title: House of Cards (season 6)

text: On August 7, Netflix announced that the season would be released on November 2, 2018, and unveiled key art. The poster pays homage to the promotional image for the first season of the series, as Wright strikes the Lincoln Memorial pose, like Kevin Spacey had done before her. On August 27, four images were published via a press release, which depict new cast members Diane Lane, Greg Kinnear and Cody Fern in their roles as members of the Shepherd family. A teaser trailer released on September 5, revealed the fate of Frank Underwood, portrayed by Spacey who was fired from the show, months after the conclusion of the fifth season. It is shown that Frank died in 2017, and has been buried next to his father in South Carolina. Claire visits her husband's grave and says, "I'll tell you this though, Francis. When they bury me, it won't be in my backyard. And when they pay their respects, they'll have to wait in line." This speech mirrors the one Frank gives in the third season of the series, when he visits his father's grave. On September 27, Netflix released a new teaser trailer that presents several new and returning characters. Claire is shown dealing with the aftermath of her husband's death, and declaring that "the reign of the middle-aged white man is over." On October 8, Netflix released the official trailer for the season, which revolves around Claire's power struggle, as she clashes with the American oligarchs and tries to forge her own path as President of the United States. On October 23, critics began publishing reviews on the season, based on advance copies of the first five episodes that they had received from Netflix, after they had signed a letter of agreement.


title: House of Cards (season 6)

text: Prior to the official release date of the season, Netflix sent the first five episodes to a number of critics, to serve as advance screeners. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 69% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 6.11/10. The consensus reads, ""House of Cards" folds slightly under the weight of its labyrinthian ending – thankfully Robin Wright's commanding performance is strong enough to keep it standing strong." On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: House of Cards (season 6)

text: Kevin Lever of "FilmEra" wrote that "with Wright at the forefront of the show now, "House of Cards" shines as it did in its early years." Lever described the production as "stellar" and the writing as "reinvigorated". He noted that the show still has the feel of previous years, but it works best when it focuses on Claire, instead of dealing with holdover pieces. David Zurawik of "The Baltimore Sun" wrote, "I love TV drama that speaks to the cultural moment the way this series does. And, as I have said over and over, #MeToo is a landmark moment." Zurawik revealed that the season primarily focuses on gender issues; "the evil of patriarchy and the stench of misogyny". He stated that the episodes exceeded his expectations, and praised the performances of Wright, Lane and Kinnear. Christopher Hooton of "The Independent" described the episodes as "slightly banal". He expressed his disappointment at the new characters that were introduced this season, and commented that "Frank Underwood has left behind not only a power vacuum but an entertainment one." Hooton noted that ever since Frank became president at the end of season two, the series has drifted directionless, and after watching the first five episodes of the final season, it still remains unclear what the show is actually about.


title: House of Cards (season 6)

text: Negative reviews include one by Tyler Coates of "Esquire", who writes: "Kevin Spacey's absence haunts the final season of "House of Cards". Just as the show wouldn't work without Claire Underwood, it doesn't exactly work without Frank." Another by Sonia Saraiya of "Vanity Fair" writes: ""House of Cards" collapses – finally. Down a star and out of things to say, Season 6 flounders." Jack Seale of "The Guardian" rated the season two stars out of five stating, "We still need to talk about Kevin. It's impossible not to miss Spacey's presence as Robin Wright struggles to make her mark and save Netflix's first big show."


title: House of Cards (season 6)

text: The series finale in particular was met with largely negative reviews. Scott Von Doviak of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a "C−", praising Wright's direction but criticizing the writing and the characterization of Claire during the final season. Kyle Fowle of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the episode a "D" rating, saying the ultimate flaw of the season and the finale was the large focus on Frank and Frank's legacy. Emily VanDerWerff of "Vox" gave the finale a one-and-a-half star rating out of five, saying the season "saved the worst for last".


title: House of Cards (season 6)

text: For the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, Robin Wright and Michael Kelly received nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, respectively.


title: Eric Lange

text: Eric Lange (born February 19, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for his work on television, where he has appeared in a wide variety of both supporting and leading roles.


title: Eric Lange

text: Lange played the recurring roles of Stuart Radzinsky on the "ABC" series Lost (2009) and Erwin Sikowitz in the Nickelodeon series "Victorious" (2010–13), and had his mainstream breakthrough for playing David Tate/Kenneth Hasting on the FX series "The Bridge" (2013). He earned acclaim for starring as Bill Stechner on the crime drama "Narcos" (2016) and Lyle Mitchell on Showtime's "Escape at Dannemora" (2018), which earned a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries.


title: Eric Lange

text: Lange's film roles include Sam Larson in the independent film "AM1200" (2008), Andy Beyer in the sports drama "Secretariat" (2010), Dr. Silverman in the comedy-drama "Danny Collins" (2015), Whitehurst in the neo-Western mystery "Wind River" (2017), and Blake Denton/Him in the horror "Antebellum" (2020).


title: Eric Lange

text: Eric Lange was born in Hamilton, Ohio and graduated from Fairfield High School and Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He has Danish ancestry. He is married to Lisa Sabatino, who works as a sales rep in California. They married on November 9, 2013 and have two children.


title: Eric Lange

text: Lange's first film role came in 1996's "High School High", where he played a singing waiter. Two years later, he appeared in three episodes of the daytime drama "The Bold and the Beautiful". With 2001 came a guest role in the popular series "Angel", and the following year he was cast in a one-episode part in "Firefly".


title: Eric Lange

text: Over the next three years, he appeared in minor roles on several television shows, including "", "The Bernie Mac Show", "Without a Trace", "The Shield", and "The West Wing". Lange also appeared in a 2007 episode of "Entourage" and appeared briefly on the short-lived NBC show "Journeyman".


title: Eric Lange

text: In 2008, he appeared in an episode of "Criminal Minds", as well as in small roles in "Bones" and "My Name is Earl". In 2010, he appeared in 2 episodes of "Weeds".


title: Eric Lange

text: Lange portrayed Manager Erik on the television comedy "Easy to Assemble". He has also guest starred on "", and "My Name is Earl", and from 2010 to 2013 portrayed Mr. Sikowitz, an eccentric acting teacher, on Nickelodeon's teen show "Victorious". On June 11, 2011, Lange guest starred on "iCarly" in "iParty with Victorious", the first ever "iCarly" and "Victorious" crossover event.


title: Eric Lange

text: Lange also portrayed a distraught basketball coach in the ABC television show "Modern Family". In 2006, he guest starred on "Cold Case", in which he played "Lyle".


title: Eric Lange

text: In 2010, Lange portrayed John Skrzynsky in the HBO movie "You Don't Know Jack", the biography of controversial doctor Jack Kevorkian. His role was Andy Beyer in the Disney film "Secretariat". Lange had a recurring role in "Weeds" as journalist Vaughn Coleman.


title: Eric Lange

text: In 2013, he played a role in "Grimm" in Season 2, Episode 16. In 2015, he played Dr. Silverman in "Danny Collins".


title: Eric Lange

text: The year following, he appeared as Officer Smith in "Fear, Inc." He had a main role on the Netflix drama series "Narcos" as Bill Stechner, a corrupt CIA agent, which earned him recognition.


title: Eric Lange

text: In November 2019, it was announced that Lange would appear in a main role on the Netflix horror drama miniseries "Brand New Cherry Flavor". The miniseries was released on August 13, 2021.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: Alireza Jahanbakhsh Jirandeh (, ; born 11 August 1993) is an Iranian professional footballer who plays as a winger and attacking midfielder for Eredivisie club Feyenoord and the Iran national team. He represented Iran at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, 2015 AFC Asian Cup, 2018 FIFA World Cup, 2019 AFC Asian Cup and the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Jahanbakhsh also represented Iran at the U20 and U23 levels.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: In 2014 Jahanbakhsh was voted the second greatest young talent of the 2013–14 Eredivisie season. In the 2017–18 Eredivisie season, Jahanbakhsh scored 21 league goals, making him the first Asian player to become top scorer in a major European league.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: Jahanbakhsh was born on 11 August 1993 in Jirandeh, a small city located in Rudbar County, Gilan Province. He grew up in Qazvin to Tat parents.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: Jahanbakhsh played most of his youth in Rasht and Persian Qazvin before joining the youth academy of Damash Tehran in 2008. Jahanbaksh started his career in Tehran with Damash Tehran, an affiliate of Damash Gilan in the 2nd Division. In 2011, Jahanbakhsh returned to Gilan and at the age of 17. In 2011, Jahanbakhsh played his first game for Damash Gilan in the Iran Pro League against Mes as one of Damash's youngest ever players. Jahanbakhsh scored his first goal on 15 January 2012 in a 1–0 victory against Fajr. In 42 league appearances with Damash, he scored 10 goals.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: On 26 May 2013, Jahanbakhsh reached a verbal agreement with Dutch Eredivisie outfit NEC for a three-year deal. This deal was subject to a medical examination and obtaining a visa and work permit. He officially joined the club on 1 July 2013. He made his debut as a substitute in a league match against Groningen on 3 August 2013. He scored his first goal in an 8–0 win over Harkemase Boys in the KNVB Cup. On 1 December 2013, Jahanbakhsh scored two goals and assisted the other in a 3–2 league match win over AZ Alkmaar. On 22 December, he scored and assisted at FC Groningen while providing a secondary assist on 15 February 2014 against RKC Waalwijk. On 22 March, when NEC were down 2–0 at halftime, Jahanbakhsh came on as a substitute after the half and provided an assist to Michael Higdon in their 2–2 draw at Heerenveen.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: On the final day of the 2013–14 season, Jahanbakhsh scored two late goals against Ajax to save NEC from automatic relegation, instead securing a relegation playoff spot. Jahanbakhsh was originally voted the Eredivisie's greatest talent of the season before becoming runner-up to Memphis Depay.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: On the opening day of the 2014–15 Jupiler League, Jahanbakhsh scored a goal in a 3–1 win against FC Eindhoven. On 29 August, he scored two goals and provided two assists in a 4–1 win at Helmond Sport. On 20 September, he scored against FC Emmen to help bring NEC to the top of the league table. Three days later, on 23 September, AJ scored a free kick in extra time and converted a penalty in their win against Ajax II at Amsterdam during the second round of the 2014–15 Dutch Cup. On 3 October, he scored a goal and provided an assist in a 2–1 win against Almere City to send NEC to the Eredivisie play-offs as quarter-season league champions. On 17 October 2014, Jahanbakhsh was named the Best Player of the First Period of the 2014–15 Jupiler League.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: On 28 November, he opened the scoring with a volley and provided two assists in a 5–1 win over Jong Twente. On 1 February 2015, in his first game upon his return from the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, he scored a bicycle kick and was named man of the match in the 3–1 win over Helmond Sport. On 13 February, he scored a goal and provided two assists in a 3–2 win over FC Emmen with another goal against Achilles '29 days later to bring his tally to 4 goals in 5 consecutive matches after the Asian Cup.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: At the end of the season, Jahanbakhsh was selected by fans as NEC's player of the season. On 12 May 2015 Jahanbakhsh was voted as the Eerste Divisie's best player for the 2014–15 season, with twelve goals and eighteen assists in the league.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: On 3 August 2015, Jahanbakhsh signed a five–year contract with Dutch club AZ Alkmaar. He was given number nine as his jersey number, and made his Eredivisie debut for AZ on 12 September 2015 in a 3–1 win over De Graafschap. Jahanbakhsh made his UEFA Europa League debut in a 2–1 group stage win over Athletic Bilbao on 1 October 2015. Jahanbakhsh recorded his first assist for AZ on 21 November 2015 in a 3–1 victory against Heerenveen. Jahanbakhsh scored his first goal for AZ on 30 January 2016 in a match against his former club NEC. He scored his second goal of the season and also recorded his fourth assist on 13 February 2016 in a 6–3 victory over Heracles Almelo.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: In June 2016 Jahanbakhsh switched from number 9 to number 7 for the upcoming 2016–17 season. On 2 July 2016, in AZ's first preseason match, Jahanbakhsh recorded a goal and an assist in his team's 5–1 victory. On 28 August he scored his first goal of the season against FC Utrecht. The match was ended 2-1 which Jahanbakhsh scored the winning goal.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: On 13 January 2017, Jahanbakhsh scored a brace and recorded an assist, as well as being named man of the match in a 3–1 victory against Go Ahead Eagles. On 21 August 2016, he scored his first goal of the season in a 2–1 win over Utrecht. On 16 February 2017, he scored his first ever European goal in a 4–1 loss to Lyon in Round of 32 of the Europa League.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: Jahanbakhsh scored a hat trick and recorded an assist on 18 April 2018 against Vitesse in the 2017–18 Eredivisie. Jahanbakhsh scored another hat trick on the last match day to become the leading goal scorer of the Eredivisie season with 21 goals, and also finished joint third with 12 assists. He became the first Asian player ever to become the top goalscorer in a top level European league.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: On 25 July 2018, Jahanbakhsh transferred to Premier League side Brighton & Hove Albion for an undisclosed club record fee, signing a five-year contract. He announced on his Instagram that he will wear number 16, the same number he used to wear in his first season at NEC.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: On 11 August 2018, Jahanbakhsh made his debut for Brighton as a substitute in the club's opening match of the Premier League season against Watford. Even though he played 25 matches in the season due to injuries and poor performance he amounted no goals and no assists.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: With the managerial change at Brighton with Graham Potter replacing Chris Hughton, Jahanbakhsh rarely found himself in the match squad until 8 December 2019 when he came in as a substitute in a match against Wolverhampton. On 28 December 2019, he scored his first goal for the club on his first start against Bournemouth. Jahanbakhsh was overcome with emotion and was seen crying after scoring his first ever goal for his club. On 1 January 2020, he scored an equalising bicycle kick goal for Brighton against Chelsea. The goal against Chelsea was later voted by people as the Premier League Goal of the Month for January, in which Jahanbakhsh described it as the best goal he has ever scored.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: Jahanbakhsh came on as a sub in the Brighton's opening day of the season in a 3–1 home loss against Chelsea in the league. He scored a cracker in the next game, a 4–0 home thrashing over Portsmouth in the EFL Cup on 17 September. He scored again 6 days later again coming in the EFL Cup, this time a 2–0 away win over Preston. Jahanbakhsh started in Brighton's 3–2 home victory over champions Manchester City on 18 May 2021, with fans returning to football. Brighton came back from 2–0 down to secure their first win over "The Sky Blues" since 1989.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: On 17 July 2021, Feyenoord announced that Jahanbakhsh had joined the club on a 3-year contract with an option for a fourth year. He made his debut for Feyenoord on 29 July in the second leg of the UEFA Conference League tie against FC Drita where he started the match but later substituted in the 3–2 home victory, with Feyenoord also going through 3–2 on aggregate. He scored his first two goals for the club on 12 August, scoring Feyenoord's first two goals in a 3–0 win against FC Luzern in the third qualifying round of the 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League. Jahanbakhsh made his league debut for the Rotterdam side on 22 August starting in the 2–0 home victory over Go Ahead Eagles.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: Jahanbakhsh was part of the squad that played at the 2010 AFC U-19 Championship in China, playing in two games. Being only 16 at the start of the championships in 2010, he continued at the same age group, captaining the national under-20 team for their successful 2012 AFC U-19 Championship qualification by scoring 5 goals in four appearances. At the championships, he added two more to his tally against the United Arab Emirates and South Korea.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: Jahanbakhsh was called into Iran's Olympic qualifiers in March 2015 and was named team captain. With the presence of Jahanbakhsh the under-23 team qualified to the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship in Qatar. As the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship was not held during the FIFA International Match Calendar, Jahanbakhsh was not released by AZ Alkmaar.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: On 5 October 2013, Jahanbakhsh was called up to Team Melli in a 2015 Asian Cup qualifier against Thailand by manager Carlos Queiroz, and he served his first cap as a substitute in the 82nd minute. His first national team goal came in his second game on 15 November in a 3–0 win at Thailand. On 1 June 2014, he was called into Iran's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad by Carlos Queiroz. He played in all three matches against Nigeria, Argentina and Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was called into Iran's 2015 AFC Asian Cup squad on 30 December 2014 by Queiroz.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: Jahanbakhsh scored Iran's second goal in June 2016 in a 2–0 World Cup qualifier victory against Qatar.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: In May 2018, he was named in Iran's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He played all three group matches against Morocco, Spain and Portugal.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: In December 2018, Jahanbakhsh was selected for Iran's 23-man squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. On 16 January 2019, he made his competitive debut in a 0–0 draw against Iraq in the last match of the group stage. In the latter match, he scored his first goal in the tournament in the 2–0 victory against Oman.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: Jahanbakhsh has been compared to Iranian legend Mehdi Mahdavikia. In Holland, Jahanbakhsh established himself as a dangerous and pacy player.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: In several interviews Jahanbakhsh revealed his life time dream is to play in Bundesliga, although there is huge interest in him from Italian and English sides declaring that as a kid he grew up watching his idols Ali Daei, Ali Karimi and Vahid Hashemian play for Bayern Munich and Mehdi Mahdavikia for Hamburger SV.


title: Alireza Jahanbakhsh

text: In January 2020, Jahanbakhsh said that he posted on Instagram a photo of Iranian major general Qasem Soleimani, who was killed at the 2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike, and that the post was taken down.


title: Playful Kiss

text: Playful Kiss (; (also known as Mischievous Kiss or Naughty Kiss) is a 2010 South Korean romantic-comedy television series, starring Jung So-min and Kim Hyun-joong. It aired on MBC from September 1 to October 21, 2010 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes.


title: Playful Kiss

text: It is based on the Japanese manga "Itazura Na Kiss" written by Tada Kaoru. The Korean series is the third television adaptation of the manga following the Taiwanese "It Started with a Kiss" in 2005, and its sequel "They Kiss Again" in 2007. Though "Playful Kiss" received low ratings in South Korea in the five to seven percent range, it was sold to 12 countries in Asia for approximately and developed a strong cult following, having been streamed 70 million times on Viki and earning in ad revenue through online streaming. Due to its international popularity, a short special edition was aired on YouTube after the series finale.


title: Playful Kiss

text: A ditsy and unpopular Oh Ha-Ni (Jung So-Min) is in love with her opposite, Baek Seung-Jo (Kim Hyun-Joong) who is a smart and popular boy and never accepts her feelings. Tension rises when Oh Ha-Ni and her dad have to live in the same home as Baek Seung-Jo and his parents due to unexpected reasons


title: Playful Kiss

text: To show Ha-ni and Seung-jo's married life, "Playful Kiss: Special Edition" was released on YouTube beginning November 2, 2010. The seven 10-minute webisodes were subtitled in English, Japanese, Chinese, and Spanish, among others. The online series was popular, with the first episode initially receiving over 1,000,000 hits in the first two days, and over 19,000,000 hits (and counting) for the entire 7 episodes. Kim Hyun-joong was later interviewed by Anna Coren on CNN's "TalkAsia" in which he discussed the significance of YouTube in spreading awareness about Korean culture.


title: Playful Kiss

text: On October 19, 2012 it was announced that the drama would be edited down into a film version. This theatrical edition was released exclusively in Japan on a limited run to selected theaters in Tokyo and Osaka in December 2012. It was screened with the original Korean dialogue with subtitles in Japanese. Afterwards, a DVD of the theatrical edition was also released in Japan.


title: Junk (ship)

text: A junk (Chinese: 船, "chuán") is a type of Chinese sailing ship with fully battened sails. There are two types of junk in China: northern junk, which developed from Chinese river boats, and southern junk, which developed from Austronesian ships visiting southern Chinese coasts since the 3rd century CE. They continued to evolve in later dynasties and were predominantly used by Chinese traders throughout Southeast Asia. Similar junk sails were also adopted by other East Asian countries, most notably Japan where junks were used as merchant ships to trade goods with China and Southeast Asia. They were found, and in lesser numbers are still found, throughout Southeast Asia and India, but primarily in China. Historically, a Chinese junk could be one of many types of small coastal or river ships, usually serving as a cargo ship, pleasure boat, or houseboat, but also ranging in size up to large ocean-going vessel. Found more broadly today is a growing number of modern recreational junk-rigged sailboats. There can be significant regional variations in the type of rig or the layout of the vessel; however, they all employ fully battened sails.


title: Junk (ship)

text: The term "junk" (Portuguese "junco"; Dutch "jonk"; and Spanish "junco") was also used in the colonial period to refer to any medium- to large-sized ships of the Austronesian cultures in Island Southeast Asia, with or without the junk rig. Examples include the Indonesian and Malaysian "jong", the Philippine "karakoa" and "lanong", and the Maluku "kora kora".


title: Junk (ship)

text: Views diverge on whether the origin of the word is from a dialect of Chinese or from a Javanese word. The term may stem from the Chinese "chuán" (, "boat; ship") — The modern Mandarin Chinese word for an ocean-going wooden cargo vessel is "cáo" ().


title: Junk (ship)

text: Pierre-Yves Manguin and Zoetmulder, among others, point to an Old Javanese origin, in the form of "jong" (transcripted as joṅ). The first record of Old Javanese "jong" comes from an inscription in Bali dating to the 11th century CE. It entered the Malay and Chinese languages by the 15th century, evidenced by a Chinese word list that identifies it as a Malay word for ship. The late 15th century "Undang-Undang Laut Melaka", a maritime code composed by Javanese shipowners in Melaka, uses "jong" frequently as the word for freight ships. European writings from 1345 through 1601 use a variety of related terms, including "jonque" (French), "ioncque", "ionct", "giunchi", "zonchi" (Italian), "iuncque", "joanga", "juanga" (Spanish), "junco" (Portuguese), and "ionco", "djonk", "jonk" (Dutch). These terms are commonly used to describe all kinds of large ships encountered in Southeast Asia, as well as Chinese ships. Bao Zunpeng, a scholar from Taiwan, believes that the word jong is the "zong" (粽) in Chinese. In terms of sound it is very similar, but the original meaning of "zong" refers to the fleet, which does not match the original meaning of jong.


title: Junk (ship)

text: The origin of the word "junk" in the English language can be traced to the Portuguese word "junco", which is rendered from the Arabic word j-n-k (جنك). This word comes from the fact that the Arabic script cannot represent the sound spelled with the digraph "ng". The word was used to denote both the Javanese/Malay ship ("jong" or "djong") and the Chinese ship ("chuán"), even though the two were markedly different vessels. After the disappearance of jongs in the 17th century, the meaning of "junk" (and other similar words in European languages), which until then was used as a transcription of the word ""jong"" in Malay and Javanese, changed its meaning to exclusively refer to the Chinese ship ("chuán").


title: Junk (ship)

text: The historian Herbert Warington Smyth considered the junk as one of the most efficient ship designs, stating that "As an engine for carrying man and his commerce upon the high and stormy seas as well as on the vast inland waterways, it is doubtful if any class of vessel… is more suited or better adapted to its purpose than the Chinese or Indian junk, and it is certain that for flatness of sail and handiness, the Chinese rig is unsurpassed".


title: Junk (ship)

text: Iconographic remains show that Chinese ships before the 12th century used square sails. A ship carving from a stone Buddhist stele shows a ship with square sail from the Liu Sung dynasty or the Liang dynasty (ca. 5th or 6th century). Dunhuang cave temple no. 45 (from the 8th or 9th century) features large sailboats and sampans with inflated square sails. A wide ship with a single sail is depicted in the Xi'an mirror (after the 9th or 12th century). The full-length battens of the junk sail keep the sail flatter than ideal in all wind conditions. Consequently, their ability to sail close to the wind is poorer than other fore-and-aft rigs.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Classic junks were built of softwoods (although after the 17th century teak was used in Guangdong) with the outside shape built first. Then multiple internal compartment/bulkheads accessed by separate hatches and ladders, reminiscent of the interior structure of bamboo, were built in. Traditionally, the hull has a horseshoe-shaped stern supporting a high poop deck. The bottom is flat in a river junk with no keel (similar to a sampan), so that the boat relies on a daggerboard, leeboard or very large rudder to prevent the boat from slipping sideways in the water.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Another characteristic of junks, interior compartments or bulkheads, strengthened the ship and slowed flooding in case of holing. Ships built in this manner were written of in Zhu Yu's book "Pingzhou Table Talks", published by 1119 during the Song dynasty. Again, this type of construction for Chinese ship hulls was attested to by the Moroccan Muslim Berber traveler Ibn Battuta (1304–1377 CE), who described it in great detail (refer to Technology of the Song dynasty).


title: Junk (ship)

text: Benjamin Franklin wrote in a 1787 letter on the project of mail packets between the United States and France:


title: Junk (ship)

text: Other innovations included the square-pallet bilge pump, which was adopted by the West during the 16th century for work ashore, the western chain pump, which was adopted for shipboard use, being of a different derivation. Junks also relied on the compass for navigational purposes. However, as with almost all vessels of any culture before the late 19th century, the accuracy of magnetic compasses aboard ship, whether from a failure to understand deviation (the magnetism of the ship's iron fastenings) or poor design of the compass card (the standard drypoint compasses were extremely unstable), meant that they did little to contribute to the accuracy of navigation by dead reckoning. Indeed, a review of the evidence shows that the Chinese embarked magnetic pointer was probably little used for navigation. The reasoning is simple. Chinese mariners were as able as any and, had they needed a compass to navigate, they would have been aware of the almost random directional qualities when used at sea of the water bowl compass they used. Yet that design remained unchanged for some half a millennium. Western sailors, coming upon a similar water bowl design (no evidence as to how has yet emerged) very rapidly adapted it in a series of significant changes such that within roughly a century the water bowl had given way to the dry pivot, a rotating compass card a century later, a lubberline a generation later and gimbals seventy or eighty years after that. These were necessary because in the more adverse climatic context of north western Europe, the compass was needed for navigation. Had similar needs been felt in China, Chinese mariners would also have come up with fixes. They didn't.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Junks employed stern-mounted rudders centuries before their adoption in the West for the simple reason that Western hull forms, with their pointed sterns, obviated a centreline steering system until technical developments in Scandinavia created the first, iron mounted, pintle and gudgeon 'barn door' western examples in the early 12th century CE. A second reason for this slow development was that the side rudders in use were still extremely efficient. Thus the junk rudder's origin, form and construction was completely different in that it was the development of a centrally mounted stern steering oar, examples of which can also be seen in Middle Kingdom (c. 2050–1800 BCE) Egyptian river vessels. It was an innovation which permitted the steering of large ships and due to its design allowed height adjustment according to the depth of the water and to avoid serious damage should the junk ground. A sizable junk can have a rudder that needed up to twenty members of the crew to control in strong weather. In addition to using the sail plan to balance the junk and take the strain off the hard to operate and mechanically weakly attached rudder, some junks were also equipped with leeboards or dagger boards. The world's oldest known depiction of a stern-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a junk dating from before the 1st century CE.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Mariners were sailing between islands to cross the Shandong-Liaodong strait and along the Korean coastline by the 8th century BCE. In 710 BCE, due to a famine in Korea, ships sailed to the state of Lu and Qi in Shandong to purchase grain. In 656 BCE, Qi planned a naval invasion of Chu. River traversal by ship was recorded during the Chu-Wu wars in 603 BCE and 549 BCE. A river battle between the two fleets of Chu and Wu occurred in 525 BCE and lost their flagship "Yuhuang". According to a poem by Ma Rong 600 years later, the "Yuhuang" was equipped with sails: "From the Yuhuang to the small boats, all unfurled sails like clouds and displayed awnings like rainbow." Prior to the 12th century, Chinese sails were commonly made of bamboo mats since cotton did not become common in China until the Song–Yuan dynasties. There were reports of Chu building fleets in 528 BCE and 518 BCE but Chu was defeated by Wu's fleet in 489 BCE, and their admiral and seven officers were captured. In 485 BCE, Wu's fleet sailed up the coast to attack Qi and was defeated in the first known naval battle in Chinese history. In 478 BCE, Yue's fleet destroyed Wu's navy.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Because of fables that there were islands to the east that possessed the elixir of immortality, King Wei of Qi (r. 356–320 BCE), King Xuan of Qi (r. 319–301 BCE), and King Zhao of Yan (r. 311–279 BCE) sent naval expeditions to search for them. They failed. In the Qin dynasty, a magician named Xu Shi from the former state of Qi requested help to organize an expedition to seek the immortal islands of Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou. Three thousand young men and women and "artisans of a hundred trades" set sail from Langya in 219 BCE. No news returned of Xu Shi, so Qin Shi Huang sent another expedition with four magicians in 215 BCE. Only one magician named Scholar Lu came back and he deserted in 212 BCE. In 210 BCE, the emperor met Xu Shi, who had failed to bring back the elixir of immortality. He said that the expedition had been frustrated by dragons and sea monsters. They set out with a squadron of crossbowmen and cruised around the Shandong peninsula, where they killed a large fish at Zhifu.


title: Junk (ship)

text: The Chinese engaged in cross-ocean expeditions by the 2nd century BCE. In 108 BCE, Yang Pu led a sea-force to Korea. The "Book of Han" mentions sea-going voyages taking 12 months to reach the furthest country. In 230, Sun Quan sent commanders Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi with a fleet of 10,000 men to seek the islands of Yizhou and Danzhou. The fleet was away for a year and many of the crew died of disease. It did not reach Danzhou but reached Yizhou and returned with several thousand captives. The contemporary writer Shen Ying stated that Yizhou was 2,000 "li" southeast of Linhai and appears to have been Taiwan. Danzhou was probably the Ryukyu Islands. In 233 CE, a fleet from Eastern Wu was lost in a storm in the Yellow Sea.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Manguin, Pelliot, Ferrand, Miksic, and Flecker, amongst other, believe that the ships used by Chinese travelers were mostly foreign in origin, and Chinese ships were rarely used on the Southeast Asian voyages until the 9th century CE. Chinese ships did exist — but they're essentially fluvial (riverine) in nature and operation. Large Austronesian trading ships docking in Chinese seaports with as many as four sails were recorded by scholars as early as the 3rd century CE. They called them the "kunlun bo" or "kunlun po" (崑崙舶, lit. "ship of the Kunlun people"). They were booked by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims for passage to Southern India and Sri Lanka.


title: Junk (ship)

text: The 3rd century book "Strange Things of the South" (南州異物志, "Nánzhōu Yìwùzhì") by Wan Chen (萬震) describes one of these Austronesian ships as being capable of 600–700 people together with more than 10,000 "hu" (斛) of cargo (250–1000 tons according to various interpretations—600 tons deadweight according to Manguin). The ships could be more than 50 meters in length and had a freeboard of 5.2–7.8 meters. When seen from above they resemble covered galleries. He explains the ships' sail design as follows:


title: Junk (ship)

text: A 260 CE book by K'ang T'ai (康泰), quoted in "Taiping Yulan" (982 CE) described ships with seven sails called "po" or "ta po" (great ship or great junk) that could travel as far as Syria (大秦—Ta-chin, Roman Syria). These ships were used by the Indo-Scythian (月支—Yuezhi) traders for transporting horses. He also made reference to monsoon trade between the islands (or archipelago), which took a month and a few days in a large "po".


title: Junk (ship)

text: In 683 CE, Tang court sent an envoy to Srivijaya, which seems to have been done in foreign ship. Wang Gungwu stated that there are no records from Tang Dynasty era that mentioned Chinese junks being used for trading with Southern countries (Nanhai). Wang also noted that the ships used by Chinese pilgrim and travelers were K'un-lun ships or Indian ships. Chinese and Korean ships sailed to Kyushu for private trade with Japan in the 9th century.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Southern Chinese junks were based on keeled and multi-planked Austronesian ships (known as "po" by the Chinese, from the Old Javanese "parahu","" Javanese "prau", or Malay "perahu" — large ship). Southern Chinese junks showed characteristics of Austronesian ships that they are made using timbers of tropical origin, with keeled, V-shaped hull. This is different from northern Chinese junks, which are developed from flat-bottomed riverine boats. The northern Chinese junks were primarily built of pine or fir wood, had flat bottoms with no keel, water-tight bulkheads with no frames, transom (squared) stern and stem, and have their planks fastened with iron nails or clamps.


title: Junk (ship)

text: It was unknown when the Chinese people started adopting Southeast Asian (Austronesian) shipbuilding techniques. They may have been started as early as the 8th century, but the development was gradual and the true ocean-going Chinese junks did not appear suddenly. The word "po" survived in Chinese long after, referring to the large ocean-going junks.


title: Junk (ship)

text: In 989 CE the Song court permitted private Chinese ships to trade overseas. The ships of the Song, both mercantile and military, became the backbone of the navy of the following Yuan dynasty. In particular the Mongol invasions of Japan (1274–1281), as well as the Mongol invasion of Java (1293), essentially relied on recently acquired Song naval capabilities. Worcester estimates that the largest Yuan junks were in width and over long. In general, they had no keel, stempost, or sternpost. They did have centreboards, and a watertight bulkhead to strengthen the hull, which added great weight. This type of vessel may have been common in the 13th century. By using the ratio between the number of soldiers and ships, Nugroho concluded that each ship may carry a maximum capacity of 30 or 31 men, while using data presented by John Man would result in a capacity of 29–44 men per ship. David Bade estimated a capacity of 20 to 50 men per ship during the Java campaign.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Yuan dynasty ships carry on the tradition of Song, the Yuan navy is essentially Song navy. Both Song and Yuan employed large trading junks. The large ships (up to 5,000 "liao" or 1520–1860 tons burden) would carry 500–600 men, and the second class (1,000–2,000 "liao") would carry 200–300 men. Unlike Ming treasure ships, Song and Yuan great junks are propelled by oars, and have with them smaller junks, probably for maneuvering aids. The largest junks (5,000 "liao") may have a hull length twice that of Quanzhou ship (1,000 "liao"), that is . However, the usual Chinese trading junks pre-1500 was around long, with the length of only becoming the norm after 1500 CE. Large size could be a disadvantage for shallow harbors of southern seas, and the presence of numerous reefs exacerbates this.


title: Junk (ship)

text: The enormous dimensions of the Chinese ships of the Medieval period are described in Chinese sources, and are confirmed by Western travelers to the East, such as Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta and Niccolò da Conti. According to Ibn Battuta, who visited China in 1347:…We stopped in the port of Calicut, in which there were at the time thirteen Chinese vessels, and disembarked. On the China Sea traveling is done in Chinese ships only, so we shall describe their arrangements. The Chinese vessels are of three kinds; large ships called chunks "(junks)", middle sized ones called zaws "(dhows)" and the small ones kakams. The large ships have anything from twelve down to three sails, which are made of bamboo rods plaited into mats. They are never lowered, but turned according to the direction of the wind; at anchor they are left floating in the wind. A ship carries a complement of a thousand men, six hundred of whom are sailors and four hundred men-at-arms, including archers, men with shields and crossbows, who throw naphtha. Three smaller ones, the "half", the "third" and the "quarter", accompany each large vessel. These vessels are built in the towns of Zaytun "(a.k.a. "Zaitun"; today's Quanzhou; 刺桐)" and Sin-Kalan. The vessel has four decks and contains rooms, cabins, and saloons for merchants; a cabin has chambers and a lavatory, and can be locked by its occupants. This is the manner after which they are made; two "(parallel)" walls of very thick wooden "(planking)" are raised and across the space between them are placed very thick planks "(the bulkheads)" secured longitudinally and transversely by means of large nails, each three ells in length. When these walls have thus been built the lower deck is fitted in and the ship is launched before the upper works are finished.<br>— Ibn Battuta


title: Junk (ship)

text: The largest junks ever built were possibly those of Admiral Zheng He, for his expeditions in the Indian Ocean (1405 to 1433), although this is disputed as no contemporary records of the sizes of Zheng He's ships are known. Instead the dimensions are based on "Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi" (1597), a romanticized version of the voyages written by nearly two centuries later. Maodeng's novel describes Zheng He's ships as follows:


title: Junk (ship)

text: Louise Levathes suggests that the actual length of the biggest treasure ships may have been between long and wide. Modern scholars have argued on engineering grounds that it is highly unlikely that Zheng He's ship was 450 ft in length, Guan Jincheng (1947) proposed a much more modest size of 20 zhang long by 2.4 zhang wide (204 ft by 25.5 ft or 62.2 m by 7.8 m) while Xin Yuan'ou (2002) put them as 61–76 m (200–250 feet) in length. Zhao Zhigang claimed that he has solved the debate of the size difference, and stated that Zheng He's largest ship was about in length.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Comparing to other Ming records, the Chinese seem to have exaggerated their dimensions. European East Indiamen and galleons were said to be 30, 40, 50, and 60 "zhang" (90, 120, 150, and 180 m). It was not until the mid to late 19th century that the length of the largest western wooden ship began to exceed 100 meters, even this was done using modern industrial tools and iron parts.


title: Junk (ship)

text: From the mid-15th to early 16th century, all Chinese maritime trading was banned under the Ming Dynasty. The shipping and shipbuilding knowledge acquired during the Song and Yuan dynasties gradually declined during this period.


title: Junk (ship)

text: In 1661, a naval fleet of 400 junks and 25,000 men led by the Ming loyalist Zheng Chenggong (Cheng Ch'eng-kung in Wade–Giles, known in the West as Koxinga), arrived in Taiwan to oust the Dutch from Zeelandia. Following a nine-month siege, Cheng captured the Dutch fortress Fort Zeelandia. A peace treaty between Koxinga and the Dutch Government was signed at Castle Zeelandia on February 1, 1662, and Taiwan became Koxinga's base for the Kingdom of Tungning.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Javanese junks differed from Chinese junks in several respects. The Javanese junk was made of very thick wood, and as the ship got old, it was fixed with new planks, this way they have 3–4 planks, stacked together. The rope and the sail were made with woven rattan. The jong was made using "jati" wood (teak) at the time of this report (1515), at that time Chinese junks are using softwood as the main material. The Javanese ship's hull is formed by joining planks and keel by wooden dowels and treenails, without using iron bolts or nails. Frame would be built later, after the planking (the "shell first" construction). The planks are perforated by an auger and inserted with dowels, which remain inside the fastened planks, not seen from the outside. The hull was pointed at both ends, they carried two rudders and used tanja sail, but it may also use junk sail. It differed markedly from the Chinese vessel, which had its hull fastened by iron nails and strakes to a frame and to bulkheads. The Chinese vessel had a single rudder on a transom stern, and (except in Fujian and Guangdong) they had flat bottoms without keels. The empire of Majapahit used a very large version of these ships, built in north Java, for transporting troops overseas.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Encounters with giant jongs were recorded by Western travelers. Florentine merchant Giovanni da Empoli (1483–1517), one of the first Italian agents to join a Portuguese armada to India in 1503–1504, said that the junks of Java were no different in their strength than a castle, because the three and four boards, layered one above the other, could not be harmed with artillery. They sailed with their women, children, and families, with everyone mainly keeping to their respective rooms. Portuguese recorded at least two encounters with large jongs, one was encountered off the coast of Pacem (Samudera Pasai Sultanate) and the other was owned by Pati Unus, who went on to attack Malacca in 1513. Characteristics of the 2 ships were similar, both were larger than Portuguese ship, built with multiple plankings, resistant to cannon fire, and had two oar-like rudders on the side of the ship. At least Pati Unus' jong was equipped with three layers of sheathing which the Portuguese said over one "cruzado" in thickness each. The Chinese banned foreign ships from entering Guangzhou, fearing the Javanese or Malay junks would attack and capture the city, because it is said that one of these junk would rout twenty Chinese junks.


title: Junk (ship)

text: The main production location of jong was mainly constructed in two major shipbuilding centers around Java: north coastal Java, especially around Rembang–Demak (along the Muria strait) and Cirebon; and the south coast of Borneo (Banjarmasin) and adjacent islands. These places have teak forests, whose wood is resistant to shipworm, whereas Borneo itself would supply ironwood. Pegu, which is a large shipbuilding port in the 16th century, also produced jong, built by Javanese who resided there.


title: Junk (ship)

text: Niccolò da Conti in relating his travels in Asia between 1419 and 1444, describes huge junks of about 2,000 tons in weight:


title: Junk (ship)

text: Also, in 1456, the Fra Mauro map described the presence of junks in the Indian Ocean as well as their construction:


title: Junk (ship)

text: Fra Mauro further explains that one of these junks rounded the Cape of Good Hope and travelled far into the Atlantic Ocean, in 1420:


title: Junk (ship)

text: Large, ocean-going junks played a key role in Asian trade until the 19th century. One of these junks, "Keying", sailed from China around the Cape of Good Hope to the United States and England between 1846 and 1848. Many junks were fitted out with carronades and other weapons for naval or piratical uses. These vessels were typically called "war junks" or "armed junks" by Western navies which began entering the region more frequently in the 18th century. The British, Americans and French fought several naval battles with war junks in the 19th century, during the First Opium War, Second Opium War and in between.


title: Junk (ship)

text: At sea, junk sailors co-operated with their Western counterparts. For example, in 1870 survivors of the English barque "Humberstone" shipwrecked off Formosa, were rescued by a junk and landed safely in Macao.


title: Junk (ship)

text: In 1938, E. Allen Petersen escaped the advancing Japanese armies by sailing a junk, "Hummel Hummel", from Shanghai to California with his wife Tani and two White Russians (Tsar loyalists).


title: Junk (ship)

text: In 1955, six young men sailed a Ming dynasty-style junk from Taiwan to San Francisco. The four-month journey aboard the "Free China" was captured on film and their arrival into San Francisco made international front-page news. The five Chinese-born friends saw an advertisement for an international trans-Atlantic yacht race, and jumped at the opportunity for adventure. They were joined by the then US Vice-Consul to China, who was tasked with capturing the journey on film. Enduring typhoons and mishaps, the crew, having never sailed a century-old junk before, learned along the way. The crew included Reno Chen, Paul Chow, Loo-chi Hu, Benny Hsu, Calvin Mehlert and were led by skipper Marco Chung. After a journey of , the "Free China" and her crew arrived in San Francisco Bay in fog on August 8, 1955. Shortly afterward the footage was featured on ABC television's "Bold Journey" travelogue. Hosted by John Stephenson and narrated by ship's navigator Paul Chow, the program highlighted the adventures and challenges of the junk's sailing across the Pacific, as well as some humorous moments aboard ship.In 1959 a group of Catalan men, led by Jose Maria Tey, sailed from Hong Kong to Barcelona on a junk named "Rubia". After their successful journey this junk was anchored as a tourist attraction at one end of Barcelona harbor, close to where La Rambla meets the sea. Permanently moored along with it was a reproduction of Columbus' caravel "Santa Maria" during the 1960s and part of the 1970s.


title: Junk (ship)

text: In 1981, Christoph Swoboda had a 65 feet (LoA) "Bedar" built by the boatyard of Che Ali bin Ngah on Duyong island in the estuary of the Terengganu river on the East coast of Malaysia. The Bedar is one of the two types of Malay junk schooners traditionally built there. He sailed this junk with his family and one friend to the Mediterranean and then continued with changing crew to finally finish a circumnavigation in 1998. He sold this vessel in 2000 and in 2004 he started to build a new junk in Duyong with the same craftsmen: the Pinas (or Pinis) Naga Pelangi, in order to help keep this ancient boat building tradition alive. This boat finished to be fitted out in 2010 and is working as a charter boat in the Andaman and the South China Sea.


title: Saba Ali Khan

text: Saba Ali Khan Pataudi is an Indian jewelry designer and mutawalli (Chief Trustee) of the Auqaf-e-Shahi (Royal Trust), established by the princely state of Bhopal as a royal charitable endowment.


title: Saba Ali Khan

text: Khan, a member of the Pataudi family of Pashtun (Afghan) ancestry, is the daughter of cricketer Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi and actress Sharmila Tagore, and the sister of actors, Saif Ali Khan and Soha Ali Khan. She is the granddaughter of Sajida Begum, the Nawab Begum of Bhopal, and Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi, the Nawab of Pataudi. Her great-grandfather, Hamidullah Khan, succeeded the throne of Bhopal, after a long reign of royal queens. The actress Sara Ali Khan is her niece, and the actress Kareena Kapoor Khan is her sister-in-law. The titular Begum of Bhopal, Saleha Sultan, was her aunt, and through her she is the first cousin of cricketer, Saad Bin Jung. Major General of Pakistan Sher Ali Khan is her great-granduncle, and the diplomat Shahryar Khan is her uncle, through her grandaunt Abida Sultan.


title: Saba Ali Khan

text: The Auqaf-e-Shahi is a charitable trust that was endowed by the royal family of the Kingdom of the State of Bhopal. The trust manages a portfolio worth Rs 1200 crore, consisting mainly of real estate (both, religious and otherwise) in Bhopal, apart from properties in Mecca as well as Medina in Saudi Arabia. As a convention, a family member of the ruler of the state of Bhopal, or the ruler himself, was the mutawalli, the chief trustee who managed the assets of the trust for philanthropic purposes. Indian cricket captain Mansoor Ali Khan, who was the titular Nawab of Bhopal and Pataudi was the mutawalli till his death in 2011. Saba served under her father as naib mutawalli (Deputy Trustee) before taking over the reigns after his demise, while her brother Saif Ali Khan inherited the titular titles of the Nawab of Bhopal and Pataudi, and the respective estates.


title: Saba Ali Khan

text: Mansoor Ali Khan reportedly did not think of his son as a possible mutawalli, conscious that a film actor's appointment as head of islamic religious bodies may not go down well with certain sections.


title: Saba Ali Khan

text: In her tenure as the mutawalli, Auqaf-e-Shahi has acquired certain additional properties in Mecca. In 2016, she announced that the Waqf tribunal has declared that 34 acres of land around the Shahi Qabristan in Bhopal belonged to Auqaf-e-Shahi, and the same would be monetised with the proceeds going to improve the educational and health institutions of Bhopal.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: The Lion King is a Disney media franchise comprising a film series and additional media. The success of the original 1994 American animated feature, "The Lion King", directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, led to a direct-to-video sequel, a spin-off film, a 2019 film remake, a television film sequel, two spin-off television series, three educational shorts, several video games, merchandise, and the third-longest-running musical in Broadway history, which garnered six Tony Awards including Best Musical. The franchise, led by the musical's box office at $8.1 billion (as of December 2017), is the highest-grossing entertainment property. The franchise as a whole has EGOT-ed, meaning it has won the four biggest awards of American show business.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: The franchise mainly revolves about a pride of lions who oversee a large swath of African savanna as their "kingdom" known as the Pride Lands, with their leader Simba watching over it as "king". The first three animated films are widely known for being influenced by the works of William Shakespeare, as well as other works based on his material.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "The Lion King" is the original film of the franchise. It was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, premiered in selected cities on June 15, 1994, and widely released to theaters on June 24 by Walt Disney Pictures. "The Lion King" is the 32nd Disney animated feature film and belongs to an era known as the Disney Renaissance. The plot of the film is influenced by William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet", and is believed to have been inspired by Osamu Tezuka's 1960s Japanese anime series "Kimba the White Lion".


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: The series "The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa" had a direct-to-video film named "Around the World with Timon and Pumbaa", with Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella reprising their roles as Timon and Pumbaa respectively. The story tells of Pumbaa getting struck by lightning, losing all his memory, and Timon helps refrain every moment they spent. After Pumbaa gets his memory back, lightning strikes Timon losing his memory this time, making Pumbaa break the fourth wall by telling the viewers to rewind the tape to start at the beginning, being it was the only way to help Timon remember. Several episodes from the series are featured in this film. Aside from this film, two other DVDs, "Dining Out..." and "On Holiday..." are an hour compilation of other episodes of the series. No DVDs have been released in the U.S. but were released on VHS.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "" was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on VHS in the United States on October 27, 1998. It was directed by Darrell Rooney and co-directed by Rob LaDuca. It was first released on DVD as a limited issue on November 23, 1999, and placed into moratorium until it was again released on DVD on August 31, 2004, when it was a two-disc special edition. The plot of this animated film is heavily influenced by another Shakespeare play, "Romeo and Juliet".


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "The Lion King 1½", also known as "The Lion King 3: Hakuna Matata" in some countries, is the second and final direct-to-video installment of the film series. It was directed by Bradley Raymond and released by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on February 10, 2004. The film is a chronologically concurrent sequel to the first film, focusing on Timon and Pumbaa. It was somewhat influenced by Tom Stoppard's play "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead", in which the title characters are seen in every major event of "Hamlet".


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar" is a television movie that premiered on November 22, 2015, serving as a pilot for "The Lion Guard" television series, which debuted in early 2016 on Disney Junior. "Return of the Roar" was directed by Howy Parkins and written by Ford Riley. The film focuses on Simba and Nala's cub Kion, who as second-born to the throne, becomes leader of the Lion Guard, a group that protects the Pride Lands and defends the Circle of Life. As leader of the Lion Guard, Kion is gifted with a power called the Roar of the Elders which when used, causes the great lion spirits of the Pride Lands' past to roar with him. Going against tradition, Kion chooses non-lions to be members of his guard; his friends Bunga the honey badger, Ono the egret, Beshte the hippo, and Fuli the cheetah.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A television movie, or extended episode, which premiered on July 29, 2017 on Disney Channel during season 2 of "The Lion Guard". As the dry season begins, the Lion Guard continues to protect the Pride Lands, and Rafiki takes on an apprentice named Makini. Meanwhile, Janja the hyena and his clan, along with their new ally Ushari the cobra, orchestrate events that allow them to summon the spirit of Scar in order to defeat the Lion Guard and take over the Pride Lands.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A television movie which premiered on August 3, 2019 on Disney Channel during season 3 of "The Lion Guard". In the film, Scar enacts the final stage of his plan against the Pride Lands, and the Lion Guard begin a final battle with him which dovetails into the events which separate the Lion Guard from the rest of the Pride Lands during the events of "Simba's Pride".


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A computer animated remake of "The Lion King" was directed by Jon Favreau and produced thur his production company Fairview Entertainment. The film's voice cast features Donald Glover as Simba, Chiwetel Ejiofor as Scar, Beyoncé as Nala, Alfre Woodard as Sarabi, John Oliver as Zazu, John Kani as Rafiki Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen as Timon and Pumbaa and James Earl Jones reprised his role as Mufasa. The remake was released on July 19, 2019.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A follow-up film is in development with Barry Jenkins attached to direct and Jeff Nathanson set to return as screenwriter. While it has been referred to as a prequel, the film has been described as being set after the events of the 2019 film while also exploring Mufasa's formative years. Aaron Pierre will be voicing young Mufasa and Kelvin Harrison Jr. will voice young Scar. The film, titled "Mufasa: The Lion King", is scheduled for release in 2024.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa" is a spin-off cartoon series that follows the adventures of Timon and Pumbaa (and occasionally, the film's other supporting characters). The show ran for three seasons, airing on the syndicated block "The Disney Afternoon" and CBS in the United States, and BBS in Canada from September 8, 1995, to November 1, 1998. It had Bobs Gannaway and Tony Craig serving as the executive producers for the first two seasons. As of Season 3, the show was produced by Chris Bartleman and Blair Peters, with Tedd and Patsy Cameron-Anasti serving as the executive producers. Since February 8, 2009 (after its final airing on the now-defunct Toon Disney before replaced by Disney XD), this show was no longer on the air, but returned along with some other favorites on March 23, 2012, for a limited time, as part of the new Disney Junior TV channel. The series uses fast-paced slapstick comedy in order to convey life lessons to young viewers.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A second TV show called "The Lion Guard" premiered on Disney Junior and Disney Channel; it first appeared as a television movie called "The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar" which debuted on November 22, 2015, followed by a series which began airing on January 15, 2016. A preschool-oriented spin-off, the series was developed by Ford Riley, who also serves as writer and executive producer. It centers around Simba and Nala's second-born cub Kion, who becomes leader of the Lion Guard, a team that protects the Pride Lands and defends the Circle of Life. As leader of the Lion Guard, Kion is gifted with a power called the Roar of the Elders which when used, causes the great lion spirits of the Pride Lands' past to roar with him. "The Lion Guard" is a sequel to "The Lion King" and takes place during the time-gap within the 1998 film, "", with the last two episodes of Season 3 taking place after the events of that film. Various characters from the first two films also make appearances in the show, including Kiara, Timon, Pumbaa, Rafiki, Zazu, and Mufasa. New characters Bunga the honey badger, Ono the egret, Beshte the hippo, and Fuli the cheetah are Kion's friends and members of his Lion Guard.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "Find Out Why" is a short educational series that features Timon and Pumbaa answering science questions like why there is lightning, why pandas don't live in deserts, why there is wind, and why an airplane flies. These shorts are for educational purposes at schools, non-residential and residential uses for people, including students and kids everywhere in the world.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: Together with Timon (voiced by Bruce Lanoil) and Pumbaa (voiced by Ernie Sabella), students learn a variety of safety lessons for around the house, for the environment, and for in the water that will help themselves and others avoid injuries, live problem-free, and be Safety Smart. At the end of each episode, Timon and Pumbaa sing a musical number reviewing all that they learned on the episode in question.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A series of shorts based on the "Wild About Safety" series, called "Safety Smart: On the Go!", was also released. Based on the "Wild About Safety" episode of the same name, "Safety Smart: On the Go" is a series of shorts that detail topics on how to be safe when traveling, such as when riding vehicles, using bikes & scooters, walking to travel as pedestrians, or even when visiting amusement parks. The "Safety Smart: On the Go!" short series is most well known for being displayed in resorts in Walt Disney World (Florida) & Disneyland (California), in addition to a "Wild About Safety" video about how to be safe in resort hotels & the original "Wild About Safety" episode that the "Safety Smart: On the Go!" short series is based on.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A short-form series in which Bunga and Ono from "The Lion Guard" pick two animals to compete in contests such as "Who's Quicker?" "Who Has Better Hair?" and "Who's Hungrier?" The series features live-action animal footage provided by Disneynature.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "The Legend of the Lion King" was an underground stage performance retelling the story of the film using fully articulated puppets in Magic Kingdom's Fantasyland. This attraction ran from June 1994 to February 2002.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A Broadway-caliber short-form stage musical named "Festival of the Lion King" is performed live in Disney's Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World, Florida and in Adventureland at Hong Kong Disneyland. It uses the concept of tribal celebration in combination with ideas from Disney's Electrical Parade. The show is in the form of a revue, and not a condensed version of either the film or Broadway show. However, it features the award-winning music from the first film, written by Elton John and Tim Rice. The show uses songs, dance, puppetry and visual effects to create an African savannah setting filled with lions, elephants, giraffes, birds, zebras and gazelles.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A musical, based on the original animated film, debuted July 8, 1997, in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre. Directed by Julie Taymor, produced by Disney Theatrical Productions, and written by the co-director of the original film, Roger Allers, with writer Irene Mecchi. The musical features actors in elaborate animal costumes, and complex puppetry, created by Taymor and Michael Curry. The musical is divided in two acts and has music by Elton John and lyrics by Tim Rice, along with the musical score created by Hans Zimmer with choral arrangements by Lebo M. The musical incorporates several changes and additions to the storyline as compared to the film, as well as adding more songs.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: The musical became a success even before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15, 1997, in previews with the official opening on November 13 the same year. On June 13, 2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of "Mary Poppins", where it is still running. It is now Broadway's third-longest-running show in history. The show debuted in the West End's Lyceum Theatre on October 19, 1999, and is still running. The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance 2008 at the London Palladium on December 11, in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family. Other productions within the U.S. include a Los Angeles production at the Pantages Theatre, in Charlotte at the Blumenthal Performing Arts Center, and a Las Vegas production at Mandalay Bay. International productions include a British at the Lyceum Theatre in London, a Canadian at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto, a Mexican in Mexico City, and a South African in Johannesburg, among others. The first ever UK tour opened at Bristol Hippodrome on August 31, 2012.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: Two video games based on the first film have been released. The first, titled "The Lion King", was published in 1994 by Virgin and was released for the NES (only in Europe), SNES, Game Boy, Sega Master System, Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, Game Gear, PC, and Amiga. The second game, called "", was published in 2000 by Activision and was released for the PlayStation and Game Boy Color. It was based on the first film and its storyline continued into the sequel.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: In 1996, Disney Interactive and 7th Level released "Timon & Pumbaa's Jungle Games" for the PC. It was later seen on the SNES. The "Games" include: one in which Pumbaa uses his gas to destroy fruits and bugs (and even a kitchen sink) that fall out of trees, a variation of pinball, a game where players use a peashooter to hit enemy creatures in the jungle, a game where Timon has to jump onto hippos in order to cross a river to deliver bugs to Pumbaa, and a variation of "Puyo Puyo" called "Bug Drop".


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: An educational game called "Disney's Adventures in Typing With Timon and Pumbaa" was released by Disney Interactive in 1998 for PCs with Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. The game teaches children how to type through use of five games. It features the characters Rafiki, Timon and Pumbaa.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: In the Disney Interactive Studios and Square Enix video game "Kingdom Hearts", Simba appears as an ally that Sora can summon during battles. He also appears again as a summon character in "". In "Kingdom Hearts II", the Pride Lands are a playable world and a number of characters from the film appear, including Nala, Timon and Pumbaa, Rafiki and Mufasa, with Scar and the three Hyenas serving as enemies.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A game called "The Lion King 1½" was published in 2003 for the Game Boy Advance, based on the direct-to-video film and featuring Timon and Pumbaa as the playable characters. Some of the film's characters are playable in "Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure", a spin-off of the "Tony Hawk" games.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: Simba is also a character in the video game "Disney Friends", where the player can interact with him. Timon and Pumbaa also appear as supporting characters in game.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: In the world builder video game "Disney Magic Kingdoms", a limited time Event based on "The Lion King" introduced Simba, Nala, Timon, Pumbaa, Rafiki, Zazu and Scar as playable characters, as well as some attractions based on locations of the film. Shenzi, Banzai and Ed were also included as playable characters in a later update of the game. In the game the characters are involved in new storylines that serve as a continuation of "The Lion King" (ignoring other materials in the franchise).


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A 70 mm film entitled "" is shown in the Harvest Theater in The Land Pavilion at Epcot in Walt Disney World, Orlando, Florida. It opened on January 21, 1995 replacing "Symbiosis". It stars the characters from "The Lion King", where the story follows Timon and Pumbaa chopping down trees and clogging up rivers to build the Hakuna Matata Lakeside Village. Simba comes to them and explains how their actions are harmful to nature. This lesson is explained with live-action footage, some left over from "Symbiosis". The film ran for 23 years before ultimately closing on February 3, 2018.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: Roger Allers, who was the animated feature's co-director, and Irene Mecchi, who was the film's screenplay co-writer, authored the animated film's book adaptation.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "The Lion King: Six New Adventures", a collection of six spin-off books was published in 1994 by Grolier Enterprises Inc. The books were approved by Disney and take place after "The Lion King". The story of the books center around Kopa, the son of Simba who is mischievous and adventurous but good-hearted just like his father was when he was young. In each book, while doing mischief Kopa learns a life-lesson and meets up with Rafiki who gives him wisdom by narrating the past tales of the Pridelands.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "The Lion King Celebration" was a parade based on the film that ran at Disneyland from June 1, 1994, to June 1, 1997. It was designed as though the story of Simba was a tale passed down in Africa for generations. The parade featured six floats designed around different aspects of Africa, dancers dressed in animal costumes and a Pride Rock float featuring Simba and Nala.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: Many characters from "The Lion King" appear in the Disney Channel series "House of Mouse". Some of them also appear in the series' spin-off films "" and "Mickey's House of Villains". The characters also appear at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts as meet and greet characters.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A digital storybook app called "The Lion King: Timon's Tale" retelling the story of The Lion King from Timon's point-of-view was released on February 24. 2012 for iOS devices.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: The story is set in a kingdom of anthropomorphic animals in Africa known as the Pride Lands, where a lion rules over the other animals as king. "The Lion King" begins when Rafiki, a mandrill, anoints Simba, the newborn son of King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi, presenting him to a gathering of animals at the Pride Rock. Simba is next seen as a young cub, with Mufasa teaching him about the "Circle of Life". Simba's uncle and Mufasa's brother Scar plots to take the throne for himself and tells Simba about an elephant graveyard, a place where Mufasa has warned Simba not to go. When Simba and his best friend Nala sneak off to the elephant graveyard, Shenzi, Banzai and Ed, three hyenas aligned with Scar, attack and try to kill the two cubs, but they are stopped by Mufasa. Scar's next plan is to lure Simba into a gorge while the hyenas create a wildebeest stampede. Alerted by Scar, Mufasa races to rescue Simba from the stampede. He saves his son but is left clinging to the edge of a cliff, which results in Scar flinging him into the stampede below and killing him. Scar then tricks Simba into thinking that he is responsible for his father's death and tells him to run away, only to later order the hyenas to kill Simba, but they fail. Scar informs the pride that both Mufasa and Simba were killed and that he is assuming the throne as the next in line. Simba is later found unconscious by Timon and Pumbaa, who adopt and raise him. It is not until Simba is a young adult lion that he meets Nala again, and the two lions fall in love. Along with Rafiki and Mufasa's ghost, Nala convinces Simba to return to the Pride Lands and claim the throne. Simba, along with Nala, Timon, and Pumbaa go to the Pride Rock, where Simba confronts, fights, and defeats Scar, who is later betrayed and killed by his own army of hyenas as a result of Scar's blaming of the hyenas for Mufasa's death. The film concludes with the Pride Lands turning green with life again and Rafiki presenting Simba and Nala's newborn cub.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa" follows the further adventures of the titular meerkat and warthog duo, as they live their problem-free philosophy Hakuna Matata. Timon and Pumbaa are seen having their own (mis)adventures both within' and outside of the Serengeti, encountering new allies and enemies throughout their journey, such as Speedy the Snail, Boss Beaver, and human nemesis Quint. The series also has episodes centering on Rafiki, Zazu, and Shenzi, Banzai, and Ed. Simba himself also makes recurring appearances throughout the show. In the episode "Once Upon a Timon", one of the two versions of how Timon met Pumbaa was revealed, the second being shown in "The Lion King 1½". This may indicate that "Timon & Pumbaa" (or just said episode) and "The Lion King 1½" exist in two different continuities.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "The Lion King II: Simba's Pride" begins with the presentation of Simba and Nala's daughter named Kiara. Simba is very protective of his daughter and assigns Timon and Pumbaa to be her guardians. One day, the young cub sneaks into the Outlands, the place in which a group of lions loyal to Scar called the Outsiders reside after Simba exiles them from the Pride Lands. In the Outlands, Kiara meets a young male cub named Kovu, Scar's hand-chosen successor, and the two of them befriend each other until Simba and Kovu's mother, Zira arrive and a fight between Pride Landers and Outsiders almost takes place. Later in the film, Zira decides that she can use Kovu's new friendship with Kiara to get her revenge against Simba. Kiara is next seen as an adolescent lioness and is set to go for her first solo-hunt, but discovers that her father still sends Timon and Pumbaa to watch her. Furious, Kiara goes further from home until Zira's other children, Nuka and Vitani, set fire to the plains where Kiara is hunting, causing her to faint and giving Kovu the chance to rescue her. Simba finds that Kovu has helped Kiara and reluctantly allows him into the Pride Lands. While Simba struggles with the idea of accepting Kovu, Kiara and Kovu eventually fall in love. One morning, Simba invites Kovu for a walk but they are ambushed by Zira and her pride. They attack Simba but, while chasing him, Nuka got killed by the logs, resulting in Zira blaming and scratching Kovu for his death giving him a scar over his left eye. A wounded Simba exiles Kovu as he thinks Kovu was behind the ambush, but Kiara, knowing that Kovu would never do such a thing, runs away from Pride Rock against her father's orders and reunites with Kovu and convinces him to return with her to reunite their prides. Meanwhile, Zira leads her pride in a war against Simba and the Pridelanders and a fierce battle breaks out. Kovu and Kiara leap between them and Kiara reminds her father that, by his own words, "we are one". Zira refuses to end the battle, but Vitani and the other Outsiders understand Kiara's words and abandon their leader and join the Pridelanders. Now alone, Zira leaps for Simba, but Kiara pushes her away and they fall over a cliff. Kiara lands on a rock, but Zira slips and falls into the lake to death. Simba allows the Outsiders, including Kovu, to return to the Pride Lands, and Kovu is allowed to stand with Kiara at the top of Pride Rock.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: "The Lion King 1½" is a retelling of the events of the first film from Timon and Pumbaa's perspective.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: In "The Lion Guard", the majority of the series takes place after Kiara meets Kovu, but before her first hunt. The series follows the adventures of Simba and Nala's son Kion as he assembles the titular group of animals to protect the Pride Lands. In Season 2, Scar, the antagonist of the original film makes his return in the animated series, and plots revenge against Simba and plans to overthrow him as King by gathering up all the Outlanders to form an army. In the special "Battle for the Pride Lands" which serves as a prequel and pilot for Season 3, Kion continues to battle the spirit of Scar. In a series of events (ones involving Janja's betrayal of Scar), Kion managed to defeat and destroy Scar forever, but not before receiving a facial wound identical to his great uncle's, courtesy of the cobra Ushari (who is later killed in the fight). Season 3 featured Kion journeying throughout the Pride Lands to the Tree of Life to heal his scar before the venom corrupts him into the lion Scar once was. The last 2 episodes of Season 3 take place after the war between Simba's pride & Zira's outsiders.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: A total of thirteen supervising animators from Walt Disney Animation Studios and Disney's Hollywood Studios were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the first film's main characters. The animation team studied real-life animals for reference, as was done for the earlier film "Bambi". The animation of the characters was created with supervision by wildlife experts such as Jim Fowler, who visited the studio on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other jungle inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings an authentic feel. He taught them how lions greet one another by gently butting heads, and show affection by placing one's head under the other's chin, mannerisms that can be appreciated in Simba and Nala's encounter during the song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight". Fowler also talked about how they protect themselves by lying on their backs and using their claws to ward off attackers, and how they fight rivals by rising on their hind legs. Screenwriter Irene Mecchi joined the directing team to help in the character development process as well as to define each character's personality. Story head Brenda Chapman, gave insight to the challenge of the characters and the story by stating that "it was our job to make the main character likeable and sympathetic. It was also challenging to make the environment and characters interesting. In real life, lions basically sleep, eat and have no props."


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: Two spin-off television series have been produced, one focusing on the characters of Timon the meerkat and Pumbaa the warthog called "Timon & Pumbaa", and the other focusing on new character Kion called "The Lion Guard". Three sets of educational shorts have also been produced.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: Early production of "The Lion King" began in late 1988, with the film originally being titled "King of the Kalahari" and later "King of the Jungle". The treatment, inspired by "Hamlet", was written by Thomas M. Disch (author of "The Brave Little Toaster") as work-for-hire; Disch received no credit or royalties. Production took place at the Walt Disney Animation Studios in Glendale, California. Also, nearly 20 minutes of the film were animated at the Disney-MGM Studios. Ultimately, more than 600 artists, animators and technicians contributed to "The Lion King" over its lengthy production schedule. More than one million drawings were created for the film, including 1,197 hand-painted backgrounds and 119,058 individually colored frames of film.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: In October 1991, after finishing work on "Beauty and the Beast" as Head of Story, Roger Allers joined "The Lion King", as the initial director. Allers worked for 6 months on story development and was then joined by co-director, Rob Minkoff. A 2-day story session was held to revamp the story with the two directors, Allers and Minkoff, joined by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, directors of "Beauty and the Beast", and Producer Don Hahn who presided over the discussion. The creative think-tank produced a character makeover for Simba and a radically revised second half of the film. Irene Mecchi joined the team that summer to help further develop the characters and define their personalities. Several months later, she was joined by Jonathan Roberts in the rewriting process. Working together in the animation department and in conjunction with the directors and story team, they tackled the unresolved emotional issues in the script and also added many comic situations. Some of the lead production crew made a trip to Africa to better understand the environment for the film. The trip gave production designer Chris Sanders a new appreciation for the natural environments and inspired him to find ways to incorporate these elements into the design of the film. The filmmakers also made use of computers to better present their vision in new ways. The most notable use of computer animation is in the "wildebeest stampede" sequence. Several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program, multiplied into hundreds, cel shaded to look like drawn animation, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd. Similar multiplication occurs in the "Be Prepared" musical number with identical marching hyenas. Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the 2½ minute stampede sequence.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: At one time, the Disney Feature Animation staff felt "The Lion King" was less important than "Pocahontas". Both projects were in production at the same time, and most of the staff preferred to work on "Pocahontas", believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two. As it turned out, while both films were commercial successes, "The Lion King" received more positive feedback and larger grosses than "Pocahontas".


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: The sequel "The Lion King II: Simba's Pride" was directed by Darrell Rooney and produced by Jeannine Roussel, with Flip Kobler and Cindy Marcus writing the screenplay. Disney believed that "Simba's Pride" would be so popular that it shipped 15 million copies to stores for the October 27 release date.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: The original motion picture soundtrack for the first film was released by Walt Disney Records on June 13, 1994, two days before the film's release. It contains songs by songwriter Elton John and Tim Rice, who wrote five original songs, with Elton John performing "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" during the end credits. Additionally, "The Morning Report", a song which was not present in the original theatrical film, was later added to the IMAX theater and to the DVD Platinum Edition release. The film's score was composed by Hans Zimmer and supplemented with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M. Elton John thought his career had hit a new low when he was writing the music to the song "Hakuna Matata". However, the strongly enthusiastic audience reception to an early film trailer which consisted solely of the opening sequence with the song "Circle of Life", suggested that the film would be very successful. Out of the five original songs, "Hakuna Matata" was listed at number 99 in the AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs list in 2004, and "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" won the Oscar for Best Original Song during the 67th Academy Awards. The soundtrack itself was the fourth best-selling album of 1994 on the "Billboard" 200 and the top-selling soundtrack.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: Disney released "Rhythm of the Pride Lands" on February 28, 1995, as a sequel to the soundtrack of the first film. Rhythm of the Pride Lands was initially printed in a very limited quantity, but was later re-released in 2003, included in some international versions of The Lion King's special edition soundtrack with an additional track, "Circle of Life".


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: An audio CD entitled "" was released on September 8, 1998. Although not promoted as a soundtrack to "The Lion King II: Simba's Pride", it contained all the songs from the film and some additional songs inspired by it by Lebo M. Tina Turner recorded a version of "He Lives in You" for the film. On August 31, 2004, Disney released an "enhanced soundtrack" to coincide with the release of the film's 2-Disc Special Edition DVD. However, the CD only contains the songs featured in the film, without any of the inspired songs by the first film. "Siskel & Ebert" noted that it was best the film was direct-to-video, since the music was lacking and not remotely equal to the original's soundtrack.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: The soundtrack for the third film, "The Lion King 1½: Songs From Timon and Pumbaa's Hilarious Adventure", was released to CD by Disney on February 10, 2004. It includes two songs from the original film, "That's All I Need" and "Hakuna Matata", re-performed by Nathan Lane who took over the role of voicing the character Timon. The rest of the soundtrack includes various R&B tracks, including remakes of the Kool and the Gang classic "Jungle Boogie" by artist French, and two instrumental pieces from film composer Don Harper. The soundtrack also includes Ennio Morricone's theme from "The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly".


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: During its release in 1994, "The Lion King" was widely acclaimed, grossing more than $783 million worldwide, becoming the most successful film released that year. The film was the highest grossing animated film of all time until the release of Disney/Pixar's "Finding Nemo". "The Lion King" is still the highest grossing traditionally animated film of all time in the United States. The film received many award nominations, and won the Academy Award for Best Original Score, the Golden Globe award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, and the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature. The song "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" alone won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Golden Globe for Best Original Song, the BMI Film Music Award, and the Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance Male.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: On home video, "The Lion King" became the best-selling film on VHS, selling 32million tapes, and grossing in video sales. "The Lion King II: Simba's Pride" sold 3.5 million copies in three days. Thirteen million copies were sold while it was still in print in the late 1990s. By 2000, it had sold 15million VHS copies, and grossed about in sales and rentals. "The Lion King 1½" sold 6million DVD and VHS units in North America. "The Lion King" musical has grossed nearly as of 2017, and is the highest-grossing musical of all time.


title: The Lion King (franchise)

text: Both sequels won the Annie Award for Best Animated Home Entertainment Production. "The Lion King 1½" also won five DVD Exclusive Awards. The musical won six Tony Awards including Best Musical.


title: 1984 in film

text: The following is an overview of events in 1984 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.


title: 1984 in film

text: The year's highest-grossing film in the United States and Canada was "Beverly Hills Cop". "Ghostbusters" overtook it, however, with a re-release the following year. It was the first time in five years that the top-grossing film did not involve George Lucas or Steven Spielberg although Spielberg directed and Lucas executive produced/co-wrote the third placed "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom" (the highest-grossing film worldwide that year); Spielberg also executive produced the fourth placed "Gremlins".


title: 1984 in film

text: U.S. box office grosses reached $4 billion for the first time and it was the first year that two films had returned over $100 million to their distributors with both "Ghostbusters" and "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom" achieving this. "Beverly Hills Cop" made it three for films released in 1984 after its performance during 1985 took it to rentals of $108 million. Other popular films included "The NeverEnding Story", which was the most expensive film produced in West Germany, "The Karate Kid" and "Romancing the Stone". A high number of sci-fi/fantasy films were released in 1984.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: Bitcoin Cash is a cryptocurrency that is a fork of Bitcoin. Bitcoin Cash is a spin-off or altcoin that was created in 2017.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: Since its inception, Bitcoin users had maintained a common set of rules for the cryptocurrency. On 21 July 2017, bitcoin miners locked-in a software upgrade referred to as Bitcoin Improvement Proposal (BIP) 91, which meant that the Segregated Witness upgrade would activate at block 477,120. Segwit controversially would enable second layer solutions on bitcoin such as the Lightning Network. A key difference of opinion between Bitcoin users was over the running of nodes. Bitcoin supporters wanted to keep blocks small so that nodes could be operated with less resources, while some large block supporters find it acceptable that (due to large block sizes), nodes might only be run by universities, private companies and nonprofits.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: A group of bitcoin activists, developers, and China-based miners were unhappy with Bitcoin's proposed SegWit improvement plans meant to increase bitcoin's capacity; these stakeholders pushed forward alternative plans which would increase the block size limit to eight megabytes through a hard fork. Supporters of a block size increase were more committed to an on-chain medium of exchange function.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: In June 2017, hardware manufacturer Bitmain, described the would-be hard fork with the increased block size as a "contingency plan", should the bitcoin community decide to fork implementing SegWit. The first implementation of the software was proposed under the name "Bitcoin ABC" at a conference that month. In July 2017, mining pool ViaBTC proposed the name "Bitcoin Cash". In July 2017 Roger Ver and others stated they felt that adopting BIP 91 (that would later activate SegWit) favored people who wanted to treat bitcoin as a digital investment rather than as a transactional currency. The fork that created Bitcoin Cash took effect on 1 August 2017. In relation to Bitcoin it is characterized variously as a spin-off, a strand, a product of a hard fork, an offshoot, a clone, a second version or an altcoin.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: At the time of the fork anyone owning bitcoin came into possession of the same number of Bitcoin Cash units. The technical difference between Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin is that Bitcoin Cash allows larger blocks in its blockchain than Bitcoin which, in theory, allows it to process more transactions per second. Bitcoin Cash was the first of the Bitcoin forks, in which software-development teams modified the original Bitcoin computer code and released coins with “Bitcoin" in their names, with "the goal of creating money out of thin air". On 1 August 2017 Bitcoin Cash began trading at about $240, while bitcoin traded at about $2,700. On 20 December 2017 it reached an intraday high of $4,355.62 and then fell 88% to $519.12 on 23 August 2018.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: In 2018 Bitcoin Core developer Cory Fields found a bug in the "Bitcoin ABC" software that would have allowed an attacker to create a block causing a chain split. Fields notified the development team about it, and the bug was fixed.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: In November 2020, there was a second contested hard fork where the leading node implementation, BitcoinABC, created BCHA.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: In 2017 there were two factions of Bitcoin supporters: those that supported large blocks and those who preferred small blocks. The Bitcoin Cash faction favors the use of its currency as a medium of exchange for commerce, while the Bitcoin-supporting faction view Bitcoin's primary use as that of a store of value. Bitcoin Cash is sometimes also referred to as Bcash. Bitcoin Cash detractors call the cryptocurrency "Bcash", "Btrash", or "a scam", while its supporters maintain that "it is the pure form of Bitcoin".


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: Samson Mow of Blockstream pointed to Bitcoin Cash's use of the "Bitcoin" name as a source of animosity between the Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash camps. Emin Gün Sirer, a professor at Cornell stated that Bitcoin Cash was focused on use and Bitcoin was "enormously" focused on store of value.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: Bitcoin Cash trades on digital currency exchanges using the "Bitcoin Cash" name and the BCH currency code for the cryptocurrency. On 26 March 2018, OKEx removed all Bitcoin Cash trading pairs except for BCH/BTC, BCH/ETH and BCH/USDT due to "inadequate liquidity". , daily transaction numbers for Bitcoin Cash are about one-tenth of those of bitcoin. Coinbase listed Bitcoin Cash on 19 December 2017 and the coinbase platform experienced price abnormalities that led to an insider trading investigation. As of August 2018, Bitcoin Cash payments are supported by payment service providers such as BitPay, Coinify and GoCoin.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash both use a proof-of-work algorithm to timestamp every new block. The proof of work algorithm used is the same in both cases. It can be described as a partial inversion of a hash function. Additionally, both Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash target a new block to be generated every ten minutes on average. The time needed to calculate a new block is influenced by a parameter called the mining difficulty. If the total amount of mining power increases, an increase of the mining difficulty can keep the block time roughly constant. Vice versa, if the mining power decreases, a decrease of the mining difficulty can keep the block time roughly constant.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: To keep the block generation time equal to ten minutes on average, both Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash use an algorithm adjusting the mining difficulty parameter. This algorithm is called the "difficulty adjustment algorithm (DAA)". Originally, both Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash used the same difficulty adjustment algorithm, adjusting the mining difficulty parameter every 2016 blocks. Since 1 August 2017, Bitcoin Cash also used an addition to the DAA, called an "Emergency Difficulty Adjustment" (EDA) algorithm. EDA was used alongside the original DAA and it was designed to decrease the mining difficulty of Bitcoin Cash by 20%, if the time difference between 6 successive blocks was greater than 12 hours.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: EDA adjustments caused instabilities in mining difficulty of the Bitcoin Cash system, resulting in Bitcoin Cash being thousands of blocks ahead of Bitcoin. To address the problem with stability, a change of the Bitcoin Cash DAA was implemented and the EDA canceled. The change took effect on 13 November 2017. After the change, the Bitcoin Cash DAA adjusts the mining difficulty after each block. To calculate the difficulty for a new block, the Bitcoin Cash DAA uses a moving window of last 144 blocks.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: A group of researchers demonstrated that, as of June 2019, Bitcoin DAA fails to generate new blocks at a constant rate as long as the hash supply is elastic. In contrast to that, the group demonstrated that Bitcoin Cash DAA is stable even when the cryptocurrency price is volatile and the supply of hash power is highly elastic.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: On 15 November 2018, a hard fork chain split of Bitcoin Cash occurred between two rival factions called Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin SV. On 15 November 2018 Bitcoin Cash traded at about $289, and Bitcoin SV traded at about $96.50, down from $425.01 on 14 November for the un-split Bitcoin Cash.


title: Bitcoin Cash

text: The split originated from what was described as a "civil war" in two competing bitcoin cash camps. The first camp, supported by entrepreneur Roger Ver and Jihan Wu of Bitmain, promoted the software entitled Bitcoin ABC (short for Adjustable Blocksize Cap), which would maintain the block size at 32 MB. The second camp led by Craig Steven Wright and billionaire Calvin Ayre put forth a competing software version Bitcoin SV, short for "Bitcoin Satoshi Vision", which would increase the block size limit to 128 MB.


title: X González

text: X González (born Emma González; November 11, 1999) is an American activist and advocate for gun control. In 2018, they survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, the deadliest high school shooting in U.S. history, and in response co-founded the gun-control advocacy group Never Again MSD.


title: X González

text: González gave a viral speech against gun violence, proclaiming "We call B.S." on the lack of action by politicians funded by the NRA. Subsequently, González continued to be an outspoken activist on gun control, making high-profile media appearances and helping organize the March for Our Lives. Speaking at the demonstration, González led a moment of silence for the victims of the massacre; they stood on stage for six minutes, which they observed was the length of the shooting spree itself.