title: Kevin Trapp

text: He began his professional career at 1. FC Kaiserslautern, where he took part in two Bundesliga seasons. In 2012, he signed for Eintracht Frankfurt for a fee of €1.5 million and played regularly over three years, also competing in the UEFA Europa League. He joined Paris Saint-Germain for an estimated €10 million in 2015, where he won several domestic honours. In 2018, he re-joined Eintracht Frankfurt on loan, before signing permanently the next season.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp won 21 caps for Germany's youth teams, including 11 for the under-21s, and made his full debut in June 2017. He was part of their squad that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and also competed at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the 2020 UEFA Euro and the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Born in Merzig, West Germany, Trapp began his football career at FC Brotdorf, joining at seven years old. He moved to neighbouring town, SSV Bachem at age of twelve. After spending two years there, Trapp joined SV Mettlach. One day, he said in an interview on joining 1. FC Kaiserslautern, saying: "I told my coach I'd like to be down there on the pitch one day. I went home afterwards and from my own incentive, I looked up FC K and what opportunities they were offering. They were having trials. I wrote them an email explaining my situation and that I'd love to take part in the trials. I think it was September when I received a reply saying that it was currently not possible, however, that they would contact me in case the opportunity arose again. That is what they did a year later! 2003 or 2004. I was allowed to take part in the training sessions and from then on, everything took flight. I had the honour of being invited to play for the first team back when I was in the youth leagues due to the goalkeepers being off sick. SVV Bachum were already playing Youth Bundesliga. Kaiserslautern was also in that league. Therefore, when I got to play, it was a match against Kaiserslautern. I found out later as I was offered the contract that there were a bunch of coaches there watching the game. So, it wasn't just the email but also the performance!" Trapp started his professional career with 1. FC Kaiserslautern, where he progressed through the club's youth system. During his time at 1. FC Kaiserslautern, Trapp said he learned a lot from Gerald Ehrmann.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp made his first appearance in the first team on 9 August 2008 in the 2008–09 DFB-Pokal round 1 against FC Carl Zeiss Jena, losing 2–1. It was announced on 21 July 2009 that he signed his first professional contract with the club, keeping him until 2013. Trapp made another appearance in the first team ten days later on 31 July 2009 in the 2009–10 DFB-Pokal round 1 against Eintracht Braunschweig, where he kept a clean sheet, in a 1–0. Over the next two seasons, Trapp was involved in the first team, appearing as the club's third choice goalkeeper and then second choice goalkeeper. At one point during the 2009–10 season, he suffered a shoulder injury that kept him out for three months. By January, Trapp made a recovery.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Since the start of the 2010–11 season, Trapp became the club's second goalkeeper for the side and was featured on the substitute bench. On 12 March 2011, with regular goalkeeper Tobias Sippel sidelined with influenza, he made his Bundesliga debut in a 2–1 home win over SC Freiburg. Competing with Sippel, Trapp played all eight remaining fixtures of the season. During which, he kept three clean sheets for the side, including two in a row between 23 April 2011 and 29 April 2011 against Schalke 04 and FC St. Pauli. At the end of the 2010–11 season, Trapp went on to make nine appearances in all competitions.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Ahead of the 2011–12 season, Trapp was linked with a move to Schalke 04 but he ended up staying at the club. Following this, Trapp continued to be the club's first choice goalkeeper at the start of the season, beating out Sippel. His performance was praised by Manager Marco Kurz, who said: "Kevin once again proved his class in a very emotional, intense game and saved the point. Overall, it was a happy FCK point win after the entire 90 minutes, which is morally very valuable." Despite suffering from injury in late–October, Trapp continued to remain as the club's first choice goalkeeper. Along the way, he kept clean sheets for the side, both coming against SC Freiburg and Werder Bremen. However, in early–March, Trapp suffered a thigh injury and was sidelined for two matches. After returning from injury, he found himself on the substitute bench, as Sippel was the club's first choice goalkeeper for the rest of the 2011–12 season. As the season progressed, 1. FC Kaiserslautern was eventually relegated to 2.Bundesliga. At the end of the 2011–12 season, Trapp made twenty–six appearances in all competitions.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: On 7 May 2012, Trapp left relegated Kaiserslautern and joined promoted Eintracht Frankfurt on a four-year contract for a fee of €1.5 million.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp made his Eintracht Frankfurt debut, where he started the match, only to be sent–off in the 19th minute for a professional foul on Jakub Sylvestr, as the club lost 3–0 against Erzgebirge Aue in the first round of the DFB–Pokal. Despite this, Trapp made his league debut for the club, helping the side win 2–1 against Bayer Leverkusen in the opening game of the season. In a follow–up match against Hoffenheim, he kept his first clean sheet in his Eintracht Frankfurt's career, winning 4–0. Since joining the club, he quickly became a first choice goalkeeper for the side. The team had a good start to his first season, sitting in third place by November, and he received plaudits for his performances against leaders Bayern Munich despite losing 2–0. Manager Armin Veh praised Trapp's performance, saying: "Kevin has a great mentality, is totally on the ground. He's going to get even better." He then helped the club keep four clean sheets between 2 February 2013 and 10 March 2013. However, his campaign ended prematurely in March 2013, due to a hand injury while with the national under-21 team. Despite the injury, Trapp made twenty–seven appearances in all competitions and helped Eintracht Frankfurt finish sixth place in the league, therefore qualifying for the UEFA Europa League.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Having served a one match suspension for his red card last season, Trapp made his first appearance of the season against Hertha BSC in the opening game of the season and conceded six goals, as Eintracht Frankfurt lost 6–1. Since his return, he continued to regain his place as the club's first choice goalkeeper in the 2013–14 season. Trapp played in both legs of the UEFA Europa League Play–Offs against Qarabağ, helping the side win 4–1 on aggregate to qualify the Group Stage. He then helped Eintracht Frankfurt qualify to knockout stage of the UEFA Europa League Group Stage and helped the club earn four clean sheets along the way. However, the club reached the last 32, where they lost on away goals to FC Porto after a 5–5 aggregate draw. During a 5–0 loss against Bayern Munich on 2 February 2014, he suffered a bruise on his right tibia and was substituted in the 77th minute. Following a check, Trapp was given all clear and returned to the starting line–up against Eintracht Braunschweig on 8 February 2014, as he helped the side win 3–0. During the 2013–14 season, he saved four penalties, a record of his penalty saves in a season. At the end of the 2013–14 season, Trapp went on to make forty–six appearances in all competitions.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Ahead of the 2014–15 season, Trapp was linked with a move to Borussia Mönchengladbach as a replacement for Marc-André ter Stegen, but stayed at Eintracht Frankfurt. He also was given a captaincy by Manager Thomas Schaaf following the departure of Pirmin Schwegler. Trapp made a good start as a captain when he helped the side earn two wins and four draws. However, during a 2–2 draw against Mainz 05 on 24 September 2014, he suffered ankle injury at the last minutes and was sidelined for four months. It wasn't until on 31 January 2015 when Trapp returned to the starting line–up against Freiburg, as they lost 4–1. Following his return, he resumed his captain role, as well as, his first choice goalkeeper status. It was announced on 2 March 2015 that he signed a three–year contract with the club, keeping him until 2019. Since returning from injury, Trapp continued to regain his captaincy and his role as the club's first choice goalkeeper for the rest of the 2014–15 season. At the end of the 2014–15 season, he went on to make twenty–three appearances in all competitions.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: On 8 July 2015, Trapp signed a five-year deal with Ligue 1 champions Paris Saint-Germain for a fee of around €10 million, and was assigned the number 16 jersey.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp made his debut on 1 August in the 2015 Trophée des Champions in Montreal, keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win over Lyon. He then kept four clean sheets in the first four league matches of the season. His five consecutive clean sheets ended when he conceded two goals, including a mistake that allowed Wahbi Khazri to capitalize the mistake, in a 2–2 draw against Bordeaux on 11 September 2015. Despite the mistakes, Trapp regained his first choice goalkeeper role and then made amends from his mistake against rivals, Marseille on 4 October 2015, making impressive saves, including saving a penalty from Abdelaziz Barrada, as PSG won 2–1. However, he suffered a hamstring injury while on international duty and missed one match as a result. Trapp returned to the starting line–up against Real Madrid in the UEFA Champions League match on 21 October 2015, starting the whole game, as he helped the side keep the match goalless, in a 0–0 draw. Trapp went on to earn a total of four clean sheets, as PSG advanced to the UEFA Champions League Group Stage. Following this, he kept three consecutive clean sheets between 19 December 2015 and 16 January 2016 against SM Caen, Bastia and Toulouse. Trapp then played in both legs of the UEFA Champions League Round of 16 against Chelsea, as he helped the side win 4–2 to advance to the next round. During the 2015–16 season, Trapp overtook Salvatore Sirigu as PSG's first choice goalkeeper in the club's Ligue 1 and UEFA Champions League matches, while the Italian played in the Coupe de France and Coupe de la Ligue, as he helped the club win a domestic quadruple. At the end of the 2015–16 season, Trapp went on to make forty–six appearances in all competitions.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: At the start of the 2016–17 season, Trapp was in goal as PSG won the 2016 Trophée des Champions in Austria, a 4–1 win on 6 August against Lyon again. Shortly after, he switched number shirt to number one. Despite being featured in the first four league matches of the season, Trapp was dropped in favour for youngster Alphonse Areola. Following Areola's injury, Trapp returned to the starting line–up for the next two matches, where he kept two clean sheets. But following Areola's poor performance, he returned to the starting line–up once again, coming against FC Lorient on 21 December 2016 and kept a clean sheet, as PSG won 5–0. This was followed up by keeping three consecutive clean sheets between 7 January 2017 and 21 January 2017. However, during a 1–1 draw against AS Monaco on 29 January 2017, Trapp suffered a muscle injury and was substituted in the 54th minute; he was sidelined for two weeks. He returned to the starting line–up two weeks later on 10 February 2017, keeping a clean sheet, in a 3–0 win against Bordeaux. In a follow–up against Barcelona in the first leg of UEFA Champions League Round of 16, Trapp helped the side win 4–0, earning himself a clean sheet. After keeping another clean sheet against AS Nancy on 4 March 2017, Trapp said about the match against Barcelona in the second leg, saying: "We have to go to Barcelona as if it was our first match. We cannot say that we will have to (only) defend. It is not our game. We are to have possession, to control. We know that Barça is capable of doing many things. We had a very good first leg match (4-0). You have to do the same thing on your return. Because in front, they are able to score at any time, every minute. You will have to be very focused." However, in the second leg against FC Barcelona, Trapp conceded six goals, as the opposition made a comeback from 4–0 down and score six goals to send them through, eliminating PSG from the tournament. He later reflected in an interview, saying: "In Barcelona, it's complicated to say what happened. I believe that will never happen again. I do not think we were nervous. From the beginning, we found ourselves in danger, because of Barca's advanced players. We had never experienced such a tough match, with such pressure from the opponent, but there's still no excuse. It's just a game to forget, inexplicable, something that had never happened before. There were also refereeing decisions. I think all the factors were against us." In April the following month, he started in goal as PSG beat Monaco 4–1 to claim a record fourth straight Coupe de la Ligue title but was an unused substitute in a 1–0 win over Angers which saw PSG lift the Coupe de France title the following month. At the end of the 2016–17 season, Trapp went on to make thirty–one appearances in all competitions.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Ahead of the 2017–18 season, Trapp said in an interview with L’Equipe that he's expecting to compete against Areola for the first choice goalkeeper role once again. Since the start of the 2017–18 season, however, Manager Unai Emery began using Areola as the first choice goalkeeper in the league and UEFA Champions League, while Trapp played in the Coupe de France and Coupe de la Ligue. It wasn't until on 29 November 2017 when he made his first appearance of the season, starting the whole game, in a 2–0 against Troyes. A month later on 20 December 2017 when Trapp made his second league appearance of the season, in a 3–1 win against SM Caen. Trapp then helped PSG reach the final of Coupe de la Ligue after beating Rennes 3–2 in the semi–finals on 30 January 2018. A week later on 7 February 2018, he was sent–off for receiving a straight red card in a last minutes, in a 4–1 win against Sochaux in the third round of the Coupe de France. After serving a two match suspension, Trapp didn't return to the starting line–up until a match against rivals, Marseille on 28 February 2018, where he kept a clean sheet, in a 3–0 win. On 31 March 2018, in a repeat of the previous season's final, Trapp started in goal as PSG retained the Coupe de la Ligue title with a 3–0 win over Monaco. On 8 May 2018, he played in 2018 Coupe de France Final as PSG won 2–0 against Les Herbiers to clinch the trophy. At the end of the 2017–18 season, Trapp went on to make fourteen appearances in all competitions.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: On 31 August 2018, Trapp returned to Eintracht Frankfurt on loan for the 2018–19 season. Upon joining the club, he received a number thirty–one shirt for the side.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp made his second Eintracht Frankfurt debut, where he started the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against Werder Bremen the following day. Since making his debut for the club, Trapp quickly regained his first choice goalkeeper role. He then helped the side two consecutive clean sheets between 2 November 2018 and 11 November 2018 against Stuttgart and Schalke 04. Following a 2–1 loss against VfL Wolfsburg on 2 December 2018, Trapp made a comment about Sascha Stegemann, resulting in him being fined 8,000 euros. Throughout March, he kept five clean sheets in all competitions, including a 2–0 aggregate win against Inter Milan in the UEFA Europa League Round of 16. Trapp then played in both legs of the UEFA Europa League semi–finals against Chelsea; although he saved one penalty from César Azpilicueta in the shootout, they lost 5–4 as a result.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: After a successful loan spell, Trapp re-signed with Eintracht Frankfurt on 7 August 2019 on a five-year deal worth €7 million. Trapp's first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came in the opening game of the season against Hoffenheim, where he kept a clean sheet, in a 1–0 win. Trapp then played in both legs of the UEFA Europa League Play–Off Round against RC Strasbourg, as he helped the side win 3–1 on aggregate to send them through to the Group Stage. However, during a 2–1 win against Union Berlin on 27 September 2019, Trapp suffered a shoulder injury that kept him for the rest of 2019. It wasn't until on 18 January 2020 when he returned to the starting line–up, in a 2–1 win against Hoffenheim. Since returning from injury, Trapp regained his place as the club's first choice goalkeeper for the rest of the 2019–20 season. His return was praised by the German and the club's manager Adi Hütter. Despite the season being suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, he finished the 2019–20 season, making 34 appearances in all competitions.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Frankfurt won the UEFA Europa League on 18 May 2022, with Trapp playing a crucial role in the victory. He made a point blank save in the last minute of extra time from Ryan Kent, before saving a penalty kick from Aaron Ramsey helping his team win the trophy.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp was a member of several German youth national teams, and was first called up to the Germany U17 team, appearing as an unused substitute throughout the national side's FIFA U-17 World Cup tournament, as they finished third place.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: After the tournament ended, Trapp was called up to the Germany U18 and made his Germany U18 debut, starting the whole game, in a 3–1 win against Rwanda U18. He then made three more appearances for the U18 side, including two clean sheets.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp was called up to Germany U19 squad and made his Germany U19 debut, starting the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against Czech Republic U19 on 7 September 2008. He then helped the U19 squad qualify for the UEFA European Under-19 Championship next round after winning three matches in the Group Stage 6. Trapp went on to make six appearances for the U19 side.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp was called up to Germany U21 squad for the first time on 31 August 2010. He made his Germany U21 debut on 7 September 2010, starting the whole game, in a 3–0 win against Northern Ireland U21 and keeping a clean sheet in a process. Trapp then kept three consecutive clean sheets during the UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification, coming against San Marino U21, Belarus U21 and Bosnia and Herzegovina U21. After being almost two years away from the Germany U21 side, he returned to the starting line–up, as they lost 1–0 against Italy U21 on 6 February 2013. Trapp made a total of 11 appearances for the U21 side.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp was first called up to the senior team for the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Gibraltar on 13 June 2015. He continued to remain on the substitute bench for the next two years.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp made his international debut on 6 June 2017 in a 1–1 friendly draw away to Denmark, playing the full 90 minutes. He was selected for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia later that month, which his country won, but he did not play any match. Trapp made two more appearances for Germany, coming against France and Brazil.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: On 4 June 2018, Trapp was selected in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He was unused in a group-stage exit for the defending champions. On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for UEFA Euro 2020.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: Trapp was born in Merzig, Saarland and stayed in the city until 2004. Trapp said in an interview that he idolised Oliver Kahn. Trapp attended Peter-Wust-Gymnasium.


title: Kevin Trapp

text: He became engaged to Brazilian model Izabel Goulart in July 2018. In addition to speaking German, Trapp speaks six languages, including Portuguese.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Hell's Angels is a 1930 American pre-Code independent epic war film directed and produced by Howard Hughes and director of dialogue James Whale. Written by Harry Behn and Howard Estabrook and starring Ben Lyon, James Hall and Jean Harlow, it was released through United Artists. It follows two dissimilar brothers, both members of the British Royal Flying Corps during the First World War.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: The film was originally shot as a silent film, but it was still unfinished after a year and a half, by which time "The Jazz Singer" had premiered, signaling the start of the sound era. Hughes converted his film to sound. The original female lead, Norwegian-American Greta Nissen, had to be replaced due to her accent. Harlow became a major star as her successor. The production took three years (1927–1930) and Hughes spared no expense, so that despite being one of the highest-grossing films of the early sound era, it did not recoup its exorbitant $2.8 million cost.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Hughes and pilot Harry Parry designed many of the stunts for the dogfighting scenes. When Paul Mantz, the principal stunt pilot, informed Hughes that a stunt in the final scene was too dangerous, Hughes piloted the aircraft himself, but crashed; he suffered a skull fracture and had to undergo facial surgery as well. Three stunt pilots and a mechanic died in accidents during filming.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Most of the footage is black-and-white, but there are several one-color-tinted scenes for dramatic effect, such as a nighttime gun duel; part-screen full-color for the flames consuming a German Zeppelin; and full-screen full-color for one sequence, which is the only color footage of Harlow's career.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: In spite of all the difficulties, it was and is today considered a landmark of early sound and color use, and of the epic action film genre.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Roy and Monte Rutledge are very different British brothers. Straight-laced Roy loves and idealizes the supposedly demure Helen, but Monte is a womanizer. Their German friend and fellow University of Oxford student Karl is against the idea of having to fight England if another war breaks out.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Meanwhile, in Munich, the oblivious Monte is caught in the arms of a woman by her German officer husband, who insists upon a duel the next morning. Monte flees that night. When Roy is mistaken for his brother, he goes ahead with the duel and is shot in the arm.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Karl is conscripted into the German Air Force, and the two British brothers enlist in the Royal Flying Corps. Monte gets a kiss from a girl at the recruiting station.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: When Roy finally introduces Monte to Helen, she invites Monte to her flat. Monte tries to rebuff her advances for his brother's sake but gives in. The next morning, however, he is for once ashamed of himself.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Meanwhile, Karl is an officer aboard a Zeppelin airship sent to bomb Trafalgar Square, London. As the bombardier-observer, he is lowered below the clouds in a spy basket. He deliberately guides the Zeppelin over water, where the bombs have no effect. Four RFC fighters are sent to intercept the Zeppelin. Roy pilots one, with Monte as his gunner. To gain altitude and speed more quickly, the airship commander decides to sacrifice Karl by cutting the cable that secures his pod. When that is not enough, he orders everything possible to be jettisoned. He then accepts the advice of another officer; the officer and other crewmen obediently leap to their deaths "for Kaiser and fatherland." German machine gunners shoot down three aircraft; Roy and Monte survive a crash landing. After his machine guns jam or run out of ammunition, the last British pilot aloft dives his fighter into the dirigible, setting it ablaze. The brothers narrowly avoid being killed by the crashing Zeppelin.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Later, Monte is branded a coward in France for shirking his duty when another pilot takes his place and is shot down. Roy and Monte step up when a staff colonel asks for two volunteers for a suicide mission. They are to destroy a vital enemy munitions depot. They will sneak in using a captured German bomber the next morning so that a British brigade will have a chance in their otherwise hopeless afternoon attack.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Roy discovers a drunk Helen in a nightclub with Captain Redfield that night. When he tries to take her home, she turns on him, revealing that she never loved him, that she was, in fact, not the young innocent he believed her to be. Devastated, Roy joins Monte for some carousing. Monte decides not to go on the mission and nearly persuades Roy to do the same, but in the end, Roy drags Monte back to the airfield.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: They blow up the German munitions dump but get caught in the act by the Imperial German Flying Corps squadron nicknamed the Flying Circus and led by the legendary "Red Baron" - Manfred von Richthofen. Monte defends the bomber with a machine gun until their squadron arrives, and a dogfight breaks out. Their buddy "Baldy" shoots down the one German still targeting the bomber, but then von Richthofen swoops in and shoots the brothers down. They are captured.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: As their use of a German plane violated the laws and customs of war, the brothers have the option of talking or facing a firing squad by none other than Roy's old dueling opponent. Monte decides to reveal all he knows of the attack to save his own life. Unable to change his brother's mind, Roy convinces Monte that he should speak with the German general alone. He offers to tell what he knows on the condition that there is no witness to his treason but demands a pistol to kill Monte so no one will know of his cowardice. The general gives him his gun and one bullet. Roy cannot persuade Monte to do the right thing and has no choice but to shoot his brother in the back. Afterward, Roy is executed. The British attack gets off to a successful start.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: "Hell's Angels" had been originally conceived as a silent, with James Hall and Ben Lyon as Roy and Monte Rutledge, and Norwegian silent film star Greta Nissen cast as Helen, the female lead, and was to be directed by Marshall Neilan. Principal photography began on October 31, 1927, with interiors shot at the Metropolitan Studio in Hollywood. A few weeks into production, however, Hughes' overbearing production techniques forced Neilan to quit. Hughes first hired Luther Reed, on loan from Paramount but still was in conflict over directing roles before hiring a more pliable director, Edmund Goulding, but took over the directing reins when it came to the frenetic aerial battle scenes.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: A year and a half into production, the advent of the sound motion picture came with the arrival of "The Jazz Singer". Hughes incorporated the new technology into the half-finished film, but Greta Nissen became the first casualty of the sound age, due to her pronounced Norwegian accent. He paid her for her work and cooperation, and replaced her, because her accent would make her role as a British aristocrat ludicrous. The role was soon filled with a teenage up-and-coming star found by Hall in a revue, and hired by Hughes himself, Jean Harlow.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: When Hughes made the decision to turn "Hell's Angels" into a talkie, he hired a then-unknown James Whale, who had just arrived in Hollywood following a successful turn directing the play "Journey's End" in London and on Broadway, to direct the talking sequences; it was Whale's film debut, and arguably prepared him for the later success he would have with the feature version of "Journey's End", "Waterloo Bridge", and, most famously, the 1931 version of "Frankenstein". Unhappy with the script, Whale brought in Joseph Moncure March to re-write it. Hughes later gave March the Luger pistol used in the famous execution scene near the film's ending.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: One talking scene, filmed in Multicolor but printed by Technicolor, provides the only color film footage of Jean Harlow. (Multicolor was not prepared to print the number of inserts needed for the wide release Hughes wanted.) The inexperienced actress, just 18 years old at the time she was cast, required a great deal of attention from Whale, who shut down production for three days while he worked Harlow through her scenes.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: During principal photography, Hughes, along with pilot Harry Parry, designed many of the aerial stunts for the dogfighting scenes. Pioneering aerial cinematographer Elmer Dyer captured many of the aerial scenes with Paul Mantz flying as the principal stunt pilot, leading the team of actual World War I pilots hired by Hughes. Hughes, himself an accomplished aviator, personally directed the aerial scenes from overhead, using radio control to coordinate the flying maneuvers.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Mantz considered the final scene, in which an aircraft had to make a steep pullout after a strafing mission, too dangerous, and reported that his pilots would not be able to do the maneuver safely. Hughes piloted the aircraft himself, but as Mantz had predicted, he failed to pull out, crashed and was seriously injured with a skull fracture. He spent the next few days recuperating in the hospital, where he underwent facial surgery. Three other aviators and a mechanic were killed during the film's production. Pilot Al Johnson crashed after hitting wires while landing at Caddo Field, near Van Nuys, California, where most of the location filming took place. Pilot C. K. Phillips crashed while delivering an S.E.5 fighter to the Oakland shooting location. Rupert Syme Macalister, an Australian pilot, was also killed, and mechanic Phil Jones died during production after he failed to bail out before the crash of a German Gotha bomber, piloted by Al Wilson, which had been doubled by Igor Sikorsky's Sikorsky S-29-A, his first biplane built after his arrival in the United States. In total, 137 pilots were used in filming the last major flying scene.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Due to the delay while Hughes tinkered with the flying scenes, Whale managed to entirely shoot his film adaptation of "Journey's End" and release it a month before "Hell's Angels" was released; the gap between completion of the dialogue scenes and completion of the aerial combat stunts allowed Whale to be paid, sail back to England, and begin work on the subsequent project, making "Hell's Angels", Whale's actual (albeit uncredited) cinema debut, but his "second" film to be released.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: With the majority of the film shot and in editing, Hughes realized a similar film, Darryl F. Zanuck's "The Dawn Patrol", would become a competitor at the box office. After attempting to lease all available period aircraft to stall his competitor, Hughes brought a lawsuit through the Caddo Company and the Gainsborough Corporation, that alleged that the screenplay of "Hell's Angels" was plagiarized. The lawsuit resulted in "The Dawn Patrol" being rushed through post-production in order to be in theaters before "Hell's Angels". In late 1930, Warner Bros. and Zanuck won the suit.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: The film was widely reported as being one of the most expensive films ever made, by contemporary sources, with a reputed budget of $4 million. However, this is a myth created by Hughes to publicise the film, and the accounts for "Hell's Angels" reveal that it in fact cost only $2.8 million, considerably less than the $4 million cost of "", released three years earlier.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: "Hell's Angels" received its premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on May 27, 1930. All the stars and makers of the film attended, as well as Cecil B. DeMille, Buster Keaton, Gloria Swanson, Dolores del Río, Loretta Young and Grant Withers, Norma Talmadge, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks, Billie Dove, Joe E. Brown, Joel McCrea, Bebe Daniels, Charles Farrell, Ruth Roland and Ben Bard, Mary Brian, Jackie Coogan, Sally Eilers and Hoot Gibson, Lawrence Tibbett, Sally Blane, Wheeler and Woolsey, Joseph Schildkraut, and Charlie Chaplin with his girlfriend Georgia Hale. A program with leather cover was designed for the premiere by famed aviation illustrator Clayton Knight. Reviews were universal in acclaim for the flying scenes but the mundane plot and maudlin characterizations were also noted. The "Hell's Angels" screening revealed many traits of pre-code Hollywood. In addition to some fairly frank sexuality, there was a surprising amount of adult language (for the time) during the final dogfight sequence, e.g. "son of a bitch", "goddamn it", and "for Christ's sake", along with the words "ass", "hell", and a few uses of "God" in other scenes.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: While Harlow, Lyon and Hall received mixed reviews for their acting, Hughes was praised for his hard work on the filming and aircraft sequences. Morduant Hall, reviewer for "The New York Times", was especially critical about Harlow's performance, saying, "his film is absorbing and exciting. But while she is the center of attraction, the picture is a most mediocre piece of work."


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: Harlow had top billing on the posters but in the film itself, she was billed third under Lyon and Hall.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: It earned $2.5 million for its backers at the box office, which made it one of the highest grossing sound films of its era, but still slightly less than its $2.8 million production costs.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: The line "Would you be shocked if I put on something more comfortable?", spoken by Jean Harlow, was nominated for the American Film Institute 2005 list AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: "Hell's Angels" has been re-released on VHS and DVD formats by Universal Studios, which in later years acquired the rights to the film. In its original British release, the censor cut more than 30 minutes from the film.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: In 1962, film director Stanley Kubrick cited "Hell's Angels" as one of his 10 favorite films that influenced his later career. The 1977 TV film "The Amazing Howard Hughes" has one passage where Hughes (Tommy Lee Jones) directs the Zeppelin segment over and over in non-stop takes: although he did repeated takes, Hughes, in reality, shot the Zeppelin scenes and left the partially shot footage untouched except for adding sound. According to film experts, he did not do any retakes of the Zeppelin sequence. Martin Scorsese's "The Aviator", a 2004 biopic of Hughes, during the opening act portrays the making of "Hell's Angels" and later its premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theatre.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: The involvement of Howard Hughes in "Hell's Angels" spawned a niche within enthusiasts in entertainment, aviation and militaria collectibles groups. Aviation enthusiasts have referenced the quality and authenticity of World War I aviation in the film.


title: Hell's Angels (film)

text: The line 'For you the war is over, nicht wahr? We are friends' has been quoted ever since, although typically only the first six words.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: British Airways Flight 38 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Beijing Capital International Airport in Beijing, China, to London Heathrow Airport in London, United Kingdom, an trip. On 17 January 2008, the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft operating the flight crashed just short of the runway while landing at Heathrow. No fatalities occurred; of the 152 people on board, 47 sustained injuries, one serious. It was the first time in the aircraft type's history that a Boeing 777 was declared a hull loss and subsequently written off.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The accident was investigated by the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) and a final report was issued in 2010. Ice crystals in the jet fuel were blamed as the cause of the accident, clogging the fuel-oil heat exchanger (FOHE) of each engine. This restricted fuel flow to the engines when thrust was demanded during the final approach to Heathrow. The AAIB then identified the rare problem as specific to Rolls-Royce engine FOHEs and Rolls-Royce developed a modification to its FOHE; the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) mandated all affected aircraft to be fitted with the modification before 1 January 2011.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The aircraft involved in the accident was a 150-tonne Boeing 777-236ER, registration (manufacturer's serial number 30314, line number 342), powered by two Rolls-Royce Trent 895-17 engines. The aircraft first flew on 18 May 2001 and was delivered to British Airways on 31 May 2001. It had a seating capacity for 233 passengers. On board were 16 crew members and 136 passengers. The crew consisted of Captain Peter Burkill (43), Senior First Officer John Coward (41), First Officer Conor Magenis (35), and 13 cabin crew members. The captain had 12,700 total flight hours, with 8,450 in Boeing 777 aircraft. The senior first officer had 9,000 total flight hours, with 7,000 in Boeing 777 aircraft. The first officer had 5,000 total flight hours, with 1,120 in Boeing 777 aircraft.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: Flight 38 departed from Beijing at 02:09 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). It flew over Mongolia, Siberia, and Scandinavia, at an altitude between flight level 348 and 400—approximately , and in temperatures between and . Aware of the cold conditions outside, the crew monitored the temperature of the fuel, with the intention of descending to a lower and warmer level if any danger of the fuel freezing arose.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: This did not prove necessary, as the fuel temperature never dropped below , still well above its freezing point.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: Ice adhered to the inside of the fuel lines, probably where they ran through the struts attaching the engines to the wings.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: This accumulation of ice had no effect on the flight until the final stages of the approach into Heathrow, when increased fuel flow and higher temperatures suddenly released it back into the fuel. This formed a slush of soft ice which flowed forward until it reached the fuel-oil heat exchangers (FOHEs) where it froze once again, causing a restriction in the flow of fuel to the engines.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The first symptoms of the fuel-flow restriction were noticed by the flight crew at an altitude of and from touchdown, when the engines repeatedly failed to respond to a demand for increased thrust from the autothrottle. In attempting to maintain the instrument landing system glide slope, the autopilot sacrificed speed, which reduced to at . The autopilot disconnected at , as the co-pilot took manual control. Meanwhile, the captain reduced the flap setting from 30 to 25° to decrease the drag on the aircraft and stretch the glide.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: At 12:42, the 777 passed just above traffic on the A30 and the airport's Southern Perimeter road and landed on the grass about short of runway 27L. The captain declared an emergency to air traffic control a few seconds before landing. The decision to raise the flaps allowed the plane to miss the ILS beacon within the airport perimeter, thus avoiding more substantial damage.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: During the impact and short slide over the ground, the nose gear collapsed, the right main gear separated from the aircraft, penetrating the central fuel tank and cabin space, and the left main gear was pushed up through the wing. The aircraft came to rest on the threshold markings at the start of the runway. A significant amount of fuel leaked, but no fire started. One passenger received serious injuries (concussion and a broken leg), and four crew members and eight passengers received minor injuries.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The London Ambulance Service stated that three fast response cars, nine ambulances, and several officers were sent to the scene to assess the casualties. Those injured were taken to the nearby Hillingdon Hospital.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: Willie Walsh, the British Airways chief executive, released a statement praising the actions of the "flight and cabin crew [who] did a magnificent job and safely evacuated all of the 136 passengers ... The captain of the aircraft is one of our most experienced and has been flying with us for nearly 20 years. Our crews are trained to deal with these situations." He also praised the fire, ambulance, and police services.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: All flights in and out of Heathrow were halted for a short time after the accident. When operations resumed, many long-haul outbound flights were either delayed or cancelled, and all short-haul flights were cancelled for the rest of the day. Some inbound flights were delayed, and 24 flights were diverted to Gatwick, Luton, or Stansted. In an attempt to minimise further travel disruptions, Heathrow Airport received dispensation from the Department for Transport to operate some night flights. Even so, the following day (18 January), 113 short-haul flights were cancelled because crews and aircraft were out of position.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: On the afternoon of 20 January 2008, two cranes lifted the aircraft onto wheeled platforms and removed it from its resting place. It was towed towards Heathrow's BA maintenance hangars base for storage and further inspections by the AAIB. After assessment of the damage and repair costs, the aircraft was declared to be damaged beyond economic repair (despite still being largely intact) and written off, becoming the first Boeing 777 hull loss in history. It was broken up and scrapped in the spring of 2009. The dismantling and disposal was handled by Air Salvage International.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: During a press conference the day after the accident, Captain Peter Burkill said that he would not be publicly commenting on the cause of the incident while the AAIB investigation was in progress. He revealed that Senior First Officer John Coward was flying the aircraft, and that First Officer Conor Magenis was also present on the flight deck at the time of the accident. Coward was more forthcoming in a later interview, stating: "As the final approach started I became aware that there was no power ... suddenly there was nothing from any of the engines, and the plane started to glide."<ref name="SundayMirror_2008/01/20"></ref>


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: Burkill and Coward were grounded for a month following the crash while they were assessed for post-traumatic stress disorder. Five months after the accident, Burkill flew again, taking charge of a flight to Montreal, Canada. He remained "haunted" by the incident, and took voluntary redundancy from British Airways in August 2009. Burkill subsequently established a blog and wrote a book, "Thirty Seconds to Impact", that denounced BA's treatment of the situation following the crash. In November 2010, Burkill rejoined British Airways, stating, "I am delighted that the discussions with British Airways, have come to a mutually, happy conclusion. In my opinion, British Airways is the pinnacle of any pilot's career, and it is my honour and privilege to be returning to an airline that I joined as a young man."


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: All 16 crew were awarded the BA Safety Medal for their performance during the accident. The medal is British Airways' highest honour. On 11 December 2008 the crew received the President's Award from the Royal Aeronautical Society.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: British Airways continues to use the flight 38 designation on its Beijing to Heathrow route, operating out of Beijing Daxing International Airport, usually with a Boeing 787 Dreamliner.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: Mechanical engine failure was not regarded as a likely cause given the very low probability of a simultaneous dual engine failure. An electronic or software glitch in the computerised engine-control systems was suggested as possible causes of the simultaneous loss of power on both engines. Both engine and computer problems were ruled out by the findings of the February Special Bulletin.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: Some speculation indicated that radio interference from the Prime Minister's motorcade, which was leaving Heathrow after dropping the Prime Minister off for a flight to China, was responsible for the accident. This interference was also eliminated as a cause.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: Initial analysis from David Learmount, a "Flight International" editor, was that "The aircraft had either a total or severe power loss and this occurred very late in the final approach because the pilot did not have time to tell air traffic control or passengers." Learmount went on to say that to land in just , the aircraft must have been near stalling when it touched down. The captain also reported the aircraft's stall warning system had sounded.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The METAR in force at the time indicated that the wind was forecast to gust according to ICAO criteria for wind reporting, but it was not gusting at the time and wind shear had not been reported. The possibility of a bird strike was raised, but there were no sightings or radar reports of birds. Speculation had focused on electronics and fuel supply issues. A few weeks after the accident, as suspicion started to fall on the possibility of ice in the fuel, United Airlines undertook a review of their procedures for testing and draining the fuel used in their aircraft, while American Airlines considered switching to a different type of jet fuel for polar flights.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The Department for Transport's AAIB investigated the accident, with the US National Transportation Safety Board, Boeing, and Rolls-Royce also participating. The investigation took two years to complete, and the AAIB published its final report on 9 February 2010. Three preliminary reports and 18 safety recommendations were issued during the course of the investigation.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The flight data recorder (FDR) and the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), along with the quick access recorder (QAR), were recovered from the aircraft within hours of the accident, and they were transported to the AAIB's Farnborough headquarters, some 30 miles from Heathrow. The information downloaded from these devices confirmed what the crew had already told the investigators, that the engines had not responded when the throttles were advanced during final approach.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: In its Special Bulletin of 18 February 2008, the AAIB noted evidence that cavitation had taken place in both high-pressure fuel pumps, which could be indicative of a restriction in the fuel supply or excessive aeration of the fuel, although the manufacturer assessed both pumps as still being able to deliver full fuel flow. The report noted the aircraft had flown through air that was unusually cold (but not exceptionally so), and concluded that the temperature had not been low enough to freeze the fuel. Tests were continuing in an attempt to replicate the damage seen in the fuel pumps and to match this to the data recorded on the flight. A comprehensive examination and analysis was to be conducted on the entire aircraft and engine fuel system, including modelling fuel flows, taking account of environmental and aerodynamic effects.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The AAIB issued a further bulletin on 12 May 2008, which confirmed that the investigation continued to focus on fuel delivery. It stated, "The reduction in thrust on both engines was the result of a reduced fuel flow and all engine parameters after the thrust reduction were consistent with this." The report confirmed that the fuel was of good quality and had a freezing point below the coldest temperatures encountered, appearing to rule out fuel freezing as a cause. As in the aforementioned February bulletin, the report noted cavitation damage to the high-pressure fuel pumps of both engines, indicative of abnormally low pressure at the pump inlets. After ruling out fuel freezing or contamination, the investigation then focused on what caused the low pressure at the pump inlets. "Restrictions in the fuel system between the aircraft fuel tanks and each of the engine HP pumps, resulting in reduced fuel flows, is suspected." The fuel delivery system was being investigated at Boeing, and the engines at manufacturer Rolls-Royce in Derby.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The report summarised the extensive testing performed in an effort to replicate the problem suffered by G-YMMM. This included creating a mock-up of G-YMMM's fuel delivery system, to which water was added to study its freezing properties. After a battery of tests, the AAIB had not yet succeeded in reproducing the suspected icing behaviour and was undertaking further investigation. Nevertheless, the AAIB believed its testing showed that fuel flow was restricted on G-YMMM and that frozen water in the jet fuel could have caused the restriction, ruling out alternative hypotheses such as a failure of the aircraft's FADEC (computerised engine control system). The hypothesis favoured in the report was that ice had accreted somewhere downstream of the boost pumps in the wing fuel tanks and upstream of the engine-mounted fuel pumps. Either enough ice had accumulated to cause a blockage at a single point, or ice throughout the fuel lines had become dislodged as fuel flow increased during the landing approach, and the dislodged ice had then formed a blockage somewhere downstream.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: Because temperatures in flight had not dropped below the 777's designed operating parameters, the AAIB recommended Boeing and Rolls-Royce take interim measures on Trent 800-powered 777s to reduce the risk of ice restricting fuel delivery. Boeing did so by revising the 777 operating procedures so as to reduce the opportunities for such blockages to occur, and by changing the procedure to be followed in the event of power loss to take into account the possibility that ice accumulation was the cause.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The report went on to recommend that the aviation regulators (FAA and EASA) should consider whether other aircraft types and other engines might be affected by the same problem, and to consider changing the certification process to ensure that future aircraft designs would not be susceptible to the newly recognised danger from ice formation in the fuel.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The report acknowledged that a redesign of the fuel system would not be practical in the near term, and suggested two ways to lower the risk of recurrence. One was to use a fuel additive (FSII) that prevents water ice from forming down to . Western air forces have used FSII for decades, and although it is not widely used in commercial aviation, it is nonetheless approved for the 777.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The Special Bulletin of 18 February, stated "no evidence of a mechanical defect or ingestion of birds or ice" was found, "no evidence of fuel contamination or unusual levels of water content" was seen within the fuel, and the recorded data indicated "no anomalies in the major aircraft systems". Some small foreign bodies, however, were detected in the fuel tanks, although these were later concluded to have had no bearing on the accident.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The Special Bulletin of 12 May 2008 specifically ruled out certain other possible causes, stating: "There is no evidence of a wake vortex encounter, a bird strike, or core engine icing. There is no evidence of any anomalous behaviour of any of the aircraft or engine systems that suggests electromagnetic interference."


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The AAIB also studied the crashworthiness of the aircraft during the accident sequence. It observed that the main attachment point for the main landing gear was the rear spar of the aircraft's wing; because this spar also formed the rear wall of the main fuel tanks, the crash landing caused the tanks to rupture. Boeing was recommended to redesign the landing gear attachment to reduce the likelihood of fuel loss in similar circumstances.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The report went on to note that the fire extinguisher handles had been manually deployed by the crew before the fuel shut-off switches. The fire extinguisher handles also have the effect of cutting off power to the fuel switches, meaning that the fuel may continue to flow – a potentially dangerous situation. The report restated a previous Boeing Service Bulletin giving procedural advice that fuel switches should be operated before fire handles. It went on: "This was not causal to the accident, but could have had serious consequences in the event of a fire during the evacuation."


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: Indeed, the need to issue "Safety Recommendation 2008–2009", affecting all 777 airframes, which had yet to incorporate the Boeing Service Bulletin (SB 777-28-0025) – as was the case with G-YMMM – was given as the main reason for issuing the first special bulletin, well before the accident investigation itself was complete.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: On 26 November 2008, Delta Air Lines Flight 18 from Shanghai to Atlanta, a Trent 895-powered Boeing 777, experienced an "uncommanded rollback" of one engine while in cruise at . The crew followed manual recovery procedures and the flight continued without incident. The US NTSB assigned one of the investigators who worked on the BA Flight 38 investigation to this incident, and looked specifically for any similarity between the two incidents. The NTSB Safety Recommendation report concluded that ice clogging the FOHE was the likely cause. The evidence was stronger in this case since data from the flight data recorder allowed the investigators to locate where the fuel flow was restricted.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: In early 2009, Boeing sent an update to aircraft operators, linking the British Airways and Delta Air Lines "uncommanded rollback" incidents, and identifying the problem as specific to the Rolls-Royce engine FOHEs. Originally, other aircraft were thought to be unaffected by the problem. However, in May 2009, another similar incident happened with an Airbus A330 powered by a Trent series 700 engine.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The enquiries led Boeing to reduce the recommended time that the fuel on 777 aircraft equipped with Rolls-Royce Trent 800-series engines be allowed to remain at temperatures below from three to two hours.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: On 11 March 2009, the NTSB issued urgent safety recommendation SB-09-11 calling for the redesign of the FOHEs used on Rolls-Royce Trent 800 Series engines. A build-up of ice from water naturally occurring in the fuel had caused a restriction of the flow of fuel to the engines of G-YMMM. Rolls-Royce had already started on redesigning the component, with an in-service date of March 2010 at the latest. All affected engines were to be fitted with the redesigned component within six months of its certification. In May 2010 the Airworthiness Directive was extended to cover the Trent 500 and 700 series engines, as well.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: In November 2009, 10 passengers were announced to be suing Boeing over the incident in the Circuit Court of Cook County in Illinois, United States. Each of the ten plaintiffs reportedly could receive up to US$1,000,000 (about £600,000 at the time) compensation. The lawsuit alleged that the design of the aircraft was "defective and unreasonably dangerous", that Boeing "breached their duty of care", and also breached their "warranties of merchantability and fitness". Claims were settled out of court in 2012.


title: British Airways Flight 38

text: The Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series "Mayday" featured the incident in a season-10 episode titled "The Heathrow Enigma".


title: Miss USA

text: Miss USA is an American beauty pageant that has been held annually since 1952 to select the entrant from United States in the Miss Universe pageant. The Miss Universe Organization operated both pageants, as well as Miss Teen USA, until 2020, when the organization announced it was licensing operation of the Miss USA and Miss Teen USA pageants to Crystle Stewart, Miss USA for 2008.


title: Miss USA

text: The pageant was owned by Donald Trump from 1996 to 2015 and was previously broadcast on NBC. In September 2015, WME/IMG purchased the pageant from Trump. In 2020, for the first time, the FYI network broadcast the competition. In October 2022, JKN Global Group acquired the pageant from WME/IMG.


title: Miss USA

text: The current Miss USA is R'Bonney Gabriel of Texas, who was crowned on October 3, 2022, at the Grand Sierra Resort, in Reno, Nevada.


title: Miss USA

text: The Miss USA pageant was conceived in 1950 when Yolande Betbeze, winner of the Miss America pageant, refused to pose for publicity pictures while wearing a swimsuit. Pageant sponsor Catalina decided to pull their sponsorship of the pageant and create their own competition. Other owners have included a subsidiary of Gulf+Western Industries, ITT Corporation, and Donald Trump.


title: Miss USA

text: The first Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants were held concurrently in Long Beach, California in 1952; the first Miss USA winner was Miss New York USA Jackie Loughery. There were 30 delegates in the first year of competition. Many states did not compete every year during the first two decades of the pageant's history. Since the 1970s, each state and the District of Columbia have sent a delegate each year. Alaska first competed in 1959 and Hawaii in 1960. Both had competed at Miss Universe until this time.


title: Miss USA

text: The pageant aired on CBS from 1963 until 2002, and for many years was known for having a CBS game show host as pageant host. John Charles Daly hosted the show from 1963 to 1966, Bob Barker from 1967 (he was not a regular for the CBS network until 1972 when he became the host of "The Price Is Right" which he hosted until 2007) until 1987 (at which point Barker, a lifelong vegan, quit in a dispute over fur coats), Alan Thicke in 1988, Dick Clark from 1989 to 1993, and Bob Goen from 1994 to 1996. The show's highest ratings were in the early 1980s when it regularly topped the Nielsen ratings. Viewership dropped sharply from the 1990s to the 2000s, from an estimated viewership of 20 million to an average of 7 million from 2000 to 2001. In 2002, owner Donald Trump brokered a new deal with NBC, giving them half-ownership of the Miss USA, Miss Universe, and Miss Teen USA and moving them to NBC on an initial five-year contract. The pageants were first shown on NBC in 2003.


title: Miss USA

text: The Miss USA title winner historically represented the U.S. in its sister pageant, Miss Universe. Since its inception, eight Miss USA titleholders have gone on to win Miss Universe. In the mid-1960s, the organization established a rule that when a Miss USA wins the Miss Universe title, the first runner-up assumes the Miss USA title for the remainder of the year. This occurred in 1980, 1995, 1997, and 2012. In 1967, the first runner-up Susan Bradley of California declined the title and the crown went to the second runner-up Cheryl Patton of Florida. The only instance when a first runner-up assumed the title of Miss USA before this period was in 1957, when Mary Leona Gage of Maryland resigned after it was discovered she was married.


title: Miss USA

text: The winner is assigned a one-year contract with the Miss Universe Organization, traveling across the United States and sometimes overseas to spread messages about their chosen causes. Aside from the job, the winner also receives a cash allowance for her entire reign, a modelling portfolio, beauty products, clothes, shoes, styling, healthcare, and fitness services from different pageant sponsors. She also gains exclusive access to events such as fashion shows and opening galas, as well as access to casting calls and modeling opportunities throughout New York City. When Donald Trump owned the pageant, the winner was given the use of a Trump Place apartment in New York City during her reign, which she shared with the Miss Universe and Miss Teen USA titleholders. If the winner, for any reason, cannot fulfill her duties as Miss USA, including if she wins the title of Miss Universe, the 1st runner-up takes over.


title: Miss USA

text: After losing its television partners, it was announced that Miss USA 2015 would be streamed on the pageant's website. Shortly before the pageant, Reelz Channel announced that it would broadcast Miss USA 2015.


title: Miss USA

text: In September 2015, IMG bought the Miss Universe Organization for an undisclosed amount. The company had previously been involved in licensing and production for the events. The following month, Fox announced that it had acquired the U.S. television rights to Miss USA and Miss Universe beginning with Miss Universe 2015 and Miss USA 2016.


title: Miss USA

text: In October 2022, JKN Global Group through JKN Metaverse Inc. acquired the Miss Universe Organization for US$14 million.


title: Miss USA

text: In late-June 2015, both NBC and Spanish-language network Univision (which was to begin a new five-year contract for Spanish rights) announced that they would cut their ties with Donald Trump and the Miss Universe Organization in response to remarks Trump made relating to undocumented immigrants during the launch of his 2016 U.S. presidential campaign. Trump threatened to sue both companies over the decision; on June 30, 2015, Trump sued Univision for defamation and breach of contract. In February 2016, Donald Trump and Univision reached a settlement ending the litigation. The terms of the settlement remain confidential but included an agreement for Trump to buy back NBCUniversal's stake in the MUO.


title: Miss USA

text: The Miss USA 2020 pageant had always usually in the spring or summer schedule, and numerous scheduling delays had impacted it, lacked finding a location, and broadcasting issues amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, it would be televised at FYI and the first pageant to be held in fall, in November.


title: Miss USA

text: In the summer of 2020, the Miss Universe organization finalized licensing of future annual operation of the Miss USA and Miss Teen USA pageants to Crystle Stewart, who was Miss USA 2008. The first pageant competitions under her directorship as Miss USA Organization were the 2021 productions.


title: Miss USA

text: Shortly after the Miss USA 2022 competition, the Miss Universe Organization suspended the organizers of the Miss USA pageant (headed by Crystle Stewart) after allegations of favoritism toward the eventual winner, R'Bonney Gabriel, while she was still Miss Texas USA. The investigation is ongoing.


title: Miss USA

text: The modern pageant consists of a preliminary competition held a week before the pageant when all contestants are judged in swimsuit, evening gown, and interview competitions.


title: Miss USA

text: Every year, applicants must have to choose their delegate for the Miss USA pageant between the ages of above 18 and below 28 on the annual state pageant season. Each state holds a preliminary competition. In some states (such as Texas and Florida), local pageants are also held to determine delegates for the state competition. The state winners hold the title "Miss (State) USA" for the year of their reign.


title: Miss USA

text: The most successful state is Texas; nine Texas representatives have gone on to win the Miss USA title, more than any other state, including five consecutive winners from 1985 until 1989. California has the second most wins at six, while the District of Columbia, New York, Hawaii, and Illinois each have four.


title: Miss USA

text: Miss USA licenses out the state pageants to pageant directors, who in some cases are responsible for more than one state. The directorial groups are the following:


title: Miss USA

text: At the age of , Miss USA 2022, R'Bonney Gabriel became the oldest Miss USA winner in the pageant's history. Miss USA 2015, Olivia Jordan, of Oklahoma is the only Miss USA winner to compete in two major international pageants: Miss Universe and Miss World. The tallest Miss USA is Miss USA 2012, Nana Meriwether, of Maryland at 6 feet and 0 inch (183 cm).


title: Miss USA

text: The first Asian-American woman to win Miss USA was Macel Wilson of Hawaii in 1962; the first Hispanic woman was Laura Martinez-Herring of Texas in 1985; the first African-American winner was Carole Gist of Michigan in 1990; the first Pacific Islander American Miss USA was Brook Lee of Hawaii in 1997; and the first Middle Eastern American Miss USA was Rima Fakih of Michigan in 2010.


title: Miss USA

text: Though no woman has ever won both titles outright, Brandi Sherwood of Idaho is the only woman to have held both the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA titles. She was Miss Idaho Teen USA, Miss Teen USA 1989, Miss Idaho USA 1997, first runner-up at Miss USA 1997, and in May 1997 assumed the Miss USA title after Brook Lee of Hawaii won the Miss Universe pageant. Ten other Miss USA titleholders have also previously competed at Miss Teen USA. These include:


title: Miss USA

text: Shandi Finnessey, Miss USA 2004 and Miss Missouri 2002 won a preliminary evening gown award at Miss America 2003. Also, Miriam Stevenson placed in the top 10 at Miss America 1954 as Miss South Carolina 1953.


title: Miss USA

text: Many Miss USA winners have gone to pursue careers in the entertainment industry. Those who have been successful in the industry include Summer Bartholomew, Deborah Shelton, Laura Martinez-Herring, Kelli McCarty, Shanna Moakler, Frances Parker, Ali Landry, Kenya Moore, Brandi Sherwood, Kimberly Pressler, Susie Castillo, Shandi Finnessey, Rachel Smith, Crystle Stewart, and Cheslie Kryst.


title: Miss USA

text: The awards most frequently presented at Miss USA are Miss Amity (also known as Miss Congeniality) and Miss Photogenic.


title: Miss USA

text: The Miss Amity Award is chosen by the delegates, and recognizes those who are the friendliest and make the pageant experience the most enjoyable. From 1952 to 1964, when the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants were concurrent events, the award could be won by a contestant competing either for Miss USA or Miss Universe. In fact, in 1960, there was a tie, with the award going to Miss Universe Burma, Myint Myint May, and Miss Louisiana USA, Rebecca Fletcher. In 2015, Alaska and Delaware tied for the Miss Congeniality award. Vermont and Wyoming have won five Miss Amity/Congeniality awards, two more than any other state.


title: Miss USA

text: The Miss Photogenic prize was first awarded in 1965 and was chosen by journalists until 1996 when it was chosen by an internet vote for the first time. There has been only one tie in this award's history: in 1980, when it was shared between Jineane Ford of Arizona and Elizabeth Kim Thomas of Ohio. The state that has won the most Photogenic awards is Virginia.


title: Miss USA

text: Other awards that have been presented include Best State Costume (1962–1993, 2021–present), Style (1995–2001) and Most Beautiful Eyes (1993). In 1998, a special Distinguished Achievement award was given to Halle Berry. Berry was Miss Ohio USA 1986 and placed 1st runner-up to Christy Fichtner of Texas. She later went on to become an acclaimed actress and Oscar winner.


title: Miss USA

text: In the first eight years of competition (1952–1959), the Miss USA pageant was held in Long Beach, California. The competition moved to Miami Beach, Florida in 1960 and stayed there until 1971. In 1972, the pageant was held in Puerto Rico, the only time the pageant has been held outside the continental United States. That pageant was rocked by an explosion at the host hotel.


title: Miss USA

text: From 1972 onwards, the pageant has been held in various locations, generally being held in each location for two to three years.


title: Miss USA

text: Since 2003, a number of delegates have been involved in special episodes of regular programs broadcast by NBC. From 2003 to 2005, six delegates each year were chosen to participate in a special Miss USA edition of "Fear Factor", with the victorious contestant taking the title "Miss Fear Factor USA" and a prize of $50,000 ($25,000 of which was to be donated to a charity of the winner's choice). These were broadcast immediately prior to the live pageant broadcast.


title: Miss USA

text: In 2006, Chelsea Cooley and twenty-six delegates participated as briefcase models in a Miss USA special of "Deal or No Deal".


title: Miss USA

text: In 2010, ten Miss USA and Miss Universe winners competed for charity on a special "Last Beauty Standing" edition of "Minute to Win It".


title: Miss USA

text: Many Miss USA and Miss Teen USA delegates have participated in reality television shows and other television game shows. Well known delegates who later competed in reality shows are Danni Boatwright, winner of "" and contestant of "", Kim Mullen of ""; Amanda Kimmel of "", "" and ""; Candace Smith of ""; Ashley Underwood of "", and Desiree Williams of ""; Christie Lee Woods of "The Amazing Race 5" and "The Amazing Race 31", Nicole O'Brian also of "The Amazing Race 5", Stephanie Smith of "The Amazing Race 17" and Amy Diaz of "The Amazing Race 23"; Shandi Finnessey, Shanna Moakler and Hannah Brown on "Dancing with the Stars"; Jennifer Murphy of "The Apprentice 4"; Tori Fiorenza of ""; Brown also appeared in "The Bachelor" and "The Bachelorette", other "The Bachelor" stars include Krisily Kennedy, Catherine Warren, Caroline Lunny, Caelynn Miller-Keyes, Alayah Benavidez, Kelsey Weier, Victoria Paul, Mariela Pepin, and Susie Evans.


title: Miss USA

text: In 2007, "Pageant Place", a reality television show featuring Rachel Smith, Riyo Mori, Hilary Cruz, Katie Blair, and Tara Conner aired on MTV.


title: Miss USA

text: On June 19, 2011, Bravo Television's Andy Cohen co-hosted the event's 60th anniversary live in Las Vegas with "E! News" and "Fashion Police"'s Giuliana Rancic. They also hosted the 2012 pageant.


title: Blue whale penis

text: The blue whale penis is the largest in the animal kingdom. It is commonly cited as having an average penis length of to and a diameter of to .


title: Blue whale penis

text: The reported average penis length varies but is usually mentioned to have an average length of . The most common reported average length is roughly but the average diameter is only , making the penis proportionately very long and thin. However, its girth has also been reported to be nearer , with a single ejaculation estimated to be about , based on the size of its testes each weighing .


title: Blue whale penis

text: "Average" for a blue whale penis, however, is difficult to gauge given that the penis is unlikely to be able to be measured during sexual intercourse. The penis of the blue whale is normally hidden inside its body and jets out through a genital slit during intercourse. They are stated to be tough and fibrous (more than in any other mammal). It is believed that it uses the elasticity of this tissue to get an erection and not from any blood flow, though this hypothesis has not been confirmed by any scientific study.


title: Blue whale penis

text: With whales, the length of the penis can be an indication of the maturity of the organism. Sei whales for instance are divided into categories such as immature, pubertal and mature. However, length is not the only factor as it is recorded in relation to the size of the whale's testes and its histology. For instance, research conducted off South Africa found that the longest penis of an immature categorized whale was and the smallest penis of a mature whale was . By comparison the average blue whale penis is nearly 3 times the size of that of a sei whale. Specimen measurements indicate that a blue whale measuring in length had a vestigial mammary slit of width and length, with a penis measurement of . In another specimen in which the length of the whale was and weighed 50.9 metric tons, the brain weighed only .


title: Blue whale penis

text: The Icelandic Phallological Museum has a portion of a blue whale's penis measuring long and weighing , which "Iceland Review" has dubbed "a real Moby Dick". The specimen is just the tip, as the entire organ, when intact, would have been about long and weighed about , well above average for even a blue whale. By comparison, an adult elephant's penis is the largest penis of any land animal at on average.


title: Jack Schwartzman

text: Jack Schwartzman was born on July 22, 1932, in New York City. He had a brother, Leonard Schwartzman, who became a physician.


title: Jack Schwartzman

text: Schwartzman was an entertainment attorney (clients included director Hal Ashby) and in the late 1970s was an executive at Lorimar Films. Schwartzman later became a film producer; among the films he produced were the 1983 non-Eon James Bond film "Never Say Never Again", starring Sean Connery and the 1986 film "Rad", starring Bill Allen. His production company, Taliafilm, was named after second wife, actress Talia Shire.


title: Jack Schwartzman

text: In 1984, his Taliafilm company slates four pictures at the Producers Sales Organization, which will serve as financer and spent $80 million on making their own movies. In 1985, he set up his own film fund, Taliafilm II, with the three projects serving within the core Taliafilm II team were "Rad", "", and "Lionheart: The Children's Crusade".


title: Jack Schwartzman

text: Schwartzman and his first wife, Judith Deborah Feldman (m. February 5, 1958 – August 11, 1980; divorced) had two children, John Schwartzman and Stephanie. Schwartzman and his second wife, actress Talia Shire had two sons, Jason Schwartzman and Robert Coppola Schwartzman. Jack Schwartzman died of pancreatic cancer on June 15, 1994, in Los Angeles, California.


title: Sachin Khedekar

text: Sachin Khedekar (born 14 May 1965) is an Indian actor and director known for his work in Hindi, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Gujarati language films. His well-known films include "Kaksparsh", "Astitva" and Shyam Benegal's "" in which he portrayed Subhas Chandra Bose. Notable TV series include " Sailaab" "Imtihaan" and "Samvidhaan" in which he played B. R. Ambedkar.


title: Sachin Khedekar

text: Khedekar was born on 14 May 1965 and raised in Vile Parle, Mumbai, in a Marathi Chitpavan Brahmin family. He lost his father at the age of 5. He is married to Jalpa Khedekar.


title: Sachin Khedekar

text: Khedekar started as a theatre artist before moving to act in movies. He started acting in plays in 1985. His first play was "Vidhilikhit". He has also been in a play titled "Shyam Rang" in 2000. He got into Hindi television through the show "Imtihaan" in 1995.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: , Op. 30 (, Thus Spoke Zarathustra or Thus Spake Zarathustra) is a tone poem by Richard Strauss, composed in 1896 and inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical 1883–1885 novel "Thus Spoke Zarathustra". The composer conducted its first performance on 27 November 1896 in Frankfurt. A typical performance lasts half an hour.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: The initial fanfare – titled "Sunrise" in the composer's programme notes – became well known after its use in Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film "".


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: The work is orchestrated for piccolo, 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 3 oboes, English horn, clarinet in E-flat, 2 clarinets in B-flat, bass clarinet in B-flat, 3 bassoons, contrabassoon, 6 horns in F and E, 4 trumpets in C and E, 3 trombones, 2 tubas, timpani, bass drum, cymbals, triangle, glockenspiel, bell on low E, organ, and strings: 2 harps, violins I, II (16 each), violas (12), cellos (12), and double basses (8) (with low B string).


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: The piece is divided into nine sections played with only three definite pauses. Strauss named the sections after selected chapters of Friedrich Nietzsche's novel "Thus Spoke Zarathustra":


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: These selected chapters from Nietzsche's novel highlight major moments of the character Zarathustra's philosophical journey in the novel. The general storylines and ideas in these chapters were the inspiration used to build the tone poem's structure.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: The piece starts with a sustained double low C on the double basses, contrabassoon and church organ. This transforms into the brass fanfare of the Introduction and introduces the "dawn" motif (from "Zarathustra's Prologue", the text of which is included in the printed score) that is common throughout the work; the motif includes three notes, in intervals of a fifth and octave, as C–G–C (known also as the Nature-motif). On its first appearance, the motif is a part of the first five notes of the natural overtone series: octave, octave and fifth, two octaves, two octaves and major third (played as part of a C major chord with the third doubled). The major third is immediately changed to a minor third, which is the first note played in the work (E flat) that is not part of the overtone series.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: "Of the Backworldsmen" begins with cellos, double-basses and organ pedal before changing into a lyrical passage for the entire section.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: "Of Joys and Passions", in C minor, would mark the first subject theme of the work's "allegro" (exposition) proper.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: The strings prevail in "The Song of the Grave", in which some would say the second subject theme, in B minor, starts in this section.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: The following portion of the piece can be analyzed as a large development section. "Of Science and Learning" features an unusual fugue beginning at measure 201 in the double-basses and cellos, which consists of all twelve notes of the chromatic scale. Measure 223 contains one of the very few sections in the orchestral literature where the basses must play a contra B (the lowest B on a piano), which is only possible on a 5-string bass or (less frequently) on a 4-string bass with a low-B extension.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: <score sound="1"> \relative c { \clef bass \time 4/4 c,4(\pp g' c2) | b4( fis d2) | \times 2/3 { ees4( g bes) } \times 2/3 { a( e cis~ } | \times 2/3 { des2) f!-- aes-- } | g2. } </score>


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: The development continues in "The Convalescent". By the end of this section, there is a prolonged retransition over the dominant of C major.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: Back in C major, "The Dance Song" would mark the recapitulation. It features a very prominent violin solo throughout the section. Later in this section, elements from "The Song of the Grave" (the second subject theme) are heard in the work's original key.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: "Song of the Night Wanderer" would mark the coda of the tone poem. It begins with 12 strikes of midnight. The end of the "Song of the Night Wanderer" leaves the piece half-resolved, with high flutes, piccolos and violins playing a B major chord, while the lower strings pluck a C.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: <score sound="1"> \relative c"" { \clef treble \time 4/4 \key b \major <dis b fis dis>1\ppp | \clef bass c,,,4 r c r | c r r2 \bar "|." } </score>


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: One of the major compositional themes of the piece is the contrast between the keys of B major, representing humanity, and C major, representing the universe. Because B and C are adjacent notes, these keys are tonally dissimilar: B major uses five sharps, while C major has none.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: There are two opinions about the world riddle theme. Some sources denote the fifth/octave intervals (C–G–C) as the World riddle motif. However, other sources refer to the two conflicting keys in the final section as representing the World riddle (C–G–C B–F–B), with the unresolved harmonic progression being an unfinished or unsolved riddle: the melody does not conclude with a well-defined tonic note as being either C or B, hence it is unfinished. The ending of the composition has been described:


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: The first recording was made in 1935 with Serge Koussevitzky and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. In 1944, Strauss conducted the Vienna Philharmonic in an experimental high fidelity recording of the piece, made on a German Magnetophon tape recorder. This was later released on LP by Vanguard Records and on CD by various labels. Strauss's friend and colleague, Fritz Reiner, made the first stereophonic recording of the music with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in March 1954 for RCA Victor. In 2012, this recording was added to the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry 2011 list of "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important" American sound recordings. "Thus Spake Zarathustra" by the Philharmonia Orchestra conducted by Lorin Maazel reached No. 33 in the UK chart in 1969. The recording of the opening fanfare used for the film "2001: A Space Odyssey" was performed by the Vienna Philharmonic and conducted by Herbert von Karajan.


title: Also sprach Zarathustra

text: Due to its use in "", the opening theme of the tone poem became well-known, and was often used as a portent of a significant event to come or regularly used for space-related scenes:


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: Almanzo James Wilder (; February 13, 1857 – October 23, 1949) was the husband of Laura Ingalls Wilder and the father of Rose Wilder Lane, both noted authors.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: Almanzo James Wilder was born on February 13, 1857 at Wilder Homestead outside Malone, New York, as the fifth of six children born to farmers James Mason (1813–1899) and Angelina Albina (née Day) Wilder (1821–1905). His siblings included Laura Ann (1844–1899), Royal Gould (1847–1925), Eliza Jane (1850–1930), Alice Maria (1853–1892), and Perley Day Wilder (1869–1934). As part of her "Little House" series of semi-autobiographical novels, Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote a book titled "Farmer Boy" about Wilder's childhood in upstate New York; he would subsequently become a recurring character in the later "Little House" books in which his wife wrote about their courtship and subsequent marriage, in "The Long Winter", "Little Town on the Prairie", "These Happy Golden Years", and "The First Four Years" respectively. He also appears briefly in chapter 28 ('Moving Day') of "By the Shores of Silver Lake". Almanzo is characterized as a quietly courageous, hardworking man who loves horses and farming, and is also described as an accomplished carpenter and woodworker.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: "Farmer Boy" recounts events of Wilder's childhood starting when he was eight years old, in 1866. Among other things, he begins attending school (when not needed at home for farm work), learns to drive a team of oxen, attends a county fair, and enjoys a mid-19th century Fourth of July celebration in town. He also learns how to deal with being bossed around by his older siblings, particularly his strong-willed sister Eliza Jane, who would later become a teacher of his future wife.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: "Farmer Boy," by publication date, was the second book written in the "Little House" series. Published in 1933, it was followed by "Little House on the Prairie" in 1935. The original order of publication was changed by the publisher Harper with the release of the newly illustrated 1953 edition.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: The Wilder family left Burke in 1870 due to crop failures. Moving west, they settled in Spring Valley, Minnesota, where they established a farm. In 1879, Wilder and his older brother Royal along with sister Eliza Jane moved to the Dakota Territory, taking claims near what would later become the town of De Smet, South Dakota. Wilder settled on his homestead with the intent of planting acres of seed wheat which he had cultivated on rented shares in Marshall, Minnesota, the previous summer. It was in De Smet that he first met Laura Ingalls. The Ingalls family had been among the first settlers in the area, before the town was formally organized. They moved to the Dakota Territory from Walnut Grove, Minnesota, when Charles Ingalls took a brief job with the railroad.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: Ingalls wrote of Wilder's character in "The Long Winter". Along with his future wife's fellow school chum, Ed "Cap" Garland, Wilder risked his life to save the pioneers of De Smet from starvation during the hard winter of 1881, among them the Ingalls family. Wilder was 23 and Garland 16 when, in between one of the horrific blizzards that shook the region during the 1880–1881 winter, they went in search of wheat a farmer had supposedly harvested to the southwest of De Smet in the summer of 1880. They managed to find the farmer and purchase. After a difficult negotiation, they hauled 60 bushels of wheat on sleds that continually broke through the snow into slough grass, barely making it back to De Smet before a four-day blizzard hit the area.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: When Wilder was 25 years old and Ingalls was age 15, the two began courting. Wilder would drive Ingalls back and forth between De Smet and a new settlement outside town where she was teaching school and boarding. Then, when spring came, they would go for long buggy rides. Three years later, on August 25, 1885, Wilder and Ingalls were married in De Smet by the Reverend Edward Brown. They settled on Wilder's claim and began their own small farming operations. The Wilders' daughter, Rose, was born December 5, 1886. Rose Wilder later became known as the author Rose Wilder Lane, a noted political writer and philosopher.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: During their first years of marriage, described in "The First Four Years", the Wilders were plagued by bad weather, illness, and large debts. In the spring of 1888, Wilder and his wife were both stricken with diphtheria. Although they both survived, Wilder suffered from one of the less common, late complications of the illness, neuritis. Areas of his legs were temporarily paralyzed, and even after the paralysis had resolved, he needed a cane to walk. His inability to perform the hard physical labor associated with wheat farming in South Dakota, combined with a lengthy drought in the late 1880s and early 1890s, further contributed to the Wilders' downward spiral into debt and poverty.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: The year 1889 proved the breaking point for the Wilders. In early August, the couple had a son. The child remained unnamed when, two weeks later, he suddenly died of "convulsions." Laura Wilder never spoke of his death and the couple did not have any


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: more children. In the same month, the family lost their home to a fire and their crops to drought. In the words of Wilder's daughter, "It took seven successive years of complete crop failure, with work, weather and sickness that wrecked his health permanently, and interest rates of 36 per cent on money borrowed to buy food, to dislodge us from that land."


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: In 1890, the Wilder family moved to Spring Valley, Minnesota, to stay with his parents on their farm. It was a time of rest and recovery for the weary family. Between 1891 and 1892, the family again moved, this time to Westville, Florida. They hoped a warmer climate would help Wilder regain his strength. Ultimately, while the warmer temperatures did help him recover, his wife did not like the humid climate or the customs of the backwoods locals. They returned to De Smet in 1892, and rented a small house in town. Between 1892 and 1894, the Wilders lived in De Smet, with the Ingalls family nearby. While his wife worked as a seamstress in a dressmaker's shop, Wilder found work as a carpenter and day laborer. Together, they practiced frugality and carefully saved money.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: On July 17, 1894, the Wilders left De Smet for the Ozarks of Missouri by covered wagon, attracted by brochures of "The Land of the Big Red Apple" and stories of a local man who had traveled to Missouri to see the area for himself. On August 31, they arrived near Mansfield, Missouri, and Wilder placed a $100 down payment on 40 acres (16.2 ha) of hilly, rocky undeveloped land that his wife aptly named "Rocky Ridge Farm." The farm would be the couple's final home. Over the span of 20 years, Wilder built his wife what she later referred to as her dream house: a unique 10-room home in which he custom-built kitchen cabinets to accommodate her small, five-foot (1.52 m) frame.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: Rocky Ridge Farm was eventually expanded to about 200 acres (80.9 ha) and was a productive poultry, dairy, and fruit farm. Wilder's lifetime love of Morgan horses was indulged, and he also kept a large herd of cows and goats. Having learned a hard lesson by focusing on wheat farming in South Dakota, the Wilders chose a more diversified approach to farming suited to the climate of the Ozarks. Almanzo Wilder lived out the rest of his life on his farm, and both he and his wife were active in various community and church pursuits during their time in Missouri.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: Although royalties from the "Little House" books helped provide for the Wilders, their daughter helped support them until the mid-1930s. Eventually their efforts at Rocky Ridge during the 1930s and 1940s, along with the book royalties finally provided a secure enough income to allow them to attain a financial stability they had not known earlier in their marriage. When they were first married, Wilder's wife had helped contribute to their income by taking in occasional boarders, writing columns for a rural newspaper, and serving as Treasurer/Loan Officer for a Farm Loan Association. Their daughter lived with the Wilders on the farm for long periods of time, seeing that electricity and other modern updates were brought to the place, even having an English-style stone cottage built for them, and then taking over the farm house for about ten years.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: Wilder learned to drive an automobile, which greatly improved their ability to leave the farm. They eventually took several long auto trips, including to destinations such as California and the Pacific Northwest, and went several times to visit the remaining Ingalls family in South Dakota. When their daughter moved permanently to Connecticut around 1937, her parents quickly returned to their beloved farm house, later selling off the eastern land with the stone cottage.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: Wilder spent his last years happily tending small vegetable and flower gardens, indulging his lifetime love of woodworking and carpentry and tending his goats. He aided his wife in greeting the carloads of "Little House" fans who regularly found their way to Rocky Ridge Farm.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: Wilder died at the age of 92 on October 23, 1949, after suffering two heart attacks. Laura Ingalls Wilder died eight years later, on February 10, 1957. Their daughter, Rose Wilder Lane lived until 1968. All three of them are buried in Mansfield, and many of Wilder's possessions and handiwork can be seen today at Rocky Ridge Farm, as well as the Malone, New York, and Spring Valley, Minnesota, sites. The Rocky Ridge Farm is known today as the Laura Ingalls Wilder/Rose Wilder Lane Museum.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: From the accounts written by his wife and daughter, Almanzo Wilder appears to have been a quiet, stoic man, representative of the time and culture in which he lived. His love of farming, horses, and rural living are well documented among his family and friends' written recollections.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: In one of Laura Ingalls Wilder's books, "Little Town on the Prairie", the attribution of her husband's unusual first name reads thus:


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: It was wished on me. My folks have got a notion there always has to be an Almanzo in the family, because 'way back in the time of the Crusades there was a Wilder went to them, and an Arab or somebody saved his life. El Manzoor, the name was. They changed it after a while in England.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: Laura Ingalls Wilder published in 1933 the novel "Farmer Boy", a mostly fictional account based on one year from Almanzo's childhood. Heather Williams wrote and published, in 2012, "Farmer Boy Goes West", another (and even more) fictional book based on Almanzo's childhood.


title: Almanzo Wilder

text: The boyhood home of Almanzo Wilder near Malone, New York, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. Operated and sustained by the Almanzo & Laura Ingalls Wilder Association, the homestead is an interactive educational center, museum, and working farm.


title: My Pillow

text: My Pillow, Inc. (stylized as MyPillow) is an American pillow-manufacturing company based in Chaska, Minnesota. The company was founded in 2009 by Mike Lindell, who invented and patented MyPillow, an open-cell, poly-foam pillow design. From 2004 to 2009, MyPillows were sold through Lindell's Night Moves Minnesota, LLC, and have been sold through MyPillow, Inc. since 2009. MyPillow has sold over 41 million pillows, due mostly to TV infomercials. The company started with five employees in 2004 and had 1,500 employees by 2017.


title: My Pillow

text: My Pillow has sponsored conservative political activities. It has been fined and has settled multiple lawsuits related to misleading advertising, including a 2017 settlement in a class action lawsuit against their buy one, get one free promotions. The company made scientifically unsupported claims that its pillows could cure insomnia and ailments such as sleep apnea, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis. In 2022, it was sued along with Lindell by election technology company Smartmatic for allegedly making false claims about Smartmatic voting machines in order to promote its products.


title: My Pillow

text: My Pillow was founded by Mike Lindell of Minnesota. To help fund the development of the pillow, Lindell sold four bars he owned in Carver County, Minnesota, and mortgaged his house. At first, Lindell hand-sewed the pillows himself and handled all the sales and distribution with help from his family.


title: My Pillow

text: The first My Pillow was sold in 2005 at a kiosk in Eden Prairie Center, a mall in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. For the next six years, the company struggled while selling at mall kiosks, state fairs, and trade shows.


title: My Pillow

text: The company's success took off after an infomercial in October 2011. The 30-minute show was shot in one day in front of a live studio audience and cost $500,000 to produce and launch. As of September 2013, the infomercial was running an average of 200 times per day on local and national networks. Since it first aired, My Pillow has sold more than 30 million pillows and grown from 50 employees to over 1,500.


title: My Pillow

text: In July 2015, Lindell and My Pillow sponsored an attempt to set a new Guinness World Record for the world's largest pillow fight at a St. Paul Saints baseball game. The fight featured 6,261 participants, beating a previous record of 4,201.


title: My Pillow

text: In May 2018, Lindell and My Pillow again broke the Guinness World Record for the world's largest pillow fight, this time at the evangelistic PULSE Movement event held at the U.S. Bank Stadium, after Lindell led over 45,000 people in prayer.


title: My Pillow

text: The company's headquarters, call center and customer service center are located in Chaska, Minnesota. My Pillow manufactures pillows, mattresses, mattress toppers and covers, Giza cotton sheets, towels and pet beds at its 70,000 square-foot manufacturing plant in Shakopee, producing approximately 25,000 pillows per day. Some products are marketed as "proudly American made".


title: My Pillow

text: My Pillow opened its first retail store in Burnsville, Minnesota, in 2012 and, as of 2017, had grown to 17 locations in Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska. My Pillow products are also offered on QVC, at major retailers, trade shows, and from the My Pillow website.


title: My Pillow

text: In March 2020, Fox affiliate KMSP-TV reported that founder Mike Lindell had announced that 75% of the company's production was shifting to making cotton face masks to donate to health care workers for use during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, and that "Masks will not be available to public to purchase", though the cotton masks later appeared for sale on the My Pillow website.


title: My Pillow

text: My Pillow products are a patented design involving a mix of different-sized pieces of open-cell poly-foam. Lindell says he tested 94 different foams before deciding on the right one. The pieces are chopped to specification by a machine Lindell developed based on a piece of farm equipment. The mix also contains a resin that enables the foam to retain much of its shape when molded to the user's preference. The pillows are non-allergenic, dust mite-resistant, washable, and dryable. In 2013, QVC awarded My Pillow its Q-Star Award for Product Concept of the Year.


title: My Pillow

text: In April 2016, a class action lawsuit was proposed for the pillows being falsely advertised, among the complaints being that Lindell is marketed as a "Sleep Expert," despite having no board certification or special training in sleep medicine. The Better Business Bureau received 220 complaints regarding the company from 2013 to 2016.


title: My Pillow

text: In August 2016, the New York State Attorney General's office charged that My Pillow failed to collect and remit over $500,000 in sales tax. The company denied any wrongdoing but agreed to pay $1.1 million in settlement.