title: Adhesive

text: In 2000, a paper revealed the discovery of a 5,200-year-old man nicknamed the "Tyrolean Iceman" or "Ötzi", who was preserved in a glacier near the Austria-Italy border. Several of his belongings were found with him including two arrows with flint arrowheads and a copper hatchet, each with evidence of organic glue used to connect the stone or metal parts to the wooden shafts. The glue was analyzed as pitch, which requires the heating of tar during its production. The retrieval of this tar requires a transformation of birch bark by means of heat, in a process known as pyrolysis.


title: Adhesive

text: The first references to adhesives in literature appeared in approximately 2000 BC. Further historical records of adhesive use are found from the period spanning 1500–1000 BC. Artifacts from this period include paintings depicting wood gluing operations and a casket made of wood and glue in King Tutankhamun's tomb. Other ancient Egyptian artifacts employ animal glue for bonding or lamination. Such lamination of wood for bows and furniture is thought to have extended their life and was accomplished using casein (milk protein)-based glues. The ancient Egyptians also developed starch-based pastes for the bonding of papyrus to clothing and a plaster of Paris-like material made of calcined gypsum.


title: Adhesive

text: From AD 1 to 500 the Greeks and Romans made great contributions to the development of adhesives. Wood veneering and marquetry were developed, the production of animal and fish glues refined, and other materials utilized. Egg-based pastes were used to bond gold leaves incorporated various natural ingredients such as blood, bone, hide, milk, cheese, vegetables, and grains. The Greeks began the use of slaked lime as mortar while the Romans furthered mortar development by mixing lime with volcanic ash and sand. This material, known as pozzolanic cement, was used in the construction of the Roman Colosseum and Pantheon. The Romans were also the first people known to have used tar and beeswax as caulk and sealant between the wooden planks of their boats and ships.


title: Adhesive

text: In Central Asia, the rise of the Mongols in approximately AD 1000 can be partially attributed to the good range and power of the bows of Genghis Khan's hordes. These bows were made of a bamboo core, with horn on the belly (facing towards the archer) and sinew on the back, bound together with animal glue.


title: Adhesive

text: In Europe, glue fell into disuse until the period AD 1500–1700. At this time, world-renowned cabinet and furniture makers such as Thomas Chippendale and Duncan Phyfe began to use adhesives to hold their products together. In 1690, the first commercial glue plant was established in The Netherlands. This plant produced glues from animal hides. In 1750, the first British glue patent was issued for fish glue. The following decades of the next century witnessed the manufacture of casein glues in German and Swiss factories. In 1876, the first U.S. patent (number 183,024) was issued to the Ross brothers for the production of casein glue.


title: Adhesive

text: The first U.S. postage stamps used starch-based adhesives when issued in 1847. The first US patent (number 61,991) on dextrin (a starch derivative) adhesive was issued in 1867.


title: Adhesive

text: Natural rubber was first used as material for adhesives starting in 1830, which marked the starting point of the modern adhesive. In 1862, a British patent (number 3288) was issued for the plating of metal with brass by electrodeposition to obtain a stronger bond to rubber. The development of the automobile and the need for rubber shock mounts required stronger and more durable bonds of rubber and metal. This spurred the development of cyclized rubber treated in strong acids. By 1927, this process was used to produce solvent-based thermoplastic rubber cements for metal to rubber bonding.


title: Adhesive

text: Natural rubber-based sticky adhesives were first used on a backing by Henry Day (US Patent 3,965) in 1845. Later these kinds of adhesives were used in cloth backed surgical and electric tapes. By 1925, the pressure-sensitive tape industry was born.


title: Adhesive

text: Today, sticky notes, Scotch Tape, and other tapes are examples of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA).


title: Adhesive

text: A key step in the development of synthetic plastics was the introduction of a thermoset plastic known as Bakelite phenolic in 1910. Within two years, phenolic resin was applied to plywood as a coating varnish. In the early 1930s, phenolics gained importance as adhesive resins.


title: Adhesive

text: The 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s witnessed great advances in the development and production of new plastics and resins due to the First and Second World Wars. These advances greatly improved the development of adhesives by allowing the use of newly developed materials that exhibited a variety of properties. With changing needs and ever evolving technology, the development of new synthetic adhesives continues to the present. However, due to their low cost, natural adhesives are still more commonly used.


title: Adhesive

text: In the course of time and during their development, adhesives have gained a stable position in an increasing number of production processes. Many vital products involve some sort of adhesive in the production process. Market researchers forecasted a turnover of almost US$50 billion for the global adhesives market in 2019. In particular, the economic development of emerging countries such as China, India, Russia, and Brazil will cause a rising demand for adhesives in the future.


title: Adhesive

text: In order to encourage continued development in adhesives technology, The American Sealants Council has an annual Innovation Award for new adhesive and sealant technology.


title: Adhesive

text: Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion. These are then organized into reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which refers to whether the adhesive chemically reacts in order to harden. Alternatively they can be organized by whether the raw stock is of natural, or synthetic origin, or by their starting physical phase.


title: Adhesive

text: There are two types of adhesives that harden by drying: "solvent-based adhesives" and "polymer dispersion adhesives", also known as "emulsion adhesives". Solvent-based adhesives are a mixture of ingredients (typically polymers) dissolved in a solvent. White glue, contact adhesives and rubber cements are members of the "drying adhesive" family. As the solvent evaporates, the adhesive hardens. Depending on the chemical composition of the adhesive, they will adhere to different materials to greater or lesser degrees.


title: Adhesive

text: Polymer dispersion adhesives are milky-white dispersions often based on polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). They are used extensively in the woodworking and packaging industries. They are also used with fabrics and fabric-based components, and in engineered products such as loudspeaker cones.


title: Adhesive

text: "Pressure-sensitive adhesives" (PSA) form a bond by the application of light pressure to marry the adhesive with the adherend. They are designed to have a balance between flow and resistance to flow. The bond forms because the adhesive is soft enough to flow (i.e., "wet") to the adherend. The bond has strength because the adhesive is hard enough to resist flow when stress is applied to the bond. Once the adhesive and the adherend are in close proximity, molecular interactions, such as van der Waals forces, become involved in the bond, contributing significantly to its ultimate strength.


title: Adhesive

text: PSAs are designed for either permanent or removable applications. Examples of permanent applications include safety labels for power equipment, foil tape for HVAC duct work, automotive interior trim assembly, and sound/vibration damping films. Some high performance permanent PSAs exhibit high adhesion values and can support kilograms of weight per square centimeter of contact area, even at elevated temperatures. Permanent PSAs may initially be removable (for example to recover mislabeled goods) and build adhesion to a permanent bond after several hours or days.


title: Adhesive

text: Removable adhesives are designed to form a temporary bond, and ideally can be removed after months or years without leaving residue on the adherend. Removable adhesives are used in applications such as surface protection films, masking tapes, bookmark and note papers, barcode labels, price marking labels, promotional graphics materials, and for skin contact (wound care dressings, EKG electrodes, athletic tape, analgesic and transdermal drug patches, etc.). Some removable adhesives are designed to repeatedly stick and unstick. They have low adhesion, and generally cannot support much weight. Pressure-sensitive adhesive is used in Post-it notes.


title: Adhesive

text: Pressure-sensitive adhesives are manufactured with either a liquid carrier or in 100% solid form. Articles are made from liquid PSAs by coating the adhesive and drying off the solvent or water carrier. They may be further heated to initiate a cross-linking reaction and increase molecular weight. 100% solid PSAs may be low viscosity polymers that are coated and then reacted with radiation to increase molecular weight and form the adhesive, or they may be high viscosity materials that are heated to reduce viscosity enough to allow coating, and then cooled to their final form. Major raw material for PSA's are acrylate-based polymers.


title: Adhesive

text: "Contact adhesives" are used in strong bonds with high shear-resistance like laminates, such as bonding Formica to a wooden counter, and in footwear, as in attaching outsoles to uppers. Natural rubber and polychloroprene (Neoprene) are commonly used contact adhesives. Both of these elastomers undergo strain crystallization.


title: Adhesive

text: Contact adhesives must be applied to both surfaces and allowed some time to dry before the two surfaces are pushed together. Some contact adhesives require as long as 24 hours to dry before the surfaces are to be held together. Once the surfaces are pushed together, the bond forms very quickly. It is usually not necessary to apply pressure for a long time, so there is less need for clamps.


title: Adhesive

text: "Hot adhesives", also known as "hot melt adhesives", are thermoplastics applied in molten form (in the 65–180 °C range) which solidify on cooling to form strong bonds between a wide range of materials. Ethylene-vinyl acetate-based hot-melts are particularly popular for crafts because of their ease of use and the wide range of common materials they can join. A glue gun (shown at right) is one method of applying hot adhesives. The glue gun melts the solid adhesive, then allows the liquid to pass through its barrel onto the material, where it solidifies.


title: Adhesive

text: Thermoplastic glue may have been invented around 1940 by Procter & Gamble as a solution to the problem that water-based adhesives, commonly used in packaging at that time, failed in humid climates, causing packages to open.


title: Adhesive

text: Anaerobic adhesives cure when in contact with metal, in the absence of oxygen. They work well in a close-fitting space, as when used as a Thread-locking fluid.


title: Adhesive

text: "Multi-component adhesives" harden by mixing two or more components which chemically react. This reaction causes polymers to cross-link into acrylates, urethanes, and epoxies .


title: Adhesive

text: There are several commercial combinations of multi-component adhesives in use in industry. Some of these combinations are:


title: Adhesive

text: The individual components of a multi-component adhesive are not adhesive by nature. The individual components react with each other after being mixed and show full adhesion only on curing. The multi-component resins can be either solvent-based or solvent-less. The solvents present in the adhesives are a medium for the polyester or the polyurethane resin. The solvent is dried during the curing process.


title: Adhesive

text: "Pre-mixed and frozen adhesives" (PMFs) are adhesives that are mixed, deaerated, packaged, and frozen. As it is necessary for PMFs to remain frozen before use, once they are frozen at −80 °C they are shipped with dry ice and are required to be stored at or below −40 °C. PMF adhesives eliminate mixing mistakes by the end user and reduce exposure of curing agents that can contain irritants or toxins. PMFs were introduced commercially in the 1960s and are commonly used in aerospace and defense.


title: Adhesive

text: "One-part adhesives" harden via a chemical reaction with an external energy source, such as radiation, heat, and moisture.


title: Adhesive

text: "Ultraviolet" (UV) "light curing adhesives", also known as "light curing materials" (LCM), have become popular within the manufacturing sector due to their rapid curing time and strong bond strength. Light curing adhesives can cure in as little as one second and many formulations can bond dissimilar substrates (materials) and withstand harsh temperatures. These qualities make UV curing adhesives essential to the manufacturing of items in many industrial markets such as electronics, telecommunications, medical, aerospace, glass, and optical. Unlike traditional adhesives, UV light curing adhesives not only bond materials together but they can also be used to seal and coat products. They are generally acrylic-based.


title: Adhesive

text: "Heat curing adhesives" consist of a pre-made mixture of two or more components. When heat is applied the components react and cross-link. This type of adhesive includes thermoset epoxies, urethanes, and polyimides.


title: Adhesive

text: "Moisture curing adhesives" cure when they react with moisture present on the substrate surface or in the air. This type of adhesive includes cyanoacrylates and urethanes.


title: Adhesive

text: Natural adhesives are made from organic sources such as vegetable starch (dextrin), natural resins, or animals (e.g. the milk protein casein and hide-based animal glues). These are often referred to as bioadhesives.


title: Adhesive

text: One example is a simple paste made by cooking flour in water. Starch-based adhesives are used in corrugated board and paper sack production, paper tube winding, and wallpaper adhesives. Casein glue is mainly used to adhere glass bottle labels. Animal glues have traditionally been used in bookbinding, wood joining, and many other areas but now are largely replaced by synthetic glues except in specialist applications like the production and repair of stringed instruments. Albumen made from the protein component of blood has been used in the plywood industry. Masonite, a wood hardboard, was originally bonded using natural wood lignin, an organic polymer, though most modern particle boards such as MDF use synthetic thermosetting resins.


title: Adhesive

text: Synthetic adhesives are made out of organic compounds. Many are based on elastomers, thermoplastics, emulsions, and thermosets. Examples of thermosetting adhesives are: epoxy, polyurethane, cyanoacrylate and acrylic polymers. The first commercially produced synthetic adhesive was Karlsons Klister in the 1920s.


title: Adhesive

text: Applicators of different adhesives are designed according to the adhesive being used and the size of the area to which the adhesive will be applied. The adhesive is applied to either one or both of the materials being bonded. The pieces are aligned and pressure is added to aid in adhesion and rid the bond of air bubbles.


title: Adhesive

text: Common ways of applying an adhesive include brushes, rollers, using films or pellets, spray guns and applicator guns ("e.g.", caulk gun). All of these can be used manually or automated as part of a machine.


title: Adhesive

text: For an adhesive to be effective it must have three main properties. Firstly, it must be able to wet the base material. Wetting is the ability of a liquid to maintain contact with a solid surface. It must also increase in strength after application, and finally it must be able to transmit load between the two surfaces/substrates being adhered.


title: Adhesive

text: Adhesion, the attachment between adhesive and substrate may occur either by mechanical means, in which the adhesive works its way into small pores of the substrate, or by one of several chemical mechanisms. The strength of adhesion depends on many factors, including the means by which it occurs.


title: Adhesive

text: In some cases, an actual chemical bond occurs between adhesive and substrate. In others, electrostatic forces, as in static electricity, hold the substances together. A third mechanism involves the van der Waals forces that develop between molecules. A fourth means involves the moisture-aided diffusion of the glue into the substrate, followed by hardening.


title: Adhesive

text: The quality of adhesive bonding depends strongly on the ability of the adhesive to efficiently cover (wet) the substrate area. This happens when the surface energy of the substrate is greater than the surface energy of the adhesive. However, high-strength adhesives have high surface energy. Thus, they bond poorly to low-surface-energy polymers or other materials. To solve this problem, surface treatment can be used to increase the surface energy as a preparation step before adhesive bonding. Importantly, surface preparation provides a reproducible surface allowing consistent bonding results. The commonly used surface activation techniques include plasma activation, flame treatment and wet chemistry priming.


title: Adhesive

text: There are several factors that could contribute to the failure of two adhered surfaces. Sunlight and heat may weaken the adhesive. Solvents can deteriorate or dissolve adhesive. Physical stresses may also cause the separation of surfaces. When subjected to loading, debonding may occur at different locations in the adhesive joint. The major fracture types are the following:


title: Adhesive

text: "Cohesive fracture" is obtained if a crack propagates in the bulk polymer which constitutes the adhesive. In this case the surfaces of both adherends after debonding will be covered by fractured adhesive. The crack may propagate in the center of the layer or near an interface. For this last case, the cohesive fracture can be said to be "cohesive near the interface".


title: Adhesive

text: "Adhesive fracture" (sometimes referred to as "interfacial fracture") is when debonding occurs between the adhesive and the adherend. In most cases, the occurrence of adhesive fracture for a given adhesive goes along with smaller fracture toughness.


title: Adhesive

text: As a general design rule, the material properties of the object need to be greater than the forces anticipated during its use. (i.e. geometry, loads, etc.). The engineering work will consist of having a good model to evaluate the function. For most adhesive joints, this can be achieved using fracture mechanics. Concepts such as the stress concentration factor and the strain energy release rate can be used to predict failure. In such models, the behavior of the adhesive layer itself is neglected and only the adherents are considered.


title: Adhesive

text: As the loads are usually fixed, an acceptable design will result from combination of a material selection procedure and geometry modifications, if possible. In adhesively bonded structures, the global geometry and loads are fixed by structural considerations and the design procedure focuses on the material properties of the adhesive and on local changes on the geometry.


title: Adhesive

text: Some glues and adhesives have a limited shelf life. Shelf life is dependent on multiple factors, the foremost of which being temperature. Adhesives may lose their effectiveness at high temperatures, as well as become increasingly stiff. Other factors affecting shelf life include exposure to oxygen or water vapor.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Christopher Joseph Park (born October 4, 1973) is an American retired professional wrestler, who is signed to WWE as a producer and on-screen personality. He is best known for his time with Impact Wrestling under the ring name Abyss. He became a one-time NWA World Heavyweight Champion. He is the heaviest wrestler to hold the X Division Championship and was the longest reigning Television Champion. In the tag team division, he held the NWA World Tag Team Championship once with A.J. Styles, and the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice, once with James Storm as The Revolution, and once with Crazzy Steve as Decay.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Having won all the required championships, he was the fourth man to complete the Triple Crown Championship and the second to complete the Grand Slam Championship. He also wrestled in Impact Wrestling as Abyss's storyline brother/split personality, Joseph Park. He was also the longest-tenured member of the Impact Wrestling roster, having remained with the company from 2002 to 2019. In 2018, he was inducted into the Impact Hall of Fame by his longtime manager, James Mitchell.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Christopher Joseph Park was born in Washington, D.C. He attended St. Joseph High School in Cleveland, Ohio, where he played football. He attended Ohio University, where he played offensive tackle for the Bobcats and eventually earned two degrees, the latter being a master's degree in sports administration.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Park was trained by Roger Ruffin of the Northern Wrestling Federation (NWF). He won his debut match by disqualification. For the first few years of his career, Park worked in the NWF as the Original Terminator, Chris Justice, and then Prince Justice. In 2001, Parks worked for NWA Wildside, where he won the NWA Wildside Tag Team Championship with A.J. Styles. He also wrestled Jerry Lawler in Memphis Power Pro Championship Wrestling.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Park was then discovered by Dutch Mantel, who at the time was booking the IWA Puerto Rico, when Mantel attended the first ever Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) pay-per-view in Huntsville, Alabama on June 19, 2002. Park appeared at the pay-per-view in the Gauntlet for the Gold match under the ring name Justice. Mantel then booked Park to appear in the IWA. The Abyss character was given by Mantel and first appeared in IWA at Golpe de Estado in July 2002 in front of 13,000 fans at the Roberto Clemente baseball park in Carolina, Puerto Rico, when he attacked and disabled Shane the Glamour Boy, who was scheduled to appear in the main event that night versus Savio Vega. While working for the company, Park held the IWA Hardcore Championship, IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship, and IWA World Tag Team Championship. Park worked in the IWA under Mantel for approximately one year until he rejoined TNA in 2003.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Chris Park appeared on TNA's first ever weekly Pay-Per-View show on June 19, 2002, under the moniker Justice. He took part in the Gauntlet For The Gold match to crown a new NWA World Heavyweight Champion but was eliminated.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Park returned to TNA as "The Monster" Abyss in June 2003, debuting as a villain and attacking Erik Watts, although the feud was short lived. Afterward, Park was brought in as a bodyguard to Kid Kash. They continued to be allies until October, when Kash betrayed Abyss for losing a match and Abyss turned on and attacked Kash. Abyss gained a victory over Kash, but then lost a First Blood Steel Chair on a Pole match to his former partner. Soon after the loss the feud between the two ended. Soon after, Abyss aligned himself with Don Callis. With this new alliance, Abyss soon feuded with Raven. The feud lasted for the rest of 2003, with the final match pitting Abyss and the "Red Shirt Security" (Kevin Northcutt and Legend) against Raven and The Gathering in a Steel Cage match. Abyss and his team came out victorious when the Gathering turned on Raven.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Going into 2004, Abyss entered his first major feud with A.J. Styles. On one show, Abyss was forced to team with Styles in an NWA World Tag Team Championship match against champions Red Shirt Security, with Abyss and Styles winning the title. Abyss later defeated Styles to gain control of the title. Afterward, both men fought to a no-contest in a Falls Count Anywhere match. The next show, Abyss defeated Styles again, this time in a ladder match to become the top contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss lost the right to Raven in a match that also involved Styles and Ron Killings.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: About a month after the feud with Styles, Abyss received a new manager, Goldy Locks. She used Abyss to defeat her ex-boyfriend Erik Watts to win his contract. She kept using Abyss to win contracts for her, while also adding Alex Shelley to her group to assist. Watts later returned for revenge, with Abyss, Shelley, and Goldy Locks taking on Watts, Sonny Siaki, and Desire in a Six-Person Mixed Tag Team match. During the match, Abyss turned on his team by attacking Goldy Locks. Not long after separating from Goldy Locks, Abyss began to feud with Monty Brown and Raven. The feud escalated into the first-ever Monster's Ball match at TNA's first monthly pay-per-view, Victory Road. At Victory Road, Brown won the match when he pinned Raven. Abyss and Brown continued to feud until they met in a Serengeti Survival match at Turning Point, when Brown again came out victorious.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Abyss then appeared at Final Resolution, attacking Jeff Hardy. This attack led to a Full Metal Mayhem match between the two at Against All Odds with the winner becoming the top contender to the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss won the match. In the rematch at Destination X in a Falls Count Anywhere match, Hardy won. Abyss then set his sights on the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, and he wrestled A.J. Styles for the #1 contendership at Lockdown in a Six Sides of Steel match. Styles won the match and the contendership, and Park suffered a separated shoulder. He, however, returned to action in the Gauntlet for the Gold match at Hard Justice. With this win, he gave himself entry into the King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary, pitting him against NWA World Heavyweight Champion A.J. Styles, Monty Brown, Raven, and Sean Waltman with the NWA title on the line, which Raven won.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Abyss, not happy with the loss, attacked Raven on the following "Impact!", and got Raven's old nemesis, James Mitchell as Abyss's new manager. After weeks of attacks, Raven attempted to gain revenge on Abyss in a Steel Chain Dog Collar match under No Surrender rules at No Surrender with the Championship on the line. In the end, Raven pinned Abyss to retain the title. Abyss was not happy, and showed it by attacking Lance Hoyt on the following "Impact", setting up a match at Sacrifice. Abyss defeated Hoyt at the event, and during the main event, attacked Sabu. With the war beginning, Abyss and Sabu met in a No Disqualification match at Unbreakable, with Abyss defeating Sabu. They battled again at Bound for Glory in the Monster's Ball II match that also involved Jeff Hardy and Rhino, with Rhino winning the encounter. During the match, Jeff Hardy gave Abyss a Swanton Bomb through a table from approximately 22 ft 0in. Abyss and Sabu continued to fight, leading to another No Disqualification match at Genesis, with Abyss again defeating Sabu. Due to interference from Sabu, Abyss lost to Jeff Hardy on the November 26, 2005, episode of Impact. A Barbed Wire Massacre match at Turning Point ended the feud. The match was voted TNA's 2005 Match of the Year. In the end, Sabu won the contest, getting his first pinfall over Abyss.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: To close out the year, Abyss and Mitchell joined Planet Jarrett. As a favor to Scott D'Amore, Mitchell agreed to have Abyss take care of Rhino. Abyss and Rhino wrestled at Final Resolution, with Abyss coming out victorious. They had another match at Against All Odds in a Falls Count Anywhere match, which Rhino won. The feud ended at Destination X, with Abyss teaming with Jeff Jarrett and America's Most Wanted against Rhino, Ron Killings, and Team 3D in an Eight Man Tag Team War match. Abyss and his allies won when Jarrett pinned Killings. Now that Rhino was out of the way, Abyss and Mitchell set their sights on NWA World Champion Christian Cage, including stalking his wife for several weeks. This storyline set up an NWA title match at Lockdown in a Six Sides of Steel match in the main event. Cage won and retained the title, but Abyss attacked him and stole the belt. At Sacrifice in a Full Metal Mayhem match, Abyss lost to Cage, who regained his belt. Abyss got one more title shot, however, by qualifying for the King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary by defeating Rhino in a qualifying match. The match also included NWA World Champion Christian Cage, Ron Killings, Jeff Jarrett, and Sting. At the event, Jarrett won the match.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: After Abyss dropped out of the title picture, his services were requested by The James Gang to help them take on Team 3D, which Mitchell accepted on Abyss's behalf. The two teams faced off at Victory Road in a Six-Man Tag Team match. Abyss and The James Gang won after Abyss pinned Brother Runt. Brother Runt continued to feud with Abyss, challenging him to a match at Hard Justice, which Abyss accepted. In the end, Abyss came out the winner. Abyss and Runt still battled after this match, with Abyss defeating Runt in a Thumbtacks match on "Impact!". After the match, Abyss was attacked by Raven, which led to a Hangman's Horror match on another episode of "Impact!", in which Abyss came out as the winner. Abyss went on to defeat Raven and Runt at No Surrender in a No Disqualification three-way match. Abyss continue to feud with Runt and Raven, while also going after Samoa Joe. Joe stole the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt, and Abyss's services were offered by James Mitchell to TNA Management to retrieve the belt, which they accepted. Abyss failed to retrieve the belt, but a match was set at Bound for Glory: a Monster's Ball match featuring Abyss, Brother Runt, Raven, and Samoa Joe. Soon after the announcement, Jake "The Snake" Roberts was announced as the special guest referee for the match. At the event, Abyss lost when Joe pinned Raven. Abyss once again had his eyes on the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, competing in the Fight for the Right Tournament, winning the tournament to face Sting at Genesis for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss defeated Sting at the event via disqualification to become the new NWA World Heavyweight Champion. Following the event, Sting tried to reason with Abyss and turn him away from Mitchell, referring to Abyss as "Chris". Christian Cage soon interjected himself into this, claiming to know a secret from Abyss's past and attacked both him and Sting. Abyss successfully defended the Championship at Turning Point against Sting and Cage in a three-way match.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: At Final Resolution, Abyss lost the NWA World Heavyweight Championship in a three-way elimination match against Sting and Christian Cage, after being the first man eliminated from the match and afterwards cost Sting the match. On the January 24 episode of "Impact!", Sting revealed (after looking through public records, and once again using Abyss' real name) that Abyss had been in prison for shooting his father in the back three times, sending him into a coma which he survived. At Against All Odds, Abyss fell to Sting in a Prison Yard match, with Sting taking out Mitchell after the match. At Destination X, Abyss again lost to Sting in a Last Rites match. On the March 22 episode of "Impact!", Abyss teamed with Sting to face Christian Cage and A.J. Styles. During the match, Mitchell returned with a woman who Abyss recognized. Abyss left with Mitchell and the woman, leaving Sting alone to fight Cage and Styles. The following week on "Impact!", during a meeting between Sting and James Mitchell, it was revealed that the woman was Abyss's mother, and that she was the one who had actually shot Abyss's father, but Abyss took the blame to protect his mother. With Mitchell threatening to call the police and tell them the truth, Abyss was forced to obey him. As a result, at Lockdown, Abyss joined "Team Cage" (Christian Cage, A.J. Styles, Scott Steiner, and Tomko) to face Team Angle (Kurt Angle, Samoa Joe, Rhino, Sting, and Jeff Jarrett) in a Lethal Lockdown match, which Team Angle won. On the following "Impact!", after Abyss and Cage failed to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship from Team 3D, Abyss finally had enough, and turned face by giving James Mitchell a Black Hole Slam. But after Abyss got his bag of tacks and dumped them on the mat to chokeslam Mitchell on to them Cage, Styles, Steiner and Tomko attacked Abyss, beating him with a chair and a barbed wire baseball bat, which in the storyline, put him out of action.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: On the last "Impact!" before Slammiversary, Abyss returned, losing a King of the Mountain qualifying match to Cage by disqualification. Following the match, Abyss attacked the referee, security, and several members of TNA staff while Cage escaped. At Slammiversary, Abyss gained a measure of revenge on Cage, defeating his ally Tomko in a No Disqualification match that ended after he gave Tomko the "Black Hole Slam" onto glass. After Slammiversary, Abyss aligned himself with former rival Sting and spoke for the first time in TNA, saying "Tomko... Styles... 3 days... Click... DOOMSDAY!", the phrase used by former manager James Mitchell. Abyss and Sting defeated Tomko and A.J. Styles at Victory Road, but not without receiving a message from James Mitchell himself, telling the two that his son, Judas Mesias, was coming to TNA. Abyss and Sting continued to feud with Christian's Coalition after the event. On the July 26 episode of "Impact" Abyss battled Styles in a No Disqualification match. During the match Abyss was dragged under the ring and when he re-appeared, he was covered in blood. Styles pinned Abyss after Tomko had slammed him onto a pile of thumbtacks and broken glass. The following week Abyss and Sting defeated Cage and Styles in a ladder match, after an assist from the debuting Andrew Martin. By winning the match, Abyss could make a match against Cage, picking a Doomsday Chamber of Blood match at Hard Justice with Abyss teaming with Sting and Martin to face Cage, Tomko, and Styles. At Hard Justice, Abyss's team would win the match when Abyss pinned Styles, thus earning Abyss the number one contendership to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. The following "Impact!", Abyss successfully defended his contendership against Cage in a First Blood match, but was attacked by TNA World Heavyweight Champion, Kurt Angle. The last "Impact!" before the event had Abyss score a pinfall victory over Angle in a tag team match, where he teamed with Jay Lethal to face Angle and Sting. At No Surrender, Abyss fell to Angle after tapping out to the ankle lock. Following the bout, James Mitchell appeared, and a hand ripped through the ring and dragged Abyss into the ring. Abyss faced Angle in a rematch on the following "Impact!", this time in a Six Sides of Steel match. Abyss had Angle in Angle's ankle lock maneuver, when Judas Mesias appeared, coming out through the ring and attacking Abyss. Angle escaped, while Mesias choked out Abyss with barbed wire in the ring. Two weeks later Abyss returned to attack Mesias and Angle, who were assaulting Sting and Rhino.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Mesias then suffered an injury outside TNA, leaving Mitchell to enlist the aid of Raven and Black Reign to feud with Abyss and Rhino. The four battled at Bound for Glory in a Monster's Ball match, with Abyss picking up the victory with a pinfall over Raven. Following the event, Abyss battled against Mitchell and Black Reign, with Black Reign and Abyss attacking each other on several occasions. Black Reign, after an attack by Abyss, challenged Abyss to a Shop of Horrors match at Genesis, which Abyss accepted and won. After the match, Abyss was attacked and thrown off the stage by Black Reign and a mysterious wrestler, later identified as Rellik. Following the event, Abyss continued to feud with Black Reign and Rellik and brought in Rhino to help him even. This rivalry led to a Match of 10,000 Tacks with Abyss and Rhino teaming up to take on Black Reign and Rellik booked for Turning Point. Rhino could not make the event due to a legitimate neck injury caused by Rellik during a match on "Impact", so Abyss chose Raven as his new partner. Abyss and Raven won the match after Abyss performed the "Black Hole Slam" on Rellik on the thumbtacks.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: During the weeks following Turning Point, Mitchell threatened to reveal "a dark secret" of Abyss's past. When Mitchell demanded Abyss tell the world the dark secret of his past, Abyss refused stating "The secret lives with me and it dies with me!". Abyss then went to chokeslam Mitchell, which prompted the return of Judas Mesias. Following this event, Abyss and Mesias had a hardcore match at Final Resolution, which Mesias won after a Straight to Hell onto a steel chair wrapped in barbed wire. After the match, Father James Mitchell ordered Mesias to restrain Abyss. Mitchell again demanded Abyss tell the world the dark secret of his past. Abyss refused yet again, and Mitchell attempted to set him on fire. The storyline continued when Mitchell revealed on the January 17 episode of "Impact!" that he was Abyss's father and Judas Mesias was his half-brother. The next week, Abyss issued a challenge to face Mitchell and Mesias in a Barbed Wire Massacre at Against All Odds, where Abyss defeated his on-screen half-brother by performing a "Black Hole Slam" onto a barbed wire board.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: On the February 14 episode of "Impact!", Abyss, who was scheduled for a match against Scott Steiner, left the ring before the match, because of the beating he took at Against All Odds, but before leaving through the tunnel, Abyss, without showing his face, took off his mask. The official TNA website then took Abyss off the roster list. In the following weeks, vignettes of Abyss were shown where he was locked in an asylum. Abyss returned to action at Slammiversary after the X Division Championship match wearing a white asylum uniform with his inmate number and his last name 'Park' on the back and a new gray and black mask. He came to the ring attacking X Division Champion Petey Williams, Scott Steiner, and Rhaka Khan by performing a Black Hole Slam on each of them, and then carrying Kaz out of the arena.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Subsequently, Abyss did not have any matches, but made after-match run-ins to save other faces from assaults by heels. He issued an open challenge on the September 4 episode of "Impact!" to anyone in the locker room, which was accepted by Team 3D on behalf of Johnny Devine in a hardcore match. After nailing Devine with a chokeslam, Team 3D attacked Abyss, which caused Matt Morgan, whom Abyss had previously saved, to make a rescue. He handed Abyss a chair to attack 3D, but Abyss threw it away and left the ring. Abyss and Morgan though would unite as a team to counter the attacks of 3D. The two teams met at No Surrender in a match, which Morgan and Abyss won. At Bound for Glory IV he and Morgan competed in a four-way tag team Monster's Ball for the Tag Team Championship against Team 3D, The Latin American Xchange and Beer Money, Inc. (Robert Roode and James Storm), but came up short after Roode pinned Hernandez. During the match Abyss was powerbombed through a flaming table by Team 3D, which in storyline, caused Abyss to have third-degree burns and was sent to the hospital later that night and was treated for the burns. On the November 6, 2008, episode of "Impact!", Abyss along with Matt Morgan won a four-team ladder match to earn a future shot at TNA World Tag Team Champions Beer Money, Inc. At Genesis, they lost in a three-way title match, which also included new champions Lethal Consequences (Jay Lethal and Consequences Creed), when Abyss accidentally hit Morgan with a chair. On January 23, Matt Morgan hit Abyss in the head with a steel chair, which allowed Beer Money Inc. to retain the tag team title, thus ending their partnership. Abyss defeated Morgan in a match at Against All Odds, but lost the subsequent rematches: a Match of 10,000 Tacks at Destination X, and a Doomsday Chamber of Blood Match at Lockdown.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: The latter ended in a loss when Abyss's "therapist", Dr. Stevie, interfered in the match, by attacking Abyss when he was on the verge of using weapons against Morgan. Dr. Stevie had appeared in many therapy segments with Abyss up to that point, in which he would attempt to help Abyss get over his addiction to violence; sometimes going as far as to beat him. At the following pay-per-view, Sacrifice, Dr. Stevie booked the first ever Knockout's Monster's Ball match, in which Abyss would be in the corner of Daffney, another patient of Stevie's, opposite Taylor Wilde, the best friend of Abyss's "girlfriend", Lauren. Abyss turned on Dr. Stevie after the match, after Stevie first told him to attack Wilde and then threatened Lauren, at which point he grabbed Dr. Stevie and chokeslammed him onto a pile of tacks. Abyss went on later to team up with Taylor Wilde at Slammiversary to defeat Raven and Daffney in the first ever mixed tag team Monster's Ball match. Over the following month the feud between Abyss and Dr. Stevie continued, with Stevie kidnapping Lauren and shocking Abyss with a taser. At Victory Road, Abyss came to the ring in a new costume, having discarded the Asylum patient attire. Abyss went on to defeat Dr. Stevie by hitting a Shock Treatment, a Black Hole Slam and by shocking Stevie with his own taser. On the July 30 episode of "Impact!" enraged Stevie announced that he was not done with Abyss and placed a $50,000 bounty on his head. After Lethal Consequences and Jethro Holliday tried and failed to collect the bounty, Kevin Nash successfully defended his TNA Legends Championship against Abyss at No Surrender and claimed the $50,000 bounty in the process. On the September 24 episode of "Impact!" Abyss's mentor Mick Foley turned on him during and after a TNA World Tag Team Championship match against Booker T and Scott Steiner. Foley revealed Abyss as the one who tore up his picture and beat him to a bloody pulp with a video tape and the baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire. Abyss then challenged Foley to a Monster's Ball match which Foley accepted, but only after adding Dr. Stevie as the referee of the match. At Bound for Glory Abyss defeated Foley in the Monster's Ball match after counting the pinfall with the hand of the unconscious Dr. Stevie. Two weeks later Abyss defeated Dr. Stevie via pinfall. After the match Dr. Stevie attacked Abyss with a kendo stick when Mick Foley came to the ring to assist Dr. Stevie. Foley had Stevie hold up Abyss while Foley aligned himself up with a shot at Abyss with a kendo stick when Foley intentionally hit Dr. Stevie instead. Foley walked up the ramp without any reasoning for assisting Abyss. The following week, Foley explained that he had played Dr. Stevie all along and had challenged Abyss to a match at Bound for Glory in order to test how tough he really was, seemingly returning to being a face. Afterwards Foley booked a match between Abyss and Stevie for the following week with the added stipulation that if Stevie lost the match, he would have to leave TNA. On the November 12 episode of "Impact!" Raven returned to TNA, saved Stevie's future in the company, by costing Abyss a match against him and threw a fireball on Foley's face. During Abyss and Foley's feud with Stevie and Raven TNA shot an angle, in which Stevie set Abyss on fire, that Spike wouldn't let them air on the channel and therefore had to be aired on the company's website. At Final Resolution Abyss and Foley defeated Stevie and Raven in a "Foley's Funhouse" tag team match to end the feud.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: When Hulk Hogan and Eric Bischoff took over TNA at the beginning of 2010, Abyss's TNA career was thrown into question by Bischoff, when Mick Foley refused to work with him. When Foley finally agreed to work with Bischoff, he was booked to face Abyss at Against All Odds in a No Disqualification match as part of the 8 Card Stud Tournament, with the added stipulation that if a barbed wire baseball bat was not used during the match, Abyss would lose his mask on the following episode of "Impact!". Abyss defeated Foley with the Black Hole Slam, just as he was going to use the bat. In the semifinals of the tournament, Abyss was defeated by Mr. Anderson.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: On the following episode of "Impact!" Bischoff, with help from Desmond Wolfe, Homicide, Raven, Rhino and Tomko, tried to remove Abyss's mask, only for him to be saved by Hulk Hogan. An exasperated Hogan took Abyss to his office, gave him a pep talk about how he once was the most feared man in the company, and how sick he is of him being a neurotic mess. He offered his guidance and then his Hall of Fame ring and said that it would make Abyss a god of wrestling. On the March 8 Monday night episode of "Impact!" Abyss teamed up with Hogan in his in-ring TNA debut, a tag team match against Styles and Flair, who was also making his in-ring TNA debut. Abyss won the match by pinning Styles with a Black Hole Slam. Afterwards, the returning Jeff Hardy saved Abyss and Hogan from a beatdown at the hands of Styles, Flair and Desmond Wolfe. At Destination X Abyss failed in his attempt to win the World Heavyweight Championship from Styles, when referee Earl Hebner threw the match out after Abyss chokeslammed Styles through the ring.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: The following day on "Impact!" Abyss was announced as the captain of Team Hogan in the annual Lethal Lockdown match, where they would meet Team Flair, captained by Sting. At Lockdown Abyss, Jeff Jarrett, Rob Van Dam and Jeff Hardy defeated Sting, Desmond Wolfe, Robert Roode and James Storm. On the April 26 episode of "Impact!" Abyss defeated Ric Flair in a match, where Flair's and Hogan's Hall of Fame rings were at stake and as a result Flair lost possession of his ring to Hogan. On the May 3 episode of "Impact!", Abyss aided Jay Lethal, who had been given possession of Flair's ring, Rob Van Dam, Team 3D, and Hulk Hogan fight off Ric Flair, AJ Styles, Beer Money, and Desmond Wolfe. Later that night, Abyss lost a Monster's Ball match to AJ Styles, after Flair and Desmond Wolfe's valet Chelsea interfered in the match. The following week Abyss was given a shot at the TNA Global Championship, but was unable to compete after being arrested for allegedly assaulting Chelsea. Later in the night it was revealed that Chelsea and Wolfe, who was scheduled to face Abyss at Sacrifice, had set Abyss up. At Sacrifice Abyss defeated Wolfe to win Chelsea's services for 30 days. The following month at Slammiversary VIII Chelsea turned on Wolfe and helped Abyss defeat him in a Monster's Ball match.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: On the following episode of "Impact!", Abyss was forced to give Chelsea's custody back to Desmond Wolfe, much to the reluctance of Chelsea. Later in the night, he competed in a three-way match against Mr. Anderson and Jeff Hardy to determine a number one contender to Rob Van Dam's TNA World Heavyweight Championship, which ended in a triple countout. After the match, Abyss turned heel by destroying both of his opponents and having a heated confrontation with Hogan. The following week Abyss revealed that he was being controlled by an entity, who was coming to TNA, before returning Hogan's Hall of Fame ring to him, shoving it down his throat. On the July 15 episode of "Impact!" the new top ten rankings were revealed with Abyss picking up the top spot to become the new number one contender to Rob Van Dam's TNA World Heavyweight Championship. Abyss then began going after Van Dam with a new weapon, a board filled with nails, which he named Janice, which led to Eric Bischoff booking him and Van Dam to face each other in a Stairway to Janice match for the World Heavyweight Championship, with Bischoff himself serving as the referee of the match. The match took place on the August 12 episode of "Impact!", when Van Dam defeated Abyss to retain the title. After the match Abyss joined Fourtune members A.J. Styles, Kazarian, Robert Roode, James Storm, Douglas Williams and Matt Morgan in assaulting Van Dam and the rest of EV 2.0, a stable consisting of former Extreme Championship Wrestling performers, during which he apparently hit Van Dam with Janice. As a result of the attack Van Dam was sidelined with a storyline injury, which forced him to vacate the TNA World Heavyweight Championship the following week. This led to people like Jeff Hardy, Hulk Hogan and members of EV 2.0 targeting Abyss in order to avenge their fallen friend. At No Surrender Abyss defeated EV 2.0 member Rhino in a Falls Count Anywhere match. Rob Van Dam returned on the September 23 episode of "Impact!", confronting Abyss and demanding a match against him at Bound for Glory, which Eric Bischoff agreed to give him. Later that same night Abyss attacked Jeff Hardy, trying to make an example out of him, while also beating down the heavily taped up Van Dam, when he tried to make the save. On the October 7 live episode of "Impact!" Abyss was about to be fired by Bischoff for manhandling TNA president Dixie Carter, but was saved by Van Dam, who threatened to quit the company if he wasn't allowed to face Abyss at Bound for Glory. Later in the night Carter agreed to let Van Dam face Abyss, but signed papers to have Abyss fired from TNA the day following the pay–per–view. At Bound for Glory Van Dam defeated Abyss in a Monster's Ball match, after using Janice on him. At the end of the event it was revealed that the entity, who had been controlling Abyss, was an alliance of Hulk Hogan, Eric Bischoff, Jeff Jarrett and the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Hardy, all of whom turned heel and aligned themselves with Abyss. On the following episode of "Impact!" the stable was named Immortal, as it formed an alliance with Ric Flair's Fortune. Afterwards, Abyss began attacking planted fans, which led to D'Angelo Dinero challenging him to a Lumberjack match. The match took place at Turning Point, where Dinero's own brother and the rest of his lumberjacks turned on him, after being bought out by Eric Bischoff, and helped Abyss pick up the win. The following month at Final Resolution Abyss defeated Dinero in a casket match. On January 9, 2011, at Genesis Abyss replaced an injured A.J. Styles and defeated Douglas Williams, with help from an interfering Styles, to win the TNA Television Championship for the first time. On the January 20 episode of "Impact!", as Immortal was attacking Kurt Angle, Crimson made the save for him and hit Abyss in the back with Janice, causing him storyline injuries, which indefinitely sidelined him from TNA.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: During his time away from TNA, Abyss was stripped of the TNA Television Championship on March 14 at the tapings of the March 17 episode of "Impact!". Abyss returned at the following day's tapings of the March 24 episode of "Impact!", attacking Fortune, who had recently turned on Immortal. On the April 14 episode of "Impact!", Abyss took revenge on Crimson, interfering in his match and chokeslamming him onto a guardrail. On April 17 at Lockdown, Immortal, represented by Abyss, Bully Ray, Matt Hardy and Ric Flair, was defeated by Fortune members James Storm, Kazarian and Robert Roode and Christopher Daniels, replacing an injured A.J. Styles, in a Lethal Lockdown match. The following month at Sacrifice, Abyss was defeated by Crimson in a singles match. On May 16 at the tapings of the May 19 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss defeated Kazarian to win the TNA X Division Championship for the first time, continuing Eric Bischoff's war on the X Division. The win also made him a Triple Crown and Grand Slam Champion. With his new title, which he dubbed the Xtreme Championship, Abyss dropped Janice, claiming to no longer need it, and started a new gimmick, which involved him reading and quoting Sun Tzu's "The Art of War". On June 12 at Slammiversary IX, Abyss successfully defended the title in a three-way match against Kazarian and Brian Kendrick. On July 10 at Destination X, Abyss lost the X Division Championship to Brian Kendrick. Abyss received his rematch for the title in an Ultimate X match on the July 28 episode of "Impact Wrestling", but was unable to regain the title. Abyss's X Division storyline concluded two weeks later on "Impact Wrestling", when Eric Bischoff, at the orders of "The Network", ended his war with the division and introduced a weight limit to it. Abyss's losing streak continued on August 7 at Hardcore Justice, where he was pinned by A.J. Styles in a six-man tag team match between Immortal and Fortune, after which his stablemates abandoned him in the ring. On the October 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss turned on Immortal and was afterwards beaten down by his former stablemates.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Abyss wrestled his first match back as a face on the October 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", defeating former stablemate Gunner via countout, when he fled the ring. On November 13 at Turning Point, Abyss and Mr. Anderson defeated their former Immortal stablemates Bully Ray and Scott Steiner in a tag team match. In December, a random draw placed Abyss and Steiner in the same team for the Wild Card Tournament. After defeating Hernandez and Rob Terry in their first round match, the team was eliminated from the tournament, after Abyss turned on Steiner in their semifinal match against A.J. Styles and Kazarian. Afterwards, Abyss agreed to rejoin Immortal, should Bully Ray be able to defeat him in a Monster's Ball match. On January 8, 2012, at Genesis, Abyss defeated Ray in the Monster's Ball match, but was assaulted backstage following the victory.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: On the March 8 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park made an appearance without his mask, introducing himself as Joseph Park, Abyss's brother, and saying he was looking for his brother, who had not been seen since Genesis. Park continued making appearances during the following weeks, eventually blaming Bully Ray for his brother's disappearance, which led to Abyss making his return on the May 10 episode of "Impact Wrestling" and warning his brother that he was "getting too close to the fire". On the June 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park agreed to wrestle Bully Ray at Slammiversary for his brother, which led to Abyss making an appearance through a video, threatening both Park and Ray. Three days later at Slammiversary, Park defeated Ray in an Anything Goes match, following interference from Abyss. Park and Ray had a rematch on the July 12 episode of "Impact Wrestling" in an Anything Goes match, which Ray won after hitting his opponent with a chain. After the match, Park, at the sight of his own blood, attacked Ray and hit him with Abyss's signature "Black Hole Slam". On the September 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park was kidnapped by the Aces & Eights stable, who used him to force Hulk Hogan into allowing the group to wrestle for TNA roster spots at Bound for Glory. On the October 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park and Hogan had a discussion in which Park wanted revenge on Aces & Eights, even going so far as showing Hogan a legal contract that allowed him to take whatever measures he feels are necessary against the group. On the November 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park got a measure of revenge of his kidnappers by unmasking one of the members of Aces & Eights during a brawl between the stable and the TNA locker room. However, immediately afterwards, the now unmasked DOC put Park through a table, which led to Park asking for a match against a member of the stable the following week. Park received his match against DOC on November 11 at Turning Point, where he was unsuccessful. On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park announced he was going to Ohio Valley Wrestling and train to become a wrestler. Park returned on the January 10, 2013, episode of "Impact Wrestling", asking Hulk Hogan for a match against a member of Aces & Eights, which he was granted. Three days later at Genesis, Park was defeated by Aces & Eights member and Television Champion Devon in a non-title match. On the January 31 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park won his first televised match when he defeated Robbie E. On March 10 at Lockdown, Park defeated Joey Ryan in a singles match.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Park returned under his Abyss persona on the May 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", joining Sting and Kurt Angle as their partner in the main event six-man tag team match against Aces & Eights' Bully Ray, Devon, and Mr. Anderson; Abyss chokeslammed Anderson through a table before hitting the "Black Hole Slam" on Devon and pinning him for the victory. The following week, Hulk Hogan called out Abyss to thank him for his services, however, Joseph Park came out and claimed he was continuing the search for his brother. During his promo, Devon interrupted and claimed he was out for Abyss. Later that night, Park defeated Aces & Eights' D'Lo Brown to earn a shot at Devon's TNA Television Championship. On June 2 at Slammiversary XI, Park was attacked by Aces & Eights before his scheduled match with Devon, who was then awarded a count-out victory. Following this, Abyss returned and defeated Devon to win his second Television Championship. However, he never defended the title and was retired one year later, on July 3, 2014. On the June 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park defeated Crimson to qualify for the 2013 Bound for Glory Series. On the July 4 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park lost to Jeff Hardy in a BFG Series match via disqualification, after he started bleeding from the mouth, causing him to snap and attack the referee, which also cost Park ten points in the tournament. Park claimed that he had no recollection of the incident. On the August 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park defeated Jay Bradley via pinfall to earn seven points in the tournament. On the August 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Park defeated Christopher Daniels, Hernandez, and Jay Bradley in a street fight to earn twenty points in the series, after again snapping at the sight of his own blood. Park's participation in the tournament ended on the August 28 episode of "TNA Xplosion", when he was defeated by Bradley, leaving him outside a spot in the semi-finals. After failing to win the BFG series Park formed a tag team with Eric Young. On October 20, 2013, at Bound for Glory Abyss made his return coming to the aid of Eric Young after he was attacked by Bad Influence. On October 31, 2013, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss came to the aid of Eric Young again after he was attacked by Bad Influence, and proved he is no threat to Eric Young. However, on December 5, 2013, Bad Influence revealed the Park' Law Firm closed 15 years ago. Next week, Park and Young defeated Bad Influence. After the match, Young said to Park that he was Abyss. On December 26, 2013, Young booked a Monster Balls match between Bad Influence and Park and gave Janice to Park. Joseph won the match when he turned into Abyss. At the TNA One Night Only: Hardcore Justice 3 event, Park and Young defeated Bad Influence in a Full Metal Mayhem match and later on in the main event, Abyss was revealed as the fourth and mystery member of Team Angle in the Lethal Lockdown, which his team would go on to win.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: On the February 6, 2014, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss defeated Eric Young in a Monster's Ball match. However, Young ripped off Abyss's mask during the match, revealing that Abyss and Joseph Park are the same person. On the February 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss confronted Young while saying that he was leaving to fix Young's mistake. On March 9 at Lockdown, Abyss turned heel again upon emerging from beneath the ring and attacking Samoa Joe during Joe's World Heavyweight Championship match against Magnus, allowing Magnus to defeat Joe and retain the title. It was revealed on the following episode of "Impact Wrestling" that Abyss, now wearing a new mask, was Magnus' new "insurance policy". On the April 24 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss broke up with Magnus and was later attacked by Magnus with a chair after he defeated him by DQ, Abyss turned face again. The pre-match stipulation for this match was that if Abyss could beat Magnus, then he would gain a TNA contract, but due to the DQ result, it has been left unclear as to whether he earned a contract or not. Abyss returned on the July 24 episode of "Impact Wrestling" where he saved Mr. Anderson and Samuel Shaw from a beatdown and clearing the ring. On the August 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Bram defeated Abyss in a hardcore match. Two weeks later, at Hardcore Justice, Bram beat Abyss in a 'Stairway to Janice' match. At Bound for Glory, Abyss teamed with Tommy Dreamer, but they were defeated by Team 3D.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: On the November 12, 2014, edition of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss turned heel again by joining The Revolution and teaming with James Storm and they defeated The Wolves to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship. On January 30, 2015, The Revolution lost the titles against The Wolves. On September 23, 2015, Abyss announced that he left The Revolution. At Bound for Glory, he participated at the Bound for Gold, but was eliminated by the eventual winner Tyrus. During October and November, he participated in the TNA World Title Series. Abyss ended third of his block, failing into advance to the finals.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: On the January 26, 2016, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Abyss, once again as a heel, returned to side with Crazzy Steve and Rosemary to form a new stable called Decay. They attacked TNA World Tag Team Champions The Wolves and stole their titles. On March 19, 2016, Decay defeated Beer Money to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship. This was Abyss's second reign individually. On the May 3, 2016, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Rosemary spit green mist into his face before his match with James Storm. It was also that night that Abyss revealed his new look, with zombie-style face paint after removing his mask. Decay received an invitation from the Broken Hardys, to go to the Hardy Compound for a plotted brawl dubbed, "Delete or Decay." At Bound for Glory, Decay lost the titles against The Hardys. Decay would have their rematch the following episode of "Impact Wrestling" taking on the Hardys in a "Wolf Creek cage match," in a losing effort. On the December 15 episode of Impact Wrestling dubbed "Total Nonstop Deletion," Decay was one of the many tag teams to answer The Broken Hardys open invitational known as Tag Team Apocalypto. Losing to The Broken Hardys as the last eliminated tag team. After defeating The Helms Dynasty on the January 5, 2017, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Decay's celebration was cut short by the sudden arrival of the DCC, who ambushed Abyss and Crazzy Steve by smashing beer bottles over their heads, with Bram issuing a threat to Rosemary afterwards. On the January 6 One Night Only: Live PPV, Abyss and Crazzy Steve would ambush the DCC after James Storm's victory over Jessie Godderz, misting Storm and Bram, incapacitating them while Abyss chokeslammed Kingston. On April 20, 2017, Crazzy Steve announced that he was no longer with Impact Wrestling, and Decay disbanded soon after with Rosemary focusing on defending the Knockouts Championship.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: On April 23, 2017, at the taping for the May 18, 2017, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Joseph Park made his Impact Wrestling return, interrupting Josh Mathews to announce that he would be the tag partner of Jeremy Borash at Slammiversary XV in his match against Mathews and Scott Steiner. At Slammiversary, Park turned into Abyss midway through the match through the help of a returning Father Mitchell, and went on to win the match for his team. Park subsequently returned multiple times to help Grado stay in the United States, only to turn heel for the first time as Joseph Park by revealing that he had taken advantage of Grado by skimming most of his earnings. The feud between Park and Grado culminated at Bound for Glory in a Monster's Ball Match; at the event, Park, in his Abyss persona, defeated Grado, who was forced to leave the country due to the match's stipulations.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: In early 2018, Jimmy Jacobs brought Kongo Kong to Impact, calling him the "new monster of Impact", calling out Abyss. After refusing for weeks to "let out Abyss" as Joseph Park, leading to increasing attacks on Park's law office and family, Abyss returned, accompanied again by James Mitchell, leading to a Monster's Ball match on the March 22 episode of "Impact!". Kong won the match. On October 18, Mitchell inducted Abyss into the Impact Hall of Fame. On January 23, 2019, it was reported that Abyss had been granted his release from Impact Wrestling, ending his 17-year tenure with the promotion.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Abyss first appeared in Ring of Honor (ROH) in 2004, brought in as a bodyguard to the stable Special K, but was limited to a single appearance as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling subsequently pulled all of their contracted talent from ROH. Abyss returned in the summer of 2005, this time as a member of Prince Nana's heel stable The Embassy as they feuded with Generation Next. The feud between the Embassy and Generation Next lasted through the rest of 2005, with several matches and brawls taking place between both teams. The feud culminated in a Steel Cage Warfare match at December's "Steel Cage Warfare", where Abyss teamed with Alex Shelley, Jimmy Rave, and Prince Nana to take on Austin Aries, Roderick Strong, Jack Evans, and Matt Sydal. Abyss was eliminated in the match by Jack Evans after a moonsault, and Generation Next eventually won the match and the stables' war. In January 2006, Abyss teamed with fellow Embassy members Jimmy Rave and Alex Shelley to win ROH's Trios Tournament, with all three Embassy members earning ROH World Championship shots; however, Abyss left ROH before he could use the privilege.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: On the July 25, 2018, episode of "OVW TV", Abyss defeated Amon to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship. On August 1, 2018, Abyss was stripped of the championship by Dean Hill. On October 10, Abyss defeated Justin Smooth to win the OVW Championship for the second time. On the January 30, 2019, episode of "OVW TV", Abyss lost the OVW Heavyweight Championship to Tony Gunn.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: From April to June 2004, Abyss made four appearances for Mexican promotion AAA, which included a six-man tag team match at Triplemanía XII, where he, Abismo Negro and Chessman were defeated by Gronda, Héctor Garza and Latin Lover.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Abyss returned to the promotion on September 17, 2006, at "Verano de Escándalo", where he and fellow TNA workers Jeff Jarrett and Konnan, representing "La Legión Extranjera" ("The Foreign Legion"), were defeated via disqualification by the team of Gronda, La Parka and Octagón.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Abyss's following appearance for AAA took place four years later on June 6, 2010, at Triplemanía XVIII, where he, now working as a face, teamed with Cibernético to defeat El Zorro and Vampiro Canadiense in a tag team match.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: In May 2011, AAA started a storyline, where wrestlers from TNA, led by Jeff Jarrett, announced their intention of taking over the promotion. The first major development of the storyline took place on May 18, when Jarrett and Abyss invaded a AAA event and eventually revealed that they were working together with the heel group "La Sociedad", whose leader Dorian Roldán announced his intention of replacing the letters AAA with TNA. Later that same show, Abyss teamed with Jarrett and fellow "La Sociedad" member Super Crazy in a six-man tag team match, where they were defeated by Dr. Wagner, Jr., Joe Líder and Nicho el Millonario. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, Abyss and Mr. Anderson unsuccessfully challenged Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans for the AAA World Tag Team Championship in a steel cage match. On July 20, Abyss teamed with Chessman and Último Gladiador in a six-man tag team match, where they faced Joe Líder, Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans. Abyss won the match for "La Sociedad" by pinning Líder after Black Hole Slamming him onto a pile of thumbtacks and afterwards also slammed Tiger onto them. This led to a Monster's Ball match on July 31 at "Verano de Escándalo", where Chessman defeated Abyss, Líder and Tiger. On September 11, "La Sociedad" co-leader Konnan announced that on October 9 at Héroes Inmortales, Abyss and Chessman would challenge Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans for the AAA World Tag Team Championship. At the pay-per-view, Abyss and Chessman defeated Tiger and Evans in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match to become the new AAA World Tag Team Champions. Abyss and Chessman made their first successful title defense on May 6, 2012, defeated the Mexican Powers (Joe Líder and Juventud Guerrera).


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: Abyss returned to AAA on July 13, unsuccessfully challenging L.A. Park for the AAA Latin American Championship. On October 7 at "Héroes Inmortales", Abyss and Chessman lost the AAA World Tag Team Championship to Joe Líder and Vampiro, ending their reign at 364 days. Following the loss, Abyss turned on Chessman, ending the partnership between the two. This would be the final appearance for Abyss for the promotion.


title: Abyss (wrestler)

text: In January 2019, Park signed with WWE as a producer. On the August 14, 2020, episode of "SmackDown", Park made his on screen WWE debut, appearing as the statistician for AJ Styles. After AJ's companion Omos debuted, Park returned to working backstage.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov (, – August 1, 1946) was a Soviet Red Army general and Nazi collaborator. During World War II, he fought in the Battle of Moscow and later was captured attempting to lift the siege of Leningrad. After being captured, he defected to Nazi Germany and headed the Russian Liberation Army ("Russkaya osvoboditel'naya armiya", ROA). Initially this army only existed on paper and was used by Germans to goad the Red Army troops to surrender; only in 1944 did Heinrich Himmler, knowing that Germany was running out of manpower, arrange Vlasov to form a real Russian pro-Nazi army. At the war's end, Vlasov changed sides again and ordered the ROA to aid the Prague uprising against the Germans. He and the ROA then tried to escape to the Western Front, but were captured by Soviet forces. Vlasov was tortured, tried for treason and hanged.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Born in Lomakino, Nizhny Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire, Vlasov was originally a student at a Russian Orthodox seminary. He quit the study of divinity after the Russian Revolution, briefly studying agricultural sciences instead, and in 1919 joined the Red Army fighting in the southern theatre in Ukraine, the Caucasus, and the Crimea. He distinguished himself as an officer and gradually rose through the ranks of the Red Army.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Vlasov joined the Communist Party in 1930. Sent to China, he acted as a military adviser to Chiang Kai-shek from 1938 to November 1939. Upon his return, Vlasov served in several assignments before being given command of the 99th Rifle Division. After just nine months under Vlasov's leadership, and an inspection by Semyon Timoshenko, the division was recognized as one of the best divisions in the Army in 1940. Timoshenko presented Vlasov with an inscribed gold watch, as he "found the 99th the best of all". The historian John Erickson says of Vlasov at this point that [he] "was an up-and-coming man". In 1940, Vlasov was promoted to major general, and on June 22, 1941, when the Germans and their allies invaded the Soviet Union, Vlasov was commanding the 4th Mechanized Corps.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: As a lieutenant general, he commanded the 37th Army near Kiev and escaped encirclement. He then played an important role in the defense of Moscow, as his 20th Army counterattacked and retook Solnechnogorsk. Vlasov's picture was printed (along with those of other Soviet generals) in the newspaper "Pravda" as that of one of the "defenders of Moscow". Vlasov was decorated on January 24, 1942, with the Order of the Red Banner for his efforts in the defence of Moscow. Vlasov was ordered to relieve the ailing commander Klykov after the Second Shock Army had been encircled. After this success, Vlasov was put in command of the 2nd Shock Army of the Volkhov Front and ordered to lead the attempt to lift the Siege of Leningrad—the Lyuban-Chudovo Offensive Operation of January–April 1942.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: On January 7, 1942, Vlasov's army had spearheaded the Lyuban offensive operation to break the Leningrad encirclement. Planned as a combined operation between the Volkhov and Leningrad Fronts on a 30 km frontage, other armies of the Leningrad Front (including the 54th) were supposed to participate at scheduled intervals in this operation. Crossing the Volkhov River, Vlasov's army was successful in breaking through the German 18th Army's lines and penetrated 70–74 km deep inside the German rear area. However, the other armies (the Volkhov Front's 4th, 52nd, and 59th Armies, 13th Cavalry Corps, and 4th and 6th Guards Rifle Corps, as well as the 54th Army of the Leningrad Front) failed to exploit Vlasov's advances and provide the required support, and Vlasov's army became stranded. Permission to retreat was refused. With the counter-offensive in May 1942, the Second Shock Army was finally allowed to retreat, but by now, too weakened, it was surrounded and in June 1942 virtually annihilated during the final breakout at Myasnoi Bor.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: After Vlasov's army was surrounded, he himself was offered an escape by aeroplane. The general refused and hid in German-occupied territory; ten days later, on July 12, 1942, a local farmer exposed him to the Germans. Vlasov's opponent and captor, Nazi general Georg Lindemann, interrogated him about the surrounding of his army and details of battles, then "had Vlasov imprisoned in occupied Vinnytsia."


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Vlasov said that during his ten days in hiding he affirmed his anti-Bolshevism, believing Joseph Stalin was the greatest enemy of the Russian people, and there is evidence that suggests Vlasov may have changed sides in a bid to give his countrymen a better life than the one they had under Stalin. His critics, including Marshal Kirill Meretskov (who had endorsed Vlasov's promotion to executive officer of the Volkhov front) and most Soviet historians, argued that Vlasov adopted a pro-Nazi German stance in prison out of opportunism, careerism, and survival, fearing Stalinist retribution for losing his last battle and his army.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: In 2016, in his habilitation thesis, Russian historian Kirill Alexandrov analyzed the careers of 180 Soviet generals and officers who joined the Vlasov army. He concluded that most of them personally experienced atrocities committed by the NKVD during the Great Purge and previous purges in the Red Army, which made them disillusioned with the leadership of Stalin and motivated them to defect to the Nazis. Alexandrov's work was reported to the FSB by Russian nationalists as "inciting hatred" but his university, regardless of the political pressure, voted in favor of its scientific value.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: While in prison, Vlasov met Captain Wilfried Strik-Strikfeldt, a Baltic German who was attempting to foster a Russian Liberation Movement. Strik-Strikfeldt had circulated memos to this effect in the Wehrmacht.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Strik-Strikfeldt, who had been a participant in the White movement during the Russian Civil War, persuaded Vlasov to become involved in aiding the German advance against the rule of Joseph Stalin and Bolshevism. With Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Boyarsky, Vlasov wrote a memo shortly after his capture to the German military leaders suggesting cooperation between anti-Stalinist Russians and the German Army.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Vlasov was taken to Berlin under the protection of the Wehrmacht's propaganda department. While there, he and other Soviet officers began drafting plans for the creation of a Russian provisional government and the recruitment of a Russian army of liberation under Russian command.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Vlasov founded the Russian Liberation Committee, in hopes of creating the Russian Liberation Army—known as ROA (from "Russkaya Osvoboditel'naya Armiya").


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: In the spring of 1943, Vlasov wrote an anti-Bolshevik leaflet known as the "Smolensk Proclamation", which was dropped from aircraft by the millions on Soviet forces and Soviet-controlled soil. In March of the same year, Vlasov also published an open letter titled "Why Have I Taken Up the Struggle Against Bolshevism".


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Even though no Russian Liberation Army yet existed, the Nazi propaganda department issued Russian Liberation Army patches to Russian volunteers and tried to use Vlasov's name in order to encourage defections. Several hundred thousand former Soviet citizens served in the German army wearing this patch, but never under Vlasov's own command.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Vlasov was permitted to make several trips to Nazi-occupied Russia: most notably, to Pskov, where Russian pro-German volunteers paraded. The populace's reception of Vlasov was mixed. While in Pskov, Vlasov dealt himself a nearly fatal political blow by referring to the Germans as mere "guests" during a speech, which Hitler found belittling. Vlasov was even put under house arrest and threatened with being handed over to the Gestapo. Despondent about his mission, Vlasov threatened to resign and return to the POW camp, but was dissuaded at the last minute by his confidants.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: According to Varlam Shalamov and his tale "The Last Battle of Major Pugachov", Vlasov emissaries lectured to the Russian prisoners of war, explaining to them that their government had declared them all traitors, and that escaping was pointless. As Vlasov proclaimed, even if the Soviets succeeded, Stalin would send them to Siberia. Only in September 1944 did Germany, at the urging of Heinrich Himmler, initially a virulent opponent of Vlasov, finally permit Vlasov to raise his Russian Liberation Army. Vlasov formed and chaired the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, proclaimed by the Prague Manifesto on 14 November 1944. Vlasov also hoped to create a Pan-Slavic liberation congress, but Nazi political officials would not permit it.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Vlasov's only combat against the Red Army took place on February 11, 1945, on the river Oder. After three days of battle against overwhelming forces, the First Division of the ROA was forced to retreat and marched southward to Prague, in German-controlled Bohemia.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: On May 6, 1945, Vlasov received a request from the commander of the first ROA division, General Sergei Bunyachenko, for permission to turn his weapons against the Nazi SS forces and aid Czech resistance fighters in the Prague uprising. Vlasov at first disapproved, then reluctantly allowed Bunyachenko to proceed. Some historians maintain it was the bitterness of the ROA against the Germans which caused them to switch sides once again, while other historians believe the sole purpose of this action was to win favor from the western Allies and possibly even the Soviet side, in the light of the nearly completed military annihilation of the German Reich.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Two days later, the first division was forced to leave Prague as Communist Czech partisans began arresting ROA soldiers in order to hand them over to the Soviets for execution. Vlasov and the rest of his forces, trying to evade the Red Army, attempted to head west to surrender to the Allies in the closing days of the war in Europe.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Vlasov's division, commanded by General Sergei Bunyachenko, was captured southeast of Plzeň by the Soviet 25th Tank Corps, after their attempt to surrender to US troops was rejected. Vlasov was found hiding wrapped in two blankets in a motor car and was identified with the help of his own driver. Captain M. I. Yakushev of the 162nd Tank Brigade had Vlasov dragged out of his car, put on a tank and driven straight to the Soviet 13th Army HQ. Vlasov was then transported from the 13th Army HQ to Marshal Ivan Konev's command post in Dresden, and from there sent immediately to Moscow.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Vlasov was confined in Lubyanka prison where he was interrogated. A trial was held beginning 30 July 1946 and was presided over by Viktor Abakumov who sentenced him and eleven other senior officers from his army to death for high treason.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: Vlasov was executed by hanging on 2 August 1946. His was among the last death sentences in the Soviet Union carried out by hanging, after which executions were conducted only by shooting.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: A memorial dedicated to General Vlasov was erected at the Novo-Diveevo Russian Orthodox convent and cemetery in Nanuet, New York, US. Twice annually, on the anniversary of Vlasov's execution and on the Sunday following Orthodox Easter, a memorial service is held for Vlasov and the collaborators in the Russian Liberation Army.


title: Andrey Vlasov

text: In 2001, a Russian Federation-based social organization, ""For Faith and Fatherland"", applied to the Russian Federation's military prosecutor for a review of Vlasov's case, saying that "Vlasov was a patriot who spent much time re-evaluating his service in the Red Army and the essence of Stalin's regime before agreeing to collaborate with the Germans". The military prosecutor concluded that the law of rehabilitation of victims of political repressions did not apply to Vlasov and refused to consider the case again. However, Vlasov's Article 58 conviction for anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda was vacated.


title: Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)

text: Tuck Everlasting is a 2002 American romantic fantasy drama film directed by Jay Russell and written by Jeffrey Lieber and James V. Hart that's based on Natalie Babbitt’s 1975 book of the same name. Narrated by Elisabeth Shue, the film stars Alexis Bledel, Ben Kingsley, Sissy Spacek, Amy Irving, Victor Garber, Jonathan Jackson, Scott Bairstow and William Hurt.


title: Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)

text: 15-year-old Winnie (Winifred) Foster is from an upper-class family in the town of Treegap in 1914, and wants to make her own choices in life. After being told that she will go to a boarding school, she runs off into the forest, where she meets Jesse Tuck, who is drinking from a spring at the foot of a great tree. She is kidnapped by his older brother Miles and brought back to the Tucks' home where they tell her they will return her as soon as they can trust her.


title: Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)

text: She becomes enamored with their slow and simple way of life and falls in love with Jesse. She learns that, by drinking water from a magic spring around a hundred years ago, the Tucks cannot age or be injured, and that they kidnapped her to hide the secret. They tell her that living forever is more painful than it sounds, and that they believe giving away the secret of the spring will lead everyone to want to drink from it and worry it might fall into the wrong hands.


title: Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)

text: A man in a yellow suit befriends the Fosters while Winnie is gone. He spies on the Tucks and desires the spring to sell the water. He makes a deal to return Winnie in exchange for the forest. He goes to the Tucks and orders them to reveal where the spring is; when they deny any knowledge of it, he threatens Winnie with a pistol. He calls their bluff by shooting Jesse and exposing his immortality; but in return Jesse's mother, Mae, kills him with the butt end of a rifle. A constable arrives and arrests Mae and Angus. Mae is sentenced to be hanged for murdering the man.


title: Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)

text: After being returned home, Winnie is woken by Jesse, who begs her to help him free his parents. The family fears that if Mae is hanged the next day, she won't die and their immortality will be exposed to the public. Winnie helps Jesse and Miles to break the Tucks out of jail and says goodbye to them. Jesse, who has fallen in love with Winnie, asks her to join them, but Angus warns her that it is dangerous to go with them as they will be hunted. Jesse tells Winnie to drink from the spring so that she will live forever and never age, and that he will come back for her when all is safe, then leaves, promising to love her until the day he dies. After the Tucks depart, Winnie chooses not to drink the water, as Angus warned her that being immortal is far worse than living a typical life and that she should not fear death.


title: Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)

text: More than 85 years later, in the present day, Jesse returns to Treegap on a motorcycle. He goes into the woods and at the base of the great tree finds Winnie's headstone marking the site where the spring once stood. The stone reads that Winnie became a wife and mother before passing away at 100 years of age. Jesse sits at her grave, smiling through his tears and remembering her.


title: Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)

text: Filming for "Tuck Everlasting" took place in Maryland, specifically in Baltimore, Bel Air and Berlin.


title: Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)

text: On a $15 million budget, "Tuck Everlasting" grossed $19,161,999 in the US and $182,616 in other territories for a worldwide total of $19,344,615.


title: Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 60% rating based on 120 reviews, with an average rating of 6.30/10. The critical consensus reads, "Though slow-moving, "Tuck Everlasting" raises big issues and explores them with sensitivity". On Metacritic, the film has a 66 out of 100, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Tuck Everlasting (2002 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two stars out of four, writing that the film "is too impressed with its own solemn insights to work up much entertainment value". He further writes that the film's message is questionable, opining "the injunction to live life fully need not come with a time limit. That's why the outcome of the romance is so unsatisfactory."


title: Rama Rajamouli

text: Rama Rajamouli is an Indian costume designer and film stylist who primarily works in Telugu cinema. Rama made her debut with the 2004 film "Sye". She is known for her work in the films "Magadheera" (2009), "Eega" (2012), "" (2015), "" (2017), and "RRR" (2022). She is the wife of filmmaker S. S. Rajamouli.


title: Rama Rajamouli

text: She is a three-time Nandi Award winner for Best Costume Designer. She was nominated along with Prashanti Tipirneni for Best Costume Design at the 42nd Saturn Awards and at the 12th Asian Film Awards for "Baahubali 1" and "Baahubali 2" respectively.


title: Rama Rajamouli

text: Rama married filmmaker S. S. Rajamouli in 2001, after the divorce of her previous marriage. Rajamouli calls her Chinni. Rajamouli adopted Karthikeya, Rama's son from her previous marriage. The couple also has an adopted daughter Mayookha. Karthikeya is married to Pooja Prasad, niece of actor Jagapathi Babu. Filmmaker Gunnam Gangaraju is her cousin.


title: Rama Rajamouli

text: Initially Rama entered the industry in 2001 as an actor by doing various small roles in the TV sitcom "Amrutham," created and produced by her cousin Gangaraju Gunnam.


title: Rama Rajamouli

text: After marrying S. S. Rajamouli, she started her career as a costume designer with the film "Student No. 1" (2001). Rama regularly works in her husband films as a costume designer and stylist. In an interview to "TV9", Rama said that Amar Chitra Katha is her inspiration for costume designing in "Baahubali". For the film "RRR," Rama worked as an additional dialogue writer.


title: Assimi Goïta

text: Colonel Assimi Goïta (born 1983) is a Malian military officer who has been interim President of Mali since 28 May 2021. Goïta was the leader of the , a military junta that seized power from former president Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta in the 2020 Malian coup d'état. Goïta later took power from Bah Ndaw after the 2021 Malian coup d'état and has since been declared interim president of Mali.


title: Assimi Goïta

text: Assimi Goïta was born in 1983. The son of an officer of the Malian Armed Forces, he was trained in the military academies of Mali and notably attended the and the Joint Military School in Koulikoro. He is married to Lala Diallo, who is a member of the Fula people.


title: Assimi Goïta

text: Goïta served as a colonel in the Autonomous Special Forces Battalion, the special forces unit of the Malian Armed Forces. He heads the Malian special forces in the center of the country with the rank of colonel. He is thus confronted with the jihadist insurgency in Mali. In 2018, he met Mamady Doumbouya, from Guinea, in Burkina Faso during a training session organised by the US army, which was reserved for the region's special forces commanders. Both he and Mamady Doumbouya would later launch military coups against their governments.


title: Assimi Goïta

text: Goïta serves as the leader of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People, a group of rebels who overthrew Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta in the 2020 Malian coup d'état, and have pledged to initiate new elections to replace him. Because of this pledge, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) pressured Mali's ruling junta for the country to be led by a civilian. On 21 September he was named vice president by a group of 17 electors, with Bah Ndaw being appointed president. He was appointed vice president of the Transition on 21 September 2020, a position he will hold for 18 months, until new elections. He took the oath of office on 25 September 2020. On 1 October 2020, the "Mali Transition Letter" was published where it was specified, in response to the request of the ECOWAS, that the vice president "in charge of defense and security issues" would not be able to replace President Bah Ndaw.


title: Assimi Goïta

text: Goïta received training from the United States, France, and Germany, and had experience working with United States Army Special Forces.


title: Assimi Goïta

text: On 24 May 2021, Goïta was involved in the 2021 Malian coup d'état, after which he seized power. President Ndaw and Prime Minister Moctar Ouane were detained. Goïta claimed that Ndaw was attempting to "sabotage" the transition to democracy, and committed to elections in 2022. The coup was instigated by Goïta's claim that Ndaw failed to consult him about a cabinet reshuffle. It was alleged that one of the motives for the latest coup was the removal of Colonel Sadio Camara as defense minister. Camara was appointed again as defense minister by Goïta upon taking over again.


title: Assimi Goïta

text: On 28 May 2021, the constitutional court declared him interim president of Mali. The court ruling stated that Goïta should carry the title "president of the transition, head of state" to "lead the transition process to its conclusion". On the same day, he said that he would name a prime minister from the M5-RFP coalition.


title: Assimi Goïta

text: On 20 July 2021, during an assassination attempt, Goïta was attacked by a knifeman while praying at the Grand Mosque in Bamako amid festivities for the Eid al-Adha. The attacker was then immediately arrested after failing to stab the President. Overall two men were arrested by the security forces. One of them was however found to be a special forces soldier wrongly assumed to be the attacker's accomplice. The knifeman, identified as a teacher, died in custody five days after the attack. The cause of death is unknown.


title: Mimosa (cocktail)

text: A mimosa cocktail consists of champagne (or other sparkling wine) and chilled citrus juice, usually orange juice. It is often served in a tall champagne flute at brunch, at weddings, or as part of business or first class service on some passenger railways and airlines. The mixing ratio varies.


title: Mimosa (cocktail)

text: The cocktail is named after the yellow-flowered mimosa plant, "Acacia dealbata". The origin of the cocktail is unclear, and was originally called a "champagne orange". Some credit the Paris Ritz's bartender and cocktail writer Frank Meier for making the mimosa cocktail; however, Meier's 1934 book on mixing drinks, which has a special symbol for his inventions, does not use it for the mimosa. The mimosa can be considered as a variant of the cocktail called Buck's Fizz, or vice-versa. The International Bartenders Association simply says the mimosa is "Also known as Buck’s Fizz". The mimosa became popular in the United States in the 1960s. A news article published in the "Sydney Morning Herald" wrote about Queen Elizabeth II drinking a mimosa, introduced to her by Earl Mountbatten of Burma after his visit to the south of France.


title: Mimosa (cocktail)

text: Buck's Fizz is essentially the same cocktail, said to have been invented in 1921 in London. Some sources draw a distinction, saying the Buck's Fizz specifically uses twice as much champagne as orange juice while the mimosa should use equal proportions, that a Buck's Fizz should be served without ice and a mimosa should include ice, or that a Buck's Fizz should be served in a flute or coupe and a mimosa should be served in an ordinary wine glass. However, some sources give instructions for making mimosas that clearly do not fit these characterizations.


title: Mimosa (cocktail)

text: The "Vermosa" is apple cider with champagne, notably served in Vermont, United States. Apple cider with champagne and brandy is called an "apple crisp".


title: Santa María (ship)

text: La Santa María (), alternatively La Gallega, was the largest of the three Spanish ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, the others being the "Niña" and the "Pinta". Her master and owner was Juan de la Cosa, a man from Santoña, Cantabria, operating in south Spanish waters. Requisitioned by order of Queen Isabella and by contract with Christopher Columbus, whom de la Cosa knew previously, the "Santa María" became Columbus's flagship on the voyage as long as it was afloat. Having gone aground on Christmas Day, 1492, on the shores of Haiti, through inexperience of the helmsman, it was partially dismantled to obtain timbers for Fort Navidad, "Christmas Fort," placed in a native Taíno village. The fort was the first Spanish settlement in the New World, which Columbus had claimed for Spain. He thus regarded the wreck as providential. The hull remained where it was, the subject of much modern wreck-hunting without successful conclusion.


title: Santa María (ship)

text: There is less certainty about its name than for the other two ships. Columbus's "Journal of Navigating" for the first voyage frequently refers to the "Pinta" and the "Niña" by name, and often asserts that they were caravels, but it never refers to the flagship by name. The surviving journal may contain flaws. The original journal, sent to the monarchs of Spain, did not survive, but an abstract (full of errors) by the historian, Bartolomé de las Casas, did.


title: Santa María (ship)

text: The historians offer two names: Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés calls it "Gallega"; Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, "Santa María". One solution to the conundrum is that the ship began under de la Cosa as "Gallega" and was changed by Columbus to "Santa María", but there are other theories as well. Moreover, "la Gallega" can be taken as "the Galician," suggesting that the ship was constructed in that province and was named after it. In the absence of proof, scholars can only speculate. C.E. Nowell remarked: "There is a lunatic fringe of writers determined to establish far-fetched theories regarding the Columbus enterprise or to prove that the discoverer was of some nationality hitherto unsuspected."


title: Santa María (ship)

text: Columbus encountered Juan de la Cosa apparently by accident in the port of Palos de la Frontera (circumstances moved so quickly with such unexpected result as to preclude any pre-arrangement between Columbus and de la Cosa; see below), the point of embarkation for the yet undiscovered New World. De la Cosa was a professional master, navigator, and entrepreneur. His assistance would turn out to be a "sine qua non" of the voyages of Columbus, and yet, due to the self-aggrandizement of Columbus in his journal, and its revision and continuation by his son, de la Cosa remains a shadowy figure, except for the contribution for which he is best known, the earliest-known-surviving map of the New World.


title: Santa María (ship)

text: In early May 1492, Columbus, a newly appointed admiral in the royal navy, and entourage show up at the port of Palos under orders from the queen to conduct an expedition westward looking for a route to the Indies. He carries with him also orders to the port authorities to impress a squadron of three caravels with supplies and crews, who thereafter would serve in the navy at regular seaman's pay. Two of the caravels were to be selected by the port authorities. They impressed the "Niña" and the "Pinta", quite small caravels with a single deck each. The third was left up to Columbus to select.


title: Santa María (ship)

text: The mission and the orders were unpopular. The resistance of the town in every quarter extended the time required to obtain compliance. Given 10 days by the orders, they took 10 weeks. According to De la Riega, the general consensus of the late 19th century (still considered true today) was that "there was no time or money to go from port to port examining ships ..." Columbus necessarily chose a ship available in port, the nao "Santa Maria/Gallega", with, presumably, the additional advantage of Juan de la Cosa as captain, a famous navigator and geographer. There was then only one nao to which the names applied (in whatever sequence), and not two.