title: Will Graham (character)

text: Other than passing mentions in Harris' sequel "The Silence of the Lambs", Graham does not appear in any other book of the Lecter series. In the films "Manhunter" and "Red Dragon", he is portrayed by William Petersen and Edward Norton, respectively. In the television series "Hannibal", he is portrayed by Hugh Dancy.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: In his original appearance and its adaptations, Graham is an FBI profiler responsible for the capture of serial killer Hannibal Lecter, and later assigned to capture serial killer Francis Dolarhyde. Graham is depicted as being intellectually gifted, skilled in criminology, and possessing extraordinary empathy. His empathy manifests as the ability to assume the point of view of criminals and psychopaths so he can vividly construct the mentality and motives of such individuals, even with limited data. This level of insight makes him adept at tracking down violent criminals, but also leaves him extremely disturbed; he fears that he understands psychopaths because he is one himself. He also has an eidetic memory to rival Dr. Lecter's.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: "Red Dragon" establishes Graham's backstory. He grew up poor in Louisiana, eventually moving to New Orleans, where he became a homicide detective. He leaves New Orleans to attend graduate school in forensic science at George Washington University. After attaining his degree, Graham goes to work for the FBI's crime lab. Following exceptional work both in the crime lab and in the field, Graham is given a post as teacher at the FBI Academy. During his career in the FBI, Graham is given the title of 'Special Investigator' while he is in the field.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: His first major case involves a serial killer nicknamed the "Minnesota Shrike", who preys on female college students. He catches the killer, Garrett Jacob Hobbs, at the suspect's home, in the process of trying to murder his own family. Graham finds Hobbs' wife on the apartment landing, bleeding from multiple stab wounds, who clutches at Graham before dying. Graham breaks down the door and shoots Hobbs, who is repeatedly stabbing his own daughter in the neck. Hobbs' daughter survives and eventually goes on with her life. Graham is profoundly disturbed by the incident and is referred to the psychiatric ward of Bethesda Naval Hospital. After a month in the hospital, he returns to the FBI.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: In 1975, he tracks down another serial killer nicknamed the "Chesapeake Ripper", who surgically removes his victims' edible organs. He notices that a victim with multiple stab wounds has a healed stab wound; according to his medical records, the said victim received the wound in a hunting accident five years before. He tracks down the doctor who treated the victim in the emergency room, Dr. Hannibal Lecter, now a renowned psychiatrist, to interview him about the patient. During their first meeting, Lecter claims not to remember very much. Graham returns to see Lecter in his office, and within minutes realizes that Lecter is the killer he seeks. Graham goes to Lecter's outer office and makes a phone call to the FBI's Baltimore Field Office. Lecter, who has removed his shoes, sneaks up on Graham and slashes his abdomen with a linoleum knife, nearly disemboweling him. FBI agents and Maryland State Troopers arrive and arrest Lecter, and Graham spends months recovering in a hospital. It was only after a while in the hospital that he realized what had tipped him off — the antique medical diagram "Wound Man", whose wounds match exactly those of the Ripper's victim. Graham's capture of Lecter makes him a celebrity, and he is revered as a legend at the FBI. A tabloid reporter, Freddy Lounds, sneaks into the hospital where Graham is recuperating, photographs Graham's wounds, and humiliates him in the "National Tattler". Traumatised by the experience, Graham retires from the FBI shortly after his recovery.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: In 1980, Graham is living with his wife Molly, whom he met a year after the incident with Lecter, and her son Willy in Sugarloaf Key, Florida. His former boss, Jack Crawford, persuades him to come out of retirement and help the FBI catch a serial killer nicknamed The Tooth Fairy, who had murdered two families on a lunar cycle, the first in Birmingham, Alabama and the second in Atlanta, Georgia. After studying the crime scenes, Graham consults Lecter, now institutionalized in the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, on the case. Lecter only taunts him, however, and later sends Graham's address to the killer, Francis Dolarhyde, in code, threatening the safety of his wife and stepson. The family are moved first to a cottage owned by Crawford's brother, but Molly later decides to take Willy to stay with her late first husband's parents in Oregon. Graham resumes tracking Dolarhyde and uses Lounds in an attempt to break the coded communication between Lecter and Dolarhyde by giving Lounds false information, insinuating that Dolarhyde is impotent, homosexual and the product of incest. Enraged, Dolarhyde kidnaps and brutally murders Lounds. After linking him to a film developing company, Graham, Crawford, and FBI agents arrive at Dolarhyde's home to arrest him, only to find that the killer had set it on fire with his blind girlfriend, Reba McClane, inside, apparently shooting himself as part of a forced suicide pact. Graham rescues McClane from the burning house and consoles her, returning home, believing Dolarhyde's reign of terror to be over.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: However, Dolarhyde's apparent suicide is revealed to have been a ruse; he shot a previous victim in the face, fooling McClane and the policemen at the scene into thinking he was dead. Dolarhyde attacks Graham and his family at their Florida home, stabbing Graham in the face before being killed by Graham's wife Molly, who unloads their revolver into him. Graham survives, but is left with disfiguring facial scars and implicit irrecoverable psychological damage. Soon afterward, he receives a note from Lecter sardonically wishing him "a speedy convalescence" and hoping Graham "won’t be very ugly", which Crawford destroys.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Will Graham is briefly referred to in "The Silence of the Lambs", the sequel to "Red Dragon", when FBI Academy student Clarice Starling notes that "Will Graham, the keenest hound ever to run in Crawford's pack, was a legend at the Academy; he was also a drunk in Florida now with a face that's hard to look at..." Crawford tells her that "[Graham's] face looks like damned Picasso drew it." When Starling first meets Lecter, he asks her how Graham's face looks. Before Lecter's escape, Dr. Frederick Chilton tells him that Crawford is not happy that Lecter "cut up his protégé", referencing Graham.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Graham has been portrayed twice in film: in "Manhunter" by William Petersen and again in "Red Dragon" by Edward Norton.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: The depiction of Graham in "Manhunter" is faithful to the character as presented in the original novel, with some notable alterations. In the novel, Graham is married to Molly and is stepfather to Molly's son, Willy. In "Manhunter", Graham and Molly (Kim Greist) have a son named Kevin, with the film making no indication Kevin is not Graham's biological son. It also changes somewhat his relationship with Lecter, here spelled "Lecktor" (Brian Cox); while in the book Graham only consults with Lecter once, in this film he talks to Lecktor over the phone to better understand Dolarhyde, here spelled "Dollarhyde" (Tom Noonan). The film also changes the ending of the novel: in "Manhunter", Graham saves Reba McClane (Joan Allen) from Dollarhyde affirmatively attempting (albeit reluctant) to murder her, and kills him in a tense standoff.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: The 2002 film version of "Red Dragon" changes the nature of Graham's connection to Lecter (Anthony Hopkins). While in the novel he meets Lecter for the first time while questioning him about the death of a patient, in the film he and Lecter have apparently known each other for some time, with Graham often consulting Lecter on his cases. He talks with Lecter about the latest serial killer he is investigating, a cannibal, and intuits that Lecter is the killer he seeks after finding a recipe in Lecter's house that includes all the organs taken from the killer's victims. In contrast with the novel, in this film Graham meets with Lecter several times. Unlike "Manhunter", the film changes Graham's climactic battle with Dolarhyde (Ralph Fiennes) only a little; while the confrontation between the two results in both of them being critically wounded by gunfire, his face is left unharmed, and it is Graham's wife Molly (Mary-Louise Parker) who kills Dolarhyde by shooting him in the head as he gets up to kill them. It is implied in the closing scene that, although pushed psychologically beyond his limits, his life and marriage endured. The 2002 adaption portrays Graham and Molly as having a biological child, Josh (Tyler Patrick Jones), rather than Graham being a stepfather.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Hugh Dancy portrayed Graham in "Hannibal", a television series about his relationship with Hannibal Lecter (Mads Mikkelsen) prior to Lecter's capture. Graham develops a complex bond with Lecter while working with him to solve other serial murders, before uncovering Lecter's crimes. The show premiered on April 4, 2013.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Dancy's version of Graham is implied to be on the autism spectrum, but series creator Bryan Fuller has refuted the idea that he has Asperger syndrome, stating instead that he has "the opposite of" the disorder; Hugh Dancy thinks that Will developed defensive mechanisms for his empathy disorder which resemble some autistic traits . Dancy's Graham possesses "pure empathy" and an overactive imagination, allowing him to mentally recreate the murders he is investigating. He also unknowingly suffers from advanced encephalitis, often making it difficult for him to cope with his mental recreations. Lecter is fascinated by Graham's ability to think like the serial killers he investigates, and he spends much of the series trying to manipulate him into becoming a killer himself.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: At the start of the series, Graham teaches forensics at the FBI Academy, having left field work due to stress, and lives alone in Wolf Trap, Virginia with several stray dogs he adopted. Graham and consulting psychiatrist Hannibal Lecter are enlisted by Special Agent Jack Crawford (Laurence Fishburne) to hunt serial killer Garrett Jacob Hobbs (Vladimir Cubrt), the "Minnesota Shrike". Graham finds and kills Hobbs to save his daughter Abigail Hobbs (Kacey Rohl). This is the first time Graham has killed someone, and the experience haunts him. Graham fears that he may have enjoyed killing Hobbs, and goes into therapy with Lecter to better understand his ability to empathize with psychopaths.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Graham and Hannibal develop paternal feelings for Abigail, and try to help her recover from her traumatic experience in their own ways. They attempt to shield her from Crawford, who suspects she aided her father's crimes, and from predatory tabloid reporter Freddie Lounds (Lara Jean Chorostecki), who wishes to exploit her story. When Graham discovers that Abigail killed the brother of one of Hannibal's victims (unbeknownst to Graham) and subsequently hid the murder with Hannibal's assistance, he struggles with the revelation, but covers for both of them, believing it to have been self-defense and wanting to protect them. Graham briefly pursues a romantic relationship with his friend and colleague, Dr. Alana Bloom (Caroline Dhavernas), but she turns him down because of his instability.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Throughout the season, Graham's sanity deteriorates from the toll of more murder cases and undiagnosed encephalitis, causing sleepwalking, hallucinations, fugue states, and mild seizures. Lecter manipulates Graham to exacerbate his symptoms until it appears that he murdered and disposed of Abigail in a state of psychosis after realizing she helped her father choose and stalk his victims. Graham surrenders himself to his colleagues, but once new evidence appears framing him for several murders Lecter committed, he escapes custody and has Lecter take him to the Hobbs' abandoned residence, where Abigail is presumed to have been killed. There, Graham deduces that Lecter is the Chesapeake Ripper, the serial killer he has been hunting all along, and presumes that he murdered Abigail as well. Lecter challenges Graham to kill him, but Graham is non-fatally shot and recaptured by Crawford first. Back in custody, Graham's encephalitis is diagnosed and he is incarcerated, while Lecter remains free.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: The method with which Graham discerns Lecter's identity as the Chesapeake Ripper in the novels' universe (i.e., talking to Lecter regarding a murder victim's injuries and discovering his Wound Man diagram during their first meeting) is instead attributed to an FBI trainee named Miriam Lass (Anna Chlumsky), who went missing during an investigation prior to the start of the show: Lecter had attacked her before she could tell anyone, and it is revealed in season 2 that he has been holding her hostage and brainwashing her since then in order to misdirect the FBI's investigation away from him.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: At the start of the season, Graham is institutionalized in the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, under the care of Frederick Chilton (Raúl Esparza), and awaiting trial for the murders committed by Lecter. Lecter's gaslighting and the evidence used to frame Graham have left him unsure if his suspicions about Lecter are correct, or if he is projecting guilt onto Lecter due to his own psychosis. Graham's doubts are allayed after recovering repressed memories of Lecter's manipulations and abuse, and a visit by Lecter's own psychiatrist and fellow victim, Dr. Bedelia Du Maurier (Gillian Anderson), who assures Graham that she believes him.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: While preparing to stand trial, Graham insists to his skeptical former colleagues that Lecter is the real killer, while pulling strings from the confines of his cell to expose him. Beverly Katz (Hettienne Park), Will's friend and a crime scene investigator, agrees to investigate Lecter in exchange for Graham's help on new murder cases. Katz eventually comes to believe Graham, and breaks into Lecter's home to find more evidence, but is discovered and murdered by Lecter, who puts her dissected corpse on public display. After Lecter admonishes Graham for Katz's death, and subtly threatens Alana's life, Graham persuades a deranged hospital orderly (Jonathan Tucker) to make an ultimately unsuccessful attempt on Lecter's life. The incident alienates Bloom from Graham, as she sees it confirming his alleged derangement and transformation into a murderer. Lecter begins a sexual relationship with Bloom, creating another rift between her and Graham.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Lecter exonerates Graham by purposely leaving forensic evidence from Graham's alleged victims at the scene of one of his own murders, leading to Graham's release. Graham returns to work and reconciles with Hannibal, asking to resume his therapy sessions to understand his own dark side better. Lecter quickly becomes aware that this is part of an elaborate ruse between Graham and Crawford to entrap him, but is fascinated by the experience and allows it to continue to explore the connection he feels with Graham and guide him into genuinely becoming a serial killer.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: In an attempt to push Graham into becoming a serial killer, Lecter sends Randall Tier (Mark O'Brien), a psychotic former patient, to kill Graham. However, Graham kills and mutilates Tier instead – just as Lecter had hoped he would. Later, Graham attacks Freddie Lounds after she trespasses on Will's property and discovers Tier's preserved remains. He and Lecter share a meal of what appears to be her flesh: however, it is subsequently revealed that Lounds is alive and is working with Graham and Crawford to draw Lecter out and capture him – the human flesh they consumed belonged in fact to Tier rather than Lounds. However, Graham finds himself drawn into his "alliance" act with Lecter and conflicted about his true allegiances.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Graham and Lecter bond over their affection for Abigail, even though Graham admits lingering resentment towards Lecter for killing her. They also acquire a mutual enemy in Mason Verger (Michael Pitt), a wealthy sadist whom they both despise for emotionally and sexually abusing his twin sister Margot (Katharine Isabelle). When Mason threatens to cut her off financially unless she conceives a "Verger baby" with him, a desperate Margot sleeps with Graham and gets pregnant. Lecter tells Mason, who is in therapy with him, that she is attempting to conceive an heir to the Verger family fortune, so Mason removes her womb. An enraged Graham confronts Mason and warns him that Lecter is manipulating both of them. He saves Lecter from being fed to Mason's prize pigs, and finds Lecter holding Mason captive in his house. He does nothing to stop Lecter from "encouraging" Mason – to whom he has given hallucinogenic drugs – to cut off pieces of his own face and feed them to Graham's dogs. With Graham's unspoken approval, Lecter breaks Mason's neck, leaving him paralyzed from the neck down.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Crawford and Graham plan to entrap Lecter by encouraging him to attempt to kill Crawford during dinner at Lecter's residence. The night before, Lecter suggests to Graham that the two of them leave the country immediately and forgo their plan to kill Crawford. After consideration, Graham insists they go through with killing Crawford instead.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Graham learns that he is about to be arrested for helping Crawford entrap Lecter, as well as for Tier's murder. He calls Lecter and informs him that "they know", hoping Lecter will flee. He arrives at Lecter's house to find a severely injured Alana laying in the front of the house, having been pushed out of a third story window, and that Crawford has also been severely wounded trying to arrest Lecter. Graham is stunned to discover that Abigail is alive and was the one who threw Alana out of a window after Lecter instructed her to do so. Lecter stabs and cuts open Graham's belly with a linoleum knife, and explains that he faked Abigail's death to protect her from arrest. If Graham accepted his offer to leave the country together, she would have accompanied them. Lecter tells Graham that he forgives him for his betrayal before asking if Graham will be able to offer him the same, then slits Abigail's throat, leaving them to bleed to death, with the police arriving shortly thereafter.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: While Abigail dies, Graham survives and recovers from his wounds after several months. Graham goes after Lecter, going first to his childhood home in Lithuania. There, he meets Lecter's family servant Chiyoh (Tao Okamoto) and kills the man who had, decades earlier, murdered and cannibalized Lecter's sister Mischa. Graham proceeds to mutilate the body and turn it into a Lecter-esque work of art. Chiyoh then helps him find Lecter in Florence, Italy. Graham meets with Lecter and tries to kill him, but Chiyoh shoots and wounds him before he can kill the doctor. Lecter takes Graham back to his villa and tries to perform a craniotomy on him in front of Crawford, but he is interrupted by corrupt Italian detectives in Mason Verger's (Joe Anderson) pay, who apprehend them both and deliver them to the Verger estate in Maryland. Mason plans to torture Lecter to death with the help of his physician Cordell Doemling (Glenn Fleshler). Meanwhile, Mason orders Doemling to surgically remove Graham's face – without anaesthesia – and graft it onto his. Before the face transplant can take place, however, Lecter kills Doemling, frees Graham, and helps Margot kill her brother. Lecter carries an unconscious Graham to safety and brings him back to his home. Graham refuses to have anything more to do with Lecter, but allows him to escape. Later that evening, however, Lecter surrenders to Crawford to spite Graham, knowing that if Graham knows where he is, he will inevitably be tempted to visit him.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Three years later, Graham has retired from the FBI and settled down with his wife, Molly (Nina Arianda), and her son, Walter. Crawford asks him to profile a serial killer dubbed "The Tooth Fairy", who kills entire families. After some initial reluctance, Graham agrees to help and decides to consult Lecter about the murders. With Lecter's help, he recovers his gift for empathizing with psychopaths – at the cost of having nightmares in which he, as the killer, murders his family. Lecter says that the killer feels a connection with the William Blake painting "The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed in Sun", and suggests that Graham see the painting to better understand the man he is chasing. Graham goes to the Brooklyn Museum to see the painting, and encounters the killer, Francis Dolarhyde (Richard Armitage), who attacks him. Lecter gives Dolarhyde Graham's address, and Dolarhyde attacks Graham's family, shooting and wounding Molly as she and Walter escape.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: To steer Dolarhyde away from his family, Graham decides to enrage him by giving an interview to Lounds in which he says "The Tooth Fairy" is ugly, impotent and the product of incest. He uses Chilton as an authoritative source for his profile; Dolarhyde then kidnaps, mutilates and burns Chilton.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: In the series finale, "The Wrath of the Lamb", Dolarhyde apparently commits suicide, and Graham comforts the killer's girlfriend, Reba McClane (Rutina Wesley). It turns out that Dolarhyde faked his death, however, and attacks Graham in his hotel room. With the help of Bloom and Crawford, Graham secures a deal to set a trap for Dolarhyde using Lecter as bait. Graham seems to arrange for Lecter to be transferred to another facility to draw Dolarhyde out; however, Dolarhyde attacks and kills Lecter's guard detail and allows Lecter and Graham to escape. Lecter takes Graham to a cliffside cottage where he had kept Abigail Hobbs and Miriam Lass. Dolarhyde, who had followed them to the cottage, shoots Lecter in the back and stabs Graham in the face. Graham and Lecter get the upper hand and kill Dolarhyde together, with Lecter tearing out his throat with his teeth and Graham gutting him with a knife. They embrace, and Graham pulls them both over the cliff. A post-credits scene shows Lecter's former psychiatrist and accomplice Bedelia Du Maurier (Gillian Anderson) dining on her own leg at a table set for three; Fuller has said this is meant to suggest that Graham and Lecter have survived. Fuller has further stated that, should the series be renewed for another season, Lecter and Graham would be on the run from the FBI in Argentina.


title: Will Graham (character)

text: The emotional relationship between Graham and Lecter forms the foundation of the series. In season 3, their developing romance has been taken from subtext into text. As to whether it was a part of the initial plan to portray their relationship as romantic, Fuller stated: "No, it naturally evolved because I guess I was absorbing so much of Mads and Hugh's performance, which felt like it was growing in intimacy, and it would have been inauthentic not to address it. Because all of these characters, and particularly Bedelia, was able to call out what she had witnessed [between Lecter and Graham], it seemed like a natural conclusion. I remember when I turned in the rewrite pages where Will asks Bedelia if Hannibal is in love with him, I got a note from Don Mancini, one of our writers who was always pushing for more homosexual text – not just context or subtext but text, text, text – and he was like, "I'm so glad you put that in there! They said it! They said it!"


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Discussing what motivated him to verbally acknowledge the romance between Graham and Lecter, Fuller said, "It felt like we had to shit or get off the pot, ultimately, because there had been so much going on between these two men that when Will asks, "Is Hannibal Lecter in love with me?" it is very much about death and the romance between these two men. There is a quality to connections that go above and beyond sexuality. You can have this intimate connection with somebody that then causes you to wonder where the lines of your own sexuality are. And we didn't quite broach the sexuality. It was certainly suggested, but the love is absolutely on the table."


title: Will Graham (character)

text: Remembering how the song for the finale of the series – "Love Crime" by Siouxsie Sioux – was created, Fuller said: "It was interesting. She [Siouxsie Sioux] was like, "I want to write this song, and what are the things I should really be thinking about?" And I was like, 'this is a love story. A love story between a full-fledged psychopath and someone who has nascent psychopathic abilities.' Actually, Hannibal Lecter is not a psychopath; he's something else entirely. But it's a love relationship between two men: one of them is a cannibal, and one of them understands those cannibalistic instincts all too well."


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The Mount Erebus disaster occurred on 28 November 1979 when Air New Zealand Flight 901 (TE-901) flew into Mount Erebus on Ross Island, Antarctica, killing all 237 passengers and 20 crew on board. Air New Zealand had been operating scheduled Antarctic sightseeing flights since 1977. This flight was supposed to leave Auckland Airport in the morning and spend a few hours flying over the Antarctic continent, before returning to Auckland in the evening via Christchurch.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The initial investigation concluded the accident was caused primarily by pilot error, but public outcry led to the establishment of a Royal Commission of Inquiry into the crash. The commission, presided over by Justice Peter Mahon QC, concluded that the accident was primarily caused by a correction made to the coordinates of the flight path the night before the disaster, coupled with a failure to inform the flight crew of the change, with the result that the aircraft, instead of being directed by computer down McMurdo Sound (as the crew had been led to believe), was instead rerouted to a path toward Mount Erebus. Justice Mahon's report accused Air New Zealand of presenting "an orchestrated litany of lies", and this led to changes in senior management at the airline. The Privy Council later ruled that the finding of a conspiracy was a breach of natural justice and not supported by the evidence.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The accident is the deadliest accident in the history of Air New Zealand and one of New Zealand's deadliest peacetime disasters.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The flight was designed and marketed as a unique sightseeing experience, carrying an experienced Antarctic guide, who pointed out scenic features and landmarks using the aircraft public-address system, while passengers enjoyed a low-flying sweep of McMurdo Sound. The flights left and returned to New Zealand the same day.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Flight 901 left Auckland International Airport at for Antarctica, and was scheduled to arrive back at Christchurch International Airport at after flying . The aircraft would make a 45-minute stop at Christchurch for refuelling and a crew change, before flying the remaining to Auckland, arriving at . Tickets for the November 1979 flights cost NZ$359 per person (equivalent to $2,977 in March 2022).


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Dignitaries including Sir Edmund Hillary had acted as guides on previous flights. Hillary was scheduled to act as the guide for the fatal flight of 28 November 1979, but had to cancel because of other commitments. His long-time friend and climbing companion, Peter Mulgrew, stood in as guide.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The flights usually operated at about 85% of capacity; the empty seats, usually the ones in the centre row, allowed passengers to move more easily about the cabin to look out of the windows.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The aircraft used on the Antarctic flights were Air New Zealand's eight McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 trijets. The aircraft on 28 November was registered ZK-NZP.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The 182nd DC-10 to be built, and the fourth DC-10 to be introduced by Air New Zealand, ZK-NZP was handed over to the airline on 12 December 1974 at McDonnell Douglas's Long Beach plant. It had logged more than 20,700 flight hours prior to the crash.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Captain Jim Collins, aged 45, and his 37-year-old co-pilot Greg Cassin had never flown to Antarctica before (while flight engineer Gordon Brooks had flown to Antarctica only once previously), but they were experienced pilots and were considered qualified for the flight. On 9 November, 1979, 19 days before departure, the two pilots attended a briefing in which they were given a copy of the previous flight's flight plan.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The flight plan had been approved in 1977 by the Civil Aviation Division of the New Zealand Department of Transport and was along a track directly from Cape Hallett to the McMurdo non-directional beacon (NDB), which, coincidentally, entailed flying almost directly over the peak of Mount Erebus. Due to a typing error in the coordinates when the route was computerised, however, the printout from Air New Zealand's ground computer system that was presented at the 9 November briefing corresponded to a southerly flight path down the middle of the wide McMurdo Sound, about to the west of Mount Erebus. The majority of the previous 13 flights had also entered this flight plan's coordinates into their aircraft inertial navigational system and flown the McMurdo Sound route, unaware that the route flown did not correspond with the approved route.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Captain Leslie Simpson, the pilot of a flight on 14 November and also present at the 9 November briefing, compared the coordinates of the McMurdo TACAN navigation beacon (about east of McMurdo NDB), and the McMurdo waypoint that his flight crew had entered into the inertial navigation system (INS), and was surprised to find a large distance between the two. After his flight, Captain Simpson advised Air New Zealand's navigation section of the difference in positions. For reasons that were disputed, this triggered Air New Zealand's navigation section to update the McMurdo waypoint coordinates stored in the ground computer to correspond with the coordinates of the McMurdo TACAN beacon, despite this also not corresponding with the approved route.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The navigation section changed the McMurdo waypoint co-ordinate stored in the ground computer system around on the morning of the flight. Crucially, the flight crew of Flight 901 was not notified of the change. The flight plan printout given to the crew on the morning of the flight, which was subsequently entered by them into the aircraft's INS, differed from the flight plan presented at the 9 November briefing and from Captain Collins' map mark-ups, which he had prepared the night before the fatal flight. The key difference was that the flight plan presented at the briefing corresponded to a track down McMurdo Sound, giving Mount Erebus a wide berth to the east, whereas the flight plan printed on the morning of the flight corresponded to a track that coincided with Mount Erebus, which would result in a collision with Mount Erebus if this leg were flown at an altitude less than .


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The computer program was altered such that the standard telex forwarded to US air traffic controllers (ATCs) at the United States Antarctic science facility at McMurdo Station displayed the word "McMurdo", rather than the coordinates of latitude and longitude, for the final waypoint. During the subsequent inquiry, Justice Mahon concluded that this was a deliberate attempt to conceal from the United States authorities that the flight plan had been changed, and probably because it was known that US Air Traffic Control would lodge an objection to the new flight path.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The flight had earlier paused during the approach to McMurdo Sound to carry out a descent, via a figure-eight manoeuvre, through a gap in the low cloud base (later estimated to be at around ) while over water to establish visual contact with surface landmarks and give the passengers a better view. The flight crew either was unaware of or ignored the approved route's minimum safe altitude (MSA) of for the approach to Mount Erebus, and in the sector south of Mount Erebus (and then only when the cloud base was at or better). Photographs and news stories from previous flights showed that many of these had been flown at levels substantially below the route's MSA. In addition, preflight briefings for previous flights had approved descents to any altitude authorised by the US ATC at McMurdo Station. As the US ATC expected Flight 901 to follow the same route as previous flights down McMurdo Sound, and in accordance with the route waypoints previously advised by Air New Zealand to them, the ATC advised Flight 901 that it had a radar that could let them down to . The radar equipment did not pick up the aircraft, however, and the crew also experienced difficulty establishing VHF communications. The distance-measuring equipment did not lock onto the McMurdo Tactical Air Navigation System (TACAN) for any useful period.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Cockpit voice recorder (CVR) transcripts from the last minutes of the flight before impact with Mount Erebus indicated that the flight crew believed they were flying over McMurdo Sound, well to the west of Mount Erebus and with the Ross Ice Shelf visible on the horizon, when in reality they were flying directly toward the mountain. Despite most of the crew being engaged in identifying visual landmarks at the time, they never perceived the mountain directly in front of them. About 6 minutes after completing a descent in visual meteorological conditions, Flight 901 collided with the mountain at an altitude around , on the lower slopes of the 12,448-ft-tall (3,794 m) mountain. Passenger photographs taken seconds before the collision removed all doubt of a "flying in cloud" theory, showing perfectly clear visibility well beneath the cloud base, with landmarks to the left and to the right of the aircraft visible.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The crew put the coordinates into the plane's computer before they departed at from Auckland International Airport. Unknown to them, the coordinates had been modified earlier that morning to correct the error introduced previously and undetected until then.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The crew evidently did not check the destination waypoint against a topographical map (as did Captain Simpson on the flight of 14 November) or they would have noticed the change. Charts for the Antarctic were not available to the pilot for planning purposes, being withheld until the flight was about to depart. The charts eventually provided, which were carried on the aircraft, were neither comprehensive enough nor large enough in scale to support detailed plotting.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: These new coordinates changed the flight plan to track east of their understanding. The coordinates programmed the plane to overfly Mount Erebus, a volcano, instead of down McMurdo Sound.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: About four hours after a smooth take-off, the flight was away from McMurdo Station. The radio communications centre there allowed the pilots to descend to and to continue "visually". Air-safety regulations at the time did not allow flights to descend to lower than , even in good weather, although Air New Zealand's own travel magazine showed photographs of previous flights clearly operating below . Collins believed the plane was over open water.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Collins told McMurdo Station that he would be dropping to , at which point he switched control of the aircraft to the automated computer system. Outside, a layer of clouds blended with the white snow-covered volcano, forming a sector whiteout – no contrast between ground and sky was visible to the pilots. The effect deceived everyone on the flight deck, making them believe that the white mountainside was the Ross Ice Shelf, a huge expanse of floating ice derived from the great ice sheets of Antarctica, which was in fact now behind the mountain. As it was little understood, even by experienced polar pilots, Air New Zealand had provided no training for the flight crew on the sector whiteout phenomenon. Consequently, the crew thought they were flying along McMurdo Sound, when they were actually flying over Lewis Bay in front of Mount Erebus.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: At 12:49 pm, the ground proximity warning system (GPWS) began sounding a series of "whoop, whoop, pull up" alarms, warning that the plane was dangerously close to terrain. The CVR recorded the following:


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The pilots had begun a terrain escape manoeuvre by applying full (go-around) power, but it was too late. Six seconds later, the plane crashed into the side of Mount Erebus and exploded, instantly killing everyone on board. The accident occurred at 12:50 pm at a position of and an elevation of above mean sea level.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: McMurdo Station attempted to contact the flight after the crash, and informed Air New Zealand headquarters in Auckland that communication with the aircraft had been lost. United States search-and-rescue personnel were placed on standby.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Air New Zealand had not lost any passengers to an accident or incident until this event took place. The nationalities of the passengers and crew included:


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Data gathered at 3:43 pm were added to the situation report, stating that the visibility was . Also, six aircraft had been launched to find the flight.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Flight 901 was due to arrive back at Christchurch at 6:05 pm for a stopover including refuelling and a crew change before completing the journey back to Auckland. Around 50 passengers were also supposed to disembark at Christchurch. Airport staff initially told the waiting families that the flight being slightly late was not unusual, but as time went on, it became clear that something was wrong.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: At 9:00 pm, about half an hour after the plane would have run out of fuel, Air New Zealand informed the press that it believed the aircraft to be lost. Rescue teams searched along the assumed flight path, but found nothing. At 12:55 am, the crew of a United States Navy aircraft discovered unidentified debris along the side of Mount Erebus. No survivors could be seen. Around 9:00 am, 20 hours after the crash, helicopters with search parties managed to land on the side of the mountain. They confirmed that the wreckage was that of Flight 901 and that all 237 passengers and 20 crew members had been killed. The DC-10's altitude at the time of the collision was .


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The vertical stabiliser section of the plane, with the koru logo clearly visible, was found in the snow. Bodies and fragments of the aircraft were flown back to Auckland for identification. The remains of 44 of the victims were not individually identified. A funeral was held for them on 22 February 1980.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Efforts for recovery were extensive, owing in part to the pressure from Japan, as 24 passengers had been Japanese. The operation lasted until 9 December 1979, with up to 60 recovery workers on site at a time.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: A team of New Zealand Police officers and a mountain-face rescue team were dispatched on a No. 40 Squadron C-130 Hercules aircraft.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The job of individual identification took many weeks, and was largely done by teams of pathologists, dentists, and police. The mortuary team was led by Inspector Jim Morgan, who collated and edited a report on the recovery operation. Recordkeeping had to be meticulous because of the number and fragmented state of the human remains that had to be identified to the satisfaction of the coroner. The exercise resulted in 83% of the deceased passengers and crew eventually being identified, sometimes from evidence such as a finger capable of yielding a print, or keys in a pocket.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: In 2006, the New Zealand Special Service Medal (Erebus) was instituted to recognise the service of New Zealanders, and citizens of the United States of America and other countries, who were involved in the body recovery, identification, and crash investigation phases of Operation Overdue. On 5 June 2009, the New Zealand government recognised some of the Americans who assisted in Operation Overdue during a ceremony in Washington, DC. A total of 40 Americans, mostly Navy personnel, are eligible to receive the medal.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Despite Flight 901 crashing in one of the most isolated parts of the world, evidence from the crash site was extensive. Both the cockpit voice recorder and the flight data recorder were in working order and able to be deciphered. Extensive photographic footage from the moments before the crash was available; being a sightseeing flight, most passengers were carrying cameras, from which the majority of the film could be developed.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The accident report compiled by New Zealand's chief inspector of air accidents, Ron Chippindale, was released on 12 June 1980. It cited pilot error as the principal cause of the accident and attributed blame to the decision of Collins to descend below the customary minimum altitude level, and to continue at that altitude when the crew was unsure of the plane's position. The customary minimum altitude prohibited descent below even under good weather conditions, but a combination of factors led the captain to believe the plane was over the sea (the middle of McMurdo Sound and few small low islands), and previous Flight 901 pilots had regularly flown low over the area to give passengers a better view, as evidenced by photographs in Air New Zealand's own travel magazine and by first-hand accounts of personnel based on the ground at NZ's Scott Base.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: In response to public demand, the New Zealand government announced a further one-man Royal Commission of Inquiry into the accident, to be performed by Justice Peter Mahon. This Royal Commission was initially handicapped in that the deadline was extremely short; originally set for 31 October 1980, it was subsequently extended four times.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Mahon's report, released on 27 April 1981, cleared the crew of blame for the disaster. Mahon said the single, dominant, and effective cause of the crash was Air New Zealand's alteration of the flight plan waypoint coordinates in the ground navigation computer without advising the crew. The new flight plan took the aircraft directly over the mountain, rather than along its flank. Due to whiteout conditions, "a malevolent trick of the polar light", the crew were unable to visually identify the mountain in front of them. Furthermore, they may have experienced a rare meteorological phenomenon called sector whiteout, which creates the visual illusion of a flat horizon far in the distance. A very broad gap between cloud layers appeared to allow a view of the distant Ross Ice Shelf and beyond. Mahon noted that the flight crew, with many thousands of hours of flight time between them, had considerable experience with the extreme accuracy of the aircraft's inertial navigation system. Mahon also found that the preflight briefings for previous flights had approved descents to any altitude authorised by the US ATC at McMurdo Station, and that the radio communications centre at McMurdo Station had indeed authorised Collins to descend to , below the minimum safe level of .


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: In his report, Mahon found that airline executives and senior pilots had engaged in a conspiracy to whitewash the inquiry, accusing them of "an orchestrated litany of lies" by covering up evidence and lying to investigators. Mahon found that, in the original report, Chippindale had a poor grasp of the flying involved in jet-airline operation, as he (and the New Zealand CAA in general) was typically involved in investigating simple light aircraft crashes. Chippindale's investigation techniques were revealed as lacking in rigour, which allowed errors and avoidable gaps in knowledge to appear in reports. Consequently, Chippindale entirely missed the importance of the flight-plan change and the rare meteorological conditions of Antarctica. Had the pilots been informed of the flight plan change, the crash would have been avoided.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: On 20 May 1981, Air New Zealand applied to the High Court of New Zealand for judicial review of Mahon's order that it pay more than half the costs of the Mahon inquiry, and for judicial review of some of the findings of fact Mahon had made in his report. The application was referred to the Court of Appeal, which unanimously set aside the costs order. The Court of Appeal, by majority, though, declined to go any further, and in particular, declined to set aside Mahon's finding that members of the management of Air New Zealand had conspired to commit perjury before the inquiry to cover up the errors of the ground staff.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Mahon then appealed to the Privy Council in London against the Court of Appeal's decision. His findings as to the cause of the accident, namely reprogramming of the aircraft's flight plan by the ground crew, who then failed to inform the flight crew, had not been challenged before the Court of Appeal, so were not challenged before the Privy Council. His conclusion that the crash was the result of the aircrew being misdirected as to their flight path, not due to pilot error, therefore remained.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Regarding the issue of Air New Zealand stating a minimum altitude of 6,000 feet for pilots in the vicinity of McMurdo Base, the Privy Council stated,


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: However, the Law Lords of the Privy Council under the chair of Lord Diplock effectively agreed with some of the views of the minority in the Court of Appeal in concluding that Mahon had acted in breach of natural justice by finding that Air New Zealand management had been engaged in a conspiracy, an accusation which they determined was not supported by the evidence. In its judgment, delivered on 20 October 1983, the Privy Council therefore dismissed Mahon's appeal. Aviation researcher John King wrote in his book "New Zealand Tragedies, Aviation":


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: "Exhibit 164" was a photocopied diagram of McMurdo Sound showing a southbound flight path passing west of Ross Island and a northbound path passing the island on the east. The diagram did not extend sufficiently far south to show where, how, or even if they joined, and left the two paths disconnected. Evidence had been given to the effect that the diagram had been included in the flight crew's briefing documentation.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The crash of Flight 901 is one of New Zealand's three deadliest disasters – the others being the 1874 "Cospatrick" sailing ship disaster in which 470 people died, and the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake, which killed 256 people. At the time of the disaster, it was the -deadliest air crash of all time. , the crash remains Air New Zealand's deadliest accident, as well as New Zealand's deadliest peacetime disaster (excluding the "Cospatrick" sailing ship disaster, which happened en route to Auckland).


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Flight 901, in conjunction with the crash of American Airlines Flight 191 in Chicago six months earlier (25 May), severely hurt the reputation of the McDonnell Douglas DC-10. Following the Chicago crash, the FAA withdrew the DC-10's type certificate on 6 June, which grounded all U.S.-registered DC-10s and forbade any foreign government that had a bilateral agreement with the United States regarding aircraft certifications from flying their DC-10s, which included Air New Zealand's seven DC-10s. The Air New Zealand DC-10 fleet was grounded until the FAA measures were rescinded five weeks later, on 13 July, after all carriers had completed modifications that responded to issues discovered from the American Airlines Flight 191 incident.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Flight 901 was the third-deadliest accident involving a DC-10, following Turkish Airlines Flight 981 and American Airlines Flight 191. The event marked the beginning of the end for Air New Zealand's DC-10 fleet, although talk existed before the accident of replacing the aircraft; DC-10s were replaced by Boeing 747s from mid-1981, and the last Air New Zealand DC-10 flew in December 1982. The occurrence also spelled the end of commercially operated Antarctic sightseeing flights – Air New Zealand cancelled all its Antarctic flights after Flight 901, and Qantas suspended its Antarctic flights in February 1980, only returning on a limited basis again in 1994.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Almost all of the aircraft's wreckage still lies where it came to rest on the slopes of Mount Erebus, as both its remote location and its weather conditions can hamper any further recovery operations. During the cold periods, the wreckage is buried under a layer of snow and ice. During warm periods, when snow recedes, it is visible from the air.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Following the incident, all charter flights to Antarctica from New Zealand ceased, and were not resumed until 2013, when a Boeing 747-400 chartered from Qantas set off from Auckland for a sightseeing flight over the continent.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Justice Mahon's report was finally tabled in Parliament by the then-Minister of Transport, Maurice Williamson, in 1999.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: In the New Zealand Queen's Birthday Honours list in June 2007, Captain Gordon Vette was awarded the ONZM (Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit), recognising his services in assisting Justice Mahon during the Erebus inquiry. Vette's book, "Impact Erebus", provides a commentary of the flight, its crash, and the subsequent investigations.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: In 2008, Justice Mahon was posthumously awarded the Jim Collins Memorial Award by the New Zealand Airline Pilots Association for exceptional contributions to air safety, "in forever changing the general approach used in transport accidents investigations world wide."


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: In 2009, Air New Zealand's CEO Rob Fyfe apologised to all those affected who did not receive appropriate support and compassion from the company following the incident, and unveiled a commemorative sculpture at its headquarters.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: On 28 November 2019, the 40-year anniversary of the disaster, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, along with the national government, issued a formal apology to the families of the victims. Ardern "[expressed] regret on behalf of Air New Zealand for the accident", and "[apologised] on behalf of the airline which 40 years ago failed in its duty of care to its passengers and staff."


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: A wooden cross was erected on the mountain above Scott Base to commemorate the accident. It was replaced in 1986 with an aluminium cross after the original was eroded by low temperatures, wind, and moisture.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The memorial for the 16 passengers who were unidentifiable and the 28 whose bodies were never found is at Waikumete Cemetery in Glen Eden, Auckland. Beside the memorial is a Japanese cherry tree, planted as a memorial to the 24 Japanese passengers who died on board Flight 901.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: A memorial to the crew members of Flight 901 is located adjacent to Auckland Airport, on Tom Pearce Drive at the eastern end of the airport zone.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: In January 2010, a sculpted koru containing letters written by the loved ones of those who died was placed next to the Antarctic cross. It was originally to have been placed at the site by six relatives of the victims on the 30th anniversary of the crash, 28 November 2009, but this was delayed for two months due to bad weather. It was planned for a second koru capsule, mirroring the first capsule, to be placed at Scott Base in 2011.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The book-length poem "Erebus" by American writer Jane Summer (Sibling Rivalry Press, 2015) memorialises a close friend who died in the tragedy, and in a feat of 'investigative poetry', explores the chain of flawed decisions that caused the crash.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: In 2019, it was announced that a national memorial is to be installed in Parnell Rose Gardens, with a relative of one of the crash victims stating that it was the right place. However, local residents criticised the memorial's location, saying that it would "destroy the ambiance of the park".


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: A television miniseries, "", focusing on the investigation and the Royal Commission of Inquiry, was broadcast in New Zealand and Australia in 1988.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: The disaster features in the fifth season-two episode of The Weather Channel documentary "Why Planes Crash". The episode is titled "Sudden Impact", and was first aired in January 2015.


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Material related to the Erebus disaster and inquiry is held (with other Antarctica items from the Antarctic Division of the (former) Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR)) by Archives New Zealand, Christchurch. There are 168 record items, of which twelve are restricted access (7 photos, 4 audio cassettes and 1 file of newspaper clippings from Air New Zealand).


title: Mount Erebus disaster

text: Other files are held by Archives New Zealand at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. These include files of the Royal Commission (Agency AASJ, accession W2802) and the New Zealand Police (Agencies AAAJ, BBAN; many are restricted).


title: Bomber

text: A bomber is a military combat aircraft designed to attack ground and naval targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry (such as bombs), launching torpedoes, or deploying air-launched cruise missiles. The first use of bombs dropped from an aircraft occurred in the Italo-Turkish War, with the first major deployments coming in the First World War and Second World War by all major airforces causing devastating damage to cities, towns, and rural areas. The first purpose built bombers were the Italian Caproni Ca 30 and British Bristol T.B.8, both of 1913. Some bombers were decorated with nose art or victory markings.


title: Bomber

text: There are two major classifications of bomber: strategic and tactical. Strategic bombing is done by heavy bombers primarily designed for long-range bombing missions against strategic targets to diminish the enemy's ability to wage war by limiting access to resources through crippling infrastructure or reducing industrial output. Tactical bombing is aimed at countering enemy military activity and in supporting offensive operations, and is typically assigned to smaller aircraft operating at shorter ranges, typically near the troops on the ground or against enemy shipping.


title: Bomber

text: During WWII with engine power as a major limitation, combined with the desire for accuracy and other operational factors, bomber designs tended to be tailored to specific roles. Early in the Cold War however, bombers were the only means of carrying nuclear weapons to enemy targets, and held the role of deterrence. With the advent of guided air-to-air missiles, bombers needed to avoid interception. High-speed and high-altitude flying became a means of evading detection and attack. With the advent of ICBMs the role of the bomber was brought to a more tactical focus in close air support roles, and a focus on stealth technology for strategic bombers.


title: Bomber

text: Strategic bombing is done by heavy bombers primarily designed for long-range bombing missions against strategic targets such as supply bases, bridges, factories, shipyards, and cities themselves, to diminish the enemy's ability to wage war by limiting access to resources through crippling infrastructure or reducing industrial output. Current examples include the strategic nuclear-armed bombers: B-2 Spirit, B-52 Stratofortress, Tupolev Tu-95 'Bear', Tupolev Tu-22M 'Backfire' and Tupolev Tu-160 "Blackjack"; historically notable examples are the: Gotha G.IV, Avro Lancaster, Heinkel He 111, Junkers Ju 88, Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, Consolidated B-24 Liberator, Boeing B-29 Superfortress, and Tupolev Tu-16 'Badger'.


title: Bomber

text: Tactical bombing, aimed at countering enemy military activity and in supporting offensive operations, is typically assigned to smaller aircraft operating at shorter ranges, typically near the troops on the ground or against enemy shipping. This role is filled by tactical bomber class, which crosses and blurs with various other aircraft categories: light bombers, medium bombers, dive bombers, interdictors, fighter-bombers, attack aircraft, multirole combat aircraft, and others.


title: Bomber

text: The first use of an air-dropped bomb (actually four hand grenades specially manufactured by the Italian naval arsenal) was carried out by Italian Second Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti on 1 November 1911 during the Italo-Turkish war in Libya – although his plane was not designed for the task of bombing, and his improvised attacks on Ottoman positions had little impact. These picric acid-filled steel spheres were nicknamed "ballerinas" from the fluttering fabric ribbons attached.


title: Bomber

text: On 16 October 1912, Bulgarian observer Prodan Tarakchiev dropped two of those bombs on the Turkish railway station of Karağaç (near the besieged Edirne) from an Albatros F.2 aircraft piloted by Radul Milkov, during the First Balkan War. This is deemed to be the first use of an aircraft as a bomber.


title: Bomber

text: The first heavier-than-air aircraft purposely designed for bombing were the Italian Caproni Ca 30 and British Bristol T.B.8, both of 1913. The Bristol T.B.8 was an early British single engined biplane built by the Bristol Aeroplane Company. They were fitted with a prismatic Bombsight in the front cockpit and a cylindrical bomb carrier in the lower forward fuselage capable of carrying twelve 10 lb (4.5 kg) bombs, which could be dropped singly or as a salvo as required.


title: Bomber

text: The aircraft was purchased for use both by the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps (RFC), and three T.B.8s, that were being displayed in Paris during December 1913 fitted with bombing equipment, were sent to France following the outbreak of war. Under the command of Charles Rumney Samson, a bombing attack on German gun batteries at Middelkerke, Belgium was executed on 25 November 1914.


title: Bomber

text: The dirigible, or airship, was developed in the early 20th century. Early airships were prone to disaster, but slowly the airship became more dependable, with a more rigid structure and stronger skin. Prior to the outbreak of war, Zeppelins, a larger and more streamlined form of airship designed by German Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, were outfitted to carry bombs to attack targets at long range. These were the first long range, strategic bombers. Although the German air arm was strong, with a total of 123 airships by the end of the war, they were vulnerable to attack and engine failure, as well as navigational issues. German airships inflicted little damage on all 51 raids, with 557 Britons killed and 1,358 injured. The German Navy lost 53 of its 73 airships, and the German Army lost 26 of its 50 ships.


title: Bomber

text: The Caproni Ca 30 was built by Gianni Caproni in Italy. It was a twin-boom biplane with three 67 kW (80 hp) Gnome rotary engines and first flew in October 1914. Test flights revealed power to be insufficient and the engine layout unworkable, and Caproni soon adopted a more conventional approach installing three 81 kW (110 hp) Fiat A.10s. The improved design was bought by the Italian Army and it was delivered in quantity from August 1915.


title: Bomber

text: While mainly used as a trainer, Avro 504s were also briefly used as bombers at the start of the First World War by the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) when they were used for raids on the German airship sheds.


title: Bomber

text: Bombing raids and interdiction operations were mainly carried out by French and British forces during the War as the German air arm was forced to concentrate its resources on a defensive strategy. Notably, bombing campaigns formed a part of the British offensive at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in 1915, with Royal Flying Corps squadrons attacking German railway


title: Bomber

text: stations in an attempt to hinder the logistical supply of the German army. The early, improvised attempts at bombing that characterized the early part of the war slowly gave way to a more organized and systematic approach to strategic and tactical bombing, pioneered by various air power strategists of the Entente, especially Major Hugh Trenchard; he was the first to advocate that there should be "... sustained [strategic bombing] attacks with a view to interrupting the enemy's railway communications ... in conjunction with the main operations of the Allied Armies."


title: Bomber

text: When the war started, bombing was very crude (hand-held bombs were thrown over the side) yet by the end of the war long-range bombers equipped with complex mechanical bombing computers were being built,


title: Bomber

text: designed to carry large loads to destroy enemy industrial targets. The most important bombers used in World War I were the French Breguet 14, British de Havilland DH-4, German Albatros C.III and Russian


title: Bomber

text: Sikorsky Ilya Muromets. The Russian Sikorsky Ilya Muromets, was the first four-engine bomber to equip a dedicated strategic bombing unit during World War I. This heavy bomber was unrivaled in the early stages of the war, as the Central Powers had no comparable aircraft until much later.


title: Bomber

text: Long range bombing raids were carried out at night by multi-engine biplanes such as the Gotha G.IV (whose name was synonymous with all multi-engine German bombers) and later the Handley Page Type O; the majority of bombing was done by single-engined biplanes with one or two crew members flying short distances to attack enemy lines and immediate hinterland. As the effectiveness of a bomber was dependent on the weight and accuracy of its bomb load, ever larger bombers were developed starting in World War I, while considerable money was spent developing suitable bombsights.


title: Bomber

text: With engine power as a major limitation, combined with the desire for accuracy and other operational factors, bomber designs tended to be tailored to specific roles. By the start of the war this included:


title: Bomber

text: Bombers are not intended to attack other aircraft although most were fitted with defensive weapons. World War II saw the beginning of the widespread use of high speed bombers which dispensed with defensive weapons to be able to attain higher speed, such as with the de Havilland Mosquito, a philosophy that continued with many Cold War bombers.


title: Bomber

text: Some smaller designs have been used as the basis for night fighters, and a number of fighters, such as the Hawker Hurricane were used as ground attack aircraft, replacing earlier conventional light bombers that proved unable to defend themselves while carrying a useful bomb load.


title: Bomber

text: At the start of the Cold War, bombers were the only means of carrying nuclear weapons to enemy targets, and had the role of deterrence. With the advent of guided air-to-air missiles, bombers needed to avoid interception. High-speed and high-altitude flying became a means of evading detection and attack. Designs such as the English Electric Canberra could fly faster or higher than contemporary fighters. When surface-to-air missiles became capable of hitting high-flying bombers, bombers were flown at low altitudes to evade radar detection and interception.


title: Bomber

text: Once "stand off" nuclear weapon designs were developed, bombers did not need to pass over the target to make an attack; they could fire and turn away to escape the blast. Nuclear strike aircraft were generally finished in bare metal or anti-flash white to minimize absorption of thermal radiation from the flash of a nuclear explosion. The need to drop conventional bombs remained in conflicts with non-nuclear powers, such as the Vietnam War or Malayan Emergency.


title: Bomber

text: The development of large strategic bombers stagnated in the later part of the Cold War because of spiraling costs and the development of the Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) – which was felt to have similar deterrent value while being impossible to intercept. Because of this, the United States Air Force XB-70 Valkyrie program was cancelled in the early 1960s; the later B-1B Lancer and B-2 Spirit aircraft entered service only after protracted political and development problems. Their high cost meant that few were built and the 1950s-designed B-52s are projected to remain in use until the 2040s. Similarly, the Soviet Union used the intermediate-range Tu-22M 'Backfire' in the 1970s, but their Mach 3 bomber project stalled. The Mach 2 Tu-160 'Blackjack' was built only in tiny numbers, leaving the 1950s Tupolev Tu-16 and Tu-95 'Bear' heavy bombers to continue being used into the 21st century.


title: Bomber

text: The British strategic bombing force largely came to an end when the V bomber force was phased out; the last of which left service in 1983. The French Mirage IV bomber version was retired in 1996, although the Mirage 2000N and the Rafale have taken on this role. The only other nation that fields strategic bombing forces is China, which has a number of Xian H-6s.


title: Bomber

text: Currently, only the United States Air Force, the Russian Aerospace Forces' Long-Range Aviation command, and China's People's Liberation Army Air Force operate strategic heavy bombers. Other air forces have transitioned away from dedicated bombers in favor of multirole combat aircraft.


title: Bomber

text: At present, these air forces are each developing stealth replacements for their legacy bomber fleets, the USAF with the Northrop Grumman B-21, the Russian Aerospace Forces with the PAK DA, and the PLAAF with the Xian H-20. , the B-21 is expected to enter service by 2026–2027. The B-21 would be capable of loitering near target areas for extended periods of time.


title: Bomber

text: Occasionally, military aircraft have been used to bomb ice jams with limited success as part of an effort to clear them. In 2018, the Swedish Air Force dropped bombs on a forest fire, snuffing out flames with the aid of the blast waves. The fires had been raging in an area contaminated with unexploded ordnance, rendering them difficult to extinguish for firefighters.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Arlene Carol Dahl (August 11, 1925 – November 29, 2021) was an American actress active in films from the late 1940s. She was one of the last surviving stars from the Classical Hollywood cinema era.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: She was also an author and entrepreneur. She founded two companies, Arlene Dahl Enterprises and Dahlia, a fragrance company.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl was born on August 11, 1925, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Idelle () and Rudolph Dahl, a Ford Motor dealer and executive. Her parents were both of Norwegian descent. She cited her year of birth as 1928, although her birth record (1925-43442), available through the Minnesota Historical Society, shows she was born on August 11, 1925. An August 13, 2014, article in the "New York Social Diary" by David Patrick Columbia, titled "Losses and Gains", references her 89th birthday celebration with her husband, children, and family.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: As a child, Dahl took elocution and dancing lessons and was active in theatrical events at Margaret Fuller Elementary School, Ramsey Junior High School, and Washburn Senior High School. After graduating from high school, she held such jobs as performing in a local drama group and briefly working as a model for department stores. Dahl's mother was involved in local amateur theatre. Dahl briefly attended the University of Minnesota.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: A year after graduation from high school, Dahl lived in Chicago, where she worked as a buyer for Marshall and Brown. She then traveled to New York and worked as a model for the Walter Thornton Model Agency, where she successfully auditioned for a part in the musical "Mr. Strauss Goes to Boston" in 1945. This led to her gaining the lead in another play, "Questionable Ladies", which was seen by a talent scout from Hollywood.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl had an uncredited bit part in "Life with Father" (1947). She was promoted to leading lady in "My Wild Irish Rose" (1947) with Dennis Morgan, a big hit that led to an offer from MGM for a long-term contract.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl began working for MGM to play a supporting role in her first film, "The Bride Goes Wild" (1948), starring Van Johnson and June Allyson. She remained there to play the female lead in the Red Skelton comedy "A Southern Yankee" (1948).


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Eagle-Lion hired her to star as the female lead in "Reign of Terror" (1949). Then at MGM, she acted opposite Van Johnson in "Scene of the Crime" (1949); Robert Taylor in "Ambush" (1950); Joel McCrea in "The Outriders" (1950); Fred Astaire and Skelton in "Three Little Words" (1950), playing Eileen Percy; and Skelton again in "Watch the Birdie" (1950). Except for "The Outriders", all these movies were profitable for MGM.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: MGM gave Dahl the lead in several B movies, such as "Inside Straight" (1951) and "No Questions Asked" (1951), both of which flopped.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl was hired by Pine-Thomas Productions to a multi-picture contract. She was cast in "Caribbean Gold" (1952), a swashbuckler starring John Payne.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: She went to Universal-International to co-star with Alan Ladd in a French Foreign Legion story, "Desert Legion" (1953); then Pine-Thomas used her again in "Jamaica Run" (1953) and "Sangaree" (1953). The latter starred Fernando Lamas, whom Dahl would marry.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: She supported Bob Hope in the comedy "Here Come the Girls" (1953). Dahl and Lamas reunited on "The Diamond Queen" (1953) at Warner Bros.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: In 1953, Dahl played Roxanne on stage in a short-lived revival of "Cyrano de Bergerac" opposite Jose Ferrer.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl played the ambitious Carol Talbot in "Woman's World" (1954) at Fox, and she was Rock Hudson's leading lady in Universal's adventure war film "Bengal Brigade" (1954).


title: Arlene Dahl

text: She began writing a syndicated beauty column in 1952, and opened Arlene Dahl Enterprises in 1954, marketing cosmetics and designer lingerie.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl began appearing on television, including episodes of "Lux Video Theatre" (including a 1954 adaptation of "Casablanca", wherein she played Ilsa) and "The Ford Television Theatre".


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl was both a mystery guest (April 25, 1954) and a panelist on the CBS game show "What's My Line?". In 1953, she hosted ABC's anthology series "The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse".


title: Arlene Dahl

text: John Payne and Dahl were reunited in a film noir, "Slightly Scarlet" (1956), alongside Rhonda Fleming, another red-haired star.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl made some films in England for Columbia: "Wicked as They Come" (1956) and "Fortune Is a Woman" (1957). In 1957, she sued Columbia for $1 million, saying the film's advertisements for "Wicked as They Come" were "lewd" and "degraded" her. A judge threw out the suit.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl hosted the short-lived television series "Opening Night" (1958) and had the female lead in the adventure movie "Journey to the Center of the Earth" (1959), opposite James Mason and Pat Boone. She was injured on set making the latter, but it turned out to be one of her most successful films.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: In 1960, she appeared in the TV series "Riverboat" in the role of Lucy Belle in the episode "That Taylor Affair". The same year, she married Texas oilman Christian Holmes and announced her retirement from acting. The marriage did not last, but Dahl increasingly diversified her work to become a lecturer and beauty consultant while she continued acting.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: She had a supporting role in "Kisses for My President" (1964) and appeared in "Land Raiders" (1969), "The Pleasure Pit" (1969), and the French film "Du blé en liasses". She also appeared on TV in "Burke's Law" and "Theatre of Stars".


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Her focus by now was on business. After closing her company in 1967, she began serving as vice president at the ad agency Kenyon and Eckhardt that same year. In a 1969 interview, she said her old films were "such an embarrassment".


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl also returned to Broadway in the early 1970s, replacing Lauren Bacall in the role of Margo Channing in "Applause".


title: Arlene Dahl

text: On television, she had a role on the soap opera "One Life to Live" and guest-starred on "Love, American Style", "Jigsaw John", "Fantasy Island", and "The Love Boat". She also made a TV movie, "The Deadly Dream" (1971). "I like acting," she said in 1978, "but I had better like business better or I'll lose my shirt."


title: Arlene Dahl

text: In 1981, Dahl declared personal bankruptcy, with liabilities of almost $1 million and assets of only $623,970. Her chief creditor was the U.S. Small Business Administration, which guaranteed a $450,000 loan for her as an executive in a cosmetic firm. She had lost $163,000 from burglaries of jewelry and furs from her Manhattan apartment, and she earned only $11,367 in 1980 and $10,517 in 1979.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl appeared on ABC's soap opera "One Life to Live" from 1981 to 1984 as Lucinda Schenck Wilson. The character was planned as a short-term role (she guest-starred from late 1981 to early 1982 and in late 1982), but Dahl later was offered a one-year contract to appear on the series from September 1983 to October 1984. In 1988 she starred in the film "A Place to Hide".


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Her last feature film role, which followed a hiatus of more than two decades, was in "Night of the Warrior" (1991). It co-starred her son Lorenzo Lamas.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: She entered the field of astrology in the 1980s, writing a syndicated column and later operating a premium phoneline company. Dahl wrote more than two dozen books on the topics of beauty and astrology.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: In 1951, Dahl began writing for a tri-weekly beauty column for "Let's Be Beautiful", a newspaper owned by "Chicago Tribune" founder Robert McCormick.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: In the mid-1950s, Dahl founded Arlene Dahl Enterprises, selling lingerie, nightgowns, pajamas and cosmetics. She invented the Dahl Beauty Cap, a knitted sleeping cap for women.


title: Arlene Dahl

text: Dahl began working at Sears Roebuck as director of beauty products in 1970, earning nearly $750,000 annually, but she left in 1975 to found a short-lived fragrance company, Dahlia.


title: Made of Honor

text: Made of Honor (Made of Honour in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, and Australia) is a 2008 American romantic comedy film directed by Paul Weiland and written by Adam Sztykiel, Deborah Kaplan, and Harry Elfont. The film stars Patrick Dempsey, Michelle Monaghan, and Sydney Pollack, in his final screen appearance prior to his death less than a month after the film's release.


title: Made of Honor

text: The plot follows a lifelong playboy who falls in love with his best friend, only to have her get engaged and ask him to be her maid of honor. It was released by Columbia Pictures in the United States on May 2, 2008. The film garnered negative reviews from critics who criticized the formulaic humor and script, but grossed $106.4 million worldwide against a $40 million budget making it a box office success.


title: Made of Honor

text: On Halloween night in his senior year at Cornell University, Tom Bailey, Jr., dressed as Bill Clinton, entered the dark dorm room of Monica, his pre-arranged date, finding someone in bed. Thinking it was Monica, he climbed in and she sprayed him in the face.


title: Made of Honor

text: It was actually Hannah - Monica's roommate, a "library geek", while Tom was a "Casanova". He was intrigued as she was different from the rest. When Hannah and Tom returned to the dorm room, a drunken Monica was there waiting, but he didn't stay.


title: Made of Honor

text: Ten years later, Tom is now wealthy in NYC as his "coffee collar" invention pays him a dime every time one is used. Hannah, also in the city, has stayed best friends with him ever since that night in college, for their honesty. Tom continues to sleep with a different girl every week, while Hannah stays single, focusing on her career at the MET.


title: Made of Honor

text: Tom takes Hannah to his father's sixth wedding. When they dance, she feels attracted to him, however he is totally clueless. Always thinking of her as his best friend, he friendzones her so they have never slept together.


title: Made of Honor

text: Hannah has a 6-week-work trip to Scotland. Tom realizes that, being with a different woman week after week isn't fulfilling when he can't see Hannah. Realizing he has feelings for Hannah (to everyone's surprise), Tom decides to tell her when she returns.


title: Made of Honor

text: However, Hannah does not come back alone; she brings Colin, a wealthy Scottish royal, as her fiancé. Asking Tom to be her maid of honor he, to his shock, accepts. He does so to spend time with Hannah, convince her to stop the wedding and win her heart. It is not easy, as Colin is not only a Duke, but also triumphs at basketball.


title: Made of Honor

text: As Hannah's maid of honor, Tom is introduced to the three bridesmaids. One is Melissa, Hannah's cousin and an ex, whose heart he broke and now is jealous with Tom that she isn't the maid of honor. Thus, when he throws the bridal shower, Melissa sabotages it by tricking him into inviting a sex toy salesman as a party entertainer.


title: Made of Honor

text: Believing it was Tom's idea, Hannah gets upset and almost fires Tom, but thanks to his friends' How To Be A Perfect M-O-H 101 course, he wins her trust back. Taking her shopping, he impresses her with a plate-juggling performance. Hannah enjoys it, but tells Tom she is moving to Scotland after the wedding.


title: Made of Honor

text: Tom, almost accepting defeat, continues being a responsible M-O-H by traveling to Scotland with Hannah. After their arrival at Eilean Donan Castle, he meets Colin's family. They have a variant of the Highland Games, in which the groom competes to prove himself worthy of his bride. Tom also participates, hoping to defeat Colin, but he loses in the last round.


title: Made of Honor

text: At the family dinner: Colin's family proudly tells Hannah (who opposes to the killing and eating of animals) that every plate of meat on the table is from animals that Colin killed. Tom, who understands how uncomfortable Hannah feels, offers to help go over her vows. But, as he starts telling her his feelings, the other bridesmaids interrupt, dragging Hannah to her bachelorette party.


title: Made of Honor

text: Hannah has to give every man in the pub a peck for a coin (Scottish tradition), including Tom. When it is his turn, without anyone looking, he kisses her as passionately as possible, and though surprised, she kisses back.


title: Made of Honor

text: That night, Hannah goes to Tom's room to talk about their kiss, finding him under Melissa (the ex) who is trying to seduce him. Seeing Hannah at the door, he pushes Melissa the horny b!tch off and runs after her. Hannah refuses to let Tom in and, behind the closed door with running tears, she tells him she is still marrying Colin the next day. The distressed Tom gives up being the M-O-H as he cannot bear to watch them marry.


title: Made of Honor

text: As he is leaving the next morning, Tom suddenly turns back. However, the only ferry to the church already left. Luckily, he manages to borrow a horse from the locals. As he is riding up to the church doors, the horse stops, sending him flying through the chapel doors.


title: Made of Honor

text: Hannah cannot believe Tom is back for her. She rushes to help him stand as he finally declares his love. She kisses him passionately in front of everyone. Colin punches him in the face for it.


title: Made of Honor

text: Tom and Hannah go back to New York together, getting married on a rooftop under the stars and live happily ever after.


title: Made of Honor

text: The filming schedule was 26 days to accommodate Patrick Dempsey's commitments to Grey's Anatomy. Dempsey was part of the project before the director was chosen and agreed to Weiland after seeing an early cut of his coming-of-age film Sixty-Six. The scene where Dempsey juggles plates was not in the script and was added on the day.


title: Made of Honor

text: Eilean Donan castle, famously the home of Connor MacLeod in the Highlander film, was used for exterior shots of one of the McMurray family homes.


title: Made of Honor

text: "Made of Honor" was originally rated R for "some sex-related material", but was later rated PG-13 for "sexual content and language". In Australia, it is rated M. In Sweden, the Swedish National Board of Film Censors rated the uncut version as suitable for all ages.


title: Made of Honor

text: In the UK the British Board of Film Certification (BBFC) rated it a 12 for "Moderate Language and Sex References". When released on DVD, it was rated 12 for "Strong Sex References".


title: Made of Honor

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed $15.5 million in 2,729 theaters in the United States and Canada, averaging $5,679 per theater, and ranking #2 at the box office behind "Iron Man". It grossed a total of $46 million in North American and $60 million internationally, for a total worldwide gross of $106 million, against its $40 million budget.


title: Made of Honor

text: "Made of Honor" received negative reviews from critics, and was called a gender swapped version of "My Best Friend's Wedding". On Rotten Tomatoes it has a approval rating based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads: "Sharp performances by Patrick Dempsey and Michelle Monaghan can't save this forgettable, formulaic chick flick from its comic failings." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 37 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B+" on scale of A to F.


title: Made of Honor

text: Keith Phipps of "The A.V. Club" gave the film an overall C grade, giving credit to the performances of Pollack and Monaghan for being surprisingly good in a by-the-numbers romantic story alongside Dempsey displaying "plastic sincerity" in his role, saying: "It's telling that he's followed by a string of sidekicks apparently created to make him less bland by comparison." "The New York Times" Stephen Holden commended the punch-up of the script for adding "tart satirical flavors to a cotton-candy formula" and the screen presence of both Dempsey and Monaghan, highlighting the latter for giving "enough sweetness to satisfy the cotton-candy addicts." Barbara Vancheri of the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" praised the utilization of the "picturesque, romantic" Scotland setting and the cast's willingness to perform, despite devolving into slapstick comedy and tacking on a 1940s film ending. She concluded by explaining its release alongside "Iron Man" saying: ""Made of Honor" is made to order for women or couples looking for an alternative to the comic-book adaptation and for a romcom with such obvious and memorable film forebears, it's still breezy fun."


title: Made of Honor

text: Elizabeth Weitzman from the "New York Daily News" gave credit to Dempsey for his comedic timing over material containing "snickering emasculation" and director Paul Weiland for his "brisk pace" direction over "a lazy script from three screenwriters who take the low road every time." She concluded that: "The cinematic equivalent of a cookie-cutter wedding, "Made of Honor" ultimately feels a little depressing." Philip Marchand of the "Toronto Star" noted how the film's content contains "numerous references to insecure masculinity", saying that: "It's often a problem to determine when a movie is satirizing characters from a superior height and when it's sharing the mental level of those characters." Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" said about the film beyond its "gibberish" title: "Everything else about it is plasticky and nonsensical with no one behaving like a real carbon-based life-form. Monaghan's charm is stifled, and a classy cameo from Sydney Pollack as Dempsey's scapegrace dad goes for nothing. A film to leave at the altar." Ed Gonzalez from "Slant Magazine" called the film "soul-crushingly predictable", lamenting the misuse of Pollack's "ostensible prestige" only for it to be diminished by Kevin Sussman's character, unfunny sex jokes, an irritating soundtrack and defamation of Scottish people.


title: Made of Honor

text: The film was nominated for Choice Movie - Bromantic Comedy at the 2008 Teen Choice Awards, but ultimately lost to "What Happens in Vegas".


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: The Hyundai Palisade () is a mid-size crossover SUV manufactured by Hyundai Motor Company since late 2018. It replaces the Maxcruz (also known as Santa Fe XL outside of South Korea) as the flagship SUV under the Hyundai brand.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: According to Hyundai, the name Palisade "references a series of coastal cliffs", the neighborhood of Pacific Palisades in Los Angeles, California is used as a reference for the naming of the car.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: The Palisade debuted at the 2018 Los Angeles Auto Show on November 28, 2018. Previously, the design of the Palisade was previewed by the Hyundai Grandmaster concept which debuted in June 2018. The Palisade is Hyundai's largest passenger vehicle to date, measuring in at long with a wheelbase of inches. It has of cargo space behind the third row and with both rows folded down. Like its predecessor, the Palisade features three rows of seating, with seating for up to eight passengers when equipped with a second-row bench seat or seven passengers with the optional second-row captain seat.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: The vehicle rated a coefficient drag of 0.33, achieved with an optimised front cooling area with extended internal air guide, aerodynamic underside panels with full front and centre underbody covers, and rear wheel aero deflectors.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: Introduction of the right-hand drive model started in December 2020 in Australia and Indonesia. CKD assembly in Russia started in 2020 by Avtotor for domestic sales.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: Trim levels available for the Palisade in the United States and Canada are the base SE, SEL with optional Convenience Package or Convenience and Premium Package, Limited, and top-of-the-line Calligraphy (since 2021 model year). Powering all Palisade models is a 3.8-litre Atkinson cycle V6 engine with Idle Stop & Go (ISG).


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: In South Korea, the Palisade was launched on December 11, 2018. Hyundai Palisade. (2022, September 12). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Palisade The South Korean pop-group BTS was chosen as the brand ambassador for the new model of Hyundai, and have since been involved in numerous commercials and ad campaigns in South Korea and America.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: In the Philippines, the Palisade was launched in April 2019. It is only offered with 2.2-litre turbodiesel engine and a 7-seat configuration.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: The Palisade was released in Australia and New Zealand in December 2020 for the 2021 model year, after the right-hand drive model was finalized. It is available in either 7- or 8-seater configuration on the Highlander trim and 8 seater on the standard trim. The Palisade is available with a choice of 3.8-litre V6 petrol front-wheel drive or 2.2-litre four-cylinder turbodiesel all-wheel drive. Both engines are matched to 8-speed automatics.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: The Indonesian-market Palisade went on sale in January 2021 after December 2020 introduction. It is offered in Prime and Signature trim levels with all-wheel-drive available in the latter trim. It is only available with a 2.2-litre four-cylinder turbodiesel engine mated to an 8-speed torque converter automatic transmission. Facelift model was released in July 2022.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: The Palisade was launched to the Russian market in December 2020 with 2.2-litre turbodiesel engine and 3.5-litre petrol engine rated at . It is locally assembled at the Avtotor plant in Kaliningrad.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: The Malaysian-market Palisade was launched in December 2021. It is a fully imported model (CBU) from Hyundai's Ulsan plant and comes in two engine choice, 2.2-litre CRDi diesel and 3.8-litre Lambda II V6.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: The updated Palisade debuted for the North American market at the New York International Auto Show on April 13, 2022, for the 2023 model year. It features a revised front end, and an enhanced infotainment system with 12-inch navigation.


title: Hyundai Palisade

text: In South Korea, the updated Palisade was released on May 19, 2022, following its physical release at the 2022 New York International Auto Show. High-definition 12.3-inch displays, LED headlamps, and smart cruise control is basically applied. The thickness of the sound-absorbing material was increased and the shock-absorbing device was improved. In addition, technologies such as Digital Key 2, second-row ventilation seats, and PCA-R were applied.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: Elmer Bernstein ( ""; April 4, 1922August 18, 2004) was an American composer and conductor. In a career that spanned over five decades, he composed "some of the most recognizable and memorable themes in Hollywood history", including over 150 original film scores, as well as scores for nearly 80 television productions. For his work he received an Academy Award for "Thoroughly Modern Millie" (1967) and Primetime Emmy Award. He also received seven Golden Globe Awards, five Grammy Awards, and two Tony Award nominations.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: He composed and arranged scores for over 100 film scores, including "Sudden Fear" (1952), "The Man with the Golden Arm" (1955), "The Ten Commandments" (1956), "Sweet Smell of Success" (1957), "The Magnificent Seven" (1960), "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962), "The Great Escape" (1963), "Hud" (1963), "Thoroughly Modern Millie" (1967), "True Grit" (1969), "My Left Foot" (1989), "The Grifters" (1990), "Cape Fear" (1991), "Twilight" (1998), and "Far from Heaven" (2002). He is known for his work on the comedic films, "Animal House" (1978), "Meatballs" (1979), "Airplane!" (1980), "The Blues Brothers" (1980), "Stripes" (1981), "Trading Places" (1983), "Ghostbusters" (1984), "Spies Like Us" (1985), and "Three Amigos" (1986).


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: Bernstein was born to a Jewish family in New York City, the son of Selma (née Feinstein, 1901–1991), from Ukraine, and Edward Bernstein (1896-1968), from Austria-Hungary.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: He was not related to the celebrated composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein, though they were friends. Within the world of professional music, they were distinguished from each other by the use of the nicknames "Bernstein West" (Elmer) and "Bernstein East" (Leonard), based on their bases of operation: East for New York City, West for Hollywood/Los Angeles. They also pronounced their surnames differently. Elmer pronounced his name "BERN-steen", and Leonard used "BERN-styne".


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: During his childhood, Bernstein performed professionally as a dancer and an actor, in the latter case playing the part of Caliban in "The Tempest" on Broadway, and he also won several prizes for his painting. He attended Manhattan's progressive Walden School and gravitated toward music. At the age of twelve, he was awarded a piano scholarship by Henriette Michelson, a Juilliard teacher who guided him throughout his entire career as a pianist. She took him to play some of his improvisations for composer Aaron Copland, who was encouraging and selected Israel Citkowitz as a teacher for the young boy.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: Elmer was drafted into the United States Army Air Forces during the World War II era where he wrote music for the Armed Forces Radio.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: Elmer Bernstein's music has some stylistic similarities to Copland's music, most notably in his western scores, particularly sections of Big Jake, in the Gregory Peck film "Amazing Grace and Chuck", and in his spirited score for the 1958 film adaptation of Erskine Caldwell's novel "God's Little Acre".


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: He had a lifelong enthusiasm for an even wider spectrum of the arts than his childhood interests would imply and, in 1959, when he was scoring "The Story on Page One", he considered becoming a novelist and asked the film's screenwriter, Clifford Odets, to give him lessons in writing fiction.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: Bernstein wrote the theme songs or other music for more than 200 films and TV shows, including "The Magnificent Seven", "The Great Escape", "The Ten Commandments" (1956), "True Grit", "The Man with the Golden Arm", "To Kill a Mockingbird", "Robot Monster", "Ghostbusters", "Baby the Rain Must Fall" (1965), and the fanfare used in the National Geographic television specials.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: His theme for "The Magnificent Seven" is also familiar to television viewers, as it was used in commercials for Marlboro cigarettes. Bernstein also provided the score to many of the short films of Ray and Charles Eames.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: In 1961 Bernstein co-founded Äva Records, an American record label based in Los Angeles together with Fred Astaire, Jackie Mills and Tommy Wolf.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: In addition to his film music, Bernstein wrote the scores for two Broadway musicals, "How Now, Dow Jones", with lyricist Carolyn Leigh, in 1967 and "Merlin", with lyricist Don Black, in 1983.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: One of Bernstein's tunes has since gained a lasting place in U.S. college sports culture. In 1968, University of South Carolina football head coach Paul Dietzel wrote new lyrics to "Step to the Rear", from "How Now, Dow Jones". The South Carolina version of the tune, "The Fighting Gamecocks Lead the Way", has been the school's fight song ever since.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: Along with many other artists in Hollywood, Bernstein faced censure during the McCarthy era of the early 1950s. Bernstein was called by the House Un-American Activities Committee when it was discovered that he had written some music reviews for a Communist newspaper. After he refused to name names, pointing out that he had never attended a Communist Party meeting, he found himself composing music for movies such as "Robot Monster" and "Cat-Women of the Moon", a step down from his earlier "Sudden Fear" and "Saturday's Hero".


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: John Landis grew up near Bernstein, and befriended him through his children. Years later, he requested that Bernstein compose the music for "National Lampoon's Animal House", over the studio's objections. He explained to Bernstein that he thought that Bernstein's score, playing it straight as if the comedic Delta frat characters were actual heroes, would emphasize the comedy further.


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: The opening theme of the film is based upon a slight inversion of a secondary theme from Brahms's "Academic Festival Overture". Bernstein accepted the job, and it sparked a second wave in his career, where he continued to compose music for high-profile comedies such as "Ghostbusters", "Stripes", "Airplane!" and "The Blues Brothers", as well as most of Landis's films for the next 15 years, including "An American Werewolf in London", "Trading Places", and the music video to the Michael Jackson song "Thriller".


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: When Martin Scorsese announced that he was re-making "Cape Fear", Bernstein adapted Bernard Herrmann's original score to the new film. Bernstein leapt at the opportunity to work with Scorsese, as well as to pay homage to Herrmann. Scorsese and Bernstein subsequently worked together on two more films, "The Age of Innocence" (1993) and "Bringing Out the Dead" (1999). Bernstein had previously conducted Herrmann's original unused score for Alfred Hitchcock's 1966 "Torn Curtain".


title: Elmer Bernstein

text: Having studied composition under Aaron Copland, Roger Sessions, and Stefan Wolpe, Bernstein also performed as a concert pianist between 1939 and 1950 and wrote numerous classical compositions, including three orchestral suites, two song cycles, various compositions for viola and piano and for solo piano, and a string quartet.