title: Ethan Carter III

text: Throughout the summer, he began a feud with Velveteen Dream, after Dream walked out on EC3 during a tag team match. This led to a match between the two at , where EC3 was defeated by Dream. During his match against Dream, he suffered a concussion, delaying the plans to call him up to the main roster during the summer. After that event, EC3 began a brief feud with Lars Sullivan, after EC3 accused him of attacking Aleister Black. On the October 3 episode of NXT, EC3 faced Sullivan in a losing effort, ending their feud. EC3 then began a feud with The Undisputed Era, after he defeated Adam Cole on the October 24 episode of NXT and was attacked by The Undisputed Era afterwards. On the January 9, 2019 episode of "NXT", EC3 was defeated by Cole, in what would be his last NXT match.


title: Ethan Carter III

text: On December 17, 2018, it was announced EC3 would be debuting on the main roster. During the following weeks, he was seen during backstage segments of "Raw" and "SmackDown Live", before making his official debut on the February 4, 2019 episode of "Raw", appearing on Alexa Bliss' talk show "A Moment Of Bliss". During the segment, EC3 was interrupted by Dean Ambrose, leading to a match that EC3 won. The following week on "Raw", they competed in a rematch, which Ambrose won with a small package. After his short feud with Ambrose, EC3 would be off "Raw" for the following months, and was relegated to "Main Event" as a jobber. At the WrestleMania 35 pre-show on April 7, EC3 competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but was eliminated early in the match.


title: Ethan Carter III

text: EC3 was drafted to the Raw brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. In a dark match before the April 9 episode of "SmackDown", EC3 was managed by Drake Maverick. However, Vince McMahon was reported to have disliked the match, so the partnership was not brought to television. Following that, he was mainly used in comedic roles, including being among the group of undercard wrestlers that competed for WWE 24/7 Championship. EC3 competed in the 51-man battle royal at Super ShowDown on June 7, his only main card pay-per-view appearance of the year, but he was the first competitor eliminated and the match was ultimately won by Mansoor. On the June 24 episode of "Raw", EC3 pinned 24/7 Champion Cedric Alexander, to claim his first championship within the company, but quickly dropped it to R-Truth seconds later following a distraction by Carmella. EC3 would win the 24/7 Championship three more times in September, trading it back and forth with R-Truth across several house shows, becoming a four-time champion. In doing so EC3 has the most 24/7 title reigns that has not lasted longer than a full day. On the September 23 episode of "Raw", EC3 was quickly defeated by Rusev in a squash match. The following week, on the October 3 edition of Main Event, EC3 and Eric Young fought Lucha House Party in a losing effort. This would be EC3's last WWE appearance. In November, it was reported that EC3 was injured with a concussion. On April 15, 2020, EC3 was released from his WWE contract as part of budget cuts stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Ethan Carter III

text: After leaving WWE, Hutter began to show a series of videos, claiming he wants to control the narrative. This led to a series of cinematic matches. The first match took place at Impact Wrestling's Bound for Glory against Moose, where he was defeated. In May he hosted his own PPV, Free the Narrative, where he defeated Matt Cardona. In October, EC3 hosted his second show Free the Narrative II, where he faced Adam Scherr in the main event, being defeated. Hutter and Scherr began to work together and, on February 17, 2022, they announced Control Your Narrative (CYN). Taking inspiration from "Fight Club", the promotion will feature talent booking their own storylines in a way that resembles the early stages of "Fight Club"s "Project: Mayhem".


title: Ethan Carter III

text: On the October 19 episode of ROH Television, EC3 made his debut for the promotion cutting a promo in the ring. Afterwards, he was confronted backstage by Shane Taylor and S.O.S. (Soldiers of Savagery) where they challenged him and The Briscoes to a match which they accepted. The match was cancelled after EC3 tested positive for COVID-19, he would sign a contract with ROH on February 25. He was released after ROH announced they would be closing their doors.


title: Ethan Carter III

text: After his second WWE departure in 2020, Hutter reinvented his EC3 gimmick as a much darker and enigmatic crusader. Known as "The Essential Character", he insisted to control "your own narrative".


title: Ethan Carter III

text: EC3 has appeared in video games as a playable character in "WWE 2K19" (as a downloadable character) and "WWE 2K20".


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: Beverley Ann Mitchell is an American actress and country music singer. She portrayed Lucy Camden on the television series "7th Heaven".


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: After graduating from Chaminade College Preparatory School in 1999, Mitchell enrolled at Loyola Marymount University where she majored in film production.


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: Mitchell's first major film role was in "", playing teenaged drug addict Grace. During the filming of "The Crow", in 1996, she auditioned as a child actress for the role of Mary Camden in a new family drama, "7th Heaven". Producers initially turned her down as they did not think she was suitable to play Mary. However, when she read for the part of sister Lucy, she was instantly cast. "7th Heaven" was very popular, lasting for 11 seasons.


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: In 2003, Mitchell played Erica Enders-Stevens in the Disney Channel original movie "Right on Track", based on the early career of the 2014 NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series Pro Stock champion and her sister Courtney Enders, who was played by Brie Larson.


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: In 2005, during a hiatus from filming "7th Heaven", Mitchell played Laura Hunter in the horror sequel "Saw 2".


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: Her lifelong dream of becoming a country music singer came true when, in 2006, she recorded her debut album, "Beverley Mitchell" with record producer D. Scott Miller in Nashville, Tennessee. She co-wrote eight of the songs featured on the album, including the hit single "Angel".


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: In 2007, Mitchell starred in the TV movie "I Know What I Saw", which aired on the Lifetime network. She also planned to record a second album, and hopes to record her own version of the song "When You Say Nothing At All" on the album.


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: In 2010, Mitchell joined the cast of "The Secret Life of the American Teenager" at the start of the third season as school counselor Katelyn O’Malley.


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: In March 2016, she was cast in the Pop "Hollywood Darlings" with fellow 1990s child stars Jodie Sweetin and Christine Lakin. The series premiered April 12, 2017.


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: In 1997, Mitchell's 15-year-old friend Angela was killed in a car accident. In the book "Chicken Soup for the Preteen Soul", Mitchell described how the death deeply affected her. The "7th Heaven" episode "Nothing Endures But Change" was based on her experience. Her song "Angel", which is featured on her debut album, was also written for her late friend.


title: Beverley Mitchell

text: Mitchell married her long-time boyfriend Michael Cameron on October 1, 2008 in Ravello, Italy on the Amalfi Coast. Former "7th Heaven" castmates Jessica Biel and Mackenzie Rosman served as bridesmaids. They have a son and two daughters.


title: CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions

text: The CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions, previously known officially as the European/South American Nations Cup and commonly as the Artemio Franchi Cup, is an official intercontinental football match organised by CONMEBOL and UEFA and contested by the winners of the Copa América and UEFA European Championship. Organised as a quadrennial one-off match, it is a national team-equivalent to the defunct Intercontinental Cup between the club champions of Europe and South America. The competition was held twice, in 1985 and 1993, before being discontinued. It was relaunched starting in 2022, where it was branded as the Finalissima (Italian for "grand final"), after the signing of a memorandum of understanding between CONMEBOL and UEFA.


title: CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions

text: Created in 1985 as the European/South American Nations Cup, it was also referred as the "Artemio Franchi Cup" due the competition's trophy, named after Artemio Franchi, former president of UEFA who died in a road accident in 1983. It was organised jointly between CONMEBOL and the European confederation, acting as an intercontinental super cup. The competition was the national team-equivalent to the Intercontinental Cup on the club level, played between the winners of the European Cup/UEFA Champions League and Copa Libertadores. The competition was to be held every four years, with the venue alternating between Europe and South America. It was first played in 1985, between the winners of UEFA Euro 1984, France, and the winners of the 1983 Copa América, Uruguay. France hosted the match at the Parc des Princes in Paris, and won 2–0. The competition did not take place four years later, as the Netherlands (UEFA Euro 1988 winners) and Uruguay (1987 Copa América winners) were unable to agree on a date for the match. The next edition took place in 1993 between the winners of the 1991 Copa América, Argentina, and the winners of UEFA Euro 1992, Denmark. Argentina hosted the match at the Estadio José María Minella in Mar del Plata, and won 5–4 on penalties following a 1–1 draw after extra time. The competition was discontinued thereafter.


title: CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions

text: The Artemio Franchi Cup can be considered a precursor of the King Fahd Cup/FIFA Confederations Cup, played in 1992 for the first time and organised by FIFA from its third edition in 1997. The competition featured title holders of the continental championships and FIFA World Cup. After the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, FIFA announced in March 2019 that the tournament would be abolished.


title: CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions

text: On 12 February 2020, UEFA and CONMEBOL signed a renewed memorandum of understanding meant to enhance cooperation between the two organisations. As part of the agreement, a joint UEFA–CONMEBOL committee examined the possibility of staging European–South American intercontinental matches, for both men's and women's football and across various age groups. On 28 September 2021, UEFA and CONMEBOL confirmed that the UEFA European Championship and Copa América winners would face each other in an intercontinental match, with the agreement initially covering three editions starting in 2022. On 15 December 2021, UEFA and CONMEBOL again signed a renewed memorandum of understanding lasting until 2028, which included specific provisions on opening a joint office in London and the potential organisation of various football events. On 22 March 2022, UEFA announced that the "CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions" would be the new name for the Artemio Franchi Cup.


title: CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions

text: The 2022 match, known as the "Finalissima", took place between the winners of UEFA Euro 2020 (held in 2021), Italy, and the winners of the 2021 Copa América, Argentina, at Wembley Stadium in London, England. Argentina won the match 3–0 for their second title.


title: CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions

text: A women's equivalent, the Women's Finalissima between the winners of the UEFA Women's Championship and the Copa América Femenina, was also launched, with the first edition to be played in 2023 at Wembley between UEFA Women's Euro 2022 winners England and 2022 Copa América Femenina winners Brazil.


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: Eleocharis dulcis, the Chinese water chestnut or water chestnut, is a grass-like sedge native to Asia, tropical Africa, and Oceania. It is grown in many countries for its edible corms.


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: The water chestnut is not a nut, but an aquatic vegetable that grows in marshes, under water, in the mud. It has stem-like, tubular green leaves that grow to about . The water caltrop, which also is referred to by the same name, is unrelated and often confused with the water chestnut.


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: The small, rounded corms have a crisp, white flesh and may be eaten raw, slightly boiled, or grilled, and often are pickled or tinned. They are a popular ingredient in Chinese dishes. In China, they are most often eaten raw, sometimes sweetened. They also may be ground into a flour form used for making water chestnut cake, which is common as part of "dim sum" cuisine. They are unusual among vegetables for remaining crisp even after being cooked or canned, because their cell walls are cross-linked and strengthened by certain phenolic compounds, such as oligomers of ferulic acid. This property is shared by other vegetables that remain crisp in this manner, including the tiger nut, lotus root and spurge nettle root. The corms contain the antibiotic agent puchiin, which is stable to high temperature. Apart from the edible corms, the leaves can be used for cattlefeed, mulch or compost.


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: In the dry season of the Northern Territory in Australia, magpie geese eat the bulbs of water chestnuts, allowing them to put on fat for the wet season and ensuring they are ready for breeding. In the wet season, water chestnut leaves are used to build their floating nests.


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: Raw water chestnuts are 74% water, 24% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contain very little fat. In a 100-gram reference amount, raw water chestnuts supply of food energy, are rich (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) in vitamin B (25% DV), and contain moderate amounts of other B vitamins, manganese, and potassium (10% to 17% DV, table).


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: Raw water chestnuts are slightly sweet and crunchy. Boiled water chestnuts have a firm and slightly crunchy texture, with a mild and slightly nutty flavor that may easily be overpowered by seasonings or sauces with which the water chestnut is served or cooked. They may be combined with bamboo shoots, coriander, ginger, sesame oil, and snow peas. Steamed or sauteed vegetable dishes may contain water chestnuts, such as noodle or rice recipes. They may also be added to minced-meat fillings and dishes, such as Cantonese dim sum-style steamed meatballs, to add a crunchy texture. The Thai dessert "thapthim krop", with water chestnuts as its main ingredient, was named one of the world's best 50 desserts in 2019 by "CNN Travel".


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: The crop can be cultivated in paddies, wide by up to long to allow for mechanization, or in a hydroponic culture. As it is an aquatic plant, it should always be submerged in approximately of water. The crop needs continuously high soil temperatures, ideally . At , the corms begin to sprout. Soil is ideally a sandy loam with pH 6.5 to 7.2. The plant produces two types of subterranean rhizomes. Under long-daylength conditions, rhizomes grow horizontally and then turn upwards forming daughter plants. Under short-daylength conditions, the rhizomes grow downward and produce a corm at the tip. The photoperiod also significantly influences how fast the corms grow. Corms begin to develop much more slowly if the photoperiod exceeds 12 hours. The corms are also the propagating material. Alternatively, transplants can be used. Machinery such as tractor-mounted vegetable planters can be used for plantation.


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: Nitrogen addition is beneficial for corm production, applying a dose before planting and another dose when corms begin to enlarge. To further improve nutrient levels, potassium and phosphorus mineral fertilizers can be used before planting, where the uptake ratio is . Also organic mulch, especially mushroom compost, shows good results.


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: Once the corms turn dark brown, they should be harvested. If left in the soil after this point in time, corms will get sweeter, however shelf life will decline. The corms can be harvested using a modified gladiolus corm harvester once the paddy is drained. Alternatively, a "water-suction harvester" can be used without the need to drain the paddy. The corms have to be washed after harvest and brushed once they are dry.


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: The per plant yield was described at per season (fresh matter). In China, yields are reported between , while in the United States a range between has been mentioned.


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: The harvested corms are best stored at . At this temperature, transpiration and thus weight loss are minimized. This will also delay sprouting and minimize deterioration resulting from small injuries. Corms should not be stored at temperatures above as otherwise the corms will begin to sprout. If the corms need to be stored longer term, they can also be kept in a bleach solution of 1000ppm.


title: Eleocharis dulcis

text: Chinese water chestnut is usually not very prone to pests; nevertheless, some animals and fungi may attack the plant: Water fowl may damage the stems and corms, especially when plants are young. Similarly, rodents and grazing animals pose a threat to the Chinese water chestnut, which may be discouraged by keeping the paddy inundated. Caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera) and other leaf-eating caterpillars also feed on the stems. However, unless complete defoliation below the waterline occurs, the plants can normally tolerate this damage. Plant hoppers (Fulgoridae) and scale insects feed on plant sap and may cause subsequent death. Other pests include the nematodes "Ditylenchus" and "Dolichodorus heterocephalus". Fungal species can also attack the Chinese water chestnut. In warmer climates, a rust is caused by "Uromyces", and "Cylindrosporium eleocharidis" causes stem blight.


title: Ronn Moss

text: Ronald Montague Moss (born March 4, 1952) is an American actor, musician and singer/songwriter, a member of the band Player, and best known for portraying Ridge Forrester, the dynamic fashion magnate on the CBS soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful" from 1987 to 2012.


title: Ronn Moss

text: Moss was born and raised in Los Angeles. He grew up surrounded by the theatre, concert, and rock & roll music world. At age 11, he started learning to play the drums, guitar and electric bass. In 1976, Moss joined creative forces with fellow singer/guitarist Peter Beckett, guitarist/keyboardist J.C Crowley, and drummer John Friesen to form the band Player, primarily as bassist and singer. In a garage in the Hollywood Hills, they wrote and rehearsed the music that would soon attract the attention of music impresario Robert Stigwood, who signed them to his RSO Records.


title: Ronn Moss

text: In the first three weeks of 1978, their single "Baby Come Back" occupied the #1 position on the national pop charts & Player was voted to the "Billboard" magazine honor roll of Top New Singles artist of 1978. Their follow-up single, "This Time I'm in It for Love", also peaked at No. 10 the same year.


title: Ronn Moss

text: The Australian edition of his 2002 solo CD "I'm Your Man" includes a fresh duet of the original hit "Baby Come Back" and two bonus tracks: "That's When I'll Be Gone" and "Mountain". Moss along with his band toured Australia between August and September 2006. In 2007, he released his second solo album, "Uncovered".


title: Ronn Moss

text: Player went on tour in 2015, with Moss and Peter Beckett playing dates with Orleans and Ambrosia, as well as a few Yacht rock shows with Little River Band.


title: Ronn Moss

text: After a lawsuit against former Player bandmate Peter Beckett for the use of the trademark name, Ronn will debut his band as Ronn Moss' Player for his future concerts.


title: Ronn Moss

text: Ronn is now solo and toured Australia again in March 2019 and toured Italy for the first time in mid-2019.


title: Ronn Moss

text: Moss played the Saracen hero Ruggero who fell in love with Bradamante in the 1983 Italian film "Paladini-storia d'armi e d'amori" (aka "Paladins—the story of love and arms", aka "Hearts and Armor") – a film based on the legends surrounding the Peers of Charlemagne.


title: Ronn Moss

text: In 1987, Moss was offered the role of "Ridge Forrester" on a new soap opera, "The Bold and the Beautiful". He accepted the part, and the show was broadcast in many nations across the globe and his role has attracted millions of fans worldwide. To this day, Moss is best known for this role and he frequently travels overseas to visit other countries, make appearances, and promote his music.


title: Ronn Moss

text: 1987 also marks the year of Moss' most critically acclaimed theatrical role as Rowdy Abilene in the Andy Sidaris classic "Hard Ticket to Hawaii".


title: Ronn Moss

text: Moss has a large fan base in Australia. In 2002, he participated in a live performance of Sydney alternative rock band the Drugs' single "The Bold and the Beautiful" on "Rove Live", playing bass guitar. In 2006, a campaign surfaced to vote Moss as Australian of the Year. Moss was featured in a very popular television commercial for Berri, an Australian orange juice producer. The punchline of the advertisement was "you can tell when it's not all Aussie"— a line intended to show (in jest) that, while Moss has longstanding connections with Australia, his Hollywood career has resulted in his persona differing significantly from that of the cliché Australian male. He has appeared occasionally on the former program "Rove Live" when in Australia. He takes part in sketches that are parodies of the daytime TV genre.


title: Ronn Moss

text: "The Bold and the Beautiful" was a very popular prime-time show in much of Europe; in 2010, Moss was a participant in the Italian version of "Dancing with the Stars", finishing second with his partner Sara Di Vaira.


title: Ronn Moss

text: On August 11, 2012, it was announced that Moss would exit "The Bold and the Beautiful", after having played the character of Ridge Forrester for 25 years. He made his last appearance on September 14, 2012.


title: Ronn Moss

text: In 2014, Moss appeared on Celebrity Wife Swap along with fellow soap star, General Hospital’s Tyler Christopher.


title: Ronn Moss

text: On May 12, 2014, Moss, along with his band, appeared on the ABC daytime soap opera "General Hospital" as part of the 2014 Nurses' Ball, where they performed their hit single "Baby Come Back".


title: Ronn Moss

text: Ronn played the role of John Blackwell on the digital soap "The Bay", and as one of its producers shared in the four Daytime Emmys it received for Outstanding Daytime Digital Drama Series.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno is an American late-night talk show hosted by Jay Leno that first aired from May 25, 1992, to May 29, 2009. It resumed production on March 1, 2010 and ended on February 6, 2014.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: The fourth incarnation of the "Tonight Show" franchise debuted on May 25, 1992, three days after Johnny Carson's retirement as host of the program. The program originated from NBC Studios in Burbank, California, and was broadcast Monday through Friday at 11:35p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific time zones (10:35p.m. Central/Mountain time). Unlike Carson or his predecessor Jack Paar, Leno only once used a guest host, preferring to host the series in person.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: The series, which followed the same basic format as that of its predecessors (an opening monologue followed by comedy routines, interviews and performances), ran until May 29, 2009, after which Leno was succeeded by Conan O'Brien. NBC signed Leno to a new deal for a nightly talk show in the 10:00 pm ET timeslot. The primetime series, titled "The Jay Leno Show", debuted on September 14, 2009, following a similar format to the Leno incarnation of "Tonight".


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: Neither O'Brien's version of the program, which premiered June 1, 2009 nor "The Jay Leno Show" generated the ratings NBC had expected. The network decided to move a condensed 30-minute version of Leno's show to O'Brien's time slot, and O'Brien's "Tonight Show" a half-hour later. This decision met with opposition from O'Brien, whose stint on "The Tonight Show" ended January 22, 2010, after which he began his own talk show, "Conan", on TBS. "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" then began its second incarnation, the sixth of the franchise, on March 1, 2010. Leno left "The Tonight Show" for good on February 6, 2014, and on February 17, was succeeded by "Late Night" host Jimmy Fallon, at which time the series returned to New York for the first time since 1972.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: Johnny Carson retired from "The Tonight Show" on May 22, 1992, and was replaced by Jay Leno. David Letterman wanted to move into the earlier time slot from his late night spot after "The Tonight Show", and he was also considered by many as the natural successor (despite Leno having been Carson's permanent guest host for several years). Carson always favored Letterman; notably, Carson, who had been interviewed by Letterman, made two appearances on Letterman's rival CBS show, made no mention of Leno during his final shows and regularly sent Letterman monologue jokes in his final years. With his heart set on the earlier time slot, Letterman left NBC in June 1993 and joined CBS that August. "The Late Show with David Letterman", airing in the same slot, competed against "The Tonight Show" for the remainder of Leno's run. Leno would outdo Letterman in ratings for the majority of the show's run. Conan O'Brien slid into the late night time slot vacated by Letterman in September 1993.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: On September 27, 2004, the 50th anniversary of "The Tonight Show"s debut, NBC announced Leno would be succeeded by O'Brien, in 2009. Leno explained he did not want to see a repeat of the hard feelings and controversy that occurred when he was given the show over Letterman following Carson's retirement.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: It was announced on July 21, 2008, that Leno would host his final episode of "The Tonight Show" on Friday, May 29, 2009, with O'Brien and James Taylor as his guests. O'Brien took over hosting duties commencing the following Monday, on June 1, 2009.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: On December 9, 2008, it was announced Leno would be hosting a new nightly show in September 2009, which aired at 10 pm ET, during the network's prime time period. "The Jay Leno Show" ended after a short run on February 9, 2010.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: On January 7, 2010, multiple media outlets reported that effective March 1, 2010, "The Jay Leno Show" would move from the 10 pm (Eastern/Pacific Time) weeknight time slot to 11:35 pm and O'Brien's "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" would move from 11:35 pm to 12:05 am. On January 12, 2010, O'Brien publicly announced in an open letter that he intended to leave NBC if they moved "The Tonight Show" to 12:05 am ET/PT to accommodate moving "The Jay Leno Show" to 11:35 pm Eastern/10:35 pm Central, due to poor ratings. After several days of negotiations, O'Brien reached a settlement with NBC that allowed him to leave NBC and "The Tonight Show" on January 22, 2010.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: On January 21, 2010, NBC announced Leno would return to "The Tonight Show". Jay Leno began his second tenure on March 1, 2010, after the 2010 Winter Olympics. The show moved to Stage 11 in Burbank, the former home of "The Jay Leno Show", with a similar set and theme song of "The Jay Leno Show". "The Tonight Show" bandleader Kevin Eubanks announced on April 12 he would be leaving "The Tonight Show" on May 28 after 18 years with Leno. Eubanks' replacement was former "American Idol" musical director Rickey Minor. Minor composed a new main theme when he took over.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: On July 1, 2010, "Variety" reported that only six months into its second life, Leno's "Tonight Show" posted its lowest ratings since 1992. By September 2010, Leno's ratings in the adults 18-49 demographic had fallen below those of O'Brien when he had hosted "The Tonight Show". NBC ratings specialist Tom Bierbaum commented that due to the host being out of late night television for a period of time and the subsequent 2010 "Tonight Show" conflict, Leno's ratings fall was "not a surprise at all". In October 2010, David Letterman beat Leno's program in the ratings, for the first time since Leno returned to hosting "The Tonight Show". By May 2011, Leno's "Tonight Show" regained the lead and held it since then. However, by August 2012, the "Los Angeles Times" was reporting that "The Tonight Show" was in serious trouble for a number of reasons, most notably that NBC was losing money. While Leno offered to take a pay cut, at least 24 members of his staff were laid off. By March 2013, there were rumors that NBC would have Jimmy Fallon, who had been hosting "Late Night" since 2009 when he succeeded O'Brien, become the next host of "The Tonight Show" when Leno's current contract ended in 2014 and NBC would move the show back to New York for the first time in over 40 years. On May 13, 2013, during its fall "upfronts" presentation, NBC confirmed Fallon would take over as host of the "Tonight Show" beginning on February 17, 2014; Seth Meyers, in turn, would leave "Saturday Night Live" (where he was the anchor of "Weekend Update") and take over Fallon's time slot.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: Leno's final episode of "The Tonight Show" aired on February 6, 2014. Per the terms on his deal with NBC, his staff was paid through September 2014. Leno wrapped up the night before the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, which began on February 7. Fallon took over "The Tonight Show" on February 17.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: Leno himself would later appear multiple times on Jimmy Fallon's version of "The Tonight Show", such as a June 15, 2016 appearance in which Leno not only appeared as a guest, he delivered part of that night's monologue, commenting on the 2016 US election campaign.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: From 1992 to 2009, the show was shot in Studio 3, but since 2009 to 2014 in Studio 11 at NBC Studios (now The Burbank Studios).


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: On April 26, 1999, the show began broadcasting in digital HDTV 1080i, becoming the first American nightly talk show to be shot in high definition. The show was recorded in two channel stereo sound and shot with ten Sony HD cameras including four Sony HDC-700A, three Sony HDC-750A, and three Sony DXC-H10 point of view cameras in aspect ratio in the year 2000. The show was directly fed to network affiliates through SBS-4 satellite and NTSC feed was sent to New York via AT&T fiber and was uplinked by New York to its affiliates.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: During the last year with Leno as host, "The Tonight Show" cost about $1.7 million a week to produce. With 45 weeks of annual production, that amounted to about $76.5 million, excluding the salaries for Leno and the show's "top producers".


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: In that same period, the show had been generating an estimated $30–$40 million a year in profit, down from the $150 million a year the franchise once made."


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: The show follows an established six-piece format. After the announcer announces the opening credits for the show, the first segment is a ten-minute monologue by Leno, with jokes about current events and brief comedy sketches occasionally mixed in. The second segment is a full comedy sketch, such as a mini-documentary by a ""Tonight Show" correspondent" (e.g., Ross the Intern or Mikey Day), or a trademark of Leno's, such as Headlines.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: The first guest appears, with the interview is divided into two segments, then followed by an interview with the second guest in the fifth segment. The sixth and final segment is typically a performance by a musical guest or stand-up comedian.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: Immediately following the last performance segment, Leno walks on camera to thank the performers, bid farewell to the audience and recommends watching "Late Night" which immediately follows "The Tonight Show". As the closing credits roll on-screen, the closing theme, composed by bandleader Rickey Minor plays the show off the air.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: Branford Marsalis was the original bandleader of the show from 1992 to 1995, leaving the show after feeling displeased with his role on the show, what he called being an "ass-kisser". Kevin Eubanks, who was the guitarist in Marsalis' band, moved up to bandleader forming "Kevin Eubanks and The Tonight Show Band" and remained with "The Tonight Show" and "The Jay Leno Show" until 2010, leaving the show for unclear "personal" reasons. Rickey Minor, former "American Idol" music director, replaced Eubanks, forming "Rickey Minor and The Tonight Show Band".


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: Edd Hall served as announcer on "The Tonight Show" from 1992 until 2004. Hall occasionally appeared in skits during the opening monologue. These skits often involved slapstick injury to Hall (by using a stunt double, dummy, or film clip), such as vehicles running him over in the studio parking lot. Unlike his predecessors on "Tonight" (i.e. McMahon with Carson, Hugh Downs with Jack Paar), Hall did not serve as a sidekick for Leno during his tenure on Leno's incarnation of "The Tonight Show".


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: Hall was controversially replaced in 2004 by "The Howard Stern Show" staff member John Melendez in what many perceived as a thinly veiled attempt to attract a younger demographic and nonsensical considering his "stuttering" moniker. The hiring of Melendez which was carried out by Leno without Stern's knowledge, prompted a rift between Stern and Leno. Stern launched into tirades on his show for many weeks on saying Leno was "ripping him off", citing previously "lifted" material from his show such as "Jaywalking" ripping off Stern's "homeless game"; for example, stating "To an 18- to 25-year-old male, Jay Leno is gay. He might as well put a dress on." Since the move to "The Jay Leno Show", Melendez was replaced as announcer, but remained on the writing staff. Wally Wingert would be the only off-camera announcer for Leno's second "Tonight" tenure, carrying over his duties from "The Jay Leno Show".


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: Critical reviews for the show were mixed, with a Metacritic score of 49 out of 100, based on 9 reviews. In a negative review, Robert Bianco of "USA Today" wrote; "Monday's opening monologue, supposedly Leno's strong suit, was tired, lame and unfunny. In other words, typical of the real Leno, rather than the Leno of public-relations imagination."


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: The show was nominated for an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series category ten times between 1993 and 2005. It won the award in 1995.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: On September 22, 2006, "The Tonight Show" led in ratings for the 11th consecutive season, with a nightly average of 5.7 million viewers – 31% of the total audience in that time slot – compared to 4.2 million viewers for "Late Show with David Letterman", 3.4 million for "Nightline" and 1.6 million for "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". Two events helped Leno gain and keep the lead: a new set brought Leno closer to the audience and Hugh Grant kept his July 10, 1995 scheduled appearance, despite having been arrested for seeing a prostitute, where Leno famously asked Grant, "What the hell were you thinking?" The final telecast of the first incarnation of "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" had the show's highest overnight household rating for a Friday episode in the comedian's 17-year run as host of "Tonight", averaging an 8.8 rating in metered-market households.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: For at least six weeks following his return to "The Tonight Show", Leno's program beat Letterman in the overall ratings each night, though with a reduced lead in comparison to his first tenure. By mid-2010, "The Tonight Show" was receiving its lowest ratings since 1992, an average of 4 million total viewers, though he remained ahead of Letterman, who experienced a coinciding decline in ratings. In September 2010, "The Tonight Show" posted its lowest numbers on record, with Leno averaging 3.8 million viewers. This was a 12% increase in total viewers over O'Brien at the same time the previous year, but still 23% below O'Brien in the coveted 18–49 demographic. For the first time in almost 15 years, the show slipped to second place in its time slot being consistently beaten by "Nightline". In October 2010, Letterman beat Leno's program in the ratings, for the first time since Leno returned to hosting "The Tonight Show".


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: In the May 2011 sweeps period, all of NBCs late night programming had increased viewership. "The Tonight Show" received a 15% increase in viewership compared with the first 36 weeks of last season. In that process, it outlasted rival late night talk shows "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on ABC, as well as "Late Show with David Letterman" on CBS. Both of Leno's lead-in, "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" and "Last Call with Carson Daly", also received increased viewership. For the season, in the 18–49 demographic, "The Tonight Show" had 4 million viewers, compared with "Late Show", which had 3.5 million, and "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", which had only 1.9 million. "Nightline", though, still beat Leno in the May 2011 sweeps, with 4.4 million viewers.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: The show was telecast in Australia by The Comedy Channel before being discontinued in July 2010, shortly after Leno's reinstatement as the host of "The Tonight Show". The channel had been airing versions by the various presenters under the title "Late Night Legends". Currently, "The Tonight Show" is one of the few late-night television shows that cannot be viewed on Australian television. The only shows available are "Late Show with David Letterman" on Network Ten, "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" on The Comedy Channel, "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson" on Eleven and "Conan" on GEM.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: From 1991 to 2000 the cable channel Superstation showed both "The Tonight Show" and "Late Show" in daily bases, one week after airing in the United States. From 2011 the show was broadcast on Record News with Brazilian Portuguese subtitles at midnight (local time), two days after airing in United States.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: For many years, "The Tonight Show" episodes from the week ran back-to-back on Saturday and Sunday on CNBC Asia, available to Brunei, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand – but since October 2011, they have been replaced by "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon".


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: CNBC Europe confirmed they would show "The Tonight Show" when Conan O'Brien took over from Jay Leno in June 2009. After Leno returned, they have been showing "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno". From Monday April 19, 2010, until the show's conclusion under Leno, CNBC Europe aired the show on weeknights from 12.00 am CET in a one-hour format, with double bill re-runs on Saturdays/Sundays from 9:00pm-9:45 pm & 9:45pm-10:30 pm CET. The show aired on a one-day delay from original transmission in the US.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: In Finland, "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" was broadcast by MTV3 MAX from Monday to Friday with a three-night delay.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: The show was originally broadcast on CNBC. Starting in 2006 it was telecast on Zee Café at local time 10:00pm with a one-night delay. It was later shifted to Zee Trends in 2011, which was subsequently discontinued after a short run. Now "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" is telecast on Comedy Central at 11:00pm every weekdays.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: In Israel the show was aired during the 1990s on NBC Europe, which was included in Israeli cable (later called the "Hot" company), though this channel was pulled from cable in Israel towards the end of the 1990s. Soon after, the show began airing on the Israeli popular cable channel Hot 3 (then simply called "Channel 3") until 1999. Since 2000, the show is broadcast in the Israeli satellite company yes (which launched in that year) in various channels, the current being yes stars comedy.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: In the Philippines, channel ETC broadcast "The Tonight Show "from 2004 until 2007, when the show was turned over to sister channel JackTV and Talk TV.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: In Portugal, the show was first shown on SIC Comedia until the channel was off the air by the end of 2006. The show was switched to SIC Mulher until Leno moved to prime-time. Sic Radical used to broadcast "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" following the demand from their target audience to O'Brien's humor, after Jimmy Fallon took over "Late Night". The contract that both NBC and SIC had was not expired by the time "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" got cancelled, so the network received the rights to exhibit "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno".


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: In Sweden, Kanal 5 started airing "The Tonight Show" every night Monday to Friday with a one-week delay in 2000. In 2008, Kanal 5 chose to replace it with "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", and moved "The Tonight Show" to their sister channel Kanal 9, with a rerun aired the next day on Kanal 5.


title: The Tonight Show with Jay Leno

text: "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" was broadcast by CNBC-e and e2 on weekdays at 00:00 with a one-night delay.


title: County Kerry

text: County Kerry () is a county in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and forms part of the province of Munster. It is named after the Ciarraige who lived in part of the present county. The population of the county was 155,258 at the 2022 census,


title: County Kerry

text: A popular tourist destination, Kerry's geography is defined by the MacGillycuddy's Reeks mountains, the Dingle, Iveragh and Beara peninsulas, and the Blasket and Skellig islands. It is bordered by County Limerick to the north-east and Cork County to the south and south-east.


title: County Kerry

text: Kerry is the fifth-largest of Ireland's 32 traditional counties by area and the 16th-largest by population. It is the second-largest of Munster's six counties by area, and the fourth-largest by population. Uniquely, it is bordered by only two other counties: County Limerick to the east and County Cork to the south-east. The county town is Tralee although the Catholic diocesan seat is Killarney, which is; one of Ireland's most famous tourist destinations. The Lakes of Killarney, an area of outstanding natural beauty are located in Killarney National Park. The Reeks District is home to Carrauntoohil, Ireland's highest mountain at 1,039m. The tip of the Dingle Peninsula is the westernmost point of Ireland.


title: County Kerry

text: There are nine historic baronies in the county. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units".


title: County Kerry

text: Kerry faces the Atlantic Ocean and, typically for an Eastern-Atlantic coastal region, features many peninsulas and inlets, principally the Dingle Peninsula, the Iveragh Peninsula, and the Beara Peninsula. The county is bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean and on the north by the River Shannon. Kerry is one of the most mountainous regions of Ireland and its three highest mountains, Carrauntoohil, Beenkeragh and Caher, all part of the MacGillycuddy's Reeks range.


title: County Kerry

text: Just off the coast are a number of islands, including the Blasket Islands, Valentia Island and the Skelligs. Skellig Michael is a World Heritage Site, famous for the medieval monastery clinging to the island's cliffs. The county contains the extreme west point of Ireland, Dunmore Head on the Dingle Peninsula, or including islands, Tearaght Island, part of the Blaskets. The most westerly inhabited area of Ireland is Dún Chaoin, on the Dingle Peninsula. The River Feale, the River Laune and the Roughty River flow through Kerry, into the Atlantic.


title: County Kerry

text: The North Atlantic Current, part of the Gulf Stream, flows north past Kerry and the west coast of Ireland, resulting in milder temperatures than would otherwise be expected at the 52 North latitude. This means that subtropical plants such as the strawberry tree and tree ferns, not normally found in northern Europe, thrive in the area.


title: County Kerry

text: Because of the mountainous area and the prevailing southwesterly winds, Kerry is among the regions with the highest rainfall in Ireland. Owing to its location, there has been a weather reporting station on Valentia for many centuries. The Irish record for rainfall in one day is , recorded at Cloore Lake in Kerry in 1993.


title: County Kerry

text: In 1986 the remnants of Hurricane Charley crossed over Kerry as an extratropical storm causing extensive rainfall, flooding and damage.


title: County Kerry

text: Kerry ( or in the original pre-Irish language reform spelling "Ciarraighe") means the "people of Ciar" which was the name of the pre-Gaelic tribe who lived in part of the present county. The legendary founder of the tribe was Ciar, son of Fergus mac Róich. In Old Irish "Ciar" meant black or dark brown, and the word continues in use in modern Irish as an adjective describing a dark complexion. The suffix "raighe", meaning "people/tribe", is found in various "-ry" place names in Ireland, such as "Osry"—"Osraighe" "Deer-People/Tribe". The county's nickname is "the Kingdom".


title: County Kerry

text: On 27 August 1329, by Letters Patent, Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond was confirmed in the feudal seniority of the entire county palatine of Kerry, to him and his heirs male, to hold of the Crown by the service of one knight's fee. In the 15th century, the majority of the area now known as County Kerry was still part of the County Desmond, the west Munster seat of the Earl of Desmond, a branch of the Hiberno-Norman FitzGerald dynasty, known as the Geraldines.


title: County Kerry

text: In 1580, during the Second Desmond Rebellion, one of the most infamous massacres of the Sixteenth century, the Siege of Smerwick, took place at Dún an Óir near Ard na Caithne (Smerwick) at the tip of the Dingle Peninsula. The 600-strong Italian, Spanish and Irish papal invasion force of James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald was besieged by the English forces and massacred.


title: County Kerry

text: In 1588, when the fleet of the Spanish Armada in Ireland were returning to Spain during stormy weather, many of its ships sought shelter at the Blasket Islands and some were wrecked.


title: County Kerry

text: During the Nine Years' War, Kerry was again the scene of conflict, as the O'Sullivan Beare clan joined the rebellion. In 1602 their castle at Dunboy was besieged and taken by English troops. Donal O'Sullivan Beare, in an effort to escape English retribution and to reach his allies in Ulster, marched all the clan's members and dependants to the north of Ireland. Due to harassment by hostile forces and freezing weather, very few of the 1,000 O'Sullivans who set out reached their destination.


title: County Kerry

text: In the aftermath of the War, much of the native owned land in Kerry was confiscated and given to English settlers or 'planters'. The head of the MacCarthy Mor family, Florence MacCarthy was imprisoned in London and his lands were divided between his relatives and colonists from England, such as the Browne family.


title: County Kerry

text: In the 1640s Kerry was engulfed by the Irish Rebellion of 1641, an attempt by Irish Catholics to take power in the Protestant Kingdom of Ireland. The rebellion in Kerry was led by Donagh McCarthy, 1st Viscount Muskerry. His son the Earl of Clancarty held the county during the subsequent Irish Confederate Wars and his forces were among the last to surrender to the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1652. The last stronghold to fall was Ross Castle, near Killarney.


title: County Kerry

text: In the 18th and 19th centuries Kerry became increasingly populated by poor tenant farmers, who came to rely on the potato as their main food source. As a result, when the potato crop failed in 1845, Kerry was very hard hit by the Great Irish Famine of 1845–49. In the wake of the famine, many thousands of poor farmers emigrated to seek a better life in America and elsewhere. Kerry was to remain a source of emigration until recent times (up to the 1980s). Another long term consequence of the famine was the Land War of the 1870s and 1880s, in which tenant farmers agitated, sometimes violently, for better terms from their landlords.


title: County Kerry

text: In the 20th century, Kerry was one of the counties most affected by the Irish War of Independence (1919–21) and Irish Civil War (1922–23). In the war of Independence, the Irish Republican Army fought a guerilla war against the Royal Irish Constabulary, and British military. One of the more prominent incidents in the conflict in Kerry was the siege of Tralee in November 1920, when the Black and Tans placed Tralee under curfew for a week, burned many homes, and shot dead a number of local people in retaliation for the IRA killing of five local policemen the night before. Another was the Headford Junction ambush in spring 1921, when IRA units ambushed a train carrying British soldiers outside Killarney. About ten British soldiers, three civilians and two IRA men were killed in the ensuing gun battle. Violence between the IRA and the British was ended in July 1921, but nine men, four British soldiers and five IRA men, were killed in a shoot-out in Castleisland on the day of the truce itself, indicating the bitterness of the conflict in Kerry.


title: County Kerry

text: Following the Anglo-Irish Treaty, most of the Kerry IRA units opposed the settlement. One exception existed in Listowel where a pro-Treaty garrison was established by local Flying Column commandant Thomas Kennelly in February 1922. This unit consisted of 200 regular soldiers along with officers and NCOs. A batch of rifles, machine guns and a Crossley tender were sent from Dublin. Listowel would remain a base for those supporting the treaty throughout the conflict. The town was eventually overcome by superior numbers of anti-Treaty forces belonging to the Kerry No. 2 and 3 Brigades in June 1922. In the ensuing civil war between pro- and anti-treaty elements, Kerry was perhaps the worst affected area of Ireland. Initially the county was held by the Anti-Treaty IRA but it was taken for the Irish Free State after seaborne landings by National Army troops at Fenit, Tarbert and Kenmare in August 1922. Thereafter the county saw a bitter guerilla war between men who had been comrades only a year previously. The republicans, or "irregulars", mounted a number of successful actions, for example attacking and briefly re-taking Kenmare in September 1922. In March 1923 Kerry saw a series of massacres of republican prisoners by National Army soldiers, in reprisal for the ambush of their men—the most notorious being the killing of eight men with mines at Ballyseedy, near Tralee. The internecine conflict was brought to an end in May 1923 as the rule of law was re-established following the death of IRA Chief of Staff Liam Lynch, and the order by Frank Aiken to dump all arms.


title: County Kerry

text: The principal local authority is Kerry County Council. The council provides a number of services including planning, roads maintenance, fire brigade, council housing, water supply, waste collection, recycling and landfill, higher education grants and funding for arts and culture.


title: County Kerry

text: An additional tier of local government existed in the three largest towns in the county, Killarney, Listowel and Tralee until the 2014 local elections were held on 23 May 2014. These elections were held following the changes effected by the Local Government Reform Act 2014. The act abolished town councils and introduced municipal districts. County Kerry was divided into four municipal districts, which are identical with the local electoral areas (LEA) used for election of Councillors.


title: County Kerry

text: Following boundary changes in 2016, Kerry is represented in Dáil Éireann by five TDs returned from a single parliamentary constituency. The TDs elected to the 33rd Dáil Éireann at the 2020 general election included Pa Daly (SF), Norma Foley (FF), Brendan Griffin (FG), Danny Healy-Rae (Independent) and Michael Healy-Rae (Independent).


title: County Kerry

text: As a region on the extremity of Ireland, the culture of Kerry was less susceptible to outside influences and has preserved the Irish language, as well as Irish traditional music, song and dance. The Sliabh Luachra area of northeast Kerry, that borders Limerick and Cork, is renowned for its traditional music, dance and song, especially its slides, polkas and fiddle playing. The Siamsa Tíre centre in Tralee is a hub of traditional Irish pastimes. Corca Dhuibhne and Uíbh Ráthach are considered Gaeltacht regions and Irish culture is also very strong in these areas.


title: County Kerry

text: The Blasket Islands off the Dingle Peninsula are known for their rich literary heritage; authors such as Peig Sayers, Muiris Ó Súilleabháin and Tomás Ó Criomhthain have all written books about life on the islands, which were evacuated in 1953 due to increasingly extreme weather conditions that made them uninhabitable. John B Keane, a native of Listowel, is considered one of Ireland's greatest playwrights and is known for his works such as "The Field", "Sive" and "Big Maggie". The annual Listowel Writers' Week Festival serves as a celebration of Irish writers past and present.


title: County Kerry

text: Kerry is known for its senior Gaelic football team. Gaelic football is by far the dominant sport in the county, and Kerry has the most successful of all football teams; the Kerry footballers have won the Sam Maguire cup 38 times, with the next nearest team Dublin on 30 wins. Hurling is popular at club level in north Kerry, although the county has only won one All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, in 1891. The senior team currently compete in the Joe McDonagh Cup.


title: County Kerry

text: The Kerry District League is the main competition for association football in the county. Tralee Dynamos have represented Kerry in the A Championship, while they and Killarney Celtic also competed in the Munster Senior League during the late 1990s and early 2000s.


title: County Kerry

text: Cricket is played in County Kerry by County Kerry Cricket Club. They play their home games at the Oyster Oval near Tralee.


title: County Kerry

text: In 2011 there were 6,083 Irish language speakers in County Kerry, with 4,978 native speakers within the Kerry Gaeltacht. This does not count the 1,105 attending the four Gaelscoils (Irish language primary schools) and two Gaelcholáiste (Irish language secondary schools) outside the Kerry Gaeltacht.


title: County Kerry

text: Kerry, with its mountains, lakes and nearly 1,000 kilometres of Atlantic coastline is among the most scenic areas in Ireland and is among the most significant tourist destinations in Ireland. Killarney is the centre of the tourism industry, which is a significant element of the economy in Kerry. The Kerry Way, Dingle Way and Beara Way are walking routes in the county. The Ring of Kerry on the Iveragh Peninsula is a popular route for tourists and cyclists. The pedestrian version is the scenic Kerry Way which follows ancient paths generally higher than that adopted by the Ring of Kerry.


title: County Kerry

text: Kerry has an abundance of archaeological sites. The earliest evidence of human settlement dates to the Mesolithic period. The county has a notably high concentration of open-air Atlantic rock art, which is believed to date to the Late Neolithic / Early Bronze Age period (2300-1500BC). This rock art is scattered throughout the county and exists in dense clusters on the Iveragh and Dingle peninsulas. These carvings form part of a tradition which stretches across Atlantic Europe and are distinct from the megalithic art of the type found at Newgrange. Kerry has many Bronze Age monuments including standing stones, wedge tombs, boulder burials, and stone circles, along with Iron Age forts. Like the rest of Ireland, Kerry has large numbers of monuments from the Early Christian period, such as ring forts, churches, cross-inscribed stones, holy wells, saints’ graves, and ogham stones, along with Medieval castles and churches.


title: County Kerry

text: The county has a commercial radio station, Radio Kerry, which commenced operations in 1990. RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta has a studio in Baile na nGall in the west Kerry gaeltacht. Spin South West has a studio in Tralee, which commenced operations in 2016.


title: County Kerry

text: The main National Primary Routes into Kerry are the N21 road from Limerick and the N22 road from Cork, each terminating in Tralee. Kerry Airport is situated on the N23 road between Castleisland and Farranfore which connects the N21 and N22. Within Kerry the main National Secondary Routes include the well-known Ring of Kerry which follows the N70 road that circles the Iveragh Peninsula and links at Kenmare with the N71 road to west Cork.


title: County Kerry

text: The N86 road connects Tralee with Dingle along the Dingle Peninsula, while the N69 road from Limerick links Listowel and Tralee through north Kerry.


title: County Kerry

text: There is a developing greenway network across the county. The North Kerry (part of the Great Southern Trail), South Kerry and Tralee-Fenit greenways are under-development or in the planning phases.


title: County Kerry

text: Kerry is served by rail at Tralee railway station, Farranfore railway station, Killarney railway station and Rathmore railway station which connect to Cork and Dublin Heuston, via Mallow.


title: County Kerry

text: Branch line services existed to each of the peninsulas (Beara, Iveragh and Dingle) and also to the north of the county. They were closed during the rationalisations of the 1950s and 1960s.


title: County Kerry

text: Listowel to Ballybunion had the distinction of operating experimental Lartigue Monorail services from 1882 to 1924. A 500m section was re-established in 2003. A road-car route, the "Prince of Wales Route", was a link from Bantry to Killarney, operated by the Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway as a service for tourists.


title: County Kerry

text: Bus Éireann operates an extensive bus service network on routes throughout the county, with connection hubs in Killarney and Tralee.


title: County Kerry

text: Kerry Airport is located at Farranfore in the centre of the county and has operated scheduled services since 1989. Destinations served as of 2014 are London (Stansted & Luton), Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, Faro, Portugal and Alicante all operated by Ryanair. Aer Lingus Regional also operate an all-year-round service to Dublin. The airport is served by Farranfore railway station.


title: County Kerry

text: Fenit harbour near Tralee is a regional harbour capable of handling ships of up to 17,000 tonnes. Large container cranes from Liebherrs in Killarney are regularly exported worldwide. A rail-link to the port was closed in the 1970s. The harbour at Dingle is one of Ireland's secondary fishing ports. In the north of the county, a ferry service operates from Tarbert to Killimer in County Clare.


title: County Kerry

text: Hospitals in Kerry include the public University Hospital Kerry which is the second-largest acute hospital in the Health Service Executive South Region. It serves as the main hospital for County Kerry and also serves the people in parts of north Cork and west Limerick. Other hospitals include the private Bon Secours Hospital in Tralee and community hospitals in Cahirciveen, Dingle, Kenmare, Killarney and Listowel.


title: County Kerry

text: The Institute of Technology, Tralee (IT Tralee), to be merged into Munster Technological University (MTU), is the main third-level institution in the county. It was established in 1977 as the Regional Technical College, Tralee but acquired its present name in 1997. It has an enrolment of about 3,500 students. The institute has two campuses: the North campus (opened in Dromtacker in 2001) and the South campus (opened in Clash in 1977) approximately 2.4 km (1.5 mi) apart.


title: County Kerry

text: A number of Irish surnames are derived from septs who hail from the Kerry area, such as Falvey, Foley, McCarthy, Murphy, O'Connor, O'Moriarty, Clifford, Kennelly, McGrath, O'Carroll, O'Sullivan, O'Connell, O'Donoghue, O'Shea, Quill, Scannell, Stack, Sugrue and Tangney.


title: County Kerry

text: The area was also home to the Hiberno-Norman families, the FitzMaurices and the Desmonds, a branch of the FitzGeralds.


title: Vanguardism

text: Vanguardism in the context of Leninist revolutionary struggle, relates to a strategy whereby the most class-conscious and politically "advanced" sections of the proletariat or working class, described as the revolutionary vanguard, form organizations. They take actions to draw larger sections of the working class toward revolutionary politics and to serve as manifestations of proletarian political power opposed to the bourgeois.


title: Vanguardism

text: Vladimir Lenin popularised political vanguardism as conceptualised by Karl Kautsky, detailing his thoughts in one of his earlier works, "What is to be done?". Lenin argued that Marxism's complexity and the hostility of the establishment (the autocratic, semi-feudal state of Imperial Russia) required that a close-knit group of individuals pulled from the working class vanguard to safeguard the revolutionary ideology within the particular circumstances presented by the Tsarist régime (Russian Empire) at the time. While Lenin wished for a revolutionary organisation akin to the contemporary Social Democratic Party of Germany, which was open to the public and more democratic in organisation, the Russian autocracy prevented this.


title: Vanguardism

text: Leninists argue that Lenin's ideal vanguard party would have open membership: "The members of the Party are they who accept the principles of the Party program and render the Party all possible support." This party could, in theory, be completely transparent: the "entire political arena is as open to the public view as is a theatre stage to the audience". A party that supposedly implemented democracy to such an extent that "the general control (in the literal sense of the term) exercised over every act of a party man in the political field brings into existence an automatically operating mechanism which produces what in biology is called the "survival of the fittest"". This party would be completely open to the public eye while educating the proletariat to remove the false consciousness that had been instilled in them.


title: Vanguardism

text: In its first phase, the vanguard party would exist for two reasons. Firstly, it would protect Marxism from outside corruption from other ideas, as well as advance its concepts. Secondly, it would educate the proletariat in Marxism in order to cleanse them of their "false individual consciousness" and instill the revolutionary "class consciousness" in them.


title: Vanguardism

text: If the party is successful in this goal, on the eve of revolution, a critical mass of the working class population would be prepared to usher forth the transformation of society. Furthermore, a great number of them, namely their most dedicated members, would belong to the party cadres as professional revolutionaries, and would be elected to leadership positions by the mass party membership. Thus the organisation would quickly include the entire working class.


title: Vanguardism

text: A vanguard party is a political party at the fore of a mass-action political movement and of a revolution. In the praxis of political science, the concept of the vanguard party, composed of professional revolutionaries, was first effected by the Bolshevik Party in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Lenin, the first leader of the Bolsheviks, coined the term "vanguard party", and argued that such a party was necessary in order to provide the practical and political leadership that would impel the proletariat to achieve a communist revolution. Hence, as a political-science concept and term, "vanguard party" most often is associated with Leninism; however, similar concepts (under different names) also are present in other revolutionary ideologies.


title: Vanguardism

text: Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx presented the concept of the vanguard party as solely qualified to politically lead the proletariat in revolution; in Chapter II: "Proletarians and Communists" of "The Communist Manifesto" (1848), they said:


title: Vanguardism

text: According to Lenin, the purpose of the vanguard party is to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat; a rule of the working class. The change of ruling class, from the bourgeoisie to the proletariat, makes possible the full development of socialism. In early 20th-century Russia, Lenin argued that the vanguard party would lead the revolution to depose the incumbent Tsarist government, and transfer government power to the working class. In the pamphlet "What is to be Done?" (1902), Lenin said that a revolutionary vanguard party, mostly recruited from the working class, should lead the political campaign, because it was the only way that the proletariat could successfully achieve a revolution; unlike the economist campaign of trade union struggle advocated by other socialist political parties and later by the anarcho-syndicalists. Like Karl Marx, Lenin distinguished between the two aspects of a revolution, the economic campaign (labour strikes for increased wages and work concessions), which featured diffused plural leadership; and the political campaign (socialist changes to society), which featured the decisive revolutionary leadership of the Bolshevik vanguard party.


title: Vanguardism

text: As he surveyed the European milieu in the late 1890s, Lenin found several theoretic problems with the Marxism of the late 19th century. Contrary to what Karl Marx had predicted, capitalism had become stronger in the last third of the 19th century. In Western Europe, the working class had become poorer, rather than becoming politically progressive, thinking people; hence, the workers and their trade unions, although they had continued to militate for better wages and working conditions, had failed to develop a revolutionary class consciousness, as predicted by Marx. To explain that undeveloped political awareness, Lenin said that the division of labour in a bourgeois capitalist society prevented the emergence of a proletarian class consciousness, because of the ten-to-twelve-hour workdays that the workers laboured in factories, and so had no time to learn and apply the philosophic complexities of Marxist theory. Finally, in trying to effect a revolution in Tsarist Imperial Russia (1721–1917), Lenin faced the problem of an autocratic régime that had outlawed almost all political activity. Although the Tsarist autocracy could not enforce a ban on political ideas, until 1905—when Tsar Nicholas II (ruled 1894–1917) agreed to the formation of a national duma—the Okhrana, the Tsarist secret police, suppressed every political group seeking social and political changes, including those with a democratic program. To counter such political conditions, Lenin said that a professional revolutionary organisation was necessary to organise and lead the most class-conscious workers into a politically coherent movement. Concerning the Russian class struggle, in the book "What Is to Be Done?" (1902), against the "economist" trend of the socialist parties (who proposed that the working class would develop a revolutionary consciousness from demanding solely economic improvements), Lenin said that the "history of all countries bears out the fact that, through their own powers alone, the working class can develop only a trade-union consciousness"; and that under reformist, trade-union leadership, the working class could only engage spontaneous local rebellions to improve their political position within the capitalist system, and that revolutionary consciousness developed unevenly. Nonetheless, optimistic about the working class's ability to develop a revolutionary class consciousness, Lenin said that the missing element for escalating the class struggle to revolution was a political organisation that could relate to the radicalism of political vanguard of the working class, who then would attract many workers from the middling policies of the reformist leaders of the trade unions.


title: Vanguardism

text: It is often believed that Lenin thought the bearers of class consciousness were the common intellectuals who made it their vocation to conspire against the capitalist system, educate the public in revolutionary theory, and prepare the workers for the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat that would follow. Yet, unlike his Menshevik rivals, Lenin distinguished himself by his hostility towards the bourgeois intelligentsia, and was routinely criticised for placing too much trust in the intellectual ability of the working class to transform society through its own political struggles.


title: Vanguardism

text: Like other political organisations that sought to change Imperial Russian society, Lenin's Bolshevik Party resorted to conspiracy, and operated in the political underground. Against Tsarist repression, Lenin argued for the necessity of confining membership to people who were professionally trained to combat the Okhrana; however, at its core, the Bolshevik Party was an exceptionally flexible organisation who pragmatically adapted policy to changing political situations. After the Revolution of 1905, Lenin proposed that the Bolshevik Party "open its gates" to the militant working class, who were rapidly becoming political radicals, in order for the Party to become a mass-action political party with genuine roots in the working class movement.


title: Vanguardism

text: The notion of a 'vanguard', as used by Lenin before 1917, did not necessarily imply single-party rule. Lenin considered the Social-Democrats (Bolsheviks) the leading elements of a multi-class (and multi-party) democratic struggle against Tsarism. Even after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks (now renamed the Communist Party) operated in the Soviets, trade unions, and other working-class mass organisations in a milieu with other revolutionary parties, such as Mensheviks, Social-Revolutionaries and anarcho-communists, and local soviets often elected non-Bolshevik majorities. In this context, Lenin considered the Bolsheviks the vanguard insofar as they were the most consistent defenders of Soviet power (which he considered the dictatorship of the proletariat or 'Commune-state'). However, this situation changed drastically during the Russian Civil War and economic collapse, which decimated the working class and its independent institutions, and saw the development of irreconcilable conflicts between the Bolsheviks and their rivals. At the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1921, the Party made the de facto reality de jure by outlawing opposition parties and formalising single-Party rule.


title: Vanguardism

text: Thus, the concept of a vanguard party was used by the Bolsheviks to justify their suppression of other parties. They took the line that since they were the vanguard of the proletariat, their right to rule could not be legitimately questioned. Hence, opposition parties could not be permitted to exist. From 1936 onward, Communist-inspired state constitutions enshrined this concept by giving the Communist parties a "leading role" in society—a provision that was interpreted to either ban other parties altogether or force them to accept the Communists' guaranteed right to rule as a condition of being allowed to exist.


title: Vanguardism

text: In the 20th century, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) continued regarding itself as the institutionalisation of Marxist–Leninist political consciousness in the Soviet Union; therein lay the justification for its political control of Soviet society. Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution refers to the CPSU as the "leading and guiding force of Soviet society, and the nucleus of its political system, of all state organizations and public organizations". The CPSU, precisely because it was the bearer of Marxist–Leninist ideology, determined the general development of society, directed domestic and foreign policy, and "imparts a planned, systematic, and theoretically substantiated character" to the struggle of the Soviet people for the victory of communism.


title: Vanguardism

text: Nonetheless, the political role of the vanguard party, as outlined by Lenin, is disputed among the contemporary communist movement. Lenin's contemporary in the Bolshevik Party, Leon Trotsky, further developed and established the vanguard party with the creation of the Fourth International. Trotsky, who believed in permanent revolution, proposed that a vanguard party must be an international political party who organised the most militant activists of the working classes of the countries of the world.


title: Vanguardism

text: Although Lenin honed the idea in terms of a class leadership forged out of a proletarian vanguard specifically to describe Marxist–Leninist parties, the term is also used for many kinds of movement conceiving themselves as initially guided by a small elite. Theodor Herzl, the theorist of Zionism, thought legitimation from the majority would only hinder from the outset his movement, and therefore advised that "we cannot all be of one mind; the "gestor" will therefore simply take the leadership into his hands and march in the van."


title: Vanguardism

text: This principle antedated by some years the Leninist idea of Bolshevism as the vanguard of the revolution by characterizing the 'Zionist movement as a vanguard of the Jewish people.' The Youth Guard at the forefront of Zionist mobilization in the Yishuv likewise conceived of itself as a revolutionary vanguard, and the kibbutz movement itself is said to have thought of itself as a 'selfless vanguard'. It is occasionally used with of certain Islamist parties. Writers Abul Ala Maududi and Sayyid Qutb both urged the formation of an Islamic vanguard to restore Islamic society. Qutb talked of an Islamist vanguard in his book Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones") and Maududi formed the radical Islamist party Jamaat-e-Islami in Pakistan whose goal was to establish a pan-Ummah worldwide Islamist ideological state starting from Pakistan, administered for God (Allah) solely by Muslims "whose whole life is devoted to the observance and enforcement" of Islamic law (Shari'ah), leading to the world becoming the House of Islam. The party members formed an elite group (called "arkan") with "affiliates" ("mutaffiq") and then "sympathizers" ("hamdard") beneath them. Today, the Jamaat-e-Islami has spread wings to other South Asian countries with large Muslim populations, such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh and India. The literature of the Baháʼí Faith also frequently refers to those serving to raise the capacities of communities around the world as the "vanguard" of the Cause of Baha'u'llah


title: Vanguardism

text: According to Roger Eatwell, some fascist parties have also operated in ways similar to the concept of a vanguard party.


title: Dave Pelzer

text: David James Pelzer (born December 29, 1960, in San Francisco, California) is an American author of several autobiographical and self-help books. His 1995 memoir of childhood abuse, "A Child Called "It"", was listed on The New York Times Bestseller List for several years, and in 5 years had sold at least 1.6 million copies. This book brought Pelzer fame, and also been a source of controversy, with accusations of several events being fabricated coming from both family members and journalists.


title: Dave Pelzer

text: Pelzer was born in San Francisco, California on December 29, 1960 and was the second of five boys. He grew up in Daly City, California. He is the son of Catherine Roerva Christen Pelzer (1929-1992) and San Francisco fireman Stephen Joseph Pelzer (1923-1980). Pelzer's books describe the abuse he suffered for several years of his childhood, including continual mistreatment and beatings by his mother, who he said thought of it as a game. His teachers stepped in on March 5, 1973, when 12-year-old Pelzer was placed in foster care. At age 18 he joined the U.S. Air Force in 1979 and served in the Gulf War. In the 1980s Pelzer married his first wife Patsy (a pseudonym), with whom he had a son. In 1996 he carried a torch in the 1996 Summer Olympics torch relay. Pelzer and Patsy divorced and many years later he married his second wife, Marsha, who was his editor.


title: Dave Pelzer

text: Pelzer's book "A Child Called "It"" describes from his viewpoint the severe abuse he suffered as a child. He writes how his mother was physically and emotionally abusive towards him from ages 4 to 12. He describes how his mom starved him, forced him to drink ammonia, stabbed him in the stomach, burned his arm on a gas stove, and forced him to eat his own vomit. He mentioned that his father was not active in resolving or stopping the conflicts between Pelzer and his alcoholic mother. He was sent to a foster family at age 12 in 1973. His second book "The Lost Boy" covers the time frame when he was in foster care. In his books, he refers to his relatives by pseudonyms. By the time Pelzer was taken out of the home, he had already suffered a great deal mentally. This caused Pelzer to act out growing up. Although the main abuse had stopped, he faced continued mental anguish. Throughout his teen years, he struggled to feel loved. Being in a foster home and having suffered abuse caused him to yearn for the family and love he couldn't have. He later forgave his father for ignoring the abuse, and wrote a letter to his mom saying he loved her as his mother, but would never see her again. She died before he could send it. Throughout the rest of his life, he somewhat healed from the abuse but will never forget what he had been through. He now has written self help books to help others overcome their challenges and abuse they have suffered.


title: Dave Pelzer

text: One of Pelzer's brothers, Richard B. Pelzer, published his own autobiography, "A Brother's Journey", that detailed his experiences. Paraphrased, Pelzer said in the afterword of his book that his objectives for his story was to show how a parent can become abusive and how the human spirit can triumph and survive.


title: Dave Pelzer

text: Pelzer's first book, "A Child Called "It"", was published in 1995 and describes the abuse Pelzer suffered in his childhood. His second book, "The Lost Boy: A Foster Child's Search for the Love of a Family" was published shortly after in 1997. The book covered Pelzer's teen years. The third book in his series, "A Man Named Dave: A Story of Triumph and Forgiveness" was about Pelzer's experiences as an adult and how he forgave his father. In 2001 he wrote "Help Yourself: Finding Hope, Courage, And Happiness" which was a self-help book. When discussing his seventh book "Moving Forward" he said, "My message has always been about resilience".


title: Dave Pelzer

text: His first book, "A Child Called "It"," was successful and generated interest. It was listed on "The New York Times" Bestseller List for several years and in five years had sold at least 1.6 million copies. Pelzer was invited to television shows such as "The Montel Williams Show" and "The Oprah Winfrey Show" to give interviews after the book was published.


title: Dave Pelzer

text: In a 2001 news article Orion UK Publishing's Trevor Dolby said, "We get 10 letters a day from people saying the first book mirrors their own childhood, which is very depressing." One reader was quoted: "(The book) made me see that I wasn't the only one out there...that had this...in their life. That there's people who do understand."


title: Dave Pelzer

text: Writer David Plotz criticized Pelzer in an article he wrote for "Slate". In the article Plotz says that because Pelzer's parents are dead they cannot question how they are depicted.


title: Dave Pelzer

text: According to the American Library Association, "A Child Called "It"" has been frequently banned and challenged in the United States. The book landed the 36th spot on the list of the top books challenged between 2010 and 2019.


title: Dave Pelzer

text: In a 2002 "The New York Times" article by Pat Jordan, the author questioned the reliability of Pelzer's recollections. He said that "Pelzer has an exquisite recall of his abuse, but almost no recall of anything that would authenticate that abuse", such as any details about his mother. Two members of his family, his maternal grandmother and brother, have disputed his book. One of his younger brothers, Stephen, denied that any abuse took place, and said that he thinks Pelzer was placed in foster care because "he started a fire and was caught shoplifting". However, his other brother, Richard Pelzer, is author of the book "A Brother's Journey," which affirms much of what Dave has said and describes his own abuse when Dave was finally removed from the home. In regard to this, Dave Pelzer has said that Stephen is "semi-retarded, he has Bell's palsy. He worshipped my mum. He misses her terribly because she protected him." Due to the criticism from "The New York Times" article Pelzer does not give interviews often.


title: Dave Pelzer

text: In an article in "The Boston Globe", Pelzer's grandmother said she believed Pelzer had been abused but not as severely as he described. She also said she didn't believe his brother Richard was abused. It was revealed, however, that Pelzer's grandmother did not live in the same state as his brothers and family and was not in contact with them when the abuse happened.


title: Dave Pelzer

text: An article in "The Guardian" notes that gaps in the background narrative "makes the foreground harder to trust". The author writes, "My own hunch is that, substantially, he's telling the truth ... But there is a definite feeling of exaggeration in the later two books..." The author then states the same feeling Plotz also covered in his article, that she feels Pelzer is profiting from his abuse and minimizing the seriousness of the crime by making the writing "entertaining".


title: Dave Pelzer

text: After writing his many books, David Pelzer spends much of his time doing community work. He has given lectures across the country, and he is also a volunteer. Pelzer is now a motivational speaker and speaks to high school students and adults about the concept of resilience. Pelzer has also sometimes made television appearances about his books.


title: Gold mining

text: Gold mining is the extraction of gold resources by mining. Historically, mining gold from alluvial deposits used manual separation processes, such as gold panning. However, with the expansion of gold mining to ores that are not on the surface, has led to more complex extraction processes such as pit mining and gold cyanidation. In the 20th and 21st centuries, most volume of mining was done by large corporations, however the value of gold has led to millions of small, artisanal miners in many parts of the Global South.


title: Gold mining

text: Like all mining, human rights and environmental issues are common issues in the gold mining industry. In smaller mines with less regulation, health and safety risks are much higher.


title: Gold mining

text: The exact date that humans first began to mine gold is unknown, but some of the oldest known gold artifacts were found in the Varna Necropolis in Bulgaria. The graves of the necropolis were built between 4700 and 4200 BC, indicating that gold mining could be at least 7000 years old. A group of German and Georgian archaeologists claims the Sakdrisi site in southern Georgia, dating to the 3rd or 4th millennium BC, may be the world's oldest known gold mine.


title: Gold mining

text: Bronze Age gold objects are plentiful, especially in Ireland and Spain, and there are several well known possible sources. Romans used hydraulic mining methods, such as hushing and ground sluicing on a large scale to extract gold from extensive alluvial (loose sediment) deposits, such as those at Las Medulas. Mining was under the control of the state but the mines may have been leased to civilian contractors some time later. The gold served as the primary medium of exchange within the empire, and was an important motive in the Roman invasion of Britain by Claudius in the first century AD, although there is only one known Roman gold mine at Dolaucothi in west Wales. Gold was a prime motivation for the campaign in Dacia when the Romans invaded Transylvania in what is now modern Romania in the second century AD. The legions were led by the emperor Trajan, and their exploits are shown on Trajan's Column in Rome and the several reproductions of the column elsewhere (such as the Victoria and Albert Museum in London). Under the Eastern Roman Empire Emperor Justinian's rule, gold was mined in the Balkans, Anatolia, Armenia, Egypt, and Nubia.


title: Gold mining

text: In the area of the Kolar Gold Fields in Bangarpet Taluk, Kolar District of Karnataka state, India, gold was first mined prior to the 2nd and 3rd century AD by digging small pits. (Golden objects found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro have been traced to Kolar through the analysis of impuritiesthe impurities include 11% silver concentration, found only in KGF ore.) The Champion reef at the Kolar gold fields was mined to a depth of during the Gupta period in the fifth century AD. During the Chola period in the 9th and 10th century AD, the scale of the operation grew. The metal continued to be mined by the eleventh century kings of South India, the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 to 1560, and later by Tipu Sultan, the king of Mysore state and the British. It is estimated that the total gold production in Karnataka to date is 1000 tons.


title: Gold mining

text: The mining of the Hungarian deposit (present-day Slovakia) primarily around Kremnica was the largest of the Medieval period in Europe.


title: Gold mining

text: During the 19th century, numerous gold rushes in remote regions around the globe caused large migrations of miners, such as the California Gold Rush of 1849, the Victorian Gold Rush, and the Klondike Gold Rush. The discovery of gold in the Witwatersrand led to the Second Boer War and ultimately the founding of South Africa.


title: Gold mining

text: The Carlin Trend of Nevada, U.S., was discovered in 1961. Official estimates indicate that total world gold production since the beginning of civilization has been around and total gold production in Nevada is 1.1% of that, ranking Nevada as one of the Earth's primary gold producing regions.


title: Gold mining

text: As of 2020, the world's largest gold producer was China with 368.3 tonnes of gold mined in that year. The second-largest producer of gold was Russia where 331.1 tonnes was mined in the same year, followed by Australia with 327.8 tonnes.


title: Gold mining

text: Despite its decreasing content in ores, gold production is increasing. This increase can be achieved through ever larger-scale industrial installations as well as innovations, especially in hydrometallurgy.


title: Gold mining

text: Hard rock gold mining extracts gold encased in rock, rather than fragments in loose sediment, and produces most of the world's gold. Sometimes open-pit mining is used, such as at the Fort Knox Mine in central Alaska. Barrick Gold Corporation has one of the largest open-pit gold mines in North America located on its Goldstrike mine property in north eastern Nevada. Other gold mines use underground mining, where the ore is extracted through tunnels or shafts. South Africa has the world's deepest hard rock gold mine up to underground. At such depths, the heat is unbearable for humans, and air conditioning is required for the safety of the workers. The first such mine to receive air conditioning was Robinson Deep, at that time the deepest mine in the world for any mineral.


title: Gold mining

text: Gold is also produced by mining in which it is not the principal product. Large copper mines, such as the Bingham Canyon mine in Utah, often recover considerable amounts of gold and other metals along with copper. Some sand and gravel pits, such as those around Denver, Colorado, may recover small amounts of gold in their wash operations. The largest producing gold mine in the world, the Grasberg mine in Papua, Indonesia, is primarily a copper mine.


title: Gold mining

text: Placer mining is the technique by which gold that has accumulated in a placer deposit is extracted. Placer deposits are composed of relatively loose material that makes tunnelling difficult, and so most means of extracting it involve the use of water or dredging.


title: Gold mining

text: Using a sluice box to extract gold from placer deposits has long been a very common practice in prospecting and small-scale mining. A sluice box is essentially a man made channel with riffles set in the bottom. The riffles are designed to create dead zones in the current to allow gold to drop out of suspension. The box is placed in the stream to channel water flow. Gold-bearing material is placed at the top of the box. The material is carried by the current through the volt where gold and other dense material settles out behind the riffles. Less dense material flows out of the box as tailings.


title: Gold mining

text: Larger commercial placer mining operations employ screening plants, or trommels, to remove the larger alluvial materials such as boulders and gravel, before concentrating the remainder in a sluice box or jig plant. These operations typically include diesel powered, earth moving equipment, including excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, and rock trucks.


title: Gold mining

text: Although this method has largely been replaced by modern methods, some dredging is done by small-scale miners using suction dredges. These are small machines that float on the water and are usually operated by one or two people. A suction dredge consists of a sluice box supported by pontoons, attached to a suction hose which is controlled by a miner working beneath the water.


title: Gold mining

text: State dredging permits in many of the United States gold dredging areas specify a seasonal time period and area closures to avoid conflicts between dredgers and the spawning time of fish populations. Some US states, such as Montana, require an extensive permitting procedure, including permits.


title: Gold mining

text: Some large suction dredges ( & ) are used in commercial production throughout the world. Small suction dredges are much more efficient at extracting smaller gold than the old "bucket line". This has improved the chances of finding gold. Smaller dredges with suction tubes are used to sample areas behind boulders and along potential pay streaks, until "colour" (gold) appears.


title: Gold mining

text: Other larger scale dredging operations take place on exposed river gravel bars at seasonal low water. These operations typically use a land based excavator to feed a gravel screening plant and sluice box floating in a temporary pond. The pond is excavated in the gravel bar and filled from the natural water table. "Pay" gravel is excavated from the front face of the pond and processed through the floating plant, with the gold trapped in the onboard sluice box and tailings stacked behind the plant, steadily filling in the back of the pond as the operation moves forward. This type of gold mining is characterized by its low cost, as each rock is moved only once. It also has low environmental impact, as no stripping of vegetation or overburden is necessary, and all process water is fully recycled. Such operations are typical on New Zealand's South Island and in the Klondike region of Canada.


title: Gold mining

text: Also called a cradle, a rocker box uses riffles located in a high-walled box to trap gold in a similar manner to the sluice box. A rocker box uses less water than a sluice box and is well suited for areas where water is limited. A rocking motion provides the water movement needed for the gravity separation of gold in placer material.


title: Gold mining

text: Cyanide extraction of gold is the dominant method for obtaining gold. Finely ground rock is treated with a solution of sodium cyanide. The extract is absorbed onto carbon. The gold can be removed from the carbon by using a strong solution of caustic soda and cyanide. Gold cyanide is then converted to relatively pure gold by a variety of methods.


title: Gold mining

text: The technique using dissolution with alkaline cyanide has been highly developed over recent years. It is particularly appropriate for low grade gold and silver ore processing (e.g. less than 5 ppm gold) but its use is not restricted to such ores. There are many environmental hazards associated with this extraction method, largely due to the high acute toxicity of the cyanide compounds. A major example of this hazard was demonstrated in the 2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill, when a break in holding pond dam at a mine waste reprocessing facility near Baia Mare in northern Romania released approximately of waste water contaminated with heavy metal sludge and up to of cyanide into the Tisza River. As a consequence, most countries now have strict regulations for cyanide in plant discharges, and plants today include a specific cyanide-destruction step before discharging their tailings to a storage facility.


title: Gold mining

text: Historically, mercury was used extensively in placer gold mining in order to form mercury-gold amalgam with smaller gold particles, and thereby increase the gold recovery rates. Large-scale use of mercury stopped in the 1960s. However, mercury is still used in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), often clandestine, gold prospecting.


title: Gold mining

text: While most of the gold is produced by major corporations, millions of people work independently in smaller, artisan operations, in some cases illegally. Artisanal mining refers to workers who use rudimentary methods to extract and process minerals and metals. Socially and economically marginalized communities mine to escape extreme poverty, unemployment and landlessness.


title: Gold mining

text: In Ghana, the "galamseys" are estimated to number 20,000 to 50,000. In neighboring francophone countries, such workers are called "". In Brazil, such workers are called "". The word "garimpeiros" is also used in Venezuela, Suriname and French Guiana, because many illegal gold prospectors are from Brazil.


title: Gold mining

text: There are an estimated 10 to 15 million artisanal and small-scale gold miners worldwide. 4.5 million of them are women. Miner's risks include persecution by government, mine shaft collapses, and toxic poisoning from unsafe chemicals used in processing.


title: Gold mining

text: The high risk of such ventures was seen in the collapse of an illegal mine at Dompoase, Ashanti Region, Ghana, on 12 November 2009, when 18 workers were killed, including 13 women. Many women work at such mines as porters. It was the worst mining disaster in Ghanaian history.


title: Gold mining

text: In order to maximize gold extraction, mercury is often used to amalgamate with the metal. The gold is produced by boiling away the mercury from the amalgam. Mercury is effective in extracting very small gold particles, but the process is hazardous due to the toxicity of mercury vapour.


title: Gold mining

text: Especially after the Minamata Convention has been ratified, there are initiatives to replace or reduce the use and emissions of mercury in the extraction of gold.


title: Gold mining

text: For hours, children dig, crush, mill, and haul ore in the hot sun. Children stand in water, digging sand and silt from riverbeds. They carry heavy bags of mud with their heads to designated sieving and washing sites. Children suffer the effects of noise, vibration, overexertion, poor ventilation, and exhaustion. Children's lives are put at risk by rock fall, explosions, the collapsing of tunnels and mine shafts, falling into open shafts and pits, and breathing air polluted by dust and toxic gas. Having immune systems that are not fully developed makes children especially vulnerable to dust and chemical exposure. Injuries include serious respiratory conditions, constant headaches, hearing and sight problems, joint disorders and various dermatological, muscular and orthopaedic ailments and wounds.


title: Gold mining

text: Gold mining can significantly alter the natural environment. For example, gold mining activities in tropical forests are increasingly causing deforestation along rivers and in remote areas rich in biodiversity. Other gold mining impacts, particularly in aquatic systems with residual cyanide or mercury (used in the recovery of gold from ore), can be highly toxic to people and wildlife even at relatively low concentrations.


title: Gold mining

text: However, there are clear moves by many in the non-governmental organization community to encourage more environmentally friendly and sustainable business practices in the mining industry. The primary way this is being achieved is via the promotion of so-called 'clean' or 'ethical' gold. The aim is to get all end users/retailers of gold to adhere to set of principles that encourage sustainable mining. Campaigns such as 'No Dirty Gold' are driving the message that the mining industry is harmful (for the reasons noted above), and so must be cleaned up. Also, NGOs are urging the industry and consumers to buy sustainably produced gold.