title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The dimension of stress is that of pressure, and therefore its coordinates are commonly measured in the same units as pressure: namely, pascals (Pa, that is, newtons per square metre) in the International System, or pounds per square inch (psi) in the Imperial system. Because mechanical stresses easily exceed a million Pascals, MPa, which stands for megapascal, is a common unit of stress.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Stress in a material body may be due to multiple physical causes, including external influences and internal physical processes. Some of these agents (like gravity, changes in temperature and phase, and electromagnetic fields) act on the bulk of the material, varying continuously with position and time. Other agents (like external loads and friction, ambient pressure, and contact forces) may create stresses and forces that are concentrated on certain surfaces, lines or points; and possibly also on very short time intervals (as in the impulses due to collisions). In active matter, self-propulsion of microscopic particles generates macroscopic stress profiles. In general, the stress distribution in a body is expressed as a piecewise continuous function of space and time.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Conversely, stress is usually correlated with various effects on the material, possibly including changes in physical properties like birefringence, polarization, and permeability. The imposition of stress by an external agent usually creates some strain (deformation) in the material, even if it is too small to be detected. In a solid material, such strain will in turn generate an internal elastic stress, analogous to the reaction force of a stretched spring, tending to restore the material to its original undeformed state. Fluid materials (liquids, gases and plasmas) by definition can only oppose deformations that would change their volume. However, if the deformation is changing with time, even in fluids there will usually be some viscous stress, opposing that change. Such stresses can be either shear or normal in nature. Molecular origin of shear stresses in fluids is given in the article on viscosity. The same for normal viscous stresses can be found in Sharma (2019).


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The relation between stress and its effects and causes, including deformation and rate of change of deformation, can be quite complicated (although a linear approximation may be adequate in practice if the quantities are small enough). Stress that exceeds certain strength limits of the material will result in permanent deformation (such as plastic flow, fracture, cavitation) or even change its crystal structure and chemical composition.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: In some situations, the stress within a body may adequately be described by a single number, or by a single vector (a number and a direction). Three such simple stress situations, that are often encountered in engineering design, are the "uniaxial normal stress", the "simple shear stress", and the "isotropic normal stress".


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: A common situation with a simple stress pattern is when a straight rod, with uniform material and cross section, is subjected to tension by opposite forces of magnitude formula_1 along its axis. If the system is in equilibrium and not changing with time, and the weight of the bar can be neglected, then through each transversal section of the bar the top part must pull on the bottom part with the same force, "F" with continuity through the full cross-sectional area", A". Therefore, the stress σ throughout the bar, across any horizontal surface, can be expressed simply by the single number σ, calculated simply with the magnitude of those forces, "F", and cross sectional area, "A".formula_2 On the other hand, if one imagines the bar being cut along its length, parallel to the axis, there will be no force (hence no stress) between the two halves across the cut.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: This type of stress may be called (simple) normal stress or uniaxial stress; specifically, (uniaxial, simple, etc.) tensile stress. If the load is compression on the bar, rather than stretching it, the analysis is the same except that the force "F" and the stress formula_3 change sign, and the stress is called compressive stress.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: This analysis assumes the stress is evenly distributed over the entire cross-section. In practice, depending on how the bar is attached at the ends and how it was manufactured, this assumption may not be valid. In that case, the value formula_3 = "F"/"A" will be only the average stress, called "engineering stress" or "nominal stress". However, if the bar's length "L" is many times its diameter "D", and it has no gross defects or built-in stress, then the stress can be assumed to be uniformly distributed over any cross-section that is more than a few times "D" from both ends. (This observation is known as the Saint-Venant's principle).


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Normal stress occurs in many other situations besides axial tension and compression. If an elastic bar with uniform and symmetric cross-section is bent in one of its planes of symmetry, the resulting "bending stress" will still be normal (perpendicular to the cross-section), but will vary over the cross section: the outer part will be under tensile stress, while the inner part will be compressed. Another variant of normal stress is the "hoop stress" that occurs on the walls of a cylindrical pipe or vessel filled with pressurized fluid.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Another simple type of stress occurs when a uniformly thick layer of elastic material like glue or rubber is firmly attached to two stiff bodies that are pulled in opposite directions by forces parallel to the layer; or a section of a soft metal bar that is being cut by the jaws of a scissors-like tool. Let "F" be the magnitude of those forces, and "M" be the midplane of that layer. Just as in the normal stress case, the part of the layer on one side of "M" must pull the other part with the same force "F". Assuming that the direction of the forces is known, the stress across "M" can be expressed simply by the single number formula_5 , calculated simply with the magnitude of those forces, "F" and the cross sectional area, "A".formula_6However, unlike normal stress, this "simple shear stress" is directed parallel to the cross-section considered, rather than perpendicular to it. For any plane "S" that is perpendicular to the layer, the net internal force across "S", and hence the stress, will be zero.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: As in the case of an axially loaded bar, in practice the shear stress may not be uniformly distributed over the layer; so, as before, the ratio "F"/"A" will only be an average ("nominal", "engineering") stress. However, that average is often sufficient for practical purposes. Shear stress is observed also when a cylindrical bar such as a shaft is subjected to opposite torques at its ends. In that case, the shear stress on each cross-section is parallel to the cross-section, but oriented tangentially relative to the axis, and increases with distance from the axis. Significant shear stress occurs in the middle plate (the "web") of I-beams under bending loads, due to the web constraining the end plates ("flanges").


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Another simple type of stress occurs when the material body is under equal compression or tension in all directions. This is the case, for example, in a portion of liquid or gas at rest, whether enclosed in some container or as part of a larger mass of fluid; or inside a cube of elastic material that is being pressed or pulled on all six faces by equal perpendicular forces — provided, in both cases, that the material is homogeneous, without built-in stress, and that the effect of gravity and other external forces can be neglected.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: In these situations, the stress across any imaginary internal surface turns out to be equal in magnitude and always directed perpendicularly to the surface independently of the surface's orientation. This type of stress may be called "isotropic normal" or just "isotropic"; if it is compressive, it is called "hydrostatic pressure" or just "pressure". Gases by definition cannot withstand tensile stresses, but some liquids may withstand very large amounts of isotropic tensile stress under some circumstances. see Z-tube.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Parts with rotational symmetry, such as wheels, axles, pipes, and pillars, are very common in engineering. Often the stress patterns that occur in such parts have rotational or even cylindrical symmetry. The analysis of such cylinder stresses can take advantage of the symmetry to reduce the dimension of the domain and/or of the stress tensor.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Often, mechanical bodies experience more than one type of stress at the same time; this is called "combined stress". In normal and shear stress, the magnitude of the stress is maximum for surfaces that are perpendicular to a certain direction formula_7, and zero across any surfaces that are parallel to formula_7. When the shear stress is zero only across surfaces that are perpendicular to one particular direction, the stress is called "biaxial", and can be viewed as the sum of two normal or shear stresses. In the most general case, called "triaxial stress", the stress is nonzero across every surface element.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Combined stresses cannot be described by a single vector. Even if the material is stressed in the same way throughout the volume of the body, the stress across any imaginary surface will depend on the orientation of that surface, in a non-trivial way.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: However, Cauchy observed that the stress vector formula_9 across a surface will always be a linear function of the surface's normal vector formula_10, the unit-length vector that is perpendicular to it. That is, formula_11, where the function formula_12 satisfies


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The function formula_12, now called the (Cauchy) stress tensor, completely describes the stress state of a uniformly stressed body. (Today, any linear connection between two physical vector quantities is called a tensor, reflecting Cauchy's original use to describe the "tensions" (stresses) in a material.) In tensor calculus, formula_12 is classified as second-order tensor of type (0,2).


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Like any linear map between vectors, the stress tensor can be represented in any chosen Cartesian coordinate system by a 3×3 matrix of real numbers. Depending on whether the coordinates are numbered formula_18 or named formula_19, the matrix may be written as


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The stress vector formula_11 across a surface with normal vector formula_10 (which is covariant - "row; horizontal" - vector) with coordinates formula_24 is then a matrix product formula_25 (where T in upper index is transposition, and as a result we get covariant (row) vector ) (look on Cauchy stress tensor), that is


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The linear relation between formula_9 and formula_10 follows from the fundamental laws of conservation of linear momentum and static equilibrium of forces, and is therefore mathematically exact, for any material and any stress situation. The components of the Cauchy stress tensor at every point in a material satisfy the equilibrium equations (Cauchy’s equations of motion for zero acceleration). Moreover, the principle of conservation of angular momentum implies that the stress tensor is symmetric, that is formula_29, formula_30, and formula_31. Therefore, the stress state of the medium at any point and instant can be specified by only six independent parameters, rather than nine. These may be written


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: where the elements formula_33 are called the "orthogonal normal stresses" (relative to the chosen coordinate system), and formula_34 the "orthogonal shear stresses".


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The Cauchy stress tensor obeys the tensor transformation law under a change in the system of coordinates. A graphical representation of this transformation law is the Mohr's circle of stress distribution.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: As a symmetric 3×3 real matrix, the stress tensor formula_12 has three mutually orthogonal unit-length eigenvectors formula_36 and three real eigenvalues formula_37, such that formula_38. Therefore, in a coordinate system with axes formula_36, the stress tensor is a diagonal matrix, and has only the three normal components formula_37 the principal stresses. If the three eigenvalues are equal, the stress is an isotropic compression or tension, always perpendicular to any surface, there is no shear stress, and the tensor is a diagonal matrix in any coordinate frame.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: In general, stress is not uniformly distributed over a material body, and may vary with time. Therefore, the stress tensor must be defined for each point and each moment, by considering an infinitesimal particle of the medium surrounding that point, and taking the average stresses in that particle as being the stresses at the point.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Man-made objects are often made from stock plates of various materials by operations that do not change their essentially two-dimensional character, like cutting, drilling, gentle bending and welding along the edges. The description of stress in such bodies can be simplified by modeling those parts as two-dimensional surfaces rather than three-dimensional bodies.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: In that view, one redefines a "particle" as being an infinitesimal patch of the plate's surface, so that the boundary between adjacent particles becomes an infinitesimal line element; both are implicitly extended in the third dimension, normal to (straight through) the plate. "Stress" is then redefined as being a measure of the internal forces between two adjacent "particles" across their common line element, divided by the length of that line. Some components of the stress tensor can be ignored, but since particles are not infinitesimal in the third dimension one can no longer ignore the torque that a particle applies on its neighbors. That torque is modeled as a "bending stress" that tends to change the curvature of the plate. However, these simplifications may not hold at welds, at sharp bends and creases (where the radius of curvature is comparable to the thickness of the plate).


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The analysis of stress can be considerably simplified also for thin bars, beams or wires of uniform (or smoothly varying) composition and cross-section that are subjected to moderate bending and twisting. For those bodies, one may consider only cross-sections that are perpendicular to the bar's axis, and redefine a "particle" as being a piece of wire with infinitesimal length between two such cross sections. The ordinary stress is then reduced to a scalar (tension or compression of the bar), but one must take into account also a "bending stress" (that tries to change the bar's curvature, in some direction perpendicular to the axis) and a "torsional stress" (that tries to twist or un-twist it about its axis).


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The Cauchy stress tensor is used for stress analysis of material bodies experiencing small deformations where the differences in stress distribution in most cases can be neglected. For large deformations, also called finite deformations, other measures of stress, such as the first and second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensors, the Biot stress tensor, and the Kirchhoff stress tensor, are required.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Solids, liquids, and gases have stress fields. Static fluids support normal stress but will flow under shear stress. Moving viscous fluids can support shear stress (dynamic pressure). Solids can support both shear and normal stress, with ductile materials failing under shear and brittle materials failing under normal stress. All materials have temperature dependent variations in stress-related properties, and non-Newtonian materials have rate-dependent variations.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Stress analysis is a branch of applied physics that covers the determination of the internal distribution of internal forces in solid objects. It is an essential tool in engineering for the study and design of structures such as tunnels, dams, mechanical parts, and structural frames, under prescribed or expected loads. It is also important in many other disciplines; for example, in geology, to study phenomena like plate tectonics, vulcanism and avalanches; and in biology, to understand the anatomy of living beings.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Stress analysis is generally concerned with objects and structures that can be assumed to be in macroscopic static equilibrium. By Newton's laws of motion, any external forces being applied to such a system must be balanced by internal reaction forces, which are almost always surface contact forces between adjacent particles — that is, as stress. Since every particle needs to be in equilibrium, this reaction stress will generally propagate from particle to particle, creating a stress distribution throughout the body.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The typical problem in stress analysis is to determine these internal stresses, given the external forces that are acting on the system. The latter may be body forces (such as gravity or magnetic attraction), that act throughout the volume of a material; or concentrated loads (such as friction between an axle and a bearing, or the weight of a train wheel on a rail), that are imagined to act over a two-dimensional area, or along a line, or at single point.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: In stress analysis one normally disregards the physical causes of the forces or the precise nature of the materials. Instead, one assumes that the stresses are related to deformation (and, in non-static problems, to the rate of deformation) of the material by known constitutive equations.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Stress analysis may be carried out experimentally, by applying loads to the actual artifact or to scale model, and measuring the resulting stresses, by any of several available methods. This approach is often used for safety certification and monitoring. However, most stress analysis is done by mathematical methods, especially during design.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The basic stress analysis problem can be formulated by Euler's equations of motion for continuous bodies (which are consequences of Newton's laws for conservation of linear momentum and angular momentum) and the Euler-Cauchy stress principle, together with the appropriate constitutive equations. Thus one obtains a system of partial differential equations involving the stress tensor field and the strain tensor field, as unknown functions to be determined. The external body forces appear as the independent ("right-hand side") term in the differential equations, while the concentrated forces appear as boundary conditions. The basic stress analysis problem is therefore a boundary-value problem.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Stress analysis for elastic structures is based on the theory of elasticity and infinitesimal strain theory. When the applied loads cause permanent deformation, one must use more complicated constitutive equations, that can account for the physical processes involved (plastic flow, fracture, phase change, etc.).


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: However, engineered structures are usually designed so that the maximum expected stresses are well within the range of linear elasticity (the generalization of Hooke’s law for continuous media); that is, the deformations caused by internal stresses are linearly related to them. In this case the differential equations that define the stress tensor are linear, and the problem becomes much easier. For one thing, the stress at any point will be a linear function of the loads, too. For small enough stresses, even non-linear systems can usually be assumed to be linear.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Stress analysis is simplified when the physical dimensions and the distribution of loads allow the structure to be treated as one- or two-dimensional. In the analysis of trusses, for example, the stress field may be assumed to be uniform and uniaxial over each member. Then the differential equations reduce to a finite set of equations (usually linear) with finitely many unknowns. In other contexts one may be able to reduce the three-dimensional problem to a two-dimensional one, and/or replace the general stress and strain tensors by simpler models like uniaxial tension/compression, simple shear, etc.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Analytical or closed-form solutions to the differential equations can be obtained when the geometry, constitutive relations, and boundary conditions are simple enough. Otherwise one must generally resort to numerical approximations such as the finite element method, the finite difference method, and the boundary element method.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Other useful stress measures include the first and second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensors, the Biot stress tensor, and the Kirchhoff stress tensor.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: In the case of finite deformations, the "Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensors" express the stress relative to the reference configuration. This is in contrast to the Cauchy stress tensor which expresses the stress relative to the present configuration. For infinitesimal deformations and rotations, the Cauchy and Piola–Kirchhoff tensors are identical.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Whereas the Cauchy stress tensor formula_12 relates stresses in the current configuration, the deformation gradient and strain tensors are described by relating the motion to the reference configuration; thus not all tensors describing the state of the material are in either the reference or current configuration. Describing the stress, strain and deformation either in the reference or current configuration would make it easier to define constitutive models (for example, the Cauchy Stress tensor is variant to a pure rotation, while the deformation strain tensor is invariant; thus creating problems in defining a constitutive model that relates a varying tensor, in terms of an invariant one during pure rotation; as by definition constitutive models have to be invariant to pure rotations). The 1st Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor, formula_42 is one possible solution to this problem. It defines a family of tensors, which describe the configuration of the body in either the current or the reference state.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The 1st Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor, formula_42 relates forces in the "present" ("spatial") configuration with areas in the "reference" ("material") configuration.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: In terms of components with respect to an orthonormal basis, the first Piola–Kirchhoff stress is given by


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Because it relates different coordinate systems, the 1st Piola–Kirchhoff stress is a two-point tensor. In general, it is not symmetric. The 1st Piola–Kirchhoff stress is the 3D generalization of the 1D concept of engineering stress.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: If the material rotates without a change in stress state (rigid rotation), the components of the 1st Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor will vary with material orientation.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: Whereas the 1st Piola–Kirchhoff stress relates forces in the current configuration to areas in the reference configuration, the 2nd Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor formula_48 relates forces in the reference configuration to areas in the reference configuration. The force in the reference configuration is obtained via a mapping that preserves the relative relationship between the force direction and the area normal in the reference configuration.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: If the material rotates without a change in stress state (rigid rotation), the components of the 2nd Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor remain constant, irrespective of material orientation.


title: Stress (mechanics)

text: The 2nd Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor is energy conjugate to the Green–Lagrange finite strain tensor.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: "Rolling in the Deep" is a song recorded by English singer-songwriter Adele for her second studio album, "21" (2011). It is the lead single and opening track on the album. The song was written by Adele and Paul Epworth. The singer herself describes it as a "dark blues-y gospel disco tune". In 2011 it was reportedly the biggest crossover hit in the United States since 1985; "Rolling in the Deep" gained radio airplay from many different radio formats. It was first released on 29 November 2010 as the lead single from "21" in digital download format. The lyrics describe the emotions of a scorned lover.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: "Rolling in the Deep" received widespread critical acclaim with praise drawn towards the song's production, its lyrics, and Adele's vocal performance. It represented a commercial breakthrough for Adele, propelling her to global superstardom. The song topped the charts in twelve countries and reached the top 10 in over twenty territories. It was Adele's first number-one song in the United States, reaching the top spot on many "Billboard" charts, including the "Billboard" Hot 100 where it was number one for seven weeks. By February 2012, "Rolling in the Deep" had sold over 8.7 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling digital song by a female artist in the US, the second-best-selling digital song in the US and Adele's best-selling single outside her native country, topping her previous best-selling "Chasing Pavements". Worldwide, it was the fifth-best-selling digital single of 2011 with sales of 8.2 million copies. , with sales of over 20.6 million copies worldwide, "Rolling in the Deep" is one of the best-selling digital singles of all-time. The song spent 65 weeks on the chart, making the song at that time the fourth-most weeks spent on the chart, tying the place with Jewel with her double single "Foolish Games"/"You Were Meant for Me".


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: Its music video received a leading seven nominations at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, including for Video of the Year, and won three other awards: Best Editing, Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction. "Rolling in the Deep" was also the "Billboard" Year End Hot 100 Number One Single of 2011. At the 54th Annual Grammy Awards, it won awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Short Form Music Video. Various critics and music publications ranked it as the best song of the year on their end-of-year lists with "Rolling Stone" ranking it at No. 8 spot on its list of "The 100 Greatest Songs of the 21st Century". In 2021, the song was ranked at number 82 on the list of "Rolling Stone"'s 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: In an interview Adele expressed her initial reservations prior to meeting Paul Epworth due to their divergent musical styles, but characterised their collaboration as "a match made in heaven." She also credited Epworth for her increased vocal confidence, stating, "He brought a lot out of me. He brought my voice out as well—there's notes that I hit in that song ("Rolling in the Deep") that I never even knew I could hit." According to reviewer Bill Lamb, "Rolling in the Deep" features "martial beats, pounding piano keys and chanting backing singers". Adele's vocals have been described as having a "hint of Wanda Jackson's dirty-blues growl". According to Nadine Cheung from AOL Radio Blog the song is "sung from the perspective of a scorned lover, who is finally able to see the light, but despite regretful sentiments, reconciliation is not an option here." "Rolling in the Deep" is written in the key of C minor (B minor for live performances), in common time with a tempo of 105 beats per minute. The accompaniment uses open fifths, in a progression of C(i)–G(v)–B(VII)–G(v)–B(VII) and two Progressions of Progression #1: A(VI)-B(VII)-Gm(v)-A(VI)-B(VII)-A(VI)-B(VII)-Gm(v)-G(V), Progression #2: Cm(i)-B(VII)-AMaj7(VI M7)-B(VII). Adele's voice spans from B to D. Musically, Simon Reynolds of "The New York Times" described the song as "1960s rhythm-and-blues tightened up with modern production" and vocals rooted in soul.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: The song was reportedly inspired by a Nashville-schooled US tour bus driver, and composed by Epworth and Adele in a single afternoon following Adele's breakup with her boyfriend. It was "her reaction to, 'being told that my life was going to be boring and lonely and rubbish, and that I was a weak person if I didn't stay in the relationship. I was very insulted, and wrote that as a sort of "fuck you".'"


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: Lamb gave it a score of 5 out of 5, saying: "'Rolling in the Deep' [...] wastes no time in presenting the stunning bluesy authority of her voice...Here is a voice that can raise chills up the spine, and, when she is in a mood like this, the sense of foreboding will rivet your attention." Jason Lipshutz of "Billboard" magazine complimented the song's "sweeping chorus" and felt that the song "places a similar emphasis on its refrain but its multilayered instrumentation gives the English singer's wail a previously unheard depth". Lipshutz said, "Adele's noticeable leap in vocal confidence highlights the track. She gracefully lingers on the last line of the verses and attacks the sorrowful chorus' first words, 'We could have had it all,' head on." "Rolling Stone" magazine's Barry Walters stated, "'Rolling in the Deep' finds the 22-year-old in bluesy gospel mode, sounding powerful but not particularly pop. Starting with a stroked acoustic guitar, this breakup-mourning track builds to a stomping, hand-clapping climax that affirms the British knack for rejiggering the sound of American roots music."


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: The writers of "Rolling Stone" placed "Rolling in the Deep" at number one on their list of "50 Best Singles of 2011". Claire Suddath of "Time" magazine named "Rolling in the Deep" one of the Top 10 Songs of 2011. MTV chose the song as their "Song of the Year". "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll ranked "Rolling in the Deep" as the top single of 2011. In 2019, "Rolling Stone", "Consequence of Sound", and "Pitchfork" ranked the song as the 3rd, 8th, and 171st best song of the 2010s, respectively. "Time" named it as one of the 10 best songs of the 2010s, and "Billboard" chose the song as one of the 100 "Songs That Defined the Decade". In 2021, "Parade" ranked the song number one on their list of the 25 greatest Adele songs, and in 2022, "American Songwriter" ranked the song number eight on their list of the 10 greatest Adele songs.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: In the UK, "Rolling in the Deep" debuted at number 2 (her second number 2 debut, after "Chasing Pavements"), behind Bruno Mars's "Grenade". The song spent the first ten weeks of its chart run in the top ten.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: Upon its American release, "Rolling in the Deep" became Adele's second single to chart in the country. The song debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 68 on 25 December 2010. Later on, it became her first ever single to top a "Billboard" chart when it reached number one on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart in May 2011, and became her first number one hit in the country when it topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 in May 2011. As a result, Adele became the first British singer to have topped both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and "Billboard" 200 charts in the same week since Leona Lewis did the same back in 2008. In its 24th charting week, "Rolling in the Deep" stayed at number one, making it the latest single at the top since Lady Gaga's "Just Dance" spent its third and final week at number one in its 24th charting week as well. It stayed on top of the chart for seven straight weeks, the second longest run in 2011 behind Rihanna's "We Found Love", which spent eight weeks on top in 2011, and two weeks in 2012.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: It has been certified 8× platinum, and in September 2011 became the first song to sell 5 million in digital sales, achieving the feat in 35 weeks, faster than any other song in digital history. , "Rolling in the Deep" sold 8.4 million digital copies in the United States, becoming the second-best-selling digital song overall and the best-selling digital song by a female artist. It was the second song to have crossed 8 million digital copies sold in the country. In France, despite not having been certified, the single has sold 348,900 copies and became one of the best-selling singles in France.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: , "Rolling in the Deep" was the third-best-selling digital single across Europe with 1.26 million copies sold. As of the 5 November 2011 issue of "Billboard", it had been number one on the Adult Contemporary chart for 19 consecutive weeks. "Rolling in the Deep" became Adele's label XL Recordings' best-selling single, overtaking M.I.A.'s "Paper Planes" released in 2008 which until 2011 held the record. The song became also the longest-charting release in Finland, peaking at number one and charting for 50 weeks.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: In 2013, as a celebration of the chart's 55th anniversary, "Billboard" counted down the 100 biggest Hot 100 hits ever, and the song was ranked at number 31. In 2018, it was placed at number 35.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: In Australia, "Rolling in the Deep" entered the singles chart at number 40 in the week of 14 November 2010, and reached a peak position of number three where it remained for four weeks. In New Zealand, the song debuted at its peak position at number three, and was her highest-charting single in both countries until the release of her single "Someone Like You". The song achieved number one positions in Belgium (both Flanders & Wallonia), Finland, Germany, Portugal, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, remaining atop the Dutch Top 40 singles chart for seven weeks. It reached the top ten in Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Ireland, and Norway. It reached the top 20 in Sweden.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: The music video for "Rolling in the Deep," directed by Sam Brown, premiered on Channel 4 on 3 December 2010.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: The video begins in an abandoned house, where Adele is sitting in a chair singing. During the video, the scenes show hundreds of glasses filled with water that vibrate to the beat of a drum. Jennifer White, who also choreographed the sequence, dances in a room kicking up white flour. The drummer plays his drums under the stairs, and china is thrown breaking on a piece of suspended plywood at the bottom of a staircase. There is a white model of a city which is set on fire by five bursting light bulbs at the end of the song. The music video received critical acclaim, with critics praising its dark tone and simplicity.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: On 20 July 2011, the music video was nominated for seven MTV Video Music Awards, including Video of the Year, Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Best Direction, and won three for Best Editing, Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction. The video won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video on 12 February 2012. , the music video has received over 2 billion views, and 10 million likes on YouTube.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: "Rolling in the Deep" won Best Track at the 2011 Q Awards. At the 54th Annual Grammy Awards, "Rolling in the Deep" won in the categories of Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Short Form Music Video, making it just the second song in Grammy history to win all three awards after We Are the World in 1986.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: Adele performed the song several times. On 25 November 2010, the singer appeared on Dutch presenter Paul de Leeuw's "Madiwodovrij Show" to perform the song for the first time. She also performed it on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" in the United States on 3 December 2010. The song was also performed in front of the Royal Family at the Royal Variety Performance, on 9 December 2010; the performance was broadcast 16 December 2010. On "" in the United Kingdom on 17 January 2011. On 21 January 2011, Adele performed "Rolling in the Deep" in the finale of "The Voice of Holland" where she also performed "Make You Feel My Love" with finalist Kim de Boer. On 26 January 2011, she performed the song in the French television show "Le Grand Journal". The song has also been featured in a television spot for the 2011 film "I Am Number Four", in which it is also featured. As part of a promotional tour in North America for the album, Adele performed the song on "Late Show with David Letterman" on 21 February 2011, on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on 24 February 2011, on 1 March 2011 on "MTV Live", and "Dancing with the Stars" on 10 May 2011. On 12 February 2012, she made another rendition of the song at the 54th Grammy Awards.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: "Rolling in the Deep" first gained attention when it was used in a trailer for the film "I Am Number Four" and in the film itself. It has since been featured in several television series such as in "90210" third season, in "Doctor Who" sixth series premiere, in "One Tree Hill" eighth season, in "Gossip Girl" fourth-season finale, "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" fourth season. and in the Scandal's Pilot promo. "Rolling in the Deep" was used as the theme song for E4's reality series "Made in Chelsea" and appeared in "So You Think You Can Dance" eighth season during contestant Mitchell Kelly's solo performance. In Renny Harlin's 2016 film "Skiptrace""," a drunk Jackie Chan sang "Rolling in the Deep" at the tune of local instruments in a Mongolian village only to be taken by surprise by how the song was already popular among the non-English speaking locals, when they started to sing with him.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: The instrumental of the song was used in Apple Inc's marketing video for the iPhone 4S. It was also featured in CBC's intro to Game 1 of the hockey 2011 Stanley Cup Finals between the Vancouver Canucks and the Boston Bruins. while the song's instrumentals were played heavily in promos during the 2011 NBA Draft. The song was played in the background during the parade of athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: In early 2016, US businessman and media personality Donald Trump began using "Rolling in the Deep" as warm-up music at rallies during his campaign to become that year's Republican Party candidate for President of the United States, prompting Adele to issue a statement distancing herself from Trump. A spokesperson for the singer confirmed that "Adele has not given permission for her music to be used for any political campaigning." The song is one of two by Adele that Trump used as part of his campaign, the other being "Skyfall". Trump continued to use the songs despite Adele's objections. Commentators, including David Lister of "The Independent", have noted that United States Copyright law does not prevent politicians from using pieces of music at their rallies, providing the venue has a public performance licence.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: "Rolling in the Deep" was covered by American rock band Linkin Park and was included on their live EP, "iTunes Festival". It has entered the UK Rock Singles Charts at number 1, and UK Singles chart at number 42 although it has not been released as a single. The song was covered twice by the band, one was a LPU meeting and one was in The Roundhouse during the 2011 iTunes Festival. The song was well received by the UK. "Rolling in the Deep" was sent to alternative radio stations as a promotional single on 8 July 2011. Performed as an acoustic version of the song as part of their set, with Chester Bennington as the lead vocalist and Mike Shinoda on the piano. This recording was released to the iTunes Store as a single.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: In 2014, Aretha Franklin covered the song on her "Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics" album. It was released 29 September 2014 as the collection's lead single. This version peaked at number one on the US dance chart, giving Aretha Franklin her sixth number one on the chart. It also debuted at number 47 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Franklin thus becomes the first female, and fourth artist overall (following Lil Wayne, Jay-Z and James Brown), to place 100 songs on the charts (with her first entry on the chart being "Today I Sing the Blues" in 1960). This version of "Rolling in the Deep" entitled "Rolling in the Deep (The Aretha Version)" was Franklin's final single to be released before her retirement in 2017, and her death the following year.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: The Piano Guys adapted the melody for piano and cello in a mashup with the orchestral suite "Jupiter" by Gustav Holst. Japanese rock duo Glim Spanky covered the song for their 2014 EP "Shōsō".


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: The song became popular and has been covered by various artists including David Cook, Ariana Grande, Haley Reinhart, Nicole Scherzinger, The Overtones and rapper Lil Wayne. In January 2011, Jamie xx remixed the song, on top of which Childish Gambino later added a rap verse. In February 2011, Mike Posner released a cover of the song. Idolator described his version as "a very cool electronic piece that still somehow manages to retain the heartbroken feel of Adele's original tune." The same month, Scottish band Kassidy also covered the song. John Legend uploaded an R&B a cappella version of the song in April 2011 on SoundCloud. "Rolling in the Deep" was then covered by Lea Michele and Jonathan Groff of "Glee" for the second season episode "Prom Queen". The single charted at number 29 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and at 49 on the UK Singles Chart and was later released on the album "". Black Stone Cherry have covered the song live on several occasions, and it was covered by Celine Dion on her Las Vegas Show.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: On 14 July 2011, Patti Smith covered "Rolling in the Deep" during a performance at the Castle Clinton. In July 2011, PS22 Chorus sang the song at the Newport Folk Festival. Quentin Elias released a cover of the song as a single on 6 September 2011. It also appears on his EP "I Can Do Bad All By Myself" released simultaneously. Pop-Punk band, Go Radio covered the song for the compilation CD "Punk Goes Pop 4", released by Fearless Records. The Collective performed the song on the third season of "The Sing-Off". A version as also done by The Piano Guys that was uploaded to YouTube on 7 September 2011. October 2011, Misha B performed a 'show-stopping' cover of the track on the eighth season of "The X Factor" regarded by the "Daily Telegraph" as one of the highlights of the series. "The Telegraph" noted that Misha B delivered "impressive soulful vocals and a quirky rapping style" injecting it with a "fresh UK urban twist". Mexican sibling trio Vazquez Sounds released a cover version which quickly became popular on YouTube. It was later released as a single in Mexico and was certified platinum by AMPROFON. Popular child singer and Britain's Got Talent 2007 finalist Connie Talbot has also covered the song on her YouTube and received over 20 million hits. Because Connie's version was recorded with a camera, it was later in order for the music to be heard better. On 12 June 2012, Celine Dion covered the song at her Vegas show at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace, before she performed the song, she told the crowd, "I love Adele so much. She's amazing." A cover by metalcore band Amyst was played to Adele by Jonathan Ross on his TV show in September 2011, to a poor reception from Adele, who along with Ross dismissed it as "screamo". The Spanish Band Auryn covered the song in their album Endless Road, 7058 released on 18 October 2011.


title: Rolling in the Deep

text: Gille, a mysterious Japanese singer who became an online sensation for her English covers of Japanese pop songs, uploaded a cover of "Rolling in the Deep" to her YouTube channel on 31 January 2012. This version was later released in Japan as part of her debut album on 18 July 2012.


title: Evan Handler

text: Evan Handler (born January 10, 1961) is an American actor who is best known for playing Harry Goldenblatt, a divorce attorney and later husband of Charlotte York on "Sex and the City" (2002–2004) and its revival series "And Just Like That…" (2021–present), and Charlie Runkle, Hank Moody's comically bumbling friend and agent, on "Californication" (2007–2014). Recently, he starred as Eastern District US Attorney Jacob Warner in the Starz drama "Power".


title: Evan Handler

text: Handler was born in New York City, to secular Jewish parents Enid Irene, a mental health administrator, and Murry Raymond Handler, an agency owner and advertising designer. He was raised in the Town of Cortlandt, New York, near Croton-on-Hudson, New York, and attended Hendrick Hudson High School in Montrose, New York.


title: Evan Handler

text: After graduating from high school a year early, he moved to New York City and worked as an intern at the Chelsea Theater Center. During that time he appeared in the Off-Broadway plays "Biography: A Game" and "Strider: The Story of a Horse". He then attended the Juilliard School as a member of the Drama Division's "Group 12" (1979–1983), which also included Kevin Spacey, Ving Rhames, and Elizabeth McGovern. Handler left the four-year program after less than two years to accept a role in the 1981 film "Taps".


title: Evan Handler

text: Handler has appeared in television dramas and sitcoms including "Six Feet Under", "Friends", "Law & Order", "The West Wing", "Miami Vice", "Sex and the City", "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip" (as co-executive producer Ricky Tahoe), "Ed", "Lost", " 24" and Power. He was a co-star in the ABC sitcoms "It's Like, You Know..." and "Hot Properties" and starred in the ill-fated FOX sitcom "Woops!".


title: Evan Handler

text: He has also appeared in several major feature film roles, including "Ransom", 1996; "The Chosen", 1981; "Sweet Lorraine", 1987; and "Taps", 1981.


title: Evan Handler

text: In 2000, Handler portrayed Larry Fine in the made-for-TV biopic "The Three Stooges". He played Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein in the HBO movie, "Too Big to Fail". The movie was based on the book of the same name written by Andrew Ross Sorkin. From 2007-2014, Handler played Charlie Runkle, the best friend and agent to David Duchovny's character Hank Moody on "Californication". In 2016 he had a recurring role in "" as Alan Dershowitz, an attorney adviser for the defense in the O. J. Simpson murder case in 1995.


title: Evan Handler

text: In 1991, Handler famously walked off stage during the first act of a performance of the Broadway play "I Hate Hamlet" after co-star Nicol Williamson broke choreography during a sword-fighting scene and struck Handler on the backside. Handler responded later, "I removed myself from the production because from the first day of rehearsals I have endured the show's producers condoning Nicol Williamson's persistent abusiveness to other cast members." Handler's understudy continued the performance, for which Gregory Peck and Elaine Stritch were in attendance.


title: Evan Handler

text: In 2020, Handler appeared as a guest on the "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip" marathon fundraiser episode of "The George Lucas Talk Show."


title: Evan Handler

text: Handler is also an author. His first book, "Time On Fire: My Comedy of Terrors", tells the story of his unlikely recovery from acute myeloid leukemia in his mid-20s. His second, "It's Only Temporary...The Good News and the Bad News of Being Alive", tells the story of his long journey toward gratitude in the years after his illness. The book was released in May 2008. Handler has written for several nationally distributed magazines, including "ELLE", "O, the Oprah Magazine", and "Mirabella". Handler contributes regularly to "The Huffington Post".


title: Evan Handler

text: Evan married Elisa Atti, an Italian-born chemist, in 2003, and they have a daughter, Sofia Clementina Handler (born January 17, 2007).


title: Evan Handler

text: Handler has a brother Lowell and a sister Lillian. Lowell Handler, a writer and photographer, is the author of the book "Twitch & Shout: A Touretter's Tale" and the star, narrator, and associate producer of the Emmy-nominated PBS television documentary "Twitch & Shout", in which Evan appeared.


title: Evan Handler

text: In 2014 Handler starred in a public service announcement supporting DC Statehood. He attended the Creative Coalition's "DC Statehood Dinner" in December 2015 and participates in DC Shadow Senator Paul Strauss’ “51 Stars" campaign which aims to enlist 51 celebrities to endorse making Washington, DC the 51st state.


title: Ken Olin

text: Kenneth Edward Olin (born July 30, 1954) is an American actor, television director, and producer. He is known for his role as Michael Steadman in the ABC drama series "Thirtysomething" (1987–1991), for which he received a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama nomination in 1990. Olin later began working as television director and producer. His producer credits include "Alias" (2001–2006), "Brothers & Sisters" (2006–2011), and "This Is Us" (2016-2022). Olin is married to actress Patricia Wettig.


title: Ken Olin

text: Olin began appearing on television as of late 1970's. His first series regular role was on the short-lived NBC comedy-drama "Bay City Blues" in 1983. He later joined the cast of NBC police drama "Hill Street Blues" playing Detective Harry Garibaldi from 1984 to 1985, and from 1985 to 1986 co-starred on the CBS prime time soap opera "Falcon Crest" as Father Christopher Rossini. Olin also guest-starred on "Murder, She Wrote" and "Hotel", before was cast as Michael Steadman in the ABC drama series, "Thirtysomething". Debuting in 1987, the series received critical acclaim, setting a new bar for realism in the realm of prime-time drama. For his performance, Olin was nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama in 1990.


title: Ken Olin

text: In 1996, Olin played a leading role in the short-lived CBS crime drama "EZ Streets". From 1998 to 1999, he played the leading role in the another short-lived CBS series, medical drama "L.A. Doctors". He starred opposite his wife, Patricia Wettig in the 1995 television film "Nothing But the Truth", and well as in "Telling Secrets" (1993) with Cybill Shepherd, "The Advocate's Devil" (1997) alongside Mariska Hargitay, and "Evolution's Child" (1999). His film credits include roles in "Ghost Story" (1981), "Queens Logic" (1991), and "'Til There Was You" (1997).


title: Ken Olin

text: From 2007 to 2011, Olin had a recurring role opposite Patricia Wettig in the ABC drama series "Brothers & Sisters". From 2015 to 2017, he had a recurring role in the CBS drama series, "Zoo". In 2020, ABC ordered a sequel for "Thirtysomething" and Olin is set to return alongside Mel Harris, Timothy Busfield and Patricia Wettig.


title: Ken Olin

text: In the summer of 1990, Olin directed his wife in a production of "My Mother Said I Never Should" at the Powerhouse Theatre at Vassar College. Prior this, he directed six episodes of "Thirtysomething". He directed television movies "The Broken Cord" (1992), "Doing Time on Maple Drive" (1992), "In Pursuit of Honor" (1995) and "Phenomenon II" (2003). He also directed "" (1994) for Buena Vista Pictures. He directed episodes of "L.A. Doctors", "Judging Amy", "Felicity", "The West Wing", 23 episodes of "Alias", 20 episodes of "Brothers & Sisters", "Sleepy Hollow", and 20 episodes of "This Is Us".


title: Ken Olin

text: Olin was executive producer of number of television dramas in 2000s and 2010s. First was ABC action drama "Alias" (2001-2006). From 2006 to 2011, he produced ABC family drama "Brothers & Sisters" featuring ensemble cast led by Sally Field. His wife, Patricia Wettig also was regular cast member. His other credits include "Breaking News" (2002), "The Mob Doctor" (2012-2013) and "Sleepy Hollow". In 2016, he began producing NBC family drama "This Is Us", which received four Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series nominations during its run.


title: Ken Olin

text: Olin was born to a Jewish family in Chicago, Illinois, the son of a former Peace Corps official and pharmaceutical company owner. He was raised in Highland Park, Illinois. He graduated from The Putney School in Putney, Vermont, in 1972. He then completed his college career at the University of Pennsylvania. He is married to "thirtysomething" co-star, Patricia Wettig, with whom he has a son, Clifford, and a daughter, Roxanne, who appears on "The City".


title: Carnivàle

text: Carnivàle () is an American television series set in the United States Dust Bowl during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The series, created by Daniel Knauf, ran for two seasons between 2003 and 2005. In tracing the lives of disparate groups of people in a traveling carnival, Knauf's story combined a bleak atmosphere with elements of the surreal in portraying struggles between good and evil and between free will and destiny. The show's mythology drew upon themes and motifs from traditional Christianity and gnosticism together with Masonic lore, particularly that of the Knights Templar order.


title: Carnivàle

text: "Carnivàle" was produced by HBO and aired between September 14, 2003, and March 27, 2005. Its creator, Daniel Knauf, also served as executive producer along with Ronald D. Moore and Howard Klein. Jeff Beal composed the original incidental music. Nick Stahl and Clancy Brown starred as Ben Hawkins and Brother Justin Crowe, respectively. The show was filmed in Santa Clarita, California, and nearby Southern California locations.


title: Carnivàle

text: Early reviews praised "Carnivàle" for style and originality but questioned the approach and execution of the story. The first episode set an audience record for an HBO original series and drew durable ratings through the first season. When the series proved unable to sustain these ratings in its second season, it was cancelled. An intended six-season run was thus cut short by four seasons.


title: Carnivàle

text: In all, 24 episodes of "Carnivàle" were broadcast. In 2004, the series won five Emmys out of fifteen nominations. The show received numerous other nominations and awards between 2004 and 2006.


title: Carnivàle

text: The two seasons of "Carnivàle" take place in the Depression-era Dust Bowl between 1934 and 1935, and consist of two main plotlines that slowly converge. The first involves a young man with strange healing powers named Ben Hawkins (Nick Stahl), who joins a traveling carnival when it passes near his home in Milfay, Oklahoma. Soon thereafter, Ben begins having surrealistic dreams and visions, which set him on the trail of a man named Henry Scudder, a drifter who crossed paths with the carnival many years before, and who apparently possessed unusual abilities similar to Ben's own.


title: Carnivàle

text: The second plotline revolves around a Father Coughlin-esque Methodist preacher, Brother Justin Crowe (Clancy Brown), who lives with his sister Iris (Amy Madigan) in California. He shares Ben's prophetic dreams and slowly discovers the extent of his own unearthly powers, which include bending human beings to his will and making their sins and greatest evils manifest as terrifying visions. Certain that he is doing God's work, Brother Justin fully devotes himself to his religious duties, not realizing that his ultimate nemesis Ben Hawkins and the carnival are inexorably drawing closer.


title: Carnivàle

text: Daniel Knauf conceived the initial script for the show between 1990 and 1992 when he was unsatisfied with his job as a Californian health insurance broker and hoped to become a screenwriter. He had always been interested in carnivals and noted that this subject had rarely been dramatized on film. Knauf's experiences of growing up with a disabled father who was not commonly accepted as a normal human strongly informed the story and its treatment of freaks.


title: Carnivàle

text: Knauf named the intended feature film script "Carnivàle", using an unusual spelling for a more outlandish look. Knauf had plotted the story's broad strokes as well as several plot details from early on and knew the story destination until the final scene. However, the resulting 180-page long script was twice the length of a typical feature film script, and Knauf still felt that it was too short to do his story justice. He therefore shelved the screenplay as a learning experience. In the meantime, Hollywood studios rejected all but one of Knauf's other scripts, often for being "too weird."


title: Carnivàle

text: In the mid-1990s, Knauf met a few Writers Guild TV writers who encouraged him to revise "Carnivàle" as a TV series. Knauf turned the script's first act into a pilot episode, but, having no contacts in the television business, he was forced to shelve the project again and return to his regular job. A few years later, after realizing that his insurance career was not working out, he decided to give his screenwriting efforts a last chance by offering the "Carnivàle" pilot on his website. The script was subsequently forwarded to Howard Klein by Scott Winant, a mutual friend of the two men. After several meetings and conversations, Klein felt confident that "Carnivàle" would make a good episodic television series that could last for many years. Klein brought it to the attention of Chris Albrecht and Carolyn Strauss of HBO, who were immediately receptive. The network deemed Knauf too inexperienced in the television business to give him full control over the budget, and appointed Ronald D. Moore as showrunner. (Knauf replaced Moore after one season when Moore left for the reimagined "Battlestar Galactica".)


title: Carnivàle

text: The pilot episode, which was filmed over a period of 21 days, served as the basis for additional tweaking of intended story lines. Long creative discussions took place among the writers and the network, leading to the postponement of the filming of the second episode for fourteen months. One major change was the addition of extra material for Brother Justin's side of the story. Brother Justin was originally conceived as a well-established preacher, and as a recurring character rather than a regular one. However, after perusing the preliminary version of the pilot, Knauf and the producers realized that there was no room for Justin to grow in a television series. Hence, it was decided to make Brother Justin an ordinary Methodist minister in a small town, setting him back in his career by about one or two years. Expanding Brother Justin's role opened new possibilities, and his sister Iris was created as a supporting character. Little was changed on Ben Hawkins' side except for the addition of the cootch (striptease) family; a "Carnivàle" consultant had elated the producers by calling attention to his research about families managing cootch shows in the 1930s.


title: Carnivàle

text: The "Carnivàle" story was originally intended to be a trilogy of "books", consisting of two seasons each. This plan did not come to fruition, as HBO canceled the show after the first two seasons. Each season consists of twelve episodes.


title: Carnivàle

text: Airing on HBO benefited "Carnivàle" in several ways. Because HBO does not rely on commercial breaks, "Carnivàle" had the artistic freedom to vary in episode length. Although the episodes averaged a runtime of 54 minutes, the episodes "Insomnia" and "Old Cherry Blossom Road" were 46 minutes and 59 minutes, respectively. HBO budgeted approximately US$4 million for each episode, considerably more than most television series receive.


title: Carnivàle

text: "Carnivàle" 1930s' Dust Bowl setting required significant research and historical consultants to be convincing, which was made possible with HBO's strong financial backing. As a result, reviews praised the look and production design of the show as "impeccable," "spectacular" and as "an absolute visual stunner." In 2004, "Carnivàle" won four Emmys for art direction, cinematography, costumes, and hairstyling.


title: Carnivàle

text: To give a sense of the dry and dusty environment of the Dust Bowl, smoke and dirt were constantly blown through tubes onto the set. The actors' clothes were ragged and drenched in dirt, and "Carnivàle" had approximately 5,000 people costumed in the show's first season alone. The creative team listened to 1930s' music and radio and read old Hollywood magazines to get the period's sound, language, and slang right. The art department had an extensive research library of old catalogs, among them an original 1934 Sears Catalog, which were purchased at flea markets and antique stores. The East European background of some characters and Asian themes in Brother Justin's story were incorporated into the show. Aside from the show's supernatural elements, a historical consultant deemed "Carnivàle" historical accuracy to be excellent regarding the characters' lives and clothes, their food and accommodations, their cars and all the material culture.


title: Carnivàle

text: "Carnivàle" interiors were filmed at Santa Clarita Studios in Santa Clarita, California, while the show's many exterior scenes were filmed on Southern California locations. The scenes of fictional California town of Mintern, where the stories about Brother Justin and Iris in Season 1 were based, were shot at Paramount Ranch in Agoura Hills. The carnival set itself was moved around the greater Southern California area, to movie ranches and to Lancaster, which were to replicate the states of Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico. The permanent filming location of the carnival in Season2 was Big Sky Ranch, which was also used for Brother Justin's new home in fictional New Canaan.


title: Carnivàle

text: "Carnivàle" opening title sequence was created by A52, a visual effects and design company based in Los Angeles, and featured music composed by Wendy Melvoin and Lisa Coleman. The opening title sequence won an Emmy for "Outstanding Main Title Design" in 2004.


title: Carnivàle

text: The opening title sequence itself begins with a deck of Tarot cards falling into the sand, while the camera moves in and enters one card into a separate world presenting layers of artwork and footage from iconic moments of the American Depression era; the camera then moves back out of a different card and repeats the procedure several times. The sequence ends with the camera shifting from the "Judgement" Tarot card to the "Moon" and the "Sun", identifying the Devil and God respectively, until the wind blows away all cards and the underlying sand to reveal the "Carnivàle" title artwork.


title: Carnivàle

text: "Carnivàle" features instrumental music composed by Jeff Beal, as well as many popular or obscure songs from the 1920s and 1930s, the time when "Carnivàle" story takes place. However, "After the Ball," which was a major hit in the 1890s, is used to prominent effect at the close of season 1, episode 2.


title: Carnivàle

text: The main title was written by The Revolution members Wendy Melvoin and Lisa Coleman, and was released with selected themes by Jeff Beal on a "Carnivàle" television soundtrack by the record label Varèse Sarabande on December 7, 2004. Beal released tracks of Season2 on his personal website. A complete list of music credits is available on the official HBO website.


title: Carnivàle

text: Jeff Beal's score is primarily acoustic sounding electronics, but mixes themes of bluegrass as well as atmospheric rhythmic sounds. Bigger groups of strings support smaller ensembles of guitars, pianos, violins, cellos, and trumpets. The music sometimes uses ethnic instruments such as banjos, harmonicas, ukuleles, and duduks.


title: Carnivàle

text: Because HBO does not break individual episodes with commercials, "Carnivàle" music is paced similar to a movie, with character-specific leitmotifs from as early as the first episode. Characters are musically identified by solo instruments chosen for the character's ethnic background or nature. Some characters whose connections are only disclosed later in the series have intentionally similar themes.


title: Carnivàle

text: Different music is consciously used to represent the two different worlds of the story. Brother Justin's world features music of constructed orchestral sound with religious music and instruments. On the other hand, the score of the carnival side is more deconstructed and mystical, especially when the carnival travels through the Dust Bowl and remote towns. For carnival scenes taking place in the cootch (striptease) show or in cities, however, contemporary pop music, blues, folk, and ethnic music is played. One of the most defining songs of "Carnivàle" is the 1920s song "Love Me or Leave Me" sung by Ruth Etting, which is used in several episodes to tie characters in the two worlds thematically.


title: Carnivàle

text: The plot of "Carnivàle" takes place in the 1930s Dust Bowl and revolves around the slowly converging storylines of a traveling carnival and a Californian preacher. Out of the 17 actors receiving star billing in the first season, 15 were part of the carnival storyline. The second season amounted to 13 main cast members, supplemented by several actors in recurring roles. Although such large casts make shows more expensive to produce, the writers are benefited with more flexibility in story decisions. The backgrounds of most characters were fully developed before the filming of "Carnivàle" began but were not part of the show's visible structure. The audience therefore only learned more about the characters as a natural aspect in the story.


title: Carnivàle

text: Season 1's first storyline is led by Nick Stahl portraying the protagonist Ben Hawkins, a young Okie farmer who joins a traveling carnival. Michael J. Anderson played Samson, the diminutive manager of the carnival. Tim DeKay portrayed Clayton "Jonesy" Jones, the crippled chief roustabout. Patrick Bauchau acted as the carnival's blind mentalist Lodz, while Debra Christofferson played his lover, Lila the Bearded Lady. Diane Salinger portrayed the catatonic fortune teller Apollonia, and Clea DuVall acted as her tarot-card-reading daughter, Sofie. Adrienne Barbeau portrayed the snake charmer Ruthie, with Brian Turk as her son Gabriel, a strongman. John Fleck played Gecko the Lizard Man, and Karyne and Sarah Steben appeared as the conjoined twins Alexandria and Caladonia. The cootch show Dreifuss family was played by Toby Huss and Cynthia Ettinger as Felix "Stumpy" and Rita Sue, and Carla Gallo as their daughter Libby. Amanda Aday portrayed their other daughter, Dora Mae Dreifuss, in a recurring role. John Savage played the mysterious Henry Scudder in several episodes, while Linda Hunt lent her voice to the mysterious Management. The second storyline is led by Clancy Brown portraying the primary antagonist, the Methodist minister Brother Justin Crowe. Amy Madigan played his sister Iris. Robert Knepper supported them as the successful radio host Tommy Dolan later in the first season, while Ralph Waite had a recurring role as Reverend Norman Balthus, Brother Justin's mentor. K Callan performed in a recurring role as Eleanor McGill, a parishioner who became devoted to Brother Justin after seeing his power firsthand.


title: Carnivàle

text: Several cast changes took place in Season 2, some of them planned from the beginning. John Fleck, Karyne Steben and her sister Sarah had made their last appearance in the first season's finale, while Patrick Bauchau's and Diane Salinger's status was reduced to guest-starring. Ralph Waite joined the regular cast. Several new characters were introduced in recurring roles, most notably John Carroll Lynch as the escaped convict Varlyn Stroud and Bree Walker as Sabina the Scorpion Lady.


title: Carnivàle

text: The casting approach for "Carnivàle" was to cast the best available actors and to show the characters' realness as opposed to depending on freak illusions too much. "Carnivàle" casting directors John Papsodera and Wendy O'Brien already had experience in casting freaks from previous projects. The producers generally preferred actors who were not strongly identified with other projects, but were willing to make exceptions such as for Adrienne Barbeau as Ruthie.


title: Carnivàle

text: The script for the pilot episode was the basis for the casting procedure, with little indication where the show went afterwards. This resulted in some preliminary casting disagreements between the creators and producers, especially for leading characters such as Ben, Brother Justin and Sofie. The character of Ben was always intended to be the leading man and hero of the series, yet he was also desired to display a youthful, innocent and anti-hero quality; Nick Stahl had the strongest consensus among the producers. The character of Sofie was originally written as more of an exotic gypsy girl, but Clea DuVall, a movie actor like Stahl, got the part after four auditions. Tim DeKay was cast as Jonesy because the producers felt he best portrayed a "very American-looking" baseball player of that period. One of the few actors who never had any real competition was Michael J. Anderson as Samson, whom Daniel Knauf had wanted as early as the initial meeting.


title: Carnivàle

text: Although almost every "Carnivàle" episode has a distinctive story with a new carnival setting, all episodes are part of an overarching good-versus-evil story that culminates and is resolved only very late in Season 2. The pilot episode begins with a prologue talking of "a creature of light and a creature of darkness" (also known as Avatars) being born "to each generation" preparing for a final battle. "Carnivàle" does not reveal its characters as Avatars beyond insinuation, and makes the nature of suggested Avatars a central question. Reviewers believed Ben to be a Creature of Light and Brother Justin a Creature of Darkness.


title: Carnivàle

text: Other than through the characters, the show's good-and-evil theme manifests in the series' contemporary religion, the Christian military order Knights Templar, tarot divination, and in historical events like the Dust Bowl and humankind's first nuclear test. The writers had established a groundwork for story arcs, character biographies and genealogical character links before filming of the seasons began, but many of the intended clues remained unnoticed by viewers. While Ronald D. Moore was confident that "Carnivàle" was one of the most complicated shows on television, Daniel Knauf reassured critics that "Carnivàle" was intended to be a demanding show with a lot of subtext and admitted that "you may not understand everything that goes on but it does make a certain sense". Knauf provided hints about the show's mythological structure to online fandom both during and after the two-season run of "Carnivàle", and left fans a production summary of "Carnivàle" first season two years after cancellation.


title: Carnivàle

text: Matt Roush of "TV Guide" called "Carnivàle" "the perfect show for those who thought "Twin Peaks" was too accessible". "The Australian" said "Carnivàle" "seems to have been conceived in essentially literary terms" which "can sometimes work on the page but is deadly on the large screen, let alone a small one. It's almost like a biblical injunction against pretension on television." A reviewer admitted his temptation to dismiss the first season of "Carnivàle" as "too artsy and esoteric" because his lack of involvement prevented him from understanding "what the heck was going on, [which] can be a problem for a dramatic television series." TV Zone however considered "Carnivàle" "a series like no other and [...] the fact that it is so open to interpretation surprisingly proves to be one of its greatest strengths." "Carnivàle" was lauded for bringing "the hopelessness of the Great Depression to life" and for being among the first TV shows to show "unmitigated pain and disappointment", but reviewers were not confident that viewers would find the "slowly unfolding sadness" appealing over long or would have the patience or endurance to find out the meaning of the show.


title: Carnivàle

text: At the time, HBO made their commitments for only one year at a time, a third season would have meant opening up a new two-season book in Daniel Knauf's six-year plan, including the introduction of new storylines for current and new characters, and further clarification and elaboration on the show's mythology. HBO announced that the show had been cancelled on May 11, 2005. HBO's president Chris Albrecht said the network would have considered otherwise if the producers had been willing to lower the price of an episode to US$2 million; but the running costs for the sizable cast, the all-on-location shooting and the number of episodes per season were too enormous for them.


title: Carnivàle

text: The cancellation resulted in several story plot lines being unfinished, and outraged loyal viewers organized petitions and mailing drives to get the show renewed. This generated more than 50,000 emails to the network in a single weekend. Show creator Daniel Knauf was unconvinced of the success of such measures, but explained that proposed alternatives like selling "Carnivàle" to a competing network or spinning off the story were not possible because of HBO owning "Carnivàle" plot and characters. At the same time, Knauf was hopeful that, given a strong enough fan base, HBO might reconsider the show's future and allow the continuation of the show in another medium; but because of the amount of unused story material he still had, Knauf did not favor finishing the "Carnivàle" story with a three-hour movie.


title: Carnivàle

text: Knauf did not release a detailed run-down of intended future plots to fans, explaining that his stories are a collaboration of writers, directors and actors alike. He and the producers did, however, answer a few basic details about the immediate fate of major characters who were left in near-fatal situations in the final episode of Season 2. Knauf additionally provided in-depth information regarding the underlying fictional laws of nature that the writers had not been able to fully explore in the first two seasons. June 2007 however marked the first time that a comprehensive work of detailed character backgrounds was made public. Following a fundraising auction, Knauf offered fans a so-called "Pitch Document," a summary of "Carnivàle" first season. This document was originally written in 2002 and 2003 to give the writers and the studio an idea about the series' intended plot, and answered many of the show's mysteries.


title: Carnivàle

text: HBO reportedly invested in "Carnivàle" promotion as much as for any of its primetime series launches. The series' unconventional and complex narrative made the network deviate from its traditional marketing strategies. Teaser trailers were inserted on CD-ROMs into "Entertainment Weekly" issues to draw attention to the show's visual quality. 30-second TV spots were aired in national syndication, cable and local avails for four weeks before the show's premiere instead of the usual seven days. The historical context of "Carnivàle" was deliberately emphasized in the show's print art, which depicted the 17-member cast surrounding a carnival truck. This image was accompanied by a tagline of the show's good versus evil theme: "Into each generation is born a creature of light and a creature of darkness." These measures were hoped to be backed up by positive critical reviews. To give ratings an initial boost, HBO placed the premiere of "Carnivàle" directly after the series finale of the successful "Sex and the City". The series continued to receive extensive online advertisement for almost its entire run.


title: Carnivàle

text: Personalized and interactive online games inspired by tarot divination were created for "Carnivàle" internet presence. The official HBO website collaborated with RealNetworks to offer "FATE: The Carnivàle Game", a downloadable game made available for trial and for purchase.


title: Carnivàle

text: "Carnivàle: The Complete First Season" was released as a widescreen six-disc Region 1 DVD box set on December 7, 2004, one month before the premiere of the second season. It was distributed by HBO Home Video and contained three audio commentaries and a behind-the-scenes featurette. The outer slipcover of the Region 1 set was made of a thick cardboard to mimic a bound book. The same set was released with less elaborate packaging in Region 2 on March 7, 2005, and in Region 4 on May 11, 2005.


title: Carnivàle

text: "Carnivàle: The Complete Second Season" was released as a widescreen six-disc Region 1 DVD box set on July 18, 2006, in Region 2 on August 7, 2006, and in Region 4 on October 4, 2006. Each of these releases was distributed by HBO Home Video and contained three audio commentaries, on-stage interviews of the cast and producers, a featurette about the mythology of the series, and four short "Creating the Scene" segments about the concept, inspiration and execution process.


title: Carnivàle

text: "Carnivàle" aired on HBO on a Sunday 9:00 pm timeslot during its two-season run between 2003 and 2005. "Milfay", "Carnivàle" pilot episode, drew 5.3 million viewers for its premiere on September 14, 2003. This marked the best ever debut for an HBO original series at the time, caused in part by the established HBO series "Sex and the City" being "Carnivàle" lead-in. This record was broken on March 21, 2004 by HBO series "Deadwood", which debuted with 5.8 million viewers as the lead-out of "The Sopranos".


title: Carnivàle

text: Viewership dropped to 3.49 million for "Carnivàle" second episode but remained stable for the remainder of the season. The final episode of season one finished with 3.5 million viewers on November 30, 2003. Season one averaged 3.54 million viewers and a household rating of 2.41.


title: Carnivàle

text: Viewership for the second-season premiere on January 9, 2005 was down by two-thirds to 1.81 million. The ratings never recovered to their first-season highs, although the season two finale experienced an upswing with 2.40 million viewers on March 27, 2005. Season 2 averaged 1.7 million viewers, not enough to avert an imminent cancellation.


title: Carnivàle

text: Many early reviews gave "Carnivàle" good marks but also said its unique characters and story might prevent it from becoming a huge mainstream audience success. "Daily Variety" TV editor Joseph Adalian predicted that "it will get mostly positive reviews but some people will be put off by the general weirdness of the show." Phil Gallo of "Variety" described "Carnivàle" as "an absolute visual stunner with compelling freak show characters—but the series unfortunately takes a leisurely approach toward getting to a point," and Eric Deggans of the "St. Petersburg Times" suggested that "it's as if executives at the premium cable network want to see how far they can slow a narrative before viewers start tossing their remotes through the screen". James Poniewozik of "Time" called the first three episodes "frustrating" as well as "spellbinding." Amanda Murray of BBC said "With so little revealed, it's almost impossible to pass judgment on the show—it's hard to tell if this is just good, or going to be great."


title: Carnivàle

text: Later reviews were able to judge the series based on full seasons. While the acting, set design, costuming, art direction and cinematography continued to be praised, some reviewers disfavored the writing, especially of Season 1, saying "the plot momentum is often virtually non-existent" or as "sometimes gripping but mostly boring." Other reviewers pointed out that "Carnivàle" may "demand more from its audience than many are willing to invest. [...] Without paying close attention, it's tempting to assume that the show is unnecessarily cryptic and misleading." "Carnivàle" story was surveyed as long and complex, "and if you don't start from the beginning, you'll be completely lost." IGN DVD's Matt Casamassina, however, praised the show in two reviews, writing that the "gorgeously surreal" first season "dazzles with unpredictable plot twists and scares", and the "extraordinary" second season was "better fantasy – better entertainment, period – than any show that dares to call itself a competitor."


title: Carnivàle

text: A significant portion of reviews drew parallels between "Carnivàle" and David Lynch's 1990s mystery TV series "Twin Peaks", a show in which "Carnivàle" actor Michael J. Anderson had previously appeared. Knauf did not deny a stylistic link and made comparisons to John Steinbeck's novel "The Grapes of Wrath". When "Lost" began to receive major critical attention, "Carnivàle" and its type of mythological storytelling were compared to "Lost" story approach in several instances.


title: Carnivàle

text: Critical opinion remained divided about "Carnivàle" in the years after the show's cancellation. Alessandra Stanley of the Australian newspaper "The Age" remembers "Carnivàle" as a "smart, ambitious series that move[s] unusual characters around an unfamiliar setting imaginatively and even with grace, but that never quite quit the surly bonds of serial drama." "Variety"s Brian Lowry remembers the show as "largely a macabre fantasy" that eventually suffered from "its own bleakness and eccentricities". "The A.V. Club" dwelled on "Carnivàle"s cliffhanger ending in a piece on unanswered TV questions and called the show "a fantastically rich series with a frustratingly dense mythology".


title: Carnivàle

text: Like other cult television shows, "Carnivàle" gained a respectable following of dedicated viewers. "Carnivàle" fans referred to themselves as "Carnies" or "Rousties" (roustabouts), terms adopted from the show. "Carnivàle" complexity and subliminal mythology spawned dedicated fansites, although most discussion took place on independent internet forums. Show creator Daniel Knauf actively participated in online fandom and offered story- and mythology-related clues. He also gave insight into reasons for "Carnivàle" cancellation on a messageboard before speaking to the press.


title: Carnivàle

text: One year after "Carnivàle" cancellation, a major "Carnivàle" convention called CarnyCon 2006 Live! was organized by fans. It took place in Woodland Hills, California on August 21–23, 2006. Many of the show's cast and crew attended the event and participated in discussion panels, which were recorded and made available on DVD afterwards.


title: Carnivàle

text: Despite its short two-season run, "Carnivàle" received numerous awards and nominations. The show's inaugural season received nominations for seven Emmy Awards in 2004, winning five including "Outstanding Art Direction For A Single-camera Series" and "Outstanding Costumes For A Series" for the pilot episode "Milfay", "Outstanding Cinematography For A Single-Camera Series" for the episode "Pick A Number", "Outstanding Hairstyling For A Series" for the episode "After the Ball Is Over", and "Outstanding Main Title Design". In 2005, the second season received eight further Emmy nominations without a win.


title: Carnivàle

text: HBO president Chris Albrecht said "Carnivàle" was "not a big show for foreign [distribution]," but did not go into more detail. Reviews however indicate that the show's cryptic mythology and inaccessibility to the casual viewer were major factors. Nevertheless, "Carnivàle" was sold to several foreign networks and was distributed to HBO channels abroad. The DVD releases of "Carnivàle" extended the availability of the show further.


title: Carnivàle

text: On June 9, 2005, a lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California by Los Angeles writer Jeff Bergquist. He claimed that the creators of "Carnivàle" did not originate the idea for the show, but rather stole it from his unpublished novel "Beulah", a quirky drama set amid a traveling carnival during the Depression that Bergquist had been working on since the 1980s. Bergquist sought both monetary damages and an injunction preventing HBO from distributing or airing "Carnivàle" any further. HBO and Daniel Knauf denied the claims of copyright infringement as having "absolutely no merit."


title: Sushanth

text: Sushanth Anumolu, known mononymously as Sushanth, is an Indian actor known for his work in Telugu cinema. He made his acting debut with "Kalidasu" (2008).


title: Sushanth

text: Sushanth was brought up in Hyderabad. He is the son of Anumolu Sathya Bhushana Rao and Naga Susheela Akkineni. He completed his schooling from Hyderabad Public School and his high school from Gautami Junior College. Sushanth finished his bachelor's degree in ECE, Electronics and Computer Engineering, in USA from University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He worked at United Technologies and Schlumberger as an Electrical Engineer before returning to India to pursue his passion in acting. He attended the Kreating Charakters Training school in Mumbai for a short course in acting along with his cousin Naga Chaitanya.


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: "Don't Stop Me Now" is a song by the British rock band Queen featured on their 1978 album "Jazz" that was released as a single in 1979. Written by lead singer Freddie Mercury, it was recorded in August 1978 at Super Bear Studios in Berre-les-Alpes (Alpes-Maritimes), France, and is the twelfth track on the album.


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: The song also appears in the band's 1981 compilation album "Greatest Hits", and in June 2011, as part of Queen's 40th anniversary celebrations, an old take of the song containing more guitar parts was included on the bonus EP of the re-released and remastered "Jazz" album. Featuring in films, commercials, and television shows, the song has grown in popularity in the four decades since its release. Bobby Olivier of "Billboard" attributes its initial rebirth to its appearance in the 2004 cult classic zombie apocalypse film "Shaun of the Dead". In 2014, "Rolling Stone" readers voted it their third-favourite song by Queen.


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: The song was written by Freddie Mercury during the sessions for "Jazz". The band felt they were "getting better at having a good time" and the lyrics reflect this. Musically, the song builds on Mercury's piano playing, with John Deacon and Roger Taylor providing a bass guitar and drums backing track. The song also provides an example of Queen's trademark style of multitrack harmony vocals for the chorus lines.


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: An alternative version of the song, with a harder, guitar-driven arrangement, appeared on "" issued in 2018, billed as "Don't Stop Me Now... Revisited".


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: The single reached number 9 in the UK charts but only number 86 in the US; as the album was a top-10 hit, the song got some airplay on U.S. album-oriented rock stations despite its low chart ranking as a single. Despite this, the song has grown in stature with time and has been popularised not only by consistent airplay, but by its use in advertisements, television programmes and films, and through cover versions. It has subsequently become one of Queen's most popular songs. The song was voted as the third-best Queen song by readers of "Rolling Stone", who noted that "time has also been very kind to it and it's widely seen now as one of the group's best works." The single also has reached platinum status in the United Kingdom. In a March 2019 "Billboard" magazine article titled, "The Evolution of Queen's 'Don't Stop Me Now': How a Minor Hit Became One of the Band's Most Beloved (And Inescapable) Songs", Bobby Olivier wrote,


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" wrote that the "astonishing" song "may be Queen's greatest song of all". He felt it was "a direct product of [Mercury's] hedonism and promiscuity: an unrepentant, joyous, utterly irresistible paean to gay pleasure-seeking. You find yourself wondering if its title might not have been aimed at his censorious bandmates." Mike Orme of "Stylus Magazine" ranked it the 7th-greatest penultimate track on an album, calling it Queen's "most flamboyant and energetic single" and commenting: "Essentially three and a half minutes of Freddie Mercury jacking the mike from the rest of the world, the song offers him a chance to let us know just how much fun he's having in the spotlight." "Billboard" magazine praised Brian May's guitar solo and also stated that the song was "less gimmick laden" than Queen's previous single from "Jazz", "Bicycle Race"/"Fat Bottomed Girls", "while still retaining the brazen braggadocio of Freddie Mercury's lead vocals." "Cash Box" said it has "vocal dramatics and varied arrangements by Mercury" and "beautifully layered vocals and regal guitar work from May". The television show "Top Gear" voted it the Greatest Driving Song Ever.


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: Despite its popularity, Brian May was not originally a fan of the song as he felt it was celebrating the hedonistic and risky lifestyle of Mercury, which he thought was threatening. He added that he struggled with the lyrics at the time, because it was about a difficult period in Freddie's life when the singer was "taking lots of drugs and having sex with lots of men". However, after hearing the song being played at weddings, parties and funerals, he has come to appreciate it as representing "great joy".


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: The video for the song was directed by J. Kliebenstein and filmed at the Forest National, Brussels, Belgium on 26 January 1979.


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: Viewed at the time of release as one of the lesser songs in the Queen canon, it was only performed live during 1979, with the last performance in the Crazy Tour. On the studio version, Brian May's only guitar playing is in his guitar solo, but on live versions performed on the band's 1979 Jazz and Crazy tours, May would also play rhythm guitar throughout the rest of the song to give more of a rock feel. A live version of the song features in the band's 1979 album "Live Killers".


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: Queen reintroduced the track to their set in the 2010s with Adam Lambert and it is now a popular live favourite.


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: In 2006, English band McFly covered "Don't Stop Me Now" and released it as a double A-side single with original track "Please, Please". The release, titled "Don't Stop Me Now" / "Please, Please", is the first single from their third album, "Motion in the Ocean". It premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 7 June 2006. The double A-side entered the UK Singles Chart at number one on 23 July 2006, knocking "Smile" by Lily Allen off the top spot. It also reached number 15 in Ireland.


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: "Please, Please" was written by McFly and Jason Perry. The song is about actress Lindsay Lohan because the lyrics mention a girl named Lindsay with red hair and green eyes, like Lohan, and the nurse in the video is named Lindsay Allbright while, in the film "Just My Luck", Lindsay's on-screen character is called Ashley Allbright. A recurring line in the song is "Please, please, Lindsay, please". While filming "Just My Luck", tabloids published articles reporting that McFly drummer Judd had a romantic relationship with her. Jones was unsure, saying, "He had a dream about it but thought it actually happened!" Tom Fletcher revealed on the DVD single that it was the most fun video shoot other than "5 Colours in Her Hair".


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: The video for "Please, Please" was the band's most "enjoyable video shoot". It was shot in an old hospital and featured each of the members McFly being admitted to hospital with various injuries and being taken care of by a red-headed nurse named Lindsay Albright. The video caused some controversy as the band appear naked in one scene, and BBC and Channel 4 both refused to show the video even though T4 on Channel 4 showed the exclusive of the video. Fletcher said, "I wasn't at all embarrassed about being naked – we're used to stripping off in front of each other. But there was one sticky moment where I didn't realize how low my guitar was and I almost flashed everything on camera!"


title: Don't Stop Me Now

text: Some of the money from any version of the single went to Sport Relief and as a result their version of "Don't Stop Me Now" was played across the BBC's sport programmes, including highlights from the 2006 FIFA World Cup. It also was the theme for the "Sport Relief Mile", which McFly also took part in. Judd also travelled to India for Sport Relief with a collection of other British celebrities including presenter and comedian Nick Hancock and radio DJ and presenter Chris Evans. Whilst out in India, Harry took part in a cricket tournament, travelling across India's poorest areas and playing with everyone from the kids to the professionals, all in aid of Sport Relief.


title: Plotinus

text: Plotinus (; , "Plōtînos";  – 270 CE) was a philosopher in the Hellenistic tradition, born and raised in Roman Egypt. Plotinus is regarded by modern scholarship as the founder of Neoplatonism. His teacher was the self-taught philosopher Ammonius Saccas, who belonged to the Platonic tradition. Historians of the 19th century invented the term "neoplatonism" and applied it to refer to Plotinus and his philosophy, which was vastly influential during Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. Much of the biographical information about Plotinus comes from Porphyry's preface to his edition of Plotinus' most notable literary work, "The Enneads". In his metaphysical writings, Plotinus described three fundamental principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His works have inspired centuries of Pagan, Jewish, Christian, Gnostic, and Islamic metaphysicians and mystics, including developing precepts that influence mainstream theological concepts within religions, such as his work on duality of the One in two metaphysical states.


title: Plotinus

text: Porphyry reported that Plotinus was 66 years old when he died in 270, the second year of the reign of the Roman emperor Claudius II, thus giving us the year of his teacher's birth as around 205. Eunapius reported that Plotinus was born in Lyco, which could either refer to the modern Asyut in Upper Egypt or Deltaic Lycopolis, in Lower Egypt. This has led to speculations that he may have been either native Egyptian, Hellenized Egyptian, Greek, or Roman. Historian Lloyd P. Gerson states that Plotinus was "almost certainly" a Greek. Though Plotinus himself was said to have had little interest in his ancestry, birthplace, or that of anyone else for that matter.


title: Plotinus

text: Plotinus had an inherent distrust of materiality (an attitude common to Platonism), holding to the view that phenomena were a poor image or mimicry (mimesis) of something "higher and intelligible" (VI.I) which was the "truer part of genuine Being". This distrust extended to the body, including his own; it is reported by Porphyry that at one point he refused to have his portrait painted, presumably for much the same reasons of dislike. Likewise, Plotinus never discussed his ancestry, childhood, or his place or date of birth. From all accounts his personal and social life exhibited the highest moral and spiritual standards.


title: Plotinus

text: Plotinus took up the study of philosophy at the age of twenty-eight, around the year 232, and travelled to Alexandria to study. There he was dissatisfied with every teacher he encountered, until an acquaintance suggested he listen to the ideas of the self-taught Platonist philosopher Ammonius Saccas. Upon hearing Ammonius' lecture, Plotinus declared to his friend: "this is the man I was looking for", began to study intently under his new instructor, and remained with him as his student for eleven years. Besides Ammonius, Plotinus was also influenced by the philosophical works of Aristotle, the pre-Socratic philosophers Empedocles and Heraclitus, the Middle Platonist philosophers Alexander of Aphrodisias and Numenius of Apamea, along with various Stoics and neopythagoreans.


title: Plotinus

text: After having spent eleven years in Alexandria, he then decided, at the age of around 38, to investigate the philosophical teachings of the Persian and Indian philosophers. In the pursuit of this endeavor he left Alexandria and joined the army of the Roman emperor Gordian III as it marched on Persia (242-243 C.E.). However, the campaign was a failure, and on Gordian's eventual death Plotinus found himself abandoned in a hostile land, and only with difficulty found his way back to safety in Antioch.


title: Plotinus

text: At the age of forty, during the reign of Emperor Philip the Arab, he came to Rome, where he stayed for most of the remainder of his life. There he attracted a number of students. His innermost circle included Porphyry, Amelius Gentilianus of Tuscany, the Senator Castricius Firmus, and Eustochius of Alexandria, a doctor who devoted himself to learning from Plotinus and attending to him until his death. Other students included: Zethos, an Arab by ancestry who died before Plotinus, leaving him a legacy and some land; Zoticus, a critic and poet; Paulinus, a doctor of Scythopolis; and Serapion from Alexandria. He had students amongst the Roman Senate beside Castricius, such as Marcellus Orontius, Sabinillus, and Rogantianus. Women were also numbered amongst his students, including Gemina, in whose house he lived during his residence in Rome, and her daughter, also Gemina; and Amphiclea, the wife of Ariston the son of Iamblichus. Finally, Plotinus was a correspondent of the philosopher Cassius Longinus.


title: Plotinus

text: While in Rome Plotinus also gained the respect of the Emperor Gallienus and his wife Salonina. At one point Plotinus attempted to interest Gallienus in rebuilding an abandoned settlement in Campania, known as the 'City of Philosophers', where the inhabitants would live under the constitution set out in Plato's "Laws". An Imperial subsidy was never granted, for reasons unknown to Porphyry, who reports the incident.