title: Zubin Mehta

text: Mehta's first marriage was to Canadian soprano Carmen Lasky in 1958. They have a son, Mervon (since April 2009, Executive Director of Performing Arts for The Royal Conservatory in Toronto), and a daughter, Zarina. In 1964 they divorced. Two years after the divorce, Carmen married Mehta's brother, Zarin Mehta, formerly the Executive Director of the New York Philharmonic. In July 1969, Mehta married Nancy Kovack, an American former film and television actress. A permanent resident of the United States, Mehta retains his Indian citizenship.


title: Zubin Mehta

text: One of his close friends was Ravi Shankar, whom he first met in the 1960s when Mehta directed him with the Montreal Symphony. Their friendship continued after they were both living in Los Angeles and later in New York. "This was a wonderful period in my life and Zubin and I really had a great time."


title: Zubin Mehta

text: His second daughter Alexandra was born in Los Angeles in 1967, the result of an affair Mehta had between his two marriages.


title: Zubin Mehta

text: His son Ori was born in the 1990s as the result of an extra-marital affair in Israel during Mehta's second marriage.


title: Zubin Mehta

text: Mehta's life was documented in Terry Sanders's film "Portrait of Zubin Mehta" (1968). Another documentary about Mehta, "Zubin and I", was produced by the grandson of an Israeli harpist who played with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra before Mehta assumed the helm. The filmmaker joins the orchestra on a tour of Mumbai and meets with him for two interviews, in India and Tel Aviv.


title: Zubin Mehta

text: In Christopher Nupen's 1969 documentary "The Trout" about a performance of Schubert's "Trout Quintet" in London by Jacqueline du Pré, Daniel Barenboim, Pinchas Zukerman, Itzhak Perlman and Mehta, he plays the double bass.


title: Zubin Mehta

text: Mehta has played himself as the pivotal figure in "On Wings of Fire", a 1986 film about the history of Zoroastrianism and prophet Zarathushtra.


title: Zubin Mehta

text: "Zubin Mehta: In Rehearsal" (1996) depicts Mehta rehearsing "Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks" with the Israel Philharmonic.


title: Zubin Mehta

text: Zubin Mehta and his orchestra stars in the 2017 Spanish film documentary "Dancing Beethoven", which tells the preparation of the Ninth Symphony. The film was nominated in the 32nd Goya Awards for Best Documentary Film and in the XXIII Premio Cinematográfico José María Forqué.


title: Zubin Mehta

text: In 2009, Mehta established Mifneh (Hebrew for "change"), a music education program for Israeli Arabs, in cooperation with Bank Leumi and the Arab-Israel Bank. Three schools, in Shfaram, the Jezreel Valley and Nazareth, are taking part in the pilot project.


title: Zubin Mehta

text: In 2005, Mehta and philanthropist Josef Buchmann founded the Buchmann-Mehta School of Music as a partnership between Tel Aviv University and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. Mehta is the school's honorary president and has remained actively involved since its inception.


title: Weekend Update

text: Weekend Update is a "Saturday Night Live" sketch and satirical news program that comments on and parodies . It is the show's longest-running recurring sketch, having been on since the show's first broadcast, and is typically presented in the middle of the show immediately after the first musical performance. Historically, one or two of the players are cast in the role of news anchor, presenting gag news items based on current events and acting as hosts for occasional editorials, commentaries, or other performances by other cast members or guests. In modern times, dedicated anchors are chosen among writing staff, often lead writers, in lieu of cast or featured players.


title: Weekend Update

text: Chevy Chase has said that "Weekend Update" which he started as anchor in 1975 paved the way for comedic news shows like "The Daily Show" and "The Colbert Report".


title: Weekend Update

text: "Weekend Update" was created by original anchor Chevy Chase and "SNL" writer Herb Sargent, and it appeared on the first "SNL" broadcast on October 11, 1975. Chase popularized several catchphrases during the segment, such as his "I'm Chevy Chase... and you're not" greeting; and his repeated announcement that "Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead". When "Weekend Update" began, Chase was consistently on the phone presumably talking to his lover, and would talk until realizing he was "on air". Chase would always end "Weekend Update" with "That's the news. Good night, and have a pleasant tomorrow."


title: Weekend Update

text: In addition, Garrett Morris parodied the practice of a picture insert of a person simultaneously giving the news read in sign language for the hearing impaired in "The News for the Hard of Hearing". Chase would sometimes repeat the top story at the end of the segment, while Morris simply cupped his mouth and shouted the headline loudly.


title: Weekend Update

text: Jane Curtin substituted for Chase during for a few shows due to Chase's injury. Subsequently, she replaced him when he left in the fall of 1976. Curtin stayed as anchor until the end of Season 5 in 1980. She finished Season 2 solo but was then paired with co-anchors Dan Aykroyd (1977–1978) and Bill Murray (1978–1980), with Aykroyd being "promoted" to "Station Manager" in September 1978.


title: Weekend Update

text: A frequent feature of "Weekend Update" during this time was "Point/Counterpoint", a send-up of the then-current "60 Minutes" segment of the same name with James J. Kilpatrick and Shana Alexander. "SNL"'s version of "Point/Counterpoint" featured Curtin and Aykroyd as debaters, making personal attacks on each others' positions. The sketch had Aykroyd announcing the topic, Curtin making an opening statement, and then Aykroyd typically retorting with, "Jane, you ignorant slut" (becoming an "SNL" catch phrase), and Curtin frequently replying "Dan, you pompous ass".


title: Weekend Update

text: Other popular running features were John Belushi giving editorials that usually ended with him working himself into a frenzy and stating "But Noooooo..." When Curtin would try to calm him down, Belushi would promptly raise a fist at her and scream, "Don't push me, Curtin!" Also included was Gilda Radner's character Emily Litella. Radner's Litella character was prone to misinterpreting topics (leading her to present editorials on such things as the Eagle Rights Amendment) and not being aware of her error until Curtin would correct her, after which Litella would cheerfully say "Never mind." Litella was later replaced by another Radner character, consumer affairs reporter Roseanne Roseannadanna, who would attempt to answer a viewer question, but would ultimately digress into a graphic story involving some gross bodily function–often featuring an interaction with a celebrity figure which Curtin would finally interrupt, tersely pointing out to her, "Roseanne, you're making me sick." During Curtin's tenure as host, she opened each Weekend Update segment with Roger Grimsby's "Here now the news" sign-on, and closed with Chase's "That's the news. Goodnight and have a pleasant tomorrow".


title: Weekend Update

text: Charles Rocket (later teamed with Gail Matthius) anchored during the one-season (1980–1981) tenure of new executive producer Jean Doumanian. Rocket is notable as being the only "Weekend Update" anchor to have experience as a real news anchor, having served as anchorman at KOAA-TV in Pueblo, Colorado, under his birth name Charles Claverie and WTVF Nashville under the name Charles Kennedy.


title: Weekend Update

text: Rocket's final appearance was on the penultimate episode of the season, airing on March 7, 1981, and hosted by Bill Murray. For that episode, "Weekend Update" received a one-time name and set change to "Saturday Night NewsLine" and featured three segments: science edition, hosted by Dr. Jonathan Lear (Mark King), arts and leisure correspondent Bill Murray, and news by Rocket. Rocket signed off each week by saying "Good night and watch out."


title: Weekend Update

text: Prior to the final episode of the season, Jean Doumanian and most of the cast, including Rocket, were fired. Chase hosted the last episode and anchored "Weekend Update", as he had on his previous appearances as host.


title: Weekend Update

text: The anchor position changed hands frequently under Dick Ebersol, executive producer of "SNL" from 1981 to 1985. Brian Doyle-Murray was teamed first with Mary Gross, then going solo for three months, then back with Gross for one more month before finally being teamed with Christine Ebersole for the remainder of the season. Doyle-Murray signed off each week with "Good night, and good news."


title: Weekend Update

text: Brad Hall took over the desk of the retitled "Saturday Night News" in 1982 through most of the 1983 season. By the 1983 season, he began signing out with phrase "Thanks for coming out in the rain!" Hall was removed from the anchor position halfway through the 1983–84 season. For the rest of the season, and into the next, there were no regular anchors–both cast members and "SNL" guest-hosts took turns at the chair (Hall himself left the show at the end of the 1983–1984 season). In December 1984, Christopher Guest became the new anchor.


title: Weekend Update

text: In 1985, Lorne Michaels returned to produce the show, bringing the "Weekend Update" name back with him. The new anchor was Dennis Miller, who remained in the chair for six years, the longest run for a solo "Weekend Update" anchor. Miller opened the segments by saying "Good evening, and what can I tell ya?" and signed off by saying "Guess what, folks? That's the news, and I am outta here!" He would then scribble nonsense on his script, sometimes throwing it into the air. Miller left in 1991.


title: Weekend Update

text: Kevin Nealon took over with his "Mr. Subliminal" character and as the straight man in many highlights such as "Operaman" and "Cajun Man" (with both characters being played by Adam Sandler) and also for Chris Farley's "Bennett Brauer" character. Nealon had a three-year stint at the "Update" desk before requesting his departure, as he felt his time behind the desk was drawing away from other acting opportunities on the show. Nealon signed off with the tagline "I'm Kevin Nealon, and that's news to me".


title: Weekend Update

text: Norm Macdonald, whom Chase called "the only other guy who did [the segment] funny", took over the role for Season 20. Al Franken, whose history with "SNL" dated back to 1975, had been lobbying to replace Nealon as "Weekend Update" host. Accordingly, Franken left the show after losing the anchor spot. Although Nealon no longer anchored "Weekend Update", he still remained on the show until the end of Season 20. Macdonald would open each segment with "I'm Norm Macdonald, and now the fake news".


title: Weekend Update

text: Running gags by Macdonald included punchlines involving Frank Stallone and Germans loving David Hasselhoff. In his last two seasons, he introduced another recurring gag where he would read a news story and then record a "note to self" on a tape recorder regarding the story he had just read. One of the most frequent guest correspondents during Macdonald's run was Joe Blow (played by Colin Quinn), a blue-collar guy who would rant about things that bother him. He would often make Macdonald uncomfortable and always ask when they were "gonna go for a beer together", to which Macdonald would always end up turning him down. His sign off was frequently "And that's the way it is", emulating Walter Cronkite's famous sign off.


title: Weekend Update

text: Another common topic of Macdonald's jokes was O. J. Simpson after his arrest and trial for murder. For example, he joked that "A down-and-out O. J. Simpson... has decided to go back to doing what he does best: killing people." "SNL" writer Jim Downey recalled that "we did, like three solid years of, like, 60 shows of O.J. jokes in a row". Macdonald made his final appearance as "Weekend Update" anchor in December 1997, after NBC executive Don Ohlmeyer—a longtime friend of Simpson, who had previously told Michaels to not let his friendship affect the show—demanded Macdonald's dismissal from the segment, despite Michaels's protest that making the change in the middle of the season would be difficult for the show. Ohlmeyer told Macdonald that he was fired because he was not funny.


title: Weekend Update

text: Macdonald was replaced by Colin Quinn, who started on the first episode after Macdonald had been removed and served through the 1999–2000 season. His first edition of "Weekend Update" began with "Have you ever gone to a bar and found that your favorite bartender was replaced with a guy named Steve? -pause- Well I'm Steve, what can I get you?" His sign-off, borrowing from a Collin Raye song, was "I'm Colin Quinn, that's my story and I'm sticking to it!"


title: Weekend Update

text: For the first half of the 1998–1999 season, Quinn would do a pre-desk monologue, where he would provide commentary and rant about the week's biggest news stories. This feature was discontinued after the January 16, 1999 episode.


title: Weekend Update

text: Quinn stepped down from "Weekend Update" after 1999–2000, when he left "SNL" at the end of the season. He anchored the segment for two-and-a-half seasons.


title: Weekend Update

text: Over the summer of 2000, cast members auditioned to be replacements. Among the candidates were stand-up comics Kevin Brennan and Jeffrey Ross plus two duos–Ana Gasteyer with Chris Parnell and Jimmy Fallon with writer Tina Fey. The latter duo was chosen, and they made their first on-air appearance that October. Fallon ended each "Weekend Update" sketch by throwing his pencil at the camera and cheering if he managed to hit it. Fey often signed off with Chase and Curtin's "Good night, and have a pleasant tomorrow".


title: Weekend Update

text: Recurring features of the Fallon/Fey era included the "Update Door", a door on the left of the set where celebrities, as impersonated by "SNL" cast members (and at one time the Land Shark) would walk through to do a commentary—a segment called "Terrible ReEnactments", in which Chris Kattan would do an intentionally bad re-enactment of a news story that had occurred during the week (usually the story involved a celebrity being injured); and regular appearances from Jeff Richards's Drunk Girl character.


title: Weekend Update

text: Chris Parnell announced the intro for the first few seasons. He was then followed by future "Update" co-anchor Amy Poehler.


title: Weekend Update

text: Fallon left to pursue a film career in 2004, and was replaced by fellow cast member Amy Poehler as co-anchor, giving the sketch its first two-woman anchor team. Fallon would become the announcer for the "Weekend Update" intro for the next few seasons.


title: Weekend Update

text: The segment is featured in the 2006 film "Man of the Year" in which Robin Williams appears on "Weekend Update" alongside Poehler and Fey.


title: Weekend Update

text: Fey temporarily left the show after giving birth to her first child and was replaced briefly by Horatio Sanz as co-anchor (Sanz wore horn-rimmed glasses during Fey's absence). Fey returned to the show in October for the season's third live episode.


title: Weekend Update

text: After the departure of Fey, Poehler continued as co-anchor along with new co-anchor Seth Meyers for the 2006–2007 season. The duo began a string of running gags, including "Really!?! with Seth and Amy", in which the pair lambast celebrities for lack of common sense. Poehler left "SNL" in fall 2008 to give birth to her first child.


title: Weekend Update

text: During the 2007–2008 season, two previous hosts returned to the "Weekend Update" desk for one-off appearances–Chevy Chase, as "Senior Political Correspondent" and Tina Fey, as "Special Women's News Correspondent". Women's News was a running segment during the Fey/Poehler era. Alaska Governor Sarah Palin also appeared on "Weekend Update" once during the 2008–09 season and ended the segment with the traditional "Good night and have a pleasant tomorrow", as Poehler had left her seat to perform a "Sarah Palin rap".


title: Weekend Update

text: Beginning October 25, 2008, Meyers anchored the segment alone with Poehler still being credited, but not appearing. On December 6, 2008, Poehler returned, four weeks after the birth of her child, to do "Weekend Update" with Meyers, but on the December 13, 2008, "Weekend Update" she announced to the audience that the show was her last one.


title: Weekend Update

text: After that, Meyers continued anchoring "Weekend Update" solo. The "Really!?!" celebrity-mocking gag (retitled "Really!?! with Seth") remained, featuring various hosts and guests including Tracy Morgan and Jerry Seinfeld in March 2009 and Kermit the Frog in November 2011. In May 2010, Poehler returned to do it once more, alongside Tina Fey as well.


title: Weekend Update

text: A running gag of this era was Bobby Moynihan's portrayal of Snooki from "Jersey Shore". Moynihan displays a certain attraction to Meyers, who makes fun of the general attitude of the cast members of "Jersey Shore" as well as Snooki's own personal attributes. Another popular segment was city correspondent Stefon, played by Bill Hader.


title: Weekend Update

text: During his time in office, New York Governor David Paterson (played by Fred Armisen) often appeared as a guest on the segment. In the premiere episode of "SNL"'s 36th season, Paterson, himself, made a guest appearance on "Weekend Update" next to Armisen. Amy Poehler, who had returned to host the episode, co-anchored "Weekend Update" as she traditionally did before her departure.


title: Weekend Update

text: On the December 17, 2011, episode, which was hosted by Jimmy Fallon, multiple former anchors returned for a ""Weekend Update" Joke-Off". Along with Meyers, the anchors included Fallon, Poehler, and Fey.


title: Weekend Update

text: "Entertainment Weekly" confirmed that Amy Poehler would appear on "Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday" for at least two broadcasts as co-anchor in fall 2009. For the third episode of "Weekend Update Thursday", Seth Meyers anchored solo. After each episode, the anchor(s) would throw to "Parks and Recreation". Lorne Michaels had stated that there would be six more episodes of "Weekend Update Thursday"; however, the spring 2010 episodes were scrapped.


title: Weekend Update

text: Poehler returned on both the February 18, 2012, and May 18, 2013, episodes to perform "Really!?! with Seth and Amy" twice more. In both instances, Meyers asked her if she would like to co-anchor with him again for the rest of that segment; he was barely able to finish asking before she accepted.


title: Weekend Update

text: On May 12, 2013, NBC announced that Seth Meyers would become the new host of "Late Night" in 2014, succeeding Jimmy Fallon, who would take over as the new host of "The Tonight Show". In September 2013, Lorne Michaels confirmed that Meyers, who would stay on at "SNL" for at least the first half of the show's 39th season, would be joined at the "Weekend Update" anchor desk by a new co-anchor, Cecily Strong, beginning with the show's season premiere on September 28, 2013. Strong, who joined "SNL" the previous season, was no stranger to the segment, making visits to the "Weekend Update" desk as her recurring character "The Girl You Wish You Hadn't Started a Conversation with at a Party". Michaels, who also produces "Late Night", hinted at Meyers potentially dropping in as "Weekend Update" co-anchor, noting that Meyers's "Late Night" will not tape on Friday nights. Meyers and Strong sign off with "For 'Weekend Update', I'm Seth Meyers!" "And I'm Cecily Strong, good night!" before performing a fist bump or blowing kisses to the audience.


title: Weekend Update

text: On February 1, 2014, Meyers performed his final episode of "SNL" and was joined at the "Weekend Update" desk by Strong, Poehler, Hader in character as Stefon, Andy Samberg, and Armisen as Governor Paterson.


title: Weekend Update

text: On January 23, 2014, it was announced that, starting March 1, 2014, "SNL" writer Colin Jost would replace Meyers as co-anchor of "Weekend Update". Jost made his debut as co-anchor as scheduled on the March 1 episode, which was hosted by Jim Parsons. For the duration of this tenure, Strong stayed to the right side while Jost went to the left. Strong led off each broadcast except for the May 3, 2014 episode hosted by Andrew Garfield, when Jost led off.


title: Weekend Update

text: On September 11, 2014, it was announced that comedian and "SNL" writer Michael Che would replace Cecily Strong as the new "Weekend Update" anchor. His first episode was the season 40 premiere, hosted by Chris Pratt. Che's pairing with Colin Jost is the first in which both anchors are male. Che is also the first African-American Weekend Update Anchor. As of the 2021–22 season, Jost and Che are the longest tenured Update anchors in the show's history, with Jost becoming the longest running Weekend Update anchor on October 23, 2021, and Che rising to second place on January 29, 2022.


title: Weekend Update

text: Che led off the broadcast on his premiere episode. Starting with the October 4, 2014, episode hosted by Sarah Silverman, each anchor tells at least one extended joke per segment.


title: Weekend Update

text: So far, this era features many appearances from cast members playing some version of themselves, most notably Pete Davidson and Leslie Jones. Longtime cast member Kenan Thompson has also developed several new characters and impressions, including Willie, Michael Che's fictional neighbor. Thompson also has brought on impressions of former MLB star David Ortiz and Lavar Ball. With Cecily Strong no longer anchoring "Weekend Update", she now reprises characters like The Girl You Wish You Hadn't Started a Conversation with at a Party and Cathy Anne, a woman with a southern accent who hits on Michael Che.


title: Weekend Update

text: On October 13, 2018, former cast member/"Weekend Update" anchor Seth Meyers hosted the show for the first time since taking over hosting "Late Night", and he returned to "Weekend Update" for the first time since he left the show, in a segment called "Really?!? With Seth, Colin, and Michael", a callback to the "Really?!? With Seth and Amy" segments. This time, Meyers, Jost, and Che talk and joke about rapper Kanye West (a Trump supporter) visiting the White House.


title: Weekend Update

text: As of season 43, at the end of each Christmas show and season finale, Jost and Che do joke swaps, where they read jokes that the other had written for each other. The lone exception was during season 47, when Jost was absent during the Christmas episode; and they didn't do a joke swap during the season finale.


title: Weekend Update

text: Due to COVID-19 issues, the December 18, 2021 episode was filmed with no audience and a limited cast and crew. "Weekend Update" was still performed, but Jost was not part of the episode's cast, as he had tested positive for COVID. Tina Fey made a surprise guest appearance to fill in for Jost; due to the reduced staff, the segment was performed on chairs placed on the main stage rather than its usual newsroom set.


title: Weekend Update

text: A total of 32 people have anchored the "Weekend Update" desk. Below is a complete list of any and all who have served as an anchor at one time or another, and the season(s) in which they served. Note that throughout most of 1984, different cast members, special guests, or the weekly host handled the task. Those individuals (denoted in "italics") are also listed below.


title: Weekend Update

text: Several people who have never been SNL cast members appeared as "Weekend Update" guest anchors (or co-anchors). Almost all these occurrences took place in 1984, during seasons 9 and 10, when a rotating series of "Weekend Update" guest hosts were employed. As well, actor Mark King (as "Dr. Jonathan Lear") made a lone co-anchor appearance during season 6, in 1981.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung (, ; ) is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Java. It has a population of 2,452,943 within its city limits according to the official estimates as at mid 2021, making it the fourth most populous city in Indonesia. Greater Bandung (Bandung Basin Metropolitan Area/BBMA) is the country's third-largest metropolitan area, with nearly nine million inhabitants. Located above sea level, the highest point in the North area with an altitude of 1,050 meters and the lowest in the South is 675 meters above sea level, approximately southeast of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler year-round temperatures than most other Indonesian cities. The city lies on a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains that provides a natural defence system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government's plan to move the capital from Batavia (modern-day Jakarta) to Bandung.


title: Bandung

text: The Dutch first established tea plantations around the mountains in the 18th century, and a road was constructed to connect the plantation area to the colonial capital Batavia ( to the northwest). In the early 20th century, the Dutch inhabitants of Bandung demanded the establishment of a municipality ("gemeente"), which was granted in 1906, and Bandung gradually developed into a resort city for plantation owners. Luxurious hotels, restaurants, cafés, and European boutiques were opened, leading the city to be nicknamed "Parijs van Java" ().


title: Bandung

text: After Indonesia declared independence in 1945, the city experienced ongoing development and urbanization, transforming from an idyllic town into a dense 16,500 people/km (per square kilometre) metropolitan area with living space for over 8 million people. New skyscrapers, high-rise buildings, bridges, and gardens have been constructed. Natural resources have been heavily exploited, particularly by conversion of the protected upland area into highland villas and real estate. Although the city has encountered many problems (ranging from waste disposal and floods to a complicated traffic system resulting from a lack of road infrastructure), it still attracts large numbers of tourists, weekend sightseers, and migrants from other parts of Indonesia. In 2017 the city won a regional environmental sustainability award for having the cleanest air among major cities in ASEAN. The city is also known as a Smart City, leveraging technology to improve government services and social media that alert residents to issues such as floods or traffic jams. Bandung is Indonesia's major technology centre. The city is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network, which it joined in 2015.


title: Bandung

text: The first Asian-African Conference, the Bandung Conference, was hosted in Bandung by President Sukarno in 1955. Redevelopment of the existing Husein Sastranegara International Airport (BDO) was completed in 2016. To improve infrastructure, the construction of the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail was started in 2016 and was projected to be completed in 2021. This was to be complemented by an indigenous type of Automated People Mover (APM) and Light Rail Transit (LRT). The new larger second airport, Bandung Kertajati International Airport (KJT), opened in June 2018, just in time for the 2018 Asian Games.


title: Bandung

text: The official name of the city during the colonial Dutch East Indies period was Bandoeng. The earliest reference to the area dates back to 1488, although archaeological findings suggest a type of "Homo erectus" species had long previously lived on the banks of the Cikapundung River and around the old lake of Bandung. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) established plantations in the Bandung area. In 1786, a supply road connecting Batavia (now Jakarta), Bogor, Cianjur, Bandung, Sumedang and Cirebon was constructed. In 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte, French Emperor and conqueror of much of Europe, including the Netherlands and its colonies, ordered the Dutch Indies Governor H.W. Daendels to improve the defensive systems of Java to protect against the British in India. Daendels built a road stretching approximately from the west to the east coast of Java, passing through Bandung. In 1810, the road was laid down in Bandung and was named "De Groote Postweg" (or the 'Great Post Road'), the present-day location of Jalan Asia-Afrika. Under Daendels' orders, R. A. Wiranatakusumah II, the Chief Administrator of the Bandung regency at that time, moved the office from Krapyak, in the south, to a place near a pair of holy city wells ("sumur Bandung"), the present-day site of the city square ("alun-alun"). He built his "dalem" (palace), "masjid agung" (the grand mosque) and "pendopo" (public-official meeting place) in the classical Sundanese orientation, with the pendopo facing Tangkuban Perahu mountain, which was believed to have a mystical ambience. In 1856, Bandung also became the capital of the Preanger Regencies Residency, which it would remain until 1925.


title: Bandung

text: In 1880, the first major railroad between Batavia and Bandung was completed, boosting the light industry in Bandung. Chinese flocked into the city to help run facilities, services and vendors. The area adjacent to the train station is still recognisable as the old Chinatown district. In 1906, Bandung was given the status of "gemeente" (municipality), and then twenty years later, "stadsgemeente" (city municipality).


title: Bandung

text: Beginning of time the early 1920s, the Dutch East Indies government made plans to move their capital from Batavia to Bandung. Accordingly, during this decade, the Dutch colonial government commenced construction of military barracks, the building housing the colonial Department of State-Owned Enterprises ("Department van Gouvernmentsbedrijven", the present-day Gedung Sate) and other government buildings. However, this plan was cut short by World War II, after which the Dutch were not able to re-establish their colony due to the Indonesian Declaration of Independence.


title: Bandung

text: The fertile area of the Parahyangan Mountains surrounding Bandung supports productive tea plantations. In the nineteenth century, Franz Junghuhn introduced the cinchona ("kina") plant. With its cooler elevated landscape, surrounded by major plantations, Bandung became an exclusive European resort area. Wealthy plantation owners visited the city on weekends, attracting ladies and business people from the capital, Batavia. Jalan Braga grew into a promenade street with cafés, restaurants and boutique shops. Two art-deco style hotels, Savoy Homann and Preanger, were built in the vicinity of the Concordia Society, a clubhouse for the wealthy with a large ballroom and a theatre.


title: Bandung

text: After Indonesian independence in 1945, Bandung was designated as the capital of West Java province. During the Indonesian National Revolution, some of the most massive battles occurred in and around Bandung. Dutch troops were virtually absent in Java at the end of World War II. To assist the restoration of Dutch sovereignty, the British took a military hold on Java's major cities, and the British military commander set an ultimatum for the Indonesian combatants in Bandung to leave the city. In response, on 24 March 1946, much of the southern part of Bandung was deliberately set alight as the combatants left; an event known as "Bandung Lautan Api" or the 'Bandung Sea of Fire'.


title: Bandung

text: In 1955, the first Asian-African Conference, also known as the "Bandung Conference", was hosted in Bandung by President Sukarno and attended by the heads of states representing twenty-nine independent countries from Asia and Africa. The conference venue was at the Gedung Merdeka, the former Concordia Society building. The conference announced ten points of declaration for the promotion of world peace and opposition against colonialism and is known as the Declaration of Bandung. This was followed by a wave of nationalism and decolonisation movements around the globe which remapped world politics. The conference was also the first international conference of people of colour in history. In his book "The Color Curtain", Richard Wright claims that there was an epic meaning to the conference for people of colour around the world.


title: Bandung

text: In 1987, the city boundary was expanded by the 'Greater Bandung' ("Bandung Raya") plan, with the relocation of higher concentration development zones outside the city in an attempt to dilute population density in the old city. During this development, the city core was often uprooted, with old buildings torn down, lot sizes regrouped and rezoned, changing idyllic residential areas to commercial zones with bustling chain supermarkets, malls, banks and upscale developments.


title: Bandung

text: In 2005, an Asian-African Conference was partly held in Bandung, attended by world leaders including Indonesian President Susilo B. Yudhoyono, President of China Hu Jintao, Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh, President of South Africa Thabo Mbeki and President of Nigeria Obasanjo.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung, the capital of West Java province, is located about southeast of Jakarta. Its elevation is above sea level and is surrounded by up to high Late Tertiary and Quaternary volcanic terrain. The 400 km flat of central Bandung plain is situated in the middle of wide of the Bandung Basin; the basin comprises Bandung, the Cimahi city, part of Bandung Regency, part of West Bandung Regency, and part of Sumedang Regency. The basin's main river is the Citarum; one of its branches, the Cikapundung, divides Bandung from north to south before it merges with Citarum again in Dayeuhkolot. The Bandung Basin is an essential source of water for potable water, irrigation, and fisheries, with its of groundwater being a significant reservoir for the city.


title: Bandung

text: The northern section of Bandung is hillier than other parts of the city, and the unique truncated flat-peak shape of the Tangkuban Perahu volcano ("Tangkuban Perahu" literally means 'upside-down boat') can be seen from the city to the north. Long-term volcanic activity has created fertile andisol soil in the north, suitable for intensive rice, fruit, tea, tobacco, and coffee plantations. In the south and east, alluvial soils deposited by the Cikapundung river predominate.


title: Bandung

text: Geological data shows that the Bandung Basin is located on an ancient volcano, known as Mount Sunda, erected up to during the Pleistocene age. Two large-scale eruptions took place; the first formed the basin, and the second (est. 55,000 BCE) blocked the Citarum river, turning the basin into a lake known as "the Great Prehistoric Lake of Bandung". The lake drained away; for reasons which are the subject of ongoing debate among geologists.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung experiences tropical monsoon climate ("Am") according to Köppen climate classification as the driest month precipitation total is below , bordering with subtropical highland climate ("Cfb"). The wettest month is February, with a precipitation total of , while the driest month is September, with a precipitation total of . The average temperature throughout the year tends to be cooler than most cities in Indonesia due to the altitude influence. The average temperature throughout the year only has little variation due to its location near the equator.


title: Bandung

text: The north of the city serves as a water reservoir for Bandung. However, the area has seen substantial residential development. Several attempts to protect this area have been made, including creating reserves such as the Juanda National Park and Puncrut, but development continues. Regular flooding in Bandung's south also presents a real and dangerous ongoing problem.


title: Bandung

text: From mid-2005, Bandung faced another environmental disaster when the city's landfill site was reevaluated after a garbage slide 2005 which buried a village, Kampung Gajah, beneath it, killing over a hundred people. The accumulation of of domestic garbage causes severe air pollution by local burning, the spread of disease, and water contamination. The provincial government has failed in its attempts to solve the garbage issue. Nevertheless, it was awarded in 1997 and 2015 as the least polluted city in the country. Further, a regional award in 2017 was also given from ASEAN for the cleanest air among other major cities in ASEAN countries.


title: Bandung

text: The city area in 1906 was , and by 1987, it had expanded to 167.2965 km. The city administration is divided into 30 districts ("kecamatan") and 153 villages ("kelurahan"). For development purposes, the 30 districts are grouped into eight sub-city regions. The sub-city regions of Bandung are Arcamanik, Cibeunying, Kerees, Kordon, Gedebage, Ujungberung, Bojonagara and Tegalega. The mayor ("walikota") - Oded Muhammad Danial 2018 - leads the city administration. Since 2008, city residents have directly voted for a mayor; previously, mayors were nominated and selected by the city council - the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD), which has 50 members. As of 2003, the total number of city administration personnel was 20,163.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung City is divided into 30 districts ("kecamatan"), listed below with their populations at the 2010 Census:


title: Bandung

text: The city's economy is mainly built upon tourism, business, creative industry, high-tech and manufacturing industries, educational institutions, technology, retail services, financial services, pharmaceutical companies, and food production. The once quiet residential district of Dago has become an important business and entertainment centre with chic cafés and restaurants spread out along Jalan Dago. In the early 1990s, Jalan Cihampelas became a popular clothing store location and remains so today.


title: Bandung

text: Creative culture has shaped specific parts of the city's economy. Small businesses, known as "distro", sell non-trademarked products made by local designers. Typical distro products are books, indie label records, magazines, fashion products, and other accessories. Distros are popular with young people and distance themselves from factory outlets in terms of philosophy. They arise from individual designers and young entrepreneurs, while factory outlet products generally come from large-scale garment factories.


title: Bandung

text: The city administration has agreed to substantially develop seven industrial and trade areas for Bandung speciality products. These include Binong Jati Knitting Industrial and Trade Center, Cigondewah Textile Trade Center, Cihampelas Jeans Trade Center, Suci (T and Oblong) Shirt Industrial Center, Cibaduyut Shoes Industrial Center, Cibuntu Tofu and Tempeh Industrial Center, Sukamulya Sukajadi Doll Industrial Center.


title: Bandung

text: In 2005, the population of Bandung was 2.29 million people with a density of . The May 2010 census enumerated 2.395 million people and that of May 2020 enumerated 2.444 million.Based on data from Statistics Indonesia, the population of Bandung in mid 2021 was 2.453 million, making Bandung the fourth most populous city in Indonesia.


title: Bandung

text: The majority of Bandung's population is of Sundanese descent. Javanese are the most significant minority and mostly come from the central and the eastern parts of Java. Other minorities include Minang, Minahasan, Chinese, Batak, Malay, Korean, Indian, and Japanese. Bandung also possesses significant international communities compared with other Indonesian cities.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung is a significant cultural hub in Indonesia. Most people in the surrounding province of West Java are ethnically Sundanese, with Sundanese often spoken as a first language, and the standard and informal language for communication in streets, school, work, and markets. As in the rest of the country, standard Indonesian serves as the "lingua franca" and primary language of government, business, media, and formal education.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung is home to numerous examples of Dutch colonial architecture, most notably the tropical Art Deco, dubbed New Indies Style. Henri Maclaine Pont was among the first Dutch architects to recognise the importance of combining each architectural style with local cultural traditions. He stressed that modern architecture should interact with local history and native elements. In 1920, Pont planned and designed buildings for the first technical university in the Dutch East Indies, "Technische Hogeschool te Bandung" (the present-day Bandung Institute of Technology). He was named a Professor of Architecture at the university. A striking local Sundanese roof style is seen adorning the top of the campus' ceremonial hall and is embedded in his artwork.


title: Bandung

text: In the same year, another Dutch architect J Gerber designed "Gouverments Bedrijven" (Government Companies) in line with the colonial government's plan to move the capital from Batavia to Bandung. The building is known as Gedung Sate, named after the distinguished small satay-shaped structure on the roof, and is today used as the head office of the West Java provincial government and House of Representatives. The building is an example of a harmonious mixture between West and East architectural styles, particularly the Italian Renaissance style of arch structures in the wings and pendopo-like structures commonly found in Java in the middle section.


title: Bandung

text: Several Dutch architects who shaped the city landmarks the architectural blending of modern and native traditions. In the 1930s, Bandung became known as an architectural laboratory due to the many Dutch architects who experimented with new architectural designs. Albert Aalbers added the streamline moderne style to the Art Deco by designing the DENIS bank (1936) and renovating the Savoy Homann Hotel (1939). Charles Prosper Wolff Schoemaker was one of the architects who enormously added native elements in his artworks, including the Villa Isola (1932), Hotel Preanger (1929), the regional military headquarters (1918), Gedung Merdeka (1921) and ITB Rectorate Building (1925).


title: Bandung

text: Though Bandung is known for its many old Dutch architecture buildings, the city is recently going through a high-rise building boom. There are more than 100 high rise buildings in the city, and many more are under construction or planned. The following list includes buildings in Bandung that are completed or topped off and above .


title: Bandung

text: Bandung is a popular weekend destination for residents of Jakarta. The colder climate of the highland plantation area, variety of food, less expensive fashion shops located in factory outlets and distros, golf courses, and the zoo, are some of the attractions of the city. Bandung is also a popular shopping destination due to the cheap textile and fashion products, especially for Malaysian and Singaporean tourists.


title: Bandung

text: In the 1990s, local designers opened denim clothing stores along Jalan Cihampelas, which was transformed into a "jeans street". The city attracts people from other big cities to buy local fashion wares, as they are cheaper than branded items. Beside Jalan Cihampelas, many factory outlets also opened at Jalan Riau, Jalan Setiabudi, and Jalan Djuanda (known as Dago). Textile factories on the outskirts of Bandung have opened factory outlets on site selling what is marketed as "sisa export" (rejected or over-produced export quality items). Trans Studio Mall, , , and are among the popular shopping centres in Bandung.


title: Bandung

text: Significant tourist sites near Bandung include the Tangkuban Prahu volcano crater to the north, the Kawah Putih volcano lake, and Patenggang Lake, a lake surrounded by tea plantations about to the south of the city.


title: Bandung

text: To view the Bandung Basin clearly in its mountain surroundings, visitors travel to the Bongkor protected forest area (kawasan hutan lindung), Saung Daweung and Arcamanik; to the slopes of West Manglayang Mountain in an area known as Caringin Tilu, with entry from Padasuka and Cicaheum to the north. The forest is located in above sea level and is covered with pine trees managed by a government corporation and can be accessed with 30 minutes drive from downtown. Visitors going to the north of the city also find Taman Hutan Raya Ir. H. Djuanda. The Cicaheum area also hosts "Bukit Moko", a tourist spot famous for its views and its steel statue of a giant star called "Puncak Bintang". Bandung has several museums that should be visited by tourists, such as the Geological Museum of Bandung, the , Sri Baduga Museum, and the Asian-African Conference Museum. The city government operates Bandros, a tourist bus, since 2014.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung is the home of Persib Bandung, a professional football club currently competing in the highest tier of Indonesian football, the "Liga 1". Bandung is also home of Prawira Bandung (ex Garuda Bandung), a professional basketball club currently competes in the Indonesian Basketball League, with its home games in the "GOR Citra Arena". The roads leading up to Lembang and Dago are popular routes for mountain cycling on weekends, as Jalan Ir. H. Djuanda is zoned as car-free on Sunday mornings.


title: Bandung

text: Other popular sports in Bandung include badminton and golf, with several golf courses surrounding the city.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung has several local daily newspapers, including "Pikiran Rakyat", "Galamedia", and "Tribun Jabar". Several local television stations operate in Bandung, including TVRI Jawa Barat (a public regional station serving West Java, which headquartered in the city), Bandung TV, MQTV and PJTV. Many radio stations, such as Ardan FM, KLCBS, MQFM and OZ Radio, also broadcast from Bandung.


title: Bandung

text: The city of Bandung was featured in the 9th and 10th leg of the American reality series "The Amazing Race 23".


title: Bandung

text: Bandung can be accessed by highways from Jakarta. An intercity toll highway called Cipularang Toll Road, connecting Jakarta, Karawang, Purwakarta, Padalarang and Bandung, was completed in May 2005 and is the fastest way to reach Bandung from the capital by road. Driving time is about 1.5 hours on average. There are three other options: the Puncak route (Jakarta-Cianjur/Sukabumi-Bandung), Purwakarta route (Jakarta-Cikampek-Purwakarta-Cikalong Wetan-Padalarang-Cimahi-Bandung) and the Subang route (Jakarta-Cikampek-Subang-Lembang-Bandung). From cities further east (Cirebon, Tasikmalaya and Central Java province), Bandung can be accessed through the main provincial road. Indonesian National Route 3 links Bandung with the rest of Java towards Cilegon and Ketapang (Banyuwangi).


title: Bandung

text: The Pasupati Bridge was built to relieve traffic congestion in the city for east–west transport. The cable-stayed bridge lies through the Cikapundung Valley. It is wide and, after extensive delays, it was finally completed in June 2005, following financial investment from Kuwait. The bridge is part of Bandung's comprehensive inner-city highways plan.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung has two intercity bus terminals: Leuwipanjang, serving buses from the west, and Cicaheum, serving buses from the east. Both are at full capacity and are to be replaced by a new terminal at Gedebage on land, after which the old terminals will function as inner-city terminals. The new terminal will be located next to the Gedebage railway station near Gedebage container dry port.


title: Bandung

text: Taxis and Online transport are widely available. The primary means of public transportation is by "angkot" minibuses (from "angkutan", "transportation" and "kota", "city"); "angkot" are privately operated and serve multiple routes throughout the city, and although cheap, they are considered basic and uncomfortable. To find exact angkot routes, passengers may look for information available through the drivers or at terminals.


title: Bandung

text: Due to the current extent of railway lines in Bandung, only two named regional railway services, "Lokal Bandung Raya" and "Lokal Garut Cibatuan", are serving the city, serving a single line. It catered for the suburban areas east and west of the city such as Cimahi, Padalarang, Rancaekek, Cicalengka, as well as some other neighbouring towns such as Garut and Purwakarta. KAI Commuter took over the operations of both services from its mother company KAI in 2022, anticipating planned electrification of the route by Ministry of Transport.


title: Bandung

text: Public buses in Bandung and its surrounding urban area are operated by various operators, with a total 16 bus lines currently operating. "DAMRI" buses used to dominate as the main bus operator serving the city and its surrounding metropolitan area, first operating in the 1970s, with at some point operating more than 10 routes. However, it collapsed in October 2021, leaving 5 routes still operating. Following the example of TransJakarta, the city government introduced its own BRT system called Trans Metro Bandung on 24 September 2009. By 2022 it served 5 trunk corridors and 1 feeder routes. Both DAMRI and Trans Metro Bandung buses uses higher deck buses similar to TransJakarta, but could be stopped anywhere along its route and do not run separately from traffic. Provincial government of West Java also operates a bus route called as Safe and Healthy Bus Rapid Transit (shortened Buratas), serving only a single line. As part of nationwide bus services modernisation program called as Teman Bus, a more disciplined system branded as Trans Metro Pasundan was introduced by central government's Ministry of Transportation in December 2021. Two operators, Big Bird (part of Blue Bird Group) and DAMRI operated 5 routes inherited from former DAMRI routes under a contract with Ministry of Transport. Introduction of new bus routes in Bandung often faced resistance from "angkots" and extortion attempts by so-called local patrons due to perception that their revenues being stolen, leading to blockades and verbal threats against bus drivers. Due to fragmentation of brands and operators, passengers must pay again when transiting to other BRT lines or to other modes such as trains.


title: Bandung

text: A more comprehensive plan to revitalise the bus system will be implemented in 2024, extending from the Trans Metro Pasundan project. It would integrate all operators within a single system called BRT Bandung Raya, with proper Bus Rapid Transit features such as dedicated lanes, frequent bus availability and bus stops. The planned system intended to use electric powered buses, both imported and locally produced.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung city government also operated a fleet of city tour buses called as Bandung Tour on Bus (shortened Bandros).


title: Bandung

text: Bandung Husein Sastranegara International Airport serves direct domestic flights to Batam, Pekanbaru, Medan, Bandar Lampung, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Semarang, Banjarmasin, Makassar, and also international services to/from Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. The airport is located near the Dirgantara aerospace complex and Dirgantara Fairground. The Kertajati International Airport in Majalengka Regency is built to replace the Husein Sastranegara Airport.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung has two large railway stations, Bandung and Kiaracondong Stations. Other smaller stations are Cimindi, Andir, Ciroyom, Cikudapateuh, and Gedebage Stations (only for freight service). Railway lines connect Bandung to Cianjur, Jakarta, Purwakarta, Bekasi, Karawang, and Cikampek to the west, and Surabaya, Malang, Yogyakarta, and Solo to the east.


title: Bandung

text: Thirty-two bus shelters for Trans Metro Bandung (similar to TransJakarta) along Jalan Soekarno-Hatta were finished in August 2011 at the cost of Rp 13.1 billion ($1.54 million). Thirty additional buses joined the existing operation of ten buses after all the shelters were finished.


title: Bandung

text: In 2012, phase-1 of Bandung electric commuter rail system was scheduled to be built to connect Padalarang, Cimahi, Bandung, and Cicalengka with 13 Trans Metro Bandung bus corridors to serve as feeders. Phase-2 will connect Cicalengka to Jatinangor. As of today the system is yet to build.


title: Bandung

text: On 21 June 2011, Perum DAMRI launched two buses on the Cibiru-Kebon Kelapa especially for female passengers only with female drivers.


title: Bandung

text: On 5 August 2011, Jusuf Kalla announced that he would like to build a monorail in Bandung with a value of Rp 4 trillion ($470 million).


title: Bandung

text: , a cable car project 'Bandung Skybridge' to connect Pasteur (Cihampelas) to Sabuga (Taman Sari) was said to be 90% complete and awaiting legal authorisation to operate. However, , the project has still to be realised. To ease Cihampelas traffic congestion, the city mayor, Ridwan Kamil inaugurated a skywalk for pedestrians only from Cihampelas to Tamansari on 4 February 2017. The skywalk, named Teras Cihampelas, was built with a budget of Rp 45 billion. Vehicles will be able to be parked at Tamansari. The city has also announced an intention to build LRT (Light Rail Transit).


title: Bandung

text: Bandung is planned to be served by Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail via its terminus in Tegalluar, located east of the city in Bandung Regency. Due to constraints, stations serving Bandung are neither within Bandung city centre nor the limits of Bandung city. Instead, a feeder service will ply between Padalarang HSR station and the main Bandung station, using existing tracks.


title: Bandung

text: Bandung has nearly 50 higher educational institutions and is among the most popular destinations for education in Indonesia. There are hundreds of public and private schools in the city and several state-funded and administered Junior High Schools (SMP Negeri), State High Schools (SMA Negeri) and State Vocational School (SMK). At least sixteen universities—three of which are state-owned—and 45 professional schools are scattered across the city. Education from social sciences and technology to tourism education can be found at one of these universities.


title: Bandung

text: Among the universities located in Bandung include Bandung Institute of Technology ("Institut Teknologi Bandung", ITB), Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Telkom University (Universitas Telkom), National Institute of Technology (Indonesia) (Institut Teknologi Nasional), Parahyangan Catholic University, Universitas Islam Bandung (Bandung Islamic University), Universitas Kristen Maranatha (Maranatha Christian University), Universitas Islam Nusantara (Nusantara Islamic University), Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (Indonesia University of Education), Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati (Sunan Gunung Djati Islamic State University), Universitas Pasundan (Pasundan University), Politeknik Negeri Bandung (Bandung State Polytechnic), and Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bandung (Bandung Institute of Tourism), all being considered among the best universities in their respective fields of speciality in Indonesia. Established in 1920, ITB is Indonesia's oldest and most prestigious technical university. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia (formerly IKIP Bandung, established in 1954). Universitas Komputer Indonesia (UNIKOM) is one of the first institutions of higher education established after Indonesian independence and is currently a leading education university in the country. Universitas Padjadjaran (established in 1956) is considered to be one of the best universities in the country in the fields of medicine, law, communication, and economics.


title: Bandung

text: International schools are also available in the city. They include the Bandung Alliance Intercultural School, Bandung Independent School, Bandung Japanese School, Bina Bangsa School Bandung, Bina Persada School, and Stamford School. In the north of Bandung, Bosscha Observatory is the only observatory in Indonesia. Construction of the observatory began in 1923 and was completed in 1928. In 1922, the first international publication from Bosscha Observatory was published, and in 1959, the observatory was absorbed as a part of the Department of Astronomy at the Bandung Institute of Technology.


title: Bandung

text: Several countries have set up their consulates in Bandung, including France, Netherlands, Poland, Latvia, Hungary, Austria, etc.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: Jerry Darnell Stackhouse (born November 5, 1974) is an American basketball coach and former professional player who is the head coach of the Vanderbilt Commodores men's team. He played 18 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and was a two-time NBA All-Star. He formerly was the head coach of Raptors 905 and an assistant coach for the Toronto Raptors and Memphis Grizzlies. Additionally, he has worked as an NBA TV analyst. Stackhouse played college basketball for the North Carolina Tar Heels.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: Stackhouse was a premier player from the time he was a sophomore in high school. He was the state player of the year for North Carolina in 1991–92, leading Kinston (N.C) High School to the state finals. His senior year, he played for Oak Hill Academy with future college teammate Jeff McInnis, leading them to an undefeated season. He was a two-time first team "Parade" All-America selection, and was the MVP of the McDonald's All-American Game. At the 1992 Nike Camp, he and Rasheed Wallace were considered to be the top players at the camp. There were some who considered Stackhouse the top prep player to come out of North Carolina since Michael Jordan.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: Stackhouse attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was a teammate of future NBA players Wallace, McInnis and Shammond Williams. In his sophomore season at UNC, Stackhouse led the team in scoring with 19.2 points per game and averaged 8.2 rebounds per contest. He led UNC to a Final Four appearance and was named as the National Player of the Year by "Sports Illustrated" and earned first-team All-America and All-ACC honors. While playing for Tar Heels, he was coached by Dean Smith. Following the season, Stackhouse declared his eligibility for the 1995 NBA draft.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: Even though he left UNC after two years, he continued working on his degree and received his bachelor's degree in African American Studies in 1999.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: Stackhouse was selected in the first round of the 1995 NBA draft with the third pick by the Philadelphia 76ers. At one time he was hyped as the "Next Jordan" since both players played at North Carolina, went #3 in the draft, were listed at 6'6", looked similar physically, and had similarly acrobatic games. Coincidentally, both had a taller power forward from UNC drafted immediately after them in the #4 spot, Sam Perkins in 1984, and Rasheed Wallace in 1995.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: In his first season with the 76ers, Stackhouse led his team with a 19.2 points per game (PPG) average, and was named to the NBA's All-Rookie team. In the 1996–97 season, the 76ers also drafted Allen Iverson. Combined, the two posted 44.2 points per game for the Sixers. Stackhouse represented the 76ers in the 1996 NBA Slam Dunk Contest.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: Midway through the 1997–98 season, Stackhouse was dealt to the Detroit Pistons with Eric Montross for Theo Ratliff, Aaron McKie and future considerations. By the 1999–2000 season, his second full season with the Pistons, Stackhouse was averaging 23.6 points per game. A year later, he had a career-high average of 29.8 points per game. In a late season victory over the Chicago Bulls, he set the Pistons' franchise record and the league's season high for points in a game with 57. In 2001 he led the NBA in total points scored, finishing 2nd in the PPG scoring title to his former 76er teammate, Allen Iverson. Stackhouse saw his final action as a Piston with Detroit's elimination in the second round of the 2001–02 NBA playoffs to the Boston Celtics.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: During the 2002 offseason, Stackhouse was traded to the Washington Wizards in a six-player deal, also involving Richard Hamilton.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: In his first season with Washington (2002–03), Stackhouse led the Wizards in points and assists per game with 21.5 and 4.5 respectively. Stackhouse became the only teammate to average more points per game than Michael Jordan for an entire season (Jordan averaged 20.0 points per game in 2002-03 which was his last season in the NBA). Stackhouse missed most of the 2003–04 season while recovering from arthroscopic surgery on his right knee, playing in only 26 games.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: In 2020 Stackhouse stated that he regretted playing with Jordan, as plays were being designed for an NBA legend who was past his prime, stalling Stackhouse's All-Star momentum.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: In the 2004 offseason, Stackhouse—along with Christian Laettner and the Wizards' first-round draft pick (Devin Harris)—was traded to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for former Tar Heel and NBA All-Star Antawn Jamison. He did not play for 41 games during his first two seasons with Dallas due to groin and continued knee problems, and played mostly the role of sixth man. During the 2004–05 playoffs, Stackhouse began wearing pressure stockings during games to keep his legs warm, to aid his groin injury, and hold his thigh sleeves in place; the stockings also allowed for better blood flow to the legs. The practice quickly became a trend among NBA players, with Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady, Vince Carter, Dwyane Wade, LeBron James and others adopting pressure stockings the following season.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: Stackhouse was still coming off the bench as the 6th man for the Dallas Mavericks during the 2005–06 NBA season. He was a significant factor in the NBA Finals series against the Miami Heat. The Mavericks suffered when Stackhouse was suspended for Game 5 for a flagrant foul on Shaquille O'Neal, and the Heat eventually won the series 4–2. Stackhouse was the third player from the Mavericks suspended during the 2006 playoffs.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: Stackhouse was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies on July 8, 2009, in a four-way trade. On the day after the trade, Stackhouse was waived by the Grizzlies. On January 17, 2010, the Milwaukee Bucks signed Stackhouse for the remainder of the 2009–10 season.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: On November 23, 2010, the Heat waived Stackhouse to make room for Erick Dampier who was signed to replace injured forward Udonis Haslem.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: On December 9, 2011, Stackhouse joined the Atlanta Hawks. Stackhouse was chosen to replace injured teammate Joe Johnson as Atlanta's representative in the Haier Shooting Stars Competition during NBA All-Star weekend.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: On July 11, 2012, Stackhouse made a verbal agreement to sign a one-year, $1.3 million deal with the Nets. Stackhouse has worn the number 42 in honor of Jackie Robinson, his favorite athlete, and became the first professional athlete to wear the number 42 in Brooklyn since Robinson. On November 26, 2012, the Nets played the New York Knicks for the first time since the Nets had moved to Brooklyn. Stackhouse played 22 minutes and scored 14 points, including a tiebreaking 3-pointer in overtime, and the Nets went on to win. On March 18, 2013, he scored 10 points against the Detroit Pistons, one of his former teams.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: On November 15, 2013, it was announced that Stackhouse had joined Fox Sports Detroit as a Pistons analyst. He primarily provided studio analysis but also was the road color commentator for Fox Sports Detroit on select road trips. Stackhouse was also a college basketball analyst for the ACC Network and Fox Sports Detroit. By Joining Fox Sports Detroit, Stackhouse reunited with his former Pistons teammate Mateen Cleaves in the studio.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: On June 29, 2015, he was hired to serve as an assistant coach by the Toronto Raptors. During his first season with the Raptors, he helped the team finish second in the Eastern Conference along with reaching the Eastern Conference Finals.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: On September 9, 2016, the Raptors named him head coach for Raptors 905, the franchise's NBA Development League team. Stackhouse has aspirations of being an NBA head coach and told The Ringer that he hopes the D-League position will propel him to a head coaching job. Stackhouse led the 905 to a successful year during the 2016–17 season as the team was crowned champion of the NBA D-League. Stackhouse was named NBA D-league Coach of the Year in 2017.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: On April 5, 2019, Stackhouse was named the head coach of the Vanderbilt Commodores, signing a six year contract.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: Stackhouse is the younger brother of former CBA player and one-time Sacramento Kings and Boston Celtics forward Tony Dawson, and he is the uncle of former Wake Forest University guard Craig Dawson.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: Stackhouse has performed the U.S. national anthem before Mavericks home games and during the Bucks' 2010 and the Nets' 2013 playoff appearances. Although formerly a Pescatarian, Stackhouse is now back to eating meat.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

text: In 2017, Stackhouse completed the Harvard Business School executive education program on the Business of Entertainment, Media, and Sports.


title: Amritha Aiyer

text: Amritha Aiyer (born 14 May 1994) is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Tamil and Telugu language films. She made her acting debut in the Tamil film "Padaiveeran" (2018), and her Telugu debut with "Red" (2021).


title: Amritha Aiyer

text: Aiyer was born in Bengaluru, Karnataka. Her family belongs to the Tamil Brahmin Iyer community. She completed her Bachelor of Commerce degree from St. Joseph's College of Commerce. She then became a model and pursued her career as an actress in Tamil and Telugu Languages.


title: Amritha Aiyer

text: Aiyer appeared in several uncredited roles, in "Lingaa" (2014), "Tenaliraman" (2014), "Pokkiri Raja" (2016) and "Theri" (2016).


title: Amritha Aiyer

text: She made her debut as lead actress in "Padaiveeran" (2018) opposite Vijay Yesudas, where she played the role of Malar. In response to her role, a reviewer of the film from "The Hindu" stated that "Amritha fits in her role aptly". She later played a lead role opposite Vijay Antony in "Kaali" (2018). She played the role of Thendral, the Tamil Nadu football team captain, in Atlee's "Bigil" (2019), alongside Vijay.


title: Amritha Aiyer

text: In 2021, Aiyer made her Telugu debut in "Red", opposite Ram Pothineni, and directed by Kishore Tirumala. Her second release was "Vanakkam Da Mappilei" opposite G. V. Prakash Kumar, a film released directly via Sun NXT. The film received mixed and negative reviews. Her third release was "Lift", the film opt for the theatrical release and directly released via Disney+ Hotstar. The film received mixed to highly positive reviews from the critics.And her last release was "Arjuna Phalguna" opposite Sree Vishnu, the film received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Amritha Aiyer

text: Her only release in 2022, was a Tamil film "Coffee with Kadhal" opposite Jai. The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics, and was a failure at the box-office.


title: Amritha Aiyer

text: As of December 2022, Aiyer is shooting for her upcoming Telugu film "Hanu Man" opposite Teja Sajja. and an untitled Tamil-Telugu bilingual film, opposite Teejay Arunachalam.


title: Chief of the Air Staff (India)

text: The Chief of the Air Staff (India), known also as the Air Force Chief, has been the title of the professional head of the Indian Air Force since 1950. The CAS is a statutory position in the Indian Armed Forces held by the most senior officer of the Air Force, and is usually the highest ranking air officer of the Indian Armed Forces unless the Chief of Defence Staff is an officer of the aerial branch.


title: Chief of the Air Staff (India)

text: The current CAS is Air Chief Marshal Vivek Ram Chaudhari who took office on 30 September 2021, following the retirement of Air Chief Marshal Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria.


title: Chief of the Air Staff (India)

text: At Independence, the head of the Air Force designated as the "Air Marshal Commanding, Royal Indian Air Force". On 1 March 1948, the title of "Chief of the Air Staff" was added, with a further re-designation to "Chief of the Air Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Air Force" on 21 June to maintain uniformity across the three armed services.


title: Chief of the Air Staff (India)

text: The "Royal" designation was dropped when India became a republic on 26 January 1950. Thus re-designating the head of IAF to "Chief of the Air Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Air Force".


title: Chief of the Air Staff (India)

text: The Commanders-In-Chief (Change in Designation) Act, 1955 re-designated the head of IAF to "Chief of Air Staff". The position was held by a three-star ranked Air Marshal until 1966, when the position was upgraded to the four-star rank of an Air Chief Marshal.


title: Chief of the Air Staff (India)

text: Appointments to the office are made by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC). The CAS reaches superannuation upon three years in the office or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier.


title: Canal+

text: Canal+ (Canal Plus, , meaning 'Channel Plus'; sometimes abbreviated C+ or Canal) is a French premium television channel launched in 1984. It is 100% owned by the Groupe Canal+, which in turn is owned by Vivendi. The channel broadcasts several kinds of programming, mostly encrypted. Unencrypted programming can be viewed free of charge on Canal+ and on satellite on Canal+ Clair (Clear). The channel does not broadcast advertising, except when broadcasting on free-to-air slots. Almost all foreign films and series are broadcast in their original language with French subtitles on a secondary audio channel and dubbed in French or in French. All the programs of the group's channels are subtitled in French for the deaf and hard of hearing and the visually impaired also have access audio description for some programs.


title: Canal+

text: Canal+ is a supporter of the Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) initiative, which promotes and establishes an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast TV and broadband multimedia applications with a single user interface.


title: Canal+

text: Since November 2017, Canal+ began to expand their catalogue internationally through the international feed, Canal+ International.


title: Canal+

text: After the announcement about the launch of the fourth French television channel, Canal+ started broadcasting on 4 November 1984. In 1986, the channel had one million subscribers. It has produced numerous films of auteurs, including David Lynch's "The Straight Story", "Mulholland Dr.", and "Inland Empire".


title: Canal+

text: Originally, subscribers would be mailed a code to punch in on their decoder's control panel to view the encrypted service (using the RITC Discret 1 system); the code would be based upon the decoder's serial number (stored in the box's ROM). To avoid problems with customer's codes being not delivered on time by the postal system, Canal+ would switch to encryption based on a generic key, between the last day of the month (beginning at midnight) and the first Monday of the next month (until 9 AM). During this time, all decoders—even those with lapsed subscriptions—would be able to view the channel. However, signal piracy was rampant, after the magazine "Radio Plans" printed decoder plans in their December 1984 issue. As a result of this, Canal+ switched to the much stronger Nagravision encryption system beginning in 1992; the Discret system was fully phased out by 1995. The new decoders now utilized smart cards, cut into the shape of a key and inserted into the front of the decoder. Different decoders using the D2-MAC standard were also deployed during this time, mostly for cable subscribers. With the launch of CanalSatellite, the Mediaguard encryption system was instituted, created by SECA (Société Européenne de Contrôle d'Accès), a firm owned by Canal+ and Bertelsmann; Canal+ eventually bought out Bertelsmann's stake and rebranded SECA as Canal+ Technologies. This firm was sold by 2003 to Thomson SA. The MediaGuard system's use in Britain (by the now defunct OnDigital/ITV Digital) led to hackers in the employ of Rupert Murdoch's rival encryption company NDS breaking into the MediaGuard system, resulting in new cards being issued to Canal+ subscribers in 2002 and Canal+ starting legal action against Murdoch. The Nagravision system continued in use until 30 November 2011, when all analog television broadcasting in France ceased.


title: Canal+

text: Since 1985, Canal+ has had a tradition of showing one pornographic film every month at midnight, generally on the first saturday of the month.


title: Canal+

text: From 2000 to 2002, Virginie Calmels successively held two positions, that of financial director and then CEO.


title: Canal+

text: With the launch of the digital satellite provider CanalSatellite on 27 April 1996, Canal+ received two new sister channels: Canal+ Jaune and Canal+ Bleu. A fourth channel, called Canal+ Vert came along on 31 August 1998. The channels changed their names to Canal+ Confort (now known as Canal+ Décalé since 2005), Canal+ Cinéma and Canal+ Sport on 1 November 2003.


title: Canal+

text: In September 2005, Canal+, Canal+ Cinéma and Canal+ Sport started broadcasting in the French digital terrestrial television network. The free-to-air parts of Canal+ had already been broadcasting for a few months by then. In August 2008, Canal+ started broadcasting the encrypted parts of its main channel in high-definition in the terrestrial network. Canal+ announced plans to turn off the analogue terrestrial signals by 2010.


title: Canal+

text: An account of the rise of Canal+ and CanalSatellite, and the establishment of the Canal+ Group as a major satellite broadcaster in Europe is given in the book, "High Above", which tells the story of the foundation and development of the leading European satellite operator, Astra.


title: Canal+

text: In February 2013, for €29 million per year, Canal+ bought the TV rights for the FIA Formula One World Championship. The same year, the group bought the rights to the English Premier League, the most watched football league in the world.


title: Canal+

text: In July 2014, the launch of a new pan-African TV channel - A+ - was announced. Based in Abidjan (Ivory Coast), it aims to become the leading television company in French-speaking Africa.


title: Canal+

text: In September 2015, Vincent Bolloré -Chairman of Vivendi- was appointed as chairman of Canal Plus. He changed several former executives and aligned Canal +'s operations with Vivendi's.


title: Canal+

text: On 15 November 2017, Quebec cable system Videotron began carrying Canal+ International, marking it the first provider to carry the channel. It is also the second attempt at making Canal+ available in Canada since the former paid Canal+ Canada channel on Dailymotion, launched in 2013.


title: Canal+

text: "Les Chaînes Canal+" is the brand name used for all the Canal+-branded channels in France. Prior to 2008 it was called "Canal+ Le Bouquet".


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: Dashrath Manjhi (14 January 1934 – 17 August 2007), also known as Mountain Man, was a laborer in Gehlaur village, near Gaya in Bihar, India. When his wife died in 1959 due to injury caused by falling from a mountain and due to the mountain he was not able to reach the hospital in time, he decided to carve a path of 110 m long (360 ft), 9.1 m (30 ft) wide and 7.7 m (25 ft) deep through a ridge of hills using only a hammer and a chisel. After 22 years of work, Dashrath shortened travel between the Atri and Wazirganj


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: blocks of Gaya district from 55 km to 15 km. He travelled to New Delhi to get recognition of his work and was rewarded by then Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar. In 2016, Indian Post issued a postage stamp featuring him.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: Dashrath Manjhi was born into a Musahar / Bhuiya family, at the lowest rank of India's caste system. He ran away from his home at a young age and worked in the coal mines at Dhanbad. Later he returned to the village of Gehlaur and married Falguni (or Phaguni) Devi.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: Gehlaur was and remains a small village with few resources, and while it lies in a plain it is bordered on the south by a steeply ascending quartzite ridge of Mesoproterozoic (1- 1.6 billion years) age (part of the Rajgir hills) that prevented road access from the town of Wazirganj.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: After he returned to Gehlaur, Manjhi became an agricultural labourer. In 1959, Manjhi's wife Falguni Devi was badly injured and died because she fell from the mountain and the nearest town with a doctor was away. Some reports say she was injured while walking along a narrow path across the flat ridge to bring water or lunch to Manjhi, who had to work away from the village at a location south of the ridge; other reports link the path across the ridge to the delayed care but not to Falguni Devi's injuries.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: As a result of this experience Manjhi resolved to cut a roadway across the ridge to make his village more accessible. Manjhi felt the need to do something for society and decided to carve a path through the ridge so that his village could have easier access to medical care.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: He carved a path 110 m long, 7.7 m deep in places and 9.1 m wide to form a road through the ridge of rocks. He said, "When I started hammering the hill, people called me a lunatic but that steeled my resolve."


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: He completed the work in 22 years (1960–1982). This path reduced the distance between the Atri and Wazirganj sectors of Gaya district from 55 km to 15 km. Though mocked for his efforts, Manjhi's work has made life easier for people of the Gehlaur village. Later, Manjhi said, "Though most villagers taunted me at first, there were quite a few who lent me support later by giving me food and helping me buy my tools."


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: Official roads between his village in Atri and Wazirganj, over the path he carved, were only built after his death in 2007.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: Manjhi was diagnosed with gallbladder cancer and was admitted to the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in New Delhi on 23 July 2007. He died there on 17 August 2007. He was given a state funeral by the Government of Bihar.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: For his feat, Manjhi became popularly known as the 'Mountain Man'. The Bihar government also proposed his name for the Padma Shree award in 2006 in the social service sector.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: A stamp featuring Dashrath Manjhi was released by India Post in the "Personalities of Bihar" series on 26 December 2016.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: Dashrath Manjhi's story has been the subject of at least one documentary and several dramatic treatments on film and television.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: The first of these was a supporting character based on Manjhi in the 1998 Kannada-language movie "Bhoomi Thayiya Chochchala Maga". Manjhi's story also had a minor role in a later Kannada film, 2011's "Olave Mandara" directed by Jayatheertha.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: In 2011, director Kumud Ranjan working for the state-owned Films Division of India produced a documentary based on Manjhi's life titled "The Man Who Moved the Mountain".


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: In August 2015, a Hindi movie "Manjhi - The Mountain Man" was released and well received. The movie was directed by Ketan Mehta. Nawazuddin Siddiqui played the role of Manjhi along with Radhika Apte as Falguni Devi.


title: Dashrath Manjhi

text: The first episode of Season 2 of the Aamir Khan hosted TV Show "Satyamev Jayate", aired in March 2014, was dedicated to Dashrath Manjjhi. Aamir Khan and Rajesh Ranjan also met Bhagirath Manjhi and Basanti Devi, son and daughter-in-law of Manjhi and promised to provide financial help. However, Basanti Devi died due to inability to afford medical care on 1 April 2014.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: Charles Edward Bradley (November 5, 1948 – September 23, 2017) was an American singer. After years of obscurity and a part-time music career, Bradley came to prominence in his early 50s. His performances and recording style were consistent with the revivalist approach of his main label Daptone Records, celebrating the feel of funk and soul music from the 1960s and 1970s. One review said he "echoes the evocative delivery of Otis Redding".


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: Called "The Screaming Eagle of Soul", Bradley was the subject of the documentary "Soul of America" which premiered at South by Southwest in 2012.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: Abandoned by his mother at eight months of age, Bradley was raised by his maternal grandmother in Gainesville, Florida. At age eight, his mother returned, and took him to live with her in Brooklyn, New York.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: In 1962, his sister took him to the Apollo Theater to see James Brown perform. Bradley was so inspired by the performance that he began to practice mimicking Brown's style of singing and stage mannerisms at home.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: When he was fourteen, Bradley ran away from home to escape poor living conditions—his bedroom was in a basement with a sand floor—and lived on the streets during the day and slept nights in subway cars for two years. Later, he enlisted in Job Corps which eventually led him to Bar Harbor, Maine to train as a chef. A co-worker told him he looked like James Brown and asked if he could sing; he was at first shy but then admitted that he could. He overcame his stage fright (when a crew member pushed him through the curtains onto the stage) and performed five or six times with a band. His bandmates were later drafted into the Vietnam War, and the act never re-formed.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: Bradley worked in Maine as a cook for ten years, and then decided to head west, hitchhiking across the country. He lived in upstate New York, Seattle, Canada and Alaska before settling in California in 1977. There, Bradley worked odd jobs and played small shows for 20 years. He earned extra money doing James Brown performances, where he used such stage names as the Screaming Eagle of Soul, Black Velvet and even James Brown Jr.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: In the mid 1990s, Bradley's mother called him and asked him to move back in with her in Brooklyn so she could get to know him. It was there he began making a living moonlighting as a James Brown impersonator in local clubs under the name "Black Velvet". During this time, Bradley experienced more difficulties, including almost dying in a hospital after having an allergic reaction to penicillin, and, in a separate episode, awaking at his mother's house to a commotion as police and ambulances were arriving to the scene of his brother's murder, just down the road from there.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: While performing as "Black Velvet", he was eventually discovered by Gabriel Roth (better known as "Bosco Mann"), a co-founder of Daptone Records. Roth introduced Bradley to his future producer, Daptone artist Tom Brenneck (then the songwriter and guitarist for The Bullets, and later for Menahan Street Band) who invited Bradley to his band's rehearsal. Bradley asked that the band simply perform while he made up lyrics on the spot. After writing several songs, Daptone released some of these initial recordings on vinyl starting in 2002.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: Brenneck and Bradley chose ten of these recordings to be released as Bradley's debut album "No Time for Dreaming" in 2011.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: In the spring of 2012, "Soul of America", a documentary directed by Poull Brien, debuted at the SXSW Film Festival in Austin, Texas. Poull Brien first met Bradley when he directed the music video for "The World (Is Going Up In Flames)". This feature film told Bradley's story from his childhood in Florida, to the days of homelessness and heartache, then later his gigs as Black Velvet, and finally ended with him touring and recording at Daptone Records. The film included his performance at festivals around the world.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: Bradley's second album, "Victim of Love" came out on April 2, 2013. Bradley's third album, "Changes", was released on April 1, 2016, and featured a cover of the Black Sabbath song "Changes". In August 2016, he fell ill and canceled a Canadian tour and his appearance at the Cambridge Folk Festival July 30 (UK), where the band Darlingside filled in for him.


title: Charles Bradley (singer)

text: Bradley died on September 23, 2017, of stomach cancer in Brooklyn, New York, at the age of 68. He was surrounded by family and friends, including members of all the bands he worked closely with, according to a press release from his publicist.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: Dioscorea alata, also known as purple yam, ube (, ), or greater yam, among many other names, is a species of yam (a tuber). The tubers are usually a vivid violet-purple to bright lavender in color (hence the common name), but some range in color from cream to plain white. It is sometimes confused with taro and the Okinawa sweet potato ("Ipomoea batatas" cv. Ayamurasaki), although "D. alata" is also grown in Okinawa, where it is known as . With its origins in the Asian tropics, "D. alata" has been known to humans since ancient times.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: Because it has become naturalized following its origins in Asia, specifically the Philippines, through tropical South America, and the southeastern U.S., "D. alata" is referred to by many different names in these regions. In English alone, aside from purple yam, other common names include ten-months yam, water yam, white yam, winged yam, violet yam, Guyana arrowroot, or simply yam.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: "Dioscorea alata" is one of the most important staple crops in Austronesian cultures. It is one of various species of yams that were domesticated and cultivated independently within the Philippines for their starchy tubers, including the round yam ("Dioscorea bulbifera"), ubi gadong ("Dioscorea hispida"), lesser yam ("Dioscorea esculenta"), Pacific yam ("Dioscorea nummularia"), fiveleaf yam ("Dioscorea pentaphylla"), and pencil yam ("Dioscorea transversa"). Among these, "D. alata" and "D. esculenta" were the only ones regularly cultivated and eaten, while the rest were usually considered as famine food due to their higher levels of the toxin dioscorine which requires that they be prepared correctly before consumption. "D. alata" is also cultivated more than "D. esculenta", largely because of its much larger tubers.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: "D. alata" and "D. esculenta" were the most suitable for long transport in Austronesian ships and were carried through all or most of the range of the Austronesian expansion. "D. alata" in particular were introduced into the Pacific Islands and New Zealand. They were also carried by Austronesian voyagers into Madagascar and the Comoros.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: The center of origin of purple yam is unknown, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was exploited in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea before the Austronesian expansion. Purple yam is believed to be a true cultigen, only known from its cultivated forms. The vast majority of cultivars are sterile, which restricts its introduction into islands purely by human agency, making them a good indicator of human movement. Some authors have proposed, without evidence, an origin in Mainland Southeast Asia, but it shows the greatest phenotypic variability in the Philippines.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: There is also evidence of an agricultural revolution during this period brought by innovations from contact with Austronesians, including the development of wet cultivation. However, much older remains identified as being probably "D. alata" have also been recovered from the Niah Caves of Borneo (Late Pleistocene, <40,000 BP) and the Ille Cave of Palawan (c. 11,000 BP), along with remains of the toxic ubi gadong ("D. hispida") which requires processing before it can be edible. Although it doesn't prove cultivation, it does show that humans already had the knowledge to exploit starchy plants and that "D. alata" were native to Island Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it opens the question on whether "D. alata" is a true species or cultivated much older than believed.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: Purple yam remains an important crop in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines where the vividly purple variety is widely used in various traditional and modern desserts. It also remains important in Melanesia, where it is also grown for ceremonial purposes tied to the size of the tubers at harvest time. Its importance in eastern Polynesia and New Zealand, however, has waned after the introduction of other crops, most notably the sweet potato.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: Purple yams have edible tubers which have a mildly sweet, earthy and nutty taste, reminiscent of sweet potatoes or taro. The violet cultivars, in particular, turn dishes distinctively vivid violet because of the high amount of anthocyanins. Purple yams are also valued for the starch that can be processed from them.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: Purple yam is most common in Philippine cuisine (where it is known as "ube" or "ubi"). It is widely applied for many Philippine desserts, such as ube cake, ube cheesecake and ube crinkles, as well as an ingredient or flavor for ice cream, milk, donuts, tarts, jam and other types of pastries. It is often eaten boiled, baked, or as a sweetened dessert called "ube halayá"; the latter being a popular ingredient in the iced dessert called "halo-halo". Purple yam desserts have more recently entered the United States through Philippine cuisine, under the Filipino name "ube". It is particularly popular due to the striking violet-purple color it gives to desserts.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: Purple yam is commonly confused with purple/violet varieties of sweet potatoes because of their similarities in color, taste, and culinary uses. However, like other yams, purple yam tends to have a moister texture than sweet potatoes. Purple yams also have higher anthocyanin content than sweet potatoes. They can otherwise be used interchangeably in most recipes.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: Although available as a dietary supplement and used in folk medicine, there is no clinical evidence that "D. alata" has any therapeutic properties. Use of "D. alata" supplements may have adverse effects in people taking estrogens, anticoagulant drugs or during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Some people may have allergic reactions to use of "D. alata" supplements.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: "D. alata" has relatively high levels of oxalates (486–781 mg/100 g dry matter), which are associated with antinutritional effects and kidney stone formation.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: The color of purple varieties is due to various anthocyanin pigments. The pigments are water-soluble, and have been proposed as possible food coloring agents.


title: Dioscorea alata

text: "Dioscorea alata" is native to The Philippines, as well as surrounding areas (Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands of Japan, Assam. It has escaped from its native growth area and into the wild in many other places, becoming naturalized in parts of southern and east-central China, Africa and Madagascar, the Western Hemisphere, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans. It persists in the wild in Haiti, as well as the United States, in Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and in Florida where it is considered an invasive species.


title: Mama's Family

text: Mama's Family is an American sitcom television series starring Vicki Lawrence as Mama (Thelma Harper). The series is a spin-off of a recurring series of comedy sketches called "The Family" featured on "The Carol Burnett Show" (1967–78) and "Carol Burnett & Company" (1979). The sketches led to the television film "Eunice", and finally the television series.


title: Mama's Family

text: "Mama's Family" aired on NBC, debuting on January 22, 1983. After several timeslot changes and a subsequent drop in ratings, the network canceled the series; the final episode of this two-season NBC incarnation of the series aired on April 7, 1984. NBC broadcast reruns until September 1985, which unexpectedly performed well in ratings.


title: Mama's Family

text: Two years after its cancellation, original series producer Joe Hamilton Productions (JHP) revived "Mama's Family" for new episodes in first-run syndication on local stations across the United States. The reincarnation, produced by JHP and distributed by Lorimar-Telepictures, premiered on September 27, 1986. The modified four-season series revival garnered substantially higher ratings than its first incarnation, eventually becoming the highest-rated sitcom in first-run syndication, its final episode airing on February 24, 1990.


title: Mama's Family

text: The show's theme song is "Bless My Happy Home," created as an a cappella by Lawrence. The show's producers chose to use an instrumental of Lawrence's song composed by Peter Matz. Disclosing the lyrics to the song as part of her "Vicki and Mama: A Two Woman Show" (non-televised stand-up comedy routine Lawrence has hosted as herself and Mama since 2001), Lawrence routinely performs the song in its original a cappella form. The lyrics were also featured in an advertisement for the show on MeTV.


title: Mama's Family

text: The show is set in the city of Raytown, which actress Vicki Lawrence later revealed to be Raytown, Missouri, a suburb of Kansas City (although the script writing suggests the setting was Raytown, Mississippi, given the rural southern nature of the series). The television series revolves around the wacky misadventures of the Harper family, extended non-Harper family members and their neighbor friend in later seasons. Always at the center of all the trouble, turmoil and misunderstandings is head of the clan and matriarch Thelma Harper (Mama)—a thickset, gray-haired, purse-lipped, mid-to-late 60s widow who is portrayed as explosively quick-tempered, abrasive, and brash.


title: Mama's Family

text: Mama's snappy retorts and wisecracks are featured in a running gag in which the final scene of each episode cuts to an exterior shot of her residence (1027 Montrose Avenue in South Pasadena, which was also the house of Lynda’s character in the 1978 film "Halloween". The home was only featured briefly in the film where Lynda walks toward the front door) while Mama's voice is heard making a sharp or witty reply to whomever had previously spoken. This is then followed by audience laughter and applause. In spite of Thelma's derogatory attitude, regular zingers and sarcasm, she is nurturing and obliging at heart, allowing family members to live off her in her home who would otherwise have no place to live, while also regularly cooking for and cleaning up after them. Thelma's family members can be ingrates, even ganging up on her occasionally.


title: Mama's Family

text: In the ninth season of "The Carol Burnett Show", producer Joe Hamilton wanted to spin off Mama into her own series, but Lawrence turned him down. She did not wish to wear a "fat suit portraying an old lady every week," and she had misgivings about playing the role without Harvey Korman (who played Mama's son-in-law, Ed Higgins) and Carol Burnett (who played Mama's daughter Eunice Higgins) regularly by her side as in "The Family" sketches. Burnett and Korman told Lawrence that they would only appear as guest stars on the new series, and that it was Lawrence's time to shine and take what she had learned from "The Carol Burnett Show" and make it on her own. Shortly after the highly-rated "Eunice" TV movie, with continued urging by Korman and Burnett, Lawrence finally changed her mind and accepted the offer for her character's own sitcom.


title: Mama's Family

text: The writers had created Raytown to be its own "cartoon-like" world outside of reality. Although the series was sold to NBC without a pilot, the network had its own requirements, such as having "normal" teenagers as seen in other sitcoms of the time, which is how the Buzz and Sonja characters came about. However, Lawrence had a great deal of creative input and made many important decisions, including bringing in Korman very early on to co-direct the series. Lawrence objected to the original script of the episode "Mama Cries Uncle", in which Thelma's brother-in-law visits and the two supposedly wound up sleeping together:


title: Mama's Family

text: According to her autobiography, Lawrence had a problem with the decision to tape the series on Stage 33 at CBS Television City, where "The Carol Burnett Show" was produced.


title: Mama's Family

text: For 1½ seasons from 1983 through 1984, "Mama's Family" ran on NBC. In the series' first episode, Thelma Harper lives with her uncomfortable, uptight spinster sister Fran (Rue McClanahan), a journalist for a local paper. Thelma's son Vinton (whose wife Mitzi had left him to become a cocktail waitress in Las Vegas) arrives to inform Thelma that he and his two children, Sonja and Buzz, have been evicted from their home and need a place to stay. Much to Fran's chagrin, Thelma allows the trio to move in.


title: Mama's Family

text: During the first season, Vinton forged a relationship with the Harpers' flirtatious next-door neighbor Naomi Oates, whom Thelma disliked, and soon married her. After selling Naomi's house and losing the money in a bad business deal, Naomi and Vint are forced to move into Thelma's basement, where they remain for most of the show's run. Also seen on a recurring basis were Thelma's two daughters: the snobbish Ellen (Betty White) and the ornery Eunice (Carol Burnett). Harvey Korman, who directed many of the earlier episodes, made featured appearances as Eunice's husband, Ed Higgins. (During the eleventh and final season of "The Carol Burnett Show", the Ed Higgins character left Eunice and was written out of "The Family" skits.)