title: Patrick Kearney

text: As time passed, Kearney greatly refined his "modus operandi", which enabled him to carry out his crimes much more efficiently and frequently. Starting in 1974, Kearney is estimated to have committed murders on an almost monthly basis. After picking up his victims along the freeway or at gay bars in his Volkswagen or in his truck, Kearney would typically shoot his victims in the temple above the ear with a Derringer .22 pistol in his right hand, while steering his car with his left hand and simultaneously monitoring the car's speed to avoid exhibiting any unusual behavior to potential witnesses. After murdering his victims, Kearney would leave the bodies slumped upright in the passenger seat and drive to a secluded area to sexually violate them.


title: Patrick Kearney

text: After copulating with his victims' corpses, Kearney would usually mutilate and dismember the remains with a hacksaw before disposing of them in various locations such as canyons, landfills, and along the freeways, usually in industrial trash bags. In some cases, Kearney disposed of the bodies in the desert, where they could be consumed by carrion-eating animals. Kearney would sometimes drain the victim's blood to eliminate odor and would also sometimes bathe the body parts prior to disposal to minimize the presence of dried blood and eliminate fingerprint evidence. Sometimes, Kearney would beat his victims after they were dead.; he perceived beating his dead victims as a cathartic exercise and a means by which he could effectively vent suppressed anger and acquire a sense of power. Often, the victims resembled people who had bullied him in his childhood.


title: Patrick Kearney

text: Although Kearney primarily preyed on young men, there were known child and adolescent victims as well. Kearney's youngest victim was Ronald Dean Smith, age 5, who disappeared in Lennox, California on August 24, 1974. His body was discovered in Riverside County on October 12, 1974. Merle "Hondo" Chance, 8, of Venice, vanished on April 6, 1977, while supposedly riding his bicycle in the vicinity of Kearney's place of work. Kearney claims to have smothered the boy, taken his body home overnight and later disposed of the remains in the Angeles National Forest off Angeles Crest Highway, approximately 11 miles north of Altadena. Chance's decomposed remains were discovered on May 26, 1977. Merle Chance was Kearney's last known victim.


title: Patrick Kearney

text: On June 16, 1976, Kearney killed Michael Craig McGhee, 13, of Redondo Beach. Records confirmed that McGhee had a lengthy history of juvenile delinquency. Kearney claimed to have picked up McGhee, who was hitchhiking from Inglewood Avenue near Lennox to Torrance. According to the police, Kearney had befriended the boy and invited him to attend a camping trip to Lake Elsinore over the course of a weekend. Kearney claimed to have perceived McGhee as a potential threat and shot him without warning after McGhee openly boasted of his criminal exploits and inquired about the presence and location of burglar alarms in Kearney's home. Later, when interviewed by detectives, Kearney implied that he had destroyed the remains, stating: "I disposed of the body... You aren't going to find him."


title: Patrick Kearney

text: The victim who ultimately led to Kearney's arrest was John Otis LaMay, 17, whom he killed on Sunday, March 13, 1977. At approximately 5:30 pm on that same day, LaMay had told a neighbor he was going to Redondo Beach to meet a man named Dave, whom he had met at a local gym. This was in fact David Hill, who had given LaMay the address to Kearney's home. Hill was absent when LaMay arrived, so Kearney invited him in to watch television until Hill returned. Without provocation, Kearney impulsively reached for his pistol and shot LaMay in the back of the head. Kearney later dismembered the corpse and dumped the remains in the desert.


title: Patrick Kearney

text: When his killing spree was at its zenith, Kearney's odd tendencies went largely undetected. A local grocery store owner named Jerry Stevens did, however, note that Kearney frequently purchased butcher knives after examining them and inquiring about the quality of the steel. Stevens also described Kearney as "a loner with an eerie sense of quiet about him." Kearney's supervisor at Hughes Aircraft referred to him as a "model worker."


title: Patrick Kearney

text: LaMay's remains were found on March 18, 1977. Police had actually been to Kearney's home for the LaMay investigation prior to Chance's kidnapping and murder. The police soon discovered that LaMay had been seen in the company of Kearney and Hill. The two fled to El Paso, Texas, and Kearney resigned from his job. The fugitives' families persuaded the pair to turn themselves in. Hill, 36 years old at the time, was eventually cleared of any involvement in Kearney's crimes and was released.


title: Patrick Kearney

text: Kearney made a full confession, initially admitting to a total of twenty-eight murders and subsequently to seven more. In order to avoid the death penalty, he agreed to plead guilty. Kearney was charged with twenty-one counts of murder, and as agreed, pleaded guilty. He was given twenty-one life sentences. Police are certain that Kearney was responsible for the other seven murders he had admitted to, but lacked the physical evidence to charge him. , Kearney is incarcerated at California's Mule Creek State Prison.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta (; ; ) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an important centre for classical Javanese fine arts and culture such as ballet, "batik" textiles, drama, literature, music, poetry, silversmithing, visual arts, and "wayang" puppetry. Renowned as a centre of Indonesian education, Yogyakarta is home to a large student population and dozens of schools and universities, including Gadjah Mada University, the country's largest institute of higher education and one of its most prestigious.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta is the capital of the Yogyakarta Sultanate and served as the Indonesian capital from 1946 to 1948 during the Indonesian National Revolution, with Gedung Agung as the president's office. One of the districts in southeastern Yogyakarta, Kotagede, was the capital of the Mataram Sultanate between 1587 and 1613.


title: Yogyakarta

text: The city's population was 388,627 at the 2010 Census, and 373,589 at the 2020 Census. Its metropolitan area was home to 4,010,436 inhabitants in 2010, which includes the city of Magelang and 65 districts across Sleman, Klaten, Bantul, Kulon Progo and Magelang Regency. Yogyakarta has one of the highest HDI (Human Development Index) in Indonesia.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta is named after the Indian city of Ayodhya, the birthplace of the eponymous hero Rama from the "Ramayana" epic. "Yogya" means "suitable; fit; proper", and "karta" means "prosperous; flourishing". Thus, "Yogyakarta" means "[a city that is] fit to prosper".


title: Yogyakarta

text: In colonial era correspondence, the city is often written in the Javanese script as , read as with the added prefix "nga"-.


title: Yogyakarta

text: In the orthography of the time, the proper name was spelt with the Latin alphabet as "Jogjakarta". As the orthography of the Indonesian language changed, the consonant came to be written with <y>, and the consonant with <j>. Personal and geographical names however, were allowed to maintain their original spelling according to contemporary Indonesian orthography. Thus, the city can be written as "Yogyakarta", which is true to its original pronunciation and the Javanese script spelling, or "Jogjakarta", which is true to the old Dutch spelling and reflects popular pronunciation today, but differs from the original Ayodhya etymology. One may encounter either "Yogyakarta" or "Jogjakarta" in contemporary documents.


title: Yogyakarta

text: According to the Canggal inscription dated 732 CE, the area traditionally known as "Mataram" became the capital of the Medang Kingdom, identified as "Mdang i Bhumi Mataram" established by King Sanjaya of Mataram. The inscription was found in a Hindu temple in Central Java, 40 km away from Yogyakarta and 20 km away from the giant Borobudur temple complex. This Hindu temple itself was on the border between the area of the Hindu Sañjaya dynasty and the area of the Buddhist Shailendra dynasty.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Mataram became the centre of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture for about three centuries in the heartland of the Progo River valley, on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi volcano. This time period witnessed the construction of numerous "candi", including Borobudur and Prambanan.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Around the year 929 CE, the last ruler of the Sañjaya dynasty, King Mpu Sindok of Mataram, moved the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Central Java to East Java and thus established the Isyana dynasty. The exact cause of the move is still uncertain; however, a severe eruption from Mount Merapi or a power struggle with the Sumatra-based Srivijaya kingdom probably caused the move.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Historians suggest that some time during the reign of King Wawa of Mataram (924–929 CE), Merapi erupted and devastated the kingdom's capital in Mataram.


title: Yogyakarta

text: During the Majapahit era, the area surrounding modern Yogyakarta was identified again as "Mataram" and recognised as one of the twelve Majapahit provinces in Java ruled by a Duke known as "Bhre Mataram". During the reign of the fourth king of the Majapahit Empire, the Hindu King Hayam Wuruk (1350–1389) of the Rajasa dynasty, the title of "Bhre Mataram" was held by the king's nephew and son-in-law Wikramawardhana, later the fifth king of Majapahit.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Kotagede, now a district in southeastern Yogyakarta, was established as the capital of the Mataram Sultanate from 1587 to 1613.


title: Yogyakarta

text: During the reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613–1645), the Mataram Sultanate reached its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, and expanded its influence to Central Java, East Java, and half of West Java. After two changes of capital—to Karta and then to Plered, both located in present-day Bantul Regency—the capital of the Mataram Sultanate finally moved to Kartasura.


title: Yogyakarta

text: A civil war in the Mataram Sultanate broke out between Pakubuwono II (1745–1749), the last ruler of Kartasura, and his younger brother and heir apparent to the throne, Prince Mangkubumi (later known as Hamengkubuwono I, the first Sultan of Yogyakarta, and the founder of the current ruling royal house). Pakubuwono II had agreed to cooperate with the Dutch East India Company, and ceded some Mataram territory to the Dutch. His younger brother, Prince Mangkubumi, stood against the agreement, citing concerns that the people would become slaves under Dutch rule. During the war, Prince Mangkubumi defeated Pakubuwono II's forces and declared sovereignty in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta, occupying the southern parts of the former Mataram Sultanate.


title: Yogyakarta

text: With Pakubowono II dead from illness, the Yogyakarta Sultanate was established as a result of the Treaty of Giyanti ("Perjanjian Gianti"), signed and ratified on 13 February 1755 among Prince Mangkubumi, the Dutch East India Company, and his nephew Pakubuwono III and his allies. Ascending to the newly created Yogyakarta throne with the name Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, Mangkubumi thus established the royal House of Hamengkubuwono, still the ruling house of Yogyakarta today. Sultan Hamengkubuwono I and his family officially moved into the Palace of Yogyakarta, still the seat of the reigning sultan, on 7 October 1756. These events consequently marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate, resulting in the births of the rival Yogyakarta Sultanate and the Surakarta Sunanate.


title: Yogyakarta

text: During the brief period British rule over Java in 1811, rumours of plans by the Yogyakarta court to launch an attack against the British led to uneasiness among the Britons stationed in Java. On 20 June 1812, Sir Stamford Raffles led a 1,200-strong British force to capture the Yogyakarta kraton. The Yogyakarta forces, surprised by the attack, were easily defeated; the kraton fell in one day, and was subsequently sacked and burnt.


title: Yogyakarta

text: The attack on the kraton was the first of its kind in Indonesian history, leaving the Yogyakarta court humiliated. The sultanate found itself involved in conflict again during the Java War.


title: Yogyakarta

text: In 1942, the Japanese Empire invaded the Dutch East Indies and ruled Java until they were defeated in 1945. Sukarno proclaimed the independence of the Indonesian Republic on 17 August 1945; Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX promptly sent a letter to Sukarno, expressing his support for the newly born nation of Indonesia and acknowledging the Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of the Indonesian Republic.


title: Yogyakarta

text: The Sultanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were accordingly awarded privileged statuses as "Special Regions" within the Indonesian Republic. However, because of a leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta, the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and was absorbed into Central Java Province.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta's support was essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence during the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the Indonesian Republic from 1946 to 1948, after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch. Later the Dutch also invaded Yogyakarta, causing the Republic's capital to be transferred once again, to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra on 19 December 1948. The General Offensive of 1 March 1949 resulted in an Indonesian political and strategic victory against the Dutch and the withdrawal of Dutch forces from Yogyakarta. On 29 June 1949 Yogyakarta was completely cleared of Dutch forces, under pressure from the United Nations.


title: Yogyakarta

text: For its significant contribution to the survival of the Indonesian Republic, Yogyakarta was given autonomy as a "special district", making it the only region headed by a recognised monarchy in Indonesia.


title: Yogyakarta

text: The area of the city of Yogyakarta is . While the city spreads in all directions from the "Kraton", the Sultan's palace, the core of the modern city is to the north, centred around Dutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district. Jalan Malioboro, with rows of pavement vendors and nearby markets and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north and east, is the shopping district more frequented by locals. The large local market of Beringharjo () and the restored Dutch fort of Vredeburg are on the eastern part of the southern end of Malioboro.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Surrounding the "Kraton" is a densely populated residential neighbourhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain. Evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls, scattered throughout the city, and the ruins of the Taman Sari water castle, built in 1758 as a pleasure garden. No longer in use by the Sultan, the garden was largely abandoned before being used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began in 2004, and the site is now a popular tourist attraction.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta is Mount Merapi, with the northern outskirts of the city running up to the southern slopes of the mountain in Sleman Regency. Mount Merapi (literally "mountain of fire" in both Indonesian and Javanese), is an active stratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548, with the last eruption occurring in May 2018.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta features a tropical monsoon climate ("Am") as the precipitation in the driest months between June and September are below . The wettest month in Yogyakarta is January with precipitation totalling . The climate is influenced by the monsoon. The annual temperature is roughly about 26 to 27 Celsius. The hottest month is April with average temperature 27.1 Celsius.


title: Yogyakarta

text: The city of Yogyakarta is an administrative part of the Yogyakarta Special Region which has the status of a province in Indonesia. In 2020, Yogyakarta city held the highest population density in Greater Yogyakarta, with 11,495 people per square kilometre, Sleman and Bantul regencies holding the second place with a population density of 1,958.5 people/sq kilometre, and third place with 1,940 people/sq kilometre respectively. Within the Greater Yogyakarta area lies Yogyakarta city.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta is divided into fourteen district-level subdivisions called "kemantren", which makes Yogyakarta the only city in Indonesia to have such a designation, as it applied only within the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Below is a list of the "kemantren"s with their areas and their populations as at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census.


title: Yogyakarta

text: In 2017, the Gross Domestic Regional Product (GRDP) of Yogyakarta City at current prices was 31.31 trillion rupiahs (around US$ 2.2 billion). The tertiary sector contributed an important share (around 78% of GDP). the tertiary sector included wholesale and retail trade; repair of cars and motorcycles, transportation and warehousing; provision of accommodation and eating and drinking; information and communication; financial services and insurance; real estate; corporate services; government administration, defence and compulsory social security; educational services; health services and social activities as well as other services. In 2017, economic growth of Yogyakarta City reached 5.24 percent slightly faster compared to 2016, which the growth reached 5.11 percent.


title: Yogyakarta

text: To rapidly jumpstart the economy, a plan for the 2nd phase of Indonesian high speed train is currently being developed from Bandung to Yogyakarta & Solo, initiating construction by 2020, which is projected to be completed by 2024.


title: Yogyakarta

text: A large majority of the population are Javanese. However, as a city with large numbers of schools and universities and relatively low cost of living compared to other Indonesian cities, Yogyakarta has attracted significant numbers of students from all over Indonesia. As a result, there are many other Indonesian ethnic groups living in Yogyakarta, especially from eastern parts of Indonesia.


title: Yogyakarta

text: There are some foreigner communities in the city, which is mainly composed of tourist and foreign students.


title: Yogyakarta

text: In 2014, the religious composition in Yogyakarta was distributed over Islam (82.32%), Catholicism (10,66%), Protestantism (6.54%), Buddhism (0.34%), Hinduism (0.13%), and Confucianism (0.01%).


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta has been traditionally known as a region where different faiths live in harmony, but in recent years religious intolerance has grown.


title: Yogyakarta

text: In 2018, the governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Hamengkubuwono X, called for religious freedoms to be preserved after a terrorist attack against churches and public buildings happened in Yogyakarta the same year.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta is home to a myriad of heritage buildings, landmarks and important monuments. Because of its proximity to the Borobudur and Prambanan temples, and presence of the Javanese court Kraton culture of Kraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta hosts a sizeable tourist industry. Kotagede, the capital of Mataram Sultanate is also located in the city.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Malioboro street is a popular shopping and culinary area within the city, which has pedestrian zone. Yogyakarta Kraton is the palace and seat of the reigning Sultan of Yogyakarta also located in the city. The palace complex is a centre of Javanese culture, and contains a museum displaying royal artefacts. Tugu monument is an important landmark of Yogyakarta. 1 March monument located on Jalan Malioboro was built to commemorate General Offensive of 1 March 1949 during the Indonesian National Revolution.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta has several historical sites, such as the Candi Prambanan temple, museums in the royal court, the Sonobudoyo Museum, and museums in colonial buildings such as the Fort Vredeburg Museum housed in a former Dutch fort. Due to the importance of Yogyakarta during the war of independence from the Dutch, there are numerous memorials and museums, such as the Monument to the Recapture of Yogyakarta.


title: Yogyakarta

text: To the east of the town centre is the large Air Force Museum ("Museum Pusat Dirgantara Mandala"), with 36 aircraft in the building and six aircraft displayed outdoors. As Indonesia was for a period in the Soviet sphere of influence, this museum contains a number of vintage Russian aircraft not widely available for inspection in the NATO sphere of influence. The collection includes examples of the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 trainer, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19, Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 and Tupolev Tu-16, together with an assortment of Japanese, American and British aircraft. Other museums include the Jogja National Museum.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta is home to Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia's largest university and one of its most prominent. Other public universities in Yogyakarta include Yogyakarta State University, Sunan Kalijaga Islamic University, The Indonesian Institute of the Arts and Poltekkes Kemenkes Yogyakarta. The city is also the location of several well-known private universities such as Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, College of Health Sciences Ahmad Yani Yogyakarta, Islamic University of Indonesia, Atma Jaya University, Duta Wacana Christian University and Sanata Dharma University.


title: Yogyakarta

text: The city is also home to the Indonesian Air Force Academy, located on the Adisucipto Airport complex.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta is served primarily by Yogyakarta International Airport in Kulon Progo Regency, which connects the city with other major cities in Indonesia, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar, Lombok, Makassar, Balikpapan, Banjarmasin, Pekanbaru, Palembang, and Pontianak. It also internationally connects the city with Kuala Lumpur (operated by AirAsia and Indonesia AirAsia). Another airport is Adisutjipto International Airport in Sleman Regency, which only serves limited commercial planes.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta was first served by rail in 1872. The city is located on one of the two major railway lines that run across Java between Jakarta in the west and Surabaya in the east.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta has two passenger railway stations, Yogyakarta Station which serves business and executive class trains, and Lempuyangan Station which serves economy class trains; both stations are located in the centre of the city. Yogyakarta Station is the terminus of two commuter train services: KRL Commuterline Yogyakarta–Solo, which runs to Solo Balapan Station in the city of Surakarta and Prambanan Express (Prameks), which runs to Kutoarjo Station in Kutoarjo. Other commuter trains run from Madiun Jaya (Madiun Station-Lempuyangan Station), and Joglosemar (Semarang Poncol Station-Lempuyangan Station). Yogyakarta International Airport Rail Link links Yogyakarta International Airport to the city center.


title: Yogyakarta

text: The city has an extensive system of public city buses, and is a major departure point for inter-city buses to other cities in Java and Bali, as well as taxis, andongs, and becaks. Motorbikes are by far the most commonly used personal transportation, but an increasing number of residents own automobiles. Yogyakarta and surrounding areas also have a circle highway known as the "Ring Road" and overpasses including Janti Overpass, Lempuyangan Overpass, and a recently built Jombor Overpass.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Since early 2008, the city has operated a bus rapid transit system, Trans Jogja, also known as "TJ". Trans Jogja is modelled after the TransJakarta system in the capital, but unlike TransJakarta, there is no special lane for Trans Jogja buses, which instead run on main streets. There are currently six Trans Jogja lines, with routes through the main streets of Yogyakarta, some of which overlap. The lines extend from the Jombor Bus Terminal in the north to the Giwangan Bus Terminal in the south, and to the Prambanan bus shelter in the east via Adisucipto International Airport.


title: Yogyakarta

text: "Kedaulatan Rakyat" (KR) is the major newspaper in Yogyakarta, its headquarters is located near the Tugu monument. First published in 1945, the paper is one of the oldest continuously published newspaper in Indonesia. Other major daily newspapers include "Harian Jogja", "Koran Merapi" and "Tribun Jogja", as well as online-only "Bernas". KR-owned "Minggu Pagi" is the major weekly newspaper.


title: Yogyakarta

text: Yogyakarta is served by radio and television stations covering Special Region of Yogyakarta and surrounding areas. The public radio RRI Yogyakarta has one of its studios in the city. Other radio stations based in Yogyakarta include Geronimo FM, Retjo Buntung FM and Yasika FM. However most of television stations is located in nearby Sleman Regency, such as the public TVRI Yogyakarta, AdiTV, Jogja TV and RBTV, though their broadcast coverage include Yogyakarta city.


title: Sora Amamiya

text: Some of her anime roles include Elizabeth Liones in "The Seven Deadly Sins", Aqua in "KonoSuba", Akame in "Akame ga Kill!", Touka Kirishima in "Tokyo Ghoul", Asseylum Vers Allusia in "Aldnoah.Zero", Chizuru Mizuhara in "Rent-A-Girlfriend", Isla in "Plastic Memories", Mayuri in "", Miia in "Monster Musume", Hitomi Uzaki in "Killing Bites", Ayame Himuro in "Science Fell in Love, So I Tried to Prove It", and Nazuna Nanakusa in "Call of the Night". She also performed theme songs for various anime she has acted in. In 2015, she received the Best Rookie Actress Award at the 9th Seiyu Awards.


title: Sora Amamiya

text: Amamiya is a member of the music unit TrySail, along with voice actresses Momo Asakura and Shiina Natsukawa. She is also active as a solo singer, having released three albums, two compilation albums, and one cover album as of 2022. Her music career has been influenced by various inspirations, including among others CD covers and foreign styles of music.


title: Sora Amamiya

text: Amamiya was born in Tokyo, Japan on August 28, 1993. While a sophomore in high school, she was introduced to a video collection of roles of voice actress Miyuki Sawashiro. Following this, Amamiya decided to become a voice actress.


title: Sora Amamiya

text: Amamiya, together with Momo Asakura and Shiina Natsukawa, passed an audition held by Music Ray'n in 2011, with the three making their voice acting debut in 2012. Her first lead role was Kaori Fujimiya in the 2014 anime television series "One Week Friends". That same year, she played the role of Akame in "Akame ga Kill!", Asseylum Vers Allusia in "Aldnoah.Zero", Touka Kirishima in "Tokyo Ghoul", and Elizabeth Liones in "The Seven Deadly Sins".


title: Sora Amamiya

text: In 2015, she was cast as Isla in "Plastic Memories", Miia in "Monster Musume", and Mayuri in the anime film "". Amamiya, together with Reina Ueda and Aya Suzaki, received the Best Rookie Actress Award at the 9th Seiyu Awards in March 2015. That same year, she played the role of Aqua in the anime "KonoSuba".


title: Sora Amamiya

text: In 2017, she played the role of Rui Kanoya in "", and Haruka Narumi in "Battle Girl High School". The following year, she was cast as Methode in "Beatless", Hitomi Uzaki in "Killing Bites", and Dancho Arthur in the mobile game "Han-Gyaku-Sei Million Arthur"; she would later reprise the role in the game's anime adaptation. She played the role of Akemi Sōryūin in the anime "How Heavy Are the Dumbbells You Lift?", and reprised her role as Aqua in the anime film "" in 2019.


title: Sora Amamiya

text: In 2020, she played Chizuru Mizuhara in the anime series "Rent-A-Girlfriend". In 2021, she voiced Miko Yotsuya in the anime series "Mieruko-chan".


title: Sora Amamiya

text: Amamiya's music career began when she performed the song , a cover of a 2004 single by Sukima Switch. The song was used as the ending theme to "One Week Friends". She made her official music debut for Music Ray'n by performing "Akame ga Kill"s opening theme song "Skyreach"; the song peaked at number 13 on the Oricon weekly charts.


title: Sora Amamiya

text: In late 2014, Amamiya, Asakura, and Natsukawa formed the music unit TrySail, which released its first single "Youthful Dreamer", used as the opening theme song to the anime television series "Ultimate Otaku Teacher", on May 13, 2015. In 2016, she, along with her co-stars, Rie Takahashi and Ai Kayano performed "KonoSuba"s ending theme song . She released her first solo album "Various BLUE" on September 7, 2016; the album peaked at number 7 on the Oricon weekly charts. Her second album "The Only BLUE" was released on July 11, 2018.


title: Sora Amamiya

text: In 2020, she performed the song , which was used as an insert song in the twelfth episode of "Rent-A-Girlfriend". She released her third album "Paint It, BLUE" on September 2, 2020. In 2021, she performed the songs and , which are used as the opening and ending themes respectively to "Mieruko-chan". She released a cover album titled "Covers: Sora Amamiya Favorite Songs" on October 21, 2021, and two compilation albums titled "Red" and "Blue" on January 5, 2022.


title: Sora Amamiya

text: In an interview with the anime publication "LisAni", Amamiya described the production process of her single "Freesia", the title track of which was used as the ending theme to the Japanese airing of the animated television series "Heaven Official's Blessing". She noted that, starting in 2017, she tended to release solo singles in odd-numbered years, and how "Freesia" fit that pattern as well. She noted that "Freesia" has an oriental atmosphere, with the first part having the image of a small room that opens up as a result of becoming rusty; the song's oriental atmosphere also influenced its music video. The appearance of the single's title on the cover, as well as the cover itself, were meant to be reminiscent of a retro 7-inch single, with her emphasizing this point by holding a vintage microphone. For the single's B-side "Jōnetsu no Te Amo", she aimed for the song to have a Latin flavor, with the song featuring a Spanish guitar among other influences. She noted that writing the song was a challenge as she did not play the guitar and she had to research various kinds of instruments. The single's third song "Emerald" was also noted to have an exotic introduction.


title: 7 Rings

text: "7 Rings" (stylised in all lowercase) is a song by American singer Ariana Grande, from her fifth studio album "Thank U, Next". It was released as the album's second single on January 18, 2019, through Republic Records. The song was written by Grande, Victoria Monét, Tayla Parx, Njomza Vitia and Kaydence, alongside its producers Tommy Brown, Charles Anderson and Michael Foster. The song features Grande singing an interpolation of "My Favorite Things" by Rodgers and Hammerstein and rapping the hook and final verse over a trap beat.


title: 7 Rings

text: "7 Rings" debuted at number-one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, earning Grande her second number one single (and second number one debut). It spent eight non-consecutive weeks atop the chart, and 33 weeks overall. "7 Rings" was ranked in "Billboard"'s decade-end chart of its best-performing tracks throughout the 2010s decade. It broke several streaming records upon release, and reached massive commercial success overseas; topping charts in 23 countries including Australia, Finland, Hungary, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States; as well as reaching the top ten in 10 countries. "7 Rings" was the fifth best-selling song for 2019 worldwide, with over 13.3 million units, and is one of the best-selling songs in digital history.


title: 7 Rings

text: "7 Rings" was met with mixed to positive reviews from music critics. It received nominations for Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, and was included in "Billboard"'s year-end best-songs list of 2019. Its accompanying music video, directed by Hannah Lux Davis, received critical acclaim and won Best Art Direction at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards. A remix of the song, featuring American rapper 2 Chainz, was released on February 1, 2019.


title: 7 Rings

text: A few weeks prior to the track's release, Republic Records contacted Imagem/Concord Music, who owns the Rodgers & Hammerstein publishing rights, and agreed to give them 90 percent of the song's songwriting royalties, in order to acquire the rights to release the song. Grande first teased the track in the music video for "Thank U, Next", in which the first few seconds of the instrumental are used in the opening sequence, and the license plate of the car she drives reads "7 RINGS". The day after the video was released, Grande confirmed the existence of "7 Rings" and revealed the moment that inspired it on Twitter.


title: 7 Rings

text: The singer described the song as "a friendship anthem", later posting the single's artwork on Instagram along with its release date, January 18.


title: 7 Rings

text: "7 Rings" is a trap-pop song with elements of hip hop and R&B that runs for 3 minutes. It features a heavy bass and sees Grande discuss "how global success has allowed her to enjoy the finer things". "Billboard" magazine noted it's "the most hip-hop-leaning song Grande has released in the post-"Sweetener" era yet, with Grande almost rapping the song's verses".


title: 7 Rings

text: The song channels the melody of "The Sound of Music"s "My Favorite Things" in the verses: "Breakfast at Tiffany's/And bottles of bubbles/Girls with tattoos who like getting in trouble/Lashes and diamonds, ATM machines/Buy myself all of my favorite things". The song also interpolates The Notorious B.I.G.'s "Gimme the Loot" in the bridge. Grande and her team agreed to sign away 90% of the track's songwriting royalties at the request of the Concord music company.


title: 7 Rings

text: Grande described the song as a "friendship anthem" that "evolves" from previous single "Thank U, Next", while embracing a new chapter. She opens up about how her break-up with Pete Davidson led her to "treating her friends instead".


title: 7 Rings

text: "7 Rings" is written in the key of C# minor in common time with a tempo of 140 beats per minute. The song contains rapping segments however in the singing parts, Grande's vocals spans from G to E.


title: 7 Rings

text: The song received mixed to positive reviews. "Rolling Stone"s Brittany Spanos review of "7 Rings" was positive, calling it "dangerously fun, and as deliriously intoxicating as the champagne at Tiffany’s with all your best bitches." Markos Papadatos from "Digital Journal" praised Grande's vocals as "smooth and crystalline with a retro vibe to it" and said Grande has shown "consistency with the radio singles that she has put out, and each song stands out from a sonic and lyrical standpoint. "7 rings" is no different." Jamieson Cox from "Pitchfork" was mixed in her review and said the song "[is] a letdown given all of the hype. This is "The Sound of Music"s 'My Favorite Things' as flipped by Regina George, and its sneering tone is a far cry from "Sweetener"s benevolence..." "The Atlantic"s editor, Spencer Kornhaber, criticized the song, writing:


title: 7 Rings

text: [the single] is raising hackles because it regresses to a more cartoonish, and imitative, use of black music than she's done before (not to mention the video's evocation of Japanese kawaii). She's wearing the culture as a costume—or even as a joke—not unlike white frat guys putting on fake grills for a "ratchet" party.


title: 7 Rings

text: "7 Rings" earned over 14,9 million plays in its first 24 hours on Spotify, breaking the platform's all-time counter record. However, only 8.5 million of these counted towards Spotify's Top 200 chart dated January 18, 2019. The song also broke the Spotify weekly record with over 70 million streams in its first week on the platform.


title: 7 Rings

text: In the United States, "7 Rings" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 issue dated February 2, 2019, becoming Grande's second number-one single, following "Thank U, Next", and the 33rd song to do so. With this, Grande joined Carey (3) and Britney Spears (2) as the only female artists with multiple number-one debuts; and at the time she was overall the fifth artist after Justin Bieber and Drake. She later broke the overall record with the number one debuts of "Stuck with U" and "Rain on Me". Grande also became the first artist to have their first two number-ones debut at the top spot. Among component charts, "7 Rings" debuted at the top of the Streaming Songs chart with 85.3 million US streams in the week ending January 24, 2019, according to Nielsen Music; the sum marked the second-biggest streaming week ever for a song by a female artist (after the aforementioned "Thank U, Next"). It also debuted at number one on the Digital Songs chart with 96,000 downloads. As the second single to her fifth album "Thank U, Next", Grande had two singles that debuted at number one on the chart, making Grande the third artist in history to have an album with two songs that debuted at number one on the Hot 100, after Drake's "Scorpion" in 2018 and Mariah Carey's "Daydream" in 1995. "7 Rings" held the top spot for a fourth week following the release of her album "Thank U, Next", blocking her singles "Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored" (which debuted at number two), and "Thank U, Next" (which rose up to number three). With three songs in the top 3, Grande became the first artist in history since The Beatles in 1964 to occupy the top 3 spots on the chart and the first and only solo artist to ever achieve this record. "7 Rings" remained atop the Hot 100 for eight non-consecutive weeks until it was unseated by "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X and descended to number three on April 13, 2019. It remained in the top ten for its first 16 weeks until it fell to number 11 on May 25, 2019.


title: 7 Rings

text: In the UK, "7 Rings" became Grande's fourth number one in the country. The single sold 126,000 units, becoming Grande's biggest opening week. It also set the record for the most streams of a song in a week with 16.9 million streams. On the issue dated 21 February 2019, "7 Rings" was replaced by "Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored", making Grande the second female artist to occupy the top two positions on the UK Singles Chart and the first female artist to self-replace on the top of the chart. The song reclaimed the summit position the following week, pushing "Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored" down to number two, and thus making Grande the first artist in the chart's history to self-replace for two consecutive weeks. As of March 2021, "7 Rings" is Grande's third most-streamed song in the United Kingdom and overall 18th most-streamed song by a female artist in the country.


title: 7 Rings

text: Grande shared a preview of the music video on January 14, 2019. The video itself premiered on January 18, 2019, on Grande's YouTube channel. The video features many of Grande's close friends, with whom a shopping trip inspired the song.


title: 7 Rings

text: The music video was directed by Hannah Lux Davis, who also directed the music videos for Grande's previous singles, "Breathin" and "Thank U, Next".


title: 7 Rings

text: "Billboard" magazine called the pink-colored video "sassy", as Grande and her friends flash their diamond rings at a luxurious party in a "mansion that's decked with diamonds, graffiti, and a champagne tower". "Digital Journal" gave it an A rating, calling it "distinct and remarkable. It is creative and artistic and it will resonate with her fans." The "7 Rings" music video earned 23.6 million views in its first 24 hours. On June 1, 2021, it surpassed 1 billion views on YouTube. It has also exceeded 1.8 billion streams on Spotify.


title: 7 Rings

text: In June 2021, The music video has achieved over 1 billion views making it Grande's 6th music video to achieve a big milestone since No Tears Left To Cry.


title: 7 Rings

text: The video begins outside a house with many women posing on cars and caressing each other. Next, the title appears, reading out "7 Rings" (and written in Japanese as "七つの指輪"). The song then begins with Grande outside showing a far shot showing Grande and many other women, which then transitions to Grande in the kitchen with added pink LED lights around her. She is shown wearing jewellery around her neck, ears and some on her hair. She also sports pink hair extensions. The scene then moves to a party that shows Grande and backup dancers dancing, and drinking wine. Afterwards, the next scene depicts Grande in front of a tower of plastic-glass cups that are all filled with water. The scene after shows Grande pouring a wine bottle over them and also showing Grande's real life friends including Alexa Luria and singer/songwriter Victoria Monét (who also contributed songwriting to the track). The next scene then shows Grande laying down on the staircase with Rapunzel-inspired ponytail, also signifying her ex-boyfriend Pete Davidson's apartment. While also still showing scenes earlier in the video, a scene also shows Grande pouring a wine bottle over the tower of cups which end up falling down. The next scene involves a Barbie-inspired house showing Grande in a pink latex outfit (similar to "Dangerous Woman"). It then shows Grande ripping the wallpaper giving availability for her to peek inside. The final change is of Grande in a room with green lights giving resemblance to "Wicked". The final scenes are of Grande outside with all her friends and backup dancers including her dog Toulouse. In conclusion it shows Grande saying "My bitches right here" which leads to the ending of the music video.


title: 7 Rings

text: Grande was accused by American rapper Princess Nokia for plagiarism of her song "Mine". American rappers Soulja Boy and 2 Chainz also accused Grande of plagiarizing their respective songs "Pretty Boy Swag" and "Spend It". However, after severe backlash from fans, Princess Nokia deleted the video accusing Grande around the same time the remix with 2 Chainz was released. Grande would later appear on the track "Rule the World" from 2 Chainz's fifth studio album "Rap or Go to the League" (2019).


title: 7 Rings

text: Grande was subject to criticism and some ridicule after getting a tattoo commemorative of the song which read 「七輪」("Shichirin") in Japanese. While the kanji that comprise the word literally translate to "seven" and "ring" respectively, shichirin commonly refers to a specific type of small barbecue grill or brazier. A later attempt to fix the tattoo by the addition of the character "yubi" (指, lit. "Finger") beneath 「七」, to give 「七指輪」"Shichi yubiwa" ("yubiwa" meaning "ring", as in the piece of jewelry) only drew further criticism.


title: Courtney Hope

text: Courtney Ann Hope (born August 15, 1989) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Beth Wilder in the video game "Quantum Break", Jesse Faden in the video game series "Control" and Sally Spectra on the CBS daytime soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful" (2017–2020) and "The Young and the Restless" (2020–present). Hope received a BAFTA Award for Performer in a Leading Role nomination for her performance in "Control".


title: Courtney Hope

text: In January 2017, Hope joined the CBS daytime drama "The Bold and the Beautiful" as Sally Spectra, the grandniece of the original character played by Darlene Conley. Her first episode debut was on January 31, 2017. Hope's character was used to recreate previous iconic storylines between the original Sally Spectra (Darlene Conley) and Stephanie Forrester (Susan Flannery). Storylines included a personal and business rivalry with Steffy Forrester (Jacqueline MacInnes Wood) temporary relationships with Liam Spencer (Scott Clifton), Thomas Forrester (Pierson Fodé) and reviving the Spectra Fashion business which lead to the introduction of new characters such as Shirley Spectra (Patrika Darbo), Sally's grand mother and sister to the original Sally. Coco Spectra (Courtney Grosbeck) Sally's sister, Saul Feinburg (Alex Wyse) a tailor for Spectra Fashions and her assistant Darlita (Danube Hermosillo). The storylines would also reintroduce C.J. Garrison (Mick Cain). These characters including Hope's would eventually leave the show in 2018 due to no further storylines involving Spectra Fashions. Hope made her final appearance on April 5, 2018 but rejoined the cast a few month later with new storyline involving Wyatt Spencer (Darin Brooks) a new career at Forrester Creations and a rivalry with Flo Fluton (Katrina Bowden). In August 2020, Hope announced that she has been let go from the series, making her last appearance on August 5, 2020.


title: Courtney Hope

text: In June 2021, Hope was nominated for a 2021 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her work as Sally Spectra on "The Bold and the Beautiful".


title: Courtney Hope

text: In October 2020, it was announced that Hope joined the main cast of "The Young and the Restless" reprising her role as Sally Spectra. Hope made her first episode debut on November 3, 2020. Executive producer and head writer Josh Griffith reintroduced the character with new storylines including Sally getting a new job at Jabot, recurring feuds with Summer Newman (Hunter King) and Phyllis Summers (Michelle Stafford), conspiring with Tara Locke (Elizabeth Leiner) and romances with Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) and Adam Newman (Mark Grossman). When asked how all this started, Hope said it was a "definite collaborative meeting" with Griffith and the writers, saying, "They want to make sure the history is accurate and to make sure what has already happened is brought into the script when it’s necessary to make sure that there is consistency. I definitely want to honor where they take Sally."


title: Courtney Hope

text: In 2016, Hope began dating "General Hospital" star, Chad Duell. The duo became engaged on Valentine's Day 2021. They were married on October 23, 2021. On December 14, 2021, it was announced the couple had split. In January 2022, Duell revealed neither he nor Hope had "signed anything" and stated they were not "married or anything."


title: Kiera Allen

text: Allen was raised in New York. She is a Creative Writing student at Columbia University with the class of 2022. She uses a wheelchair for mobility.


title: Kiera Allen

text: In 2014, Allen appeared in the short film "Ethan & Skye". She featured in Bekah Brunstetter's off-Broadway show "Girl #2" in 2017. She made her film debut in the 2020 thriller "Run" with Sarah Paulson, which became the most-watched original film on the streaming service. She is the second female wheelchair-using actress to star in a suspense film, following Susan Peters doing the same in 1948.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: The national flag of Belgium (, , ) is a tricolour consisting of three equal vertical bands displaying the national colours of Belgium: black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, and the vertical design may be based on the flag of France. When flown, the black band is nearest the pole (at the hoist side). It has the unusual proportions of 1315.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: In 1830, the flag, at that time non-officially, consisted of three horizontal bands, with the colors red, yellow and black. On 23 January 1831, the National Congress enshrined the tricolor in the Constitution, but did not determine the direction and order of the color bands. As a result, the "official" flag was given vertical stripes with the colors black, yellow and red.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: After the death of Charlemagne, the present-day territory of Belgium (except the County of Flanders) became part of Lotharingia, which had a flag of two horizontal red stripes separated by a white stripe. The territory then passed into Spanish hands, and after the coronation of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, yellow and red, the colours of Spain, were added. From the 16th century to the end of the 18th century, the colours of what is now Belgium were red, white and yellow. Occasionally, the red Cross of Burgundy was placed on the white section of the flag.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: During the period of Austrian rule, a number of different flags were tried. Eventually, the Austrian emperor imposed the Austrian flag. The population of Brussels was opposed to this, and, following the example of France, red, yellow and black cockades began to appear, those being the colours of Brabant. The colours thus correspond to the red lion of Hainaut, Limburg and Luxembourg, the yellow lion of Brabant, and the black lion of Flanders and Namur.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: On 26 August 1830, the day after the rioting at the La Monnaie opera house and the start of the Belgian Revolution, the flag of France flew from the city hall of Brussels. The insurgents hastily replaced it with a tricolour of red, yellow, and black horizontal stripes (similar to the one used during the Brabant Revolution of 1789–1790 which had established the United States of Belgium) made at a nearby fabric store. As a result, Article 193 of the Constitution of Belgium describes the colours of the Belgian nation as "Red, Yellow, and Black," the reverse order shown in the official flag.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: On 23 January 1831, the stripes changed from horizontal to vertical, and on 12 October, the flag attained its modern form, with the black placed at the hoist side of the flag.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: The official guide to protocol in Belgium states that the national flag measures tall for each wide, giving it a ratio of 13:15. Each of the stripes is one-third of the width of the flag. The yellow is in fact yellow and not the darker gold of the flag of Germany, which is a black-red-gold tricolour, striped horizontally.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: The naval ensign of Belgium has the three national colours in a saltire, on a white field, with a black crown above crossed cannons at the top and a black anchor at the bottom. It was created in 1950, shortly after the Belgian Navy was re-established, having been a section of the British Royal Navy during World War II, and it is reminiscent of the White Ensign of the Royal Navy.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: There is also an official Belgian naval jack, which is the same as the national flag, , making it square.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: The royal standard of Belgium is the personal standard of the current king, Philippe, and features his monogram, an 'F' (for the Dutch 'Filip'), crossed with a 'P' in the four corners. The designs of royal standards of past monarchs have been similar.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: Notably, the flag of Belgium flown on the Royal Palace of Brussels and the Royal Castle of Laeken is in none of the proportions above. It has the irregular 4:3 ratio, making it taller than it is wide. The stripes remain vertical. These proportions are explained as an aesthetic consideration, as the palaces are large, and the flags are thus viewed from far below, which makes them look more normal due to foreshortening.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: The flags are flown above the palaces when the monarch is in Belgium, not necessarily just in one of the palaces. The flags are not flown if the monarch is on a state visit overseas or on holiday outside of Belgium. There have been exceptions to this rule, but, in general, presence or absence of the flag is a reasonably reliable indicator of whether or not the monarch is in the country.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: As Belgium is a federal state, the flag of Belgium and the flags of the communities or regions in principle occupy the same rank. Nonetheless, when flags are raised and lowered or carried in a procession, the national flag takes precedence over all the others.


title: Flag of Belgium

text: If there is a visiting head of state, that country's flag may be set second in precedence, all other flags dropping a rank.


title: Main sequence

text: In astronomy, the main sequence is a continuous and distinctive band of stars that appears on plots of stellar color versus brightness. These color-magnitude plots are known as Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams after their co-developers, Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell. Stars on this band are known as main-sequence stars or dwarf stars. These are the most numerous true stars in the universe and include the Sun.


title: Main sequence

text: After condensation and ignition of a star, it generates thermal energy in its dense core region through nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. During this stage of the star's lifetime, it is located on the main sequence at a position determined primarily by its mass but also based on its chemical composition and age. The cores of main-sequence stars are in hydrostatic equilibrium, where outward thermal pressure from the hot core is balanced by the inward pressure of gravitational collapse from the overlying layers. The strong dependence of the rate of energy generation on temperature and pressure helps to sustain this balance. Energy generated at the core makes its way to the surface and is radiated away at the photosphere. The energy is carried by either radiation or convection, with the latter occurring in regions with steeper temperature gradients, higher opacity, or both.


title: Main sequence

text: The main sequence is sometimes divided into upper and lower parts, based on the dominant process that a star uses to generate energy. The Sun, along with main sequence stars below about 1.5 times the mass of the Sun (), primarily fuse hydrogen atoms together in a series of stages to form helium, a sequence called the proton–proton chain. Above this mass, in the upper main sequence, the nuclear fusion process mainly uses atoms of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as intermediaries in the CNO cycle that produces helium from hydrogen atoms. Main-sequence stars with more than two solar masses undergo convection in their core regions, which acts to stir up the newly created helium and maintain the proportion of fuel needed for fusion to occur. Below this mass, stars have cores that are entirely radiative with convective zones near the surface. With decreasing stellar mass, the proportion of the star forming a convective envelope steadily increases. Main-sequence stars below undergo convection throughout their mass. When core convection does not occur, a helium-rich core develops surrounded by an outer layer of hydrogen.


title: Main sequence

text: The more massive a star is, the shorter its lifespan on the main sequence. After the hydrogen fuel at the core has been consumed, the star evolves away from the main sequence on the HR diagram, into a supergiant, red giant, or directly to a white dwarf.


title: Main sequence

text: In the early part of the 20th century, information about the types and distances of stars became more readily available. The spectra of stars were shown to have distinctive features, which allowed them to be categorized. Annie Jump Cannon and Edward C. Pickering at Harvard College Observatory developed a method of categorization that became known as the Harvard Classification Scheme, published in the "Harvard Annals" in 1901.


title: Main sequence

text: In Potsdam in 1906, the Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung noticed that the reddest stars—classified as K and M in the Harvard scheme—could be divided into two distinct groups. These stars are either much brighter than the Sun or much fainter. To distinguish these groups, he called them "giant" and "dwarf" stars. The following year he began studying star clusters; large groupings of stars that are co-located at approximately the same distance. For these stars, he published the first plots of color versus luminosity. These plots showed a prominent and continuous sequence of stars, which he named the Main Sequence.


title: Main sequence

text: At Princeton University, Henry Norris Russell was following a similar course of research. He was studying the relationship between the spectral classification of stars and their actual brightness as corrected for distance—their absolute magnitude. For this purpose, he used a set of stars that had reliable parallaxes and many of which had been categorized at Harvard. When he plotted the spectral types of these stars against their absolute magnitude, he found that dwarf stars followed a distinct relationship. This allowed the real brightness of a dwarf star to be predicted with reasonable accuracy.


title: Main sequence

text: Of the red stars observed by Hertzsprung, the dwarf stars also followed the spectra-luminosity relationship discovered by Russell. However, giant stars are much brighter than dwarfs and so do not follow the same relationship. Russell proposed that "giant stars must have low density or great surface brightness, and the reverse is true of dwarf stars". The same curve also showed that there were very few faint white stars.


title: Main sequence

text: In 1933, Bengt Strömgren introduced the term Hertzsprung–Russell diagram to denote a luminosity-spectral class diagram. This name reflected the parallel development of this technique by both Hertzsprung and Russell earlier in the century.


title: Main sequence

text: As evolutionary models of stars were developed during the 1930s, it was shown that, for stars of uniform chemical composition, a relationship exists between a star's mass and its luminosity and radius. That is, for a given mass and composition, there is a unique solution for determining the star's radius and luminosity. This became known as the Vogt–Russell theorem; named after Heinrich Vogt and Henry Norris Russell. By this theorem, when a star's chemical composition and its position on the main sequence are known, so too are the star's mass and radius. (However, it was subsequently discovered that the theorem breaks down somewhat for stars of the non-uniform composition.)


title: Main sequence

text: A refined scheme for stellar classification was published in 1943 by William Wilson Morgan and Philip Childs Keenan. The MK classification assigned each star a spectral type—based on the Harvard classification—and a luminosity class. The Harvard classification had been developed by assigning a different letter to each star based on the strength of the hydrogen spectral line before the relationship between spectra and temperature was known. When ordered by temperature and when duplicate classes were removed, the spectral types of stars followed, in order of decreasing temperature with colors ranging from blue to red, the sequence O, B, A, F, G, K, and M. (A popular mnemonic for memorizing this sequence of stellar classes is "Oh Be A Fine Girl/Guy, Kiss Me".) The luminosity class ranged from I to V, in order of decreasing luminosity. Stars of luminosity class V belonged to the main sequence.


title: Main sequence

text: In April 2018, astronomers reported the detection of the most distant "ordinary" (i.e., main sequence) star, named Icarus (formally, MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1), at 9 billion light-years away from Earth.


title: Main sequence

text: When a protostar is formed from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of gas and dust in the local interstellar medium, the initial composition is homogeneous throughout, consisting of about 70% hydrogen, 28% helium, and trace amounts of other elements, by mass. The initial mass of the star depends on the local conditions within the cloud. (The mass distribution of newly formed stars is described empirically by the initial mass function.) During the initial collapse, this pre-main-sequence star generates energy through gravitational contraction. Once sufficiently dense, stars begin converting hydrogen into helium and giving off energy through an exothermic nuclear fusion process.


title: Main sequence

text: When nuclear fusion of hydrogen becomes the dominant energy production process and the excess energy gained from gravitational contraction has been lost, the star lies along a curve on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (or HR diagram) called the standard main sequence. Astronomers will sometimes refer to this stage as "zero-age main sequence", or ZAMS. The ZAMS curve can be calculated using computer models of stellar properties at the point when stars begin hydrogen fusion. From this point, the brightness and surface temperature of stars typically increase with age.


title: Main sequence

text: A star remains near its initial position on the main sequence until a significant amount of hydrogen in the core has been consumed, then begins to evolve into a more luminous star. (On the HR diagram, the evolving star moves up and to the right of the main sequence.) Thus the main sequence represents the primary hydrogen-burning stage of a star's lifetime.


title: Main sequence

text: The majority of stars on a typical HR diagram lie along the main-sequence curve. This line is pronounced because both the spectral type and the luminosity depends only on a star's mass, at least to zeroth-order approximation, as long as it is fusing hydrogen at its core—and that is what almost all stars spend most of their "active" lives doing.


title: Main sequence

text: The temperature of a star determines its spectral type via its effect on the physical properties of plasma in its photosphere. A star's energy emission as a function of wavelength is influenced by both its temperature and composition. A key indicator of this energy distribution is given by the color index, "B" − "V", which measures the star's magnitude in blue ("B") and green-yellow ("V") light by means of filters. This difference in magnitude provides a measure of a star's temperature.


title: Main sequence

text: Main-sequence stars are called dwarf stars, but this terminology is partly historical and can be somewhat confusing. For the cooler stars, dwarfs such as red dwarfs, orange dwarfs, and yellow dwarfs are indeed much smaller and dimmer than other stars of those colors. However, for hotter blue and white stars, the difference in size and brightness between so-called "dwarf" stars that are on the main sequence and so-called "giant" stars that are not, becomes smaller. For the hottest stars the difference is not directly observable and for these stars, the terms "dwarf" and "giant" refer to differences in spectral lines which indicate whether a star is on or off the main sequence. Nevertheless, very hot main-sequence stars are still sometimes called dwarfs, even though they have roughly the same size and brightness as the "giant" stars of that temperature.


title: Main sequence

text: The common use of "dwarf" to mean the main sequence is confusing in another way because there are dwarf stars that are not main-sequence stars. For example, a white dwarf is the dead core left over after a star has shed its outer layers, and is much smaller than a main-sequence star, roughly the size of Earth. These represent the final evolutionary stage of many main-sequence stars.


title: Main sequence

text: By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black body, the luminosity "L" and radius "R" can be related to the effective temperature "T" by the Stefan–Boltzmann law:


title: Main sequence

text: where "σ" is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. As the position of a star on the HR diagram shows its approximate luminosity, this relation can be used to estimate its radius.


title: Main sequence

text: The mass, radius, and luminosity of a star are closely interlinked, and their respective values can be approximated by three relations. First is the Stefan–Boltzmann law, which relates the luminosity "L", the radius "R" and the surface temperature "T". Second is the mass–luminosity relation, which relates the luminosity "L" and the mass "M". Finally, the relationship between "M" and "R" is close to linear. The ratio of "M" to "R" increases by a factor of only three over 2.5 orders of magnitude of "M". This relation is roughly proportional to the star's inner temperature "T", and its extremely slow increase reflects the fact that the rate of energy generation in the core strongly depends on this temperature, whereas it has to fit the mass-luminosity relation. Thus, a too-high or too-low temperature will result in stellar instability.


title: Main sequence

text: A better approximation is to take "ε" = "L"/"M", the energy generation rate per unit mass, as "ε" is proportional to "T", where "T" is the core temperature. This is suitable for stars at least as massive as the Sun, exhibiting the CNO cycle, and gives the better fit "R" ∝ "M".


title: Main sequence

text: The table below shows typical values for stars along the main sequence. The values of luminosity ("L"), radius ("R"), and mass ("M") are relative to the Sun—a dwarf star with a spectral classification of G2 V. The actual values for a star may vary by as much as 20–30% from the values listed below.


title: Main sequence

text: All main-sequence stars have a core region where energy is generated by nuclear fusion. The temperature and density of this core are at the levels necessary to sustain the energy production that will support the remainder of the star. A reduction of energy production would cause the overlaying mass to compress the core, resulting in an increase in the fusion rate because of higher temperature and pressure. Likewise, an increase in energy production would cause the star to expand, lowering the pressure at the core. Thus the star forms a self-regulating system in hydrostatic equilibrium that is stable over the course of its main-sequence lifetime.


title: Main sequence

text: Main-sequence stars employ two types of hydrogen fusion processes, and the rate of energy generation from each type depends on the temperature in the core region. Astronomers divide the main sequence into upper and lower parts, based on which of the two is the dominant fusion process. In the lower main sequence, energy is primarily generated as the result of the proton–proton chain, which directly fuses hydrogen together in a series of stages to produce helium. Stars in the upper main sequence have sufficiently high core temperatures to efficiently use the CNO cycle (see chart). This process uses atoms of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as intermediaries in the process of fusing hydrogen into helium.


title: Main sequence

text: At a stellar core temperature of 18 million Kelvin, the PP process and CNO cycle are equally efficient, and each type generates half of the star's net luminosity. As this is the core temperature of a star with about 1.5 , the upper main sequence consists of stars above this mass. Thus, roughly speaking, stars of spectral class F or cooler belong to the lower main sequence, while A-type stars or hotter are upper main-sequence stars. The transition in primary energy production from one form to the other spans a range difference of less than a single solar mass. In the Sun, a one solar-mass star, only 1.5% of the energy is generated by the CNO cycle. By contrast, stars with 1.8 or above generate almost their entire energy output through the CNO cycle.


title: Main sequence

text: The observed upper limit for a main-sequence star is 120–200 . The theoretical explanation for this limit is that stars above this mass can not radiate energy fast enough to remain stable, so any additional mass will be ejected in a series of pulsations until the star reaches a stable limit. The lower limit for sustained proton-proton nuclear fusion is about 0.08 or 80 times the mass of Jupiter. Below this threshold are sub-stellar objects that can not sustain hydrogen fusion, known as brown dwarfs.


title: Main sequence

text: Because there is a temperature difference between the core and the surface, or photosphere, energy is transported outward. The two modes for transporting this energy are radiation and convection. A radiation zone, where energy is transported by radiation, is stable against convection and there is very little mixing of the plasma. By contrast, in a convection zone the energy is transported by bulk movement of plasma, with hotter material rising and cooler material descending. Convection is a more efficient mode for carrying energy than radiation, but it will only occur under conditions that create a steep temperature gradient.


title: Main sequence

text: In massive stars (above 10 ) the rate of energy generation by the CNO cycle is very sensitive to temperature, so the fusion is highly concentrated at the core. Consequently, there is a high temperature gradient in the core region, which results in a convection zone for more efficient energy transport. This mixing of material around the core removes the helium ash from the hydrogen-burning region, allowing more of the hydrogen in the star to be consumed during the main-sequence lifetime. The outer regions of a massive star transport energy by radiation, with little or no convection.


title: Main sequence

text: Intermediate-mass stars such as Sirius may transport energy primarily by radiation, with a small core convection region. Medium-sized, low-mass stars like the Sun have a core region that is stable against convection, with a convection zone near the surface that mixes the outer layers. This results in a steady buildup of a helium-rich core, surrounded by a hydrogen-rich outer region. By contrast, cool, very low-mass stars (below 0.4 ) are convective throughout. Thus the helium produced at the core is distributed across the star, producing a relatively uniform atmosphere and a proportionately longer main-sequence lifespan.


title: Main sequence

text: As non-fusing helium ash accumulates in the core of a main-sequence star, the reduction in the abundance of hydrogen per unit mass results in a gradual lowering of the fusion rate within that mass. Since it is the outflow of fusion-supplied energy that supports the higher layers of the star, the core is compressed, producing higher temperatures and pressures. Both factors increase the rate of fusion thus moving the equilibrium towards a smaller, denser, hotter core producing more energy whose increased outflow pushes the higher layers further out. Thus there is a steady increase in the luminosity and radius of the star over time. For example, the luminosity of the early Sun was only about 70% of its current value. As a star ages this luminosity increase changes its position on the HR diagram. This effect results in a broadening of the main sequence band because stars are observed at random stages in their lifetime. That is, the main sequence band develops a thickness on the HR diagram; it is not simply a narrow line.


title: Main sequence

text: Other factors that broaden the main sequence band on the HR diagram include uncertainty in the distance to stars and the presence of unresolved binary stars that can alter the observed stellar parameters. However, even perfect observation would show a fuzzy main sequence because mass is not the only parameter that affects a star's color and luminosity. Variations in chemical composition caused by the initial abundances, the star's evolutionary status, interaction with a close companion, rapid rotation, or a magnetic field can all slightly change a main-sequence star's HR diagram position, to name just a few factors. As an example, there are metal-poor stars (with a very low abundance of elements with higher atomic numbers than helium) that lie just below the main sequence and are known as subdwarfs. These stars are fusing hydrogen in their cores and so they mark the lower edge of the main sequence fuzziness caused by variance in chemical composition.


title: Main sequence

text: A nearly vertical region of the HR diagram, known as the instability strip, is occupied by pulsating variable stars known as Cepheid variables. These stars vary in magnitude at regular intervals, giving them a pulsating appearance. The strip intersects the upper part of the main sequence in the region of class "A" and "F" stars, which are between one and two solar masses. Pulsating stars in this part of the instability strip intersecting the upper part of the main sequence are called Delta Scuti variables. Main-sequence stars in this region experience only small changes in magnitude, so this variation is difficult to detect. Other classes of unstable main-sequence stars, like Beta Cephei variables, are unrelated to this instability strip.


title: Main sequence

text: The total amount of energy that a star can generate through nuclear fusion of hydrogen is limited by the amount of hydrogen fuel that can be consumed at the core. For a star in equilibrium, the thermal energy generated at the core must be at least equal to the energy radiated at the surface. Since the luminosity gives the amount of energy radiated per unit time, the total life span can be estimated, to first approximation, as the total energy produced divided by the star's luminosity.


title: Main sequence

text: For a star with at least 0.5 , when the hydrogen supply in its core is exhausted and it expands to become a red giant, it can start to fuse helium atoms to form carbon. The energy output of the helium fusion process per unit mass is only about a tenth the energy output of the hydrogen process, and the luminosity of the star increases. This results in a much shorter length of time in this stage compared to the main-sequence lifetime. (For example, the Sun is predicted to spend burning helium, compared to about 12 billion years burning hydrogen.) Thus, about 90% of the observed stars above 0.5 will be on the main sequence. On average, main-sequence stars are known to follow an empirical mass–luminosity relationship. The luminosity ("L") of the star is roughly proportional to the total mass ("M") as the following power law:


title: Main sequence

text: The amount of fuel available for nuclear fusion is proportional to the mass of the star. Thus, the lifetime of a star on the main sequence can be estimated by comparing it to solar evolutionary models. The Sun has been a main-sequence star for about 4.5 billion years and it will become a red giant in 6.5 billion years, for a total main-sequence lifetime of roughly 10 years. Hence:


title: Main sequence

text: where "M" and "L" are the mass and luminosity of the star, respectively, formula_4 is a solar mass, formula_5 is the solar luminosity and formula_6 is the star's estimated main-sequence lifetime.


title: Main sequence

text: Although more massive stars have more fuel to burn and might intuitively be expected to last longer, they also radiate a proportionately greater amount with increased mass. This is required by the stellar equation of state; for a massive star to maintain equilibrium, the outward pressure of radiated energy generated in the core not only must but "will" rise to match the titanic inward gravitational pressure of its envelope. Thus, the most massive stars may remain on the main sequence for only a few million years, while stars with less than a tenth of a solar mass may last for over a trillion years.


title: Main sequence

text: The exact mass-luminosity relationship depends on how efficiently energy can be transported from the core to the surface. A higher opacity has an insulating effect that retains more energy at the core, so the star does not need to produce as much energy to remain in hydrostatic equilibrium. By contrast, a lower opacity means energy escapes more rapidly and the star must burn more fuel to remain in equilibrium. A sufficiently high opacity can result in energy transport via convection, which changes the conditions needed to remain in equilibrium.


title: Main sequence

text: In high-mass main-sequence stars, the opacity is dominated by electron scattering, which is nearly constant with increasing temperature. Thus the luminosity only increases as the cube of the star's mass. For stars below 10 , the opacity becomes dependent on temperature, resulting in the luminosity varying approximately as the fourth power of the star's mass. For very low-mass stars, molecules in the atmosphere also contribute to the opacity. Below about 0.5 , the luminosity of the star varies as the mass to the power of 2.3, producing a flattening of the slope on a graph of mass versus luminosity. Even these refinements are only an approximation, however, and the mass-luminosity relation can vary depending on a star's composition.


title: Main sequence

text: When a main-sequence star has consumed the hydrogen at its core, the loss of energy generation causes its gravitational collapse to resume and the star evolves off the main sequence. The path which the star follows across the HR diagram is called an evolutionary track.


title: Main sequence

text: Stars with less than are predicted to directly become white dwarfs when energy generation by nuclear fusion of hydrogen at their core comes to a halt, but stars in this mass range have main-sequence lifetimes longer than the current age of the universe, so no stars are old enough for this to have occurred.


title: Main sequence

text: In stars more massive than , the hydrogen surrounding the helium core reaches sufficient temperature and pressure to undergo fusion, forming a hydrogen-burning shell and causing the outer layers of the star to expand and cool. The stage as these stars move away from the main sequence is known as the subgiant branch; it is relatively brief and appears as a gap in the evolutionary track since few stars are observed at that point.


title: Main sequence

text: When the helium core of low-mass stars becomes degenerate, or the outer layers of intermediate-mass stars cool sufficiently to become opaque, their hydrogen shells increase in temperature and the stars start to become more luminous. This is known as the red-giant branch; it is a relatively long-lived stage and it appears prominently in H–R diagrams. These stars will eventually end their lives as white dwarfs.


title: Main sequence

text: The most massive stars do not become red giants; instead, their cores quickly become hot enough to fuse helium and eventually heavier elements and they are known as supergiants. They follow approximately horizontal evolutionary tracks from the main sequence across the top of the H–R diagram. Supergiants are relatively rare and do not show prominently on most H–R diagrams. Their cores will eventually collapse, usually leading to a supernova and leaving behind either a neutron star or black hole.


title: Main sequence

text: When a cluster of stars is formed at about the same time, the main-sequence lifespan of these stars will depend on their individual masses. The most massive stars will leave the main sequence first, followed in sequence by stars of ever lower masses. The position where stars in the cluster are leaving the main sequence is known as the turnoff point. By knowing the main-sequence lifespan of stars at this point, it becomes possible to estimate the age of the cluster.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: Tommy James and the Shondells are an American pop rock/psychedelic rock band, formed in Niles, Michigan, in 1964. They had two No. 1 singles in the U.S. – "Hanky Panky" (July 1966, their only RIAA Certified Gold record) and "Crimson and Clover" (February 1969) – and also charted twelve other top 40 hits, including five in the Hot 100's top ten: "I Think We're Alone Now", "Mirage", "Mony Mony", "Sweet Cherry Wine", and "Crystal Blue Persuasion".


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: The band The Echoes formed in 1959 in Niles, Michigan, then evolved into Tom and the Tornadoes, with 12-year-old Tommy James (then known as Tommy Jackson) as lead singer. While attending Niles High School in Niles, Michigan, the group released its first single, "Long Pony Tail", in 1962.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: In 1964, James renamed the band the Shondells because the name "sounded good" and in honor of nearby Fort Wayne's own Troy Shondell, famous for his 1961 release "This Time." At this time, the band included Tommy James (vocals and guitar), Larry Coverdale (lead guitar), Larry Wright (bass), Craig Villeneuve (keyboards), and Jim Payne (drums). In February 1964, the band recorded the Jeff Barry–Ellie Greenwich song "Hanky Panky" (originally a B-side by the Raindrops). As James could often be found playing at Niles High School events, his popularity locally continued to grow. James' version of "Hanky Panky" sold respectably in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois, but Snap Records, the label under which "Hanky Panky" was originally released, had no national distribution. The band toured the eastern Midwest, but no other market took to the song. The single failed to chart nationally, and the Shondells disbanded in 1965 after its members graduated from high school.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: After first considering taking a job outside of music, James decided to form a new band, the Koachmen, with Shondells guitarist Larry Coverdale and members of a rival group called the Spinners (not the hit-making group from Detroit). The Koachmen played a circuit of clubs in the Midwest through the summer and fall of 1965, but returned to Niles in February 1966, after the gigs dried up, to plot their next move.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: Meanwhile, in 1965, Pittsburgh dance promoter Bob Mack had unearthed the forgotten single "Hanky Panky", playing it at various dance parties, and radio stations there touted it as an "exclusive". Listener response encouraged regular play, and demand soared. Bootleggers responded by printing 80,000 black market copies of the recording, which were sold in Pennsylvania stores.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: James first learned of all this activity in April 1966 after getting a telephone call from Pittsburgh disc jockey "Mad Mike" Metro(vich) asking him to come and perform the song. James attempted to contact other members of the Shondells, but they had all moved away, joined the service, or gotten married and left the music business altogether.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: In April 1966, James went by himself to make promotional appearances for WZUM Pittsburgh in nightclubs and on local television. He recruited a quintet that was playing at the Thunderbird Lounge in Greensburg called the Raconteurs -- Joe Kessler (guitar), Ron Rosman (keyboards), George Magura (saxophone), Mike Vale (bass), and Johnnie Hogg (drums) – as the new Shondells. "I had no group, and I had to put one together really fast," recalled James. "I was in a Greensburg, PA club one night, and I walked up to a group that was playing that I thought was pretty good and asked them if they wanted to be the Shondells. They said yes, and off we went."


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: With a touring group to promote the single, James went to New York City, where he sold the master of "Hanky Panky" to Roulette Records, at which time he changed his last name to James. With national promotion, the single became a No. 1 hit in July 1966. In 1967, Kessler and Hogg were forced to leave after a dispute when planned monies were not remitted to them by Roulette, a label closely associated with organized crime, and whose head, Morris Levy, was the inspiration for the Herman "Hesh" Rabkin character on "The Sopranos". They were replaced by Eddie Gray (guitar) and Peter Lucia (drums); Magura departed as well.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: At first, Tommy James and "his" Shondells played straightforward rock and roll, but they soon became associated with the budding bubblegum music genre. James disputes this, saying that Super K Productions "bubblegum" producers Jerry Kasenetz and Jeffry Katz approached his record company (run by Morris Levy) looking for songwriting jobs. Levy spurned Kasenetz and Katz, so they went elsewhere and became successful with such bands as the 1910 Fruitgum Company. Bubblegum is generally traced to the success of the 1968 Fruitgum Company hit "Simon Says". Tommy rejects the "bubblegum" label for his music. In early 1967 songwriter Ritchie Cordell gave them the No. 4 hit "I Think We're Alone Now" and the No. 10 hit "Mirage". In 1968, James had a No. 3 hit with "Mony Mony". Co-written by James, Cordell, Cordell's writing partner Bo Gentry, and Bobby Bloom, "Mony Mony" reached No. 3 in the US and was a British No. 1 in 1968. The title was inspired by a flashing sign for Mutual Of New York visible from James's apartment balcony in New York. He followed it with "Do Something to Me". However, James was labeled as a bubblegum pop artist, which he hated. Therefore, he changed his style to psychedelic rock.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: The group toured with Vice President Hubert Humphrey during his 1968 presidential campaign, for which Humphrey showed his appreciation by writing the liner notes for their next album "Crimson & Clover", which was released in Dec. 1968. From late 1968, the group began writing their own songs, with James and Lucia penning the psychedelic-tinged classic "Crimson and Clover", which was recorded and mixed by Bruce Staple, with James tackling vocal duties and playing many of the instruments himself, and featured the creative use of studio effects such as delay and tremolo.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: Further hits included "Sweet Cherry Wine", "Crystal Blue Persuasion", and "Ball of Fire", all from 1969. They also produced "Sugar on Sunday", later covered by the Clique. As the band embraced the sounds of psychedelia, they were invited to perform at Woodstock, but declined.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: At a concert in Birmingham, Alabama in March of 1970, an exhausted James collapsed after coming off stage from a reaction to drugs and was pronounced dead. He was not dead, however, and decided to move to the country to rest and recuperate, and left the band. His four bandmates carried on for a short while under the name "Hog Heaven", recording two albums (one "self-titled" on Roulette Records in March 1971 and the second recorded in 1971, but unreleased until 2008), and landing one Hot 100 hit, "Happy," at number 98, but disbanded soon afterwards.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: In a 1970 side project, James wrote and produced the No. 7 hit single "Tighter, Tighter" for the group Alive N Kickin'. James launched a solo career in 1970 that yielded two notable hits over a 10-year span, "Draggin' the Line" (1971) and "Three Times in Love" (1980).


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: During the 1980s, the group's songbook produced major hits for three other artists: Joan Jett & The Blackhearts' version of "Crimson and Clover" (No. 7 in 1982), Tiffany's "I Think We're Alone Now" and Billy Idol's "Mony Mony" (back-to-back No. 1 singles in November 1987). Other Shondells covers have been performed by acts as disparate as psychobilly ravers the Cramps, new wave singer Lene Lovich, country music veteran Dolly Parton, and the Boston Pops orchestra.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: In the mid-1980s, Tommy James began touring in oldies packages with other acts from the 1960s sometimes billed as Tommy James & the Shondells, although he is the group's only original member. A Greenwich Village nightclub appearance was filmed and released as "Tommy James & the Shondells: Live! At The Bitter End". On January 6, 1987, original drummer Peter P. Lucia Jr. died of a heart attack while playing golf at the age of 39.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: In 2008, Tommy James and The Shondells were inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: In 2009, James and the surviving Shondells, Gray, Vale and Rosman, reunited to record music for a soundtrack of a proposed film based on James' autobiography, "Me, the Mob, and the Music", released in February 2010. The group still gets together from time to time for special video/TV events and nostalgia shows.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: In March 2011, the Tommy James song "I'm Alive" (co-written with Peter Lucia) became a top 20 hit in the Netherlands for UK singer Don Fardon after his version had been used in a Vodafone commercial. The song originally appeared on the "Crimson & Clover" LP.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: In 2012, "Crystal Blue Persuasion" was used in the eighth episode of Season 5 of "Breaking Bad", "Gliding Over All", during a montage depicting the process involved to bring main character Walter White's methamphetamine operation and its signature blue crystal meth to an international level.


title: Tommy James and the Shondells

text: In 2015, Gray, Vale, and Rosman decided to reunite and form their new group, The Crystal Blue Band. They recruited their longtime friend and drummer Mike Wilps to replace the late Peter Lucia.


title: Child of Rage

text: Child of Rage is a 1992 American biographical drama television film directed by Larry Peerce, starring Ashley Peldon and Mel Harris. The film is based on the true story of Beth Thomas, who had severe behavioral problems as a result of being sexually abused as a child. The film was shot in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with classroom scenes being filmed at Mary Hill Elementary School. It premiered on CBS on Tuesday, September 29, 1992.


title: Child of Rage

text: The music in the introduction is from the library music album "The Music Box", by Alain Debray and Derek Austin.


title: Child of Rage

text: Jill Tyler and her minister husband Rob Tyler adopt two children, Catherine and Eric. Eric is a sweet and timid child. Catherine initially seems to be the same but soon displays outbursts of violent rage for no apparent reason. At first, some of her violent acts go unnoticed; when they progress to stabbing the family dog with a needle, Jill and Rob realize something is wrong. They ask Doris, the children's caseworker, about Catherine's past, but Doris cites confidentiality laws.


title: Child of Rage

text: Following a disturbing incident where Catherine tries to seduce her adoptive grandfather, Jill and Rob take her to a psychologist; she puts on a good show and convinces the doctor that nothing is wrong. Later, Jill notices bruises on Eric, and he admits that it was Catherine who inflicted them. Catherine later smashes Eric's head on the concrete basement floor, landing him in the emergency room.


title: Child of Rage

text: Doris finally admits the truth about the children's past: after receiving a concerned phone call, she rescued the children from an abusive home, which was one of the worst she'd seen. Although Eric was in bad shape, his was nothing compared to Catherine's condition. No adults were present when they were found: their mother was hospitalized with pneumonia, while their father was apparently off on a drunken bender.


title: Child of Rage

text: Doris reveals that the children have an older sister named Stephanie, whom she and Jill track down at a topless bar. Stephanie, a bitter young woman, has a harrowing story: she was sexually abused by her father as a child, and after she began fighting back, he turned his attention to Catherine, who was a baby at the time. This explains Catherine's violent behavior.


title: Child of Rage

text: After another incident in which Catherine cuts a classmate with glass, Doris reveals to Jill and Rob that she had previously moved the children from foster home to foster home, hoping that something would work for them. She gives the couple a book called "Kids Who Kill". Jill feels that it is a perfect description of Catherine. At this point, Doris suggests a controversial treatment for Catherine: holding therapy, which is practiced by the book's author, Dr. Rosemary Myers. Rob feels that Catherine is a lost cause and suggests they just keep Eric, but Jill insists that they should help Catherine.


title: Child of Rage

text: Dr. Myers examines Catherine. Although she initially puts on the same act that she used for the last therapist, she is undone by Dr. Myers' use of reverse psychology, which causes her to admit her violent acts. Dr. Myers explains that Catherine is sick, and the lack of bonding left her with an attachment disorder. During their first holding therapy session (which involves Jill, Rob, and Dr. Myers holding Catherine down while Dr. Myers deliberately provokes her rage), things start out well, but Jill senses it's going too far. Dr. Myers reminds Jill that she needs to trust her, and the session resumes, ending successfully after an enraged Catherine admits a desire to re-enact her past acts of violence with the three of them, giving them a glimpse of the pain underneath her rage. While the procedure normally takes place over a 6-week period, Dr. Myers realizes that Jill and Rob need to get home to Eric, who is in his grandparents' care, and believes the couple can successfully conduct the sessions at home.


title: Child of Rage

text: Shortly before their return home, another disturbed child named Justin starts a fire at the hotel. Left alone, Catherine panics, culminating in an incident where she tries to stab Rob but is caught in the nick of time. Returning home, the couple discusses the prospect of being separated from one another to give Catherine individual bonding time with each parent to allow her to heal. As the two have another holding therapy session with Catherine, a breakthrough occurs: Catherine starts to cry, Jill does the same, and Catherine attempts to comfort her. The film ends with Catherine telling Jill and Rob that she loves them and the three tearfully embrace.


title: Child of Rage

text: Prior to the film's release, a 1990 documentary entitled "Child of Rage: A Story of Abuse" was produced by Gaby Monet based on interviews conducted with the film's real-life inspiration, Beth Thomas. It aired on HBO as part of their "America Undercover" series. The film consists of interviews with Beth Thomas by a therapist (Ken Magid), followed by footage of her treatment and partial recovery at a treatment center for children. The documentary was released shortly after Magid's book "High Risk: Children Without A Conscience", which portrays children with reactive attachment disorder (as Thomas is labelled in the film) as "murderous psychopaths," contrary to its actual definition in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" fourth edition but in accordance with the diagnosis of "attachment disorder" as described in DSM-5.


title: Child of Rage

text: Beth Thomas's adopted mother Nancy Thomas has been a leading proponent of "attachment therapy" (originally known as "Rage reduction therapy"; hence the title) since the documentary was made, a highly controversial form of psychotherapy regarded by the American Medical Association as pseudoscientific and abusive. Beth Thomas, a former patient of the "Attachment therapist" Connell Watkins, would later - as a freshman - testify on Watkins's behalf in the Candace Newmaker trial, where Watkins was convicted of child abuse for administering "rebirthing" therapy which caused the asphyxiation of her "patient". Thomas has since graduated from the University of Colorado with a bachelor's degree in Nursing and become an award-winning Flagstaff Medical Center Registered Nurse.


title: Daewoo Motors

text: Daewoo Motors ( ) was a South Korean automotive company established in 1937 as "National Motors". The company changed its name several times until 1982 when it became "Daewoo Motors" following its acquisition by the Daewoo Group. After running into financial difficulties, it sold most of its assets in 2002 to General Motors at $1.2 billion, becoming a subsidiary of the American company. In 2011, the name "Daewoo" was definitively removed with the company being renamed GM Korea and the Daewoo brand replaced by the Chevrolet marque.


title: Daewoo Motors

text: The company was first established as "National Motor" in 1937 in Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, Japanese Korea. The name was changed to "Saenara Motor" in November 1962. Saenara was assembling and selling the Datsun Bluebird PL310. The first automobile company in South Korea, Saenara was equipped with modern assembly facilities, and was established after the Automobile Industry Promotion Policy was announced by the South Korean government in 1962.


title: Daewoo Motors

text: Saenara Motor was then bought by Shinjin Industrial in 1965, which changed its name to Shinjin Motors after establishing collaborations with Toyota.


title: Daewoo Motors

text: After Toyota's withdrawal in 1972, Shinjin Motor started a joint venture with General Motors under the name "GM Korea", but was renamed again in 1976 to "Saehan Motors". GM Korea shortly sold their Rekord model under the GM Korea marque, together with the Chevrolet 1700, a rebadged Holden Torana.


title: Daewoo Motors

text: After the Daewoo Group gained control in December 1982, from January 1983, the name was officially changed to "Daewoo Motor Co." Until 1996, all cars were based on models from General Motors. All Saehan models were named 'Daewoo', the Maepsy being refreshed became the Maepsy-Na. The Royale Series models were kept, Daewoo adding the Royale XQ and Royale Duke (March 1982), Royale Prince (July 1983) and Royale Salon Super (March 1986). Above the Royale range, the Daewoo Imperial flagship luxury car was added in 1989, with styling reminiscent of the contemporary Chrysler Imperial and New Yorker, but also luxury Japanese sedans. It was produced until 1993.


title: Daewoo Motors

text: The first Daewoo addition was the 1986 LeMans model, based on the Opel Kadett E. Its three-door versions were called the Racer and the five-door version were called Penta-5. This car had an international ambition for GM, as it was sold almost worldwide, as the Pontiac LeMans, Asüna GT and SE, or Passport Optima. This car was produced until February 1997, being one of Daewoo Motor's greatest successes. In 1986, Daewoo also offered a badge-engineered version of the Nissan Vanette.