title: Western lowland gorilla

text: Stress has been known to cause both physiological and behavioral chronic issues for captive species including, but not limited to, altered reproductive cycling and behavior, reduced immune responses, disrupted hormone and growth levels, reduced body weight, heightened abnormal activities and aggression and decreased exploratory behavior with increased hiding behaviors. Such stress reactions could be caused by sounds, light conditions, odors, temperature and humidity conditions, material makeup of enclosures, habitat size constraints, lack of proper hiding areas, forced closeness to humans, routine husbandry and feeding conditions, or abnormal social groups to name a few. Use of both internal and external privacy screens on exhibit windows has been shown to alleviate stresses from visual effects of high crowd densities, leading to decreased stereotypic behaviors in the gorillas. Playing naturalistic auditory stimuli as opposed to classical music, rock music, or no auditory enrichment (which allows for crowd noise, machinery, etc. to be heard) has been noted to reduce stress behavior as well. Enrichment modifications to feed and foraging, where clover-hay is added to an exhibit floor, decrease stereotypic activities while simultaneously increasing positive food-related behaviors.


title: Western lowland gorilla

text: Stereotypic behaviors are abnormal or compulsive behaviors. It is common for non-human primates kept in captivity to exhibit behaviors deviating from the normal behavior observed of them in the wilderness. In captive gorillas, such frequent aberrant behaviors include eating disorders—such as regurgitation, reingestion and coprophagy—self-injurious or conspecific aggression, pacing, rocking, sucking of fingers or lip smacking, and overgrooming. Negative vigilance of visitor behaviors have been identified as starting, posturing and charging at visitors. Groups of bachelor gorillas containing young silverbacks have significantly higher levels of aggression and wounding rates than mixed age and sex groups.


title: Western lowland gorilla

text: A particularly abnormal behavior is hair-plucking, which occurs across many species of mammals and birds. Studies made on the topic show that of all the western lowland gorillas housed in the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) population, 15% of the surveyed population displayed hair-plucking behavior with 62% of all institutions housing a hair-plucker. Individual gorillas, particularly those of a more solitary nature, are more likely to self-pluck using their fingers and pick up this behavior if they were exposed to a group member that plucked their hair as a youngster and not yet mature gorilla.


title: Western lowland gorilla

text: Recent research on captive gorilla welfare emphasizes a need to shift to individual assessments instead of a one-size-fits-all group approach to understanding how welfare increases or decreases based on a variety of factors. Individual characteristics such as age, sex, personality and individual histories are essential in understanding that stressors will affect each individual gorilla and their welfare differently.


title: Western lowland gorilla

text: The gorilla became the next-to-last great ape genus to have its genome sequenced. This was done in 2012. This has given scientists further insight into the evolution and origin of humans. Despite the chimpanzees being the closest extant relatives of humans, 15% of the human genome was found to be more like that of the gorilla. In addition, 30% of the gorilla genome "is closer to human or chimpanzee than the latter are to each other; this is rarer around coding genes, indicating pervasive selection throughout great ape evolution, and has functional consequences in gene expression". Analysis of the gorilla genome has cast doubt on the idea that the rapid evolution of hearing genes gave rise to language in humans, as it also occurred in gorillas.


title: Western lowland gorilla

text: Furthermore, in 2013, a study was conducted in order to better understand the genetic variation in gorillas by using reduced representation sequencing. This study consisted of a sample of 12 western lowland gorillas and two eastern lowland gorillas, all in captivity. The study found that western lowland gorillas are more likely to be heterozygous than homozygous. Most pure (meaning they are not inbred) western lowland gorillas have a hom/het ratio that ranges from 0.5 to 0.7. Therefore, because of variation in these gorillas, it has been concluded that they display a moderate substructure within the western lowland population in general.


title: Western lowland gorilla

text: Finally, the study sought out to analyze the allele frequency spectrum (AFS) in western lowland gorillas. The reason why is that AFS knowledge can help give information regarding demographics and evolutionary processes. The AFS has determined that western lowland gorillas display a deficit of rare alleles.


title: Western lowland gorilla

text: Western lowland gorillas are believed to be one of the zoonotic origins of HIV/AIDS. The SIV or Simian immunodeficiency virus that infects them is similar to a certain strain of HIV-1. The HIV-1 virus exhibits phylogeographic clustering, which is due to large rivers. This clustering allows pinpointing the probable geographic origins of two of the human virus clades. In the southern part of Cameroon, the populations of western lowland gorillas have had examinations of their feces. Out of 2,934 gorilla samples, 70 reacted with at least one HIV-1 antigen. These samples came from four field sites, all located in southern Cameroon.


title: Western lowland gorilla

text: The origin of AIDS has been linked to a virus known to infect more than 40 species of nonhuman primates in Africa. HIV-1, is composed of four phylogenetic lineages, which at some point in time have independently gone through cross-species transmission of the SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus). The simian immunodeficiency virus infected various African primates such as gorillas and chimpanzees.


title: Western lowland gorilla

text: Disease has also been a factor in the survival of the western lowland gorilla. The Ebola epizootic in western and central Africa has caused more than 90% mortality rate in western lowland gorillas. From 2003–2004, two epizootics infected the western lowland gorilla, which caused two-thirds of their population to disappear. The outbreak was monitored in the Republic of Congo by Magdalena Bermejo and other field-based primatologists, as it also spread to humans through contact with bushmeat. The catastrophe led the World Conservation Union to designate the western lowland gorilla a critically endangered species. Malaria is also an issue that has been arising for the western lowland gorillas. Out of 51 faecal samples from habituated individuals, 25 were shown to have "Plasmodium" DNA. "Laverania", which is a subgenus of the parasitic protozoan genus "Plasmodium", was found in these studies. Varying exposure to different "Anopheles" mosquitoes transmitting "Plasmodium" species is known to be the origin of malaria in western lowland gorillas.


title: Western lowland gorilla

text: Wild western lowland gorillas are known to consume the seeds of the "grains of paradise" plant, apparently conferring healthy cardiovascular conditions from their consumption—the occasionally poor cardiovascular health of lowland gorillas in zoos has been postulated to be due to the lack of availability of the "Aframomum" seeds in zoo gorillas' diets. Adult male gorillas are prone to fibrosing cardiomyopathy, a degenerative heart disease.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: The 2022 season is the Los Angeles Rams' 85th in the National Football League (NFL), their 86th overall, their 56th in the Greater Los Angeles Area, the third playing their home games at SoFi Stadium, their sixth under head coach Sean McVay, and eleventh under general manager Les Snead.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: The Rams came into the 2022 season as the defending Super Bowl champions for the first time since 2000, when the club was based in St. Louis. They attempted to become the first team to repeat as Super Bowl champions since the 2004 New England Patriots. However, despite a 2–1 start, the Rams have struggled and failed to match their 12–5 record from the previous year, having suffered a mid-season collapse. After their Week 13 loss to the Seattle Seahawks, the Rams will finish with their first losing season since 2016 (and thus their first losing season in the Sean McVay era) and will be the first defending Super Bowl champion finish with a losing record since the 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Following their Week 15 loss to the Green Bay Packers, the Rams became the first defending Super Bowl champion to miss the playoffs since the 2016 Denver Broncos. The Rams are one loss away from eclipsing the 1999 Denver Broncos for most losses ever by a defending Super Bowl champion and two losses away from eclipsing the 1982 San Francisco 49ers for the worst-ever record by any defending NFL or AFL champion. Offensive struggles and season-ending injuries to their offensive unit, most notably Matthew Stafford and Cooper Kupp, have been a factor in the subpar season.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: The Rams' preseason opponents were announced May 12, 2022 along with the release of the NFL's regular season schedule, with exact dates and times announced eleven days later.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: As the defending Super Bowl champions, the Rams earned the right to host the NFL Kickoff Game against the Buffalo Bills at SoFi Stadium.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: On May 10, the NFL announced that the Rams will host the Denver Broncos as part of a Christmas Day triple-header on December 25. The game will kick off at 1:30 p.m. PST, and will be televised by CBS and Nickelodeon.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: Starting the 2022 campaign at home on Thursday Night Football, the Rams were shut out in the second half as Sean McVay lost a season opener for the first time as head coach. After falling behind 10–0 in the second quarter, Los Angeles rallied back on a 4-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Matthew Stafford to wide receiver Cooper Kupp, while kicker Matt Gay converted a 57-yard field goal at the end of the second quarter. Stafford, who surpassed 50,000 career passing yards, completed 29 of 41 passes for 240 yards but threw three interceptions and was sacked seven times. Kupp, the NFL's leading receiver in 2021, caught 13 passes for 128 yards and a score to lead the Rams offense. Defensively, cornerback Jalen Ramsey led Los Angeles with six tackles but was victimized on a 53-yard touchdown pass from Bills quarterback Josh Allen to wide receiver Stefon Diggs in the fourth quarter, while linebacker Bobby Wagner had five tackles with two assists and a sack in his debut with the Rams.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: The Rams built a commanding 28–3 lead in the third quarter, then had to withstand a fourth quarter rally by Atlanta to gain their first victory of the season. Quarterback Matthew Stafford connected with wide receiver Allen Robinson for a 1-yard touchdown late in the first quarter, then threw two more TD passes to wide receiver Cooper Kupp in the second (3 yards) and third quarters (10 yards). Running back Darrell Henderson led the team with 47 rushing yards on 10 attempts and scored on an 8-yard run in the second period. Rookie cornerback Cobie Durant returned an interception 51 yards late in the second quarter to set up a Rams touchdown and added two tackles including a sack of Falcons quarterback Marcus Mariota. However, Mariota bounced back to throw two touchdown passes while Atlanta also scored after blocking Rams punter Riley Dixon to close to within 31–25. But Rams cornerback Jalen Ramsey came up with a critical interception at the goal line with just over a minute remaining and the Rams were able to escape. Kapp had 11 receptions for 108 yards and two scores while Stafford passed for 272 yards and three TDs along with two interceptions. On defense, linebacker Ernest Jones had a team-high 12 tackles while fellow linebacker Bobby Wagner added seven tackles and a sack in the win for Los Angeles.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: With a strong defensive performance that kept the Cardinals offense out of the end zone for the entire game, the Rams picked up their first NFC West victory of the season. The win was the Rams' eighth straight over Arizona at State Farm Stadium, a streak that started in 2015. Kicker Matt Gay converted field goals of 22 and 40 yards while wide receiver ran 20 yards on a jet sweep in the second quarter to score the first rushing touchdown of his NFL career as Los Angeles built a 13–0 lead. Running back Cam Akers rushed for a game-high 61 yards on 12 carries, including a 14-yard touchdown run to give the Rams a 20–9 advantage late in the third quarter. However, Akers was stripped of the ball at the goal line as Los Angeles was poised to go up by three scores midway through fourth quarter. Rookie cornerback Derion Kendrick and veteran linebacker Bobby Wagner shared the team lead in tackles with nine as they helped to limit the Cardinals to just four field goals by kicker Matt Prater. Defensive tackle Aaron Donald added six total tackles, including a sack of Arizona quarterback Kyler Murray for minus-15 yards in the first quarter that was the 100th sack of the perennial All-Pro's NFL career. Rams quarterback Matthew Stafford threw for 249 yards but did not throw a touchdown pass in a game for the first time since coming to Los Angeles.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: The host 49ers racked up seven sacks and dominated the line of scrimmage on both sides of the ball to continue their mastery of the Rams in the regular season with their seventh straight victory. Meeting for the first time since the 2021 NFC Championship Game, the 49ers gave up an early field goal to Rams kicker Matt Gay but then seized the lead on a 32-yard touchdown run by running back Jeff Wilson and extended their advantage to 14–6 when San Francisco quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo connected with wide receiver Deebo Samuel on a 57-yard catch-and-run late in the second quarter. Rams quarterback Matthew Stafford completed 32 of 48 passes for 254 yards but was sacked seven times and was constantly harassed by 49ers defensive end Nick Bosa and linebacker Samson Ebukam (a former Ram), both of whom had two sacks each. Stafford also threw a fourth quarter interception that was returned by San Francisco strong safety Talanoa Hufanga 52 yards for a touchdown and the game's final points. Wide receiver Cooper Kupp totaled a career-high 14 receptions (for 122 yards) but was held out of the end zone. Linebacker Bobby Wagner led the Rams with 10 tackles and was notable for tackling a protestor who ran onto the field late in the second quarter.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: A fumble and a blocked punt on the game's first two possessions put the Rams into a hole that they could not recover from in their second straight defeat. Quarterback Matthew Stafford was sacked on the game's third play by Cowboys defensive end Dorance Armstrong, who stripped Stafford of the ball which was then scooped up by defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence and returned 19 yards for a touchdown. On the Rams' next possession, Armstrong came up with a second big play, blocking a punt by Riley Dixon and returning it 14 yards down the L.A. 20 which led to a field goal by Brett Maher and a 9–0 lead. The Rams answered with a 29-yard field goal by kicker Matt Gay that was set up by a 54-yard deep pass from Stafford to wide receiver Tutu Atwell. In the second quarter, Los Angeles took a 10–9 lead as wide receiver Cooper Kupp took a Stafford pass and outran Dallas cornerback Trevon Diggs for a 75-yard touchdown, the longest reception of Kupp's career. But the Cowboys responded on their next drive as running back Tony Pollard scored on a 57-yard touchdown to retake the lead which Dallas would never relinquish. Maher added field goals in the third and fourth quarters as the Cowboys extended their advantage. Stafford passed for 308 yards and was sacked five times (Dallas outside linebacker Micah Parsons had two) while the Rams running game sputtered with only 38 yards on 15 attempts. On defense for the Rams, defensive tackle Aaron Donald had six total tackles including two sacks in the loss.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: The Rams defense held the visiting Panthers out of the end zone while the offense finally got untracked as Los Angeles evened its record to 3–3 going into the bye week. Linebackers Ernest Jones and Bobby Wagner shared the team lead with seven tackles each while leading a defensive effort that limited Carolina to just 203 total yards. Cornerback Jalen Ramsey had three solo tackles including a sack and free safety Nick Scott added an interception to snuff out the Panthers' final offensive drive. For the Rams, wide receiver Allen Robinson scored on a 5-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Matthew Stafford late in the second quarter and finished with five receptions for 63 yards. Fellow wide receiver Ben Skowronek also had five receptions (for 40 yards) and scored the first touchdown of his NFL career on a 17-yard run in the third quarter. Getting his first start of the season, running back Darrell Henderson had 12 carries for 43 yards including a 2-yard touchdown run midway through the fourth quarter. Stafford completed 26 of 33 passes for 253 yards and a touchdown, but threw a costly interception that was returned for a touchdown to give Carolina a 10–7 halftime lead.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: In a rematch of the 2021 NFC Championship Game, the visiting 49ers continued their regular season dominance of the Rams by scoring 21 unanswered points in the second half. Making his first start for San Francisco 10 days after a midseason trade with Carolina, running back Christian McCaffrey turned in a spectacular performance, rushing for a game-high 94 yards on 18 carries with a 1-yard touchdown run, catching a team-high 8 passes for 55 yards including a 9-yard touchdown reception, while throwing a 34-yard touchdown pass to Brandon Aiyuk. McCaffrey, who played his last game for the Panthers two weeks earlier against the Rams on the same field, joined Walter Payton and LaDainian Tomlinson as the only players to run, catch, and throw for touchdowns in the same game. Los Angeles took a 14–10 halftime lead as quarterback Matthew Stafford ran for a 1-yard touchdown in the first quarter and threw a 16-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Cooper Kupp in the second, but the Rams were held to just 58 yards after halftime. Kupp had seven receptions in the first half but was held to only one catch after the intermission. Linebacker Leonard Floyd had a team-high nine tackles including two sacks. 49ers quarterback Jimmy Garoppolo completed 21 of 25 passes for 235 yards and two touchdowns and improved to 8–1 lifetime against the Rams as San Francisco won its eighth straight regular season game over Los Angeles.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: In a rematch of the 2021 NFC Divisional game, the Rams lost a heartbreaking game in Tampa Bay to fall to 3–5 on the season. The Buccaneers made it to the red zone on their opening drive, but the Rams' defense held and forced a field goal, which put the Buccaneers in front 3–0. In the second quarter, the Rams took a 7–3 lead when Stafford connected with Kupp on a 69-yard touchdown pass. From there, the teams exchanged punts and field goals until the final minute of the game. On Tampa Bay's penultimate drive, with the Rams ahead 13–9, receiver Scotty Miller dropped a touchdown pass from quarterback Tom Brady that would have given the Buccaneers the lead. On the ensuing two plays, Ramsey deflected two passes from Brady, causing the Buccaneers to turn the ball over on downs. The Rams had a chance to run out the clock on the ensuing possession, but failed to do so. After a punt with about 1 minute remaining in the game, Brady dissected the Rams' soft zone defense on the Buccaneers' final drive and put his team ahead with a 1-yard touchdown pass to rookie tight end Cade Otton. With minimal time left to score, the Rams failed to answer, and the Buccaneers won 16–13.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: With their playoff hopes fading after two consecutive losses, the Rams returned home for a game against the Arizona Cardinals, who the Rams defeated earlier in the season. With backup quarterback John Wolford starting in place of Matthew Stafford, who was unable to play due to concussion protocols, the Rams' offense continued to struggle as it had all season. After the Rams kicked a field goal on their opening drive, the Cardinals scored 17 unanswered points, including two touchdowns inside of the final two minutes of the first half. With 1:56 remaining in the second quarter, Arizona running back James Conner scored a touchdown to put the Cardinals ahead 10–3. On the ensuing Rams' drive, a strip sack by Arizona linebacker Myjai Sanders gave the Cardinals prime field position, and they cashed in when Arizona backup quarterback Colt McCoy connected with wide receiver A.J. Green on a 6-yard touchdown pass with 24 seconds remaining in the half. In the third quarter, Henderson scored on a 4-yard touchdown to pull the Rams to within one score of the Cardinals. However, in the final quarter, Arizona wide receiver Rondale Moore made an amazing one-handed catch of a McCoy pass on 4th and 3 for 26 yards, leading to a Conner 9-yard touchdown run that brought Arizona's lead back to 14 points. An Arizona field goal later in the quarter increased the lead to 17 points, and the game ended 27–17 after the Rams scored a garbage time touchdown. With the loss, the Rams fell to 3–6 on the season. Kupp also suffered an ankle sprain during the game and was ruled out for the upcoming game at the New Orleans Saints.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: For the first time in his coaching career, Sean McVay lost four straight games as Los Angeles dropped its record to 3–7 in their first visit to the Superdome since the 2018 NFC Championship Game. Returning to the starting lineup, quarterback Matthew Stafford threw two touchdowns in the first half, but was pulled out of the game midway through the third quarter after taking several hard hits. Without him, the Rams offense was held to two field goals in yet another lackluster second half effort. Saints quarterback Andy Dalton threw two touchdown passes in the third quarter to turn a 14–10 deficit into a 24–14 lead for New Orleans. Playing his first significant action of the season, Rams backup quarterback Bryce Perkins completed 5 of 10 passes for 64 yards and ran five times for 39 yards but was sacked three times in the loss. Wide receiver Allen Robinson caught four passes for 47 yards and a touchdown and running back Cam Akers ran 14 times for 61 yards for Los Angeles on offense, while defensive linebacker Leonard Floyd and defensive tackle Greg Gaines had two sacks each, but the Rams defense failed to generate a turnover for the fourth straight game.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: Without Stafford due to concussion protocols and Kupp due to the ankle injury he suffered against the Cardinals, the injury-riddled Rams headed into their matchup at the Kansas City Chiefs, who were leading the AFC at the time. The Chiefs proceeded to cruise to a relatively easy 26–10 win against the Rams. On the Chiefs' second drive of the game, star Kansas City quarterback Patrick Mahomes connected with star tight end Travis Kelce on a 39-yard touchdown pass, for the first score of the game. From that point, the Rams' defense made several red zone stands against one of the best red zone offenses in football, but the Rams' offense, led by third-string quarterback Bryce Perkins, struggled to gain traction and only mustered ten points. Additionally, Aaron Donald sprained his ankle during the game, putting him in jeopardy of missing his first career game due to injury. Also, wide receiver Allen Robinson was ruled out for the remainder the season, once the game ended.


title: 2022 Los Angeles Rams season

text: While John Wolford started the game at quarterback, Sean McVay made the unprecedented move to insert the newly-acquired Baker Mayfield at quarterback after the first series. The Raiders jumped out to an early lead and were up 16–3 in the fourth quarter after kicking a field goal with 12:20 to go, but a subsequent 17-play, 74-yard drive by the Rams cut the lead to 16–10 on a Cam Akers touchdown run. After the defense forced a three-and-out on the next Raiders possession, the Rams would take possession at their own 2-yard line with 1:45 remaining and proceeded to drive down the field, with Mayfield throwing a game-tying 23-yard touchdown pass to Van Jefferson with 9 seconds remaining. The Rams took their first lead of the night, 17–16, with Matt Gay's successful extra point, and a Taylor Rapp interception on the first play after the kickoff sealed the game. The Rams' 98-yard go-ahead drive was reported to be the longest drive of its kind in the final two minutes of a game over the previous 45 NFL seasons.


title: Centurion (film)

text: Centurion is a 2010 British historical action-war film written and directed by Neil Marshall, loosely based on the disappearance of the Roman Empire's Ninth Legion in Caledonia in the early second century CE. The film stars Michael Fassbender, Dominic West and Olga Kurylenko. It received mixed reviews and performed poorly at the box office, only earning half of its $12 million budget.


title: Centurion (film)

text: The Roman Empire has been unable to fully conquer Britain, reaching a harsh stalemate in the North. The Picts engage in guerrilla warfare against the Romans along the Glenblocker forts and the Gask Ridge at the southern border of the Scottish Highlands. At the Roman outpost of Pinnata Castra, Pict warriors led by Vortix and Aeron kill the entire garrison, taking only the second-in-command, Centurion Quintus Dias, because he can speak the Pictish language. Brought before Pict king Gorlacon, who has united the northern tribes, Dias is brutally interrogated, but escapes on foot.


title: Centurion (film)

text: A messenger from the fort reaches Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor of Britannia, who hopes to obtain favour with the Roman Senate and transfer back to the comforts of Rome. He dispatches the Ninth Legion under General Titus Flavius Virilus to eradicate the Pict threat, providing him with a Celtic Brigantian scout, Etain. Marching north, the legion rescues Dias from his pursuers.


title: Centurion (film)

text: Etain leads them into an ambush where, surprised by flaming pitch-wood 'boulders', they are massacred and the wounded Virilus is captured. The few survivors – Dias, the legionaries Bothos, Thax, Brick, Macros and Leonidas, and the cook Tarak – set out to rescue Virilus, finding him at Gorlacon's village. Sneaking in at nightfall, they are unable to break his chains, and he orders them to return to Roman territory without him. In Gorlacon's hut, Thax suffocates the king's young son to prevent him giving them away.


title: Centurion (film)

text: The next morning, Gorlacon burns his son's body on a funeral pyre and forces Virilus to fight Etain, who as a child witnessed her parents raped and slaughtered by the Romans; she kills him with a spear through the heart. Gorlacon sends her after the legionaries at the head of a group of mounted warriors, including Vortix and Aeron, to avenge his son's death.


title: Centurion (film)

text: The Romans plan to travel north away from Roman territory, to throw the Picts off their trail, then head west and back south. After several days' pursuit, the Picts continually catch up with the fugitives, who jump off a cliff into a river to escape them; Tarak is killed before he can jump, and Macros and Thax become separated from the others. Dias’ group camp for the night while their pursuers camp across the river. Dias and Brick raid the enemy camp, killing two men and wounding a third, who reveals they are being pursued because of the death of Gorlacon's son, which Thax had kept secret. Etain has launched her own attack on the Romans, and Dias and Brick return to discover Leonidas dead and Bothos wounded.


title: Centurion (film)

text: Meanwhile, Macros and Thax have washed up further down river. The two encounter a wolf pack and end up running. When Thax falls Macros returns to help him, only for Thax to cut his Achilles tendon and leave him to the wolves.


title: Centurion (film)

text: Dias, Bothos, and Brick find the forest hut of Arianne, an exiled Briton accused of witchcraft who learned Latin from a nearby Roman outpost. She gives them shelter, food, and medical attention for Bothos. When Etain and her warriors arrive, Arianne hides the Romans under her floorboards.


title: Centurion (film)

text: When Bothos, Dias, and Brick leave Arianne's in the morning; Arianne, having become fond of Dias, is saddened to see him go.


title: Centurion (film)

text: They find the outpost abandoned, with an order declaring that the Roman troops have retreated south by order of Emperor Hadrian. Seeing Etain's warriors approaching and tired of running, they set up a defensive position inside the fort. Brick is killed, as are Vortix, Aeron, and the rest of the Britons, with Dias finally killing Etain.


title: Centurion (film)

text: Taking the Picts' horses, Dias and Bothos continue south, reuniting with Thax. Reaching Hadrian's Wall, now under construction, Thax threatens Dias, afraid he will report his dishonourable actions. They fight, with Dias choking Thax to death. Bothos, joyfully riding toward the Romans, is mistaken for a charging Pict and shot by an archer. Devastated, Dias reports to Agricola, who worries that news of the legion's annihilation will lead other tribes to revolt. Fearful of his reputation being tainted by a military failure, he decides the Ninth Legion's fate should remain a mystery and Dias must be silenced. Dias foils the attempt on his life by Agricola's daughter Drusilla. Badly wounded in the thigh, he knocks Drusilla unconscious and escapes from the camp, returning to Arianne in the forest. The film ends with Arianne kissing him after he falls from his horse.


title: Centurion (film)

text: "Centurion" was written originally by director Neil Marshall under the working title "Ninth Legion". The Ninth Legion, according to one legend, marched into Scotland from York with over 3,000 men and disappeared. In recent years, historians have disputed the fate of the legion; some believe they were disbanded, while others believe they were massacred in Germania or in the East fighting the Persians during the early years of the second century. Marshall said of his take of the story, "It's not meant to be historically perfect. I'm picking up on a legend and exploring it... it's an action thriller." The tide of academic opinion seems to be returning to the view that the Legion was probably wiped out in Britain. In a recent book, Dr Miles Russell of Bournemouth University observes that there is strong evidence for a catastrophic British war resulting in the annihilation of the legion early in the reign of Hadrian.


title: Centurion (film)

text: Filming began towards the end of February 2009. Filming locations included the Scottish locations Badenoch, Strathspey, and Glenfeshie Estate in the Cairngorms. Filming also took place at Ealing Studios in London and in Surrey locations, such as Alice Holt Forest and Hurtwood Forest in the Surrey Hills. Historical re-enactment groups were enlisted to play Britions and Roman soldiers in the practical filming at Badenoch and Strathspey. Filming was completed in March, after seven weeks. Production design was by Simon Bowles, with art direction by Jason Knox-Johnston. The sets were built by DRS Construction.


title: Centurion (film)

text: The film was screened on 18 March 2010 at the South by Southwest Film Festival as the "Super Secret TBD" film. It was also the opening night premiere for the inaugural ActionFest film festival. The film was released on 30 July 2010 as video on demand on the Xbox Live Marketplace and Amazon.com.


title: Centurion (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 61% based on 109 reviews, and an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It's a bloody geyser of Neil Marshall's typically stylish B-movie action, but "Centurion" is too focused on hacking and slashing to deliver original dialogue or interesting characters." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Centurion (film)

text: "The Birmingham Post" gave the film two stars out of five saying "this hideously violent, formula one chase movie lacks the novelty of Mel Gibson's "Apocalypto"". "Empire Magazine" gave the film three stars out of five stating that the film "could have done with a lot more character-meat on those bones." Film4 gave the film two stars out of five stating "It's just a shame none of this stuff was thought through a little more carefully, because there's a talented cast here who have been hung out to dry." "The Guardian" gave the film two stars out of five stating that "this is exercise-bike cinema: energetic, relentless and tipping towards monotony".


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: John Watts Young (September 24, 1930 – January 5, 2018) was an American astronaut, naval officer and aviator, test pilot, and aeronautical engineer. He became the ninth person to walk on the Moon as commander of the Apollo 16 mission in 1972. He is the only astronaut to fly on four different classes of spacecraft: Gemini, the Apollo command and service module, the Apollo Lunar Module and the Space Shuttle.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Before becoming an astronaut, Young received his Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and joined the U.S. Navy. After serving at sea during the Korean War he became a naval aviator and graduated from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School. As a test pilot, he set several world time-to-climb records. Young retired from the Navy in 1976 with the rank of captain.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: In 1962, Young was selected as a member of NASA Astronaut Group 2. He flew on the first crewed Gemini mission (Gemini 3) in 1965, and then commanded the 1966 Gemini 10 mission. In 1969, he flew as the command module pilot on Apollo 10. In 1972, he commanded Apollo 16 and spent three days on the lunar surface exploring the Descartes Highlands with Charles Duke. Young also commanded STS-1 in 1981, the Space Shuttle program's first launch, and STS-9 in 1983, both of which were on . He was one of only two astronauts, along with Ken Mattingly, his command module pilot during the Apollo 16 mission, to fly on both an Apollo mission and a Space Shuttle mission, and the only astronaut to walk on the moon and fly on the Space Shuttle. Young served as Chief of the Astronaut Office from 1974 to 1987, and retired from NASA in 2004, after 42 years of service.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: John Watts Young was born at St. Luke's Hospital in San Francisco, California, on September 24, 1930, to William Young, a civil engineer, and Wanda Young (). His father lost his job during the Great Depression, and the family moved to Cartersville, Georgia, in 1932. In 1936, the family moved to Orlando, Florida, where he attended Princeton Elementary School. When Young was five years old, his mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia and taken to Florida State Hospital. Soon after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Young's father joined the U.S. Navy as a Seabee and left Young and his younger brother Hugh in the care of a housekeeper. Young's father returned after the war and became a plant superintendent for a citrus company. Young attended Orlando High School, where he competed in football, baseball, and track and field, before he graduated in 1948.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Young attended the Georgia Institute of Technology on a Naval ROTC scholarship. He completed a midshipman cruise aboard , where he worked alongside his future Apollo 10 crewmate Thomas P. Stafford, and another aboard . His senior year, Young served as regiment commander of his ROTC detachment. He was a member of the honor societies Scabbard and Blade, Tau Beta Pi, Omicron Delta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, ANAK Society, and the Sigma Chi fraternity. In 1952, Young graduated second in his class with a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering and was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Navy on June 6, 1952.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Young applied to become a naval aviator, but was selected to become a gunnery officer aboard out of Naval Base San Diego. He completed a Pacific deployment as a fire control and division officer on "Laws" in the Sea of Japan during the Korean War. In May 1953, he received orders to flight school at Naval Air Station Pensacola. Young first flew the SNJ-5 Texan in flight school and was then selected for helicopter training. He flew the HTL-5 and HUP-2 helicopters and completed helicopter training in January 1954. Young returned to flying the SNJ-5, and advanced to fly the T-28 Trojan, F6F Hellcat, and the F9F Panther. He graduated from flight school and received his aviator wings in December 1954.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: After flight school, Young was assigned to Fighter Squadron 103 (VF-103) at NAS Cecil Field to fly the F9F Cougar. In August 1956, he deployed with the Sixth Fleet aboard to the Mediterranean Sea. Young flew during the Suez Crisis, but did not fly in combat. His squadron returned in February 1957, and later that year began the transition to fly the F8U Crusader. In September 1958, VF-103 deployed with the Sixth Fleet on to the Mediterranean Sea. In January 1959, Young was selected to be in Class 23 at the United States Naval Test Pilot School and returned home from deployment.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: In 1959, Young graduated second in his class and was assigned to the Armament Division at the Naval Air Test Center. He worked alongside future astronaut James A. Lovell Jr. and tested the F-4 Phantom II fighter weapons systems. In 1962, he set two world time-to-climb records in the F-4, reaching in 34.52 seconds and in 227.6 seconds. In 1962, Young was assigned to fly with Fighter Squadron 143 (VF-143) until his selection as an astronaut in September 1962.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: In September 1962, Young was selected to join NASA Astronaut Group 2. Young and his family moved to Houston, Texas, and he began his astronaut flying, physical, and academic training. After he completed his initial training, Young was assigned to work on the environmental control system and survivor gear. Young's team selected the David Clark Company G3C pressure suit, and he helped develop the waste disposal and airlock development systems.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: In April 1964, Young was selected as the pilot of Gemini 3, commanded by Gus Grissom. The crew had originally been Alan Shepard and Thomas P. Stafford, but they were replaced after Shepard was diagnosed with Ménière's disease. The Gemini 3 backup commander was Wally Schirra, with Stafford as the backup pilot. The primary mission of Gemini 3 was to test the ability of the spacecraft to perform orbital maneuvers throughout the flight. Biological experiments were assigned to test the effects of radiation on human blood and microgravity on cell division, and an experiment to test reentry communications was created. Both crews initially trained in simulators at the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation facilities in St. Louis, Missouri, and moved their training when the simulators were set up at the Manned Spacecraft Center and Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in October 1964. Both primary and backup crews participated in Gemini 3's capsule system tests before it left the McDonnell facility. The capsule was brought to the Kennedy Space Center on January 4, 1965, and both crews trained in it from February 14 to March 18. Young advocated for a longer mission than the planned three orbits, but his suggestion was rejected.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: On March 23, 1965, Young and Grissom entered their capsule at 7:30 a.m. They conducted their preflight system checkout ahead of schedule but had to delay the launch after there was a leak in an oxidizer line in the Titan II GLV. Gemini 3 launched at 9:24 a.m. from LC-19 and entered in a elliptical orbit. Twenty minutes into flight, Young recognized multiple anomalous system readings and determined that there might be issues with the instrument power supply. He switched from the primary power supply to the backup, which solved the issue. Young successfully completed the radiation experiment on human blood, but Grissom accidentally broke a handle and was unable to complete his assigned experiment on cell division. Gemini 3 successfully conducted its orbital maneuver tests that allowed it to circularize its orbit, change its orbital plane, and lower its perigee to . On the third orbit, Young fired the retrorockets to begin re-entry. The lift the capsule experienced during reentry was less than predicted, and Gemini 3 landed short of its target area. After the parachutes deployed, the crew shifted the capsule to its landing orientation, which caused both of them to be thrown forward into the windshield and damaged the faceplates on their helmets. The crew remained inside the capsule for 30 minutes as they waited for a helicopter to retrieve them, and they and the capsule were successfully recovered aboard . After the flight, it was discovered that Young had smuggled a corned beef sandwich aboard, which he and Grissom shared while testing food. The House Committee on Appropriations launched a hearing regarding the incident, and some members argued that the two astronauts had disrupted the scheduled food test.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: After Gemini 3, Grissom and Young were assigned as backup commander and pilot for Gemini 6. On January 24, 1966, Young and Michael Collins were assigned as the Gemini 10 commander and pilot, with Alan L. Bean and Clifton C. Williams Jr. as the backup crew. The primary mission of Gemini 10 was to dock with an Agena target vehicle (ATV) and use its engines to maneuver. Using the Agena engines to maneuver had been a failed objective of Gemini 8 and Gemini 9. The mission planned for Gemini 10 to dock with its assigned Agena target vehicle and then maneuver to rendezvous with the already orbiting Agena that had been previously assigned to Gemini 8. In the event of a failure of Gemini 10's target vehicle, the mission would still launch and attempt a rendezvous with Gemini 8's target vehicle.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: The Agena target vehicle was launched on July 18, 1966, at 3:39 p.m. and successfully entered orbit. Gemini 10 launched as scheduled later that day at 5:20 p.m. from LC-19, within the 35-second launch window that maximized its chances of making the dual rendezvous. Once in orbit, the crew attempted to navigate to their first rendezvous using celestial navigation, but were unable to navigate and required inputs from Mission Control. Young maneuvered to a orbit to prepare for the rendezvous, and he had to make two midcourse corrections due to misalignment during the maneuver burns. Gemini 10 successfully rendezvoused and docked with the Agena target vehicle at 11:12 p.m. The higher-than-expected fuel consumption during the midcourse corrections caused flight director Glynn Lunney to cancel planned additional docking practice once the capsule had completed its rendezvous. Using the Agena's engines, Gemini 10 maneuvered to a elliptical orbit, which set a new altitude record for a crewed vehicle at the apogee. Gemini 10 used the rockets on the Agena to maneuver and rendezvous with the Gemini 8 Agena and set another new altitude record of . Young fired the Agena engines to lower the apogee to , and later circularized the orbit with another burn to raise the perigee to , which was below the Gemini8 Agena. Collins performed a standup extravehicular activity (EVA) where he stood at the door of the Gemini capsule to photograph the southern Milky Way to study its ultraviolet radiation. He began a color photography experiment but did not finish it as his and Young's eyes began filling with tears due to irritation from the anti-fog compound in their helmets.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Gemini 10 undocked from its Agena and performed two maneuvers to rendezvous with the Gemini 8 Agena. Gemini 10 successfully rendezvoused with its second target vehicle 47 hours into the mission, and Young accomplished station keeping to keep the capsule approximately from the Agena vehicle. Collins conducted an EVA to retrieve a micrometeorite experiment package. After he handed the package to Young, Collins extended his umbilical to test his maneuverability using a nitrogen gun, but struggled with it and pulled himself back to the capsule with his umbilical cable. The crew maneuvered away from the Agena and lowered their perigee to . Young conducted the retrofire burn and manually flew the reentry. The capsule landed from their recovery ship, , in the western Atlantic Ocean on July 21, 1966, at 4:07 p.m. After the crew was recovered and aboard the ship, flight controllers completed several burns on the Agena target vehicle to put it in a circular orbit to be used as a target for future missions.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Young was originally assigned as backup to the second crewed Apollo mission, along with Thomas P. Stafford and Eugene A. Cernan. After the delays caused by the fatal Apollo 1 fire in January 1967, Young, Cernan, and Stafford were assigned as the Apollo 7 backup crew. On November 13, 1968, NASA announced that the Apollo 10 crew would be commanded by Stafford, with Young as command module pilot and Cernan as the lunar module pilot. The backup crew was L. Gordon Cooper Jr., Donn F. Eisele, and Edgar D. Mitchell. Apollo 10 would be the only F-type mission, which entailed crewed entry into lunar orbit and testing of the lunar module, but without a landing. It would serve as a final test for the procedures and hardware before the first lunar landing. During flight preparation, the crew spent over 300 hours in simulators, both at the Manned Spacecraft Center and at Cape Kennedy. Mission Control linked with Young in the command module simulator and Stafford and Cernan in the lunar module simulator to provide realistic training. The crew selected the call sign "Charlie Brown" for the command module and "Snoopy" for the lunar module, in reference to the "Peanuts" comic strip by Charles M. Schulz.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: On May 18, 1969, Apollo 10 launched at 11:49 a.m. After the trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, Young successfully docked the command module with the lunar module. Young took celestial navigation measurements while en route to the Moon as a contingency for a loss of communication. Apollo 10 completed one midcourse correction, and Young performed the retrograde maneuver to bring the spacecraft into orbit above the lunar surface. On May 22, Stafford and Cernan entered the lunar module but were concerned that the docking ports' alignment had slipped by 3.5°. Apollo Program Spacecraft manager George M. Low determined that it was within acceptable limits, and the two spacecraft undocked. Young examined the lunar module after the two spacecraft were separated by and then maneuvered the command module away. Stafford and Cernan began their descent and flew the lunar module down to above the lunar surface. The lunar module crew tested the abort guidance system but had accidentally changed its setting from "attitude hold" to "automatic". As they prepared for the ascent, the lunar module began maneuvering as its automatic setting caused it to search for the command module. Stafford regained control of the spacecraft and flew the ascent towards the meeting with the command module. Young flew alone in the command module and prepared to maneuver to the lunar module in the event that its ascent engine did not work. Once the lunar module rendezvoused with the command module, Young successfully docked the two spacecraft. The crew transferred to the command module and undocked from the lunar module, which was flown by Mission Control into a solar orbit. While still in lunar orbit, Young tracked landmarks in preparation for a lunar landing, then flew the trans-Earth injection (TEI) maneuver. On May 26, Apollo 10 reentered the Earth's atmosphere and safely landed from Samoa. It landed from its recovery ship, the , and the crew was recovered by helicopter.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Young was assigned the backup commander of Apollo 13, along with Charles Duke and Jack Swigert. Duke exposed both the primary and backup crews to the German measles, causing the replacement of Ken Mattingly, who was not immune to German measles, by Swigert as the command module pilot two days prior to the launch.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: On March 3, 1971, Young was assigned as the commander of Apollo 16, along with Duke and Mattingly. Their backup crew was Fred Haise, Stuart Roosa, and Edgar D. Mitchell. The mission's science objective was to study material from the lunar highlands, as they were believed to contain volcanic material older than the lunar mare that had been the sites of the previous Apollo landings. The Apollo Site Selection Board considered landing sites at Alphonsus crater and the Descartes Highlands, and it chose the Descartes Highlands as the Apollo 16 landing site on June 3. The mission science kit contained instruments to sample and photograph the lunar surface, as well as a magnetometer and a seismometer. Additionally, the crew brought an ultraviolet camera and spectrograph to study interplanetary and hydrogen. To prepare for their EVAs, Young and Duke participated in field exercises in geological research. They conducted field work at the Mono craters in California to learn how to identify lava domes and tuff and the Sudbury Basin to study breccia.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Apollo 16 successfully launched at 12:54 p.m. on April 16, 1972. After the spacecraft reached Earth orbit, several problems developed with the S-IVB attitude control system, but Apollo 16 was still able to perform its trans-lunar injection burn. Mattingly docked the command module with the lunar module, and the crew decided to perform an early checkout of the lunar module over concerns that it had been damaged but found no issues. Apollo 16 flew behind the Moon 74 hours into the mission and entered into a elliptical orbit. The next day, Duke and Young entered the lunar module and undocked, but Mattingly soon reported an issue with the thrust vector controls on the service propulsion system, which would have prevented the command module from maneuvering in case the lunar module was unable to complete its rendezvous. After a delay, Mission Control approved the landing, and Young and Duke began their descent 5 hours and 42 minutes later than scheduled. As the lunar module descended, its projected landing location was north and west of its target location. Young took corrective action to adjust their landing location, and the lunar module landed north and west of its target location.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: On April 21 Young and Duke began their first EVA. Young was the first to exit the lunar module, and his first words on the lunar surface were "I'm glad they got ol' Brer Rabbit here, back in the briar patch where he belongs". The two astronauts set up the lunar rover, and deployed the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP). Mission Control informed Young that the U.S. House of Representatives had passed that year's space budget, which included funding to begin the Space Shuttle program. Young tripped over the cables to the heat flow sensors, which irreparably broke the sensors' communication link with Earth. The two astronauts conducted a seismic experiment using pneumatic hammers and began a traverse to Flag crater, which was west of the landing site. They set up a geology station at the crater, and collected Big Muley, a breccia that was the largest lunar rock collected during the Apollo program. Young and Duke traveled back towards the lunar module, stopping at Spook and Buster craters along the way. Before ending the EVA, they tested the maneuverability of the lunar rover. They finished the EVA after seven hours on the lunar surface.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Young and Duke conducted their second EVA on April 22. They traveled to Cinco crater to sample at three geology sites, with the goal of finding ejecta from the South Ray crater. After they traveled to collect samples at the nearby Wreck crater, the rover's navigation system failed, forcing the two astronauts to manually navigate back to the lunar module. On their return trip, they stopped at the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package to take soil samples. They returned to the lunar module and finished their EVA after seven hours on the lunar surface. The third EVA began on the morning of April 23. The two astronauts drove to North Ray crater and collected rock samples from its rim. They collected further samples from outside the crater to allow scientists to recreate the crater's stratigraphy using its ejecta. They returned to the lunar module and parked the rover to allow its cameras to broadcast their ascent. They ended their EVA after five hours; it was shorter than the previous two because of the delayed landing on the lunar surface.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: On April 24, the lunar module successfully ascended into lunar orbit and docked with the command module. The astronauts transferred the of lunar samples that they collected and jettisoned the lunar module. The command module completed its trans-Earth injection burn and began its flight back to Earth, during which time Mattingly performed an EVA to recover film from the exterior cameras and conduct an experiment on microbe exposure to ultraviolet sunlight. The command module (CM) reentered the atmosphere on April 27 and landed in the ocean approximately southeast of Christmas Island, and the crew was recovered aboard the . After the mission, Young was assigned as the Apollo 17 backup commander, along with Duke as the backup lunar module pilot and Stuart A. Roosa as the backup command module pilot. The backup crew was originally the Apollo 15 crew, but were removed after NASA management learned of their plan to sell the unauthorized postal covers they took to the lunar surface.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: In January 1973, Young was made Chief of the Space Shuttle Branch of the Astronaut Office. At the time, the overall Space Shuttle specifications and manufacturers had been determined, and Young's role was to serve as a liaison for the astronauts to provide design input. Young's office recommended changes for the orbiter's RCS thrusters, star tracker, and thermal radiators. In January 1974, he became Chief of the Astronaut Office after the departure of Alan B. Shepard Jr. One of his first roles after taking over the office was overseeing the end of the Skylab program and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) mission, but the remainder of the spaceflights during his tenure were Space Shuttle missions. Young flew in the T-38 Talon chase planes for several of the Approach and Landing Tests (ALT) of the .


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: In March 1978, Young was selected by George W. S. Abbey, then deputy director of the Johnson Space Center (JSC), to be the commander of STS-1, with Robert L. Crippen flying as the pilot. Their backup crew, Joe H. Engle and Richard H. Truly, was the primary crew for STS-2. The development of "Columbia" was delayed because of the longer-than-predicted installation time of the Space Shuttle thermal protection system. Young and Crippen trained to be able to repair thermal tiles in-orbit, but determined that they would be unable to repair the tiles during a spacewalk.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: The first launch attempt for STS-1 to launch was on April 10, 1981, but the launch was postponed at T–18 minutes due to a computer error. STS-1 launched at 7:00 a.m. on April 12 from LC-39A at the Kennedy Space Center. The first stage of the launch flew higher than anticipated, and the solid rocket boosters separated approximately higher than the original plan. The rest of the launch went as expected, and STS-1 successfully entered Earth orbit. Vice President George H. W. Bush called the crew during their first full day in orbit to congratulate them on their successful mission. The crew inspected their thermal tiles and determined that some had been lost during launch. Amid concerns that the underside of "Columbia" might have also lost some thermal shielding, a KH-11 KENNEN satellite was used to image the orbiter and it was determined that the orbiter could safely reenter the atmosphere. Young and Crippen tested the orbital maneuvering capabilities of the orbiter, as well as its mechanical and computer systems. STS-1 reentered the atmosphere and landed on April 14 at Edwards Air Force Base, California.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: As the chief of the Astronaut Office, Young recommended the crews that flew on the subsequent test and operational Space Shuttle missions. Young would routinely sit in the simulators alongside the crews to determine their effectiveness, and he flew the Shuttle Training Aircraft (STA) to test landing approaches prior to the orbiter landing.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: In 1983, Young flew as the commander of STS-9 aboard . His pilot was Brewster H. Shaw, his two mission specialists were Owen K.Garriott and Robert A. Parker, and his two payload specialists were Byron K. Lichtenberg and West German astronaut Ulf Merbold. The mission was initially scheduled to launch on October 29, but was delayed by a problem with the right solid rocket booster. The flight launched from LC-39A at 11:00 a.m. on November 28. It carried the first Spacelab module into orbit, and the crew had to conduct a shift-based schedule to maximize on-orbit research in astronomy, atmospheric and space physics, and life sciences. Young tested a new portable onboard computer, and attempted to photograph Russian airfields as "Columbia" orbited overhead. Prior to reentry, two of "Columbia"'s four primary General Purpose Computers (GPC) failed, which caused a delay in landing as they had to reset them and load the Entry Options Control Mode into an alternate GPC. After the GPC was repaired, "Columbia" successfully reentered the atmosphere and landed at Edwards Air Force Base on December 8.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Young remained as the chief of the Astronaut Office after STS-9. He was critical of NASA management following the Space Shuttle "Challenger" disaster and blamed the disaster on the lack of safety culture within the Space Shuttle program. Young testified before the Rogers Commission, and suggested improvements for the safety program at NASA. Young had been scheduled to fly as the commander of STS-61-J to deploy the Hubble Space Telescope, but the mission was canceled as a result of the "Challenger" disaster.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: In May 1987, Young was replaced as the chief of the Astronaut Office by Daniel C. Brandenstein and was reassigned as Special Assistant to Johnson Space Center Director Aaron Cohen for Engineering, Operations and Safety. Young believed that his reassignment was the result of his public criticism of NASA management. He oversaw the redesign of the solid rocket boosters to prevent a repeat of the "Challenger" disaster and advocated for the strengthening of the thermal protection tiles at the chin-section of the orbiters. He continued to work on safety improvements in the Space Shuttle program, including improving the landing surfaces, installation of emergency drag parachutes, the inclusion of the Global Positioning System (GPS) into the Space Shuttle's navigation system, and improving landing simulations. In February 1996, he was assigned as the Associate Director (Technical) of Johnson Space Center, where he was involved in the development of the Shuttle–Mir program and the design process for the International Space Station (ISS).


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: After working at NASA for over 42 years Young retired on December 31, 2004. During his career, he flew for more than 15,275 hours, including more than 9,200 hours in T-38s and 835 hours in spacecraft during six space flights. Additionally, he spent over 15,000 hours in training to prepare for eleven primary and backup crew positions.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Following his retirement, Young worked as a public speaker, and advocated for the importance of asteroid impact avoidance, colonization of the Moon, and climate engineering. In April 2006, Young and Crippen appeared at the 25th anniversary of the STS-1 launch at the Kennedy Space Center and spoke of their experiences during the flight. In November 2011, Young and Crippen met with the crew of STS-135, the last Space Shuttle mission.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: On December 1, 1955, Young married Barbara White of Savannah, Georgia, at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Palatka, Florida. Together they had two children, Sandra and John, and two grandchildren. They were divorced in the summer of 1971. Later that year, he married Susy Feldman, and they lived in Houston. Young was friends with George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush, and he vacationed at the Bush compound in Kennebunkport, Maine.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Young died on January 5, 2018, at his home in Houston, of complications from pneumonia, at the age of 87. He was interred at Arlington National Cemetery on April 30, 2019.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: While he served in the Navy, Young was awarded the Navy Astronaut Wings, Navy Distinguished Service Medal with a 5/16 inch star, and the Distinguished Flying Cross with two stars. During both his military and civilian career with NASA, he received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal (1969) with three oak leaf clusters, the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, the NASA Space Flight Medal, the NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal, the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal, and the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: In 1981, NASA and the developers of the Space Shuttle won the Collier Trophy, and the crews of STS-1 and STS-2 received special recognition. Young was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1982, along with nine other Gemini astronauts. Young, along with the other Gemini astronauts, was inducted into the second U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame class in 1993. In 1995, he was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. In 2001, Young was inducted into the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Young was awarded the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1993. In 2010, he was awarded the General James E. Hill Lifetime Space Achievement Award He received the Exceptional Engineering Achievement Award in 1985, and the American Astronautical Society Space Flight Award in 1993. In 1998, he received the Philip J. Klass Award for Lifetime Achievement. He was a fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the American Astronautical Society (AAS), and the Society of Experimental Test Pilots.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Florida State Road 423, a highway in Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida, is named John Young Parkway. John Young Elementary School, a school in the Orange County Public Schools, was named after him. The planetarium at the Orlando Science Center was named in his honor.


title: John Young (astronaut)

text: Northrop Grumman announced in 2018 that the Cygnus spacecraft for Cygnus NG-10, their tenth cargo resupply mission to the International Space Station, would be named "S.S. John Young". Cygnus NG-10 successfully launched on November 17, 2018, and concluded its mission on February 25, 2019.


title: Differential calculus

text: In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus—the study of the area beneath a curve.


title: Differential calculus

text: The primary objects of study in differential calculus are the derivative of a function, related notions such as the differential, and their applications. The derivative of a function at a chosen input value describes the rate of change of the function near that input value. The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation. Geometrically, the derivative at a point is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point, provided that the derivative exists and is defined at that point. For a real-valued function of a single real variable, the derivative of a function at a point generally determines the best linear approximation to the function at that point.


title: Differential calculus

text: Differential calculus and integral calculus are connected by the fundamental theorem of calculus, which states that differentiation is the reverse process to integration.


title: Differential calculus

text: Differentiation has applications in nearly all quantitative disciplines. In physics, the derivative of the displacement of a moving body with respect to time is the velocity of the body, and the derivative of the velocity with respect to time is acceleration. The derivative of the momentum of a body with respect to time equals the force applied to the body; rearranging this derivative statement leads to the famous equation associated with Newton's second law of motion. The reaction rate of a chemical reaction is a derivative. In operations research, derivatives determine the most efficient ways to transport materials and design factories.


title: Differential calculus

text: Derivatives are frequently used to find the maxima and minima of a function. Equations involving derivatives are called differential equations and are fundamental in describing natural phenomena. Derivatives and their generalizations appear in many fields of mathematics, such as complex analysis, functional analysis, differential geometry, measure theory, and abstract algebra.


title: Differential calculus

text: The derivative of formula_1 at the point formula_2 is the slope of the tangent to formula_3. In order to gain an intuition for this, one must first be familiar with finding the slope of a linear equation, written in the form formula_4. The slope of an equation is its steepness. It can be found by picking any two points and dividing the change in formula_5 by the change in formula_6, meaning that formula_7. For, the graph of formula_8 has a slope of formula_9, as shown in the diagram below:


title: Differential calculus

text: For brevity, formula_11 is often written as formula_12, with formula_13 being the Greek letter delta, meaning 'change in'. The slope of a linear equation is constant, meaning that the steepness is the same everywhere. However, many graphs such as formula_14 vary in their steepness. This means that you can no longer pick any two arbitrary points and compute the slope. Instead, the slope of the graph can be computed by considering the tangent line—a line that 'just touches' a particular point. The slope of a curve at a particular point is equal to the slope of the tangent to that point. For example, formula_14 has a slope of formula_16 at formula_17 because the slope of the tangent line to that point is equal to formula_16:


title: Differential calculus

text: The derivative of a function is then simply the slope of this tangent line. Even though the tangent line only touches a single point at the point of tangency, it can be approximated by a line that goes through two points. This is known as a secant line. If the two points that the secant line goes through are close together, then the secant line closely resembles the tangent line, and, as a result, its slope is also very similar:


title: Differential calculus

text: The advantage of using a secant line is that its slope can be calculated directly. Consider the two points on the graph formula_19 and formula_20, where formula_21 is a small number. As before, the slope of the line passing through these two points can be calculated with the formula formula_22. This gives


title: Differential calculus

text: As formula_21 gets closer and closer to formula_25, the slope of the secant line gets closer and closer to the slope of the tangent line. This is formally written as


title: Differential calculus

text: The above expression means 'as formula_21 gets closer and closer to 0, the slope of the secant line gets closer and closer to a certain value'. The value that is being approached is the derivative of formula_1; this can be written as formula_29. If formula_30, the derivative can also be written as formula_31, with formula_32 representing an infinitesimal change. For example, formula_33 represents an infinitesimal change in x. In summary, if formula_30, then the derivative of formula_1 is


title: Differential calculus

text: provided such a limit exists. We have thus succeeded in properly defining the derivative of a function, meaning that the 'slope of the tangent line' now has a precise mathematical meaning. Differentiating a function using the above definition is known as differentiation from first principles. Here is a proof, using differentiation from first principles, that the derivative of formula_14 is formula_38:


title: Differential calculus

text: As formula_21 approaches formula_25, formula_42 approaches formula_38. Therefore, formula_44. This proof can be generalised to show that formula_45 if formula_46 and formula_47 are constants. This is known as the power rule. For example, formula_48. However, many other functions cannot be differentiated as easily as polynomial functions, meaning that sometimes further techniques are needed to find the derivative of a function. These techniques include the chain rule, product rule, and quotient rule. Other functions cannot be differentiated at all, giving rise to the concept of differentiability.


title: Differential calculus

text: A closely related concept to the derivative of a function is its differential. When and are real variables, the derivative of at is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of at . Because the source and target of are one-dimensional, the derivative of is a real number. If and are vectors, then the best linear approximation to the graph of depends on how changes in several directions at once. Taking the best linear approximation in a single direction determines a partial derivative, which is usually denoted . The linearization of in all directions at once is called the total derivative.


title: Differential calculus

text: The concept of a derivative in the sense of a tangent line is a very old one, familiar to ancient Greek mathematicians such as Euclid (c. 300 BC), Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC) and Apollonius of Perga (c. 262–190 BC). Archimedes also made use of indivisibles, although these were primarily used to study areas and volumes rather than derivatives and tangents (see "The Method of Mechanical Theorems").


title: Differential calculus

text: The use of infinitesimals to study rates of change can be found in Indian mathematics, perhaps as early as 500 AD, when the astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476–550) used infinitesimals to study the orbit of the Moon. The use of infinitesimals to compute rates of change was developed significantly by Bhāskara II (1114–1185); indeed, it has been argued that many of the key notions of differential calculus can be found in his work, such as "Rolle's theorem".


title: Differential calculus

text: The mathematician, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1135–1213), in his "Treatise on Equations", established conditions for some cubic equations to have solutions, by finding the maxima of appropriate cubic polynomials. He obtained, for example, that the maximum (for positive ) of the cubic occurs when , and concluded therefrom that the equation has exactly one positive solution when , and two positive solutions whenever . The historian of science, Roshdi Rashed, has argued that al-Tūsī must have used the derivative of the cubic to obtain this result. Rashed's conclusion has been contested by other scholars, however, who argue that he could have obtained the result by other methods which do not require the derivative of the function to be known.


title: Differential calculus

text: The modern development of calculus is usually credited to Isaac Newton (1643–1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), who provided independent and unified approaches to differentiation and derivatives. The key insight, however, that earned them this credit, was the fundamental theorem of calculus relating differentiation and integration: this rendered obsolete most previous methods for computing areas and volumes, which had not been significantly extended since the time of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen). For their ideas on derivatives, both Newton and Leibniz built on significant earlier work by mathematicians such as Pierre de Fermat (1607-1665), Isaac Barrow (1630–1677), René Descartes (1596–1650), Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695), Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) and John Wallis (1616–1703). Regarding Fermat's influence, Newton once wrote in a letter that ""I had the hint of this method [of fluxions] from Fermat's way of drawing tangents, and by applying it to abstract equations, directly and invertedly, I made it general."" Isaac Barrow is generally given credit for the early development of the derivative. Nevertheless, Newton and Leibniz remain key figures in the history of differentiation, not least because Newton was the first to apply differentiation to theoretical physics, while Leibniz systematically developed much of the notation still used today.


title: Differential calculus

text: Since the 17th century many mathematicians have contributed to the theory of differentiation. In the 19th century, calculus was put on a much more rigorous footing by mathematicians such as Augustin Louis Cauchy (1789–1857), Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866), and Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897). It was also during this period that the differentiation was generalized to Euclidean space and the complex plane.


title: Differential calculus

text: If is a differentiable function on (or an open interval) and is a local maximum or a local minimum of , then the derivative of at is zero. Points where are called "critical points" or "stationary points" (and the value of at is called a "critical value"). If is not assumed to be everywhere differentiable, then points at which it fails to be differentiable are also designated critical points.


title: Differential calculus

text: If is twice differentiable, then conversely, a critical point of can be analysed by considering the second derivative of at :


title: Differential calculus

text: This is called the second derivative test. An alternative approach, called the first derivative test, involves considering the sign of the on each side of the critical point.


title: Differential calculus

text: Taking derivatives and solving for critical points is therefore often a simple way to find local minima or maxima, which can be useful in optimization. By the extreme value theorem, a continuous function on a closed interval must attain its minimum and maximum values at least once. If the function is differentiable, the minima and maxima can only occur at critical points or endpoints.


title: Differential calculus

text: This also has applications in graph sketching: once the local minima and maxima of a differentiable function have been found, a rough plot of the graph can be obtained from the observation that it will be either increasing or decreasing between critical points.


title: Differential calculus

text: In higher dimensions, a critical point of a scalar valued function is a point at which the gradient is zero. The second derivative test can still be used to analyse critical points by considering the eigenvalues of the Hessian matrix of second partial derivatives of the function at the critical point. If all of the eigenvalues are positive, then the point is a local minimum; if all are negative, it is a local maximum. If there are some positive and some negative eigenvalues, then the critical point is called a "saddle point", and if none of these cases hold (i.e., some of the eigenvalues are zero) then the test is considered to be inconclusive.


title: Differential calculus

text: One example of an optimization problem is: Find the shortest curve between two points on a surface, assuming that the curve must also lie on the surface. If the surface is a plane, then the shortest curve is a line. But if the surface is, for example, egg-shaped, then the shortest path is not immediately clear. These paths are called geodesics, and one of the most fundamental problems in the calculus of variations is finding geodesics. Another example is: Find the smallest area surface filling in a closed curve in space. This surface is called a minimal surface and it, too, can be found using the calculus of variations.


title: Differential calculus

text: Calculus is of vital importance in physics: many physical processes are described by equations involving derivatives, called differential equations. Physics is particularly concerned with the way quantities change and develop over time, and the concept of the "time derivative" — the rate of change over time — is essential for the precise definition of several important concepts. In particular, the time derivatives of an object's position are significant in Newtonian physics:


title: Differential calculus

text: A differential equation is a relation between a collection of functions and their derivatives. An ordinary differential equation is a differential equation that relates functions of one variable to their derivatives with respect to that variable. A partial differential equation is a differential equation that relates functions of more than one variable to their partial derivatives. Differential equations arise naturally in the physical sciences, in mathematical modelling, and within mathematics itself. For example, Newton's second law, which describes the relationship between acceleration and force, can be stated as the ordinary differential equation


title: Differential calculus

text: The heat equation in one space variable, which describes how heat diffuses through a straight rod, is the partial differential equation


title: Differential calculus

text: Here is the temperature of the rod at position and time and is a constant that depends on how fast heat diffuses through the rod.


title: Differential calculus

text: The mean value theorem gives a relationship between values of the derivative and values of the original function. If is a real-valued function and and are numbers with , then the mean value theorem says that under mild hypotheses, the slope between the two points and is equal to the slope of the tangent line to at some point between and . In other words,


title: Differential calculus

text: In practice, what the mean value theorem does is control a function in terms of its derivative. For instance, suppose that has derivative equal to zero at each point. This means that its tangent line is horizontal at every point, so the function should also be horizontal. The mean value theorem proves that this must be true: The slope between any two points on the graph of must equal the slope of one of the tangent lines of . All of those slopes are zero, so any line from one point on the graph to another point will also have slope zero. But that says that the function does not move up or down, so it must be a horizontal line. More complicated conditions on the derivative lead to less precise but still highly useful information about the original function.


title: Differential calculus

text: The derivative gives the best possible linear approximation of a function at a given point, but this can be very different from the original function. One way of improving the approximation is to take a quadratic approximation. That is to say, the linearization of a real-valued function at the point is a linear polynomial , and it may be possible to get a better approximation by considering a quadratic polynomial . Still better might be a cubic polynomial , and this idea can be extended to arbitrarily high degree polynomials. For each one of these polynomials, there should be a best possible choice of coefficients , , , and that makes the approximation as good as possible.


title: Differential calculus

text: In the neighbourhood of , for the best possible choice is always , and for the best possible choice is always . For , , and higher-degree coefficients, these coefficients are determined by higher derivatives of . should always be , and should always be . Using these coefficients gives the Taylor polynomial of . The Taylor polynomial of degree is the polynomial of degree which best approximates , and its coefficients can be found by a generalization of the above formulas. Taylor's theorem gives a precise bound on how good the approximation is. If is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to , then the Taylor polynomial of degree equals .


title: Differential calculus

text: The limit of the Taylor polynomials is an infinite series called the Taylor series. The Taylor series is frequently a very good approximation to the original function. Functions which are equal to their Taylor series are called analytic functions. It is impossible for functions with discontinuities or sharp corners to be analytic; moreover, there exist smooth functions which are also not analytic.


title: Differential calculus

text: Some natural geometric shapes, such as circles, cannot be drawn as the graph of a function. For instance, if , then the circle is the set of all pairs such that . This set is called the zero set of , and is not the same as the graph of , which is a paraboloid. The implicit function theorem converts relations such as into functions. It states that if is continuously differentiable, then around most points, the zero set of looks like graphs of functions pasted together. The points where this is not true are determined by a condition on the derivative of . The circle, for instance, can be pasted together from the graphs of the two functions . In a neighborhood of every point on the circle except and , one of these two functions has a graph that looks like the circle. (These two functions also happen to meet and , but this is not guaranteed by the implicit function theorem.)


title: Differential calculus

text: The implicit function theorem is closely related to the inverse function theorem, which states when a function looks like graphs of invertible functions pasted together.


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: Gabriel's Inferno is an erotic romance novel by an anonymous Canadian author under the pen name Sylvain Reynard. The story was first published in novel format in 2011 by Omnific Publishing, with further publishing rights to the series being purchased by Berkley Books. The work was first published on 4 September 2012, along with the second book in the series, "Gabriel's Rapture".


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: The series has been compared to "Fifty Shades of Grey" because both originated as "Twilight" fan fiction, with the International Business Times reporting that "Gabriel's Inferno" differs in that it bears "few similarities to the story that inspired it". The novel was originally published online as a "Twilight" fan fiction entitled "The University of Edward Masen" (Edward Masen being Edward Cullen's human name) under the pen name of Sebastien Robichaud. "Gabriel's Inferno" and its sequels appeared on "The New York Times" Best Seller list. A film adaptation was released on the streaming service Passionflix, the film was cut into 3 parts, the first part of the film was released on 29 May 2020.


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: Gabriel Owen Emerson is a brilliant and enigmatic professor of Dante studies at the University of Toronto. His cold, aloof exterior masks dark secrets he successfully hides, though he has never overcome them. A lovely, intelligent graduate student in his seminar triggers a dim memory - one he cannot place, but which is the key to the happiness he long thought was impossible.


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: Julianne Mitchell, a compassionate, kind young woman, is still struggling to overcome a childhood of neglect and abuse. When she enrolls at the University of Toronto, she knows she will see someone from her past - a man she met once, in an encounter she has never forgotten. Gabriel cannot recall what Julia knows: that they have a shared history rooted in an important moment of their lives.


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: The story unfolds around the electrifying connection between Gabriel and Julia and their increasingly passionate affair. Gabriel sees her unconditional love as his path to salvation even as he acknowledges his selfishness in doing so. Julia struggles with her own self-worth as she grows to trust Gabriel's feelings for her. Determined to capture the happiness that eluded them when they parted years ago, they must defy their own painful pasts as well as obstacles which now conspire to keep them apart.


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: When initially writing the novel, Reynard tried to "explore the themes of redemption and love with respect to two flawed people." The author also chose not to focus on the "mechanics of sex," viewing it as potentially detracting from the "mysterious and sometimes transcendent aspects of it." Reynard drew inspiration for the novel from the relationship between Dante and Beatrice Portinari.


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: Reynard has stated that the series was written as fanfiction as "an opportunity to try my hand at fiction writing."


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: Fan reaction to the series has been positive, with some readers staging Inferno-inspired tours of Toronto. When Reynard chose to release the series for publication, some readers expressed disapproval over fanfiction being published for profit akin to the backlash "Fifty Shades of Grey" also received. As of October 2012, the book and its sequel were numbers 12 and 17 on "The New York Times" paperback trade fiction list.


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: The second book in the series, "Gabriel's Rapture", was released alongside "Gabriel's Inferno" on 4 September 2012. A third entry in the series, "Gabriel's Redemption" was released on 3 December 2013. It also leads to a supernatural spin-off series centering a character introduced in "Gabriel's Redemption", who is later revealed as a vampire known as The Prince, and his lover, Raven Wood, beginning with the novel "The Raven". The author revealed on his facebook page in November 2017 that he was currently writing the fourth novel in this series. The fourth novel, "Gabriel's Promise" was released on January 7, 2020.


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: In November 2019, it was announced that filming for a "Gabriel's Inferno" movie had commenced in Syracuse, New York, with Melanie Zanetti and Giulio Berruti playing Julia and Gabriel and directed and produced by Tosca Musk. The film was cut into 3 parts. The first part of "Gabriel's Inferno" premiered on Tosca's streaming service Passionflix on 29 May 2020; Part II was released on 31 July 2020. The last part was released on 19 November.


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: Filming for the sequel "Gabriel's Rapture" began in January until February 2020 but production had to be halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Principal production for "Gabriel's Rapture" resumed on 9 March 2021 in Florence; Italy, and completed in early June in Belize. During a live video chat on Instagram with producer & director Tosca Musk in March, she confirmed that like the first movie "Gabriel's Inferno", the sequel will also be cut into multiple parts due to the very long duration of the film. Part 1 of "Gabriel's Rapture" was released on 24 November 2021.


title: Gabriel's Inferno

text: On 16 December 2021 during a live video on Instagram, Tosca confirmed that part 2 of "Gabriel's Rapture" will be released sometime in March 2022. In the same video she also mentioned that filming for the second sequel based on the third book "Gabriel's Redemption" is scheduled to begin sometime in late summer or fall in 2022. On 14 February Passionflix released a teaser for part 2 of "Gabriel's Rapture", confirming that part 2 will be released on 24 March 2022. On 23 June 2022 Passionflix released a teaser for part 3 of "Gabriel's Rapture" confirming that part 3 will be released on 12 August 2022. On 29 July Passionflix released the official trailer for part 3.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: Arkady Romanovich Rotenberg (; born 15 December 1951) is a Russian billionaire businessman and oligarch. With his brother Boris Rotenberg, he was co-owner of the Stroygazmontazh (S.G.M. group), the largest construction company for gas pipelines and electrical power supply lines in Russia.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: In 2021 "Forbes" estimated Rotenberg's wealth at $1.9 billion. He is a close confidant, business partner, and childhood friend of president Vladimir Putin. Rotenberg became a billionaire through lucrative state-sponsored construction projects and oil pipelines. The Pandora Papers leak implicated Rotenberg in facilitating and maintaining elaborate networks of offshore wealth for Russian political and economic elites.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: Since 2014, following the Russian annexation of Crimea, Arkady Rotenberg has been subject to sanctions by the United States government.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: Rotenberg is of Jewish ancestry. He was born in 1951 in Leningrad, where his father, Roman, worked in management at the Red Dawn telephone factory, allowing the family to avoid living in a communal apartment. In 1963, when he was age twelve, Rotenberg and Vladimir Putin both joined Anatoly Rakhlin's sambo club.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: In 1978, Rotenberg graduated from the Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health and became a judo trainer. After Putin returned to Russia in 1990, Rotenberg trained with him several times a week. During the 1990s, Rotenberg and his brother, Boris, who had moved to Finland, traded in petroleum products. When Putin became vice-mayor, Rotenberg secured funding from Gennady Timchenko to found Yavara-Neva, a professional judo club. Later, after the club won nine European Judo Championships and trained four Olympic champions, it was given a new state-funded $180 million facility, including a thousand-seat arena and a yacht club.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: In 2000, Putin, who had become President of Russia, created Rosspirtprom, a state-owned enterprise controlling 30% of Russia's vodka market, and put Rotenberg in control. In 2001, Rotenberg and his brother founded the (), which operates in 40 Russian cities with over 100 branches, more than half of them in the Moscow area. SMP oversees the operation of more than 900 ATM-machines. SMP bank also became a leading large-diameter gas pipe supplier.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: Gazprom often appears to have paid Rotenberg inflated prices. In 2007, Gazprom rejected an earlier plan to build a 350-mile pipeline and instead paid Rotenberg $45 billion, 300% of ordinary costs, to build a 1,500 mile pipeline to the Arctic Circle. In 2008, Rotenberg formed Stroygazmontazh (SGM) with five companies he had purchased from Gazprom for $348 million. The next year, the company earned over $2 billion in revenue. Rotenberg then bought Northern Europe Pipe Project, which eventually supplied 90% of Gazprom's large diameter pipes and operated at a 30% profit margin, twice the industry average. In 2013, Gazprom increased Rotenberg's contract for a Krasnodar pipeline by 45%, then continued payments for a year after the Bulgarian segment was canceled.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: While he was the Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation from 20 May 2004 to 2012, Igor Levitin ensured in 2010 that Arkady Rotenberg's firms (Mostotrest) would construct the toll roads on Russian federal highways.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: Rotenberg is the president of the Hockey Club Dynamo Moscow. In 2013, he became a member of the committee of the International Judo Federation. In preparation for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Rotenberg won contracts worth $7 billion, including a $2 billion coastal highway and an underwater gas pipeline that came in at 300% of average costs.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: Rotenberg was named in the Panama Papers. Those leaked legal documents show Rotenberg sent $231 million in loans to a company in the British Virgin Islands in 2013.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: In 2013, Rotenberg became the chairman of the , which had once been the biggest supplier for textbooks in the Soviet Union. After Enlightenment became a private company in 2011, the government of the Russian Federation started to make several changes in that sector. In 2013, an internal council was formed by the Ministry of Education to check all textbooks. Many of Enlightenment's competitors’ books did not pass this new evaluation and so Enlightenment won about 70% of the contracts for new textbooks in the Russian Federation in 2014.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: In 2015, Arkady Rotenberg sold to his son Igor Rotenberg a number of assets including up to 79% of Gazprom Drilling (Bureniye), 28% of the road construction company Mostotrest, and 33.3% of Jersey-based TPS Real Estate Holdings Ltd. Alexander Ponomarenko and Aleksandr Skorobogatko own 66.6% of TPC Real Estates Holdings.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: As a result of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Barack Obama, then President of the United States, signed an executive order instructing his government to impose sanctions on the Rotenberg brothers and other close friends of President Putin, including Sergei Ivanov and Gennadi Timchenko. These persons were placed on the Specially Designated Nationals List.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: As a result of the sanctions, Visa and MasterCard stopped servicing SMP Bank. In September 2014, Italy seized €30 million of Rotenberg's real estate, including four villas in Sardinia and Tarquinia, and a hotel in Rome. U.S added Arkady and Igor Rotenberg on their blacklist of Russian oligarchs, freezing assets for US$65 million in the same year. In November 2016, the General Court of the European Union confirmed the sanctions against Russia and the freezing of Arkady's funds which had taken effect on 30 July 2014, but limited to the new properties added by the Council of Europe in March 2015.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: In September 2014, "Novaya Gazeta" published a journalistic inquiry of Anna Politkovskaja and Aleksei Navalny, revealing that Igor Rotenberg, son of Arkady, secretly controlled an estate in Monte Argentario through a society registered in Vaduz.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: The Russian State Duma then proposed a bill, known as the Rotenberg Law, allowing sanctioned Russians to get compensated by the state, but it was declined.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: Rotenberg is one of many Russian "oligarchs" named in the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, CAATSA, signed into law by President Donald Trump in 2017.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: On 3 March 2022, the United States imposed visa restrictions and froze assets of Rotenberg, his sons, and his daughter due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: Rotenberg's personal wealth has been estimated in July 2021 at $2.9 billion. He used to own a 2009 Bombardier Global 5000 (registered M-BRRB) however was forced to sell it due to the sanctions placed upon him. He owns a 2011 Benetti 65 meter yacht named "Rahil". The yacht can accommodate ten guests in seven staterooms.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: In 2005, Rotenberg married his second wife Natalia Rotenberg, who is about 30 years his junior. Their two children, Varvara and Arkady, live in the United Kingdom with Natalia. They divorced in 2015 in the U.K. While the financial details of the divorce are private, the agreement includes division of the use of a £35 million Surrey mansion and a £8 million apartment in London. The couple's lawyers obtained a secrecy order preventing media in the U.K. from reporting on the divorce, but the order was overturned on appeal.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: His older three children include Igor (), who is a Russian billionaire businessman, Liliya (), who is a doctor and since 2014 has been living in Germany and co-owns the TPS Nedvizhimost (an investment group that owns shopping malls and entertainment complexes in the Russian cities Moscow, Sochi, Krasnodar, Novosibirsk and Ocean Plaza in Kyiv, Ukraine), and son Paul (), who is a competitive hockey player.


title: Arkady Rotenberg

text: According to the BBC, Arkady Rotenberg says he is the owner of Putin's Palace, an opulent Black Sea mansion, not President Vladimir Putin, as the leader's critics had alleged.


title: Minnie (singer)

text: Nicha Yontararak (; born ), better known by her nickname and stage name Minnie (; ), is a Thai singer, songwriter, and actress based in South Korea. She is a member of South Korean girl group (G)I-dle, which debuted on May 2, 2018 under Cube Entertainment.


title: Minnie (singer)

text: Minnie was born on October 23, 1997, in Bangkok, Thailand. She has older twin brothers. She was born into a musical family, with her mother, aunt and uncle playing the piano. Minnie has been playing piano since she was five and taking vocal lessons since she was seven years old. Her mom was her main influence for loving music. She always watched her mom playing the piano, and learned to play it from her. Minnie attended Wattana Wittaya Academy and studied music at Grammy Vocal Studio in Thailand. She was the cheerleader, drummer, actress in a stage play, and more in her school. She also studied Chinese for four years. In September 2014, she participated in the Cube Star World Audition in Thailand and came to South Korea in 2015, after her mother encouraged her giving it "once in a life opportunity".