title: House on Haunted Hill

text: On 28 September 2011, the estate of William Castle released an annotated screenplay from "House on Haunted Hill" which is a copy of the shooting script along with Castle's "margin notes" and the leather-bound style Castle used for his shooting script. This edition includes introductions from Joe Dante and Castle's daughter Terry. It also features its own version of "Emergo" in which the skeleton appears to readers via a "flip page" method. Mondo Media re-released the film 2015 as part of his Mondo X Chiller series on 28 March 2015 in the Alamo Drafthouse in Yonkers, New York.


title: House on Haunted Hill

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has received a fresh 78% rating based on 40 retrospective reviews with an average rating of 7.10/10. Allmovie has praised the film retrospectively, writing, "Campy and creepy in equal measures, "House on Haunted Hill" deserves its status as a horror classic."


title: House on Haunted Hill

text: The film was remade as the 1999 film "House on Haunted Hill", which had a 2007 sequel titled "Return to House on Haunted Hill". The 1999 film was released to middling reviews but was a box office success, while the 2007 sequel was direct-to-video and widely panned.


title: House on Haunted Hill

text: As of 2017, another remake is in development along with a prequel to the original film, with the latter being written by Castle's daughter Terry Castle.


title: Haplorhini

text: Haplorhini (), the haplorhines (Greek for "simple-nosed") or the "dry-nosed" primates, is a suborder of primates containing the tarsiers and the simians (Simiiformes or anthropoids), as sister of the Strepsirrhini ("moist-nosed"). The name is sometimes spelled Haplorrhini. The simians include catarrhines (Old World monkeys and apes, including humans), and the platyrrhines (New World monkeys).


title: Haplorhini

text: Haplorhini was proposed by Pocock in 1918 when he realized the tarsiers were actually sister to the monkeys rather than the lemurs, also following findings of Hugh Cuming 80 years earlier and Linnaeus 160 years earlier. For Linnaeus, this ensemble of primates constituted a genus ""Simia"". For religious reasons, "Homo" constituted its own genus (which has remained).


title: Haplorhini

text: The extinct omomyids, which are considered to be the most basal haplorhines, are believed to be more closely related to the tarsiers than to other haplorhines. The exact relationship is not yet fully established – Williams, Kay and Kirk (2010) prefer the view that tarsiers and simians share a common ancestor, and that common ancestor shares a common ancestor with the omomyids, citing evidence from analysis by Bajpal et al. in 2008; but they also note two other possibilities – that tarsiers are directly descended from omomyids, with simians being a separate line, or that both simians and tarsiers are descended from omomyids.


title: Haplorhini

text: Haplorhines share a number of derived features that distinguish them from the strepsirrhine "wet-nosed" primates (whose Greek name means "curved nose"), the other suborder of primates from which they diverged some 63 million years ago. The haplorhines, including tarsiers, have all lost the function of the terminal enzyme that manufactures Vitamin C, while the strepsirrhines, like most other orders of mammals, have retained this enzyme. Genetically, five short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are common to all haplorhines whilst absent in strepsirrhines. The haplorhine upper lip, which has replaced the ancestral rhinarium found in strepsirrhines, is not directly connected to their nose or gum, allowing a large range of facial expressions. Their brain-to-body mass ratio is significantly greater than the strepsirrhines, and their primary sense is vision. Haplorhines have a postorbital plate, unlike the postorbital bar found in strepsirrhines. Most species are diurnal (the exceptions being the tarsiers and the night monkeys).


title: Haplorhini

text: All anthropoids have a single-chambered uterus; tarsiers have a bicornate uterus like the strepsirrhines. Most species typically have single births, although twins and triplets are common for marmosets and tamarins. Despite similar gestation periods, haplorhine newborns are relatively much larger than strepsirrhine newborns, but have a longer dependence period on their mother. This difference in size and dependence is credited to the increased complexity of their behavior and natural history.


title: Haplorhini

text: The taxonomic name Haplorhini derives from the Ancient Greek ' (, "onefold, single, simple") and ' ( (genitive ῥινός), "nose"). It refers to the lack of a rhinarium or "wet nose", which is found in many mammals, including strepsirrhine primates.


title: Haplorhini

text: Molecular estimates based on mitochondrial genomes suggest Haplorhini and its sister clade, Strepsirrhini, diverged 74 million years ago (mya), but no crown primate fossils are known prior to the beginning of the Eocene, 56 mya. The same molecular analysis suggests the infraorder Tarsiiformes, whose only remaining family is that of the tarsier (Tarsiidae), branched off from the other haplorhines 70 mya. The fossil "Archicebus" may be similar to the most recent common ancestor at this time.


title: Haplorhini

text: The other major clade within Haplorhini, the simians (or anthropoids), is divided into two parvorders: Platyrrhini (the New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (the Old World monkeys and apes). The New World monkeys split from catarrhines about 35 - 40 mya and have African origin, while the apes (Hominoidea) diverged from Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea) about 25 mya. The available fossil evidence indicates that both the hominoid and cercopithecoid clades originated in Africa.


title: Haplorhini

text: The following is the listing of the living haplorhine families, and their placement in the Order Primates:


title: Haplorhini

text: The exact placement of early haplorhine families is uncertain owing to limited evidence. The following sets out a possible order put together by Williams, Kay and Kirk in 2010, based on cladograms put together by Seiffert et al (2005), Marivaux (2006) and Bajpai et al (2008), and should not be seen as definitive. They do not include Propliopithecoidea as they classify them as early catarrhines. Also included are Archicebidae, the discovery of which was announced by Ni et al in 2013. (but see notes below regarding placement).


title: Haplorhini

text: Sigé et al (1990) describe "Altiatlasius" as an Omomyiform, but also state that it could be an early anthropoid, with the latter view being supported by Godinot (1994) and Bajpai et al (2008).


title: Haplorhini

text: Kay et al (2004) point out that a case can be made for Amphipithecidae being placed either as adapiformes (i.e. early strepsirrhines) or as early anthropoids, noting in particular that they had a long evolution separate from other groups, and that key parts of their anatomy are missing from the fossil record. They conclude that either possibility is equally plausible.


title: Haplorhini

text: Kay and Williams (2013, edited by Feagle and Kay), look at possible hypotheses about how oligopiths, parapiths and propliopiths relate to each other and catarrhines and platyrrhines:<br>


title: Haplorhini

text: - that parapiths and propliopiths are closely related, with their common ancestor being related to oligopiths, and the common ancestor of all three being related to the platyrrhines with extant catarrhines (i.e. cercopithecoidea and hominoidea) being descended from the propliopiths;<br>


title: Haplorhini

text: - or that parapiths and propliopiths are closely related but their common ancestor is closely related to the platyrrhines and the common ancestor of all three is related to the oligopiths, with extant catarrhines again being descended from the propliopiths; <br>


title: Haplorhini

text: - or that propliopiths and oligopiths are closely related, and parapiths are related to the common ancestor of both and the common ancestor of all three is related to the platyrrhines, with cercopithecoidea being descended from the parapiths and hominoidea being descended from propliopiths.<br>


title: Haplorhini

text: - finally, they also consider the hypothesis that oligopiths are adapiformes (i.e. early strepsirrhines rather than early haplorhines)


title: Haplorhini

text: Ni et al, in announcing "Archicebus achilles" in 2013 as what they describe as the earliest known primate with such detailed remains, place it somewhat differently to the above as they place Omomyids within Tarsiiformes, with Omomyids and Tarsiidae sharing a common ancestor, and that common ancestor sharing a common Tarsiiform ancestor with the Archicebidae.


title: Haplorhini

text: Possible stem Haplorrhini are some species which are usually considered to be Strepsirrhini, such as the Notharctidae, and Darwinius.


title: Ivy Mike

text: Ivy Mike was the codename given to the first full-scale test of a thermonuclear device, in which part of the explosive yield comes from nuclear fusion.


title: Ivy Mike

text: Ivy Mike was detonated on November 1, 1952, by the United States on the island of Elugelab in Enewetak Atoll, in the now independent island nation of the Marshall Islands, as part of Operation Ivy. It was the first full test of the Teller–Ulam design, a staged fusion device.


title: Ivy Mike

text: Due to its physical size and fusion fuel type (cryogenic liquid deuterium), the "Mike" device was not suitable for use as a deliverable weapon. It was intended as a "technically conservative" proof of concept experiment to validate the concepts used for multi-megaton detonations.


title: Ivy Mike

text: As a result of the collection of samples from the explosion by U.S. Air Force pilots, scientists found traces of the isotopes plutonium-246 and plutonium-244, and confirmed the existence of the predicted but undiscovered elements einsteinium and fermium.


title: Ivy Mike

text: Beginning with the Teller–Ulam breakthrough in March 1951, there was steady progress made on the issues involved in a thermonuclear explosion and there were additional resources devoted to staging, and political pressure towards seeing, an actual test of a hydrogen bomb. A date within 1952 seemed feasible. In October 1951 physicist Edward Teller pushed for July 1952 as a target date for a first test, but project head Marshall Holloway thought October 1952, a year out, was more realistic given how much engineering and fabrication work the test would take and given the need to avoid the summer monsoon season in the Marshall Islands. On June 30, 1952, United States Atomic Energy Commission chair Gordon Dean showed President Harry S. Truman a model of what the Ivy Mike device would look like; the test was set for November 1, 1952.


title: Ivy Mike

text: One attempt to significantly delay the test, or not hold it at all, was made by the State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament, chaired by J. Robert Oppenheimer, who felt that avoiding a test might forestall the development of a catastrophic new weapon and open the way for new arms agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union. The panel lacked political allies in Washington, however, and no test delay was made on this account.


title: Ivy Mike

text: There was a separate desire voiced for a very short delay in the test, for more political reasons: it was scheduled to take place just a few days before the November 4 holding of the United States presidential election, 1952. Truman wanted to keep the thermonuclear test away from partisan politics but had no desire to order a postponement of it himself; however he did make it known that he would be fine if it was delayed past the election due to "technical reasons" being found. Atomic Energy Commission member Eugene M. Zuckert was sent to the Enewetak test site to see if such a reason could be found, but weather considerations – on average there were only a handful of days each month that were suitable for the test – indicated it should go ahead as planned, and in the end no schedule delay took place.


title: Ivy Mike

text: The "Mike" device was essentially a building that resembled a factory rather than a weapon. It has been reported that Soviet engineers derisively referred to "Mike" as a "thermonuclear installation".


title: Ivy Mike

text: The device was designed by Richard Garwin, a student of Enrico Fermi, on the suggestion of Edward Teller. It had been decided that nothing other than a full-scale test would validate the idea of the Teller-Ulam design. Garwin was instructed to use very conservative estimates when designing the test, and told that it need not be small and light enough to be deployed by air.


title: Ivy Mike

text: Liquid deuterium was chosen as the fuel for the fusion reaction because its use simplified the experiment from a physicist's point of view, and made the results easier to analyze. From an engineering point of view, its use necessitated the development of previously-unknown technologies to handle the difficult material, which had to be stored at extremely low temperatures, near absolute zero. A large cryogenics plant was built to produce liquid hydrogen (used for cooling the device) and deuterium (fuel for the test). A power plant was also constructed for the cryogenics facility.


title: Ivy Mike

text: The entire "Mike" device (including cryogenic equipment) weighed . It was housed in a large corrugated-aluminum building, called the shot cab, which was long,


title: Ivy Mike

text: It was set up on the Pacific island of Elugelab, part of the Enewetak atoll. Elugelab was connected to the islands of Dridrilbwij (Teiteir), Bokaidrikdrik (Bogairikk), and Boken (Bogon) by a


title: Ivy Mike

text: artificial causeway. Atop the causeway was an aluminum-sheathed plywood tube filled with helium ballonets, referred to as a Krause-Ogle box.


title: Ivy Mike

text: This allowed gamma and neutron radiation to pass uninhibited to instruments in an unmanned detection station, Station 202, on Boken Island. From there signals were sent to recording equipment at Station 200, also housed in a bunker on Boken Island. Personnel returned to Boken Island after the test to recover the recording equipment.


title: Ivy Mike

text: In total, 9,350 military and 2,300 civilian personnel were involved in the "Mike" shot. The operation involved the cooperation of the United States army, navy, air force and intelligence services. The USS "Curtiss" brought components from the United States to Elugelab for assembly. Work was completed on October 31, at 5.00 p.m. Within an hour, personnel were evacuated in preparation for the blast.


title: Ivy Mike

text: The test was carried out on 1 November 1952 at 07:15 local time (19:15 on 31 October, Greenwich Mean Time). It produced a yield of . However, of the final yield came from fast fission of the uranium tamper, which produced large amounts of radioactive fallout.


title: Ivy Mike

text: The fireball created by the explosion had a maximum radius of . The maximum radius was reached a number of seconds after the detonation, during which the hot fireball lifted up due to buoyancy. While still relatively close to the ground, the fireball had yet to reach its maximum dimensions and was thus approximately wide. The mushroom cloud rose to an altitude of in less than 90 seconds. One minute later it had reached , before stabilizing at with the top eventually spreading out to a diameter of with a stem wide.


title: Ivy Mike

text: The blast created a crater in diameter and deep where Elugelab had once been; the blast and water waves from the explosion (some waves up to high) stripped the test islands clean of vegetation, as observed by a helicopter survey within 60 minutes after the test, by which time the mushroom cloud and steam were blown away. Radioactive coral debris fell upon ships positioned away, and the immediate area around the atoll was heavily contaminated.


title: Ivy Mike

text: The entire shot was documented by the filmmakers of Lookout Mountain studios. A post-production explosion sound was overdubbed over what was a completely silent detonation from the vantage point of the camera, with the blast wave sound only arriving a number of seconds later, as akin to thunder, with the exact time depending on its distance. The film was also accompanied by powerful, Wagner-esque music featured on many test films of that period and was hosted by actor Reed Hadley. A private screening was given to President Dwight D. Eisenhower who had succeeded President Harry S. Truman in January 1953. In 1954, the film was released to the public after censoring, and was shown on commercial television channels.


title: Ivy Mike

text: Edward Teller, perhaps the most ardent supporter of the development of the hydrogen bomb, was in Berkeley, California, at the time of the shot. He was able to receive first notice that the test was successful by observing a seismometer, which picked up the shock wave that traveled through the earth from the Pacific Proving Grounds. In his memoirs, Teller wrote that he immediately sent an unclassified telegram to Dr. Elizabeth "Diz" Graves, the head of the rump project remaining at Los Alamos during the shot. The unclassified telegram contained only the words "It's a boy," which came hours earlier than any other word from Enewetak.


title: Ivy Mike

text: An hour after the bomb was detonated, U.S. Air Force pilots took off from Enewetak Island to fly into the atomic cloud and take samples. Pilots had to monitor extra readouts and displays while "piloting under unusual, dangerous, and difficult conditions” including heat, radiation, unpredictable winds and flying debris. "Red Flight" Leader Virgil Meroney flew into the stem of the explosion first. In five minutes, he had gathered all the samples he could, and exited. Next Bob Hagan and Jimmy Robinson entered the cloud. Robinson hit an area of severe turbulence, spinning out and barely retaining consciousness. He regained control of his plane at 20,000 feet, but the electromagnetic storm had disrupted his instruments. In rain and poor visibility, without working instruments, Hagan and Robinson were unable to find the KB-29 tanker aircraft to refuel. They attempted to return to the field at Enewetak. Hagan, out of fuel, made an extraordinary successful dead-stick landing on the runway. Robinson's F-84 Thunderjet crashed and sank 3.5 miles short of the island. Robinson's body was never recovered.


title: Ivy Mike

text: Fuel tanks on the airplane's wings had been modified to scoop up and filter passing debris. The filters from the surviving planes were sealed in lead and sent to Los Alamos, New Mexico for analysis. Radioactive and contaminated with calcium carbonate, the "Mike" samples were extremely difficult to handle. Scientists at Los Alamos found traces in them of isotopes plutonium-246 and plutonium-244.


title: Ivy Mike

text: Al Ghiorso at the University of California, Berkeley speculated that the filters might also contain atoms that had transformed, through radioactive decay, into the predicted but undiscovered elements 99 and 100. Ghiorso, Stanley Gerald Thompson and Glenn Seaborg obtained half a filter paper from the Ivy Mike test. They were able to detect the existence of the elements einsteinium and fermium, which had been produced by intensely concentrated neutron flux about the detonation site. The discovery was kept secret for several years, but the team was eventually given credit. In 1955 the two new elements were named in honor of Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi.


title: Ivy Mike

text: A simplified and lightened bomb version (the EC-16) was prepared and scheduled to be tested in operation Castle Yankee, as a backup in case the non-cryogenic "Shrimp" fusion device (tested in Castle Bravo) failed to work; that test was canceled when the Bravo device was tested successfully, making the cryogenic designs obsolete.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: When a Stranger Calls is a 2006 American psychological horror thriller film directed by Simon West and written by Jake Wade Wall. The film stars Camilla Belle, Brian Geraghty, Katie Cassidy, Tessa Thompson and Clark Gregg. Belle plays a babysitter who starts to receive threatening phone calls from an unidentified stranger, played by both Tommy Flanagan and Lance Henriksen. It is a remake of Fred Walton's 1979 horror film of the same name, which became a cult classic for its opening 20 minutes, which this remake extends to a feature-length film.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: The film was theatrically released on February 3, 2006. It was panned by critics but was a moderate box office success, grossing $67 million worldwide on a $15 million budget.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: A local sheriff enters a home where multiple homicides have been committed; the victims are three children and their babysitter, all slaughtered brutally by an intruder using his bare hands.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: In Colorado, 125 miles away from the crime scene, sixteen-year-old Jill Johnson (Camilla Belle) is on her way to babysit for the wealthy Mandrakis family, as punishment for exceeding her cell phone minutes. When she arrives, Mrs Mandrakis shows her around and tells her about their live-in housemaid, Rosa.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: A long time after the parents leave, Jill begins to receive obscene phone calls from someone (voiced by Lance Henriksen) who, most of the time, does not say anything and then hangs up. She initially believes it is her friends playing a prank but when she contacts them, they deny it. While the Mandrakis' two children are asleep upstairs, Jill is visited by her friend Tiffany (Katie Cassidy) but, in fear of getting into further trouble, Jill asks her to leave. While returning to her car, Tiffany is ambushed by an unseen intruder.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: Jill receives a call from the person, indicating he can see her. Alarmed, she calls the police, who tell her they can trace the calls if she is able to keep him on the line for at least sixty seconds. While waiting for the phone to ring, Jill sees a shadow moving in the guest house. Believing it is the Mandrakis' son back from college, she goes to investigate, but finds the guest house empty. While in the guest house, the phone rings and it's the same caller. This only confirms her fear that he's watching her. She keeps him on the phone so the call can be traced, only to remember he called the wrong line. Jill looks out the window and sees Rosa's vehicles light come on.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: Believing Rosa is home, Jill searches for her, but finds no one is there. The phone rings again, and the caller remains quiet on the other end, and Jill manages to keep him on the line for a minute so the call can be traced. Jill then hears the shower running in the maid's room but, upon checking, the bathroom is empty. The police then tell her the calls are coming from inside the house. Horrified, Jill finds Tiffany’s body on the bathroom floor and flees.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: Jill goes to the children who are already hiding in their playroom. She looks up and sees the intruder (Tommy Flanagan) in the loft. They all escape into the greenhouse and hide; Jill discovers Rosa's dead body under the water. The intruder enters and searches the greenhouse. Jill manages to lock him inside but he breaks out and attacks her. During the altercation, Jill manages to stab the assailant's hand into the hardwood floor with a fireplace poker, before rushing out of the house into the arms of a police officer. The assailant is arrested.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: Days later while recovering in the hospital, Jill awakens to a phone ringing. She gets out of bed and, while looking at her reflection in the mirror, the assailant appears behind her and grabs her. She begins to shriek hysterically, waking from her hallucination as the doctors and her father desperately try to stop her frantic panicking.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: Screen Gems first announced production of "When a Stranger Calls" in August 2004, with Jake Wade Wall penning the script. Screen Gems had plans to release both a remake of the original film and a sequel titled "When a Stranger Returns".


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: Evan Rachel Wood was offered the role of Jill, but turned it down. Camilla Belle was then approached and almost turned the role down due to her personal dislike for horror films but West, the director, convinced her that he was going more for a psychological thriller and so she accepted. To prepare for the role, Belle had to do two months of weight-training and learning how to run. Belle was injured twice on the set; she struck a wooden bridge, cutting and scarring her hand, and also slammed her head against a glass window.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: Principal photography occurred from January 1 to February 28, 2005, in Vancouver, Canada. Bellarmine-Jefferson High School was used to portray the high school seen in the film while Signal Hill was used to portray the carnival shown in the film. Running Springs was used as the filming location for the road sequences. The house that was used in the film is located at Culver Studios in Culver City, California.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: "When a Stranger Calls: The Complete Original Motion Picture Score", 15-instrumental songs composed by James Dooley, was released on February 10, 2006.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: For the release of the film, AOL Instant Messenger ran ads beckoning users to IM Jill020306. When messaged, "Jill" (a Colloquis-style program) made small talk before panicking, as she received calls from a stranger asking her to check the children. She then gives the user her phone number (a toll-free 877 number) and asks them to call her. When users call, they hear an ad for the movie.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: Also, around the time of the DVD release, a new screen name appeared, Jill051606, to tie in with the DVD release date on May 16, 2006. It does not involve calling her, but instead she directs users to a video security system on the official DVD site where the shadow of the stranger passes by frequently.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: As a marketing promotion for the film, a MySpace profile was created for Jill051606 featuring photos from the film. Users could add the profile as a friend, leave comments, and read Jill's blog.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: The film was released on DVD and UMD on May 16, 2006. Special features include two audio commentaries (one with Camilla Belle and Simon West; the other with Jake Wade Wall), deleted scenes, a 20-minute making-of featurette, and trailers. A Blu-ray version of the film was released for the first time by Mill Creek Entertainment on October 4, 2016 in a triple feature with "I Know What You Did Last Summer" (1997) and "Vacancy" (2007). This disc contains none of the extras found on the DVD. This initial release was discontinued, and a new version was released by Mill Creek titled "Queens of Scream - Triple Feature" on February 5, 2019. The new release is virtually identical, with the only differences being a new cover on the case and the inclusion of a DVD copy alongside the Blu-ray.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: The film opened at number one with $21.6 million. It then made $9.1 million in its second weekend and $5 million in its third. The film went on to gross a total of $47.9 million domestically, and $19.2 million internationally for a total worldwide gross of $67.1 million.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: "When A Stranger Calls" was critically panned. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 9% based on 93 reviews and an average rating of 3.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""When a Stranger Calls" ranks among the more misguided remakes in horror history, offering little more than a rote, largely fright-free update to the original." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 27 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: In 2006, "When a Stranger Calls" was nominated to the Golden Trailer Awards in the category "Best Thriller".


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: Screen Gems was initially planning to make a sequel rumored to be titled "When a Stranger Returns" with Hayden Panettiere set to star as the babysitter, in light of the film's box office success. This sequel never materialized.


title: When a Stranger Calls (2006 film)

text: Writer Jake Wade Wall discussed the possibility of a sequel in September 2020. His treatment would have the film be a remake of the second half of the original film, where Jill Johnson is older now and has a family and the killer has escaped the asylum, citing the success of "Halloween" (2018) as an inspiration.


title: Survivor: Pearl Islands

text: Survivor: Pearl Islands (also broadcast as Survivor: Pearl Islands — Panama) is the seventh season of the American CBS competitive reality television series "Survivor". It was filmed from June 23, 2003, through July 31, 2003, and premiered on September 18, 2003. The season was filmed on the Pearl Islands, off the coast of Panama, and had a pirate culture theme. Hosted by Jeff Probst, it consisted of the usual 39 days of gameplay with 16 competitors.


title: Survivor: Pearl Islands

text: The sixteen players were split into two original tribes, Drake and Morgan, named after English explorer Sir Francis Drake and Welsh explorer Henry Morgan respectively. With ten contestants remaining, the two were merged into the Balboa tribe, named after an injured snake found by contestant Rupert Boneham.


title: Survivor: Pearl Islands

text: Rupert Boneham returned for "", "", and "" with his wife, Laura. Boneham also appeared as a special guest on of the Israeli production of "Survivor", and he competed on "The Amazing Race 31" with his wife Laura. Jon Dalton returned for "". Sandra Diaz-Twine later returned on "", "", and "", as well as on "" to serve as a mentor alongside Rob Mariano. Andrew Savage returned for "". Diaz-Twine competed on "" with her daughter Nina.


title: Survivor: Pearl Islands

text: In 2006, Dalton competed with "" castaway Twila Tanner on a Reality Star episode of "Fear Factor". Ryan Opray competed with "" castaway Mikayla Wingle on the Amazon Prime Video series "World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji" as part of Team Peak Traverse.


title: Survivor: Pearl Islands

text: The start of the game was announced as a surprise to the contestants, most of whom believed that they were on their way to a photo shoot. After being told they would begin the game with only the clothes on their back, they were divided into two tribes of eight, Morgan and Drake, and were given some money and sent to a small village to barter and buy supplies for their camps in lieu of being given them as in seasons past. Drake, thanks to Sandra's ability to speak Spanish and Rupert stealing the other tribe's abandoned shoes to barter, was able to acquire better supplies than Morgan, and thus went on an early winning streak, dwindling Morgan to five members.


title: Survivor: Pearl Islands

text: Despite Drake's winning streak, member Burton conspired to throw an immunity challenge to eliminate a weaker player. The reluctant Drake tribe threw the challenge, but Burton was voted off for his cunning. This resulted in a major shift: Morgan, led by Andrew, experienced a renewal, and Drake began to splinter due to fighting between "de facto" leader Rupert and the conniving Jon. Morgan's newfound momentum led them to win the next two immunity challenges, leaving both tribes with five players each.


title: Survivor: Pearl Islands

text: Upon arrival at their next challenge, the tribes were faced with the "Outcast" twist, with the six eliminated players competing against the remaining players for a chance to return to the game. The Outcasts beat both Morgan and Drake in the challenge, forcing them both to go to Tribal Council and resulting in two of the Outcasts returning to the game. Former Drake member Burton and former Morgan castaway Lillian returned to the game, and joined the eight other castaways in forming the merged Balboa tribe. While Burton made up with his former tribe, Lillian's return was resented by the Morgan members. Lillian enacted revenge against her former tribemates, siding with the Drake alliance to eliminate Andrew.


title: Survivor: Pearl Islands

text: While the Drake alliance had the upper hand, Jon, Burton, and Lillian decided that Rupert, as the strongest member of the Drake alliance, was an immunity threat, and worked with the remaining Morgan members to blindside him from the game. The three navigated between the Drake and Morgan factions to take out members of both sides, until they were the dominant alliance with only five players remaining. Lillian was swayed by Darrah and Sandra to break up the duo of Jon and Burton, and Burton was voted out for a second time. In another twist, the first five jurors were able to compete for immunity with four players remaining. They subsequently won the competition, thus leaving no one immune; challenge threat Darrah was then eliminated.


title: Survivor: Pearl Islands

text: In the final immunity challenge, Lillian beat Jon and Sandra to secure a space in the Final Tribal Council. Knowing that she would likely lose for having already been voted out of the game, she chose to take Sandra to the end for she felt Sandra deserved the victory more than Jon. The jury awarded Sandra the title of Sole Survivor over Lillian in a 6–1 vote.


title: Survivor: Pearl Islands

text: "Survivor: Pearl Islands" was met with critical acclaim and is generally considered to be one of the show's best seasons. It was ranked by host Jeff Probst as his 5th favorite season. Dalton Ross of "Entertainment Weekly" ranked it eighth, citing Rupert and Jonny Fairplay as memorable players. Both Andrea Deiher of Zap2it and Joe Reid of "The Wire" ranked it as the 9th-greatest season; Deiher called Dalton's lie about his grandmother "some next-level shenanigans never before seen on reality TV," and Reid described Rupert and Fairplay as "two of the series' signature players" who "pretty much made the season." Since 2012, ""Survivor" Oz" has consistently ranked "Pearl Islands" in the top 5 greatest seasons, in its annual polls ranking every season of the series; it was 4th in 2012, 3rd in 2013 and 2015, and 5th in 2014. "The Purple Rock Podcast," ranked it as the 6th best season out of 40. In the official issue of "CBS Watch" commemorating "Survivor"'s 15th anniversary, "Pearl Islands" was voted by viewers as the #2 greatest season of the series, only behind "Heroes vs. Villains", and thus was the highest-ranking season with an entirely new cast. Also, Sandra was ranked in another poll, in the same magazine, as the 6th greatest contestant in the series, and was the highest-ranking contestant on the list to win her first time playing. Additionally, Fairplay's infamous lie about his grandmother's death was voted as the #10 most memorable moment in the series. In 2015, a poll by "Rob Has a Podcast" ranked "Pearl Islands" 2nd out of 30, behind "Heroes vs. Villains", with Rob Cesternino ranking this season 3rd. This was updated in 2021 during Cesternino's podcast, "Survivor All-Time Top 40 Rankings", ranking 3rd out of 40th. In 2020, "Inside Survivor" ranked this season as the show's best out of the first 40 calling it "the quintessential Survivor season, containing everything that makes the show so great: an incredible cast, exciting gameplay, a well-worked theme, fun challenges, jawdropping moments, humor, drama, emotion, etc."


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: Heaven Can Wait is a 1978 American fantasy-comedy-sports film directed by Warren Beatty and Buck Henry about a young man (played by Beatty) being mistakenly taken to heaven by his guardian angel, and the resulting complications of how this mistake can be undone, given that his earthly body has been cremated. It was the second film adaptation of Harry Segall's play of the same name, the first being "Here Comes Mr. Jordan" (1941).


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: Warren Beatty was also influenced by his sister's, the actress Shirley Maclaine, mysticism and beliefs of reincarnation.


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards. The cast includes Beatty, Julie Christie, and Jack Warden, all of whom had appeared in "Shampoo" (1975).


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: In 2001, a third film adaptation of the play was done, titled "Down to Earth", sharing its name with the sequel to "Here Comes Mr. Jordan" (1941).


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: Joe Pendleton, a backup quarterback for the American football team Los Angeles Rams, is looking forward to leading his team to the Super Bowl. While he is riding his bicycle through a tunnel, an overzealous guardian angel on his first assignment, known only as The Escort, sees a large truck heading into the other end of the tunnel towards Joe. The Escort plucks Joe out of his body early in the mistaken belief that Joe was about to be killed.


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: Once in the afterlife, Joe refuses to believe that his time was up, and upon investigation, Mr. Jordan (the Escort's supervisor) discovers that Joe was going to just narrowly miss the truck and he was not destined to die until March 20, 2025 at 10:17 AM. Unfortunately, his body has already been cremated, so a new body must be found for him. After rejecting several possible men who are about to die, Joe is persuaded to accept the body of a multi-millionaire industrialist. Leo Farnsworth has just been drugged and drowned in his bathtub by his cheating gold digger wife Julia Farnsworth and her lover Tony Abbott, Farnsworth's personal secretary.


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: Julia and Tony are confused when Leo reappears alive and well, and Farnsworth's domestic staff is confused by the changes in some of his habits and tastes. Still obsessed with his football destiny, Farnsworth/Joe buys the Rams to lead them to the Super Bowl as their quarterback. To succeed, he must first convince and then secure the help of, a longtime friend and trainer Max Corkle to get his new body in shape. At the same time, he falls in love with Betty Logan, an environmental activist, whom he met when she came to his doorstep to protest the original Farnsworth's corporate policies.


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: With the Rams about to play in the Super Bowl, all the characters face a crisis. Mr. Jordan informs Joe that he must give up Farnsworth's body as well. Joe resists but hints to Betty that she might someday meet someone else, possibly another quarterback, and should think of him. Julia and Abbott continue their murderous plans, and Abbott finally shoots Farnsworth/Joe dead. The Rams are forced to start Tom Jarrett, another quarterback in the climactic game. A detective, Lieutenant Krim, interrogates the suspects while they watch the game on television. With the help of Corkle, he gets Julia and Abbott to incriminate each other.


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: After a brutal hit on the field, Jarrett is killed. With Mr. Jordan's help, Joe occupies Jarrett's body and leads the Rams to victory. During the team's postgame celebration, Corkle finds Joe, and when he realizes that it is him, they share an emotional embrace. As Joe is being interviewed on television, Mr. Jordan tells him that, to live as Tom Jarrett, he will have to lose the memories of his life as Joe Pendleton. As Mr. Jordan disappears, Tom/Joe becomes disoriented. Corkle goes to find Joe later and is crestfallen to realize that Joe has "left" Tom.


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: Tom bumps into Betty while leaving the stadium. They strike up a conversation, and each appears to recognize the other, but they do not know how. The lights go out in the stadium as they exit the venue, and Tom says something that reminds Betty of Farnsworth/Joe. Looking into his eyes, Betty remembers what he said to her before and whispers “You’re the quarterback.” Tom asks her to go with him for coffee, and she accepts.


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: Several former Los Angeles Rams players have cameo roles in the film, including Deacon Jones, Les Josephson, Jack T. Snow, Jim Boeke, and Charley Cowan.


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: Beatty initially wanted Muhammad Ali to play the central character, but because of Ali's continued commitment to boxing, Beatty changed the character from a boxer to an American football player, and played the character himself. The type of instrument he played was also changed; in "Here Comes Mr. Jordan", Pendleton assays "The Last Rose of Summer" on the alto saxophone, and in the 1978 film, he plays "Ciribiribin" on a soprano sax. The music during the comic training scene with Joe and the servants at the Farnsworth mansion, as well as the later training session with the Rams is Handel's Sonata No. 3 in F Major, performed by Paul Brodie (sopranino saxophone) and Antonin Kubalek (piano). The main theme is the song "Heaven Can Wait" performed by Dave Grusin and the London Symphony Orchestra. Neil Diamond composed a song titled "Heaven Can Wait" specifically for the film that he thought would be a good theme song, but Beatty declined to use it. The Paul McCartney and Wings song "Did We Meet Somewhere Before?" was considered as a theme song for the film, but was ruled out. It later appeared in the film "Rock 'n' Roll High School" (1979).


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: The Super Bowl game (Pittsburgh Steelers vs. the Rams) was filmed during halftime of the San Diego Chargers vs. Los Angeles Rams preseason game at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on September 1, 1977. (About a year and a half after the film's release, in January 1980, the Rams and Steelers met in real life in Super Bowl XIV.)


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: The estate used as Farnsworth mansion was filmed at Filoli, located in Woodside, California, south of San Francisco. Another filming location, albeit brief, was at Evergreen Cemetery in Los Angeles on the grounds beside the Gothic stone chapel in the scene where Joe discovers his body was cremated and scattered on the cemetery grounds.


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: The football stadium used in the film was the home of the Los Angeles Rams team at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum at 3911 South Figueroa Street, Exposition Park in Los Angeles.


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval "Certified Fresh" rating of 87% based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads "A throwback to the high-gloss screwball comedies of the 1940s, "Heaven Can Wait" beguiles with seamless production values and great comic relief from Charles Grodin and Dyan Cannon." Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Heaven Can Wait (1978 film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four and called it "the kind of upbeat screwball comedy Hollywood used to do smoothly and well." Gene Siskel gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and declared it "a delightful film that is both surprisingly fresh and old-fashioned." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote that the film "hasn't much personality of its own. Instead, it has a kind of earnest cheerfulness that is sometimes most winning. Mr. Beatty and Miss Christie are performers who bring to their roles the easy sort of gravity that establishes characters of import, no matter how simply they are drawn in the script." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that "Beatty and his accomplices have brought it off, with only minor patches of turbulence. The script has been expertly contemporized." Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" wrote ""Heaven Can Wait" is easily the most appealing new American movie on the market. It manages to preserve much of the charm and romantic fantasy that worked for its predecessor, the 1941 crowd-pleaser "Here Comes Mr. Jordan", while freshening up some of the settings and details and tailoring the roles to a different cast." Penelope Gilliatt of "The New Yorker" praised the script as "sometimes both loopy and brainy", but asked "good grief, what is all this braininess and talent doing in a remake of a Harry Segall play that has no relation to the real world we come out into from the cinema? One can see why there were films about transmigration and reincarnation during the war, but not now."


title: Anthony Zerbe

text: Anthony Jared Zerbe (born May 20, 1936) is an American actor. His notable film roles include the post-apocalyptic cult leader Matthias in "The Omega Man", a 1971 film adaptation of Richard Matheson's 1954 novel, "I Am Legend"; as an Irish Catholic coal miner and one of the Molly Maguires in the 1970 film "The Molly Maguires"; as a corrupt gambler in "Farewell, My Lovely"; as the leper colony chief Toussaint in the 1973 historical drama prison film "Papillon"; as Abner Devereaux in "Kiss Meets the Phantom of the Park"; as villain Milton Krest in the James Bond film "Licence to Kill"; Rosie in "The Turning Point"; Roger Stuart in "The Dead Zone"; Admiral Dougherty in ""; and Councillor Hamann in "The Matrix Reloaded" and "The Matrix Revolutions".


title: Anthony Zerbe

text: Zerbe was born in Long Beach, California, the son of Catherine (née Scurlock) and Arthur LeVan Zerbe. He went to Newport Harbor High School. He attended Pomona College in Claremont, California, graduating in 1958. His parents were also alumni of Pomona College. He served in the United States Air Force from 1959 to 1961.


title: Anthony Zerbe

text: Zerbe's interest in acting was kindled by stage productions when he was 17. He studied at the Stella Adler Studio in New York City. He made his New York City stage debut at the Greenwich Mews Theatre on October 15, 1961 with The Cave Dwellers. On television, he has played guest roles on such series as "Naked City", "The Virginian", "Kung Fu" (2 episodes), "The Big Valley", "Route 66", "The Wild Wild West", "Twelve O'Clock High", "Bonanza", "" (5 episodes), "Gunsmoke", "Hawaii Five-O", "Mannix" (4 episodes), "It Takes a Thief", "The Chisholms", "Ironside", "The F.B.I.", "The Rookies", "The Rockford Files", "Dynasty", "Columbo", as well as numerous others.


title: Anthony Zerbe

text: He had a starring role in "The Young Riders"; and co-starred on "Harry O" in that series' second and final seasons. Zerbe was also seen as Pontius Pilate in the miniseries "A.D." and as General Grant in "North and South: Book II". He was also in many episodes of the mini-series "Centennial", in 1978. His latest appearance is in the 2013 American black comedy/crime film "American Hustle".


title: Anthony Zerbe

text: Zerbe is the former artistic director of "Reflections, A New Plays Festival" at the Geva Theatre in Rochester, New York, and has toured the United States, in 1981, with "Behind the Broken Words", a performance of contemporary poetry and comedy plus dramatic works with fellow actor Roscoe Lee Browne.


title: Anthony Zerbe

text: In 1976, Zerbe won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his role as Lieutenant K.C. Trench in the private detective series "Harry O". In 1981, he played eldest brother Benjamin Hubbard in a Broadway revival of "The Little Foxes".


title: Anthony Zerbe

text: Zerbe has been married to Arnette Jens (sister of actress Salome Jens), since October 7, 1962; the couple has two children.


title: BMW M62

text: BMW M62 is a naturally aspirated V8 petrol engine which was produced from 1995 to 2005. A successor to the BMW M60, the M62 features an aluminium engine block and a single row timing chain.


title: BMW M62

text: The S62 engine is the BMW M high performance version of the M62, which was released in the E39 M5, BMW Z8, Ascari KZ1, and the Ascari A10.


title: BMW M62

text: Like the BMW M60 engine it replaced, the M62 is a DOHC engine with four valves per cylinder, an aluminum block and aluminum heads. The M62 has fracture-split forged connecting rods, hypereutectic pistons with ferrous coated side skirts. Most of the M62 engines used Alusil for the block material, however some early M62 engines used Nikasil cylinder coating instead.


title: BMW M62

text: Alusil technology integrates silicon throughout the aluminum cast so that liners or treated bores within this block family are not needed.


title: BMW M62

text: In 1998, a "Technical Update" was applied to the M62, resulting in the M62TU variants. New features include single-VANOS (variable valve timing for the intake camshaft) and electronic throttle control. The engine management was updated to Motronic ME7.2.


title: BMW M62

text: In 1998, the Technical Update was applied, resulting in the M62TUB35. Versions used in the E39 5 Series application have slightly more power than versions used in the E38 7 Series.


title: BMW M62

text: In 1998, the Technical Update was applied, resulting in the M62TUB44. In the United States, power for 2001-2003 540i models was increased to .


title: BMW M62

text: The M62TUB46 is based on the M62TUB44. Revisions include full metal vanos hubs. 10.5mm lift intake and exhaust camshafts. Stronger valve springs. Bore of Stroke of . Underdriven crank shaft drive pulley. Two-piece oil scraper ring instead of three-pieces. 93 mm pistons with reduced height due to the increased stroke.


title: BMW M62

text: The Alpina F3 was developed by Alpina and based on the M62B44 engine. Released late in 1996 it used a modified M62B44 block supplied to Alpina from BMW featuring a bore of 93mm. It also featured a modified cylinder head, different intake camshafts, a crankshaft with increased stroke along with different pistons, a different air intake manifold and exhaust manifolds as well as custom engine programming.


title: BMW M62

text: Following with updates to the regular production M62B44 the F4 was a revised version of the Alpina F3 engine and featured variable valve timing on the intake camshafts, an electronically controlled throttle body and a slight increase in power. The Alpina F4 received a revision into the F4/1 in late 2000 which slightly increased fuel efficiency while decreasing its emissions output although power output remained the same.


title: BMW M62

text: The F5 was Alpina's final iteration of the M62B44 engine, it featured all the same technology as the F4/1 but with an increased displacement due to an increased stroke thanks to a modified crankshaft. The increased stroke necessitated an oil pan with additional clearance as well as revised intake camshafts and exhaust camshafts from the M62B46 production engine. It has a bore of and a stroke of .


title: BMW M62

text: Based on the production M62B44 the Racing Dyamics R52 engine featured a billet crankshaft, special pistons with stock connecting rods and a modified cylinder head which work together to raise the compression ratio to 11.3:1. It also features custom tubular exhaust manifolds, different camshafts and a modified engine computer which lets the engine spin to its 7,200 rpm redline. It has a bore of and a stroke of .


title: BMW M62

text: The BMW S62 engine (full model code "S62B50") is the high-performance variant of the M62, which is fitted to the E39 M5 and the E52 Z8. The S62 was BMW's first V8 engine to have double-VANOS (variable valve timing on the intake and exhaust camshafts).


title: BMW M62

text: The S62 engine produces at 6600 rpm and at 3800 rpm. The redline is 7000 rpm. The bore and stroke are and respectively. This results in a displacement of , compared with the of the largest M62 engine at the time.


title: BMW M62

text: Like the M62, the S62 has an aluminium block and head. The S62 was assembled at BMW's Dingolfing plant.


title: BMW M62

text: The 1998-2000 Bentley Arnage (Green Label) is powered by a Cosworth-developed twin-turbo version of the M62B44. This engine produces and .


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: Johnny Paycheck (born Donald Eugene Lytle; May 31, 1938 – February 19, 2003) was an American country music singer and Grand Ole Opry member notable for recording the David Allan Coe song "Take This Job and Shove It". He achieved his greatest success in the 1970s as a force in country music's "outlaw movement" popularized by artists Hank Williams Jr., Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Billy Joe Shaver, and Merle Haggard. In 1980, Paycheck appeared on the PBS music program "Austin City Limits" (season 5). But during that decade, his music career slowed due to drug, alcohol, and legal problems. He served a prison sentence in the early 1990s and his declining health effectively ended his career in early 2000. In autographs, Paycheck signed his name "PayCheck".


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: Johnny Paycheck was born Donald Eugene Lytle on May 31, 1938, in Greenfield, Ohio. By age 9, Lytle was already playing in talent contests. He was singing professionally by age 15.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: After a stint in the Navy in the 1950s, he relocated to Nashville, Tennessee. He was a tenor harmony singer with numerous hard country performers in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including Ray Price. He worked along with Willie Nelson in Price's band the Cherokee Cowboys. He was featured as a tenor singer on recordings by Faron Young, Roger Miller, and Skeets McDonald. In 1960, he reached Top 35 status in "Cashbox" magazine's country charts as Donny Young with the tune "Miracle Of Love". In the early 1960s, he convinced country music legend George Jones to hire him. Paycheck provided harmony vocals as well as bass and steel guitar for Jones. He later co-wrote Jones's hit song "Once You've Had the Best." From the early to mid 1960s, he also enjoyed some success as a songwriter for others, with his biggest songwriting hit being "Apartment No. 9", which served as Tammy Wynette's first chart hit in December 1966.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: In 1964, he changed his name legally to Johnny Paycheck, taking the name from Johnny Paychek, a top-ranked boxer from Chicago who once fought Joe Louis for the heavyweight title (and not directly as a humorous alternative to Johnny Cash, as is commonly believed). He first charted under his new name with "A-11" in 1965. His bestselling single from this period was "She's All I Got", which reached No. 2 on the US country singles charts in 1971 and made it onto the Billboard Hot 100. His "Mr. Lovemaker" also reached No. 2 on the US country singles chart in 1973. But with the popularity of Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings in the mid-1970s, Paycheck changed his image to that of outlaw, with which he was to have his largest financial success.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: His producer Billy Sherrill helped revive his career by significantly changing his sound and image. Sherrill was best known for carefully choreographing his records and infusing them with considerable pop feel. The Paycheck records were clearly based on Sherrill's take on the bands backing Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson on records.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: A member of the Grand Ole Opry, Paycheck is best remembered for his 1977 hit single, "Take This Job and Shove It", written by David Allan Coe, which sold over two million copies and inspired a motion picture of the same name. "Colorado Kool-Aid", "Me and the IRS", "Friend, Lover, Wife", "Slide Off of Your Satin Sheets", and "I'm the Only Hell (Mama Ever Raised)" were other hits for Paycheck during this period. He received an Academy of Country Music Career Achievement award in 1977.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: The most successful of his later singles, released during his appeal, was "Old Violin", which reached No. 21 on the country chart in 1986. His last album to chart was "Modern Times" in 1987. He continued to release albums, the last of which, "Remembering", appeared in 2002. He continued to perform and tour until the late 1990s. Shortly before his retirement, in 1997, he was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry; in a rare exception to protocol, Opry general manager Bob Whittaker personally invited Paycheck to join instead of having another member do the invitation.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: With his producer, Aubrey Mayhew, Paycheck co-owned his record company, Little Darlin' Records. Paycheck's recordings by Little Darlin' featured the pedal steel guitar work of Lloyd Green. By the end of the 1960s, Little Darlin' Records folded. Mayhew and Paycheck soon created Certron Records, a newly formed recording company owned by Certron (a manufacturer of audio and video tape). The label was able to sign Bobby Helms, Ronnie Dove, Clint Eastwood, Pozo-Seco Singers (as Pozo Seco), and Paycheck. After the move to Certron, the label was unable to make a profit and closed by 1972. In the late 1990s, after decades ignored, Little Darlin' recordings received recognition by country music historians for their distinctive and sharp-edged sound, considered unique in their time—Paycheck's in particular.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: Paycheck was married; he and his wife Sharon had a son. In the 1990s, he began capitalizing the 'c' in his surname to PayCheck.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: In 1981, Paycheck was arrested for statutory rape of a 12-year-old girl in Wyoming. Members of Paycheck's band told police that the singer had numerous problems with allegations because of his celebrity status. He was released on bond. In 1982, he pled no contest in order to continue his touring and not go to trial. The prosecution's witnesses were reluctant to testify. He pled down to a misdemeanor and received a $1,000 fine. A $3 million civil suit resulted from the incident, but the case never made it to a court.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: In December 1985, Paycheck was convicted and sentenced to seven years in jail for shooting a man at the North High Lounge in Hillsboro, Ohio; he had fired a .22 pistol, and the bullet grazed the man's head. Paycheck claimed the act was self-defense. After several years spent fighting the sentence, he began serving his sentence in 1989, spending 22 months in prison before being pardoned by Ohio Governor Richard Celeste.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: In 1990, he filed for bankruptcy after tax problems with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) such as a $300,000 lien.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: Although Paycheck was addicted to drugs and alcohol during his career, he later was said to have "put his life in order" after his prison stay.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: After 2000, his health would only allow for short appearances. Contracting emphysema and asthma after a lengthy illness, Paycheck died at Nashville's Vanderbilt University Medical Center in 2003, aged 64.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: A tribute album, "Touch My Heart: a Tribute to Johnny Paycheck", was released in 2004 on the Sugar Hill Label. Produced by Robbie Fulks, the album features George Jones, Marshall Crenshaw, Hank Williams III, Al Anderson, Dallas Wayne, Neko Case, Gail Davies and Fulks himself covering some of Paycheck's best-known songs.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: In his song "Grand Ole Opry (Ain't So Grand Anymore)", Hank Williams III praises Paycheck (along with Waylon Jennings, Johnny Cash, and Hank Williams Jr.) as a "real rebel" the Grand Ole Opry only reluctantly inducted.


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: His song "It Won't Be Long (And I'll Be Hating You)" appears in the open-world action-adventure video game "Grand Theft Auto V".


title: Johnny Paycheck

text: His song "(Pardon Me) I've Got Someone to Kill" is covered on the album "All the Way" by Diamanda Galás.


title: Candela

text: The candela ( or ; symbol: cd) is the unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units (SI). It measures luminous power per unit solid angle emitted by a light source in a particular direction. Luminous intensity is analogous to radiant intensity, but instead of simply adding up the contributions of every wavelength of light in the source's spectrum, the contribution of each wavelength is weighted by the standard luminosity function (a model of the sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths). A common wax candle emits light with a luminous intensity of roughly one candela. If emission in some directions is blocked by an opaque barrier, the emission would still be approximately one candela in the directions that are not obscured.


title: Candela

text: The word "candela" is Latin for "candle". The old name "candle" is still sometimes used, as in "foot-candle" and the modern definition of "candlepower".


title: Candela

text: The 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) redefined the candela in 2018. The new definition, which took effect on 20 May 2019, is:


title: Candela

text: The candela [...] is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 × 10 Hz, "K", to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W, which is equal to , or , where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of "h", "c" and Δ"ν".


title: Candela

text: The frequency chosen is in the visible spectrum near green, corresponding to a wavelength of about 555 nanometres. The human eye, when adapted for bright conditions, is most sensitive near this frequency. Under these conditions, photopic vision dominates the visual perception of our eyes over the scotopic vision. At other frequencies, more radiant intensity is required to achieve the same luminous intensity, according to the frequency response of the human eye. The luminous intensity for light of a particular wavelength "λ" is given by


title: Candela

text: where "I"("λ") is the luminous intensity, "I"("λ") is the radiant intensity and formula_2 is the photopic luminosity function. If more than one wavelength is present (as is usually the case), one must integrate over the spectrum of wavelengths to get the total luminous intensity.


title: Candela

text: Prior to 1948, various standards for luminous intensity were in use in a number of countries. These were typically based on the brightness of the flame from a "standard candle" of defined composition, or the brightness of an incandescent filament of specific design. One of the best-known of these was the English standard of candlepower. One candlepower was the light produced by a pure spermaceti candle weighing one sixth of a pound and burning at a rate of 120 grains per hour. Germany, Austria and Scandinavia used the Hefnerkerze, a unit based on the output of a Hefner lamp.


title: Candela

text: It became clear that a better-defined unit was needed. Jules Violle had proposed a standard based on the light emitted by 1 cm of platinum at its melting point (or freezing point), calling this the Violle. The light intensity was due to the Planck radiator (a black body) effect, and was thus independent of the construction of the device. This made it easy for anyone to measure the standard, as high-purity platinum was widely available and easily prepared.


title: Candela

text: The "Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage" (International Commission on Illumination) and the CIPM proposed a "new candle" based on this basic concept. However, the value of the new unit was chosen to make it similar to the earlier unit candlepower by dividing the Violle by 60. The decision was promulgated by the CIPM in 1946:


title: Candela

text: The value of the new candle is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre.


title: Candela

text: It was then ratified in 1948 by the 9th CGPM which adopted a new name for this unit, the "candela". In 1967 the 13th CGPM removed the term "new candle" and gave an amended version of the candela definition, specifying the atmospheric pressure applied to the freezing platinum:


title: Candela

text: The candela is the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of square metre of a black body at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of  newtons per square metre.


title: Candela

text: In 1979, because of the difficulties in realizing a Planck radiator at high temperatures and the new possibilities offered by radiometry, the 16th CGPM adopted a new definition of the candela:


title: Candela

text: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of  watt per steradian.


title: Candela

text: The definition describes how to produce a light source that (by definition) emits one candela, but does not specify the luminosity function for weighting radiation at other frequencies. Such a source could then be used to calibrate instruments designed to measure luminous intensity with reference to a specified luminosity function. An appendix to the SI Brochure makes it clear that the luminosity function is not uniquely specified, but must be selected to fully define the candela.


title: Candela

text: The arbitrary (1/683) term was chosen so that the new definition would precisely match the old definition. Although the candela is now defined in terms of the second (an SI base unit) and the watt (a derived SI unit), the candela remains a base unit of the SI system, by definition.


title: Candela

text: The 26th CGPM approved the modern definition of the candela in 2018 as part of the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, which redefined the SI base units in terms of fundamental physical constants.


title: Candela

text: If a source emits a known luminous intensity "I" (in candelas) in a well-defined cone, the total luminous flux "Φ" in lumens is given by


title: Candela

text: where "A" is the "radiation angle" of the lamp—the full vertex angle of the emission cone. For example, a lamp that emits 590 cd with a radiation angle of 40° emits about 224 lumens. See MR16 for emission angles of some common lamps.


title: Candela

text: If the source emits light uniformly in all directions, the flux can be found by multiplying the intensity by 4: a uniform 1 candela source emits 12.6 lumens.


title: Candela

text: For the purpose of measuring illumination, the candela is not a practical unit, as it only applies to idealized point light sources, each approximated by a source small compared to the distance from which its luminous radiation is measured, also assuming that it is done so in the absence of other light sources. What gets directly measured by a light meter is incident light on a sensor of finite area, i.e. illuminance in lm/m (lux). However, if designing illumination from many point light sources, like light bulbs, of known approximate omnidirectionally uniform intensities, the contributions to illuminance from incoherent light being additive, it is mathematically estimated as follows. If r is the position of the "i"th source of uniform intensity "I", and â is the unit vector normal to the illuminated elemental opaque area "dA" being measured, and provided that all light sources lie in the same half-space divided by the plane of this area,


title: Candela

text: In the case of a single point light source of intensity "I", at a distance "r" and normally incident, this reduces to


title: Candela

text: Like other SI units, the candela can also be modified by adding a metric prefix that multiplies it by a power of 10, for example millicandela (mcd) for 10 candela.


title: Jack Carter (politician)

text: John William "Jack" Carter (born July 3, 1947) is an American businessman and politician who unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate in Nevada in 2006, losing to John Ensign in the general election. He is the eldest child of former President Jimmy Carter and First Lady Rosalynn Carter.


title: Jack Carter (politician)

text: Carter was born at the Naval Medical Center Portsmouth in Portsmouth, Virginia. Raised in Plains, Georgia, he spent winters working at his father's peanut farm warehouse, where his wages began at 10 cents per hour. Carter struggled when he first entered college in 1965, attending Georgia Tech, Emory University, and Georgia Southwestern State University before enlisting in the United States Navy in April 1968 at the suggestion of his father. Carter served during the Vietnam War, on the salvage ship . He received a "less than honorable" general discharge in late 1970 after he and 53 classmates were caught smoking marijuana at the Naval Reactors Facility in Idaho Falls, Idaho. Carter returned to Georgia Tech, earning a degree in nuclear physics. Following graduation, he immediately entered law school at the University of Georgia, receiving his Juris Doctor in 1975.


title: Jack Carter (politician)

text: In 1985, he was interviewed by David Wallechinsky for his book, "Midterm Report: The Class of '65: Chronicles Of An American Generation" (1986). It was later published as "Class Reunion '65, Tales of an American Generation," written from the perspective of two decades post-high school graduation. Twenty-eight then contemporary high school graduates were interviewed, Wallachinsky noting the profound impact of the war on Vietnam on their lives.


title: Jack Carter (politician)

text: Carter moved to Nevada in 2002 and ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the United States Senate as a Democrat against incumbent Republican Senator John Ensign of Nevada in the 2006 election. Carter won the Democratic nomination on August 15, 2006, against opponent Ruby Jee Tun, a teacher from Carson City.


title: Jack Carter (politician)

text: Carter's primary issues were his opposition to the Iraq War and his concerns about the healthcare system, especially what he characterized as its failure to meet its commitment to veterans.


title: Jack Carter (politician)

text: Stepson John Chuldenko, from Brasfield's first marriage, is a film director and has directed television ads for the campaign; stepdaughter Sarah Reynolds (née Chuldenko) is a book illustrator (for Jimmy Carter's poetry volume) and painter who has worked with Jeff Koons, and is married to Australian artist Stephen Reynolds.


title: Trapper John, M.D.

text: Trapper John, M.D. is an American medical drama television series and spin-off of the film "M*A*S*H" (1970). Pernell Roberts portrayed the title character, a lovable surgeon who became a mentor and father figure in San Francisco, California. The show ran on CBS for seven seasons, from September 23, 1979, to September 4, 1986. Roberts played the character more than twice as long as had Wayne Rogers (1972–75) on the TV series "M*A*S*H". The role of Trapper John was played by Elliott Gould in the film.


title: Trapper John, M.D.

text: "Trapper John, M.D." focuses on Dr. "Trapper" John McIntyre (Pernell Roberts) 28 years after his discharge from the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) in the Korean War. During that time after the war, the character had mellowed considerably. He did not merely learn how to stop fighting the system but became a part of it, in a sense, as the Chief of Surgery at San Francisco Memorial Hospital. Trapper shows tremendous compassion toward his patients, often violating "established hospital procedures."


title: Trapper John, M.D.

text: Working with Trapper is an aspiring young professional named Dr. George Alonzo Gates (Gregory Harrison), usually referred to as Gonzo, who has a lot in common with Trapper, having also served in a MASH unit (albeit during the later Vietnam War). His sense of humor and love of life also reflect elements of Trapper's younger days. Gonzo resides in his motor home (dubbed "The Titanic") in the hospital parking lot.


title: Trapper John, M.D.

text: Only nine further irregularly-scheduled episodes of "Trapper John" were produced after Harrison's departure.


title: Trapper John, M.D.

text: After Harrison's last episode, the show was off the air for three weeks, then brought back on a different night before being pre-empted three times in the next four weeks. A top 30 hit for most of its run, "Trapper John, M.D." fell out of the top 30 during season seven, and was canceled by season's end.


title: Trapper John, M.D.

text: The final four episodes were aired late in the summer of 1986, well after the show's cancellation had already been announced.


title: Trapper John, M.D.

text: In a suit filed in New York state court, Ingo Preminger, producer of the 1970 motion picture "M*A*S*H", claimed that under his deal with 20th Century Fox, his production company had both the right of first refusal to produce any spin-off of the movie, and the right to fees from the use of the book and film's material. New York State Supreme Court Justice Martin Stecher found that Preminger's agreement with Fox did not give him the right to produce "Trapper John M.D.", but did entitle him to a 25% share in profits from the show. This decision was later cited by the same court in its 2008 decision in "Kellman v. Mosley", involving a claim for royalties involving the Easy Rawlins detective series.


title: Trapper John, M.D.

text: It has sometimes been reported that the producers of the television series "M*A*S*H" filed suit claiming they were entitled to royalties from the new show, arguing that it was based on the character as portrayed in their series by Wayne Rogers, but the producers of "Trapper John, M.D" successfully argued that it was based only on the earlier film and Richard Hooker's "". In fact, these reports appear to be a confused description of "Preminger v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp." Both TV series were produced under deals with 20th Century Fox Television, and the film was produced by parent company 20th Century Fox.


title: Trapper John, M.D.

text: The pilot includes photos and video clips (part of a dream) taken from the "M*A*S*H" film and TV series, including a publicity photo of Trapper (as portrayed by Wayne Rogers) and Hawkeye (Alan Alda), and the character mentions Radar and Hawkeye by name. However, none of the other M*A*S*H characters appeared as characters, and references to Trapper's time in Korea were rare.


title: Trapper John, M.D.

text: Wayne Rogers who played Trapper John in M*A*S*H from 1972 to 1975 was offered to reprise the title role but turned it down because he did not want to play a doctor again on television. Nevertheless, the situation comedy "House Calls" premiered less than three months after "Trapper John, M.D.", with Rogers portraying Dr. Charley Michaels.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach is a seaside city in Orange County in Southern California, located southeast of Downtown Los Angeles. The city is named after American businessman Henry E. Huntington. The population was 198,711 during the 2020 census, making it the fourth most populous city in Orange County, the most populous beach city in Orange County, and the seventh most populous city in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is bordered by Bolsa Chica Basin State Marine Conservation Area on the west, the Pacific Ocean on the southwest, by Seal Beach on the northwest, by Westminster on the north, by Fountain Valley on the northeast, by Costa Mesa on the east, and by Newport Beach on the southeast.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach is known for its long stretch of sandy beach, mild climate, excellent surfing, and beach culture. Swells generated predominantly from the North Pacific in winter and from a combination of Southern Hemisphere storms and hurricanes in the summer focus on Huntington Beach, creating consistent surf all year long, hence the nickname "Surf City".


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The Tongva village of Lupukngna was located in what is now Huntington Beach, with an approximate location being near the Newland House Museum. The nearby village of Genga, shared with the Acjachemen, was located across the Santa Ana River in what is now Newport Beach and Costa Mesa.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The main thoroughfare of Huntington Beach, Beach Boulevard, was originally a cattle route for the main industry of the Rancho. Since its time as a parcel of the enormous Spanish land grant, Huntington Beach has undergone many incarnations. One time it was known as Shell Beach, the town of Smeltzer, and then Gospel Swamp for the revival meetings that were held in the marshland where the community college Golden West College can currently be found. Later it became known as Fairview and then Pacific City, as it developed into a tourist destination. In order to secure access to the Pacific Electric Red Car lines that used to criss-cross Los Angeles and ended in Long Beach, Pacific City ceded enormous power to railroad magnate Henry E. Huntington, and thus became a city whose name has been written into corporate sponsorship, and like much of the history of Southern California, boosterism.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The original Huntington Beach Pier was built in 1904 and was originally a 1,000-foot-long timber structure. Huntington Beach was incorporated on February 17, 1909, during the tenure of its first mayor, Ed Manning. Its original developer was Huntington Beach Company (formerly the West Coast Land and Water Company), a real-estate development firm owned by Henry Huntington. The Huntington Beach Company is still a major land-owner in the city, and still owns most of the local mineral rights. The company is now wholly owned by the Chevron Corporation.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: At one time, an encyclopedia company gave away free parcels of land (with the purchase of a whole set for $126) in the Huntington Beach area. The lucky buyers got more than they had bargained for when oil was discovered in the area, and enormous development of the oil reserves followed. Though many of the old reserves are depleted, and the price of land for housing has pushed many of the rigs off the landscape, oil pumps can still be found to dot the city.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach was primarily agricultural in its early years with crops such as lima beans, asparagus, peppers, celery and sugar beets. Holly Sugar was a major employer with a large processing plant in the city that was later converted into an oil refinery.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The city's first high school, Huntington Beach High School, located on Main Street, was built in 1906. The school's team, the Oilers, is named after the city's original natural resource.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Meadowlark Airport, a small general-aviation airport, existed in Huntington Beach from the 1940s until 1989.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (16.10%) is water.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The entire city of Huntington Beach lies in area codes 714 and 657, except for small parts of Huntington Harbour (along with Sunset Beach, the community adjacent to Huntington Harbour), which is in the 562 area code.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach has a borderline semi-arid/Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: "BSk/Csb"), gradually changing for the second to the west and south due to its low precipitation. Although areas such as Huntington Central Park and northern Bolsa Chica usually fall into the first climate type, thus being the boundary of the cool summer Mediterranean climate on the west coast of North America, except for elevated portions in the southern end of the state. The climate is generally sunny, dry and cool, although evenings can be excessively damp. In the morning and evening, there are often strong breezes that can reach . Ocean water temperatures average to . In the summer, temperatures rarely exceed . In the winter, temperatures rarely fall below , even on clear nights. There are about of rain, almost all in mid-winter. Frost occurs only rarely, on the coldest winter nights. The area is annually affected by a marine layer caused by the cool air of the Pacific Ocean meeting the warm air over the land. This results in overcast and foggy conditions in May and June.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Between Downtown Huntington Beach and Huntington Harbour lies a large marshy wetland, much of which is protected within the Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve. A $110 million restoration of the wetlands was completed in 2006. The reserve is popular with bird watchers and photographers.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: South of Downtown, the Talbert, Brookhurst and Magnolia Marshes, which lie across the street from Huntington State Beach, had restoration completed in 2010.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The northern and southern beaches (Bolsa Chica State Beach and Huntington State Beach, respectively) are state parks. Only the central beach (Huntington City Beach) is maintained by the city. Camping and RVs are permitted here, and popular campsites for the Fourth of July and the Surfing Championships must be reserved many months in advance. Bolsa Chica State Beach is actually a sand bar fronting the Bolsa Bay and Bolsa Chica State Ecological Reserve.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The Orange County run Sunset Marina Park next to is part of Anaheim Bay. It is suitable for light craft, and includes a marina, launching ramp, basic services, a picnic area and a few restaurants. The park is in Seal Beach, but is only reachable from Huntington Harbour. The Sunset/Huntington Harbour area is patrolled by the Orange County Sheriff's Harbor Patrol.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The harbor entrance for Anaheim Bay is sometimes restricted by the United States Navy, which loads ships with munitions at the Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station to the north of the main channel.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The 2020 United States census reported that Huntington Beach had a population of 198,711. The population density was . The racial makeup of Huntington Beach was 126,591 (63.7%) White, 2,291 (1.2%) African American, 1,293 (0.7%) Native American, 26,346 (13.2%) Asian, 603 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 15,689 (7.9%) from other races, and 25,898 (13.0%) from two or more races. There were 39,457 Hispanic or Latino residents of any race (19.9%). Non-Hispanic Whites were 61.3% of the population.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Huntington Beach had a population of 189,992. The population density was . The racial makeup of Huntington Beach was 145,661 (76.7%) White, 1,813 (1.0%) African American, 992 (0.5%) Native American, 21,070 (11.1%) Asian, 635 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 11,193 (5.9%) from other races, and 8,628 (4.5%) from two or more races. There were 32,411 Hispanic or Latino residents of any race (17.1%). Non-Hispanic Whites were 67.2% of the population.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The Census reported that 189,102 people (99.5% of the population) lived in households, 487 (0.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 403 (0.2%) were institutionalized.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: There were 74,285 households, out of which 21,922 (29.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 36,729 (49.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,685 (10.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 3,804 (5.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 4,386 (5.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 504 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 18,489 households (24.9%) were made up of individuals, and 6,527 (8.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55. There were 48,218 families (64.9% of all households); the average family size was 3.07.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: There were 39,128 people (20.6%) under the age of 18, 15,906 people (8.4%) aged 18 to 24, 54,024 people (28.4%) aged 25 to 44, 53,978 people (28.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 26,956 people (14.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: There were 78,003 housing units at an average density of , of which 44,914 (60.5%) were owner-occupied, and 29,371 (39.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.4%. 115,470 people (60.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 73,632 people (38.8%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: During 20092013, Huntington Beach had a median household income of $81,389, with 8.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: At the 2000 census, the population density was 7,183.6 inhabitants per square mile (2,773.9/km). There were 75,662 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 79.2% White, 0.8% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 9.3% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 5.8% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. 14.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: There were 73,657 households, out of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.08.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: In the city, 22.2% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.4% was from 18 to 24, 34.9% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $76,527, and the median income for a family was $94,597. Adult males had a median income of $50,021 versus $33,041 for adult females. The per capita income for the city was $40,183. About 5.1% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach sits above a large natural fault structure containing a critical supply of natural oil.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach has an off-shore oil terminus for the tankers that support the Alaska Pipeline. The terminus pipes run inland to a refinery in Santa Fe Springs. Huntington Beach also has the Gothard–Talbert terminus for the Orange County portion of the pipeline running from the Chevron El Segundo refinery.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: On October 3, 2021, an oil spill was reported where, "Officials warned of a potential ecological disaster after more than 120,000 gallons of oil leaked from an offshore rig and began washing up on beaches in Southern California as workers tried to contain the spill. The leak was reported Saturday afternoon, with the U.S. Coast Guard stating that the slick was about three miles off Newport Beach... Katrina Foley, an Orange County supervisor, tweeted that the oil spilled from Platform Elly, operated by Beta Offshore, a Long Beach unit of Houston’s Amplify Energy." Reports of tidal wetlands have been damaged, "The spill had reached the Talbert Marsh and some environmentally sensitive wetlands areas by Sunday morning. It will take time to know the extent of the damage but officials said some birds and fish have been found dead. Huntington State Beach is home to a number of species of birds, including gulls, willet, long-billed fletcher, elegant teens and reddish egret, which are rare on the West Coast, according to Ben Smith, a biologist and environmental consultant for the county."


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The city is discussing closing off Main Street to cars from PCH through the retail shopping and restaurant areas, making it a pedestrian-only zone. Other shopping centers include Bella Terra, built on the former Huntington Center site, Pacific City, and Old World Village, a German-themed center.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Several hotels have been constructed on the inland side of PCH within view of the beach, just southeast of the pier.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach contains a small industrial district in its northwest corner, near the borders with Westminster and Seal Beach.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach contains a major installation of Boeing, formerly McDonnell-Douglas. A number of installations on the Boeing campus were originally constructed to service the Apollo Program, most notably the production of the S-IVB upper stage for the Saturn IB and Saturn V rockets.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: While Huntington Beach retains its 15-year trademark of Surf City Huntington Beach, the Huntington Beach Conference and Visitors Bureau filed four applications to register the "Surf City USA" trademark in November 2004. The idea was to market the city by creating an authentic brand based on Southern California's beach culture and active outdoor lifestyle while at the same time creating a family of product licensees who operate like a franchise family producing a revenue stream that could also be dedicated to promoting the brand and city. A ruling by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office released on May 12, 2006, awarded three trademark registrations to the Bureau; nine additional trademark registrations have been granted since this time and ten other Surf City USA trademarks are now under consideration. One of the first products the Bureau developed to promote its brand was the Surf City USA Beach Cruiser by Felt Bicycles in 2006. The product has sold out every year in markets worldwide and created demand for a second rental bicycle model that will be marketed to resort locations across the globe starting in 2009. The Bureau now has dozens of other licensed products on the market from Surf City USA soft drinks to clothing to glassware. As of April 2008, the Bureau had more than 20 licensing partners with over 50 different products being prepared to enter the market over the next 18 months. Four of the Bureau's registrations of the trademark are now on the principal register and the remaining ten trademark applications are expected to follow. The Bureau is actively considering registration of the Surf City USA trademark in several different countries and anticipates a growing market for its branded products overseas in coming years.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: An ongoing dispute between Huntington Beach and Santa Cruz, California over the trademark garnered national publicity in 2007 when a law firm representing Huntington Beach sent a cease-and-desist letter to a Santa Cruz T-shirt vendor. A settlement was reached in January 2008, which allows the Huntington Beach Conference and Visitors Bureau to retain the trademark.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The downtown district includes an active art center, a colorful shopping district, and the International Surfing Museum.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: This district was also the home of the Golden Bear from 1929 to 1986. Originally a fine dining restaurant opened by Harry Bakre in 1929, the Golden Bear became a nightclub in 1963 and hosted famous-name entertainment until it was demolished in 1986. The list of artists who performed there includes BB King, Janis Joplin, Jerry Garcia, Merl Saunders, Steve Martin, Charles Bukowski, The Ramones and Stevie Ray Vaughan. The Huntington Beach Pier stretches from Main Street into the Pacific Ocean. The popular End Cafe located at the end of the pier, was destroyed during a storm in 1983, and was rebuilt and reopened on Sept 20, 1985. The End Cafe closed in 1988 when another storm destroyed the end of the pier. A Ruby's Diner was at the location from 1996 until 2021. Today the location is occupied by Bud & Gene's, a casual pop-up seafood restaurant that opened in July 2022.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: According to Huntington Beach's 2021 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the principal private employers in the city are:


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Many of the events at Huntington Beach take place on the beach during the summer. The U.S. Open of Surfing is featured on the south side of the pier. Huntington Beach is a stop on the AVP beach volleyball tour. A biathlon (swim/run) hosted by the Bolsa Chica & Huntington State Beach Lifeguards takes place in July, early at dawn. The race begins at the Santa Ana River Jetties and ends at Warner Avenue, Bolsa Chica State Beach. Huntington Beach Junior Lifeguard day camps are held which teaches pre-adolescents and adolescents ocean swimming, running, and first-aid medical knowledge.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: In addition to the beach-focused events, the Fourth of July parade has been held since 1904. The Huntington Beach Film Festival takes place every February.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: The Pacific Airshow (originally known as the Breitling Huntington Beach Airshow, then the Great Pacific Airshow), featuring the Breitling Jet Team and the United States Air Force Thunderbirds, is held each October.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: During the winter, the annual Cruise of Lights Boat Tour is held in the Huntington Harbour neighborhood. This is a parade of colorful lighted boats as well as boat tours to view the decorated homes. In February of each year since 1996, the Surf City USA marathon is held with over 20,000 runners. The annual Kite Festival is held just north of the pier in late February.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach hosts car shows such as the Beachcruiser Meet and a Concours d'Elegance. The Beachcruiser Meet is held in March, attracting over 250 classic cars displayed along Main Street and the Pier parking lot. A Concours d'Elegance is held at Central Park in June and benefits the public library. An informal "Donut Derelicts" car show occurs every Saturday morning at the intersection of Adams and Magnolia Street. A Cars and Coffee car meet is held each Sunday morning at Pacific City.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Surf City Nights is held every Tuesday night during the year. The Tuesday Surf City Nights is a community-spirited event that features a farmer's market, unique entertainment, food, kiddie rides and a carnival atmosphere. Surf City Nights and the Downtown Huntington Beach Art Walk are presented by the Huntington Beach Downtown Business Improvement District (HBDBID) and the City of Huntington Beach. The Tuesday night Surf City Nights event takes place in the first three blocks of Main Street from Pacific Coast Highway to Orange Avenue.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach is the site of the world surfing championships, held annually in the summer. The city is often referred to as "Surf City" because of this high-profile event, its history and culture of surfing. It is often called the "Surfing Capital of the World", not for the height of the waves, but rather for the consistent quality of surf.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Huntington Beach was the host city of the National Professional Paintball League Super 7 Paintball Championships until the league shutdown in 2013.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: George Freeth was the first person to surf in Huntington Beach with a demonstration on June 20, 1914. Freeth had been demonstrating surfing in southern California as a promotion for the city by Henry E. Huntington. Duke Kahanamoku started surfing in Huntington Beach in 1925 and helped popularize the sport. The first surfboard shop, which was located underneath the Huntington Beach Pier, opened in 1956 by Gordie Duane.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Apart from sponsored surf events, Huntington Beach has some of the best surf breaks in the State of California and that of the United States. Huntington Beach has four different facing beaches: Northwest, West, Southwest, and South. Northwest consists of Bolsa Chica State Beach with a length of , the West consist of "The Cliffs" or "Dog Beach", Southwest is considered everything north of the pier which is operated by the City of Huntington Beach. South consists in everything south of the pier which primarily focuses on Huntington State Beach (2.2 Miles), which almost faces true South.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: Bolsa Chica State Beach is operated by the California Department of Parks and Recreation and the Bolsa Chica State Beach Lifeguards. The beach is very narrow and the sand is very coarse. Bolsa Chica tends to have better surf with NW/W swells during the winter season. During the summer months the beach picks up south/southwest swells at a very steep angle. Due to the bottom of the beach, surf at Bolsa Chica tends to be slowed down and refined to soft shoulders. Longboards are the best option for surfing in the Bolsa Chica area.


title: Huntington Beach, California

text: "The Cliffs" or "Dog Beach" is also another popular surf spot. This segment of Huntington Beach is so named because dogs are allowed around the cliff area. Beach is very restricted and often is submerged with high tides. Surf at this location tends to be even bigger than Bolsa Chica during the winter and often better. During the summer most of the South/Southwest swells slide right by and often break poorly. The best option is to take out a longboard, but shortboards will do at times. Dolphins have also been sighted in this area.