term was derived from the common Persian term "durbar".


title: Delhi Durbar

text: Called the "Proclamation Durbar", the Durbar of 1877, for which the organisation was undertaken by Thomas Henry Thornton, was held beginning on 1 January 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as Empress of India by the British. The 1877 Durbar was largely an official event and not a popular occasion with mass participation like later durbars in 1903 and 1911. It was attended by the 1st Earl of Lytton—Viceroy of India, maharajas, nawabs and intellectuals. This was the culmination of transfer of control of British India from the East India Company to the Crown.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: Inside the Victoria Memorial in Calcutta is an inscription taken from the Message of Queen Victoria presented at the 1877 Durbar to the people of India:


title: Delhi Durbar

text: We trust that the present occasion may tend to unite in bonds of close affection ourselves and our subjects; that from the highest to the humblest, all may feel that under our rule the great principles of liberty, equity, and justice are secured to them; and to promote their happiness, to add to their prosperity, and advance their welfare, are the ever present aims and objects of our Empire.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: The Empress of India Medal to commemorate the Proclamation of the Queen as Empress of India was struck and distributed to the honoured guests, and the elderly Ramanath Tagore was raised to the status of an honorary Raja by Lord Lytton, viceroy of India.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: It was at this glittering durbar that Ganesh Vasudeo Joshi, wearing ""homespun spotless white khadi"" rose to read a citation on behalf of the grass roots native political organization, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, which organization presaged the later rise of the Indian National Congress. Joshi's speech put forth a demand couched in very polite language:


title: Delhi Durbar

text: Her Majesty to grant to India the same political and social status as is enjoyed by her British subjects.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: With this demand, it can be said that the campaign for a free India was formally launched, which was the beginning of a great transformation for India.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: The durbar would later be seen as controversial because it directed funds away from the Great Famine of 1876–78.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: The durbar was held to celebrate the succession of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra as Emperor and Empress of India.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: The two full weeks of festivities were devised in meticulous detail by Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India. It was a dazzling display of pomp, power, and split-second timing. Neither the earlier Delhi Durbar of 1877, nor the later Durbar held there in 1911, could match the pageantry of Lord Curzon's 1903 festivities. In a few short months at the end of 1902, a deserted plain was transformed into an elaborate tented city, complete with temporary light railway to bring crowds of spectators out from Delhi, a post office with its own stamps, telephone and telegraphic facilities, a variety of stores, a police force with specially designed uniforms, a hospital, a magistrate's court and complex sanitation, drainage, and electric light installations. Souvenir guidebooks were sold and maps of the camping ground distributed. Marketing opportunities were craftily exploited. A special Delhi Durbar Medal was struck, firework displays, exhibitions and glamorous dances held.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: Edward VII, to Curzon's disappointment, did not attend but sent his brother, the Duke of Connaught who arrived with a mass of dignitaries by train from Bombay just as Curzon and his government came in the other direction from Calcutta. The assembly awaiting them displayed possibly the greatest collection of jewels to be seen in one place. Each of the Indian princes was adorned with the most spectacular of his gems from the collections of centuries. Maharajahs came with great retinues from all over India, many of them meeting for the first time while the massed ranks of the Indian armies, under their Commander-in-Chief Lord Kitchener, paraded, played their bands, and restrained the crowds of common people.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: On the first day, the Curzons entered the area of festivities, together with the maharajahs, riding on elephants, some with huge gold candelabra stuck on their tusks. The durbar ceremony itself fell on New Year's Day and was followed by days of polo and other sports, dinners, balls, military reviews, bands, and exhibitions. The world's press dispatched their best journalists, artists and photographers to cover proceedings. The popularity of movie footage of the event, shown in makeshift cinemas throughout India, is often credited with having launched the country's early film industry.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: The India Post issued a set of two commemorative souvenir sheets with special cancellation struck on 1 January 1903 – 12 noon, a much sought-after item for the stamp collectors today.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: The event culminated in a grand coronation ball attended only by the highest-ranking guests, reigned over by Lord Curzon and Lady Curzon in her jewels and peacock gown.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: On 22 March 1911, a royal proclamation announced that the Durbar would be held in December to commemorate the coronation in Britain a few months earlier of King George V and Queen Mary and allow their proclamation as Emperor and Empress of India. Every governor and all the rulers of princely states in India were summoned to pay obeisance to their sovereign.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: The king and queen left Portsmouth on 11 November aboard , a new P&O ocean liner, arriving in Delhi on 7 December in a grand State Entry through the city gates in which 50,000 troops participated, led by Lord Kitchener, the Commander-in-Chief, India. Escorted by a guard of the Household Cavalry, the king rode an Australian charger and was dressed in military uniform with a plumed pith helmet, to the disappointment of the people in the crowd, who had been expecting him to be riding an elephant and wearing a crown. The queen followed in an open carriage. The following days were taken up with receptions for the Indian princes, a church parade and the presentation of regimental colours.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: The Durbar itself was on Tuesday, 12 December, at Coronation Park, on which a semi-circular grandstand had been built for 10,000 government officials and other dignitaries, while further back an artificial mound seated 50,000 local people. The royal couple arrived in their Coronation robes, the King-Emperor wearing the Imperial Crown of India with eight arches, containing 6,100 diamonds, and covered with sapphires, emeralds and rubies, with a velvet and miniver cap all weighing 34 ounces (965 g). Seated on thrones, they listened as the Delhi Herald Extraordinary, Brigadier-General William Peyton, read out the proclamation in English, followed by the Assistant Herald, Captain Malik Umar Hayat Khan, who read it in Urdu. They received homage from the native princes – including one woman, the Begum of Bhopal – at the shamiana (ceremonial tent); controversy ensued when the Gaekwar of Baroda, Maharajah Sayajirao III, approached the royal couple without his jewellery on, and after a simple bow turned his back to them when leaving. His action was interpreted at the time as a sign of dissent to British rule. Afterwards, the royal couple ascended to the domed royal pavilion, where the King-Emperor announced the move of India's capital from Calcutta to Delhi. The annulment of the partition of Bengal was also announced during the ceremony. After the departure of the king and queen, the enthusiastic crowd surged into the arena.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: On the following day, 13 December, the royal couple made a "Jharokha Darshan" (balcony appearance) at the Red Fort, to receive half a million or more of the common people who had come to greet them, a custom which was started by Mughal emperors. On 14 December, the King-Emperor presided over a military review of 40,000 troops, culminating in a great cavalry charge. There followed an investiture in Delhi Park, the first was the queen who received the Order of the Star of India. 26,800 Delhi Durbar Medals in silver were awarded to the men and officers of the British and Indian Armies who participated in the 1911 event. A further two hundred were struck in gold, a hundred of which were awarded to Indian princely rulers and the highest ranking government officers.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: Following the Durbar, the king and queen left for ten days in Nepal, where the king was taken tiger hunting. After visiting Calcutta, they journeyed across India by train to Bombay, which they left on 10 January on RMS "Medina".


title: Delhi Durbar

text: A feature film of the event titled "With Our King and Queen Through India" (1912) – also known as "The Durbar in Delhi" – was filmed in the early color process Kinemacolor and released on 2 February 1912.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: Generally the Durbar achieved its purpose of cementing support for British rule among the native princes, as was demonstrated by the support given during the First World War.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: Today, the Coronation Park in Delhi is sometimes used for big religious festivals and municipal conventions.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: The thrones used by King George V and Queen Mary are on display at Marble Hall Gallery and Museum at Rashtrapati Bhavan.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: On the death of George V in January 1936, his eldest son acceded as Edward VIII. In his first and only speech from the throne at the State Opening of Parliament in November 1936, he announced that he would attend a Durbar in Delhi during the winter following his coronation in 1937. When Edward abdicated in December 1936, it was initially envisaged that his brother George VI would continue with the Durbar as already planned, with the enthusiastic backing of the Secretary of State for India, Lord Zetland and the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow. However, persuaded by the prime minister, Stanley Baldwin and his doctors, George decided that travelling to India in the aftermath of his coronation in May would place too great a strain on his health, and it was announced on 9 February 1937 that the Durbar had been postponed until "a later date". The reason given was that it was "impossible to contemplate a prolonged absence during the first year of his reign", so as not to give credence to rumours circulating about the king's physical and mental wellbeing.


title: Delhi Durbar

text: By August 1937, the situation in India had changed. The Government of India Act 1935 had set in motion modest moves towards Indian self government; the pro-independence Indian National Congress had dominated the 1937 Indian provincial elections in seven out of eleven provinces, and had made it clear that they would not only boycott the Durbar but refuse to vote the funds to pay for it. Linlithgow wrote to Zetland in August saying that the king ought to be warned of "unpleasantness" if he visited India. Zetland took up the matter with the new prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, while the viceroy sought the opinion of the British provincial governors, who were all against the idea. Meanwhile, Jawaharlal Nehru, the leader of the Congress party, told the Indian press that if the British Government wanted to protect the king from any sort of "untoward incident", then they ought to "keep him in England".


title: Delhi Durbar

text: Chamberlain was persuaded and initially omitted any mention of royal visit to India from the king's speech of October 1937, but under presure from the king and against the advice of the viceroy, included the non-commital line; "I am looking forward with interest and pleasure to the time when it will be possible for Me to visit My Indian Empire". Linlithgow and Zetland then made a determined effort to dissuade the king from visiting India, even on a more modest scale, using the pretext of finance rather than Indian politics. Quoting a cost of £1 million pounds, all of which would fall on the central government of India and which, they advised, the Indian Finance Minister, James Grigg, was unwilling to support. Finally, in February 1938, the king had to be formally advised by Chamberlain to again postpone any visit "until the general world outlook has become more settled and the financial prospects [are] more definite".


title: Delhi Durbar

text: Eventually, the onset of the Second World War and the movement towards Indian independence rendered the prospect of any royal visit nearly impossible.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: Pathonpatham Noottandu () is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language action period drama film written and directed by Vinayan. Set in the 19th century Travancore, the story is based on the life of Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker, a warrior who fought against social injustices suffered by the lower caste. The film stars Siju Wilson in the lead role, alongside Kayadu Lohar, Anoop Menon, Chemban Vinod Jose, Deepti Sati, Poonam Bajwa, and Senthil Krishna in important roles. The background score was composed by Santhosh Narayanan and songs were composed by M. Jayachandran.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: A young Velayudha Chekavar from Arattupuzha arrives at the English East India Company headquarters at Travancore for asking a lord for a permit to export cardamom. There he watches a brutal fighting contested between slaves conducted by the English officers along with some nobles and other guests. When the winner is coerced by the officers to kill the loser by bludgeoning, Chekavar interferes and saves him, but a fight happens and Velayudha Chekavar manages to escape without getting shot.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: The Maharaja of Travancore calls Velayudha Chekavar to the Durbar to ask his help to find and capture Kayamkulam Kochunni who stole sacred salagram ornaments from the Padmanabhaswamy Temple. The naduvazhi ministers and governors dissuade the Maharaja from enlisting him with the task because Velayudha Chekavar was a lower caste Ezhava. Since Kochunni assaulted Paachupanikkar, the commander-in-chief of Travancore Army, and his assistants during their attempt to capture him, Maharaja announces a reward of 100 gold coins to whoever gives information about Kochunni. Meanwhile, Kochunni who stole the chest of ornaments had hid it under the ground near the palace, he plans to recover it during the wedding celebration of prince.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: Chekavar builds a Shiva temple for the lower caste people. He gets arrested for the same on the order of the Diwan as it was forbidden for the lower caste to worship an idol. While in jail, the deputy commander-in-chief, Padaveedan Nambi and the naduvazhi Panikkasseri Kaimal plans to poison Chekavar to death. Inspector Kannan Kurup, the son of former commander-in-chief comes in to the rescue of Chekavar and asks him not to have anything given by the jailors. The queen who knows about his arrest issues order to release him. The queen then meets him and asks his help to retrieve the stolen ornaments and capture Kochunni.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: On the wedding evening, Kochunni arrives to retrieve the hidden chest. Kurup finds him and catches him but lets him free as Kochunni offers half the price of the ornaments. Kochunni and Kurup tries to sell the chest to Looper, an Englishman who exports ivory and antiques to England and France. Chekavar arrives there and defeats Kochunni and his team and retrieves the chest. Kurup and Looper escape. Kochunni gets jailed. Maharaja offers the reward of "veera shringhala" and 1008 gold coins, but his ministers advice him against giving it directly by the Mahraja conforming to untouchability law. Seeing this, Chekavar rejects the reward. To honour him, Maharaja confers him the title Panicker, thenceforth he is known as Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker. Kurup meets Kochunni in jail and Kochunni offers him stolen gold coins in return for killing Velayudha Panicker.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: Meanwhile injustice towards the lower caste continued. Women who wore the clothes that covered their ankles were beaten up with hot iron rods. The lords chopped off the noses of women who wore nose rings and chopped off the breasts of the women who covered their breasts. As a protest to all these Panicker proclaimed all women to cover their chests, wear long dothi and nose ring and perform Poothan dance during the Perumpoothan Thullal, a dance ritual. He provide garments and nose rings to all women.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: During the ritual, Panikkasseri Kaimal and Padaveedan Nambi came with a team of police inspectors and started to beat up everyone. Panicker and Nangeli went on defending them. Nambi killed Panicker's grandfather, Perumal. In that fury Panicker killed Nambi. During that time Kurup and Kochunni's assistant, Bava came on horse back and fired at Panicker. Panicker followed them and caught Bava.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: The next day in the durbar of the palace, Diwan and Kaimal requested the king to take necessary action against Panicker for breaking the ritual rules and for killing Nambi. Panicker came before the king and said that he is happy that he killed a traitor. Soon Bava was brought before the court. There he confessed that Nambi and the naduvazhi Chandrupilla leaked them the information about Paachupanikkar coming to Kayamkulam to captive Kochunni. He also said that they gave a reward of ten thousand gold coins for that information. Bava was jailed. Chandrupilla was sentenced to death for the treason while being a naduvazhi. He also announced that trial will continue the next day and only then the final verdict will be made.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: Panicker and his people leave to Cherthala after his grandfather's cremation. There the idol installation at the temple takes place. Panicker plans to go to Ananthapuri. Kaimal and Raman Thambi buy off to Kandappan, Panicker's close aide, and he adds some powder in the tender coconut drink given to Panicker. He does the same in all the tender coconut drinks which were taken for the people who travel in boat. Kaimal executes Bava with the help of king's confidante Rudran. People in the boat start feeling drowsy during their journey. At that time, Kaimal and his team attack Panicker. He kills everyone, but bleeds to death. Later Nangeli is tied and beaten up for covering up her chest. Kelu, her father who came for her rescue is also tied and beaten. To save her father's life, she agrees to remove her upper cloth and to pay the breast tax. As a protest to this injustice, she herself chops her breasts and presents it before the governers. She soon bleed to death. Seeing her mutilated body, her lover Chirukkandan jumped into her funeral pyre.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: The death of Panicker and Nangeli arouse fury and distress among the people. They attack the authorities and the landlords, and destroy shops and markets. To save Travancore from becoming a riotous land, the king abolishes the unjust taxes and grants women the right to cover their upper body.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: Pooja function of the film was held in Kochi in January 2021, but the shooting was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The first schedule of the shooting began in Palakkad and it lasted for about three months. The shooting was temporarily stopped after that, as the state was undergoing the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. On June 27, 2021 Vinayan said that the editing works has started as they have shot about 80 percent of the movie. He also added that the shooting will resume after the descent of the second wave. The second and the final schedule of the shooting began on November 3, 2021. By sharing the last shot of the movie, Vinayan and Siju Wilson announced that the shooting of the movie was wrapped up on November 23, 2021. The Dolby Atmos mixing of the film was completed on 1 July 2022. The film was censored with U/A certificate on 20 August 2022.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: Shaji Kumar was the cinematographer of the film. Vivek Harshan did the editing work on the film. Pattanam Rasheed handled the make-up and the costumes were arranged by Dhanya Bhalakrishnan. Ajayan Challissery was the art director of the movie. Mafia Sasi, Supreme Sundar and Rajashekar handled the action choreography of the movie. V. C. Praveen and Biju Gopalan are the co-producers of the movie and Badusha is the production controller.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: The music composition of the film started on June 2020. The songs featured in the film are composed by M. Jayachandran and Rafeeq Ahamed is the lyricist. Santhosh Narayanan has done the background score of the film. The film marks his debut as a composer in the Malayalam film industry.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: The teaser trailer of the film was released on June 3, 2022 through the official social media pages of celebrities including Mammootty and Mohanlal. The trailer of the movie was released on 20 August 2022. The theatrical trailer of the film was launched in the Metaverse as well. This was the first Malayalam movie trailer was released in metaverse.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: Initially the film was scheduled theatrical release on 8 September 2022 in Malayalam and dubbed versions of Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages simultaneously. The film was released in India and GCC on 8 September 2022. As the censoring of the dubbed copies was not completed the film was released only in Malayalam language on 8 September 2022. Later the film was released in dubbed versions Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages.


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: "The Times of India" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "A heartfelt historical narrative". "Onmanorama" wrote "An exceptional treat from Vinayan, Siju Wilson". "The Hindu" wrote "A package with some punch, despite its failings".


title: Pathonpatham Noottandu

text: Hindu Aikya Vedi said that there are historical inaccuracies in the film, saying that Nangeli's story is fictional and there was no tax on breast, and Velayudha Panicker was killed by his relative who converted to Islam. Vinayan addressed the accusations saying that he had taken artistic liberty and the film is not a documentary and has omitted some things.


title: Body of Proof

text: Body of Proof is an American medical/crime comedy-drama television series that ran on ABC from March 29, 2011, to May 28, 2013, and starred Dana Delany as medical examiner Dr. Megan Hunt. The series was created by Christopher Murphey and produced by ABC Studios. On May 10, 2013, ABC cancelled the series after three seasons.


title: Body of Proof

text: The series stars Dana Delany as Dr. Megan Hunt, a medical examiner, and it focuses on Hunt's efforts to balance the demands of her professional life, dealing with solving cases and analyzing bodies, with her personal life, trying to reconnect with her estranged daughter. Hunt was a top-flight neurosurgeon, until she had a life-changing automobile accident and then accidentally killed a patient on the operating table. This resulted in her resignation, and retirement from the profession altogether. Though set in Philadelphia, the first season of "Body of Proof" was filmed in Providence, Rhode Island and some other locations including Warwick and Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The medical examiner's office is actually the GTECH HQ / Providence Warwick Visitors Bureau and surrounding buildings superimposed on the real Philadelphia skyline. The series was originally titled "Body of Evidence", but was later renamed "Body of Proof". The second season of the show was announced to be filmed in Los Angeles to take advantage of a $7 million tax credit. "Body of Proof" is the third ABC television series starring Dana Delany in a main character role, the first being the role of Colleen McMurphy in "China Beach" and the second being Katherine Mayfair in "Desperate Housewives".


title: Body of Proof

text: While filming, real-life technical advisers made sure that the procedures were correct. Jeri Ryan said, "We've got technical advisers that will be with us on set, so we can keep all of the science realistic".


title: Body of Proof

text: The show was set to premiere on Friday nights on ABC on October 22, 2010. Following the quick cancellations of Thursday-night drama "My Generation" and Wednesday-night drama "The Whole Truth", though, the network held back the series. The series premiered Tuesday, March 29, 2011, at 10:00 pm Eastern/9:00 pm Central, replacing "Detroit 1-8-7". The last of its nine first season episodes aired May 17, 2011, four days after ABC renewed the series for a second season. The show's second season ran from September 20, 2011, to April 20, 2012, and had a total of 20 episodes, four of which were held over from the first season. On May 11, 2012, ABC officially renewed "Body of Proof" for a third season of 13 episodes. Season 3 premiered on Tuesday, February 19, 2013, at 10:00 pm Eastern/9:00 pm Central, and ended on May 28, 2013.


title: Body of Proof

text: On May 10, 2013, in spite of improved ratings, "Body of Proof" was cancelled by ABC after three seasons. Immediately after the cancellation news, reports arose that the series might be picked up by a cable television network, with TNT, USA Network, and WGN America all showing interest. On May 23, 2013, a representative for ABC Studios confirmed that "Body of Proof" would not move to a new network.


title: Body of Proof

text: On October 23, 2013, the show was reported as possibly being revived for a fourth season by ABC due to much of the broadcaster's new slate underperforming.


title: Body of Proof

text: On November 11, 2013, Dana Delany confirmed that "Body of Proof" would not return for another season.


title: Body of Proof

text: After the Italian world premiere, "Body of Proof" was scheduled to debut in other European countries before the American start.


title: Body of Proof

text: In the United Kingdom, the series premiered on July 19, 2011, on Alibi, channel head Steve Hornsey said of picking up the series, "As TV's ultimate compendium of crime drama, Alibi aims to select the very best series in the genre from around the globe. "Body of Proof" is exactly that. A stand-out show that promises to be a huge hit in the US, "Body of Proof" means more premium and exclusive content for the channel – and more thrilling and engaging viewing for our audience." The series premiered on January 10, 2012 on Channel 5 and Channel 5+1 (Freeview / FTA).


title: Body of Proof

text: In Bulgaria, the show premiered on March 17, 2011 on Fox Crime, while in the U.S., the series first aired on March 29.


title: Body of Proof

text: In India, the series premiered on April 8, 2011, on Zee Café. In Australia, the series premiered on August 8, 2011, on Seven Network, at 8:30 pm.


title: Body of Proof

text: However, in Australia, Channel Seven is well known for unexpectedly changing time slots, nights, or not even finishing airing a show, almost always without advertising the said changes, as is the case for "Body of Proof". This resulted in low ratings for the show due to viewer frustrations.


title: Body of Proof

text: In Germany, it premiered August 24, 2011, on ProSieben. On January 20, 2012, season two premiered on sister station kabel eins. In Germany, the original episode five of season two aired as episode 10 of season one on ProSieben. In Poland, the series premiered on February 23, 2011, on Fox Life HD. In South Africa, it premiered on December 8, 2011 on MNet.


title: Body of Proof

text: In Finland, the series premiered on December 21, 2011, on Nelonen, at 9:00 pm, replacing "Grey's Anatomy".


title: Body of Proof

text: In Japan, the show premiered on June 6, 2012, on WOWOW, in a dubbed version, and season two started in August 2012 on the same channel.


title: Body of Proof

text: In France, the series was broadcast first on pay-channel Canal+ starting on December 8, 2011, then on M6 from March 14, 2013.


title: Body of Proof

text: In Romania, it premiered on National TV in 2012, which dubbed it (actually in Romanian subtitle) just for the first season. In 2014, AXN Romania subtitled all the seasons. Unfortunately, the third season aired late in 2015.


title: Body of Proof

text: The show was met with mixed reviews: Metacritic summarizes the opinions of 21 critics in giving the show's first season a score of 56 out of 100. "Entertainment Weekly" included the show in the 10 TV events to look forward to in 2011.


title: Body of Proof

text: Critic David Hinckley from the New York "Daily News" gave the show a positive review, noting it "would be interesting enough if it were just "Quincy" with better legs. Add the other elements and you have something worth checking out at 10 o'clock". Other reviews were more negative, commenting on the clichéd plot and character development. "Las Vegas Weekly" critic Josh Bell commented that "The problem is that Megan's personal issues are as clichéd and clumsily presented as her boilerplate murder cases, and the show makes strained connections between the two that don’t really hold together." "The Detroit News" called it "saggy, predictable and preachy, the series debut was delayed for months and still doesn't have what it takes to impress viewers. What a poor replacement for "Detroit 1-8-7"." The "Los Angeles Times" said "Murphey and the writers will have to do a lot of heavy lifting for "Body of Proof" to transcend its immediate predictability. There's only so much Delany can do with a cardboard show. God may be in the details, but the walls still have to hold."


title: Body of Proof

text: The series premiere (Tuesday, March 29, 2011) drew 14 million viewers. It finished in the top 10 in Nielsen ratings for the week, and was the second-most watched premiere of the 2010–11 season, following the CBS series "Hawaii Five-0". ABC ran the second episode on Sunday April 3, 2011; it dropped to 8.5 million viewers. The third episode aired two days later and drew 11 million viewers; the show again won its time slot. The first season averaged 13.68 million viewers making it the second most-watched scripted drama on ABC.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Benjamin Sinclair Johnson, (born December 30, 1961) is a Canadian former sprinter. During the 1987–88 season he held the title of the world's fastest man, breaking both the 100m and the 60m indoor World Records. He won gold medals in the 100 metres at the 1987 World Championships and 1988 Summer Olympics, before he was disqualified for doping and stripped of his medals. He was the first man who beat 9.9 (Rome, 1987) and 9.8 seconds (Seoul, 1988).


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: He won two bronze medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics, as well as gold medals at the 1985 World Indoor Championships, 1986 Goodwill Games and 1986 Commonwealth Games. He was trained by Charlie Francis, he called it a father-son relationship.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Benjamin Johnson was born in Falmouth, Jamaica, and emigrated to Canada in 1976, residing in Scarborough, Ontario.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Johnson met coach Charlie Francis and joined the Scarborough Optimists track and field club, training at York University. Francis was a Canadian 100 metres sprint champion himself (1970, 1971 and 1973) and a member of the Canadian team for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Francis was also Canada's national sprint coach for nine years.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Johnson's first international success came when he won 2 silver medals at the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane, Australia. He finished behind Allan Wells of Scotland in the 100 metres with a time of 10.05 seconds and was a member of the Canadian 4 × 100 metres relay team which finished behind Nigeria. This success was not repeated at the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki, where he was eliminated in the semi-finals, finishing 6th with a time of 10.44, nor at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas where Johnson placed 5th in the 100 metres final with a time of 10.25.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, he reached the 100 metres final; after a false start, he won the bronze medal behind Carl Lewis and Sam Graddy with a time of 10.22. He also won a bronze medal with the Canadian 4 × 100 m relay team of Johnson, Tony Sharpe, Desai Williams and Sterling Hinds, who ran a time of 38.70. By the end of the 1984 season, Johnson had established himself as Canada's top sprinter, and on August 22 in Zürich, Switzerland, he bettered Williams' Canadian record of 10.17 by running 10.12.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In 1985, after eight consecutive losses, Johnson finally beat Carl Lewis. Other success against Lewis included the 1986 Goodwill Games, where Johnson beat Lewis, running 9.95 for first place, against Lewis' third-place time of 10.06. He broke Houston McTear's seven-year-old world record in the 60 metres in 1986, with a time of 6.50 seconds. He also won Commonwealth gold at the 1986 games in Edinburgh, beating Linford Christie for the 100 metres title with a time of 10.07. Johnson also led the Canadian 4x100 metres relay team to gold, and won a bronze in the 200 metres. Also in 1986, Canadian sprinter Mike Dwyer expressed concern that the use of drugs had reached "epidemic proportions" among Canadian sprinters, particularly among those who trained in the Toronto area. Atlee Mahorn also speculated that many sprinters were on steroids.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: On April 29, 1987, Johnson was invested as a Member of the Order of Canada. "World record holder for the indoor 60-metre run, this Ontarian has proved himself to be the world's fastest human being and has broken Canadian, Commonwealth and World Cup 100-metre records," it read. "Recipient of the Norton Crowe Award for Male Athlete of the Year for 1985, 'Big Ben' was the winner of the 1986 Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada's top athlete."


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: By the time of the 1987 World Championships, Johnson had won his four previous races with Lewis and had established himself as the best 100 metres sprinter. At Rome, Johnson gained instant world fame and confirmed this status when he beat Lewis for the title, setting a new world record of 9.83 seconds as well, beating Calvin Smith's former record by a full tenth of a second.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: After Rome, Johnson became a lucrative marketing celebrity. According to coach Charlie Francis, after breaking the world record, Johnson earned about $480,000 a month in endorsements. Johnson won both the Lou Marsh Trophy and Lionel Conacher Award, and was named the Associated Press Athlete of the Year for 1987.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Following Johnson's defeat of Lewis in Rome, Lewis started trying to explain away his defeat. He first claimed that Johnson had false-started, then he alluded to a stomach virus which had weakened him. Finally, without naming names, Lewis said "There are a lot of people coming out of nowhere. I don't think they are doing it without drugs." This was the start of Lewis' calling on the sport of track and field to be cleaned up in terms of the illegal use of performance-enhancing drugs. While cynics noted that the problem had been in the sport for many years, they pointed out that it did not become a cause for Lewis until he was actually defeated, with some also pointing to Lewis's egotistical attitude and lack of humility. During a controversial interview with the BBC, Lewis said:


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: There are gold medallists at this meet who are on drugs, that [100 metres] race will be looked at for many years, for more reasons than one.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: When Carl Lewis was winning everything, I never said a word against him. And when the next guy comes along and beats me, I won't complain about that either.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In 1988, Johnson experienced a number of setbacks to his running career. In February of that year he pulled a hamstring, and in May he aggravated the same injury. Meanwhile, in Paris in June, Lewis ran a 9.99. Then in Zurich, Switzerland on August 17, the two faced each other for the first time since the 1987 World Championships; Lewis won in 9.93, while Johnson finished third in 10.00. "The gold medal for the (Olympic) 100 metres is mine," Carl Lewis said. "I will never again lose to Johnson."


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: On September 24, 1988, Johnson won the 100 metres final at the Summer Olympics in Seoul, lowering his own world record to 9.79 seconds. He was the first Canadian sprinter since Percy Williams in 1928 to win the 100 metres at the Olympics. Johnson later remarked that he would have been even faster if he hadn't raised his hand in the air just before he hit the tape.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: However, Park Jong-sei of the Olympic Doping Control Center found that Johnson's urine sample contained stanozolol, and he was disqualified three days after the race. He later admitted having used steroids when he ran his 1987 world record, which caused the IAAF to rescind that record as well. Johnson and coach Francis complained that they used performance-enhancing agents in order to remain on equal footing with the other top athletes. In testimony before the Dubin inquiry into drug use in sport, Francis charged that Johnson was only one of many cheaters, and he just happened to get caught. Often dubbed "the dirtiest race in history," the 1988 100 m final had only two out of a total of eight runners who remained clean throughout their careers (Calvin Smith and Robson da Silva).


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Johnson's coach, Charlie Francis, a vocal critic of the IOC testing procedures, is the author of "Speed Trap", which features Johnson heavily. In the book, he freely admits that his athletes were taking anabolic steroids, as he claims all top athletes at the time were, and also claims that Johnson could not possibly have tested positive for that particular steroid since Johnson actually preferred furazabol. He thought stanozolol made his body "feel tight". The numerous athletes using performance-enhancing drugs at the time understood how long before a race, and possible drug test, they should stop using the drugs. Johnson later claimed that André A. Jackson, Lewis' Santa Monica Track Club teammate, who was inside the drug testing room in Seoul, may have placed the stanozolol in one of the beers Johnson drank in order to make urine for his test. He admitted he gave him beer. His response to the stanozolol blame: "Of course I can say I didn't. But I can also say I did, too. What's the benefit?"


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: On 28 September 2018, the Toronto Star ran an article on the lab report which was created on Johnson's sample during the 1988 Olympic Games. It was produced by the IOC Doping Control Center in Seoul two days after Johnson handed in a urine sample taken after the 100m final. The newspaper concluded that the assumed substance Stanozolol was traceable, but "inconsistencies" are found in the report. The Toronto Star article goes on to state that no Canadian Olympic team official saw the lab report in Seoul. The lab report was requested by Canada's chief medical officer, Dr. William Stanish. The Canadian team did not object after the IOC Medical Commission assured "that its testing methods were unassailable."


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Canadians initially rejoiced in the reflected glory of winning the gold medal and breaking the world record. Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney watched Johnson set the new world record and after the race congratulated him over the phone. "It's a marvellous evening for Canada," Mulroney said in the televised conversation. Newspapers covered the occasion by concocting words such as "Benfastic" ("Toronto Star", September 25, 1988) to describe it.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Two days later, Canadians witnessed the downfall of Johnson, when he was stripped of his gold medal and world record. Mark Tewksbury, a Canadian Olympic swimmer hung a bed sheet banner out of his Olympic Village apartment window expressing 'Hero to Zero in 9.79'. In the first week following the disqualification, Canadian newspapers devoted several pages a day to the story. One headline right after the exposure asked "Why, Ben?" ("Toronto Sun", September 26, 1988). Because of the Olympic scandal, the Canadian news agency "Canadian Press" named Johnson "Newsmaker of the Year" for 1988.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Johnson was not the only participant whose success was questioned: Lewis had tested positive at the Olympic Trials for pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine. Lewis defended himself, claiming that he had accidentally consumed the banned substances. After the supplements that he had taken were analyzed to prove his claims, the USOC accepted his claim of inadvertent use, since a dietary supplement he ingested was found to contain "Ma huang", the Chinese name for Ephedra (ephedrine is known to help weight loss). Fellow Santa Monica Track Club teammates Joe DeLoach and Floyd Heard were also found to have the same banned stimulants in their systems, and were cleared to compete for the same reason.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: The highest level of the stimulants Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as negative test. The acceptable level has been raised to 10 parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances. According to the IOC rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. Neal Benowitz, a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "These [levels] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance."


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Following Exum's revelations the IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC indeed followed the correct procedures in dealing with eight positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Christie was found to have metabolites of pseudoephedrine in his urine after a 200m heat at the same Olympics, but was later cleared of any wrongdoing. Of the top five competitors in the race, only former world record holder and eventual bronze medalist Smith never failed a drug test during his career. Smith later said: "I should have been the gold medalist."


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: After the Seoul test, he initially denied doping, but, testifying before the 1989 Dubin inquiry, a Canadian government investigation into drug abuse, Johnson admitted that he had lied. Charlie Francis, his coach, told the inquiry that Johnson had been using steroids since 1981. Before that, his personal best (without drugs) was 10.25 which was good for a teenager back then, fast enough for third place in the Weltklasse Zürich meeting 1985 and 1986 for instance.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In Canada, the federal government established the Commission of Inquiry Into the Use of Drugs and Banned Practices Intended to Increase Athletic Performance, headed by Ontario Appeal Court Chief Justice Charles Dubin. The Dubin Inquiry (as it became known), which was televised live, heard hundreds of hours of testimony about the widespread use of performance-enhancing drugs among athletes. The inquiry began in January 1989 and lasted 91 days, with 122 witnesses called, including athletes, coaches, sport administrators, IOC representatives, doctors and government officials.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In 1991, after his suspension ended, he attempted a comeback. He returned to the track for the Hamilton Indoor Games in 1991 and was greeted by the largest crowd to ever attend an indoor Canadian track and field event. More than 17,000 people saw him finish second in the 50 metres in 5.77 seconds.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: He failed to qualify for the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo but made the Canadian Olympic team again in 1992 in Barcelona, Spain after finishing second at the Canadian Olympic trials to Bruny Surin. He missed the 100 metre finals at the Olympics, however, finishing last in his semi-final heat after stumbling out of the blocks.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In 1993, he won the 50 metres on January 7 in Grenoble, France, in 5.65 seconds, just 0.04 seconds shy of the world record. However, he was again found guilty of doping just after the race – this time for excess testosterone – and was subsequently banned for life by the IAAF. Federal amateur sport minister Pierre Cadieux called Johnson a national disgrace, and suggested he consider moving back to Jamaica. Johnson commented that it was "by far the most disgusting comment [he had] ever heard". In April 1999, a Canadian adjudicator ruled that there were procedural errors in Johnson's lifetime ban and allowed him to appeal. The decision meant Johnson could technically run in Canada but nobody would compete against him. They would be considered "contaminated" by the IAAF and could also face sanctions. On June 12, 1999, Johnson entered a track meet in Kitchener, Ontario, and was forced to run alone, against the clock. He posted a time of 11.0 seconds. In late 1999, Johnson failed a drug test for the third time by testing positive for hydrochlorothiazide, a banned diuretic that can be used to mask the presence of other drugs. Johnson had not competed since 1993 and had arranged the test himself as part of his efforts to be reinstated.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In 1999, Johnson made headlines again when it was revealed that he had been hired by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi to act as a personal trainer for his son, Al-Saadi Gaddafi, who aspired to join an Italian football club. Al-Saadi ultimately did join an Italian team but was sacked after one game when he failed a drug test. Johnson's publicist in Canada had predicted in "The Globe and Mail" that his training of the young Gaddafi would earn Johnson a Nobel Peace Prize.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Johnson briefly acted as trainer for Argentine football player Diego Maradona in 1997. This occurred at York University, Toronto.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In 1998, Johnson appeared in a charity race in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, where he raced against a thoroughbred race horse, a harness racing horse and a stock car. Johnson finished third in the race.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: According to a 1998 article in "Outside" magazine, Johnson spent much of the latter part of the 1990s living downstairs in the house he shared with his mother Gloria. He spent his leisure time reading, watching movies, and taking his mother to church. He lived in a spacious home in Newmarket, Ontario's Stonehaven neighborhood. He claims to have lost his Ferrari when he used it as collateral for a loan from an acquaintance in order to make a house payment. His mother died of cancer in 2004 and Johnson lived with his sister afterwards.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: Shortly after his leaving Libya, it was reported that Johnson had been robbed of $7,300 by a Romani gang in Rome. His wallet was taken, containing $7,300 in cash, the proceeds of his pay for training Gaddafi. Johnson gave chase, but was unable to catch them after they vanished into a subway station.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In May 2005, Johnson launched a clothing and sports supplement line, the "Ben Johnson Collection". The motto for Johnson's clothing line was "Catch Me"; however, the clothing line never caught on.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In a January 1, 2006 interview, Johnson claimed that he was sabotaged by a "Mystery Man" inside the doping control room immediately following the 100 metres final in Seoul. He also stated that 40% of people in the sports world are still taking drugs to improve their performance.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In August 2008, Johnson filed a $37 million lawsuit against the estate of his former lawyer Ed Futerman, claiming Futerman made unauthorized payments from his trust account to pay bills and 20 percent commissions to a hairdresser recruited by the lawyer to act as the sprinter's sports agent. In 2012, the lawsuit was dismissed by the Ontario Superior Court by summary judgment on the basis that "there were no genuine issues raised requiring a trial".


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: At present, Johnson lives in Markham, Ontario, and spends much of his time with his daughter and granddaughter. He also continues to coach, notably with New Jersey Devils defenceman P.K. Subban. In 2010, he released his autobiography entitled "Seoul to Soul." In the self-published book, Johnson reviews his childhood in Jamaica, and his early bout with malaria. A Canadian Press article described the book as "an unconventional sports autobiography."


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: The duels between the two competitors reached immense popularity, fans all over the world watched the duels with excitement. They matched 17 times. Lewis won the first eight, then Johnson won seven out of nine races. In all these years only one short verbal exchange between them is known. They were very different in various aspects. They came from different countries; one from Canada, one from the USA. While Ben grew up poor, Carls parents both went to college. Ben liked to party with his other rivals and had the reputation of a ladies' man, Carl on the other hand did not party often and was not as popular among the other athletes. Ben was incredible in the first 60 metres and had difficulties in the last 10 where Lewis was the fastest one. Carl benefited from his elegance and speed endurance whereas Johnson had impressive strength. He could bench press 165 kg, weighing only 72; when Lennox Lewis pranked him, he threw the soon-to-be boxing champion at the billard table.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In March 2006, television spots featuring Johnson advertising an energy drink, "Cheetah Power Surge", started to receive some airtime. Some pundits questioned whether Johnson was an appropriate spokesperson for an all natural energy drink considering his history of steroid use. One ad is a mock interview between Johnson and Frank D'Angelo, the president and chief executive of D'Angelo Brands, which makes the drink, in which he asks Johnson: "Ben, when you run, do you Cheetah?" "Absolutely," says Johnson. "I Cheetah all the time." The other commercial includes Johnson and a cheetah, the world's fastest land animal, and encourages viewers to "go ahead and Cheetah."


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: In May 2017, Johnson appeared in an advertising campaign for Australia's leading mobile bookmaker, Sportsbet. The campaign launched Sportsbet's new Android app, with Johnson cheekily saying it "has tested positive for speed and power, again and again". The campaign tagline was "Putting the 'Roid in Android" and concluded with Johnson in the starters' block on a racing track, telling punters to "get on it!" The advertisement was pulled after complaints from various parties.


title: Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)

text: The CBC radio documentary series "Rewind" broadcast an episode titled "Ben Johnson: A Hero Disgraced" on September 19, 2013, for the 25th anniversary of the race, revealing 20 athletes tested positive for drugs but were cleared by the IOC at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. An International Olympic Committee (IOC) official told the CBC that endocrine profiles done at those games indicated that 80 percent of the track and field athletes tested showed evidence of long-term steroid use, although few were banned or had their medals stripped.


title: Lim Ji-yeon

text: Lim Ji-yeon (born June 23, 1990) is a South Korean actress. After beginning her acting career in stage plays and short films, Lim made her feature debut in 2014 with a leading role in the erotic thriller "Obsessed".


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The FIDE Grand Prix 2022 was a series of three chess tournaments played between 4 February and 4 April 2022. The top two finishers – Hikaru Nakamura (winner) and Richárd Rapport (runner-up) – qualified for the Candidates Tournament 2022, which is the final qualification stage for the World Chess Championship 2023.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The first and last tournament took place in Berlin, Germany, and the second one in Belgrade, Serbia. Each player was scheduled to participate in two of three tournaments. Before the tie-break stage of the last tournament was concluded, Nakamura had already gained the score to win the series, and it was already clear that no other semi-finalist could overtake Rapport for the runner-up position.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: Due to the travel restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, all three tournaments were initially to be played in a single city instead of playing in various cities as in previous editions.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The series was organized by World Chess. The company chose Berlin to host most of the series following a popular vote. Later it was announced that two of the three tournaments would be in Berlin, with one in Belgrade, Serbia.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: Ding Liren and Dmitry Andreikin were unable to compete in the first tournament due to health and visa issues respectively, and were replaced in the first tournament by Andrey Esipenko and Radosław Wojtaszek. Ding was also unable to play in the second tournament, and Andreikin took his place. Due to personal reasons, Andreikin also withdrew from the third tournament, and was replaced by Esipenko. The replacements Esipenko and Wojtaszek were eligible to qualify for the Candidates.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: Each player will play in two out of three of the tournaments. Each tournament will have 16 players, and have a two-stage format.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: Players receive Grand Prix points according to their finishing position in each tournament. The two players with the most Grand Prix points qualify for the Candidates Tournament 2022.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The time control for classical games is 90 minutes for 40 moves, plus an extra 30 minutes after move 40. There is also an increment of 30 seconds per move from move 1.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: In the pool stage, if there is a tie for first, the tied players play tie-breaks. In the knockout stage, tie-breaks are played if the match is tied after the 2 regular time limit games. In both stages, two-way or three-way tie-breaks take the following format:


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: In the case of a four-way tie, the players are randomly divided into pairs by drawing of lots and each pair plays a two-player tie-break by the above method. The two tie-break winners then play a tie-break by the above method, while the losers share third and fourth place in the pool.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: In other words, the top three players in each pool earn 7, 4, and 2 points, respectively, and 3 additional points are awarded for winning a semifinal or final.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The Grand Prix points for pool placings take into account tie-breaks played to determine first place. Players tied for other places, including players who are still tied after tie-breaks have decided first place, share Grand Prix points.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: In other words, each player receives €5,000, Grand Prix points earned in the pool are worth an additional €1,000, and Grand Prix points earned in a semi-final or final are worth an additional €2,000.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The first tournament was held in Berlin, Germany from 4 February to 17. Due to health and visa issues, Dmitry Andreikin and Ding Liren were replaced with Andrey Esipenko and Radoslaw Wojtaszek, respectively. Hikaru Nakamura won the first leg with Levon Aronian as the runner-up.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The double round-robin stage had the six rounds of standard time control games on 4–7, 9, and 10 February with tie-breaks on 11 February. Players in bold advanced to the knockout stage.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The second tournament was held in Belgrade, Serbia from 1 to 14 March. Russian players' flags are displayed as the FIDE flag due to FIDE's decision to ban Russian and Belarusian flags from being displayed at FIDE-rated events in response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Richárd Rapport won the second leg of the 2022 Grand Prix with Dmitry Andreikin as the runner-up.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The double round-robin stage had six rounds of standard time control games on 1–4, 6, and 7 March with tie-breaks on 8 March. Players in bold advanced to the knockout stage.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The third tournament was held in Berlin, Germany from 22 March to 4 April. Due to personal reasons, Dmitry Andreikin withdrew from the third leg and was replaced by Andrey Esipenko. Wesley So won the third leg with Hikaru Nakamura as the runner-up.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The double round-robin stage had six rounds of standard time control games on 22–25, 27, and 28 March with tie-breaks on 29 March. Winners advanced to the knockout stage between March 30–April 4, 2022.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: The following table shows the overall Grand Prix standings. The top two players qualified for the Candidates Tournament. Tie-breaks, in order, are as follows: tournament first places (TF), tournament second places (TS), game points in standard time control games (GP), and game wins in standard time control games (GW). If a tie persists, the final tiebreaker is drawing of lots.


title: FIDE Grand Prix 2022

text: After the round-robin stage of the third tournament, the top two were confirmed to be Richárd Rapport and Hikaru Nakamura as no other player could score 20 or more Grand Prix points. During the semi-final stage, Nakamura overtook Rapport's score, securing the overall victory.


A hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle (HICEV) is a type of hydrogen vehicle using an internal combustion engine. Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles are different from hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (which use electrochemical use of hydrogen rather than combustion). Instead, the hydrogen internal combustion engine is simply a modified version of the traditional gasoline-powered internal combustion engine. The absence of carbon means that no is produced, which eliminates the main greenhouse gas emission of a conventional petroleum engine.


title: Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle

text: As pure hydrogen does not contain carbon, there are no carbon-based pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (), and hydrocarbons (HC), in the exhaust. As hydrogen combustion occurs in an atmosphere containing nitrogen and oxygen, however, it can produce oxides of nitrogen known as . In this way, the combustion process is much like other high temperature combustion fuels, such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel or natural gas. As such hydrogen combustion engines are not considered zero emission.


text: A downside is that hydrogen is difficult to handle. Due to the very small molecular size of the hydrogen atom, hydrogen is able to leak through many apparently solid materials. Escaped hydrogen gas mixed with air is potentially explosive.


text: Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed in 1806 the De Rivaz engine, the first internal combustion engine, which ran on a hydrogen/oxygen mixture. Étienne Lenoir produced the Hippomobile in 1863. Paul Dieges patented in 1970 a modification to internal combustion engines which allowed a gasoline-powered engine to run on hydrogen.


text: Tokyo City University have been developing hydrogen internal combustion engines from 1970. They recently developed a hydrogen fueled Bus and Truck.


text: Mazda has developed Wankel engines that burn hydrogen. The advantage of using ICE (internal combustion engine) such as Wankel and piston engines is that the cost of retooling for production is much lower. Existing-technology ICE can still be used to solve those problems where fuel cells are not a viable solution as yet, for example in cold-weather applications.


text: Between 2005 - 2007, BMW tested a luxury car named the BMW Hydrogen 7, powered by a hydrogen ICE, which achieved 301 km/h (187 mph) in tests. At least two of these concepts have been manufactured.


text: HICE forklift trucks have been demonstrated based on converted diesel internal combustion engines with direct injection.


text: In the year 2000, a Shelby Cobra was converted to run on hydrogen in a project led by James W. Heffel (principal engineer at the time for the University of California, Riverside CE-CERT). The hydrogen conversion was done with the aim of making a vehicle capable of beating the current land speed record for hydrogen powered vehicles. It achieved a respectable 108.16 mph, missing the world record for hydrogen powered vehicles by 0.1 mph.


text: Alset GmbH developed a hybrid hydrogen systems that allows vehicle to use petrol and hydrogen fuels individually or at the same time with an internal combustion engine. This technology was used with Aston Martin Rapide S during the 24 Hours Nürburgring race. The Rapide S was the first vehicle to finish the race with hydrogen technology.


text: Hydrogen internal combustion engine development has been receiving more interest recently, particularly for heavy duty commercial vehicles. Part of the motivation for this is as a bridging technology to meet future climate emission goals, and as technology more compatible with existing automotive knowledge and manufacturing.


text: In May 2021, Toyota Corolla Sport, which is equipped with hydrogen engine entered the Super Taikyu Series race round 3 "NAPAC Fuji Super TEC 24 Hours", and completed the 24 hours race.


text: Toyota intends to apply its safety technologies and know-how that it has accumulated through the development of fuel cell vehicles and the commercialization of the Mirai.


text: In November 2021, five automotive manufacturers in Japan (Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Subaru, Toyota, Mazda and Yamaha Motor) jointly announced that they will take on the challenge of expanding fuel options through the use of internal combustion engines to achieve carbon neutrality, at the (three-hour) Super Taikyu race Round 6 held at Okayama International Circuit.


text: Their common view is that the enemy is not internal combustion engines, and we need diverse solutions toward challenging carbon neutrality.


text: In June 2022, Toyota revealed the progress of its efforts in the Super Taikyu Series at the ENEOS Super Taikyu Series 2022. They say


text: cruising range was improved by approximately 20%, power output was improved by approx. 20% and torque was improved by approx. 30%. Also, Hydrogen suppliers are added and its transporting became more efficient to support the race.


text: In July 2022, Isuzu, Denso, Toyota, Hino Motors, and Commercial Japan Partnership Technologies Corporation (CJPT) announced that they have started planning and foundational research on hydrogen engines for heavy-duty commercial vehicles with the aim of further utilizing internal combustion engines as one option to achieve carbon neutrality.


text: In August 2022, Toyota conducted demonstration run of GR Yaris H2, a special hydrogen-engine version of Toyota GR Yaris, during the ninth round of the World Rally Championship (WRC) in Ypres.


text: In September 2022, Kawasaki unveiled hydrogen combustion engine which is developed using the same injector as hydrogen Corolla based on Ninja H2.


text: Although it has been suggested that the maximum efficiency of hydrogen internal combustion engines is limited by the Carnot cycle, that theory does not apply to the engine in question in this article. The Carnot cycle refers to closed cycle heat engines. The hydrogen internal combustion engine referred to in this article is an open cycle engine. Open cycle engines are not limited by the Carnot cycle, as it is applicable only for closed cycle engines. The theoretical efficiency limit of an open cycle engine is 100%. In comparison, the efficiency of a fuel cell is limited by the Gibbs free energy, which is typically higher than that of Carnot.


text: The efficiency of a hydrogen combustion engine can be similar to that of a traditional combustion engine. If well optimized, slightly higher efficiencies can be achieved. The comparison with a hydrogen fuel cell is interesting. The fuel cell has a high efficiency peak at low load, while at high load the efficiency drops. The hydrogen combustion engine has a peak at high load and can achieve similar efficiency levels as a hydrogen fuel cell. From this, one can deduct that hydrogen combustion engines are a match in terms of efficiency for fuel cells for heavy duty applications.


text: Hydrogen combustion engines are particularly sensitive to transients in load, in terms of efficiency, and therefore more suited to constant load operations.


text: In hydrogen combustion engines, it is important to have good control over the air fuel ratio, to avoid excessive emissions. At higher loads a (turbo) charger is needed. If a turbo charger is used, then the transient response of the engine will be limited by the transient response of the (slower turbocharger). The first generation of hydrogen engine can be operated transient at low load, but at higher loads, it should be operated at a constant load mode.


text: However, air hydrogen combustion can produce oxides of nitrogen, known as . In this respect, the combustion process is much like other high temperature combustion fuels, such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel or natural gas. As such hydrogen combustion engines are not considered zero emission.


text: Hydrogen has a wide flammability range in comparison with other fuels. As a result, it can be combusted in an internal combustion engine over a wide range of fuel-air mixtures. An advantage here is it can thus be on a lean fuel-air mixture.


text: Such a mixture is one in which the amount of fuel is less than the theoretical, stoichiometric or chemically ideal amount needed for combustion with a given amount of air.


text: Fuel economy is then greater and the combustion reaction is more complete. Also, the combustion temperature is usually lower, which reduces the amount of pollutants (nitrogen oxides, ...) emitted through the exhaust.


text: The European emission standards measure emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, non-methane hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (), atmospheric particulate matter, and particle numbers.


text: Although is produced, hydrogen internal combustion generates little or no CO, , , HC or PM emissions.


text: A small fraction of the lubrication can get into the combustion chamber, some of this oil takes part in the combustion process. The exhaust gasses can contain some of the lube oil and its combustion products. Typically very minute quantities of CO, , , HC and particulates can be found in the exhaust gasses. These are several orders of magnitude lower that what would be seen in a gasoline or diesel engine raw exhaust gas.


text: Tuning a hydrogen engine in 1976 to produce the greatest amount of emissions possible resulted in emissions comparable with consumer operated gasoline engines from that period.


text: Since hydrogen combustion is not zero emission but has zero emissions, it is attractive to consider hydrogen internal combustion engines as part of a hybrid powertrain. In this configuration, the vehicle is able to offer short term zero emission capabilities such as operating in city zero emission zones.


text: The differences between a hydrogen ICE and a traditional gasoline engine include hardened valves and valve seats, stronger connecting rods, non-platinum tipped spark plugs, a higher voltage ignition coil, fuel injectors designed for a gas instead of a liquid, larger crankshaft damper, stronger head gasket material, modified (for supercharger) intake manifold, positive pressure supercharger, and high temperature engine oil. All modifications would amount to about one point five times (1.5) the current cost of a gasoline engine. These hydrogen engines burn fuel in the same manner that gasoline engines do.


text: The theoretical maximum power output from a hydrogen engine depends on the air/fuel ratio and fuel injection method used. The stoichiometric air/fuel ratio for hydrogen is 34:1. At this air/fuel ratio, hydrogen will displace 29% of the combustion chamber leaving only 71% for the air. As a result, the energy content of this mixture will be less than it would be if the fuel were gasoline. Since both the carbureted and port injection methods mix the fuel and air prior to it entering the combustion chamber, these systems limit the maximum theoretical power obtainable to approximately 85% of that of gasoline engines. For direct injection systems, which mix the fuel with the air after the intake valve has closed (and thus the combustion chamber has 100% air), the maximum output of the engine can be approximately 15% higher than that for gasoline engines.


text: Therefore, depending on how the fuel is metered, the maximum output for a hydrogen engine can be either 15% higher or 15% less than that of gasoline if a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is used. However, at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, the combustion temperature is very high and as a result it will form a large amount of nitrogen oxides (), which is a criteria pollutant. Since one of the reasons for using hydrogen is low exhaust emissions, hydrogen engines are not normally designed to run at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio.


text: Typically hydrogen engines are designed to use about twice as much air as theoretically required for complete combustion. At this air/fuel ratio, the formation of is reduced to near zero. Unfortunately, this also reduces the power output to about half that of a similarly sized gasoline engine. To make up for the power loss, hydrogen engines are usually larger than gasoline engines, and/or are equipped with turbochargers or superchargers. A small amount of hydrogen can be burned outside the combustion chamber and reach into the air/fuel mixture in the chamber to ignite the main combustion.


text: In the Netherlands, research organisation TNO has been working with industrial partners for the development of hydrogen internal combustion engines.


title: Frank Marshall (filmmaker)

text: Frank Wilton Marshall (born September 13, 1946) is an American film producer and director. He often collaborates with his wife, film producer Kathleen Kennedy. With Kennedy and Steven Spielberg, he was one of the founders of Amblin Entertainment. In 1991, he founded, with Kennedy, The Kennedy/Marshall Company, a film production company which has a contract with Amblin Partners. Since May 2012, with Kennedy taking on the role of President of Lucasfilm, Marshall has been Kennedy/Marshall's sole principal. Marshall has consistently collaborated with directors Spielberg, Paul Greengrass, and Peter Bogdanovich. He received the Irving G. Thalberg award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2018, awarded to "creative producers, whose bodies of work reflect a consistently high quality of motion picture production."


title: Frank Marshall (filmmaker)

text: Born in Glendale, California, Marshall is the son of guitarist, conductor and composer Jack Marshall. His early years were spent in Van Nuys, California. In 1961, his family moved to Newport Beach, where he attended Newport Harbor High School, and was active in music, drama, cross country, and track. He entered UCLA in 1964 as an engineering major, and graduated in 1968 with a degree in Political science. While at UCLA, he was initiated into Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, helped create its first NCAA soccer team, and played collegiate soccer there in 1966, 1967 and 1968.


title: Frank Marshall (filmmaker)

text: In 1966, he met film director Peter Bogdanovich at a birthday party for the daughter of director John Ford, a friend of his father. Marshall volunteered to work on Bogdanovich's first film, "Targets" (1968), which became his apprenticeship in film production, as he assumed various productions roles, even appearing in a bit part. Following graduation from UCLA, Marshall spent the next two years working in Aspen and Marina del Rey, as a waiter/guitar player at "The Randy Tar," a steak and lobster restaurant. While traveling through Europe in March 1970, he received another call from Bogdanovich, offering him a position on "The Last Picture Show" (1971). Three days later he arrived in Archer City, Texas, doubling as location manager and actor in this seminal film. Under Bogdanovich's guidance, Marshall would work his way up from producer's assistant to associate producer on five more films. He branched out to work with Martin Scorsese as a line producer on the music documentary "The Last Waltz" (1978) and as an associate producer on director Walter Hill's gritty crime thriller, "The Driver" (1978). The following year, Marshall earned his first executive producer credit on Hill's cult classic street gang movie, "The Warriors" (1979). He continues to collaborate with Bogdanovich, working to complete their tenth film together, Orson Welles' unfinished "The Other Side of the Wind" in 2018.


title: Frank Marshall (filmmaker)

text: In 1981, together with his future wife Kathleen Kennedy and Steven Spielberg, he co-founded Amblin Entertainment, one of the industry's most productive and profitable production companies. As a producer, Marshall has received five Oscar nominations for Best Picture for "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" (2008), "Seabiscuit" (2003), "The Sixth Sense" (1999), "The Color Purple" (1985), and "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981).


title: Frank Marshall (filmmaker)

text: During the 1980s and 1990s, Marshall served on the advisory board of the National Student Film Institute.


title: Frank Marshall (filmmaker)

text: His feature film directing debut was the thriller "Arachnophobia" (1990), starring Jeff Daniels. In 1991, he and Kennedy created The Kennedy/Marshall Company and began producing their own films. Marshall directed the company's first film, "Alive" (1993), about a rugby team struggling to survive in the snow after their plane crashes in the Andes. Next, he directed "Congo" (1995), based on Michael Crichton's novel, followed by "Eight Below" (2006), an adventure about loyalty and the bonds of friendship set in the extreme wilderness of Antarctica. In 1998, he directed the episode "Mare Tranquilitatis", for the Emmy Award-winning HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon". As part of ESPN's "30 for 30" series, Marshall directed a documentary about Olympian Johann Olav Koss entitled "Right to Play" (2012). (the name of Koss's humanitarian organisation). Marshall stated that the documentary, broadcast in 2012, sought to capture not only Koss' sporting career and the ideals behind his nonprofit organization, but also his "drive and how it has changed the world."


title: Frank Marshall (filmmaker)

text: From 1991 to 2012, The Kennedy/Marshall Company produced many films, including "The Sixth Sense", "Signs", "Seabiscuit", "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button", "War Horse", "Lincoln", the "Bourne" series and the feature documentary "The Armstrong Lie" (2013). Since taking over as sole principal of the company, Marshall has broadened its slate beyond feature films to include television, documentaries and Broadway musicals. In 2015, he produced the Emmy Award-nominated documentary "" for HBO and the summer blockbuster "Jurassic World" (2015), which has become the sixth highest-grossing film of all time. In 2020, he directed the Hélder Guimarães virtual magic shows "The Present" and "The Future" for the Geffen Stayhouse, which both had sold out runs and "", which was released by HBO in December, 2020 and nominated for six Emmys. He is currently producing the film "Jurassic World Dominion", the third film in the Jurassic World trilogy, which will be released on June 10, 2022.


title: Frank Marshall (filmmaker)

text: Marshall is a former VP, member of the board of directors and member of the Executive Committee of the United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee (USOPC). He was awarded the Olympic Shield in 2005, and inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame class of 2008 for his years of service to the USOPC.


title: Frank Marshall (filmmaker)

text: Currently, he serves on the board of Athletes for Hope, LA's Promise Fund, as Board Chair of The Archer School for Girls, and on the UCLA School of Theater, Film & Television Executive Board. He is a recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented alongside Kathleen Kennedy by Awards Council member George Lucas, the UCLA Alumni Professional Achievement Award and the California Mentor Initiative's Leadership Award. In June 2004, Marshall gave the Commencement Address at the UCLA College of Letters and Science graduation ceremony in Pauley Pavilion.


title: Frank Marshall (filmmaker)

text: Marshall enjoys magic and music and has performed under the moniker of "Dr. Fantasy" or "DJ Master Frank". Marshall and American premiere miler Steve Scott founded the Rock 'n' Roll Marathon Series, which debuted in 1998 in San Diego as the largest first-time marathon in history.


title: Red Brigades

text: The Red Brigades ( , often abbreviated BR) was a far-left Marxist–Leninist armed organization operating as a terrorist and guerrilla group based in Italy responsible for numerous violent incidents, including the abduction and murder of former Prime Minister Aldo Moro, during the Years of Lead.


title: Red Brigades

text: Formed in 1970, the Red Brigades sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle, and to remove Italy from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The organization attained notoriety in the 1970s and early 1980s with their violent acts of sabotage, bank robberies, the kneecapping of certain industrialists, factory owners, bankers, and politicians deemed to be exploitative; and the kidnappings and/or murders of industrialists, prominent capitalists, politicians, law enforcement officials, and other perceived “enemies” of the working-class revolution. Nearly fifty people were killed in its attacks between 1974 and 1988. According to the Center for International Security and Cooperation, the BR was a "broadly diffused" terrorist group.


title: Red Brigades

text: Models for the BR included the Latin American urban guerrilla movements and the World War II Italian partisan movement, which was itself a mostly leftist, anti-fascist revolutionary movement that the BR saw itself as a continuation of, an example of a youthful anti-fascist minority using violent means for just ends. The group was also influenced by volumes on the Tupamaros published by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, "a sort of do-it-yourself manual for the early Red Brigades".


title: Red Brigades

text: In the 1980s, the group was broken up by Italian investigators, with the aid of several leaders under arrest who turned "pentito" and assisted the authorities in capturing the other members.


title: Red Brigades

text: The Red Brigades were founded in August 1970 by Renato Curcio and Margherita Cagol, who had met as students at the University of Trento and later married, and Alberto Franceschini. Franceschini's grandmother had been a leader of the peasant leagues, his father a worker and anti-fascist who had been deported to Auschwitz.


title: Red Brigades

text: The formation of the Red Brigades took place in the context of social struggles in the late 1960s. Workers' strikes shook factories (Pirelli and Siemens in particular), which led part of the labor movement to adopt "armed propaganda" as a method of struggle. The first actions - destruction of foremen's vehicles or sequestration of executives - reflect the social composition of the armed groups. Among the 1,337 people convicted of belonging to the Red Brigades, 70% were workers, service sector employees or students.


title: Red Brigades

text: The fear of a far-right power grab in Italy, like the regime of the Colonels in Greece and the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet in Chile, in a country still scarred by its recent Fascist past, partly explains why far-left terrorism has developed in Italy more than in any other European country. "I grew up with the idea that they were planning a coup, like in Greece or Chile. And that they would have killed us. In fact, they had already started," explains Sergio Segio, one of the figures of the Years of Lead. Between 1969 and 1975, attacks and political violence were mainly attributable to right-wing groups (95% from 1969 to 1973, 85% in 1974 and 78% in 1975).


title: Red Brigades

text: While the Trento group around Curcio had its main roots in the Sociology Department of the Catholic University, the Reggio Emilia group (around Franceschini) included mostly former members of the Italian Communist Youth Federation (FGCI) expelled from the parent party for extremist views. In the beginning, the BR were mainly active in Reggio Emilia, in large factories in Milan (such as Sit-Siemens, Pirelli and Magneti Marelli), and in Turin (Fiat). Members sabotaged factory equipment and broke into factory offices and trade union headquarters. In 1972, they carried out their first kidnapping: a factory foreman for Sit Siemens was held for around twenty minutes whilst pictures were taken of him wearing a placard declaring him to be a fascist. The foreman was then released unharmed.


title: Red Brigades

text: During this time the BR's activities were denounced by far-left political groups such as Lotta Continua and Potere Operaio, which were closer to the Autonomist movement. Frequent allegations of links between the BR and the intelligence services of communist states were made but never proven, and were always rejected by the militants in books and interviews. In June 1974, the Red Brigades killed two members of the Italian neo-fascist party, Movimento Sociale Italiano (MSI), during a raid on the MSI headquarters in Padua.


title: Red Brigades

text: In September 1974, Curcio and Franceschini were arrested by General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, and sentenced to eighteen years in prison. The arrest was made possible by "Frate Mitra", alias Silvano Girotto, a former monk who had infiltrated the BR for the Italian security services. Curcio was freed from prison by an armed commando of the BR, led by his wife Cagol, but was rearrested some time later.


title: Red Brigades

text: After 1974, the Red Brigades expanded into Rome, Genoa, and Venice, their numbers grew drastically and began to diversify in their criminal ventures. The BR operated some high-profile political kidnappings (e.g., Genoa judge Mario Sossi) and kidnapped industrialists (e.g., Vallarino Gancia) in order to obtain ransom money which (together with bank robberies) were their main source of income. The BR was also engaged in drug and arms trafficking. Its 1975 manifesto stated that its goal was a "concentrated strike against the heart of the State, because the state is an imperialist collection of multinational corporations". The "SIM" ("Stato Imperialista delle Multinazionali") became a primary target.


title: Red Brigades

text: In 1975, the Carabinieri discovered a farmhouse where Gancia was kept prisoner by the BR (Cascina Spiotta). In the ensuing gunfight, two police officers were killed, as was Cagol. That following April, the BR announced that they had set up a Communist Combatant Party to "guide the working class." Terrorist activities, especially against Carabinieri and magistrates, increased considerably in order to terrorize juries and cause mistrials in cases against imprisoned leaders of the organization. Also, since arrested members of the BR refused to be defended by lawyers, lawyers designated by the Courts to defend them ("difensori d' ufficio") were also targeted and killed. Amongst jurists, Professor Fausto Cuocolo was also attacked in 1979, during an exam at University of Genoa; it was the first time that the BR attacked in a school.


title: Red Brigades

text: In 1978, the Second BR, headed by Mario Moretti, kidnapped and murdered Christian Democrat (DC) Aldo Moro, who was the key figure in negotiations aimed at extending the Government's parliamentary majority, by attaining a Historic Compromise between the DC and the Italian Communist Party (PCI). A team of BR members, using stolen Alitalia airline company uniforms, ambushed Moro, killed five of his bodyguards and took him captive.


title: Red Brigades

text: The captors, headed by Moretti, sought the release of certain prisoners in exchange for Moro's safe release. The Government refused to negotiate with the captors, while Italian political forces took either a hard line ("linea della fermezza") or one open to negotiating ("linea del negoziato"). From his captivity, Moro sent letters to his family, to his political friends and to the Pope Paul VI, pleading for a negotiated outcome.


title: Red Brigades

text: After holding Moro for 54 days, the BR realized that the Government would not negotiate and, fearful of being discovered, decided to kill their prisoner. They placed him in a car and told him to cover himself with a blanket. Moretti then shot him eleven times in the chest. Moro's body was left in the trunk of a car in Via Caetani, a site midway between the DC and PCI headquarters, as a last symbolic challenge to the police, who were keeping the entire nation, and Rome in particular, under strict surveillance. Moretti wrote in "Brigate Rosse: una storia italiana" that the murder of Moro was the last expression of Marxist–Leninist revolutionary action. Franceschini wrote that the imprisoned members did not understand why Moro had been chosen as a target. Moro was killed for his value as a symbolic representation of everything the BR opposed, rather than anything to do with his individual actions or beliefs.


title: Red Brigades

text: Moro's assassination caused a strong reaction against the BR by the Italian law enforcement and security forces. The murder of a popular political figure also drew condemnation from other Italian left-wing militant formations and even the imprisoned ex-leaders of the group. The BR suffered a loss of support. Another crucial turning point was the 1979 murder of Guido Rossa, a member of the PCI and a trade union organizer. Rossa had observed the distribution of BR propaganda and had reported those involved to the police. He was shot and killed by the BR; this attack against a popular trade union organiser proved disastrous, totally alienating the factory worker base to which BR propaganda was primarily directed.


title: Red Brigades

text: Italian police made a large number of arrests in 1980: 12,000 far-left militants were detained while 300 fled to France and 200 to South America; a total of 600 people left Italy. Most leaders arrested (including, e.g., Faranda, Franceschini, Moretti, Morucci) either retracted their doctrine (as "dissociati"), or collaborated with investigators in the capture of other BR members (as "Collaboratori di giustizia"), obtaining important reductions in prison sentences. The best-known "collaboratore di giustizia" was Patrizio Peci, one of the leaders of the Turin "column". In revenge, the BR assassinated his brother Roberto in 1981, significantly damaging the standing of the group and lowering them in the public's eyes to little more than a supposedly radical Cosa Nostra.