title: G4S

text: On 22 July 2012, a contractor reported that a third of his expected staff had not turned up; instead, he was sent a group of mainly female, teenage students with minimal training, whom he turned away as he did not feel comfortable leaving them for night duties. On 8 August 2012, G4S announced that it had finally contracted enough employees to fully fulfil its contract for the Olympic games. Although missing its initial target of 10,000, G4S announced the sending of 7,000 personnel each day to Olympic venues, in a way they felt would allow them to fully secure each venue. Subsequent to the Olympics contract failures, the chief constables of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire were to recommend abandoning outsourcing work to G4S. They were backed by Jim Paice, the agriculture minister and Conservative MP for South East Cambridgeshire. Following the Olympic Games, G4S provided a donation of £2.5 million to military charities as a goodwill gesture.


title: G4S

text: G4S announced in late August 2012 that it would be selling its Pakistan division, Wackenhut Pakistan Limited, to its chairman Ikram Sehgal for a figure of around $10 million, according to the "Financial Times".


title: G4S

text: G4S was one of the nominees for the 2013 Public Eye Award, a counter-event created by NGOs, which awards the worst company of the year.


title: G4S

text: G4S was in the news in June 2016 because of employee Omar Mateen, the gunman behind one of the worst mass-shooting incidents in United States history (where 49 were killed), who was employed as a security guard by the company. In October 2006, Mateen had begun working as a recruit for the Florida Department of Corrections, being assigned to the Martin Correctional Institution. In a letter explaining his juvenile record as part of his successful application, Mateen explained the incident of when he was arrested at school when he was fourteen. Following the Virginia Tech shooting in April 2007, Mateen suggested in a corrections officer training class that he would bring a gun to class. P.H. Skipper, who was the warden at institution, wrote that "in light of the tragic events at Virginia Tech officer Mateen's inquiry about bringing a weapon to class is at best extremely disturbing". Days later on 27 April 2007, Mateen "was involuntarily dismissed" from the program and never became a certified corrections officer.


title: G4S

text: Mateen then worked for British-based security firm G4S Secure Solutions in Jupiter, Florida, from September 2007 until his death. The company said two screenings of Mateen—one conducted upon hiring and the other in 2013—had raised no red flags. Nonetheless, G4S removed Mateen from his job post at a courthouse because of threats he made towards coworkers, including one threat where he claimed he would have al-Qaeda kill a deputy's family. Mateen had claimed that his coworkers and courthouse deputies were making racist comments towards him. Despite this, G4S "kept Mateen as an employee" but moved him "to a kiosk at a gated community in Palm Beach County." They never informed the community or its property management company about why he was transferred there.


title: G4S

text: Mateen held an active concealed carry permit and an armed security guard licence. He was said to have passed a psychological test and medical exam performed by Dr. Syed Shafeeq Rahman, who had close ties with Mateen's family. It was also noted that Mateen had no criminal record. According to licensing records, he was a proficient shooter who scored in the 98th percentile with a 9mm semiautomatic pistol.


title: G4S

text: After the shooting, a psychologist, who was said to have evaluated and cleared Mateen for his firearms licence in 2007, according to the records of the security company G4S, denied ever meeting him or having lived in Florida at the time, and said she had stopped her practice in Florida in January 2006. G4S admitted Mateen's form had a "clerical error", and clarified that he had instead been cleared by Rahman, who was from the same firm that bought the wrongly-named doctor's practice. Rahman had not interviewed Mateen, but evaluated the results of a standard test used in the screening he undertook before being hired.


title: G4S

text: On 16 December 2016, some 600 prisoners took part in a riot at HM Prison Birmingham, a prison in Birmingham, England, operated by G4S. The disturbance was described as the worst in Britain since the 1990 Strangeways riot. The national chairman of the Prison Officers Association said more than 30 officers at the prison had quit in the weeks before the riot and that further prison convulsions were inevitable.


title: G4S

text: In a statement to Parliament, Secretary of State for Justice Liz Truss said that insufficient staffing lay at the root of the twelve-hour Birmingham riot and that G4S would have to pay the costs of deploying ten highly trained public sector Tornado elite teams, who were sent to quell the riot. John Thornhill, the president of the independent monitoring board, agreed that insufficient staff had caused rising levels of violence in prisons in England and Wales, leading to "unrestrained violence" and the transfer of a "large number of prisoners ... to other prisons that are already stretched with their own problems and staffing issues."


title: G4S

text: In August 2018 its contract to run Birmingham Prison was revoked, after Peter Clarke, the Government's Chief Inspector of Prisons reported that it was the worst he had ever visited.


title: G4S

text: Ben Saunders, the head of two British immigrant centres that have been the locus of abuse of detainees was put on leave in September 2017. A parliamentary committee chair and the Opposition Labour shadow home secretary complained that G4S's contract with the Home Office limited it to a 6.8% profit on operations, but instead the pre-tax profit margins appear to have ranged between 20% to 30%. Saunders had previously directed the Medway Secure Training Centre where juveniles had been found to have been abused before G4S had divested itself of its youth detention component.


title: G4S

text: In late 2020 GardaWorld and Allied Universal made takeover offers for the company. In February 2021 the Allied Universal offer was accepted with G4S delisted from the Copenhagen and London Stock Exchanges. In April 2021, the acquisition was completed.


title: G4S

text: G4S's core services include 'manned security services' – where it provides trained and screened security officers. The company also provides 'security systems' such as access control, CCTV, intruder alarms, fire detection, video analytics and security and building systems integration technology. 'Monitoring and response services' is another core service, where G4S provides key holding, mobile security patrol and response services and alarm receiving and monitoring facilities. G4S also provides 'secure facilities services' which includes integrated facilities services for entire sites or estates for commercial customers and governments. The business provides 'risk management and consultancy services' which also includes mine detection and clearance services. G4S also provides electronic tagging and monitoring of offenders at home or in the community. The company provides back-office support functions for police forces, support for front-line policing, including the provision of custody suite services and forensic medical services. It also manages juvenile and adult custody centres. This includes the management of all aspects of a facility and those held within the facility – similar centres are also used for the detention of asylum applicants. Prisoner escorting is another core service. G4S transports prisoners and asylum applicants between courts, police stations and custody centres.


title: G4S

text: In the early 2000s, the company (then still known as Group 4 Falck) bid unsuccessfully for the right to operate several railway franchises in the United Kingdom.


title: G4S

text: In 2013, G4S Forensic and Medical Services were awarded a three-year contract to run services providing medical examinations and counselling for victims of rape and sexual assault in the West Midlands. It has been working in this area since 2005. The firm provides patient transport services for NHS Trusts including Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust; Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust; St George's Healthcare NHS Trust (£2.7 million a year), and Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust (£3.5 million a year).


title: G4S

text: In 2014, the Austrian Ministry of the Interior awarded G4S a contract to run a detention center in Vordernberg; this was the first privately operated prison in Austria.


title: G4S

text: One of G4S' more interesting contracts may be securing the perimeter of Homey Airport, more commonly known as Area 51, the secret United States Air Force base in Nevada. The base is guarded by civilians forces referred to by those who watch the base as Cammo Dudes.


title: G4S

text: As of 2018, G4S operates two private prisons in Australia: Mount Gambier Prison and Port Phillip Prison.


title: G4S

text: In 2011, G4S became a signatory to the UN Global Compact, the international standard to promote socially responsible business behaviour including human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption. In 2013, G4S launched a Human Rights Policy, co-authored by human rights expert Dr Hugo Slim, aiming to align the company's practices with the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and to introduce additional global guidelines for areas not currently covered by existing standards.


title: G4S

text: G4S is a founder signatory of the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers (ICoC), a multi-stakeholder initiative convened by the Swiss government.


title: G4S

text: In 2007, G4S began the G4S 4teen, an award-winning program to support 14 young athletes around the world. G4S provided financial, social and logistical support to a number of athletes taking part in London 2012, including Colombian cyclist and 2012 and 2016 Olympic gold medallist Mariana Pajón, Kenyan long-distance runner Pauline Korikwiang, and Estonia's former discus thrower and shot-putter, now-Indianapolis Colts defensive end Margus Hunt.


title: G4S

text: Controversies involving the company have included use of immigrant-detainee labour in prisons, extreme misconduct in child custodial institutions in the UK and the US, allegations of police telephone data manipulation, its troubled nine-year employment of Orlando, Florida terrorist Omar Mateen, and the 2016 riot at Birmingham Prison in Birmingham, England.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: Bengaluru Football Club () is an Indian professional football club based in Bangalore, Karnataka. The club competes in the Indian Super League, the top flight of Indian football. The club was established on 20 July 2013, and began its first competitive season in the I-League on 22 September the same year. Since its inception, the club has won two I-League titles including one in its debut season, two Federation Cup titles, one Indian Super League title, and a Super Cup championship making it fourth-most successful club in Indian football.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: The club is owned and operated by the Mumbai-based company JSW Group and its managing director Sajjan Jindal. Bangalore has played its home matches at the Sree Kanteerava Stadium since the beginning of the 2014–15 season. Despite only playing four seasons in the I-League, the club was considered one of the model clubs of Indian football. Bengaluru drew praise for bringing a new sense of professionalism to Indian football, including the use of on field equipment meant to help player fitness.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: On 22 September 2013, Bengaluru FC played its inaugural match, which ended in a 1–1 draw against Mohun Bagan. The club went on to win the I-League in its debut season and again in 2015–16. They won the ISL title in 2018–19. As well as three league titles, Bengaluru also won two Federation Cups in 2015 and 2017 and a Super Cup in 2018. Between 2015 and 2018, the club represented India in Asian club competition, competing in the AFC Cup for four consecutive years. During the 2016 AFC Cup, Bengaluru reached the final and lost 1–0 to Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya of Iraq. On 28 September 2019, it was announced that the club had entered into a partnership with the Scottish Premier League club Rangers. In 2022, Bengaluru FC beats Mumbai City FC to win 131st Durand Cup


title: Bengaluru FC

text: In January 2013, it was reported Mumbai Tigers (then known as "Dodsal FC") had failed to register for the upcoming I-League 2nd Division. It was also rumoured the club could instead enter the I-League, India's top football league, directly through cash payment to the All India Football Federation (AIFF) and a promise to build a new football stadium. On 12 January, it was announced the AIFF had called for an executive meeting to decide whether to allow teams to enter directly the I-League for the 2013–14 season. At around the same time, uncertainty whether institutional clubs Air India, ONGC and then-suspended Mohun Bagan would be allowed to play in the league that season arose.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: During the AIFF executive meeting on 15 January, it was officially announced the federation, in an effort to make the I-League more pan-Indian, would accept bids for two new, direct-entry clubs for the 2013–14 season from corporate groups. Corporate groups could bid to create teams outside Kolkata and Goa, and would have to create new infrastructure in their cities. The winning bids would be announced in March 2013 and the new clubs would be replacements for Air India and ONGC.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: On 8 March 2013, it was reported JSW Group, which had previously considered forming a football club in Bangalore, was interested in bidding for a spot in the I-League. It was also reported AR Khaleel, the President of the Karnataka State Football Association and a senior official of the AIFF, had suggested Bangalore could be a host venue for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup and that a corporate team in the city could help build new infrastructure. On 15 May that year, it was announced the AIFF had received three bids for two direct-entry spots. The bids came from JSW Group, Dodsal Group, and a consortium from Kerala.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: On 28 May 2013, it was officially announced JSW Group had won the rights to form a direct-entry team for the 2013–14 I-League season in Bangalore, which would be done through the sports branch, JSW Sports. It was also announced JSW Group would set up a youth academy in Bangalore and would construct new infrastructure. On 20 July, JSW Group officially launched the club as "Bengaluru Football Club" at launch event at the Bangalore Football Stadium, which was announced as the club's home stadium for the upcoming season. Along with the club name and stadium, the squad, club crest, colours and home kit for the season were revealed.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: Immediately after winning the rights to form a direct-entry side, JSW Group began assembling a team. The club's first signing was midfielder Thoi Singh from Mumbai Tigers. On 2 July 2013, it was announced former Blackburn Rovers assistant manager Ashley Westwood would become the club's first head coach. On 16 July, JSW Group signed the club's first two foreign players, defenders John Johnson and Curtis Osano. Three days later, it was announced the club had signed the India national team captain Sunil Chhetri from Sporting Portugal B.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: On 22 September that year, the club played their first official match in the I-League against Mohun Bagan at Bangalore Football Stadium. After a scoreless first-half, Bengaluru scored their first official goal in the 49th minute through Sean Rooney. In injury time, Mohun Bagan equalized through Chinadorai Sabeeth to end the match 1–1. Their next match brought Begaluru's first win, defeating Rangdajied United 3–0 at the Bangalore Football Stadium.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: The club played their first away game on 26 October 2013 against East Bengal at the Kalyani Stadium. In their first losing away game, Bengaluru lost 0–2 to the Kolkata-based side. Exactly a month later, the club won their first away match against Salgaocar at the Duler Stadium 2–1.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: On 15 January 2014, Bengaluru played the first game in their first domestic cup competition, the Federation Cup, against Sporting Goa at the Manjeri Stadium. Bengaluru won 5–3 but went on to draw one match and lose another, and were knocked out in the group stage of the tournament.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: On 21 April 2014, Bengaluru defeated Dempo 4–2 at the Fatorda Stadium to claim their first I-League title in their debut season. During the 2014–15 season, Bengaluru again participated in the Federation Cup, winning their first trophy on 11 January 2015 after defeating Dempo 2–1 in the final. Despite the cup victory and entering the season as defending league champions, Bengaluru lost the I-League title on the last day of the season, when they drew 1–1 against Mohun Bagan, who gained the title. Despite losing the title, Bengaluru ended the season with a 13-match unbeaten run. Bengaluru also participated in the Asian club competition for the first time but failed to qualify for the AFC Champions League; the team also reached Round 16 for the AFC Cup.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: The next season, Bengaluru won their second I-League title, defeating Salgaocar 2–0 at home on 17 April 2016. The club also advanced further into the AFC Cup, reaching the quarter-finals after defeating Kitchee 3–2 in Round 16. Despite the club's achievement, Ashley Westwood left the club at the end of the season.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: Bengaluru FC appointed former FC Barcelona assistant coach Albert Roca as the head coach for two seasons. In his first game in charge of the club, Bengaluru FC won 1–0 against Tampines Rovers in the first leg of the quarter-finals of the AFC Cup 2016, and became the third Indian team to qualify for the tournament's semi-finals. They reached the final on 19 October 2016, the first Indian team to do so, by defeating defending champions Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C. 3–1 at home in the second leg of the semi-finals. On 5 November, Bengaluru played against the Iraqi club Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya in the final at the Suheim Bin Hamad Stadium in Qatar, losing the game 0–1. Bengaluru's first 2016–17 I-League season under Roca was not as successful; the club finished the season in fourth position, the lowest since 2013, after a winless run of seven games in January and February 2017. The club won their second Federation Cup title under Albert Roca in 2017, defeating Mohun Bagan 2–0 in the final. The club also reached the Inter-zonal final in the 2017 AFC Cup.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: After two seasons as an assistant coach at Bengaluru FC, Carles Cuadrat took over as the head coach in July 2018 for the first time in his career. In his debut season, Bengaluru won the fifth edition of the ISL for the first time. The season brought multiple records, including an 11-game undefeated run in the league and a six-game winning run. They became the first team to finish on top of the regular season twice in succession and the first team to win the title after finishing top in the league phase. In 2019–20, Bengaluru reached the ISL play-offs after finishing third in the league phase. Under Cuadrat, Bengaluru set new records in 2019–20, becoming the first team to keep 11 clean sheets and went on a 17-match unbeaten run at home, 2 full seasons not losing in their Kanteereva Stadium. Towards the end of the 2019–20 season, Bengaluru beat Paro FC 9–1 at the Kanteerava in the AFC Cup qualifiers; their biggest-ever win. In January 2021, Bengaluru FC parted ways with Carles Cuadret on mutual consent. The change of coach did not bring any benefit to the team, which worsened its position in the table with the new coach and only got 2 wins in the remaining 11 games of the championship.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: On 12 February 2021, the club announced Marco Pezzaiuoli as their new head coach on a three-year performance-based contract. Under his stewardship, Bengaluru began its 2020–21 Indian Super League campaign on 20 November against NorthEast United with a 4–2 win, followed by a 7 match winless streak. The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the second time in a row, confirming the departure of Marco.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: Bengaluru FC' home livery was unveiled during the 21 July JSW launch; the crest features the Bangalore Palace coloured white to symbolize the victory of the Wodeyars, who won the palace back. In the middle of the crest, a blue Gandaberunda – a mythical two-headed bird, symbolizes the pride, resilience, and bravery of the people of Bengaluru. The Gandaberunda is taken from the coat of arms of the state of Karnataka. On 24 January 2015, Bengaluru revealed Eddie The Eagle as its official mascot.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: In July 2014, Bengaluru signed a deal with Puma, which became the club's kit sponsor from the 2014–15 season. The club's parent company JSW Group was the team's principal sponsor from inception until 2018, when the club signed a four-year deal with South Korean car company Kia Motors as the principal sponsor. The contract was terminated by the start of the 2020–21 season and JSW Group returned as the principal sponsor.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: In July 2020, DafaNews renewed partnership with Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC. Partnership was extended the deal by a year, by which DafaNews will remain the club's Official Digital News Portal.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: In their first season, Bengaluru FC played home games at Bangalore Football Stadium in the city centre. The West stand was the largest and most capacious stand, and housed the VIP boxes during I-League and other major matches. During the club's launch, it was announced the team would play at Bangalore Football Stadium for the 2013–14 I-League season. The stadium had a capacity of 15,000 and its pitch was covered with astroturf.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: From the 2014–15 season, the club started playing home games at the 24,000 capacity Sree Kanteerava Stadium. There are eight entrances to the stadium, and nine stands are used for Bengaluru FC matches. West Block A stand is the largest stand in the stadium and is home to the West Block Blues supporters' club. Due to criticisms of the artificial pitch at Bangalore Football Stadium, the new stadium's pitch is covered with natural grass. All stands except the North Stand have permanent seating. Some fans refer to the Sree Kanteerva Stadium as 'The Fortress".


title: Bengaluru FC

text: Bengaluru FC is reputed to have one of the most vocal fanbases in India. The fans are known as the West Block Blues, which is named after West Block A in the Bangalore Football Stadium.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: The players and the coach have often acknowledged the fans' support in their success, and called them "The 12th Man". Apart from supporting Bengaluru FC, the fan club has frequently supported the India national football team, and unfurled a banner at the India vs Guam game.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: In the initial years of the club, Bengaluru FC played in the I-league before joining the Indian Super League. The club played important games against Mohun Bagan, sparking a rivalry between the clubs which continued in ISL when Mohun Bagan joined the league as ATK Mohun Bagan.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: Bengaluru FC has also developed a famous rivalry with South Indian club Kerala blasters. The rivalry stems from the competition between the clubs' fan bases; Manjappada and Bengaluru's West Block Blues.


title: Bengaluru FC

text: The organizers of ISL introduced eISL, a FIFA video game tournament for the ISL playing clubs, each represented by two players. Bengaluru FC hosted a series of qualifying games for all the participants wanting to represent the club in eISL. On 20 November the club announced signing of the two players.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: The pompadour is a hairstyle named after Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764), a mistress of King Louis XV of France. Although there are numerous variations of the style for men, women, and children, the basic concept is having a large volume of hair swept upwards from the face and worn high over the forehead, and sometimes upswept around the sides and back as well.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: Despite the name, this hairstyle has nothing in common with the hairstyle of Madame de Pompadour, who wore her hair back rather than up, with no extra volume on the top. The name was coined in the 20th century.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: Adding vertical volume on top of the head, by combing the hair back and up above the forehead, is a trend that originated in women's hairstyles of the royal court in France, first in the 1680s, and again in the second half of the 18th century, long before and after Madame de Pompadour. In 1680, King Louis XIV loved the way his mistress the Duchess of Fontanges arranged her hair after she fell from her horse. She started wearing it like this every day to please him, and created a new hairstyle called the "Fontange", adding vertical volume to the hair. This fashion lasted for 20 years.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: Under Louis XV, Madame de Pompadour's time, hair was worn rather low and backswept, with a simple aura of locks, and was never called a pompadour. A new, extravagant style adding again height and volume came into fashion under Louis XVI, around the 1770s and 1780s, culminating before the Revolution with the contemporaries of Marie-Antoinette. Stylists had daring ideas for adding more and more height.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: The style was revived again in the 1890s as part of the Gibson Girl look and continued to be in vogue until World War I. In the 1925 novel "The Great Gatsby", a character refers to Jay Gatsby having had a pompadour in his youth. The style was in vogue for women once again in the 1940s. The men's version appeared in the 1950s and early 1960s, worn by early country, rock and roll and movie stars such as Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Chuck Berry, Ritchie Valens, James Dean, and Tony Curtis, and enjoyed a renaissance in the mid 2000s. The style has been worn by men and women in the 21st century.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: Variations of the pompadour style were popular for women in the late 18th century and again from the 1890s until World War I, and in the 1940s. The pompadour was often supported by a roll of false hair, over which the woman's own hair was combed up and back.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: Among women, the hairstyle became marginally popular again in the first few years of the 21st century. It can be created by backcombing or ratting at the roots of the hair on the sides of the pompadour towards the top of the head. Then the hair is combed up and over the ratted hair, off the forehead, the front up in a curl straight back, and the sides pulled back towards the center.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: In the 1950s, this hairstyle was not yet called the pompadour, and was donned by James Dean and Elvis Presley. It was then called by other names (Quiff, ducktail, jelly roll, Rocker, Greaser, or simply "the Elvis cut"). During this era, the hairstyle had become a staple of many White American, Latin American, and Asian American Greaser gangs. Movies like "Rebel Without a Cause", "The Wild One", "Grease", "The Outsiders", "The Lords of Flatbush", and "American Me" are reminiscent of the Greaser subculture.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: During the 1980s, the hair style was associated with the "rockabilly" culture, and adopted by those enamoured with vintage culture of the late 1950s and early 1960s, which included antique cars, hot rods, muscle cars, American folk music, greasers, Teddy Boys, rockabilly bands, and Elvis Presley impersonators.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: Celebrities known for wearing pompadours during the 1950s and 1960s include Little Richard and Afghanistan's Ahmad Zahir as well as actors such as James Dean, Marlon Brando, and Desi Arnaz.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: There are Latin variants of the hairstyle across Latin America, with some European influence. In the United States, from the 1930s to the 1960s, the pompadour and ducktail were popular among many Latinos, such as Mexican American Chicanos, Cuban Americans and Puerto Ricans.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: Although the pompadour was popular across all ethnic and racial groups in the mid-20th century, it’s maintained popularity among Italian Americans and the "goombah" or "Guido" subculture. The style is often parodied in shows like "The Sopranos" or "Jersey Shore", which portray negatively stereotyped characters—especially Silvio Dante. Notable gangsters, such as John Gotti, have sported the hair style.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: In modern Japanese popular culture, the pompadour is a stereotypical hairstyle often worn by gang members, thugs, members of the yakuza, the bōsōzoku, and other similar groups such as the "yankii" (high-school hoodlums). In Japan the style is known as the "Regent" hairstyle, and is often caricatured in various forms of entertainment media such as anime, manga, television, and music videos, often into improbable levels of length and volume. The punch perm combines elements of the afro hairstyle and the traditional pompadour. This style, too, is stereotypically worn by less reputable members of society, including the "yakuza", "bōsōzoku", and "chinpira" (street thugs). For the main hero of the long-running manga series "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure"s fourth part, "Diamond Is Unbreakable", Josuke Higashikata, the hairstyle became a signature detail.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: In the psychobilly subculture, the pompadour is slightly modified to form the quiff. The quiff is a hairstyle worn by Psychobilly fans and musicians (Kim Nekroman frontman of Nekromantix for example). A psychobilly wedge is a sort of mix between a mohawk hairstyle and the pompadour, where the hair along the side of the head is shaved and the middle is not spiked but slicked back and stood up like a pompadour.


title: Pompadour (hairstyle)

text: In the 2000s and 2010s, the pompadour hairstyle has been seen on celebrities which include Conan O'Brien, Bruno Mars, Morrissey, David Beckham, Drake Bell, Zac Efron, Zayn Malik, Alex Turner of Arctic Monkeys, and Justin Timberlake.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: The India men's national field hockey team represents India in international field hockey competitions, and is governed by Hockey India. The team was formerly under the control of Indian Hockey Federation. India was the first non-European team to be a part of the International Hockey Federation.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: In 1928, the team won its first Olympic gold medal and until 1960, the Indian men's team remained unbeaten in the Olympics, winning six gold medals in a row. The team had a 30–0 winning streak during this time, from their first game in 1928 until the 1960 gold medal final which they lost. India also won the World Cup in 1975. India's hockey team is the most successful team ever in the Olympics, having won a total of eight gold medals – in 1928, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964 and 1980. India also has the best overall performance in Olympic history with 83 victories out of the 134 matches played. They have also scored more goals in the Olympics than any other team. They are also the only team ever to win the Olympics without conceding a single goal, having done so in 1928 and 1956.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: The men in blues are also one of the most successful teams in Asia. They have won the Asian Games three times – in 1966, 1998 and 2014. India came out on top in the Asia Cup in 2003, 2007 and in 2017. India has won 43 out of 56 matches in the Asia Cup and holds the records for most wins and best winning percentage in the competition. They are also the most successful team in the Asian Champions Trophy, winning the competition three times – in 2011, 2016 and in 2018. In total, India has won 27 official international titles.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: India is known to have an intense rivalry with Pakistan, with whom they have played in the finals of major tournaments like Olympics, World Cup, Asian Games and Asia Cup. India also have a unique record of beating Pakistan in the finals of all these tournaments.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: India participated at the Olympics for the first time in 1928. In the group stage, India beat Austria 6–0, Belgium 9–0 and Switzerland 5–0 without conceding a single goal. They defeated Netherlands 3–0 in the finals under the captaincy of Jaipal Singh Munda. India then went on to successfully defend their title at the 1932 Olympics with a 11–1 win over Japan and 24–1 win over USA, in the match against United States Dhyan Chand hit 8 goals and Roop Singh scored 10 goals, This is still the largest margin of victory ever in the Olympic games even after all these years. India went on to win their third straight title at the 1936 Olympics, this time captained by legendary player Dhyan Chand himself. India stormed through the group stage by winning against Japan 9–0, Hungary 4–0 and United States 7–0. In the semi-finals they defeated France 10–0. The team went on to face Germany in the final. The match was won by India 8–1, it was the only goal India conceded in the whole competition and it still remains the biggest winning margin in an Olympic final. The Indian hockey team that won three successive Olympic titles is often regarded as one of the greatest ever team to play the sport.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: The World War II caused the cancellation of 1940 and 1944 Olympics, which ended the era of a team that dominated world hockey.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: In the 1948 Olympics India was placed in group A and won all the three games, an 8–0 win over Austria, Argentina 9–1 and Spain 2–0. In the final India went on to face Great Britain, it was the first time India faced them. Great British team has already won the gold medal in 1908 and 1920, so this match was billed as battle of Champions and eventually India won the match 4–0. The result was a sweet one for India, which gained independence from Britain just a year ago. This win is often regarded as the greatest ever moment of Indian field hockey and also all of Indian sports.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: India went on to win 2 further gold medals in 1952 and 1956, preserving its record as the most successful and dominant team at that time in the Olympics. In 1952 Olympics quarter-finals India won against Austria 4–0, Great Britain 3–1 in Semi-final and thumped Netherlands by the score of 6–1. The match is famous for the 5 goal magical performance of Balbir Singh Sr.,which is an Olympic record that still stands today. In the 1956 Olympics India defeated Afghanistan 14–0, United States 16–0 and Singapore 6–0 in group stage. India defeated Germany 1–0 in semi-final. In the final India faced Pakistan and won the match 1–0, which was the beginning of the biggest rivalry in field hockey. India and Pakistan again met each other in 1958 Asian Games and this time the match ended in a 0–0 draw. India also defeated Japan 8–0, South Korea 2–1 and Malaysia 6–0. But Pakistan claimed gold medal in the Asian Games by better average. It was the first time India finished runners-up in an international competition.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: At the 1960 Olympics India started its campaign by winning against Denmark 10–0, and Netherlands 4–1, New Zealand 3–0. India defeated Australia and Great Britain in quarter-finals and semi-finals respectively. In the final it was the beginning of a new era, for the first time India lost a match at the Olympics, 0–1 loss to Pakistan in the final which ended India's streak of six successive gold medals and 30 matches unbeaten run. Two years later India went on to win another silver medal at the 1962 Asian Games. India returned strongly at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics by registering wins against Hong Kong, Belgium, Netherlands, Malaysia and Canada and drawing with Spain and Germany. In the Semi-finals India defeated Australia 3–1, and they won against Pakistan in the final to take their seventh gold medal at the games and also went on to capture their first gold medal in 1966 Asian Games by defeating Pakistan again in the final.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: At the 1968 Mexico Olympics India started with a loss against New Zealand but won all of their remaining 6 matches against West Germany, Japan, Spain, Mexico, East Germany, Belgium but India went to a new low, for the first time as they were defeated in the semi-final by Australia but they successfully claimed the bronze medal by beating West Germany. At the 1972 Olympics also the result was same India started brightly by defeating Great Britain, Australia, Kenya, New Zealand and Mexico but drew with Netherlands and Poland. They were defeated in the semi-finals by Pakistan. In the Third-place match India defeated the Netherlands to claim bronze medal.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: India won the bronze medal at the 1971 World Cup by virtue of a win over Kenya. In the 1973 World Cup India defeated Pakistan in semi-finals, but lost to Netherlands in the final in penalty shoot-out after the match ended in a 2–2 draw. But in the 1975 World Cup India defeated Malaysia in the semi-final before beating arch-rivals Pakistan in the final to claim their first title.In the 1976 Olympics astro-turf hockey pitch was introduced, India struggled to maintain their dominance like they did on grass fields and for the first time ever returned home empty handed. The


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: 1980 Olympics was held in Moscow, India started their campaign with an 18–0 win over Tanzania followed by a 2–2 draw with Poland and Spain which were followed by a resounding win over Cuba with a margin of 13–0 and win over Soviet Union by a scoreline of 4–2. India later won the gold medal for a record eighth time by defeating Spain in the final by the score of 4–3.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: After the 1980 Olympics success India's performance declined and the following decades resulted in a lot of ups and downs for the national team. As the team failed to win any medal in the World cup or Olympics, but continued to be a top team in Asia and went on to win several medals in continental competitions. The 1982 World Cup was hosted by India and they finished at 5th position. The team lost to Pakistan in both 1982 Asian Games final and the inaugural Asia Cup final held in Karachi.India ended the 80s by winning bronze medal at the 1986 Asian Games and 1982 Champions Trophy and silver medals at the 1985 Asia Cup and 1989 Asia Cup. Their only gold medal success in a big tournament came in the 1985 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: India also went on to win 1991 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup and reached finals of 1994 Asia Cup but lost to South Korea in the final. But India later went on to win the 1995 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: India won their first continental title after 32 years at the 1998 Asian Games by defeating South Korea. The team finished 4th at the 1998 Commonwealth Games. They ended the decade by collecting bronze medal at the 1999 Asia Cup.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: India started the new millennium by winning the inaugural hockey champions challenge defeating South Africa in the final. In 2003 India won their first ever Asia Cup title by defeating Pakistan in the final. The same year India also clinched the first and only Afro-Asian Games title by defeating Pakistan again in the final. For the First time in their history the team did not win a medal at the Asian Games as they finished fifth at the 2006 Asian Games, but India defended their title successfully in the Asia Cup by winning the 2007 Asia Cup. In the final the team conveniently beat South Korea 7–2. It was in 2007 the team slumped to its lowest ever ranking of 12 in FIH World Rankings. India failed to qualify for 2008 Beijing Games for the first time.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: The next Asia Cup tournament in 2009 proved to be disastrous as the team finished 5th and failed to get any medals. The first time that happened. But the team regained momentum after winning the 2009 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup and also became the joint winners in the 2010 edition. In the 2010 World Cup, which was hosted in India, and the team finished on 8th position. In the 2010 Commonwealth Games which was again hosted by India, the national team reached the final where they were defeated 0–8 by Australia in the final, the biggest defeat India ever suffered. India became the first ever champions of the Asian Champions Trophy after they beat Pakistan in the final of the 2011 edition. In 2012 the team finished last at the Olympics as they lost all their matches, it was disappointing given the fact that they are the most successful team ever at the Olympics. India also finished as runners-up at the 2012 Asian Champions Trophy.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: After the disappointment in Olympics India played at the 2013 Asian Champions Trophy but could only finish at 5th place. The 2014 Asian Games became the turning point as the team defeated Pakistan to win their 3rd gold medal.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: In 2014–15 Hockey World League India won the bronze medal by beating Netherlands. The team reached the finals of 2016 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy but lost to Australia in penalty shootout. But bounced back by winning Asian Champions Trophy in 2016 Asian Champions Trophy by defeating Pakistan and 2017 Asia Cup by defeating Malaysia. The team also won bronze medal at the 2016–17 Hockey World League by defeating Germany 2–1.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: The 2018 Asian Games proved little disappointing as India was the defending champions as well as the favorites to win but was surprised by Malaysia in semi-final. They later won bronze medal by defeating Pakistan 2–1. The team returned strongly by winning 2018 Asian Champions Trophy and collecting a gold medal at the 2018–19 Men's Hockey Series. India played as hosts in the 2018 Hockey World Cup and reached the quarter-finals but lost to Netherlands.


title: India men's national field hockey team

text: Indian team won bronze in 2020 Tokyo Olympics after defeating Germany 5–4. This was a historic win as the Indian Hockey team won a medal in Olympics after a gap of 41 years.


title: United States military casualties in the War in Afghanistan

text: There were 2,456 United States military deaths in the War in Afghanistan. 1,932 of these deaths were the result of hostile action. 20,752 American servicemembers were also wounded in action during the war. In addition, 18 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) operatives also died in Afghanistan. Further, there were 1,822 civilian contractor fatalities.


text: On February 19, 2010, American fatalities had reached 1,000, when U.S. Marine Reconnaissance Cpl. Gregory Stultz of Brazil, Indiana, was killed by small arms' fire in battle with Taliban fighters during the invasion of Marjah, Operation Moshtarak, and by April 11, 2011, the number was 1,515. By September 2012, the total number surpassed 2,000.


text: The highest number of American fatalities recorded in a single incident occurred on August 6, 2011, in which a CH-47 Chinook transport helicopter was shot down in Wardak province killing 30 Americans, including 22 Navy SEALs, plus seven Afghan soldiers and a civilian interpreter.


text: The highest-ranking American servicemember killed by hostile action was Army Major General Harold J. Greene in August 2014.


text: The United States Department of Defense lists 2,461 servicemembers as having died in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Freedom's Sentinel. Of these, 1,926 were due to hostile action and 535 non-hostile.


text: Of those killed, 60 were confirmed to have died in Africa, Southeast Asia or Cuba in support of OEF – Horn of Africa, OEF – Philippines, OEF – Trans Sahara, and in the detainment of prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Five were killed due to hostile action. Thus, a total of 2,401 United States servicemen were killed in the war in Afghanistan.


text: The website iCasualties.org lists 2,455 servicemembers and 10 CIA operatives as having died in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Freedom's Sentinel, including 49 who died in support of other OEF operations. This gives a total of 2,406 deaths of servicemen in support of operations in Afghanistan.


text: The iCasualties.org figure of 2,406 is higher than the Department of Defense's officially stated figure, although according to the website all of the names listed at iCasualties.org have been confirmed by the Department of Defense.


text: Many veterans have committed suicide as a result of psychological problems developed during their service.


text: "Note: Table omits the deaths of service members killed in support of operations in Afghanistan in other countries along with those who died in other countries as a result of wounds sustained in Afghanistan ."


text: "Note: Table omits the deaths of four troops killed in action in support of operations in Afghanistan in other countries. These are the Marine and the civilian Department of Defense employee killed in Kuwait in October 2002 and January 2003, respectively, and the two airmen killed in Germany in 2011. Friendly fire deaths are included in the table."


title: Joe Roth

text: Joseph Emanuel Roth is an American film executive, producer and director. He co-founded Morgan Creek Productions in 1988 and was chairman of 20th Century Fox (1989–1993), Caravan Pictures (1993–1994), and Walt Disney Studios (1994–2000) before founding Revolution Studios in 2000, then Roth Films.


title: Joe Roth

text: Roth was born to Frances and Lawrence Roth. He has stated that his Jewish family faced various forms of harassment growing up in a heavily Catholic part of Long Island, New York. This involved incidents like "a cross being burned on the lawn and some of Roth's schoolmates crossed themselves before they would speak to him." In 1959, Roth's father volunteered his son to be a plaintiff in the ACLU's effort to abolish mandatory prayer in public schools. The case, filed in New York, went through several appeals, finally reaching the U.S. Supreme Court in 1962. The Court ruled that such prayer was unconstitutional under the First Amendment, in the landmark case of "Engel v. Vitale".


title: Joe Roth

text: Over the course of his career, he has produced over 40 films, and has directed six to date, including 1990's "Coupe de Ville", 2001's "America's Sweethearts" and 2006's "Freedomland".


title: Joe Roth

text: In 1988 by Roth and James Robinson co-founded Morgan Creek Entertainment. The name came from Roth's favorite film, "The Miracle of Morgan's Creek". The company had box-office hits including "Young Guns" and "Major League".


title: Joe Roth

text: In 1992, he co-founded Caravan Pictures with Roger Birnbaum, which had a production deal with The Walt Disney Studios. Roth moved on to be Disney studio chief on August 24, 1994. Disney CEO Michael Eisner was so set on replacing Jeffrey Katzenberg as Disney studio chief with Roth that he forgave the $15 million cost overrun debt for "I Love Trouble" and paid Roth $40 million of fees for 21 unproduced films under the deal.


title: Joe Roth

text: Roth, who was ranked 6th in "Premiere Magazine"s 2003 Hollywood Power List, produced the 76th annual Academy Awards. Roth announced in October 2007 that, when Revolution's distribution deal with Sony Pictures ended, That he would depart from Revolution Studios to form his own production company, Roth Films.


title: Joe Roth

text: On November 13, 2007, Roth was introduced as the majority owner of a Seattle, Washington–based Major League Soccer franchise along with Paul Allen. Seattle Sounders FC—which calls Lumen Field home—began regular season play in 2009. On November 12, 2015, Roth passed on majority ownership to Adrian Hanauer.


title: Joe Roth

text: Roth was married to Donna Arkoff whose father was movie producer Samuel Z. Arkoff. They have three children.


title: Joe Roth

text: The family resided in the Dolores del Río House, designed by architect Douglas Honnold for Irish production designer Cedric Gibbons and Mexican actress Dolores del Río in 1929 in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, California. In 2021, Roth paid $23 million for a , 1960s Midcentury home designed by Dan Dworsky and renovated by Waldo Fernandez in Beverly Hills.


title: Robert Wise

text: Robert Earl Wise (September 10, 1914 – September 14, 2005) was an American film director, producer, and editor. He won the Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture for his musical films "West Side Story" (1961) and "The Sound of Music" (1965). He was also nominated for Best Film Editing for "Citizen Kane" (1941) and directed and produced "The Sand Pebbles" (1966), which was nominated for Best Picture.


title: Robert Wise

text: Among his other films are "The Body Snatcher" (1945), "Born to Kill" (1947), "The Set-Up" (1949), "The Day the Earth Stood Still" (1951), "Destination Gobi" (1953), "This Could Be The Night" (1957), "Run Silent, Run Deep" (1958), "I Want to Live!" (1958), "The Haunting" (1963), "The Andromeda Strain" (1971), "The Hindenburg" (1975) and "" (1979).


title: Robert Wise

text: He was the president of the Directors Guild of America from 1971 to 1975 and the president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1985 through 1988.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise achieved critical success as a director in a striking variety of film genres: horror, noir, western, war, science fiction, musical and drama, with many repeat successes within each genre. Wise's meticulous preparation may have been largely motivated by studio budget constraints, but advanced the moviemaking art. He received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1998.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise was born in Winchester, Indiana, the youngest son of Olive R. (née Longenecker) and Earl W. Wise, a meat packer. He had an elder brother, David. The family moved to Connersville, Fayette County, Indiana, where Wise attended public schools. As a youth Wise's favorite pastime was going to the movies. As a student at Connersville High School, Wise wrote humor and sports columns for the school's newspaper and was a member of the yearbook staff and poetry club. Wise initially sought a career in journalism and following graduation from high school attended Franklin College, a small liberal arts college south of Indianapolis, Indiana, on a scholarship. In 1933, due to the family's poor financial situation during the Great Depression, Wise was unable to return to college for his second year and moved to Hollywood to begin a lifelong career in the film industry. Wise's older brother, David, who had gone to Hollywood several years earlier and worked at RKO Pictures, found his younger brother a job in the shipping department at RKO. Wise worked odd jobs at the studio before moving into editing.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise began his film career at RKO as a sound and music editor. In the 1930s, RKO was a budget-minded studio with "a strong work ethic" and "willingness to take artistic risks", which was fortunate for a newcomer to Hollywood such as Wise. At RKO, Wise became an assistant to T.K. Wood, the studio's head sound-effects editor. Wise's first screen credit was a ten-minute short subject called "A Trip through Fijiland" (1935), which was made from RKO footage salvaged from an abandoned feature film.


title: Robert Wise

text: As Wise gained experience, he became more interested in editing film content, rather than sound, and went to work for RKO film editor William "Billy" Hamilton. Wise's first film as Hamilton's assistant was Alfred Santell's "Winterset" (1936). Wise continued to work with Hamilton on other films, including "Stage Door" (1937), "Having Wonderful Time" (1938) and "The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle" (1939). In "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (1939) and "5th Ave Girl" (1939), Hamilton and Wise, as assistant film editor, shared screen credit; it was Wise's first credit on a feature film. Wise's first solo film editing work was on "Bachelor Mother" (1939) and "My Favorite Wife" (1939).


title: Robert Wise

text: At RKO, Wise worked with Orson Welles on "Citizen Kane" (1941) and was nominated for the Academy Award for Film Editing. Wise was the film's last living crew member.


title: Robert Wise

text: Though Wise worked as an editor on "Citizen Kane", it is likely that while working on the film he became familiar with the optical printer techniques employed by Linwood Dunn, inventor of the practical optical printer, to produce effects for "Citizen Kane" such as the image projected in the broken snowglobe which falls from Kane's hand as he dies.


title: Robert Wise

text: In "Citizen Kane", Welles used a deep-focus technique, in which heavy lighting is employed to achieve sharp focus for both foreground and background in the frame. Wise later used the technique in films that he directed. Welles' "Citizen Kane" also influenced Wise's innovations in the use of sound in films such as "The Set-Up" (1949), where Wise limited music to in-film sources, and in "Executive Suite" (1954), which used no music. In addition, biographical films or biographical profiles of fictionalized characters such as Charles Foster Kane were often the subjects of Wise's later work, including "Somebody Up There Likes Me" (1956), "I Want to Live!" (1958), "The Sound of Music" (1965), "So Big" (1953), "Run Silent, Run Deep" (1958) and "The Sand Pebbles" (1966), among others. Wise also worked as editor on Welles' next film for RKO, "The Magnificent Ambersons" (1942). While working as a film editor, Wise was called on to shoot additional scenes for the film. After Welles was dismissed from the studio, Wise continued editing films such as "Seven Days Leave" (1942), "Bombardier" (1943) and "The Fallen Sparrow" (1943), before he received his first directing assignment.


title: Robert Wise

text: For Wise, connecting to the viewer was the "most important part of making a film." Wise also had a reputation for a strong work ethic and budget-minded frugality. In addition, he was known for his attention to detail and well-researched preparation for a film. For example, before directing "Until They Sail" (1957), set in New Zealand during World War II, Wise traveled to New Zealand to interview women whose lives were similar to those portrayed in the film. Wise's attention to detail also extended to foreign locales. While in New Zealand doing research for the film, Wise also scouted background shots for the film's second-unit crew, even though the main film was shot on MGM's back lot in California. He also shot films on location, such as "Mystery in Mexico" (1948), a minor B-movie thriller filmed in Mexico City.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise's films often included lessons on racial tolerance. For example, Native Americans, Muslims, and African Americans were featured in such films as "Two Flags West" (1950), "This Could Be the Night" (1957), "The Set-Up" (1949) and "Odds Against Tomorrow" (1959). "The Sand Pebbles" (1966) featured the story of a biracial couple, and Jewish characters were included in "Somebody Up There Likes Me" (1956), "The Day the Earth Stood Still" (1951), and "The House on Telegraph Hill" (1951).


title: Robert Wise

text: At RKO, Wise got his first credited directing job in 1944 while working for Hollywood horror film producer Val Lewton. Wise replaced the original director on the horror film "The Curse of the Cat People" (1944), when it fell behind schedule. The film, a well received "dark fantasy about a solitary child and her imaginary friend", was a departure from the horror films of the day. In many of Wise's films, but especially in "Curse of the Cat People", the melodrama used a vulnerable child or childlike character to challenge a dark, adult world. Lewton promoted Wise to his superiors at RKO, beginning a collaboration that produced the notable horror film "The Body Snatcher" (1945), starring Boris Karloff and Bela Lugosi. Wise identified the film as a personal favorite and its rave reviews also helped establish his career as a director.


title: Robert Wise

text: Between "Curse" and "Snatcher", Wise directed "Mademoiselle Fifi" (1944), an adaptation of two Guy de Maupassant short stories that explored man's darker side with a political subtext. "Fifi"s feminist perspective and a memorable chase sequence helped make it a "template picture for Wise". Wise also directed film noir, among them the Lawrence Tierney noir classic "Born to Kill" (1947), and "Blood on the Moon" (1948), a noir Western starring Robert Mitchum as a cowboy drifter that included memorable night sequences.


title: Robert Wise

text: His last film for RKO "The Set-Up" (1949) was a realistic boxing movie in which Wise portrayed the sport as cruel and exploitative. The film also included choreographed fight scenes and "set the bar" for other fight films. The film earned the Critic's Prize at the Cannes Film Festival. Wise's use and mention of time in this film would echo in later noir films such as Stanley Kubrick's "The Killing" (1956) and Quentin Tarantino's "Pulp Fiction" (1994).


title: Robert Wise

text: In the 1950s, he proved adept in several genres, including science fiction in "The Day the Earth Stood Still" (1951); melodrama in "So Big" (1953); Western in "Tribute to a Bad Man" (1956), starring James Cagney; fictionalized biography in the boardroom drama "Executive Suite" (1954); and the epic "Helen of Troy" (1955) based on Homer's "Iliad". "Three Secrets" (1950), a soap opera/family melodrama, gave Wise a chance to work with actress Patricia Neal "in a landmark performance about gender double standards". Neal starred in two more Wise films: "The Day the Earth Stood Still" (1951) and "Something for the Birds" (1952). "The Day the Earth Stood Still", a science fiction thriller that warned about the dangers of atomic warfare, included a realistic setting and an emphasis on the story instead of special effects. The film received "overwhelmingly positive" reviews and has become "one of the most enduring and influential science fiction films ever made, and among the first produced by a major studio."


title: Robert Wise

text: The biography of convicted killer Barbara Graham in "I Want to Live!" (1958), featured Susan Hayward's Oscar-winning performance as Graham and earned Wise his first nomination for Best Director. The film became one of the top-grossing pictures of 1959 and was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Screenplay from another medium and Best (black and white) Cinematography. In addition, "Executive Suite" earned Wise a Best Director nomination from the Motion Picture Academy, the Venice Film Festival, and the Directors Guild of America. The film was awarded Special Jury Prize at the Venice Film Festival and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated it for Best Film. Other Wise-directed films from the 1950s include "Somebody Up There Likes Me" (1956), a portrait of boxer Rocky Graziano, starring Paul Newman; Wise's first overt comedy, "Something for the Birds" (1952); the action comedy "Destination Gobi" (1953); and "The Desert Rats" (1953), a more traditional war film.


title: Robert Wise

text: In the 1960s, Wise directed three films adapted from the Broadway stage: "West Side Story" (1961), "Two for the Seesaw" (1962) and "The Sound of Music" (1965). In 1961, teamed with Jerome Robbins, Wise won the Academy Award for Best Director for "West Side Story", which Wise also produced. Wise and Robbins were the first duo to share an Academy Award for directing. Wise won a second Oscar, for Best Picture, as the film's producer, "West Side Story" won ten out of its 11 Academy Award nominations: Best Picture, Director, Supporting Actor (George Chakiris), Supporting Actress (Rita Moreno), Cinematography (color), Art/Set Decoration (color), Sound, Scoring of a Musical Picture, Editing, and Costume Design (color). It lost for Best Screenplay based on material from another medium to "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961). "West Side Story" was a box-office hit, and critics have declared it "a cinema masterpiece".


title: Robert Wise

text: Prior to directing "The Sound of Music" (1965), Wise directed the psychological horror film "The Haunting" (1963), starring Julie Harris, in an adaptation of Shirley Jackson's novel "The Haunting of Hill House". Wise's big-budget adaptation of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein's family-oriented musical "The Sound of Music", with Julie Andrews as Maria and Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp, became one of film history's highest-grossing movies. Wise won Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture for "The Sound of Music" for 1965. Wise struggled to keep "The Sound of Music" from being an overly sweet, sentimental story by cutting lesser-known songs and adding new dialogue to improve transitions. In addition to garnering Wise two Oscars, the film won three more for editing, sound and scoring of music for an adaptation.


title: Robert Wise

text: "The Sound of Music" was an interim film for Wise, produced to mollify the studio while he developed the difficult film "The Sand Pebbles" (1966), starring Steve McQueen, Richard Attenborough, and Candice Bergen. "The Sand Pebbles", Wise's critically acclaimed film epic, was a parable of the Vietnam War, with an antiwar director and message. McQueen received his only Oscar nomination for his performance in the film. Set in the late 1920s in China, this was an early entry in a series of Vietnam war era films followed by "Catch-22" and "M*A*S*H". Excellent reviews for "The Sand Pebbles" marked Wise's last "creative peak" in his long career. "Star!" (1968), with Julie Andrews in the lead as Gertrude Lawrence, failed at the box office, although it was consistent with Wise's other successful films that portrayed a strong woman "whose life choices invite melodramatic relationships." Andrews was cast against type, but Wise, as the film's director, took responsibility for the film's shortcomings.


title: Robert Wise

text: In the 1970s, Wise directed such films as "The Andromeda Strain" (1971), "The Hindenburg" (1975), the horror film "Audrey Rose" (1977) and "" (1979), the first "Star Trek" feature film.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise's adaptation of Michael Crichton's science-fiction thriller, "The Andromeda Strain" (1971), an anti-biological warfare film, was a "modest critical hit." His next film, "Two People" (1973), starring Peter Fonda and Lindsay Wagner, got "poor reviews" and is "one of Wise's least-seen movies." "The Hindenburg" (1975), which profiles the 1937 crash of the eponymous airship, was panned by critics, although it won Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects and Best Sound Effects. Wise's "Audrey Rose" (1977), a reincarnation thriller, received mixed reviews and was "sometimes criticized for being an "Exorcist" (1973) knockoff."


title: Robert Wise

text: "Star Trek: The Motion Picture" (1979), the first of the feature films based on the popular television series, was a difficult shoot for Wise. Popular film critic Leonard Maltin called it "Slow, talky, and derivative, somewhat redeemed by terrific special effects". The film was a box office hit but a critical failure.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise was Ilya and Alexander Salkind's first choice to direct the "Superman" spin-off "Supergirl" after Richard Lester departed the franchise, but he declined. Wise also was considered to direct the 1985 holiday film "" and the 1988 horror film "Child's Play" introducing the slasher villain Chucky. In 1989, Wise directed "Rooftops", his last theatrical feature film. The low-budget musical "opened and closed with no fanfare." At age 86, Wise directed "A Storm in Summer" (2000) for Showtime (cable television). Starring Peter Falk, it was his only made-for-television movie, airing in 2001, and won a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Children's Special.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise, a lifelong liberal, contributed to charitable organizations, including the American Civil Liberties Union, and established the Robert E. Wise Foundation to provide financial assistance to causes in the Los Angeles area. Wise's private papers are housed at the University of Southern California.


title: Robert Wise

text: As Wise's directing career slowed, he took a more active role in supporting the film industry. He became a governor of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1966 and served for 19 years until becoming president from 1985 through 1988. He had previously been president of the Directors Guild of America from 1971 to 1975. He also sat on the Board of Trustees of the American Film Institute and chaired its Center for Advanced Film Studies. Wise was named chairman of the Directors Guild of America's special projects committee in 1980, organizing its fiftieth anniversary celebration in New York in 1986. In addition, Wise was a leading member of the National Council of the Arts and Sciences, the Department of Film at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and the Motion Picture Country House and Hospital.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise also encouraged young filmmakers and responded to inquiries from fans and film students. Wise supervised Emilio Estevez's debut as a director in "Wisdom" (1986) and was its executive producer. Wise also made a cameo performance in John Landis' "The Stupids" (1996).


title: Robert Wise

text: In his later years, Wise continued to be active in productions of DVD versions of his films, including making public appearances promoting those films. His last contributions were to the DVD commentaries of "The Sound of Music", "The Haunting" and "The Set-Up". He also oversaw the DVD commentaries of "The Sand Pebbles" and "Executive Suite". He also oversaw and provided DVD commentary for his Director's Edition of "", which included re-edited scenes, new optical effects and a new sound mix. This was the director's final project before his death.


title: Robert Wise

text: On May 25, 1942, Wise married actress Patricia Doyle. Throughout their long life together, Wise and his wife enjoyed entertaining and traveling, before she died of cancer on September 22, 1975. The couple had one son, Robert, who became an assistant cameraman. On January 29, 1977, Wise married Millicent Franklin. Millicent died on August 31, 2010, at Cedar-Sinai Hospital, Los Angeles.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise had an expansive bungalow on the Universal Studios lot and owned a modern California beach house. He continued to screen films for personal enjoyment and had "final cut" decisions on his films.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise suffered a heart attack and was rushed to UCLA Medical Center, where he died of heart failure on September 14, 2005, four days after his 91st birthday.


title: Robert Wise

text: Wise was a four-time Oscar-winner (Best Director and Best Picture, 1961 and 1965) and also received the Academy's Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (1966); the D.W. Griffith Award (1988) from the Directors Guild of America for outstanding lifetime achievement; the National Medal of Arts (1992); AFI's Lifetime Achievement Award (1998); and the Society of Motion Picture and Television Art Directors career award for "outstanding contribution to cinematic imagery" (1998). Wise also has a star (#6340) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.


title: Robert Wise

text: In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild published a list of the 75 best-edited films of all time based on a survey of its membership. "Citizen Kane", which Wise had edited early in his career, was listed second.


title: Robert Wise

text: In Indiana, Governor Roger D. Branigin proclaimed March 1, 1967, as Robert Wise Day in honor of the 1967 premiere of "The Sand Pebbles" in Indianapolis. Wise was also named a Sagamore of the Wabash. In 1968, Wise was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Franklin College and in 1981 co-chaired a $10 million fundraising campaign for the college. Connersville, Indiana, proclaimed June 4, 1968, as Robert Wise Day, while his birthplace, Winchester, Indiana, made a similar proclamation the following day.


title: Robert Wise

text: On November 3, 1990, Wise attended the dedication of the Robert E. Wise Center for Performing Arts at the new Connersville High School. In 1992, Wise was named the first recipient of the Indianapolis-based Heartland Film Festival's Crystal Heart Career Achievement Award. In 2002, the Indiana Historical Society named Wise a Living Legend. Wise is also depicted in a mural of famous Randolph County, Indiana, natives in the county's courthouse. This mural was painted by local artist Roy L. Barnes.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The early 1980s recession was a severe economic recession that affected much of the world between approximately the start of 1980 and 1983. It is widely considered to have been the most severe recession since World War II. A key event leading to the recession was the 1979 energy crisis, mostly caused by the Iranian Revolution which caused a disruption to the global oil supply, which saw oil prices rising sharply in 1979 and early 1980. The sharp rise in oil prices pushed the already high rates of inflation in several major advanced countries to new double-digit highs, with countries such as the United States, Canada, West Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and Japan tightening their monetary policies by increasing interest rates in order to control the inflation. These G7 countries each, in fact, had "double-dip" recessions involving short declines in economic output in parts of 1980 followed by a short period of expansion, in turn, followed by a steeper, longer period of economic contraction starting sometime in 1981 and ending in the last half of 1982 or in early 1983. Most of these countries experienced stagflation, a situation of both high inflation rates and high unemployment rates.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Globally, while some countries experienced downturns in economic output in 1980 and/or 1981, the broadest and sharpest worldwide decline of economic activity and the largest increase in unemployment was in 1982, with the World Bank naming the recession the "global recession of 1982". Even after major economies, such as the United States and Japan exited the recession relatively early, many countries were in recession into 1983 and high unemployment would continue to affect most OECD nations until at least 1985. Long-term effects of the early 1980s recession contributed to the Latin American debt crisis, long-lasting slowdowns in the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan African countries, the US savings and loans crisis, and a general adoption of neoliberal economic policies throughout the 1990s.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The Canadian economy experienced overall weakness from the start of 1980 to the end of 1983, with low yearly real GDP growth rates of 2.1% and 2.6% in 1980 and 1983, respectively, and a steep 3.2% decline in real GDP for 1982. As with other G7 countries, Canada had two separate economic contractions in the early 1980s. These were a shallow drop in GDP and a slowing in employment growth for five months between February and June 1980, and a deeper 17-month contraction in both GDP and employment between July 1981 and October 1982, although both contractions were driven by the same desire of governments to reduce inflation by increasing interest rates. Real Canadian GDP declined by 5% during the 17-month 1981-82 recession with the unemployment rate peaking at 12%. In-between the two downturns, Canada had 12 months of economic growth, with growth between October 1980 and June 1981 being relatively robust with the total GDP and employment in June 1981 actually surpassing their pre-recession peaks and 1981 having a yearly increase in real GDP of 3.5%.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Canada had higher inflation, interest rates, and unemployment than the United States during the early 1980s recession. While inflation accelerated across North America in the late 1970s, it was higher in Canada because of the US decision to switch to a floating exchange rate, which lowered the value of the Canadian dollar to US$0.85 by 1979, which made US imports more expensive for Canadians to purchase. Canada's inflation rate was 10.2% for 1980 overall, rising to 12.5% for 1981 and 10.8% for 1982 before dropping to 5.8% for 1983.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: To control its inflation, the US introduced credit controls producing a slump in demand for Canada's housing and auto industry exports in early 1980 thereby triggering the 1980 portion of the larger early 1980s recession in Canada. Most Canadians were also hit hard financially by a steady rise in oil and gas prices during the 1970s, especially their acceleration in 1979 when the worldwide oil supply was disrupted by the Iranian revolution, with the price of oil reaching almost $40 a barrel compared to $3 a barrel at the start of the decade.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The Bank of Canada raised its prime interest rate throughout 1980 and early 1981 in an attempt to rein in inflation, with the deeper second portion of the early 1980s recession beginning in July 1981. The Bank of Canada's interest rate peaked at 21% in August 1981 and was kept at high levels until spring 1982, but the inflation rate still averaged more than 12% in 1981-82. Jobs were also lost to mechanization in industry and to workforce downsizing by many Canadian firms in order to stay efficient and compete internationally in the increasingly globalized economy Alberta, the prime location of Canada's oil industry at the time, experienced a boom in the late 1970s, 1980 and early 1981, with rapid employment growth, attaining, at 76%, the highest percentage of persons aged 15–64 being employed (defined as the "employment ratio") of all the provinces in early 1981. By the start of 1982, however, Alberta's oil boom had ended due to over-expansion and the deep global recession of that year, which caused oil prices to plummet, with Alberta then suffering the steepest drop (7.2 percentage points) in its employment ratio of all the provinces by mid-1983. Yukon's mining industry was also particularly hard hit and more than 70,000 of 115,000 miners across the country were out of work by the end of 1982.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Canada's GDP increased markedly in November 1982 officially ending the recession, although employment growth did not resume until December 1982 before faltering again in 1983. The average unemployment rates for 1982 and 1983 averaged 11.1% and 12%, respectively, steep rises from 7.6% in 1981. A slowdown in productivity in Canada also emerged during the recession as average output per worker slowed by 1%. The lingering effects of the recession combined with mechanization and companies downsizing to complete internationally, kept Canada's unemployment rates above 10% until 1986. Despite this, Canada's GDP growth rate was among the highest of the OECD countries from 1984–86, although growth was by far strongest in Ontario and Quebec.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Liberal Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, who was in power from the start of the recession in early 1980, was very low in the public opinion polls in early 1984 and on February 29, 1984, decided to resign as Liberal Party leader. His successor as Prime Minister was John Turner, who, although leading in the opinion polls when he called an election for September, ended up being resoundingly defeated by the Progressive Conservatives under Brian Mulroney.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Like Canada, the early 1980s recession in the United States technically consisted of two separate downturns, one commencing in January 1980 which yielded to modest growth in July 1980 with a deeper downturn from July 1981 to November 1982. One cause was the Federal Reserve's contractionary monetary policy, which sought to rein in the high inflation. In the wake of the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis, stagflation began to afflict the economy.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Unemployment had risen from 5.1% in January 1974 to a high of 9.0% in May 1975. Although it had gradually declined to 5.6% by May 1979, unemployment began rising again. It jumped sharply to 6.9% in April 1980 and to 7.5% in May 1980. A mild recession from January to July 1980 kept unemployment high, but despite economic recovery, it remained at historically high levels (about 7.5%) until the end of 1981. In mid-1982, Rockford, Illinois, had the highest unemployment of all metro areas, at 25%. In September 1982, Michigan led the nation with 14.5%, Alabama was second with 14.3%, and West Virginia was third with 14.0%. The Youngstown–Warren Metropolitan Area had an 18.7% rate, the highest of all metro areas, and Stamford, Connecticut, had the lowest unemployment, at 3.5%.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The peak of the recession occurred in November and December 1982, when the nationwide unemployment rate was 10.8%, the highest since the Great Depression. In November, West Virginia and Michigan had the highest unemployment with 16.4%, Alabama was in third with 15.3%. South Dakota had the lowest unemployment rate in the nation, with 5.6%. Flint, Michigan, had the highest unemployment rate of all metro areas, with 23.4%. In March 1983, West Virginia's unemployment rate hit 20.1%. In spring 1983, thirty states had double-digit unemployment. When Reagan was re-elected in 1984, the latest unemployment numbers (August 1984) showed that West Virginia still had the highest rate in the nation (13.6%) followed by Mississippi (11.1%) and Alabama (10.9%).


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Inflation, which had averaged 3.2% annually since World War II had more than doubled after the 1973 oil shock, to a 7.7% annual rate. Inflation reached 9.1% in 1975, the highest rate since 1947. Inflation declined to 5.8% the following year but then edged higher. By 1979, inflation reached a startling 11.3% and in 1980, it soared to 13.5%.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: A brief recession occurred in 1980. Several key industries, including housing, steel manufacturing, and automobiles, experienced a downturn from which they did not recover until the end of the next recession. Many of the economic sectors that supplied the basic industries were also hit hard.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Each period of high unemployment saw the Federal Reserve increase interest rates to reduce high inflation. Each time, once inflation fell and interest rates were lowered, unemployment slowly fell.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Determined to wring inflation out of the economy, Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker slowed the rate of growth of the money supply and raised interest rates. The federal funds rate, which was about 11% in 1979, rose to 20% by June 1981. The prime interest rate, an important economic measure, eventually reached 21.5% in June 1982.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The recession came at a particularly bad time for banks because of a recent wave of deregulation. The Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 had phased out a number of restrictions on their financial practices, broadened their lending powers, and raised the deposit insurance limit from $40,000 to $100,000, which caused moral hazard. Banks rushed into real estate lending, speculative lending, and other ventures as the economy soured.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: By mid-1982, the number of bank failures was rising steadily. Bank failures reached 42, the highest since the depression, as both the recession and high interest rates took their toll. By the end of the year, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) had spent $870 million to purchase bad loans in an effort to keep various banks afloat.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: In July 1982, the US Congress enacted the Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982, which further deregulated banks and deregulated savings and loans. The Act authorized banks to begin offering money market accounts in an attempt to encourage deposit in-flows, and it also removed additional statutory restrictions in real estate lending and relaxed loans-to-one-borrower limits. That encouraged a rapid expansion in real estate lending while the real estate market was collapsing, increased the unhealthy competition between banks and savings and loans, and encouraged too many branches to be started.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The recession affected the banking industry long after the economic downturn had technically ended, in November 1982. In 1983, another 50 banks failed. The FDIC listed another 540 banks as "problem banks", on the verge of failure.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: In 1984, the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company, the nation's seventh-largest bank (with $45 billion in assets), failed. The FDIC had long known of its problems. The bank had first approached failure in July 1982, when the Penn Square Bank, which had partnered with Continental Illinois in a number of high-risk lending ventures, collapsed. However, federal regulators were reassured by Continental Illinois executives that steps were being taken to ensure the bank's financial security. After its collapse, federal regulators were willing to let the bank fail to reduce moral hazard and so other banks would rein in some of their more risky lending practices. Members of Congress and the press, however, felt that Continental Illinois was "too big to fail". In May 1984, federal banking regulators finally offered a $4.5 billion rescue package to Continental Illinois.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Continental Illinois itself may not have been too big to fail, but its collapse could have caused the failure of some of the largest banks. The American banking system had been significantly weakened by the severe recession and the effects of deregulation. Had other banks been forced to write off loans to Continental Illinois, institutions like Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company, Bank of America, and perhaps Citicorp would have become insolvent.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The recession also significantly exacerbated the savings and loan crisis. In 1980, there were approximately 4590 state and federally chartered savings and loan institutions (S&Ls), with total assets of $616 billion. From 1979, they began losing money because of spiraling interest rates. Net S&L income, which had totaled $781 million in 1980, fell to a loss of $4.6 billion in 1981 and a loss of $4.1 billion in 1982. The tangible net worth for the entire S&L industry was virtually zero.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) regulated and inspected S&Ls and administered the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC), which insured deposits at S&Ls. The FHLBB's enforcement practices were significantly weaker than those of other federal banking agencies. Until the 1980s, savings and loans had limited lending powers and so the FHLBB was a relatively small agency, overseeing a quiet, stable industry. Unsurprisingly, the FHLBB's procedures and staff were inadequate to supervise S&Ls after deregulation. Also, the FHLBB was unable to add to its staff because of stringent limits on the number of personnel that it could hire and the level of compensation it could offer. The limitations were placed on the agency by the Office of Management and Budget and were routinely subject to the political whims of that agency and political appointees in the Executive Office of the President. In financial circles, the FHLBB and FSLIC were called "the doormats of financial regulation".


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Because of its weak enforcement powers, the FHLBB and FSLIC rarely forced S&Ls to correct poor financial practices. The FHLBB relied heavily on its persuasive powers and the US states to enforce banking regulations. With only five enforcement lawyers, the FHLBB would have been in a poor position to enforce the law, even if it had wanted to.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: One consequence of the FHLBB's lack of enforcement abilities was the promotion of deregulation and of aggressive, expanded lending to forestall insolvency. In November 1980, the FHLBB lowered net worth requirements for federally insured S&Ls from 5% of deposits to 4%. The FHLBB lowered net worth requirements again to 3% in January 1982. Additionally, the agency required S&Ls to meet those requirements only over 20 years. The rule meant that S&Ls less than 20 years old had practically no capital reserve requirements. That encouraged extensive chartering of new S&Ls since a $2 million investment could be leveraged into $1.3 billion in lending.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Congressional deregulation exacerbated the S&L crisis. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 led to a boom in commercial real estate. The passage of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act and the Garn–St. Germain Act expanded the authority of federally chartered S&Ls to make acquisition, development, and construction real estate loans, and the statutory limit on loan-to-value ratios was eliminated. The changes allowed S&Ls to make high-risk loans to developers. Beginning in 1982, many S&Ls rapidly shifted away from traditional home mortgage financing and into new, high-risk investment activities like casinos, fast-food franchises, ski resorts, junk bonds, arbitrage schemes, and derivative instruments.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Federal deregulation also encouraged state legislatures to deregulate state-chartered S&Ls. Unfortunately, many of the states that deregulated S&Ls were also soft on supervision and enforcement. In some cases, state-chartered S&Ls had close political ties to elected officials and state regulators, which further weakened oversight.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: As the risk exposure of S&Ls expanded, the economy slid into the recession. Soon, hundreds of S&Ls were insolvent. Between 1980 and 1983, 118 S&Ls with $43 billion in assets failed. The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, the federal agency which insured the deposits of S&Ls, spent $3.5 billion to make depositors whole again (in comparison, only 143 S&Ls with $4.5 billion in assets had failed in the previous 45 years, costing the FSLIC $306 million). The FSLIC pushed mergers as a way to avoid insolvency. From 1980 to 1982, there were 493 voluntary mergers and 259 forced mergers of savings and loans overseen by the agency. Despite the failures and mergers, there were still 415 S&Ls at the end of 1982 that were insolvent.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Federal action initially caused the problem by allowing institutions to get involved in creating wealth by unhealthy fractional reserve practices, lending out much more money than they could ever afford to pay back out to customers if they came to withdraw their money. That ultimately led to S&Ls' failure. Later, the government's inaction worsened the industry's problems.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Responsibility for handling the S&L crisis lay with the Cabinet Council on Economic Affairs (CCEA), an intergovernmental council located within the Executive Office of the President. At the time, the CCEA was chaired by Treasury Secretary Donald Regan. The CCEA pushed the FHLBB to refrain from re-regulating the S&L industry and adamantly opposed any governmental expenditures to resolve the S&L problem. Furthermore, the Reagan administration did not want to alarm the public by closing a large number of S&Ls. Such actions significantly worsened the S&L crisis.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The S&L crisis lasted well beyond the end of the economic downturn. The crisis was finally quelled by passage of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989. The estimated total cost of resolving the S&L crisis was more than $160 billion.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The recession was nearly a year old before President Ronald Reagan stated on October 18, 1981 that the economy was in a "slight recession".


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The recession, which has been termed the "Reagan recession", coupled with budget cuts, which were enacted in 1981 but began to take effect only in 1982, led many voters to believe that Reagan was insensitive to the needs of average citizens and favored the wealthy. In January 1983, Reagan's popularity rating fell to 35%, approaching levels experienced by Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter at their most unpopular periods. Although his approval rating did not fall as low as Nixon's during the Watergate scandal, Reagan's re-election seemed unlikely.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Pressured to counteract the increased deficit caused by the recession, Reagan agreed to a corporate tax increase in 1982. However, he refused to raise income tax or to cut defense spending. The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 instituted a three-year, $100 billion tax hike, the largest tax increase since the Second World War.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The 1982 US midterm elections were largely viewed as a referendum on Reagan and his economic policies. The election results proved to be a setback for Reagan and his Republicans. The Democrats gained 26 seats in the US House of Representatives seats, then the most for the party in any election since the "Watergate year" of 1974. However, the net balance of power in the US Senate was unchanged.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: According to Keynesian economists, a combination of deficit spending and the lowering of interest rates would slowly lead to economic recovery. Many economists also insist that the significantly-lower tax rates significantly contributed to the recovery. From a high of 10.8% in December 1982, unemployment gradually improved until it fell to 7.2% on Election Day in 1984. Nearly two million people left the unemployment rolls. Inflation fell from 10.3% in 1981 to 3.2% in 1983. Corporate income rose by 29% in the July–September quarter of 1983, compared with the same period in 1982. Some of the most dramatic improvements came in industries that were the hardest hit by the recession, such as paper and forest products, rubber, airlines, and the auto industry.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: By November 1984, voter anger at the recession had evaporated, and Reagan's re-election was certain. Reagan was subsequently re-elected by a landslide electoral and popular vote margin in the 1984 presidential election. Immediately after the election, Dave Stockman, Reagan's OMB manager admitted that the coming deficits were much higher than the projections that had been released during the campaign.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: As with most of the rest of the developed world, recession hit the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 1980s. That followed a string of crises that had plagued the British economy for most of the 1970s. Consequently, unemployment had gradually increased since the mid-1960s.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: When the Conservative Party, led by Margaret Thatcher won the general election of May 1979, and swept James Callaghan's Labour Party from power, the country had just witnessed the Winter of Discontent in which numerous public sector workers had staged strikes. Inflation was about 10% and some 1.5 million people were unemployed, compared to some 1 million in 1974, 580,000 in 1970 and just over 300,000 in 1964. Thatcher set about controlling inflation with monetarist policies and changing trade union legislation in an attempt to reduce the strikes of public-sector workers.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Thatcher's battle against inflation raised the exchange rate, resulting in the closure of many factories, shipyards and coal pits because imports were cheaper and the strong pound made British products more expensive in export markets. Inflation fell below 10% by the turn of 1982, having peaked at 22% in 1980, and by spring 1983, it had fallen to a 15-year low of 4%. Strikes were also at their lowest level since the early 1950s, and wage growth rose to 3.8% by 1983.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: However, unemployment reached 3 million, or 12.5% of the workforce, by January 1982, a level that had not been seen for some 50 years. The unemployment rate would remain similarly high for a number of years afterwards. Northern Ireland was the hardest-hit region, with unemployment standing at nearly 20%. The rate exceeded 15% in much of Scotland and Northern England. By April 1983, Britain, once known globally as the "workshop of the world" became a net importer of goods for the first time in modern times. Areas of Tyneside, Yorkshire, Merseyside, South Wales, Western Scotland and the West Midlands were particularly hard hit by the loss of industry and subsequent sharp rise in unemployment. Only in Southeast England did unemployment remain below 10%.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: Despite the economic recovery that followed the early 1980s recession, unemployment in the United Kingdom barely fell until the second half of the decade. As late as 1986, unemployment exceeded 3 million, but it fell below that figure the following year. By the end of 1989, it had fallen to 1.6 million.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: The mass unemployment and social discontent resulting from the recession were widely seen as major factors in widespread rioting across Britain in 1981 in parts of towns and cities including Toxteth, Liverpool, as well as a number of districts of London. In 1985, the economy had been out of recession for three years, but unemployment remained stubbornly high. Another wave of rioting occurred across numerous areas of Britain, including several areas across London. Poor employment opportunities, and social discontent were once again seen as factors in the rioting.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: In the first three years of Thatcher's premiership, opinion polls gave the government approval ratings as low as 25%, with the polls initially being led by the Labour opposition and then by the SDP-Liberal Alliance, the latter being formed by the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party in 1981. However, an economic recovery, combined with the Falklands War, led to the Thatcher-led Conservative Party winning 42.4% of votes for a parliamentary majority in the general election in 1983.


title: Early 1980s recession

text: In the UK, economic growth was re-established by the end of 1982, but the era of mass unemployment was far from over. By the summer of 1984, unemployment had hit a new record of 3.3 million although the Great Depression had seen a higher percentage of the workforce unemployed. It remained above the 3 million mark until the spring of 1987, when the Lawson Boom, seen as the consequence of tax cuts by Chancellor Nigel Lawson, sparked an economic boom that saw unemployment fall dramatically. By early 1988, it was below 2.5 million; by early 1989, it fell below 2 million. By the end of 1989, it was just over 1.6 million, almost half the figure of three years earlier. However, the unemployment figures did not include benefit claimants who were placed on Employment Training schemes, an adult variant of the controversial Youth Training Scheme, who were paid the same rate of benefit for working full-time hours. Other incentives that aided the British economic recovery after the early 1980s recession included the introduction of enterprise zones on deindustrialised land in which traditional industries were replaced by new industries as well as commercial developments. Businesses were given temporary tax breaks, and exemptions as incentives to set up base in such areas.


title: Angie Tribeca

text: Angie Tribeca is an American comedy television series created by Steve and Nancy Carell, which aired on TBS. The series, a parody of the police procedural genre, stars Rashida Jones as police detective Angie Tribeca. It also stars Hayes MacArthur, Jere Burns, Deon Cole and Andrée Vermeulen in supporting roles.


title: Angie Tribeca

text: The first season of "Angie Tribeca" premiered on January 17–18, 2016, the second season premiered on June 6 of that year, and the third season premiered on April 10, 2017. The fourth and final season was released in its entirety across December 29 and December 30, 2018.


title: Angie Tribeca

text: Angie Tribeca is a 10-year veteran of the Los Angeles Police Department's elite RHCU (Really Heinous Crimes Unit), who is assigned a new partner. The format of each episode involves a different criminal case for the LAPD to solve. The show features nonstop witty one liners, jokes, visual humor, and irony.


title: Angie Tribeca

text: The series was announced by TBS in mid-2014 with a ten-episode order. It was promoted as "...a hilarious spoof of police procedurals in the spirit of "Police Squad!". A few gags presented in the preview reel were cited as similar to the TV cop show satire "Sledge Hammer!".


title: Angie Tribeca

text: Originally intended to premiere in late 2015, in November 2015 it was announced that the first season of ten episodes would run uninterrupted on the network and be released through video on demand starting on January 17, 2016. All 10 episodes of season 1 premiered during a 25-hour TV marathon on January 17–18, 2016.


title: Angie Tribeca

text: A second season of an additional ten episodes premiered on June 6, 2016. On July 6, 2016, TBS renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on April 10, 2017. The fourth season, which premiered on December 29, 2018, added Bobby Cannavale to the cast.