title: Worf

text: According to the Pocket Books novels set after "Nemesis", Worf takes over William T. Riker's position of first officer aboard the "Enterprise"-E. According to "Death in Winter", Worf was to transfer with Riker to the "Titan", but after Data's death, Picard asks Worf to stay aboard the "Enterprise", and Worf obliges. In early 2380 in "Resistance", Starfleet Command approves Picard's request to make Worf the permanent first officer, but Worf refuses as he doubts his command skills (due to his choice of love over duty in "Change of Heart"). Soon afterwards, however, Worf successfully leads the rescue of Picard from another Borg crisis, and is sufficiently convinced to accept the permanent promotion. As of 2385 in the novel miniseries "Star Trek: The Fall", Worf continues to remain first officer of the "Enterprise"-E. According to the Titan series, he also adopted Data's cat Spot.


title: Worf

text: Worf had a relationship with "Enterprise"-E Chief of Security Jasminder Choudhury in the books until her death in the 2012 novel "The Persistence of Memory" by David Mack.


title: Worf

text: The Pocket Books series continued in the 2016 trilogy "Prey", written by John Jackson Miller. In it, Worf and the cloned Klingon Emperor Kahless are drawn into battle with a group of discommendated Klingons, all disciples of the late Kruge, the villain from the movie "Star Trek III: The Search for Spock", being manipulated by Kruge's secret heir Korgh. By 2386, Worf's son Alexander is an Ambassador, working alongside Admiral William Riker. The events of "Prey" conclude with the last survivors of the discommendated Klingons taking on roles as guardians for a planet whose previous guards were killed as part of the conspiracy, with Kahless joining them to help them learn how to be truly Klingon. As acknowledgement of Worf's role in helping them redeem themselves, the group name the first child born during this crisis after Worf.


title: Worf

text: IDW Comics took the character in a different direction in its licensed works. In the official comic book prequel to the 2009 movie "Star Trek", Worf is a General in the Klingon Empire who is dispatched to deal with Romulan Captain Nero and his significantly altered mining vessel, the "Narada". When the Klingon forces suffer a crushing defeat, Worf agrees to Nero's demand to board a shuttle and come on board the "Narada". Worf takes the opportunity to surprise Nero, cutting into the "Narada's" hull and fighting his way to the main bridge for a confrontation with Nero. Already prepared for such a tactic, Nero succeeds in surprising Worf by impaling him through the back with a large mechanical tentacle. When the "Enterprise"-E arrives to do battle with the "Narada", Nero agrees to beam Worf over if the ship will lower its shields. When Captain Data agrees, Worf is beamed back to the ship, giving the "Narada" time to fire on the "Enterprise". The ship suffers heavy damage, but manages to raise its shields in time to prevent a second attack. Nero then leaves the battle to continue his assault on the planet Vulcan. Worf is assumed to have survived, but this is never explicitly mentioned in the comic.


title: Worf

text: In Una McCormack's "Star Trek: Picard: The Last Best Hope"- a direct prequel to ""- Worf is promoted to Captain of the "Enterprise"-E in 2381 once Picard is promoted to Admiral.


title: Worf

text: Due to Worf's popularity there was some talk of a Captain Worf series before the franchise went into the "Trek" re-boots. Dorn said he had tried to pitch a Captain Worf show in the 2010s, but he was not successful"." The actor was reportedly offered a role as a Worf-ancestor on "" but this did not come to fruition.


title: Worf

text: In 2012 Dorn came up with an idea for Worf show, and has pitched it at various times. He talked about his experiences pitching his idea for the character at the 2019 Keystone Comic Con.


title: Worf

text: In 2021, actor Michael Dorn said he was still interested in a movie or series with Worf, noting the success of "". He was trying to address rumors that he might appear on the show which is streamed on Paramount+.


title: Worf

text: Worf is a decidedly popular character among fans. The episode "Heart of Glory" (S1E20 of TNG), which focuses on Worf and his relationship to other Klingons, is credited with planting "many seeds for successive Klingon storylines ... and new insights into Klingon culture".


title: Worf

text: With "TNG" over in 1995, the writers of "DS9" came up with the idea of adding Worf to the cast in response to pressure to boost ratings."Screen Rant" has rated the character Worf a number of times, and by several authors, at its site. Author Edward Cambro ranks Worf as the 13th best "Star Trek" character overall, and remarks how Worf had to "walk the line between two cultures, neither of which he entirely understood (nowhere is this more apparent than in episodes like "," "," and "")." Said cultures being Klingons and human. Then author Sara Schmidt ranks Worf the 7th most attractive person in the "Star Trek" universe, in between T'Pol ("Enterprise") and Michael Burnham ("Star Trek: Discovery"), and in another article, she goes on to suggest ideas for a Worf spin-off, saying a young Worf would be "interesting to explore", as well as a "series about Worf's experiences as a Federation ambassador to Qo'noS." Dusty Stowe then ranks the top 8 most powerful characters of "Star Trek" and places Worf as the most powerful between Spock and Q.


title: Worf

text: "TheWrap" rates Worf as the 9th best character of "Star Trek", saying that he "started the trend of turning enemies from past series into complex characters who became vital Starfleet crew members despite cultural differences."


title: Worf

text: SyFy rated Worf as the 2nd greatest Klingon of the "Star Trek" franchise. The author explains that Worf is only in second place because he was raised by humans and relies mostly on honor. He goes on to admit, "Michael Dorn created a "Trek" legend here, there can be no doubt."


title: Worf

text: "Den of Geek" places four (really five since one is a two part episode), squarely Worf-centric episodes, in its list of 25 "must-watch" "Star Trek: The Next Generation" episodes which include "The Emissary", "Sins of the Father", "Reunion", "Redemption" (Parts I & II).


title: Worf

text: Worf is ranked the 13th most important character of Starfleet within the "Star Trek" science fiction universe by "Wired" magazine, beating out such favorites as Uhura. To be included in this list, characters must be Starfleet personnel or crew, plus in original media only.


title: Worf

text: "IndieWire" ranked Worf as the 7th best character on "Star Trek:The Next Generation" in 2017 and "CBR" ranked Worf as the 8th best Starfleet character of "Star Trek" in 2018.


title: Worf

text: Filk artists Ookla the Mok include a song about Worf entitled "Mr. W" on their 2003 album "Oh Okay LA". The lyrics are a parody on why Worf would not make a good captain, since he is not afraid to die and how not everyone feels the same about that. It even includes a rap from what sounds like Worf himself, toward the end.


title: Worf

text: Musician Voltaire wrote a song called "Worf's Revenge" whose lyrics detail imaginings of Worf's likes and dislikes. In the band's view, Worf hates tribbles and calls Barclay a "lowly white P'tak."


title: Worf

text: Some shows have a major subplot for the Worf character, the first of these debuted in 1988, "Heart of Glory" (which was S1E20 of "The Next Generation") This kicked off a long-running story arc that continued until the end of DS9 in 1999 on television and 2002 on film.


title: Worf

text: In the 2012 book "Star Trek 101: A Practical Guide to Who, What, Where, and Why" by "Terry J. Erdmann," they felt ""The Way of the Warrior"" was one of three key episodes for the character Worf, along with ""The Sword of Khaless"" and ""Sons of Mogh"."


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: Seafaring is a tradition that encompasses a variety of professions and ranks. Each of these roles carries unique responsibilities that are integral to the successful operation of a seafaring vessel. A ship's crew can generally be divided into "four main categories": the deck department, the engineering department, the steward's department, and other. The reasoning behind this is that a ship's bridge, filled with sophisticated navigational equipment, requires skills differing from those used on deck operations – such as berthing, cargo and/or military devices – which in turn requires skills different from those used in a ship's engine room and propulsion, and so on.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The following is only a "partial listing" of professions and ranks. Ship operators have understandably employed a wide variety of positions, given the vast array of technologies, missions, and circumstances that ships have been subjected to over the years.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: There are some notable trends in modern or twenty-first century seamanship. Usually, seafarers work on board a ship between three and six years. Afterwards, they are well prepared for working in the European maritime industry ashore. Generally, there are some differences between naval and civilian seafarers. One example is nationality on merchant vessels, which is usually diverse and not identical like on military craft. As a result, special cross-cultural training is required – especially with regard to a lingua franca. Another notable trend is that administrative work has increased considerably on board, partly as an effect of increased focus on safety and security. A study shows that due to this development certain skills are missing and some are desired, so that a new degree of flexibility and job sharing has arisen, as the workload of each crew member also increases.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The captain or master is the ship's highest responsible officer, acting on behalf of the ship's owner. Whether the captain is a member of the deck department or not is a matter of some controversy, and generally depends on the opinion of an individual captain. When a ship has a third mate, the captain does not stand watch.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The captain is responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the ship under their command. It is their responsibility to ensure that all the departments perform to the requirements. Therefore, the heads of the various departments answer to him. The captain represents the owner and hence is called "master." The captain is officially not considered to be a crew member, which seems to resolve the controversy mentioned above.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: Deck officers are licensed mariners who are responsible for the navigation and safe passage of the ship.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The chief mate is the head of the deck department on a merchant's vessel, second-in-command after the ship's master. The chief mate's primary responsibilities are the vessel's cargo operations, its stability, and supervising the deck crew. The mate is responsible for the safety and security of the ship, as well as the welfare of the crew on board. The chief mate typically stands the 4–8 navigation watch as OICNW (officer-in-charge of the navigational watch), directing the bridge team. Some crews have additional Third mates, which allow the chief mate to not stand navigational watch, and focus more on cargo and deck operations. Additional duties include maintenance of the ship's hull, cargo gears, accommodations, life-saving appliances, and firefighting appliances. The chief mate also trains the crew and cadets on various aspects like safety, firefighting, search and rescue, and other contingencies. The chief officer assumes command of the whole ship in the absence or incapacitation of the master.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The second mate is a qualified OICNW watch stander, directing the bridge team and navigating the ship. The second mate is the third most-experienced deck department officer after the captain/master and chief mate. The second mate's primary duty is navigational, which includes updating charts and publications, keeping them current, making passage plans, and all aspects of ship navigation. The second mate's other duties may include directing line handlers, cargo watches, directing anchor detail and training and instructing crew members.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The third officer is a qualified OICNW watch-stander, junior to the second mate. When on navigational watch, the third mate directs the bridge team, maneuvering the vessel, keeping it safe and on track. The third mate's primary duty is matters of safety, inspecting gear lockers, lifeboats, and all equipment onboard ensuring that it is safe and operational. Other duties include directing line handlers, cargo watches, directing anchor details and training and instructing crew members. He or she is normally the part of the command team during emergencies and drills.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: A deck cadet or trainee navigational officer or nautical apprentice is an apprentice who has to learn the basic duties of a deck officer on board a ship. Deck cadets after sufficient sea time and exams attain certificate of competency of OICNW.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: Mariners without a certificate of competence are called ratings. They assist in all other tasks that can arise during a voyage. This includes for example, mooring, cleaning of the ship and its holds and repairing broken lines and ropes. These are physically challenging jobs and have to be done regardless of the weather.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The boatswain is the highest ranking unlicensed (rating) in the deck department. The boatswain generally carries out the tasks instructed by the chief mate, directing the able seamen and ordinary seamen. The boatswain generally does not stand a navigational watch.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: An able bodied seaman (AB) works under the boatswain, completing tasks such as working mooring lines, operating deck gear, standing anchor details, and working cargo. An able bodied seaman also stands a navigational watch, generally as a lookout or helmsman.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The lowest ranking personnel in the deck department. An ordinary seaman (OS) generally helps out with work that able seamen do. Other tasks include standing lookout, and generally cleaning duties.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The engineers are also called technical officers. They are responsible for keeping the ship and the machinery running. Today, ships are complex units that combine a lot of technology within a small space. This includes not only the engine and the propulsion system, but also, for example, the electrical power supply, devices for loading and discharging, garbage incineration and fresh water generators. An engineer is commonly considered a high officer in ranking in the ship.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The chief engineer on a merchant vessel is the official title of someone qualified to oversee the engine department. The qualification for this position is colloquially called a "Chief's Ticket".


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The chief engineer, commonly referred to as "The chief", or just "chief", is responsible for all operations and maintenance that have to do with all machinery and equipment throughout the ship. He may be paid on par with the captain, and holds a similar rank as the captain.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The second engineer or first assistant engineer is the officer responsible for supervising the daily maintenance and operation of the engine department. He or she reports directly to the chief engineer.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The third engineer or second assistant engineer is usually in charge of boilers, fuel, auxiliary engines, condensate and feed systems, and is the third most senior marine engineer on board. Depending on usage, "the Second" or "the Third" is also typically in charge of fueling (a.k.a. bunkering), granted the officer holds a valid Person In Charge (PIC) endorsement for fuel transfer operations.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The fourth engineer or third assistant engineer is junior to the second assistant engineer/third engineer in the engine department.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: Traine Marine Engineer or Engine cadet is a trainee who is trained by SEO or CEO of the Engine Department.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The motorman is an unlicensed member of the engine department, same requirement with the oiler both having the Able Seafarer Engine Certificate STCW A-III/5.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The oiler is an unlicensed member of the engine department, with more experience than a wiper and having the Able Seafarer Engine Certificate STCW A-III/5.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The wiper is an unlicensed member of the engine department, usually with the least experience and having the Engine Room Watch Rating (ERWR) Certificate STCW A-III/4.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The electro-technical officer sometimes referred to as the electrical engineer is in charge of all the electrical systems on the ship. The electrical engineer is one of the most vital positions in the technical hierarchy of a ship and engineer is responsible for their assigned work under the chief engineer's instructions.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: Unlike engineers, the ETO does not carry out an assigned engine room watch. Instead, he is normally on call 24 hours a day and generally works a daily shift carrying out electrical and electronic maintenance, repairs, installations, and testing.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: Some shipping companies do not carry electrical officers on their ship to cut down the manning cost, and the electrical duties are carried by an engineer. This is usually the third engineer. However, many companies realized that electrical and electronic system requires some extra attention and therefore require an expert to attend them. This is especially true on diesel electric ships or vessels equipped with systems such as dynamic positioning.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: On larger vessels such as cruise ships, electro-technical officers can have ranks within their profession, such position names include, lead ETO, 1st electrician, chief electrical officer or chief electrical engineer. In this situation, the highest ranked electro-technical officer will report directly to the chief engineer. On special class ships such as FPSOs, the electro-technical officer can sometimes earn nearly the same wage as a chief engineer due to the complexity of the electrical systems on the ship.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: As the technology advances, more automation and electronic circuits are replacing conventional and electrical systems. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) amended STCW 95 (also known as the Manila Amendment) on June 25, 2010, to introduce the certified position of electro-technical officer in place of electrical officer.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: With advancements in satellite communications leading to the widespread adoption of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System the old position of radio officer is far less common, although a U.S. Coast Guard license is still issued for it. Ship officers may be licensed by the Federal Communications Commission as GMDSS operators and electrical officers as GMDSS maintainers. Morse code has not been used on French ships since 1997 and on U.S. ones since 1999 However, an FCC certificate for radiotelegraphy may still be obtained.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores. The chief steward also plans menus; compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. The steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. Additional duties may include baking bread, rolls, cakes, pies, and pastries.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The chief cook is the senior unlicensed crew member working in the steward's department of a ship. His position corresponds to that of the boatswain in the deck department, the pump man in an oil tanker, and the electrician (but not ETO) in the engine department of a container ship or general cargo ship. He is the equivalent to a chief petty officer in the Navy, and equal to a captain rank in the kitchen.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The chief cook directs and participates in the preparation and serving of meals; determines timing and sequence of operations required to meet serving times; inspects galley and equipment for cleanliness and proper storage and preparation of food.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The Captain was a commissioned officer naval officer in command of a ship and was addressed by naval custom as "captain" while aboard in command, regardless of the officer's actual rank.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The Lieutenants were commissioned officers immediately subordinate to the captain. Lieutenants were numbered by their seniority within the ship, so that a frigate (which was entitled to three lieutenants) would have a first lieutenant, a second lieutenant, and a third lieutenant. A first-rate was entitled to six lieutenants, and they were numbered accordingly.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The "Sailing Master" was a naval officer trained in and responsible for the navigation of a sailing vessel. The rank can be equated to a professional seaman and specialist in navigation, rather than as a military commander and was originally a warrant officer who ranked with, but after, the lieutenants and was eventually renamed to "navigating lieutenant" in 1867.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The Purser was the officer responsible for all administrative duties and ship's supplies, such as food and drink, clothing, bedding, candles. The purser was originally known as "the clerk of burser". Pursers received no pay but were entitled to profits made through their business activities. In the 18th century a purser would buy his warrant for £65 and was required to post sureties totalling £2,100 with the Admiralty. They maintained and sailed the ships and were the standing officers of the navy, staying with the ships in port between voyages as caretakers supervising repairs and refitting.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The Surgeon was the medical officer of the ship. Surgeons were ranked by the Navy Board based on their training and social status. Surgeons were wardroom warrant officers with a high status, billeted along with the other officers in the wardroom. Surgeons were assisted by surgeon's mates, who after 1805 were called "assistant surgeons". The surgeon and his mates were assisted by boys, who were called "loblolly boys", named after the gruel commonly served in the sick bay.[7] A small number of doctors with a prestigious medical education were ranked as physicians; they would supervise surgeons on ships or run hospitals on shore.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The Chaplain led the ship's religious services. As an ordained minister, his social status meant he was made an officer.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The Gunner was the warrant officer in charge of the ship's naval artillery and other weapons. He supervised the Armourer, the Gunners mate and the Yeoman of the Powder room.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The Boatswain (/ˈboʊsən/), bo's'n, bos'n, or bosun, was the warrant officer of the deck department. As deck crew foreman, the boatswain planned the day's work and assigned tasks to the deck crew. As work was completed, the boatswain checked the completed work was done correctly. He supervised the Ropemaker, the Boatswain's mate and the Sailmaker.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The carpenter was the warrant officer who was responsible for the maintenance and repair of the wooden components of the ship. He supervised the Caulker, the Carpenter's mate and the Master-at-arms.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: Originally, a master's mate was an experienced petty officer, who assisted the master, but was not in line for promotion to lieutenant. By the mid-eighteenth century, he was far more likely to be a superior midshipman, still waiting to pass his examination for lieutenant or to receive his commission, but taking rather more responsibility aboard ship. Six master's mates were allowed on a first rate, three on a third rate, and two on most frigates.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: A Midshipman was an apprentice officer who had previously served at least three years as a volunteer, officer's servant or able seaman, and was roughly equivalent to a present-day petty officer in rank and responsibilities. After serving at least three years as a midshipman or master's mate, he was eligible to take the examination for lieutenant. Promotion to lieutenant was not automatic, and many midshipmen took positions as master's mates for an increase in pay and responsibility aboard ship.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The "Master-at-arms" was a naval rating, responsible for discipline aboard ship, assisted by Corporals.


title: Seafarer's professions and ranks

text: The Yeoman of the Sheets was in charge of the rope store. Given that the ship was rarely dry inside and the ropes rotted when wet, preserving the rope was a major problem.


title: Robert Belushi

text: Robert James Belushi (born October 23, 1980) is an American actor. In films, he is best known for his work on "Sorority Row", "One Small Hitch", and "Valentine's Day". On television, he is best known as Allen ("The Buddy") on the of Spike TV's "The Joe Schmo Show" and Linus the Bartender on the ninth and final season of CBS's "How I Met Your Mother". From 2020 to 2021, Belushi hosted the game show "Get a Clue" on Game Show Network.


title: Robert Belushi

text: Robert James Belushi was born on October 23, 1980, and is the son of Jim Belushi and Sandra Davenport, and the nephew of the late John Belushi. His half-siblings are Jamison Belushi and Jared Belushi. He is a 2004 graduate of Wesleyan University.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: Frederica of Hanover ("Friederike Luise"; ; 18 April 1917 – 6 February 1981) was Queen consort of Greece from 1947 until 1964 as the wife of King Paul, thereafter Queen mother during the reign of her son, King Constantine II.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: Born "Her Royal Highness" Friederike, Princess of Hanover, Princess of Great Britain and Ireland, and Princess of Brunswick-Lüneburg on 18 April 1917 in Blankenburg am Harz, in the German Duchy of Brunswick, she was the only daughter and third child of Ernest Augustus, then reigning Duke of Brunswick, and his wife Princess Viktoria Luise of Prussia, herself the only daughter of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. Both her father and maternal grandfather abdicated their thrones in November 1918 following Germany's defeat in World War I, and her paternal grandfather was stripped of his British royal dukedom the following year.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: In 1934, Adolf Hitler, in his ambition to link the British and German royal houses, asked for Frederica's parents to arrange for the marriage of their seventeen-year-old daughter to the Prince of Wales. In her memoirs, Frederica's mother described that she and her husband were "shattered" and such a possibility "had never entered our minds". Victoria Louise herself had once been considered as a potential bride for the very same person prior to her marriage. Moreover, the age difference was too great (the Prince of Wales was twenty-three years Frederica's senior), and her parents were unwilling to "put any such pressure" on their daughter.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: Prince Paul of Greece proposed to her during the summer of 1936, while he was in Berlin attending the 1936 Summer Olympics. Paul was a son of King Constantine I and Frederica's great aunt Sophia. Accordingly, they were maternal first cousins once removed. They were also paternal second cousins as great-grandchildren of Christian IX of Denmark. Their engagement was announced officially on 28 September 1937, and Britain's King George VI gave his consent pursuant to the Royal Marriages Act 1772 on 26 December 1937. They married in Athens on 9 January 1938. Frederica became Hereditary Princess of Greece, her husband being heir presumptive to his childless elder brother, King George II.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: During the early part of their marriage, they resided at a villa in Psychiko in the suburbs of Athens. Ten months after their marriage, their first child, the future Queen Sofia of Spain, was born on 2 November 1938. On 2 June 1940, Frederica gave birth to the future King Constantine II.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: At the peak of World War II, in April 1941, the Greek Royal Family was evacuated to Crete in a Sunderland flying boat. Shortly afterwards, the German forces attacked Crete. Frederica and her family were evacuated again, setting up a government-in-exile office in London.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: In exile, King George II and the rest of the Greek Royal Family settled in South Africa. Here Frederica's last child, Princess Irene, was born on 11 May 1942. The South African leader, General Jan Smuts, served as her godfather. The family eventually settled in Egypt in February 1944.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: After the war, the 1946 Greek referendum restored King George to the throne. The Hereditary Prince and Princess returned to their villa in Psychiko.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: On 1 April 1947, George II died and Frederica's husband ascended the throne as Paul I, with Frederica as queen consort. A Communist insurgency in Northern Greece led to the Greek Civil War. The King and Queen toured Northern Greece under tight security to appeal for loyalty in the summer of 1947.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: Queen Frederica was constantly attacked for her German ancestry. Left-wing politicians in Greece repeatedly used the fact that the Kaiser was her grandfather, and that she had brothers who were members of the SS, as propaganda against her. She was also criticized variously as "very Prussian" and "was a Nazi". When she was in London representing her sick husband at the wedding of his first cousin Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark to King George VI's elder daughter Princess Elizabeth in November 1947, Winston Churchill remarked on the Kaiser being her grandfather. Queen Frederica had replied acknowledging the fact, but reminding him that she was also descended from Queen Victoria, and that her father would be the British king if the country had operated under Salic Law (allowing only males to inherit the crown).


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: During the civil war, Queen Frederica set the Queen's Camps or Child Cities (translation of: Παιδο(υ)πόλεις / "Paidopoleis" or "Paidupoleis") a network of 53 camps around Greece where she would rescue children of members of DSE and former partisans.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: The role of these Queen's Camps is disputed as a means of propaganda by the monarchy through the educational program. There were allegations, generally by opposition or communist sources, which held that children were illegally adopted by American families while they were in the Queen's Camps. Children were most likely provided with education and care.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: The Greek Civil War ended in August 1949. The King and Queen took this opportunity to strengthen the monarchy, and paid official visits to Marshal Josip Broz Tito in Belgrade, Presidents Luigi Einaudi of Italy in Rome, Theodor Heuss of West Germany, and Bechara El Khoury of Lebanon, Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari of India, King George VI of the United Kingdom, and the United States as guest of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. However, at home in Greece and abroad in the United Kingdom, Queen Frederica was targeted by the opposition, because as a girl she had belonged to the "Bund Deutscher Mädel" (League of German Girls), a branch of the Hitler Youth group for young women; her supporters argued that evading membership in the group would be difficult under the existing political climate in Nazi Germany at the time.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: Her 16 November 1953 appearance in "Life" as America's guest was taken on one of the many state visits she paid around the world. Also that year she appeared on the cover of "Time". On 14 May 1962 her eldest daughter Sofia married Prince Juan Carlos of Spain, (later King Juan Carlos I of Spain) in Athens.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: Frederica has been described as "inherently undemocratic". She was notorious for her numerous arbitrary and unconstitutional interventions in Greek politics and clashes with democratically elected governments. She actively politicked against the election of Alexander Papagos. At home in Greece and abroad in the United Kingdom, she was targeted by the opposition. In 1963 while visiting London, rioting by Greek leftists demonstrating against the situation with the political prisoners of the Greek civil war, forced her to temporarily seek refuge in a stranger's house. Her interference in politics was harshly criticized and possibly was a significant factor in the strengthening of republican sentiments.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: On 6 March 1964, King Paul died of cancer. When her son, King Constantine II, married Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark later that year on 18 September, Queen Frederica stepped back from the majority of her public duties in favor of her daughter-in-law. She remained a figure of controversy and was accused in the press of being the "éminence grise" behind the throne.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: She retired to the countryside where she lived an almost reclusive life. However, she continued to attend Royal events that were family-oriented, such as the baptisms of her grandchildren in both Spain and Greece.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: King Constantine II's clashes with the democratically elected Prime Minister George Papandreou Sr. were blamed by critics for causing the destabilisation that led to a military coup on 21 April 1967 and the rise of the regime of the colonels. Faced with a difficult situation, King Constantine initially collaborated with the military dictatorship, swearing in their government under a royalist prime minister. Later that year he attempted a counter-coup in an attempt to restore democracy, whose failure forced him into exile. Following this, the junta appointed a regent to carry out the tasks of the exiled monarch.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: On 1 June 1973 the junta abolished the Greek Monarchy without the consent of the Greek people and then attempted to legitimize its actions through a 1973 plebiscite that was widely suspected of being rigged. The new head-of-state became President of Greece George Papadopoulos.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: The dictatorship ended on 24 July 1974 and the pre-junta constitutional monarchy was never restored. A plebiscite was held on 8 December 1974 in which Constantine (who was able to campaign only from outside the country) freely admitted his past errors, promised to support democracy, and in particular, promised to keep his mother Frederica away from Greece and out of Greek politics . However, 69% of Greeks voted to make Greece a democratic republic.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: Frederica died on 6 February 1981 in exile in Madrid of heart failure, reportedly following eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty), although a biographer has claimed the surgery was cataract removal.


title: Frederica of Hanover

text: She was interred at Tatoi (the Royal family's palace and burial ground in Greece). Her son and his family were allowed to attend the service but had to leave immediately afterwards.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: 40 mm grenade (also styled 40mm grenade) is a generic class-name for grenade launcher ammunition (subsonic shells) in caliber. The generic name stems from the fact that several countries have developed or adopted grenade launchers in 40 mm caliber.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: NATO currently uses three standardized 40 mm grenade families: 40 mm low velocity (LV), 40 mm medium velocity (MV), and 40 mm high velocity (HV). Low- and medium-velocity cartridges are used for different hand-held grenade launchers, while the high-velocity cartridge is used for automatic grenade launchers.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: "40×46 mm LV" ("low velocity") is a NATO-standard high–low grenade launcher cartridge meant for hand-held grenade launchers, such as the M79, M203, Milkor MGL, and Heckler & Koch AG36.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: The propellant has low pressure and gives the projectile an average velocity of depending on the ammunition type.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: Sweden currently operates the M203 grenade launcher (designated in Sweden) and thus uses the 40 mm low-velocity cartridge. Going against Swedish military tradition, the 40 mm low-velocity cartridge currently lacks a specified indigenous designation in Swedish service. Instead only the projectile types have designations.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: Romanian arms producer ROMARM has made a version of their 40 mm rifle-mounted grenade launcher AG-40 chambered in 40×46 mm NATO (then designated AG-40PN). Production of Romanian 40 mm low-velocity ammunition is handled by the arms factory , a subsidiary of ROMARM. The projectiles seem to be of Romanian origin based on available information.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: The United States Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC) began development of a 40 mm smart airburst fuze (proximity fuze) in 2011 to improve the ability of grenade launchers like the M203 and M320 to engage targets in defilade. Called "small arms grenade munitions" (SAGMs), they double the lethality of the standard M433 grenade round by adding a small "smart" fuze sensor that detonates in the air to hit targets in cover or behind obstacles. The airburst function is similar to the XM25 CDTE, which has an onboard laser system to determine the distance to the target, but SAGMs are considered complementary to the XM25 rather than competing against it, as the XM25 provides low-angle fire while 40 mm launchers fire a lobbing trajectory. Integrated sensors and logic devices scan and filter the environment and then autonomously airburst the fuze without needing to be told to by the firer, thereby not requiring the soldier to carry extra weapon accessories. SAGMs enable soldiers to accurately incapacitate personnel targets in defilade at ranges between 50 and 500 meters. The round is engineered with three firing modes: airburst; point detonation; and self-destruct. A successful demonstration occurred in November 2013. Although the SAGM sensor does not need a laser rangefinder or any pre-fire programming sequence, it does require some skill by the user to aim and fire the round correctly so that it can detect the wall or obstruction to detonate in the air. The SAGM was to undergo evaluation in July 2015 and, if successful, transition into an official Army Program of Record by the end of the year. Not only does the fuze burst over walls, but it can detonate when passing cover like trees, bursting just as it senses and passes the trunk. The sort of sensor SAGMs use to differentiate clutter from triggering obstacles is highly classified, but shows airburst reliability of 76 percent.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: "40×51 mm MV" (medium velocity), also known as "40×51 mm extended range low pressure" (ERLP), is a NATO-standard high–low grenade launcher cartridge meant for hand-held grenade launchers. Its purpose is to be an intermediate cartridge between the 40×46 mm low-velocity and 40×53 mm high-velocity cartridges and is thus referred to as 40 mm medium velocity.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: The propellant has medium pressure and gives the projectile an average velocity of depending on the ammunition type. It has a maximum range of 800 meters, exceeding conventional extended range low-velocity variants by up to 375 meters.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: The 40×51 mm MV cartridge was designed by Rheinmetall Denel Munitions for the US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) after a 2008 requirement for enhanced range and lethality from hand-held 40 mm grenades. Rheinmetall answered by developing a new family of 40 mm grenades named 40 mm medium velocity and by 2019 the cartridge was undergoing NATO qualification.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: Besides NATO the cartridge has been ordered by the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) as the cartridge for their next generation multiple grenade launcher, the Milkor Y4. SANDF approved acquisition in February 2018 but deliveries could not be finished until the end of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: "40×53 mm HV" ("high velocity") is a NATO-standard high–low grenade launcher cartridge meant for mounted or crew-served automatic grenade launchers, such as the Mk.19 AGL, Mk 47 Striker, HK GMG, STK 40 AGL, and Daewoo K4.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: The propellant has high pressure and gives the projectile an average velocity of depending on the ammunition type.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: Sweden currently operates the Mk 19 grenade launcher (designated "40 mm granatspruta 92" in Sweden) and thus uses the 40 mm high-velocity cartridge. Going against Swedish military tradition, the 40 mm high-velocity cartridge currently lacks a specified indigenous designation in Swedish service. Instead only the projectile types have designations.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: The MK281 is a new type of 40 mm target practice grenade ammunition that has been accepted for use into the United States Marine Corps and the United States Army. It is "green" because it is non-toxic and non-dud producing (since it is a training round), meaning that there is no unexploded ordnance left to clean up on the range and heavy metals in the fuze do not leak into the ground. The MK281 was introduced into parts of the U.S. Armed Forces because of an executive order mandating that they buy green ammunition. The MK281 is manufactured by an American subsidiary of the Rheinmetall Group.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: The United States Army has a requirement for a non-dud producing 40 mm training ammunition in both high- and low-velocity variants. The Army awarded four contracts to three United States companies to test designs. The resulting ammunition will not contain explosive energetics and have day and night visible, infrared, and thermal signatures.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: 40×47 mm is a cartridge caliber produced in Poland for their Pallad wz. 74 rifle-mounted grenade launchers (used with the AK family of rifles in the Polish Army, like the AKM/AKMS, Tantal and Beryl) and Pallad-D wz. 83 grenade launcher (standalone variant fitted with standard pistol grip and folding stock from the AKMS assault rifle). The construction is similar to the one used in 40×46 mm grenades, but they are not interchangeable.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: 40×47 mm is a cartridge caliber produced in Romania for their AG-40 model 77 and model 80 (today AG-40P) rifle-mounted grenade launchers. It features a casing with a high–low system. The propellant has low pressure and gives the projectile an average velocity of depending on the ammunition type.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: Production was originally handled by the arms factory "Uzina Mecanica Filiasi", however production was later moved to the arms factory "Uzina Mecanica Tohan Zărnești", today more commonly known as "S. Tohan S.A.", a subsidiary of ROMARM.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: Tohan currently (2021) offers a 40×47 mm high explosive type called GETZ (Grenadă Explozivă Tohan Zărnești) and an inert version called GITZ (Grenadă Inertă Tohan Zărnești). Both cartridges are long, with GETZ weighing and GITZ .


title: 40 mm grenade

text: 40×74.5 mm is a cartridge caliber produced in Romania for their AGA-40 Model 85 automatic grenade launcher. It features a casing with a high–low system. The propellant has high pressure and gives the projectile an average velocity of depending on the ammunition type.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: "40 mm VOG-25" (Russian Cyrillic: "ВОГ-25") (GRAU-Index: 7P17 (Russian Cyrillic: "7П17")) is a unique type of 40 mm grenade designed in the Soviet Union for hand-held grenade launchers, such as the Soviet GP-25 Kostyor and GP-30 Obuvka. Instead of a casing, the VOG-25 is caseless ammunition, featuring its propellant in an expansion chamber at the base of the projectile, functioning more like a mortar round than conventional cased ammunition.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: Today it is used primarily by the Russian Armed Forces in weapons such as the GP-34, BG-15 Mukha and RG-6. Several types exist but the most common version is the default VOG-25 high-explosive version.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: The VOG-25 is long, weighs , and features a explosive charge. It has a muzzle velocity of and will self-destruct after 14 seconds.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: During its time (1994–2012), Metal Storm Limited in Australia designed several automatic caseless 40 mm grenade launcher systems based on their own caseless ammunition weapon design. Unlike common caseless ammunition and their weapon systems the Metal Storm design lacked a feeding magazine and instead stacked the projectiles in front of each other in the barrel with the propellant in between the projectiles. The system lacked moving parts and the propellant was electronically primed, allowing for rates of fire up to one million rounds per minute.


title: 40 mm grenade

text: The 40 mm grenades used in the systems were off the shelf existing warheads converted to function in the design.


title: Harish Kalyan

text: Harish Kalyan (born 29 June 1990) is an Indian actor who has predominantly appeared in Tamil language films and also appeared in a few Telugu language films. He made his acting debut in "Sindhu Samaveli" (2010) opposite debutante Amala Paul, before being noticed for his performances in "Poriyaalan" (2014), "Vil Ambu" (2016) and "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal" (2018).


title: Harish Kalyan

text: Harish Kalyan made his debut in Samy's controversial "Sindhu Samaveli" (2010), portraying the role of Anbu, whose wife has an illicit relationship with her father-in-law. Upon release, the film met with contrasting reviews, whilst some critics refused to give the film a rating, declaring their disgust at the film's plot. Critics described his next role in the Thaman-musical "Aridhu Aridhu" (2010) as "okay", but the film also failed to take a strong opening at the box office. Harish then went on to work in S. A. Chandrasekhar's "Sattapadi Kutram" (2011), which featured Sathyaraj, Vikranth and Bhanu in other roles. The film showcased the changes our legal system demands, with Harish playing a spoilt brat who eventually turns over a new leaf in the film. The film opened to poor reviews and did poorly at the box office. He was next seen alongside Karunas, Shweta Basu Prasad and Sanjana Singh in the 2013 comedy film "Chandhamama", before playing a supporting role in the Telugu film, "Jai Sriram" (2013). During the period, he also worked on a bilingual film titled "Guest" opposite Poonam Kaur, but the film did not have a theatrical release.


title: Harish Kalyan

text: After half a dozen films, he was finally noticed for his performance in the thriller "Poriyaalan" (2014), where he portrayed a young civil engineer aspiring to become a property developer caught up in a real estate scam. Produced by Vetrimaaran and featuring him alongside Anandhi, "Poriyaalan" became Harish's first successful venture with critics praising his performance. The success of "Poriyaalan" prompted film maker Suseenthiran to select Harish to portray a leading role in his production, "Vil Ambu" (2016). Appearing in an ensemble cast including his own father Kalyan, Sri and Chandini Tamilarasan, critics praised Harish's performance stating he "scores big time" and "is bound to be noticed for his charming looks and clean features". Despite winning positive reviews, the film did middling business at the box office. In 2017, Harish appeared in another Telugu film, the romantic comedy "Kaadhali", where he featured alongside Sai Ronak and Pooja Doshi. A critic praised his performance saying that he "plays his part with maturity".


title: Harish Kalyan

text: In 2017, Harish took part in the first season of the Tamil reality television show, "Bigg Boss" hosted by Kamal Haasan. He entered the show on day 53 as a new contestant and finished as the show's second runner up. Following his successful appearance on the show, Harish Kalyan was signed on to play the lead role in Elan's romantic comedy "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal" (2018), which featured him opposite fellow "Bigg Boss" contestant Raiza Wilson. Portraying Sree Kumar, a naive Chennai-based IT worker, he won positive reviews for his portrayal as the film received critical and commercial acclaim upon release. A critic from the Indian Express wrote Harish "comes up with a performance that he can be proud of", while the Deccan Chronicle also praised the lead pair, noting Harish "looks good and plays his boy-next-door character with utmost ease", while "his flair for comedy also comes to the fore".


title: Harish Kalyan

text: In 2019, Harish Kalyan starred as a middle-class boy with major anger issues and a troubled childhood in "Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum" directed by Ranjit Jayakodi. Critic from Times of India found that "Harish Kalyan excels as the aggressive and possessive youngster, a character which is quite contrasting to the one he essayed in "Pyaar Prema Kaadhal"”. Having played the boy next door in his earlier films, Kalyan had to step out of his comfort zone to prepare for Gautham's role. Besides gaining weight, he grew a beard for his rugged look. The film received both critical acclaim and wide audience response. His film "Dhanusu Raasi Neyargale" (2019) with Sanjay Bharathi, son of director Santhana Bharathi, was a comedy-drama with a lead male character who is highly superstitious. He played the role of a staunch believer in josiyam and jadhagam. Harish won positive critical acclaim for his performance as Prabhu Govind in the movie "Dharala Prabhu" (2020), which is the Tamil adapted version of 2012 Bollywood film "Vicky donor." Directed by the Debutant Krishna Marimuthu, the film opened to positive reviews. He is also roped in to play one of the lead in Chimbu Deven's interesting entertainer titled "Kasada Thapara" (2021) which is produced by Venkat Prabhu's Black Ticket Company. Besides Harish is playing the lead role in "Oh Manapenne" (2021), the Tamil remake of the 2016 Telugu film "Pelli Choopulu".


title: Harish Kalyan

text: Harish Kalyan learned Hindustani music and can also play the keyboard. During January 2012, he announced his intentions of releasing two songs he had worked on titled "Kutty Peg – A Toast to Life" and "Ovvoru Manushanuukum Ovvoru Feelings". In 2016, Harish released an independent song titled "I'm Single", working as a singer and lyricist for the song, which had music composed by L. V. Muthukumarasamy.


title: Harish Kalyan

text: His father, Five Star Kalyan, is a film distributor and music label owner. He portrayed Harish Kalyan's father in "Vil Ambu" (2016).In October 2022, Harish Kalyan got married to Narmada Udayakumar.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: In medical research, social science, and biology, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, "at a specific point in time"—that is, cross-sectional data.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: In economics, cross-sectional studies typically involve the use of cross-sectional regression, in order to sort out the existence and magnitude of causal effects of one independent variable upon a dependent variable of interest at a given point in time. They differ from time series analysis, in which the behavior of one or more economic aggregates is traced through time.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: In medical research, cross-sectional studies differ from case-control studies in that they aim to provide data on the entire population under study, whereas case-control studies typically include only individuals who have developed a specific condition and compare them with a matched sample, often a tiny minority, of the rest of the population. Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies (neither longitudinal nor experimental). Unlike case-control studies, they can be used to describe, not only the odds ratio, but also absolute risks and relative risks from prevalences (sometimes called "prevalence risk ratio", or PRR). They may be used to describe some feature of the population, such as prevalence of an illness, but cannot prove cause and effect. Longitudinal studies differ from both in making a series of observations more than once on members of the study population over a period of time.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions, but cannot be used to answer questions about the causes of disease or the results of intervention. Cross-sectional data cannot be used to infer causality because temporality is not known. They may also be described as censuses. Cross-sectional studies may involve special data collection, including questions about the past, but they often rely on data originally collected for other purposes. They are moderately expensive, and are not suitable for the study of rare diseases. Difficulty in recalling past events may also contribute bias.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: The use of routinely collected data allows large cross-sectional studies to be made at little or no expense. This is a major advantage over other forms of epidemiological study. A natural progression has been suggested from cheap cross-sectional studies of routinely collected data which suggest hypotheses, to case-control studies testing them more specifically, then to cohort studies and trials which cost much more and take much longer, but may give stronger evidence. In a cross-sectional survey, a specific group is looked at to see if an activity, say alcohol consumption, is related to the health effect being investigated, say cirrhosis of the liver. If alcohol use is correlated with cirrhosis of the liver, this would support the hypothesis that alcohol use may be associated with cirrhosis.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: Routinely collected data does not normally describe which variable is the cause and which is the effect. Cross-sectional studies using data originally collected for other purposes are often unable to include data on confounding factors, other variables that affect the relationship between the putative cause and effect. For example, data only on present alcohol consumption and cirrhosis would not allow the role of past alcohol use, or of other causes, to be explored. Cross-sectional studies are very susceptible to recall bias.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: Most case-control studies collect specifically designed data on all participants, including data fields designed to allow the hypothesis of interest to be tested. However, in issues where strong personal feelings may be involved, specific questions may be a source of bias. For example, past alcohol consumption may be incorrectly reported by an individual wishing to reduce their personal feelings of guilt. Such bias may be less in routinely collected statistics, or effectively eliminated if the observations are made by third parties, for example taxation records of alcohol by area.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: In addition, there may be cohort effect, in which differences in social and environmental influences are treated as developmental changes due to ageing. Since the occurrence of differences is consistent with the division of generations and ethnic groups, that is, a group of people experiencing a common historical event is affected by a common influence, it is difficult to obtain the causal relationship of the event.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: Cross-sectional studies can contain individual-level data (one record per individual, for example, in national health surveys). However, in modern epidemiology it may be impossible to survey the entire population of interest, so cross-sectional studies often involve secondary analysis of data collected for another purpose. In many such cases, no individual records are available to the researcher, and group-level information must be used. Major sources of such data are often large institutions like the Census Bureau or the Centers for Disease Control in the United States. Recent census data is not provided on individuals, for example in the UK individual census data is released only after a century. Instead data is aggregated, usually by administrative area. Inferences about individuals based on aggregate data are weakened by the ecological fallacy. Also consider the potential for committing the "atomistic fallacy" where assumptions about aggregated counts are made based on the aggregation of individual level data (such as averaging census tracts to calculate a county average). For example, it might be true that there is no correlation between infant mortality and family income at the city level, while still being true that there is a strong relationship between infant mortality and family income at the individual level. All aggregate statistics are subject to compositional effects, so that what matters is not only the individual-level relationship between income and infant mortality, but also the proportions of low, middle, and high income individuals in each city. Because case-control studies are usually based on individual-level data, they do not have this problem.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: In economics, cross-sectional analysis has the advantage of avoiding various complicating aspects of the use of data drawn from various points in time, such as serial correlation of residuals. It also has the advantage that the data analysis itself does not need an assumption that the nature of the relationships between variables is stable over time, though this comes at the cost of requiring caution if the results for one time period are to be assumed valid at some different point in time.


title: Cross-sectional study

text: An example of cross-sectional analysis in economics is the regression of money demand—the amounts that various people hold in highly liquid financial assets—at a particular time upon their income, total financial wealth, and various demographic factors. Each data point is for a particular individual or family, and the regression is conducted on a statistical sample drawn at one point in time from the entire population of individuals or families. In contrast, an intertemporal analysis of money demand would use data on an entire country's holdings of money at each of various points in time, and would regress that on contemporaneous (or near-contemporaneous) income, total financial wealth, and some measure of interest rates. The cross-sectional study has the advantage that it can investigate the effects of various demographic factors (age, for example) on individual differences; but it has the disadvantage that it cannot find the effect of interest rates on money demand, because in the cross-sectional study at a particular point in time all observed units are faced with the same current level of interest rates.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in Canada is 16. As of August 2018, each U.S. state has set its age of consent at age 16, age 17, or age 18.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in Mexico is complex. Typically, Mexican states have a "primary" age of consent (which may be as low as 12), and sexual conduct with persons below that age is always illegal. Sexual relations which occur between adults and teenagers under 18 are legally ambiguous: laws against corruption of minors as well as estupro laws can be applied to such acts, at the discretion of the prosecution. These laws are situational and are subject to interpretation. The general age of consent in Mexico is 17.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: All jurisdictions in North America per List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America:


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent is the age at or above which a person is considered to have the legal capacity to consent to sexual activity. Both partners must be of legal age to give consent, although exceptions to the age of consent law exist in some jurisdictions when the minor and their partner are within a certain number of years in age or when a minor is married to his/her partner. Persons below the age of consent may not, by law, give consent, and sexual relations involving such persons may be punished by criminal sanctions similar to those for rape or sexual assault. Non-violent sexual contact with persons under the age of consent may be punished with varying degrees of severity, ranging from a misdemeanor with a simple fine, to a felony with a punishment equivalent to rape.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Different ages may apply if one partner is in a position of power or authority over the other, such as a teacher, manager, coach, parent or stepparent. For example, in Indiana the age of consent is 16 but it is illegal for a person over 18 to have sex with anyone under 18 if they work at their school, are their parent or a stepparent, or are a person recruiting them to join the military.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Historically, the age of consent applied to male-female relationships; same-sex relationships were often illegal regardless of the ages of participants. Modern laws vary, and there may be multiple ages that apply in any jurisdiction. For instance, different ages may apply if the relationship is between partners of the same sex, or if the sexual contact is not strictly vaginal intercourse.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In Antigua and Barbuda, the age of consent is 16. "The Sexual Offences Act of 1995" raised the age of consent from 14 to 16 years of age.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: 6. (1) Where a male person has sexual intercourse with a female person who is not his wife "with her consent" and who has attained the age of fourteen years but has not yet attained the age of sixteen years, he is guilty of an offence, and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for ten years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (b) if the male person is "not more than three years older" than the female person and the court is of the opinion that the evidence discloses that as between the male person and the female person, the male person is not wholly or substantially to blame.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: 7. (1) Where a female adult has sexual intercourse with a male person who is not her husband and who is under the age of sixteen years, she is guilty of an offence," whether or not the male person consented" to the intercourse, and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for seven years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (b) if the female adult is "not more than three years older" than the male person and the court is of the opinion that evidence discloses that as between the female adult and the male person, the female adult is not wholly or substantially to blame.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: SEXUAL OFFENCES -"Sexual Offences Against Minors" - by Article 143. "Sexual intercourse with person between 14 and 16 years of age".


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in Aruba is 15, as specified in Article 251 of the Criminal Code of Aruba (which Aruba adapted after its secession from the Netherlands Antilles) which reads:


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 251: "A person who, out of wedlock, with a person , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than eight years or a fine of at most 100 000 florin".


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In The Bahamas, the age of consent for opposite-sex activity is 16 and the age of consent for same-sex activity is 18. Homosexuality was legalized in 1991, but "public homosexuality" is an offense that carries a 20-year jail term without parole.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: 11. (1) Any person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with any person being of or above fourteen years of age and under sixteen years of age, whether with or without the consent of the person with whom he had unlawful sexual intercourse, is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for life subject to, on a first conviction for the offence, a term of imprisonment of seven years and, in the case of a second or subsequent conviction for the offence, a term of imprisonment of fourteen years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (1) Where a person has sexual intercourse with another "with the other's consent" and that other person has attained the age of 14 but has not yet attained the age of 16 that person is guilty of an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term of 10 years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Every person who, with or without consent, has sexual intercourse with a person who is under the age of fourteen years commits the offence of unlawful sexual intercourse and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term that is not less than twelve years but may extend to imprisonment for life."


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Every person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with a person who is above the age of fourteen years but under the age of sixteen years, commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term that is not less than five years but no more than ten years."


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: There are two close-in-age exemptions, depending on the age of the younger partner. A youth of twelve or thirteen can consent to sexual activity with an individual less than two years older than them. A fourteen- or fifteen-year-old can consent to sexual activity with a partner who is less than five years older than them.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Criminal law (including the definition of the age of consent) is in the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government, so the age of consent is uniform throughout Canada. Section 151 of the Criminal Code of Canada makes it a crime to touch, for a sexual purpose, any person under the age of 16 years. Section 153 then goes on to prohibit the sexual touching of a person under 18 by a person in three circumstances: if he or she is in a "position of trust or authority" towards the youth, if the youth is in a "relationship of dependency" with him or her, or if the relationship is "exploitative". The term "position of trust or authority" is not defined in the Code but the courts have ruled that parents, teachers, and medical professionals hold a position of trust or authority towards youth they care for or teach. Section 153 (1.2) of the Code provides that a judge can infer whether or not a relationship is "exploitative" by considering its nature and circumstances including how old the youth is, the difference in ages between the partners, how the relationship evolved, and the degree of control or influence that the older partner has over the youth.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The "position of trust under 18" anti-exploitation rules were expanded in 2005 by Bill C-2 where a judge may choose to term a situation to be sexual exploitation based on the nature and circumstances of the relationship including the age of the younger party, age difference, evolution of the relationship (how it developed, e.g. quickly and secretly over the Internet), the control or influence over the young person (degree of control or influence the other person had over the young person). This passed before the 2008 amendments, and they were not repealed so they are still in effect and can apply towards adults in these situations with young persons over the age of consent and under 18 (16-17).


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Where an accused is charged with an offence under s. 151 (Sexual Interference), s. 152 (Invitation to sexual touching), s. 153(1) (Sexual exploitation), s. 160(3) (Bestiality in presence of or by child), or s. 173(2) (Indecent acts), or is charged with an offence under s. 271 (Sexual assault), s. 272 (Sexual assault with a weapon, threats to a third party, or causing bodily harm), or s. 273 (Aggravated sexual assault) in respect of a complainant under the age of sixteen years, it is not a defense that the complainant consented to the activity that forms the subject-matter of the charge.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: During the 19th century, the age of consent for heterosexual vaginal sex was 12; in 1890, the Parliament raised the age of consent to 14. The punishment for anyone who had sexual intercourse with someone younger than 14 was life imprisonment and whipping, while the punishment for anyone who attempted to seduce an underage girl was two years' imprisonment and whipping. Canada had also laws against "seducing" minor girls who were over the age of consent. In 1886, a law was enacted that made the "seduction" of a girl over 12 and under 16 "of previously chaste character" a criminal offence; the "seduction" of a female under 18 "under promise of marriage" was also made illegal in 1886, and amended in 1887 to apply to females under 21. After the raising of the age of consent to 14, the laws against "seducing" minor girls were amended to apply to those older than 14, and various laws of this kind have remained in force through the 20th century. The age of consent was raised from 14 to 16 in the spring of 2008, when the "Tackling Violent Crime Act" became effective. The new measures still allow for close-in-age exceptions between 12 and 16: if there is no more than a two-year gap for those 12 and 13, or a five-year gap for those 14 and 15.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In 1969, the Criminal Code was amended to provide exemptions to the criminalization of consensual anal intercourse, including exemptions for husbands and wives and all persons over the age of 21. In 1988, Section 159 was enacted, reducing the applicable age from 21 to 18. In June 2019, Bill C-75 repealed Section 159, making anal intercourse subject to the same age of consent requirements as other sexual acts.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Female homosexuality was never illegal in the former British colonies; oral sex was legalized in 1969 with the same age of consent as vaginal sex.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (a) knows any girl under the age of twelve years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twenty years; or


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (b) knows any girl between the ages of twelve and sixteen years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twelve years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (2) A girl under the age of sixteen cannot in law give any consent which would prevent an act being an assault for the purposes of this section.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius) is 16, as specified by the Criminal Code BES, Articles 251, which reads:


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Art 251: "A person who, out of wedlock, with a person , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years". Before prosecution, the public attorney will, if possible, allow the minor to indicate if prosecution is deemed desirable.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Clipperton Island is an uninhabited nine-square-kilometre (approx. 3.5-square-mile) coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean, a state private property under the direct authority of the French government, administered by the Minister of Overseas France. The laws of France where applicable apply. See Ages of consent in Europe#France.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Costa Rica does not have an exact age of consent but has age difference limits between sexual partners, independent of gender.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Costa Rican law 9406 makes it illegal for a person 18 years of age or older to have sexual relations with another person less than 15 years old if the older party is five or more years older than the minor. If the younger sexual partner is between 15 and 17 years old, the maximum age difference permitted is seven years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in Curaçao is 15, as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles (which Curaçao didn't change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles), Articles 251, which reads:


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Art 251: "A person who, out of wedlock, with a person , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years".


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: For children 12-14 prosecution only takes place upon a "complaint" by the minor, his parents, teacher, or the guardianship board.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Defilement of girls between fourteen (14) and sixteen (16) years of age", Article 4 of the "Sexual Offences Act"


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: a) unlawfully and carnally knows, or attempts to have unlawful carnal knowledge of any girl of or above the age of fourteen (14) years and under the age of sixteen (16) years (...) - is liable to imprisonment for seven years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In El Salvador, the age of consent appears to be 18 (although the laws are not clear cut in regard to sexual acts with persons aged between 15 and 18).


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Art. 159.- El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con menor de quince años de edad o con otra persona aprovechándose de su enajenación mental, de su estado de inconsciencia o de su incapacidad de resistir, será sancionado con prisión de catorce a veinte años.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Approximate translation": "Anyone who has vaginal or anal sexual intercourse with a minor younger than fifteen years of age or of another person by taking advantage of their insanity, their state of unconsciousness or inability to resist, shall be punished with imprisonment of fourteen to twenty years."


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 169 makes it illegal to "promote, facilitate, manage, finance, instigate or organize in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts individually or organized, publicly or privately".


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Art. 169.- El que promoviere, facilitare, administrare, financiare, instigare u organizare de cualquier forma la utilización de personas menores de dieciocho años en actos sexuales o eróticos, de manera individual u organizada, de forma pública o privada, será sancionado con pena de tres a ocho años de prisión.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: En igual responsabilidad incurrirá quien con conocimiento de causa autorizare el uso o arrendare el inmueble para realizar cualquiera de las actividades descritas en el inciso anterior.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Approximate translation": Article 169 .- Any person who promotes, facilitates, manages, finances, instigates or organizes in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts, individually or organized, publicly or privately, shall be punished with penalty of three to eight years in prison.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Similarly, anyone who knowingly authorizes the use or rents a property to perform any of the activities described in the preceding paragraph, incurs criminal liability.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 167 makes it illegal to "promote or facilitate the corruption of a person under eighteen (...) through various sexual acts of carnal knowledge, even if the victim consents to participate in them".


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Art. 167.- El que promoviere o facilitare la corrupción de una persona menor de dieciocho años de edad o de un deficiente mental, mediante actos sexuales diversos del acceso carnal, aunque la víctima consintiere participar en ellos, será sancionado con prisión de seis a doce años.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Approximate translation": Article 167 .- Any person who promotes or facilitates the corruption of a person under eighteen years of age or a mentally handicapped through various sexual acts of carnal knowledge, even if the victim consents to participate in them, shall be punished with imprisonment of six to twelve years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Art. 171.- El que ejecutare o hiciere ejecutar an otros actos lúbricos o de exhibición obscena, o indecorosa, en lugar público o expuesto al público o bien ante menores de dieciocho años de edad o deficientes mentales, será sancionado con prisión de dos a cuatro años.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Approximate translation": Art. 171. Anyone who performs or makes others perform acts of lewd or lascivious exhibition, or indecency in a public place or a place open to the public or to minors under eighteen years of age or mentally handicapped, shall be punished with imprisonment from two to four years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Articles 163 and 154 of the Penal Code (Código Penal) deal with estupro and make it illegal to use "deception" (engaño) or to take advantage of one's "superiority" (superioridad) that arises from a relationship in order to gain sexual access to teenagers aged between 15 and 18.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Art. 163.- El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal mediante engaño, con persona mayor de quince años y menor de dieciocho años de edad, será sancionado con prisión de cuatro a diez años.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Approximate translation": Art. 163. "Anyone who has vaginal or anal intercourse, by using deception, with a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age, shall be punished with imprisonment of four to ten years".


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Art. 164.- El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con persona mayor de quince y menor dieciocho años de edad, prevaliéndose de la superioridad originada por cualquier relación, será sancionado con prisión de seis a doce años.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Approximate translation": Art. 164. "Anyone who has vaginal or anal intercourse with a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age, relying on the superiority arising from any relationship, shall be punished with imprisonment from six to twelve years."


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in Grenada is 16. Penalties are 30 years' imprisonment if the victim is less than 14, and 15 years' imprisonment if the victim is 14 to 16 years of age.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In Guatemala, the age of consent is 18, regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender. The "Law against Sexual Violence, Exploitation, and Trafficking in Persons" was passed in February 2009, and provides sentences ranging from 13 to 24 years in prison, depending on the young persons age, for sex with a minor.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 142. The stupor of a person older than fourteen (14) and under eighteen (18) years taking advantage of trust, hierarchy or authority, is punishable by six (6) to eight (8) years of imprisonment.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 143. The sexual intercourse with parents or children, brothers, or relationship between adopter and adopted, with stepparent, when the victim is over eighteen (18) years constitutes the crime of incest, will be punished with four (4) to six (6) years of imprisonment and shall proceed under complaint by the injured party or his legal representative.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: When the victim is older than fourteen (14) and under eighteen (18) years, the penalty shall be increased in a medium (1/2).


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 144. Whoever for sexual character and by force, intimidation or deceit abducts or retains a person shall be punished by imprisonment of four (4) to six (6) years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: When the victim of this crime is a person under eighteen (18) years of age, it is punishable with the penalty prescribed in the preceding paragraph increased by half (1/2).


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: " Whosoever shall unlawfully and carnally know and abuse any girl being above the age of twelve (12) years and under the age of sixteen (16) years shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In Mexico, criminal legislation is shared between the federal and state governments. The federal law establishes the age of 12 as the minimum age of consent, while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities is 18 (sex with someone 12-18 is not illegal "per se", but can still be open to prosecution under certain circumstances). Local state laws may override the federal law. In practice, the decision as to whether or not to prosecute is left to state authorities regardless of the younger person's age.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: At state level, the minimum ages of consent vary between 12 (and puberty in a few states) and 15, while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities vary from 16 to 18 (most common 18).


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: is a crime existing across Mexico, as well as in other Latin American jurisdictions. Although the definitions vary by state, it is usually defined as sexual conduct with a child who has reached the minimum age of consent but is under 18 (16 or 17 in some states) when the consent of the child is obtained by seduction and/or deceit. For instance the law of Aguascalientes reads: ""El estupro consiste en realizar cópula con persona mayor de doce y menor de dieciséis años de edad, obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de seducción o engaño"." (translation: Estupro consists in copulating with a person over twelve and under sixteen years old, obtaining his/her consent through seduction or deceit). Traditionally, estupro applied only to acts committed with a girl, and required "chastity" or "honesty" of the girl. The vast majority of Mexican states have modernized their laws by removing the requirement of "chastity" or "honesty" and by making the laws gender neutral. However, traditional laws still exist in some states: for instance, the law of Baja California reads: "Al que realice cópula con mujer de catorce años de edad y menor de dieciocho, casta y honesta, obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de la seducción o el engaño" (translation: "Whoever copulates with a chaste and honest female over fourteen and under eighteen years old, obtaining her consent through seduction or deceit"). All states but Baja California have removed the requirement of "chastity" or "honesty" and the definition of estupro as applicable only to girls. The exact type of coercion that must be used varies by state, for example the Federal Law only makes reference to "deceit", omitting "seduction" (it reads: "Al que tenga cópula con persona mayor de doce años y menor de dieciocho, obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de engaño", translation: "Whoever copulates with a person over twelve and under eighteen years old, obtaining his/her consent through deceit").


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 261 of the Federal Criminal Code (PDF) states that: ""Whoever, without the purpose of reaching copulation, performs a sexual act in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason cannot resist, or demands that the act is performed, will be punished with a term of 2 to 5 years in prison"". If the offender uses moral or physical violence, an extra half term is added to the initial time.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 266 refers to the previous article 265, which covers the rape of adults in general and establishes a term of 8 to 14 years in prison for sex obtained through physical or moral violence. Article 266 then states that: ""It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty: (1st Clause) – who without violence performs a copulation with a person under 12"". The 3rd Clause of this article punishes with the same penalties also "the vaginal or anal introduction of objects, without violence and with lascivious goals", in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the fact, or for any reason cannot resist. If any of the aforementioned acts is performed with physical or moral violence, the sentence is raised in up to a half.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: A further article, 266 Bis, determines an extra penalty of up to a half under certain circumstances – (a) when there are multiple offenders; (b) when the offense is committed by a parent, legal guardian, stepfather or "companion" ("amasio") of the mother; (c) when there is an abuse of authority of someone as a civil servant; (d) when the crime is committed by a person who has the minor under their custody, guard or education, or yet through the abuse of trust.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: There is another crime in Article 262 for consented sex with adolescents aged 12 to 18, when consent is obtained through deceit. The penalty is 3 months to 4 years in prison. This crime, however, is prosecuted only through a complaint of the minor or his/her parents or legal guardians, as determined in Article 263.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "dieciocho", obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de "engaño", se le aplicará de tres meses a cuatro


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Translation": Article 262: "Whoever copulates with a person over twelve and under eighteen years old, obtaining his/her consent through deceit"


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: All Mexican states (as well as Mexico City) have corruption of minors statutes that can, upon complaint of the family (or minor), be used to punish sexual relations with persons under eighteen. Although actual prosecutions for violations of Corruption of Minors statutes (and age of consent statutes in general) tend to be sporadic, regional, and very situation dependent, many Mexican states nonetheless classify Corruption of Minors as a "Delito Grave" (Major Crime) in their penal codes.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Additionally, all the states have "Estupro" laws that can, upon complaint of the family (or minor), be used to prosecute adults who engage in sexual intercourse with minors by seduction or deceit (the exact definitions of this crime vary by state, see section estupro, above).


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In some Mexican jurisdictions prosecutors have chosen to prosecute consensual sexual activity involving adults and underage minors only upon complaint by the minor, or a custodial complaint.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in Mexico City (former Federal District, DF) is 12, one of the lowest in the world, and the overall criminal legislation of Mexico's capital is close to that of the federal law regarding this subject, although tougher in some aspects – higher penalties and broader definitions.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: According to the "Estatuto del Gobierno del Distrito Federal (PDF)(in Spanish)" (Government Statute of the Federal District), Article 42, Clause XII, the District's Legislative Assembly has powers to legislate in criminal law.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 175 of the Federal District Criminal Code refers to the previous Article 174, which stipulates a term of 6 to 17 years of prison for the rape of adults, while defining copulation as "the introduction of the penis in the human body through the vagina, anus or mouth". Article 175 ("violación") then states that: "It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty:" (first clause) – "who performs a copulation with a person under 12 years of age or with a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason cannot resist"; the second clause defines whosoever "introduces in the vagina or anus any element, instrument or any part of the human body different from the penis" as having committed the same crime, in relation to these same persons.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 177 covers "sexual abuse" and punishes other acts referred as "unintentional" acts –"who without purpose of reaching copulation, performs a sexual act with a person under 12 or a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason cannot resist it, or that demands that such act is observed or performed, will be punished with 2 to 7 years in prison".


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In both Articles (175 and 177), there is an extra half term in case of physical or moral violence. And according to Article 178, there is also a punishment of an extra two thirds of the term under the same circumstances foreseen in Article 266 Bis of the Federal Law (see above), added by two new circumstances – (clause V) when the victim is inside a private vehicle or a public service vehicle; and (clause VI) when the crime is committed in a desert or isolated place.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: There is a crime called "estupro" stipulated in Article 180, which refers to consented sex with adolescents aged 12 to 18, when consent is obtained through "any means" of deceit. The penalty is 6 months to 4 years of prison. This crime needs a complaint ("querella") to be prosecuted.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: There is a Corruption of Minors statute (Article 184) that can be used to punish by imprisonment, for seven to twelve years, adults who engage in sexual relations with persons under eighteen. This situation exists all over Mexico, and can be prosecuted upon complaint of victim or the victim's family.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In Nicaragua, the age of consent is 18, although, in regard to young people 16-17, the law (Article 175) is not clear cut.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Anyone who is married or in a stable de facto union "or who is of age" and who, "without violence or intimidation", has or allows carnal access with a person aged between 14 and 16 shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of two to four years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Anyone who "induces, provides, promotes or uses persons aged under 16" or a disabled person "for sexual or erotic purposes", forcing them to witness or participate in an act or show in public or in private, "even if the victim consents" to witness or participate in such an act, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of five to seven years, or four to six years if the victim is aged "between 16 and 18".


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Anyone who has or allows carnal access with a person aged under 14 or who, for sexual purposes, inserts or forces the victim to insert a finger, object or instrument, by way of the vagina, anus or mouth, "with or without consent", shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 12 to 15 years.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Anyone who engages in lewd acts with or improper touching of another person, without their consent, (...)


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In no circumstances shall the victim be considered to have given consent if the victim is under the age of 14 or has a mental disability or illness.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: In Panama, the age of consent is in general 18, although sexual conduct with children aged 14 to 18 is not always illegal.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Translation": Article 176. Whoever, using a condition of advantage, achieves sexual intercourse with a person , even with consent, shall be punished with imprisonment from two to four years


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: This does not apply if the age difference is less than 5-years "and" the partners are in a stable couple relationship.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: "Translation": The sanctions provided in this article do not apply if there is a couple relationship duly established between the victim and the agent, and the age difference does not exceed


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in Puerto Rico is 16. There is a 4-year close-in-age exception subject to a minimum age of 14.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 130.- Sexual Assault.- Any person who performs sexual penetration, whether an orogenital act or vaginal or anal sex penetration, whether genital, digital, or instrumental ... shall be punished...when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen (16) years, except when the victim is over fourteen (14) years old and the age difference between the victim and the accused is four (4) years or less.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Article 133.- Lewd Acts.- Any person who, without the intention to consummate the crime of sexual assault described in Article 130, subjects another person to an act that tends to awaken, excite or satisfy the sexual passion or desire of the accused ... shall be punished ... when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen (16) years at the time of the act.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is 15. The penalty for statutory rape of a girl over 13 but under 15 is five years' imprisonment; under 13 it is life imprisonment.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in Sint Maarten is 15, as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles (which Sint Maarten did not change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles), Articles 251, which reads:


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Art 251: 1. "A person who, out of wedlock, with a person who has reached , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years".


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: Prosecution for the violation of the above article only takes place upon a "complaint" by the minor, his parents, teacher, or the guardianship board (Art 251, 2. 3. 4.)


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: The age of consent in Trinidad and Tobago is 18, as per the "Children Act, 2012". It was raised from 16 to 18 in 2015.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: 18. Subject to section 20, a person who sexually penetrates a child commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (3) Where a person commits an offence under subsection (1), and the touching involves the placing of any body part or of an object onto the penis or bodily orifice of a child, that person is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: 20. (1) A person sixteen years of age or over but under twenty-one years of age is not liable under section 18 if–


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (a) he is less than three years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence;


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (b) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child;


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (d) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation, coercion, threat, deception, grooming or manipulation in the relationship.


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (2) A person fourteen years of age or over but under sixteen years of age is not liable under section 18 or 19 if–


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (a) he is less than two years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence;


title: Ages of consent in North America

text: (3) A person twelve years of age or over but under fourteen years of age is not liable under section 18 or 19 if–