title: Emacs

text: Hardware solutions include special keyboards such as Kinesis's Contoured Keyboard, which places the modifier keys where they can easily be operated by the thumb, or the Microsoft Natural keyboard, whose large modifier keys are placed symmetrically on both sides of the keyboard and can be pressed with the palm of the hand. Foot pedals can also be used.


title: Emacs

text: The "Emacs pinky" is a relatively recent development. The Space-cadet keyboard on which Emacs was developed had oversized Control keys that were adjacent to the space bar and were easy to reach with the thumb.


title: Emacs

text: The word "emacs" is sometimes pluralized as "emacsen", by phonetic analogy with boxen and VAXen, referring to different varieties of Emacs.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: Brian L. Roberts (born June 28, 1959) is an American billionaire businessman, and the chairman and CEO of Comcast, an American company providing cable, entertainment, and communications products and services which was founded by his father, Ralph J. Roberts.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: Roberts was born into a Jewish family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Ralph J. Roberts, the founder of Comcast Corporation, and Suzanne (née Fleisher), a former actress and playwright. His maternal grandfather, Alfred W. Fleisher, was a real estate investor and philanthropist who supported prison reform. Roberts graduated from the Germantown Academy and earned a Bachelor of Science degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1981, and immediately began working for Comcast.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: Roberts is chairman and CEO of Comcast Corporation. He was named President of Comcast Corporation in 1990 at only 31 years of age when the company had $657 million in annual revenue. Comcast Corporation’s annual revenue has since grown to $94.5 billion.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: Roberts is chairman of the board of directors of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association (NCTA), and a former treasurer. Roberts served as Chairman of NCTA from 1995 to 1996, when the landmark deregulatory 1996 Telecommunications Act became law.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: In 2000, Roberts acquired AT&T Broadband for $53.2 billion in stock and assumed debt. "The deal allowed Comcast to become the largest cable operator in the world." In 2009, NBCUniversal was also acquired by Comcast.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: In 2016, Roberts received US$28.6 million in compensation, and in 2020, his net worth was US$1.7 billion.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: "Institutional Investor" Magazine named Roberts as its top vote-getter for three years in a row (2004–06) in the Cable & Satellite category of their America's Best CEOs annual survey; and named Comcast as one of America's Most Shareholder-Friendly Companies in 2006.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: Roberts was the recipient of the 1994 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, the 2004 Humanitarian Award from the Simon Wiesenthal Center, and was the 2002 Walter Kaitz Foundation Honoree of the Year for his commitment to diversity in the cable industry. The Police Athletic League of Philadelphia honored Roberts with their 2002 award for his commitment to youth programs and community partnerships.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: In 2001, Roberts was awarded the USC Shoah Foundation Institute's 2011 Ambassador for Humanity Award.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: The Aileen K. and Brian L. Roberts Foundation was one of the largest contributors to the restoration of the Alfred W. Fleisher Memorial Synagogue at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia, named in the honor of his maternal grandfather.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: An All-American squash player, Roberts competed in the Maccabiah Games in Israel, earning a gold medal with the U.S. Squash team in the 2005 Maccabiah Games, and silver medals in the 1981 Maccabiah Games, the 1985 Maccabiah Games, the 1997 Maccabiah Games, and the 2009 Maccabiah Games. On October 21, 2012, Roberts was honored by Maccabi USA as a 'Legend of the Maccabiah.'


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: Roberts was a founding co-chair of Philadelphia 2000, the nonpartisan host committee for the 2000 Republican National Convention. The "Pennsylvania Report" named Roberts to the 2003 "The Pennsylvania Report Power 75" list of influential figures in Pennsylvania politics, calling him "Pennsylvania’s most powerful businessman", and noted his influence with Pennsylvania Governor Ed Rendell.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: Since 2006, Roberts has donated more than $76,000 to Democratic candidates, and $13,500 to Republican candidates.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: In December 2009, Roberts wrote a letter to President Barack Obama, endorsing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: Roberts is considered a supporter of the Democratic Party and supported Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: Roberts and his wife, Aileen Kennedy Roberts, live in Philadelphia and have three children, Sarah, Tucker and Amanda. Aileen is the chair of the Barnes Foundation.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: In 2010, Roberts presented his mother, along with his brother Douglas and his father, Women's Image Network Awards Lifetime Achievement Award.


title: Brian L. Roberts

text: Roberts owns a 48 ft sloop and a 65 ft sloop, both designed by Sparkman & Stephens and named "Aileen" after his wife, which he sails while on vacation in his seasonal home on Martha's Vineyard. Roberts' son, Tucker, was appointed president of Overwatch League eSports team Philadelphia Fusion in January 2018, after Comcast and its sporting arm Comcast Spectacor paid a reported $20 million in franchise fees to participate in that league.


title: Joe Lacob

text: Joseph Steven Lacob (born January 10, 1956) is an American business executive who is a partner at Kleiner Perkins and the majority owner of the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: Joe Lacob

text: Lacob grew up in a Jewish family in New Bedford, Massachusetts. The Lacob family relocated to Anaheim, California and Joe switched his allegiance to the Los Angeles Lakers and the Los Angeles Angels.


title: Joe Lacob

text: Lacob earned a bachelor's degree in biological sciences from University of California, Irvine in 1978, master's degree in public health (epidemiology) from University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and an MBA from the Stanford Graduate School of Business.


title: Joe Lacob

text: Lacob has been a partner at Kleiner Perkins, a Venture capital investing firm, since 1987. His investments have centered around firms involved in life sciences, medical technology, Internet and energy, and such enterprises as AutoTrader.com, Align Technology and NuVasive. Before he joined Kleiner Perkins, Lacob held executive positions with Cetus Corporation (now Chiron), FHP International (a health maintenance organization) and the management-consulting firm of Booz, Allen & Hamilton. In interviews, he has credited his epidemiology degree for giving him a background in statistics that has fed the statistical side of his longstanding sports interest.


title: Joe Lacob

text: He was a primary investor in the American Basketball League, a professional women's basketball league that eventually folded from failure to compete successfully with its rival, the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). In January 2006 he became part-owner of the Celtics, where he became a co-investor with H. Irving Grousbeck, an entrepreneur and a professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Business.


title: Joe Lacob

text: On July 15, 2010, Lacob and the group of investors he headed agreed to buy the Golden State Warriors of the NBA from Chris Cohan for $450 million, requiring him to sell his minority interest in the Celtics. The Lacob - Peter Guber group won out over a dozen other bidders for the Warriors, including Oracle chief executive officer Larry Ellison, 24-Hour Fitness founder Mark Mastrov and Texas billionaire financier David Bonderman. He had been a Warriors' season-ticket-holder for about a decade. He already had extensive experience operating an NBA team as part-owner of the Boston Celtics, and also points to his friendships with two major league baseball team general managers, Billy Beane of the Oakland Athletics and Jeff Moorad of the San Diego Padres, who have both proven that winning records are not solely related to the size of the team payroll. Lacob approved the acquisitions of David Lee and undrafted rookie guard Jeremy Lin, a hometown favorite. He also fired coach Don Nelson and replaced him with assistant coach Keith Smart. The sale was unanimously approved by the NBA league's board of governors on November 12, 2010. Lacob and Peter Guber are the chief owners, but Lacob is in charge of day-to-day operations.


title: Joe Lacob

text: Before the 2014-15 NBA season, Lacob fired coach Mark Jackson who had just led the Warriors to the playoffs in consecutive seasons. Lacob explained the decision at a conference of fellow venture capitalists: "Part of it was, he couldn't get along with anybody else in the organization. And, look, he did a great job -- and I'll always compliment him in many respects -- but you can't have 200 other people in the organization not like you."


title: Joe Lacob

text: Lacob generated some controversy by calling his team "light years" ahead of everybody else in the NBA during the 2015-16 NBA season. The Warriors won championships in the 2014-15 NBA season, 2016-17 NBA season, 2017-18 NBA season, and the 2021-22 NBA season. During his tenure with the Warriors, the team has attained the NBA records for the best regular season with 73–9 and most wins in a season (regular season and postseason combined) with 88 in 2015–16, as well as best postseason with 16–1 (.941 winning percentage) in 2016–17.


title: Joe Lacob

text: Lacob is divorced from his first wife, Laurie (née Kraus), with whom he has two sons and two daughters. He is currently married to Nicole Curran.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Vijayashanti (born 24 June 1966) is an Indian actress, producer and politician. In a film career spanning 40 years, she has acted in 187 feature films in a variety of roles in various languages predominantly in Telugu, Tamil, in addition to Hindi, Kannada and Malayalam films. She won the National Film Award for Best Actress for her work as a "super cop" in "Kartavyam" (1990), for depicting both aggression and feminity with balance and restraint. For her role in "Pratighatana" (1985), Vijayashanti won her first state Nandi Award and Filmfare Award. She is a recipient of several accolades, including four Andhra Pradesh state Nandi Awards for Best Actress, seven Filmfare Awards South together with a Lifetime Achievement Award in 2003, and the Kalaimamani Award from Tamil Nadu Government.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Referred to as the "Lady Superstar", "Lady Amitabh", and "The Action Queen of Indian Cinema", Vijayashanti appeared in successful films like "Neti Bharatam" (1983), "Agni Parvatam" (1984), "Challenge" (1984), "Pratighatana" (1985), "Repati Pourulu" (1986), "Pasivadi Pranam" (1987), "Muvva Gopaludu" (1987), "Yamudiki Mogudu" (1988), "Athaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu" (1989), "Janaki Ramudu" (1988), "Muddula Mavayya" (1989), "Kondaveeti Donga" (1990), "Indrudu Chandrudu" (1989), "Lorry Driver" (1990), "Sathruvu" (1990), "Gang Leader" (1991), "Mannan" (1992), "Rowdy Inspector" (1992), "Mondi Mogudu Penki Pellam" (1992), "Chinarayudu" (1993) and "Police Lockup" (1993), establishing herself as one of the leading actresses of Telugu cinema and being cited in the media as one of the nation's most popular and attractive personalities of the late 80s and 90s. In 1987, she appeared in "Swayam Krushi" alongside Chiranjeevi, which was screened at the Moscow International Film Festival, and "Padamati Sandhya Ragam" with Hollywood actor Thomas Jane, which was screened at the Louisville International Film Festival.


title: Vijayashanti

text: She entered state politics in 1998. She served as the Member of Parliament in the 15th Lok Sabha, representing the Medak constituency from Telangana Rashtra Samithi. , she is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Vijayashanti was born on 24 June 1966 to Satti Srinivas Prasad (Anaparthi, East Godavari District) and Varalakshmi (Eturunagaram, Mulugu District), Madras, Tamil Nadu. She is the niece of famous Telugu actress and producer Vijayalalitha. She has said that she prefers to think of herself as being from Telangana rather than Madras, although as of 2004 she had never visited her ancestral village of Ramannagudem near Eturnagaram.


title: Vijayashanti

text: She completed her 10th class at Holy Angels Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Chennai, before starting her film career.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Vijayashanti began her acting career at the age of 14 in 1980, playing a character role in the Tamil film "Kallukkul Eeram", directed by P S Nivas starring Bharathiraja. In the same year, she debuted in Telugu cinema with the movie "Kilaadi Krishnudu", opposite Krishna, directed by Vijaya Nirmala. She got a role in the Telugu film "Satyam-Sivam" (1981), the cast of which included N. T. Rama Rao and Akkineni Nageswara Rao.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Initially she played many character role like sister, daughter and then after a couple of inconsequential movies came "Pellichoopulu" (1983), which brought recognition to her as a star. This was a remake of K. Bhagyaraj's Tamil film "Thooral Ninnu Pochchu". Her breakthrough movie was "Neti Bharatam" (1983), and from there she started acting in women-centric roles, teaming up with T. Krishna. He spotted her on the sets of his friend Madala Rangarao's "Navodayam". He saw her perform and predicted that she would turn out to be a good actress. In 1985, "Pratighatana", one of the biggest blockbusters of the year, won her accolades and a state Nandi Award for the first time. She delivered a powerful performance in the song "Ee Dhuryodhana Dusshasana", penned by legendary lyricist Veturi and powerfully sung by S. Janaki.


title: Vijayashanti

text: In 1992 "Mondi Mogudu Penki Pellam" was a huge success. Vijayashanti played a bold lady speaking Telangana slang and delivered the career-defining song "Laloo Darwaja Laskar". In 1994 it was remade into Hindi as "Meri Biwi Ka Jawab Nahin". In the 1990s, Vijayashanti was the only actress demanding highest remuneration in India, equal to her co-stars Rajnikanth and Chiranjeevi. Most of her films with Chiranjeevi (19 films) and Balakrishna (17 films) were huge hits and her on-screen chemistry was huge success on par with the box office. In K. Viswanath's "Swayam Krushi", where she acts as an illiterate woman who falls in love with a cobbler played by Chiranjeevi. Her dialogue in "Atta Soodamakayya" is highly applauded along with her performance in "Swayam Krushi". She starred in "Sathruvu", "Surya IPS" and "Chinarayudu", along with Daggubati Venkatesh. She starred with Akkineni Nagarjuna in "Vijay", and Janaki Ramudu in "Jaitra Yatra". She starred alongside Rajinikanth as the antagonist in the film "Mannan", and with Kamal Haasan as an investigative reporter in "Indrudu Chandrudu". She acted in two movies with Malayalam superstar Suresh Gopi, "Yuvathurki" and "Kallu Kondoru Pennu". She produced the film "Nippu Ravva" (1993), starring Balakrishna, under the banner Yuvarathna Arts.


title: Vijayashanti

text: In 1989, she was introduced to Hindi cinema by K. Viswanath alongside Anil Kapoor in the film "Eeshwar", a remake of his Telugu film "Swathi Muthyam". Her second Hindi film was "Muqaddar Ka Badshaah", a remake of the Telugu film "Aswaddama". In the Hindi version, she acted with another National Award-winning actress - Shabana Azmi. Her other starrers are "Apradhi", in which she is co-starring with Anil Kapoor and "Tejaswini", a remake of "Karthavyam", directed by N. Chandra. Another Bollywood movie of hers is "Gundagardi" (1997), starring Dharmendra in an action role. In 1996, she was paired opposite Amitabh Bachchan in "Zamaanat", directed by S. Ramanathan, but the film was shelved.


title: Vijayashanti

text: In a carefully nurtured career, Vijayashanthi reached the status of a "HERO" at box office parlance. In the blockbuster movie "Karthavyam" (1990), her performance as a tough cop (modelled after the real-life supercop Kiran Bedi) under the direction of Mohan Gandhi won her the National Film Award from the Government of India and an Andhra Pradesh State award for best actress. Actor Ravi Teja was introduced in the film as a side artist. The film was made with a budget of about 90 lakhs and grossed over 7 crores in southern territories alone. The film was screened at the 14th International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section. She was the third woman from Telugu cinema to win the award after Sharada and Archana.


title: Vijayashanti

text: The success of this movie saw her moving away from glamorous roles and limiting herself to woman-oriented roles. "There were people who questioned how can a Heroine attain the image of Hero & charge highest remuneration. But, I had overcome all of the hurdles and answered the critics with successful films," she answered.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Vijayashanti didn't rely on stunt doubles for performing risky stunts in many films. There were times when the she jumped for a height of 30 feet and she hardly cared about the injuries.


title: Vijayashanti

text: In 1990, "Karthavyam" was dubbed into Tamil as "Vyjayanthi IPS" and its success brought her fame in Tamil cinema. (It was also remade in Hindi as "Tejaswini", with herself playing the lead role. This, too, did very well at the Hindi box office.) The film inspired the then 10-year old C. Indhumathi to take up the civil services exam; she cleared the UPSC exam and bagged 151st rank and placed in Madurai. "Vyjayanthi IPS" ran for 50 days in Vetri theater in Chennai. This record was broken by a dubbed version of "" in August 2015.


title: Vijayashanti

text: A. M. Ratnam, Vijayashanti's personal make-up man, turned out to be a money-making producer. As an executive producer for Vijayashanti, he made the award-winning "Karthavyam" on the banner of Sri Surya Movies. On the same banner, she produced and acted in "Aashayam" released in 1993, which had a decent run. In "Police Lockup" she played a dual role, directed by Kodi Ramakrishna, for which she won another Filmfare Award for Best Actress. Later she played action roles. In "Osey Ramulamma" (1997), she played a downtrodden woman who rose against her oppressors. Directed by Dasari Narayana Rao, this was the biggest blockbuster of the year, giving Vijayashanti her fourth Nandi Award and sixth Filmfare Award for Best Actress. This film gave her another name, called as "Ramulamma/Ramulakka" by the people. The music of this film, composed by Vandemataram Srinivas, also won the Nandi Award.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Later, she appeared in critically acclaimed women oriented movies like "Adavi Chukka" and "Rowdy Durbar", directed by Dasari Narayana Rao.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Vijayashanthi has also worked for many commercials like Chandana Bros., and Power Detergent soap. She was the first actress to be first featured in a Saree commercial.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Vijayashanti returned to cinema after a sabbatical of 13 years, starring in the 2020 film "Sarileru Neekevvaru" where Mahesh Babu played the main protagonist.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Her last seen movie is "Nayudamma", released in 2006. Anil Ravipudi shared a welcome picture on Twitter on 12 August 2019 announcing her return to films with a makeup mirror placed in front of her. He wrote "After 13 years.. It's make up time for Vijayashanthi garu.. Nothing has ever changed in all these 13 years. Same discipline, same attitude and same dynamism. Welcome on-board". She was paid 4 crores for her re-entry film Sarileru Neekevvaru.


title: Vijayashanti

text: In 1998, Vijayashanti joined the Bharatiya Janata Party and was soon made the secretary of BJP's Women's Wing (Bharateeya Mahila Morcha). In 1998, her first public meeting was held at Nellore, a big hit in support of BJP. During the 1999 general election she was named BJP's contestant from the Cuddapah Lok Sabha seat against Sonia Gandhi of Congress(I). However, she withdrew from the race after Sonia Gandhi decided to contest from Bellary. In 1996, Vijayashanti, who is pro-BJP, vowed her support to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), and was a star campaigner for then Chief Jayalalitha. Vijayashanti is the star campaigner for BJP Lok Sabha Polls in Tamil Nadu along with Cricketer Srikkanth.


title: Vijayashanti

text: She started her own political party, Talli Telangana, in January 2009, which she merged into Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) due to lack of strength and support. From 1999, her movie appearances decreased as she focused on her political career. By 2004, she had stopped signing up for new films. In the 2009 general election, she won as a Member of Parliament from the Medak constituency from TRS. In June 2009, she resigned from the post of secretary general of TRS, expressing solidarity with the resignation of Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.


title: Vijayashanti

text: In 2011, she submitted her resignation as an MP along with Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao in agitation of Telangana movement. The resignation was later rejected by the speaker of the house, as it was not in the proper format. Later, she actively participated in politics for separate Telangana State (region), in which she played a key role.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Vijayashanti joined the Indian National Congress party in February 2014 after a split with TRS chief KCR. She contested in the assembly elections from Medak in the 2014 general elections from Indian National Congress party and lost as MLA. After some inactive years, in 2018 AICC president Rahul Gandhi appointed Vijayashanti as star campaigner and adviser to the election campaign committee of Telangana PCC.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Vijayashanti in March 2019, started a controversy after she compared Narendra Modi to a terrorist and claimed he was “ruling like a dictator”. She made these statements at a rally in Telangana's Shamshabad village in Ranga Reddy district. Vijayashanti said, “He is appearing like a terrorist. Instead of loving his people, he is scaring them. And said this is not a characteristic of a prime minister.


title: Vijayashanti

text: She resigned from the Congress in November 2020 and rejoined the Bharatiya Janata Party on 6 December 2020 in the presence of Home Minister Amit Shah.


title: Vijayashanti

text: Vijayashanti is married to M. V. Srinivas Prasad in 1988. He does real estate business around Chennai and Hyderabad. He is a nephew to Daggubati Purandareswari.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2 ( 2) is an Indian Hindi-language television series produced by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms. It aired from 19 October 2020 to 16 July 2022 on Star Plus. Initially based on Star Jalsha's Bengali series "Ke Apon Ke Por", it is a sequel to the long-running series "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya". It starred Sneha Jain, Gautam Vig and Harsh Nagar.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: The Modi family is seen to be heading their way from Rajkot to Surat in order to visit Kokila Modi's long lost brother, Praful Desai and his family. Gehna works at the Desai House as maid post her father sacrificed his life while saving Praful from goons. Gopi learns that her first husband Ahem, who died 5 years ago, was actually alive as Gehna saved him. Anant, Praful's third son, returns from America and helps Gehna and the Modis in retrieving and reuniting with Ahem. Later, Modis head back to Rajkot while Anant exposes Sagar who tries to harass Gehna.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: Eventually, due to certain circumstances, Anant marries Gehna leading her to become Desais' daughter-in-law irking Kanak (Desais' elder daughter-in-law) who treats Gehna as mere servant and believe that she does not have any right to rise her social status. Kanak along with Hema plot against Gehna who always find Anant to her side. Anant supports Gehna, turning her into a strong independent woman and encourages her to resume her studies. However, due to lack of trust, the Desais' misunderstand Gehna, but she gains their trust with Anant's love. Soon, Anant's ex-girlfriend, Radhika returns and joins hands with Kanak who is jealous of the love Gehna receives by the Desais' post Jamuna gave her title of 'Best Bahu'. Gehna exposes Radhika and Kanak and the Desais kicks them out. Gehna brings a mentally unstable Sagar at Desai House who fills Tia's hairline with vermillion. While Gehna is blamed for Tia's condition; Anant brings Sagar's wife saving Tia from Sagar's conspiracy. Tia confesses his love for Krishna (Gehna's childhood friend).


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: Kanak returns to seek revenge from Desais and extort them from their own house. Gehna and Anant get back their house and throws Kanak out of Desai House. Kanak returns with Radhika in order to pave difficulties for Gehna of keeping the Desai family united. Anant encourages Gehna her to pursue a law degree and begins working for secret mission for the country. Dr. Kumar who is a terrorist enters Desai House as Gehna's law teacher and chooses Gehna to plant bomb in tunnel. While Sagar helps Kumar in his plans; Anant decides to confess his feelings to Gehna. On the wedding day, Gehna gets kidnapped. Anant reaches the bomb planting location and confesses his love to Gehna. Later, he sacrifices his life to save the city from bomb blast.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: Anant survives and returns as Dr. Siddharth Mukherji while Gehna proves Anant patriotism presuming Anant to be dead. Dr. Kumar, Sagar and Kanak get jailed and Anant reveals his true identity. Gehna's sister, Swara and mother, Kusum returns in order to extort money from Desais. Swara marries Pankaj and gets Gehna jailed. Kanak helps Gehna to break the prison in order to save her family from wicked Swara. Swara is exposed and Kusum rejoins with Gehna. Gehna gets pregnant but loses her baby due to Kanak's conspiracy. Gehna gets kidnapped by Dr. Abhay Sinha, a psychologically ill doctor, who had built a family out of his patients by erasing their memories. Anant rescues Gehna who regains her memory but is unaccepted by Desais who questions upon her purity.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: When Anant questions upon Gehna's purity, she leaves the Desai house to keep her self respect at height. Anant dies in a hideous accident caused by interruption in Sikandar's drug-deal.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: Ms. Gehna is now known as Kamya who lives in Mumbai. She is on a quest to get justice for Anant by punishing his killers in the eyes of law. She comes across reputed photographer, Surya Seth (who is briefly disguised as Kabir). Gehna gets Sikandar jailed for killing Anant. Later, Surya marries Gehna in order to torture her to get his brother, Sikandar out of jail. Gehna protects Surya from his wicked and greedy stepmother, Suhani Seth and her attempt to expose Suhani as the murderer of Surya's real mother, Urmila. Kanak and Suhani come together to torture Gehna and separate her from Surya. On Gehna's birthday, Gopi brings Urmila (Surya's real mother) back to Seth Mansion. Gopi helps Gehna in resolving her family issues, but Suhani still continues to create misunderstandings between Surya and Gehna. Gopi gives resilience to Gehna before heading back to Rajkot. Gehna then makes a plan with Kaddu Bua in order to expose Suhani but fails. Then, Suhani calls Shakuntala and Riddhima in order to separate Gehna and Surya. Gehna wins against Suhani exposing her before Surya and making Sikandar and Sarika realize their mistakes. Suhani repents for her actions and is forgiven. In the final episode, Surya accepts Gehna as his wife and they then live happily!


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: The cast from season one were seen in a span of beginning episodes during October to November 2020, to introduce the main characters.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: In July 2020, Devoleena Bhattacharjee signed the contract for the new season with the production under plans since a year before. Admist this, the rap by Yashraj Mukhate released on 21 August 2020 went viral and the re-run of the series "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya" during the Coronavirus lockdown was garnering good ratings which made the makers to immediately start production of the new season of the series and released the first promo on 31 August 2020 featuring Bhattacharjee reprising her role of Gopi Modi while the casting was not even started.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: Based on the backdrop of Surat, in Gujarat, the series is completely filmed at the "Ramdev Studio" in Naigaon.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: On 14 April 2021, shooting halted due to COVID-19 precautions set by Uddhav Thackeray, the chief minister of Maharashtra. On 18 and 19 April, the entire team of Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2 shifted their base to Agra and continued shooting there until early June.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: The series premiered on 19 October 2020 at 9.00 pm time slot on StarPlus. Due to a decrease in ratings the show was shifted to the early 6:00 pm time slot from 30 May 2022, making way for Shashi Sumeet Productions "Banni Chow Home Delivery". It went off-air on 16 July 2022.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: With the release of first promo, Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Rupal Patel and Mohammad Nazim were confirmed reprising their roles of Gopi, Kokila and Ahem Modi/Jaggi Modi (double role). Vishal Singh confirmed being approached for reprising their role of Jigar Modi, but finally declined it. Rucha Hasabnis declined to reprise her role as Rashi Modi in the new season, as her character had died in the former season and that she did not wish to perform a role in a typical family drama.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: On 13 September 2020, Sneha Jain and Harsh Nagar were confirmed to reprise their lead roles as Gehna and Anant. Soon, with the first look of the series, Vandana Vittlanee, Swati Shah and Manish Arora were confirmed reprising their roles of Urmila Shah, Hetal Modi and Parag Modi from the former season. Besides the former season's cast and the leads, Jay Pathak, Akanksha Juneja, Nadia Himani, Prakash Vaghela, Aliraza Namdar and Anuradha Kanabar were cast to perform the recurring roles of the show.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: Soon, it was revealed that the cast from the first season were only shooting for a few episodes in order to introduce the new leads of the show. In mid-November 2020, the entire cast of the former season quit the series due to the promoter's demand on having only one track and that the show completely focused on the original show, "Ke Apon Ke Por".


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: In June 2021, lead actress, Akanksha Juneja took a break from the sets. During her absence, the show focused on Hema Desai aka Nadia Himani. The show also changed the storyline slightly due to Juneja's absence and introduced a new character, Krishna, played by Sanket Chouske.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: In February 2022, the show went under a revamp where Harsh Nagar's character, Anant Desai, was killed off. Gautam Vig was introduced to play Surya Seth as the new male lead opposite Gehna. Roma Bali, Hargun Grover, Swati Bakshi, Pratibha Goregaonkar, playing: Suhani Seth, Sikandar Seth, Sarika Seth and Dimple Seth, respectively, amongst others were roped in to play pivotal characters of the Seth family. Since the revamp, the role of the Desai family has been reduced, with some characters phased out. In May 2022, Akanksha Juneja playing the negative lead, Kanak Desai, quit the show since she felt that there was nothing much left to explore anymore in her character


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: In June 2022, Devoleena returned to Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2, to help Gehna resolve her family issues, and to celebrate her 10-year anniversary of being part of Saath Nibhaana Saathiya.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: The Times of India reviewed, "Ahem's mysterious presence in Gopi's life, Kokila's sass and injustice towards Gehna will keep you hooked."


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: India Today criticized the launch of the new season as unnecessary and on the other hand criticizing the former season saying, "During the course of seven years, the show took three major leaps – eight years, 10 years and four years. That is 22 years in total. Yet they've something left to tell the audience? Needless to say, how the show turned to be ridiculous on several occasions. Saath Nibhaana Saathiya tried to be progressive but the show was regressive to the core."


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2

text: The cast of "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2" went on to participate in "Ravivaar With Star Parivaar", a musical competition wherein eight StarPlus shows competed against each other to win the title of ""Best Parivaar"". The team dropped from the show from Week 8 onwards as the series went off-air.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Gregorio Hilario del Pilar y Sempio (; ; November 14, 1875 – December 2, 1899) was a Filipino general of the Philippine Revolutionary Army during the Philippine–American War.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: As one of the youngest generals in the Revolutionary Army, he was known for the successful assault on the Spanish barracks in the municipality of Paombong, his victory on the first phase Battle of Quingua and his last stand at the Battle of Tirad Pass during the Philippine–American War. Because of his youth, he became known as the "Boy General". He was also known as a ladies man and was described by National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin as the "Byron of Bulacan".


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Born on November 14, 1875 to Fernando H. del Pilar and Felipa Sempio of Bulacan, Bulacan, the fifth among six siblings. His siblings were María de la Paz del Pilar (b.1865), Andrea del Pilar (b. 1866), Pablo H. del Pilar (b. 1869), Julian H. del Pilar (b. 1872), and Jacinto H. del Pilar (b. 1878). He was part of the del Pilar family (more properly Hilario del Pilar; Hilario was the original surname before the Claveria naming reforms and was contracted to "H.") of the "principalia", whose members included his uncles, lawyer-turned-propagandist Marcelo H. del Pilar, editor-in-chief of "Diariong Tagalog" and "La Solidaridad", as well as the priest Toribio H. del Pilar, who was exiled in Guam for his alleged involvement in the 1872 Cavite Mutiny. The del Pilar clan was distantly related to the Gatmaitans. Although "principalia", Gregorio del Pilar's branch was relatively poor. It was said that del Pilar had to hawk meat pies as a child to survive.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: As a child, he completed his primary education under Maestros Monico Estrella and Romualdo Sempio before being sent to study in Manila. He was enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila at the age of 15, where he was rated good in Latin, Greek, Spanish and French, middling in philosophy, and excellent in arithmetic and algebra. During his studies in the Ateneo, he stayed in the house of his paternal aunt, Hilaria H. del Pilar, and her husband, the propagandist Deodato Arellano. He helped his uncle distribute revolutionary pamphlets and other materials. There was one incident in Malolos, where del Pilar stole copies of the book "Cuesteones de sumo interes" from the parish priest, Father Felipe García, who had a habit of distributing counter-revolutionary materials after mass. These books were set to be distributed after the mass. Del Pilar removed the book covers and pasted the pamphlets inside before distributing them after.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Del Pilar finished his bachelor of arts in March 1896 and had intended to enroll at the School of Arts and Trades and study to become a "maestro de obras"; however when the revolution broke out in August of that year his plans of further study were thwarted. Del Pilar quickly went home to Bulacan and enlisted himself for military service under Colonel Vicente Enríquez.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: At the onset of the revolution, and in response to reports of "successive triumphs" in Cavite, some 3,000 revolutionary forces marched to seize the town of Paombong, Bulacan, forming a military government. Del Pilar was among those who marched towards Paombong, although there are also rumors of him being present during the Cry of Balintawak.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Del Pilar was eventually assigned to the forces of Eusébio Roque (also known as "Maestrong Sébio") in "Kakarong de Sili", a fort near the town of Pandi. On New Year's day, 1897, del Pilar participated in the defense of Kakarong de Sili, managing to escape with only nine others before the Spanish overran the fort. He recounts in his diary:


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: His courage and bravery in that action won him recognition and a promotion to the rank of lieutenant. He eventually left Roque's unit - Roque was sold out to the Spanish by his own soldiers and executed in February 1897, and del Pilar began to make his way to Imus, Cavite, reaching as far as Montalban in February. He eventually returned to Bulacan and joined Adriano Gatmaitán's army, being promoted to captain in the process.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: As captain, del Pilar managed feats of bravery. He once managed to single-handedly ambush a priest and his escort of "cazadores" from Mambog on their way to Malolos. He shot one of the cazadores which prompted the rest to flee.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: The event is termed as "pinagtambangan," according to the marker that can be found on Malolos Bridge.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: This act netted him several Mauser rifles and four sacks of coins, which he distributed to his troops. He decreed that married men be given 50 pesos each, unmarried ones 25 pesos, and the remaining money be sent to Manila to buy a blanket and a cloak for each soldier.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: On September 3, 1897, del Pilar executed an attack on the Spanish garrison in the town of Paombong. He and ten other men slipped into town in the night and fell upon the "cazadores" in the basement of the convent during Sunday mass. Del Pilar himself was stationed in the plaza, firing at the second story of the convent to prevent any men from approaching from the windows. They were eventually able to capture 14 Mauser rifles. Other versions of the raid vary, however. Some tellings talk about how del Pilar and his men slipped into town dressed as women, while other versions have them disguised as "cazadores". Del Pilar's success in Paombong caught the attention of Emilio Aguinaldo, who promoted the captain to a lieutenant colonel, eventually earning his trust and being let into his inner circle of confidants. Artemio Ricarte noted that Del Pilar's feat in Paombong “exalted him to the horns of the moon."


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Del Pilar celebrated his promotion to lieutenant colonel by creating a distinctive flag for himself and his battalion: a tricolor with a blue triangle at the hoist, red stripe on top and black at the bottom, taking cues from the Cuban flag. He first unfurled this flag during his participation in the Battle of Pasong Balite (modern-day Polo, Bulacan) in 1897.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Due to his closeness to Aguinaldo, del Pilar became one of the signatories of the provisional constitution of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato in November 1897. When negotiations with the Spanish took place in the which concluded with the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, Aguinaldo took del Pilar with him to exile in Hong Kong.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: The exiles in Hong Kong organized a Supreme Council, electing del Pilar to a position second only to Tomás Mascardo. Aguinaldo's confidence in del Pilar grew such that he wrote the following about him:


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: When Aguinaldo was supposed to go to Europe, he took only del Pilar and Colonel José Leyba with him. The trip ended in Singapore, where Aguinaldo conferred with American consul E. Spencer Pratt, learning of the American declaration of war against Spain. Spurred by this, Aguinaldo and the other exiles decided to return to the Philippines to restart the revolution.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: After the Americans defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay, Aguinaldo, del Pilar, and other exiled leaders returned to the Philippines. Aguinaldo named del Pilar Dictator of Bulacan and Nueva Ecija provinces, an honor Aguinaldo would not confer to anybody else.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: On del Pilar's return to the Philippines, he set out to liberating his home province of Bulacan, eventually accepting Spanish surrender on June 24, 1898. Del Pilar was then called to relieve the wounded General Pantaleon García and continue operations in Caloocan, ultimately succeeded on August 13, 1898. The Revolutionary Congress was then inaugurated on September 15, 1898 and del Pilar became in charge of the military parade. He was promoted to brigadier-general after this event.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: When the Philippine–American War broke out in February 1899, following the cession of the Philippines by Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris of 1898, del Pilar fought alongside General Antonio Luna in Manila, suffering heavy casualties. Del Pilar's relationships with his fellow generals were contentious at best. General José Alejandrino wrote of del Pilar:


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Another story between Luna and del Pilar have the two riding together on the front, with Luna so absorbed in what he was saying that he did not notice they were moving into a danger zone. Del Pilar did notice but did not back off because Luna had not. After Manila, del Pilar and his troops moved to Bulacan. Major General Venancio Concepción was placed under his command but the two did not get along. After the fall of Baliuag each blamed the other. Concepción was eventually moved under the command of Luna in Pampanga. Del Pilar, for his part, led his troops to a victory over Major Franklin Bell in the first phase of the Battle of Quingua (modern-day Plaridel, Bulacan) on April 23, 1899. During the battle, his forces repelled a cavalry charge and killed American Colonel John M. Stotsenburg. The Americans were, however, reinforced during the second phase of the Battle and the Filipino forces were forced to retreat. Del Pilar then participated in the Battle of Calumpit alongside General Luna. Luna, however, had left the battle to punish General Tomás Mascardo for insubordination, leaving del Pilar with the defense of the Bagbag river. On Luna's return, the Americans had already succeeded in penetrating the Filipino lines and they were forced to retreat.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: On June 4, 1899, del Pilar joined Aguinaldo in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija and received orders to capture Antonio Luna, dead or alive, on charges of high treason. It is said that had Luna not come down himself to Cabanatuan and assassinated by the Kawit Batallion from his headquarters in Bayambang that del Pilar would have gone down as Luna's killer. Del Pilar and Aguinaldo then descended upon General Concepcion's headquarters in Pampanga to relieve him of his position, as he was suspected to be partisan to the assassinated general. Troops surrounded Concepcion's headquarters and sentries were replaced by the presidential guards. Concepción was then relieved of his command on suspicions of a conspiracy being plotted against Aguinaldo.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Del Pilar was then tasked with taking possession of Luna's old headquarters in Bayambang, and of liquidating Luna's former aides-de-camp, Manuel and José Bernal. He arrived in Bayambang on June 7 and managed to capture a younger Bernal brother, Angel, who was arrested and maltreated. Manuel Bernal was captured a few days later, located in the house of the Nable José family. Remedios or Dolores, daughters of the family, was said to be one of del Pilar's last loves. Manuel was tortured in the presence of his younger brother Angel by del Pilar and his brother Julian del Pilar for a week before he was killed. José Bernal was captured soon after, taken to Angeles, Pampanga and murdered by soldiers thereafter.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: After this, del Pilar was given command in Pangasinan, where he stayed for five months from June to November 1899. He was also posted in Pangasinan to defend against a possible mutiny from Ilocanos outraged with Luna's assassination, as well as to defend against the Guardia de Honor, a millenarian cult fashioned after the Katipunan. During this time, the American forces were unusually quiet but the revolutionary government failed to capitalize on this opportunity. Del Pilar himself, was engaged in a number of love affairs. In a letter sent to a relative in Bulacan, he asked for the finest of riding boots, while he ordered the best horses in Dagupan to show off his horsemanship.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: By November, Tarlac had fallen to the Americans and Aguinaldo was moving northward towards Bayambang. From Bayambang, the fleeing government led an expedition to Santa Barbara. Del Pilar, at the time, had 2,000 troops: 1,000 in the del Pilar Brigade, 350 in the Joven column, 400 in the Kawit Battalion, 100 in the Corps of Lancers, and two vanguard companies. del Pilar led the expedition northward towards Ilocos. During this time he carried a briefcase containing a girl's letter and a lock of hair, from one of his loves in Bulacan.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: In November 1899, Aguinaldo's party had reached the town of Concepción and climbed the peak of Mount Tirad. Del Pilar ordered three lines of trenches be dug up on the pass and had the "pick of all the men that can be spared" on orders from Aguinaldo. While Aguinaldo and the rest were in Cervantes, Ilocos Sur, Del Pilar rode to the rearguard to ensure the safety of the retreat. Word had come that the Americans were advancing on Tirad Pass in an effort to cut off Aguinaldo from the Tinio Brigade situated on the Abra River.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: The U.S. Army 33rd Infantry Regiment, under Major Peyton C. March took Concepción on December 1 and began to scale Tirad Pass the next day. Although they had difficulty in attacking the Filipino position, they saw an opening with the aid of a Tingguian Igorot named Januario Galut. The Americans then devised a plan to flank the entrenched defenders from the village of Lingay at the foot of the pass, and from the peak. The combined attack surprised the defenders and the engagement barely lasted six hours. Del Pilar was killed in the skirmish from a shot in the neck, killing him instantly. Of the 60 defenders, only eight remained. After the battle, Del Pilar's belongings were taken by the Americans as war trophies, including a handkerchief embroidered with the name Dolores, a locket with a picture of a girl, and his diary. His last entry was:


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Reports of Del Pilar's death varied. Two newsmen, John McCutcheon and Richard Henry Little, and a local newspaper called "The Manila Freedom" reported accounts which captured the imaginations of American and Filipino readers. McCutcheon and Little both reported how del Pilar was the last to fall; how he continually urged his men during the battle to fight on, appealing to their sense of love for their native land; how he refused to turn away on his white horse until all the men had retreated; and his death when a sharpshooter got the better of him. "The Manila Freedom" wrote this of Del Pilar:


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Filipino accounts of Del Pilar's death corroborate each other and are less glamorous. Del Pilar's "aide-de-camp", Vicente Enríquez, writes:


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Del Pilar's body lay unburied for days, exposed to the elements. While retracing the trail, an American officer, Lt. Dennis P. Quinlan, gave the body a traditional U.S. military burial. Upon Del Pilar's tombstone, Quinlan inscribed, "An Officer and a Gentleman".


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Del Pilar was known for his various relationships during the war. He was reported to have courted almost half a dozen girls, including Neneng Rodrigo, the daughter of Bulacan's civil governor, who has his first love; a sister of Col. José Leyba; a woman named Poleng, and Felicidad Aguinaldo, the sister of Emilio Aguinaldo. It has been asserted that a woman named Remedios Nable José, a daughter of Don Mariano Nable José from Dagupan, was del Pilar's last love. It was said that Nable José and del Pilar were almost married, but Nable José rejected del Pilar's advances, partly due to his reputation as a playboy. Though Nable José’s claim is based solely on an interview of her, there still remained a glaring lack of third-party sources to verify her story. Some are still speculating that her sister, Dolores, was the general's actual last love as there were numbers of third-party resources name her as the one. First, John McCutcheon, the war correspondent that was with the American troops at Tirad Pass. In an article published by the "Boston Evening Transcript", McCutcheon details that Gregorio del Pilar and Dolores Nable José were set to be married around mid-November 1899. However, Aguinaldo's order of a hasty retreat in early November caused the wedding to be postponed, and ultimately, to be canceled altogether. He also mentions the handkerchief found on del Pilar's body to be embroidered with Dolores’ name, and that a number of the letters retrieved from his person were from her.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: There is good reason to believe in the authenticity of McCutcheon's account. For one, McCutcheon knew del Pilar previously, having interviewed him multiple times throughout the war. For another, he was with the soldiers that looted del Pilar's body, and would have actually seen the spoils himself. He also released more articles that consistently named Dolores, where she could be mentioned. Had he been mistaken, he would have corrected himself in a later article, but the reports did not change. Second, Isaac Cruz Jr.’s biography of Gregorio del Pilar, "General Gregorio H. Del Pilar: Idol of the Revolution", includes statements from Tirad Pass survivors that he was able to interview before they passed on.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Lt. José Enríquez recounted that Maj. March showed them some of the del Pilar's belongings in his possession, and asked explicitly for Dolores Nable José. Additionally, Captain Isidro Wenceslao mentioned that Dolores was in del Pilar's thoughts during his last meeting with Aguinaldo.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Aside from being two of the only survivors from the Tirad Pass, both men were particularly close to del Pilar. Enríquez was the younger brother of Vicente Enríquez and Anacleto Enríquez, who were del Pilar's "aide-de-camp" and supporter respectively. The children of both families were neighbors and childhood friends.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: Meanwhile, Isidro Wenceslao was part of the famed "Seven Musketeers of Pitpitan", a group of young men led by del Pilar that initially joined Maestrong Sebio's forces at Kakarong de Sili.


title: Gregorio del Pilar

text: If anyone had been privy to the thoughts and feelings of del Pilar, especially in matters so important to him as love, it would be these men. Third, “Nandaragupan : the story of a coastal city and Dagupan Bangus” names Dolores Nable José as the Dagupan belle that del Pilar fell in love with during his stay in Pangasinan. After del Pilar's death, Dolores seems to have disappeared from the records, as there is no mention of her in the 1916 court case where her other siblings and father appear.


title: Sara Dallin

text: Sara Elizabeth Dallin (born 17 December 1961) is an English singer and a founding member of the pop group Bananarama. The group has achieved 28 UK top 50 and 11 US top 100 singles, including a US number one with "Venus" (1986). Other hits include "Cruel Summer" (1983), "I Heard a Rumour" (1987) and "Love in the First Degree" (1987). Dallin and bandmate Keren Woodward are the only performers to appear on both the 1984 and 1989 Band Aid versions of "Do They Know It's Christmas?" Bananarama have sold over 30 million records and entered the "Guinness Book of World Records" for achieving most UK chart entries by an all-female group, a record they still hold.


title: Sara Dallin

text: Dallin is of English, French and Irish ancestry. She studied journalism at the London College of Fashion (University of Arts) in 1980–81. She formed the group Bananarama with Keren Woodward, her childhood friend, and Siobhan Fahey, whom she met at college. In 1980, Dallin and Woodward met Paul Cook, ex-member of the Sex Pistols, in a club and they became close friends. They sang backing vocals for his and Steve Jones' new band The Professionals, and had their first taste of the music business, recording demos in Denmark Street.


title: Sara Dallin

text: When the house they were living in closed for renovation, Paul offered them a place to live in what used to be band impresario Malcolm McLaren's office above the Sex Pistols' old rehearsal room in Denmark Street. The two would come in from clubbing and plug the guitars in and have late-night jams.


title: Sara Dallin

text: Dallin first appeared on stage with Woodward and friend Mel O'Brien at the Camden Palace (now Koko) with their friend Vaughn Toulouse's band, Department S. Dallin, Woodward and Fahey first appeared on stage (in what would become Bananarama) with the Monochrome Set (friends of Siobhan) at the Rainbow Theatre supporting Iggy Pop. The trio then started rehearsing with musician friends and recorded their first demo "Aie A Mwana", which they performed at various clubs around London, such as (Colonel Barefoot's Rock Garden, The Embassy and The Wag Club. They came to the attention of Demon Records, signed a one-off singles deal, and "Aie A Mwana" was released. It was played by legendary BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, who championed young bands. Terry Hall (ex-Specials) heard the track and bought it, then saw a photo of Bananarama in what was referred to as the 'style bible', a magazine called "The Face". He had just formed a group called Fun Boy Three and contacted them to ask if they would sing on some tracks on their new album. The single release It Ain't What You Do (It's The Way That You Do It) became a top-five hit, propelling Bananarama into the limelight.


title: Sara Dallin

text: Dallin, Fahey and Woodward formed Bananarama and released their first single, "Aie a Mwana", in 1981. The trio went on to have a string of top 10 hits in the UK, including "Shy Boy" (1982), "Robert De Niro's Waiting" (1984) and "Love in the First Degree" (1987). They also achieved international success, including in the United States, where they had top 10 hits with "Cruel Summer" (1984), "Venus" (number one in 1986) and "I Heard a Rumour" (1987). Fahey's replacement in 1988 was Jacquie O'Sullivan, with hits in this period including "I Want You Back" (1988). O'Sullivan left in 1991, after which Dallin and Woodward continued as a duo. In 2017 they briefly reunited with Fahey for a series of live dates dubbed 'The Original Line Up Tour'. The original line-up of Bananarama received the Icon Award at the Glamour Awards in June 2017.


title: Sara Dallin

text: Dallin was engaged to former Bananarama dancer Bassey Walker. The couple had a daughter, Alice, in 1991 but later separated.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: In interpolating problems, spline interpolation is often preferred to polynomial interpolation because it yields similar results, even when using low degree polynomials, while avoiding Runge's phenomenon for higher degrees.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: In the computer science subfields of computer-aided design and computer graphics, the term "spline" more frequently refers to a piecewise polynomial (parametric) curve. Splines are popular curves in these subfields because of the simplicity of their construction, their ease and accuracy of evaluation, and their capacity to approximate complex shapes through curve fitting and interactive curve design.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: The term spline comes from the flexible spline devices used by shipbuilders and draftsmen to draw smooth shapes.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: The term "spline" is used to refer to a wide class of functions that are used in applications requiring data interpolation and/or smoothing. The data may be either one-dimensional or multi-dimensional. Spline functions for interpolation are normally determined as the minimizers of suitable measures of roughness (for example integral squared curvature) subject to the interpolation constraints. Smoothing splines may be viewed as generalizations of interpolation splines where the functions are determined to minimize a weighted combination of the average squared approximation error over observed data and the roughness measure. For a number of meaningful definitions of the roughness measure, the spline functions are found to be finite dimensional in nature, which is the primary reason for their utility in computations and representation. For the rest of this section, we focus entirely on one-dimensional, polynomial splines and use the term "spline" in this restricted sense.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: We begin by limiting our discussion to polynomials in one variable. In this case, a spline is a piecewise polynomial function.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: This function, call it "S", takes values from an interval ["a","b"] and maps them to formula_1, the set of real numbers,<br>


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: We want "S" to be piecewise defined. To accomplish this, let the interval ["a","b"] be covered by "k" ordered, disjoint subintervals,


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: If the knots are equidistantly distributed in the interval ["a","b"] we say the spline is uniform, otherwise we say it is non-uniform.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: If the polynomial pieces "P" each have degree at most "n", then the spline is said to be of degree formula_12 (or of


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: up through the derivative of order "r" (in other words, the two adjacent polynomial pieces connect with loss of smoothness of at most "n" - "r")


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: formula_19 such that the spline has smoothness formula_14 at "t" for formula_21 is called a smoothness vector for the spline.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: Given a knot vector formula_22, a degree "n", and a smoothness vector formula_23 for formula_22, one can consider the set of all splines of degree formula_12 having knot vector


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: formula_22 and smoothness vector formula_23. Equipped with the operation of adding two functions (pointwise addition) and taking real multiples of functions, this set becomes a real vector space. This spline space is commonly denoted by formula_28.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: The next most simple spline has degree 1. It is also called a linear spline. A closed linear spline (i.e, the first knot and the last are the same) in the plane is just a polygon.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: This forces the spline to be a straight line outside of the interval, while not disrupting its smoothness.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: Given set of coordinates formula_42 we wish to find set of formula_43 splines formula_44 for formula_45


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: Let us define one cubic spline formula_52 as a 5-tuple formula_53 where formula_54 and formula_55 correspond to coefficients in the form shown earlier and formula_56 is equal to formula_57


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: If a type of spline has additional linear conditions imposed upon it, then the resulting spline will lie in a subspace. The space of all natural cubic splines, for instance, is a subspace of the space of all cubic "C" splines.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: Often a special name was chosen for a type of spline satisfying two or more of the main items above. For example, the Hermite spline is a spline that is expressed using Hermite polynomials to represent each of the individual polynomial pieces. These are most often used with "n" = 3; that is, as Cubic Hermite splines. In this degree they may additionally be chosen to be only tangent-continuous ("C"); which implies that all interior knots are double. Several methods have been invented to fit such splines to given data points; that is, to make them into interpolating splines, and to do so by estimating plausible tangent values where each two polynomial pieces meet (giving us Cardinal splines, Catmull-Rom splines, and Kochanek-Bartels splines, depending on the method used).


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: For each of the representations, some means of evaluation must be found so that values of the spline can be produced on demand. For those representations that express each individual polynomial piece "P"("t") in terms of


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: However, the evaluation and summation steps are often combined in clever ways. For example, Bernstein polynomials are a basis for polynomials that can be evaluated in linear combinations efficiently using special recurrence relations. This is the essence of De Casteljau's algorithm, which features in Bézier curves and Bézier splines).


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: For a representation that defines a spline as a linear combination of basis splines, however, something more sophisticated is needed. The de Boor algorithm is an efficient method for evaluating B-splines.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: Before computers were used, numerical calculations were done by hand. Although piecewise-defined functions like the sign function or step function were used, polynomials were generally preferred because they were easier to work with. Through the advent of computers splines have gained importance. They were first used as a replacement for polynomials in interpolation, then as a tool to construct smooth and flexible shapes in computer graphics.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: It is commonly accepted that the first mathematical reference to splines is the 1946 paper by Schoenberg, which is probably the first place that the word "spline" is used in connection with smooth, piecewise polynomial approximation. However, the ideas have their roots in the aircraft and shipbuilding industries. In the foreword to (Bartels et al., 1987), Robin Forrest describes "lofting", a technique used in the British aircraft industry during World War II to construct templates for airplanes by passing thin wooden strips (called "splines") through points laid out on the floor of a large design loft, a technique borrowed from ship-hull design. For years the practice of ship design had employed models to design in the small. The successful design was then plotted on graph paper and the key points of the plot were re-plotted on larger graph paper to full size. The thin wooden strips provided an interpolation of the key points into smooth curves. The strips would be held in place at discrete points (called "ducks" by Forrest; Schoenberg used "dogs" or "rats") and between these points would assume shapes of minimum strain energy. According to Forrest, one possible impetus for a mathematical model for this process was the potential loss of the critical design components for an entire aircraft should the loft be hit by an enemy bomb. This gave rise to "conic lofting", which used conic sections to model the position of the curve between the ducks. Conic lofting was replaced by what we would call splines in the early 1960s based on work by J. C. Ferguson at Boeing and (somewhat later) by M.A. Sabin at British Aircraft Corporation.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: The use of splines for modeling automobile bodies seems to have several independent beginnings. Credit is claimed on behalf of de Casteljau at Citroën, Pierre Bézier at Renault, and Birkhoff, Garabedian, and de Boor at General Motors (see Birkhoff and de Boor, 1965), all for work occurring in the very early 1960s or late 1950s. At least one of de Casteljau's papers was published, but not widely, in 1959. De Boor's work at General Motors resulted in a number of papers being published in the early 1960s, including some of the fundamental work on B-splines.


title: Spline (mathematics)

text: Work was also being done at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft, where two of the authors of (Ahlberg et al., 1967) — the first book-length treatment of splines — were employed, and the David Taylor Model Basin, by Feodor Theilheimer. The work at General Motors is detailed nicely in (Birkhoff, 1990) and (Young, 1997). Davis (1997) summarizes some of this material.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: Samia Suluhu Hassan (born 27 January 1960) is a Tanzanian politician who has been serving since 19 March 2021 as the sixth (and first female) president of Tanzania. She is a member of the ruling social-democrat Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party and the third female head of government of an East African Community (EAC) country. Upon the death in office of President John Magufuli, she was sworn in as president.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: A native of Zanzibar, Suluhu served as a minister in the semi-autonomous region during the administration of President Amani Karume. She served as the Member of Parliament for the Makunduchi constituency from 2010 to 2015 and was the Minister of State in the Vice-President's Office for Union Affairs from 2010 to 2015. In 2014, she was elected as the vice-chairperson of the Constituent Assembly tasked with the drafting of the country's new constitution.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: Suluhu became Tanzania's first female vice-president following the 2015 general election, after being elected on the CCM ticket with President Magufuli. Suluhu and Magufuli were re-elected to a second term in 2020. She briefly served as the second female interim Head of State in the EAC – 27 years after Sylvie Kinigi of Burundi, spanning a period around the end of the year 1993.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: As President, Suluhu's government enacted policies to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania – in contrast to denialism under Magufuli – and made efforts towards political reconciliation with opposition parties.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: Suluhu was born on 27 January 1960 in Makunduchi, an old town on Unguja island, in the Sultanate of Zanzibar.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: She completed her secondary education in 1977 and began working. Subsequently, she pursued a number of short-courses on a part-time basis. In 1986, she graduated from the Institute of Development Management (present-day Mzumbe University) with an advanced diploma in public administration.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: Between 1992 and 1994, she attended the University of Manchester and earned a postgraduate diploma in economics. In 2015, she obtained her MSc in Community Economic Development via a joint-programme between the Open University of Tanzania and the Southern New Hampshire University.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: In 2000, she decided to run for public office. She was elected as a special seat member to the Zanzibar House of Representatives and was appointed a minister by President Amani Karume. She was the only high-ranking woman minister in the cabinet and was "looked down on" by her male colleagues because she was female. She was re-elected in 2005 and was re-appointed as a minister in another portfolio.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: In 2010, she sought election to the National Assembly, standing in the parliamentary constituency of Makunduchi and winning by more than 80%. President Jakaya Kikwete appointed her as the Minister of State for Union Affairs. In 2014, she was elected as the Vice Chairperson of the Constituent Assembly tasked with drafting the country's new constitution.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: In July 2015, CCM's presidential nominee John Magufuli chose her as his running mate for the 2015 election, making her the first female running mate in the party's history. On 5 November 2015 she subsequently became the first female vice-president in the history of the country upon Magufuli's victory in the election. Both Magufuli and Suluhu were re-elected for a second five-year term on 28 October 2020.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: On 17 March 2021, Mama Samia announced that Magufuli had died after a long illness; Magufuli had not been seen in public since late February. She was sworn in as his successor on 19 March 2021, and will serve the balance of Magufuli's second five-year term. The delay in the start of her term came because the Constitution of Tanzania explicitly requires the vice-president to take the presidential oath before ascending to the presidency; opposition leaders had expressed concern about a possible "vacuum" when 18 March passed without Suluhu being sworn in. Upon her swearing-in, Suluhu became Tanzania's first female president. She is also the second Zanzibari to hold the post, and the third Muslim after Ali Hassan Mwinyi and Jakaya Kikwete. She also became one of two serving female heads of state in Africa, alongside Ethiopia's Sahle-Work Zewde. Under the Constitution, since she took office with more than three years remaining in Magufuli's term, if she completes this term she will only be eligible for one full term in her own right should she decide to stand at the next election.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: Suluhu's administration initiated efforts to curb the COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania, in stark contrast to the skepticism of the virus under Magufuli's tenure. Mandatory 14-day quarantines for travellers entering Tanzania from countries housing newly risen variants of SARS-CoV-2 were imposed. Visitors were recommended to wear face masks, sanitize themselves, and practice social distancing. Suluhu permitted embassies and other international organizations to import vaccines into the country to vaccinate foreign nationals for their Tanzanian day-to-day work, aided by the Ministry of Health.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: In 2022, she was named among the top 100 most influential people in the world by American magazine "Time".


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: President Samia inherited a politically highly divided situation in which her predecessor, Magufuli, had centralized governance towards single party politics. Upon phase 6, Suluhu's government, Mama Samia voiced desire to reverse the political direction of Tanzania. None-the-less, shortly after Suluhu became President the leader of the opposition party CHADEMA, Freeman Mbowe, was arrested under charges of treason. All charges would later be dropped. Upon day of his release Mbowe was summoned and met with Mama Samia at the State House in Dar es Salaam. The meeting was said to be greatly successful, and has led to further meetings between the two as well as other opposition leaders to improve communication and repair the political division and create unity within the countries' political parties. On February 16, 2022, Mama Samia met with opposition leader Tundu Lissu in Belgium, where he had been living in exile after he was shot 16 times in an attempted assassination in 2017. Both spoke greatly of the conversation and for Lissu to return home to Tanzania to again participate in politics.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: President Samia's meetings and reconciliations between the parties has not been universally welcomed, and has received criticism particularly within her own party. Following the release of Freeman Mbowe, and his immediate conversation with Mama Samia, his first appearance days later was at the International Women's Day event in Iringa. This caused critics to accuse Mama Samia of releasing Mbowe on condition of support for Western feminist policies.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: In addition to meeting and repairing the divide between the politicians of the parties, Mama Samia has lifted restrictions of press put in place by her predecessor and reissued licenses to opposition publications. Most notably the reissue of licenses for the publications of Mwanahalisi, Mawio, Mseto, and Tanzania Daima which is owned by opposition leader Freeman Mbowe.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: Since taking over the presidential position in 2021, Samia has ensured that the flagship projects that were initiated by the late President Magufuli are completed on time. Besides that, she has also approved new development projects. In 2022, she attended the Expo 2020 to promote Tanzanian products and opportunities which led her to sign a business partnership deal with Dubai.


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: In 1978, Suluhu married Hafidh Ameirin, an agricultural officer who, by 2014, had retired. They have four children. Her daughter Wanu Hafidh Ameir (born 1982), the couple's second child, is a special seat member of the Zanzibar House of Representatives. On 28 July 2021, COVID-19 vaccination campaign started under her charge in Tanzania, with her receiving the first dose of the vaccine and urging all Tanzanians to get their vaccines saying that the country "is not an island".


title: Samia Suluhu Hassan

text: In early 2021, she filmed a movie of "The Royal Tour" with journalist and filmmaker Peter Greenberg with the intention of promoting tourism and getting different investors to invest in her country. It premiered in Los Angeles, Paramount Theatre, followed by Tanzania.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Howard Joel Wolowitz, M.Eng. is a fictional character on the CBS television series "The Big Bang Theory", portrayed by actor Simon Helberg. Among the four main male characters in the show, Howard is distinctive for being an engineer—rather than a physicist—and lacking a PhD.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Howard is named after and based on a computer programmer known by the show's co-creator; Bill Prady. Howard is the only starring character who has been to the International Space Station (ISS). Along with Sheldon Cooper, Leonard Hofstadter, and Raj Koothrappali, Howard is one of the only characters to appear in every episode of "The Big Bang Theory".


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Before Howard, Helberg portrayed Seth Tobin in "Joey", a similar character who was also a nerdy engineer.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Howard is an aerospace engineer at Caltech's Department of Applied Physics and an ex-astronaut for NASA who is often seen at the apartment of Leonard Hofstadter (Johnny Galecki) and Sheldon Cooper (Jim Parsons). He is best friends with Rajesh Koothrappali (Kunal Nayyar). He was born in 1981, as specified in the season one episode, "The Pancake Batter Anomaly" and is a native of Pasadena (although his mother has an East Coast accent). Howard received his degree in engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Howard sports a bowl/mod haircut and tends to wear loud 1960s-era outfits, such as a V-neck T-shirt or flashy button-down shirt over a turtleneck or dickey which sport a variety of pins (which have been gradually phased out with the exception of a gray alien pin on the collar) with slim-fit pants and vintage Vans sneakers with a leather windbreaker. He is also fond of (and collects) decorator belt buckles, though he jokingly claims to own only one belt; his collection includes a NES controller, a silver Batman logo, a 45 RPM record insert, a Klingon communicator, and a buckle featuring the superhero the Flash. Although he is Jewish, he is secular and often rebels against the religion, even going so far as mocking Judaism. He is also a sign language interpreter.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Like his friends, Howard is an avid fan of comic books and superheroes. He lived with his mother for several seasons before eventually moving in with his wife Bernadette Rostenkowski. Until he returned from space in season six, his personal transportation was a Vespa motor scooter, which he eventually traded for a Mini Countryman.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Howard is a polyglot. Besides English, Howard can speak nine languages including French, Mandarin, Russian, Arabic, Latin, Persian, Japanese, and the constructed language "Klingon" from the "Star Trek" franchise. He also knows some words in Sindarin, one of the elvish dialects invented by J.R.R. Tolkien for "The Lord of the Rings". Although in the show, Howard has been mentioned as speaking these languages, the writers have not explored his proficiency much. The episode "The Wiggly Finger Catalyst" reveals that he also knows American Sign Language. The episode "The Hawking Excitation" reveals that he also understands the computer language Binary-ASCII. As in "The Love Spell Potential" (Season 6, ep 23), Howard frequently does impersonations of Nicolas Cage, and is capable of impersonating Al Pacino and Christopher Walken.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Until his marriage, Howard fancied himself as a "ladies' man" and he provided outrageous and often sexist pick-up lines whenever there was a woman present, resulting in humiliating rejections. Howard describes himself as a romantic, although he usually comes across as overtly sexual, and in the words of Penny, disgusting. However, Penny's dislike of Howard has mellowed somewhat since Howard started dating Penny's colleague Bernadette, to whom he is now married. When Howard found an ALF doll and revealed that it filled a void for him when his father left, Penny felt sympathy for him and began to empathize more when she understood his behavior a little bit better.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Like the rest of the group, Howard dislikes many of Sheldon's antics; he has grown accustomed to them, but he is the quickest to get frustrated with Sheldon. Once Penny asked how Sheldon had ever got any friends, and Howard simply replied "We liked Leonard."


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Howard is allergic to nuts, particularly peanuts and pistachios; they can induce a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction in him, which has a side effect of disfiguring his face horribly. He once deliberately caused this reaction by eating a granola bar to keep Leonard busy at the hospital when they were planning a surprise birthday party for him, albeit motivated by Penny's promise to introduce him to her "easy" friends. Another time, when he was depressed about Leslie Winkle dumping him in season 2, and while he was in Las Vegas with Raj and Leonard, he tweeted that he was considering suicide by consuming a can of peanuts due to loneliness and not having his desires met. He has also mentioned having transient idiopathic arrhythmia. Howard is proud of having only three percent body fat, which Raj declares makes him look like a human chicken wing.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Although Jewish, Howard is not very serious about his religion, and does not keep kosher. For instance, he eats pork, and when the price of pork went up at the group's favorite Chinese restaurant, he remarked "it's getting tougher and tougher to be a bad Jew". On another occasion, when Howard tried to date Sheldon's sister, Missy, he said he would kill his rabbi with a pork chop if his religion was an impediment, and one of the reasons he was happy to continue dating Bernadette (who is Catholic) was that it gave him the chance to really annoy his mother. Despite this, Howard has shown some belief in his faith. When he and Raj posed as goths to pick up women, he wore fake-tattoo sleeves and refused to get real ones (although he attempted to get one but was too scared of the needle). It is noted in "The Bath Item Gift Hypothesis" that he observes Hanukkah. He also apparently attends High Holy Day services, as Sheldon once critically commented that he was not available to compete in "Halo" during those times. However, in "The Financial Permeability" he made the sign of the cross—a Catholic practice—during an encounter with Kurt, Penny's former boyfriend.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: In the episode "The Herb Garden Germination", he became engaged to Bernadette when she accepted his marriage proposal. They eventually married in the season 5 finale, "The Countdown Reflection", which featured a small reception. They had planned to have a bigger, "official" reception after Howard returned from space (although this was not featured).


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Like most of the characters in the series, Howard is musically inclined and plays the piano well. He has used this talent to romantically impress Bernadette a number of times. He has also formed a filk band with Raj (and later Bert) named "Footprints on the Moon" and has written songs about popular heroes such as Thor and Indiana Jones.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Unlike Leonard, Sheldon, and Raj, Howard lacks a Ph.D., instead having a Master's degree from MIT (he first studied in medical school but dropped out since he was terrified of blood). This often leads to mocking and derision from Sheldon, Amy and the Head of department, Dr. Gablehauser, who usually refers to him as "mister" while referring to his friends as doctors. Additionally, Sheldon often says that he is the least smart of the four "nerd" characters, as shown in "The Bus Pants Utilization", where the guys develop an iPhone app and Sheldon refers to them as "three geniuses and their friend Howard". Howard defends himself, however, by pointing out that, as an aerospace engineer, his work has actual real-world application, whereas his friends' work is largely theoretical. Howard has also been considered for a top-secret government project, a polar exploration mission and a position on the International Space Station.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Howard is usually seen working on equipment to be used in NASA missions and the International Space Station, though many times he is careless about it, and has "access" to high-tech surveillance and NASA gear. In the first episode, Howard mentioned working on the design of a satellite that orbits a moon of Jupiter taking high-resolution photos.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Having worked on the Mars rover project, he invited his date, Stephanie Barnett, to drive it at a secret facility. Instead, the rover became stuck in a Martian ditch and he spent the rest of the night with Sheldon and Raj trying to undo the damage and get the rover out of the ditch. When this proved unsuccessful, he decided to erase the hard drives of the facility and destroy all the files connected to his treachery to cover up his meddling, only to later find out that the rover had discovered the first clear signs of life on Mars.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: The rover incident was kept a close secret, until the season 4 episode "The Apology Insufficiency", when he made it onto a new team for the Defense Department's laser-equipped surveillance satellite, but was not granted security clearance and was taken out of the team after Sheldon revealed the rover incident to an investigating FBI agent.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: On another occasion, Howard worked on a "zero-gravity human-waste disposal system" (essentially a space toilet), that was deployed in the International Space Station. He later realized the equipment had a structural weakness (the toilet would backfire after 10 flushes) and again sought the help of his friends to correct it. The solution proved unsuccessful and an incident on the station ensued (Raj referred to this as the "zero-gravity human-waste "distribution" system"). The end of the episode showed the ISS astronauts leaving the station for an "unscheduled" space walk. This leads to Sheldon describing his work as being a "space plumber".


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Howard likely has the most hands-on and mechanical aptitude of the four: being the engineer among his physicist friends, he assumes the role of leader for small hands-on projects. He was the primary force behind "M.O.N.T.E"., a killer robot designed to enter a robot fighting competition. The robot was destroyed by Barry Kripke's own robot, the "Kripke Krippler", in an unofficial match before the start of competition.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: In the season 4 premiere, Howard developed a robotic arm for the International Space Station. Realizing how much it felt like an actual arm, he used the arm for masturbation, only to get the arm stuck on his penis. He called Leonard and Raj, but neither was willing to get too "hands on" and help free him from the arm's grip. He was afraid to use the computer controlling the arm as it thought it was holding a screwdriver and would start twisting if he un-paused the program. Eventually, Leonard and Raj took Howard to the hospital, where the attending nurse went against Howard's fears and turned off the computer, freeing Howard. The episode's tag scene implied that Howard tried to use the arm to pleasure himself again and ended up in the same predicament.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Howard visited the International Space Station as a Payload Specialist on Expedition 31. He has the unwanted astronaut nickname "Froot Loops" (he had wanted the nickname "Rocket Man" and to that end installed the ringtone for Elton John's song "Rocket Man", but astronaut Mike Massimino overheard Howard's mother telling Howard that his Froot Loops were getting soggy during a NASA Skype conversation and pinned that nickname on him). At first, NASA canceled his flight, to Howard's great relief, but then the mission was moved up, causing Howard and Bernadette to move up their wedding. A very nervous Howard is launched into space. His sixth season experience is not great since his fellow astronauts play tricks on him and he starts to experience panic attacks. Upon his return to Earth, he gets an underwhelming response from his friends, and his only consolation is a free slice of cheesecake at a restaurant. He spends the remainder of the season boasting about his trip, to the irritation of everyone. Sheldon eventually sets him straight by denying being envious of his going into space, since "monkeys went to space"; by season 12, Bernadette has, with Stuart's help, written a children's book called "The Frightened Little Astronaut" based on Howard's experiences in space, much to his chagrin.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: In Season 10, Howard along with Leonard and Sheldon are recruited by the US Air Force to develop a Quantum Guidance System which is based on the Superfluid Vacuum theory Leonard and Sheldon published earlier during Season 8. Although not without complications or delays, the three were able to complete their prototype only for the US Air Force to confiscate their project for further development.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: In Season 11 (2017), Howard, Leonard, and Raj find out that they mined Bitcoin in 2010, seven years ago. With the increase in cost of Bitcoin, Howard hopes this money will allow him to buy things and leave work at the university. However, after Stuart finds Leonard's Batman thumb drive containing the Bitcoin and erases the thumb drive in 2013, Howard and the gang have no money left.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Until his marriage, Howard was noted for still living with his overbearing mother (Debbie), who is selectively oblivious to his accomplishments as an adult and usually treats him like he is still a child, filling the cliché of a Jewish mother. Once, Leonard stated that Howard "was in a pretty serious relationship – with his mom". Howard is an only child. Howard's wife is Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Mrs. Wolowitz (voiced by Carol Ann Susi) is not shown on screen until the season 6 episode "The Spoiler Alert Segmentation", but her voice is heard when he is at their house or when he talks to her on the phone. She only communicates with Howard by yelling to him in an obnoxious manner, which results in awkward long-distance conversations, with Howard yelling back at her in a frustrated manner. Her nosy nature and her barrage of questions make Howard's life tense at home, which prompts him to call her a "crazy old lady". It is revealed in "The Cohabitation Formulation", however, when Howard briefly moves in with Bernadette, that he likes being "mothered" to some extent. In "The Apology Insufficiency", Sheldon observes that Howard seems to have "an unresolved Oedipus complex". Following the death of Carol Ann Susi, it was decided Mrs. Wolowitz would die in the season 8 episode "The Comic Book Store Regeneration". Howard receives a phone call while in the comic book store from his aunt Gladys in Florida, whom Mrs. Wolowitz had gone to visit. She says that she laid down for a nap and never woke up.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: In "The Precious Fragmentation", Howard reveals that his father left his family when Howard was eleven years old. His mother bought him an ALF doll to help Howard try to get over it. When Howard finds a similar doll at a garage sale, he starts talking to it as if he were eleven again, asking him to find his father and bring him home. This causes Penny (who usually avoids Howard and is disgusted by him) to be pitiful and (reluctantly) sympathetic. The trauma of his father's desertion and the lack of a father figure throughout adolescence may be the root of much of Howard's behavior. In "The Shiny Trinket Maneuver", it is mentioned that the birthday party where he did his magic show was his cousin's party but it is unknown who his cousin was in the group of children that were present. In "The Closet Reconfiguration", Howard gets a letter from his father which is the first contact that he gets from his father in the series.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: In "The Fortification Implementation", it is revealed that his father's first name is Sam, and that he fathered another child, Josh (Matt Bennett), who is Howard's half-brother. While at first upset at the notion that his father went on to have another family, Howard bonds with Josh when the latter shows admiration for his journey to space and possesses a lecherous nature similar to his original one.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: During season 9 it is revealed that Howard and Bernadette are expecting a baby. Their daughter, Halley, was born on Amy Farrah Fowler's birthday (season 10, episode "The Birthday Synchronicity") in December. As of season 11, they are expecting another baby, this time a son, to which Howard is desperately nervous about bonding with: in "The Neonatal Nomenclature", their son is born, and after a lot of dispute (initially due to Bernadette picking a name before he was born), is named Neil (for Armstrong, Gaiman, and Diamond) Michael (after Bernadette's father).


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: In the early seasons, Howard was consistently depicted as the most perverted of the guys. For example, he develops a mathematical formula for the likelihood of his having relations by applying and modifying the Drake equation to include the "Wolowitz coefficient", which he defines as "neediness times dress size squared". When questioned if he is serious, he states, "I'm a horny engineer...I never joke about math or sex".


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Along with Leonard and Raj, Howard also attempts to woo Missy, Sheldon's twin sister. His offer is not accepted, although it was clear she was waiting for Raj. Katee Sackhoff appears as herself in "The Vengeance Formulation", where she is fantasized as Howard's dream girl. She appears again in season 4, in the same role.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: In the beginning of the series, Howard shows an interest in Penny, but the interest is primarily sexual and she always rejects him. After yet another approach by Howard, Penny finally confronts him about the way he treats women, giving a brutal assessment of him from the woman's point of view. This greatly affects Howard and he falls into a depression, missing work and staying home. When Penny apologizes, Howard tells her about his past relationships and Penny shows some sympathy for him; after her comforting words, Howard tries to kiss her, but she reacts by breaking his nose. With the situation resolved, Penny believes they have come to an "understanding", but Howard instead thinks he was merely "halfway to pity sex" with her.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: In the first season, he forms a sexual relationship with Christy, a friend of Penny's from Omaha but it quickly becomes apparent that Christy is materialistic and using Howard, ultimately resulting in her leaving after getting into an argument with Howard's mother.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: During the second season, he goes on a date with Stephanie Barnett but fails to form a relationship with her as she chooses to date Leonard instead. While they did fall out, they quickly made up when Stephanie promises to introduce Howard to an attractive friend.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Howard later engages in a "friends with benefits" relationship with Leslie Winkle, which brings him a few benefits besides sex. However, he still becomes depressed when Leslie leaves him some time later. In order to cheer him up, Leonard and Raj take Howard to Las Vegas and manage to hire a prostitute for him.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: When the guys travel by train to a symposium in San Francisco, Howard gets a chance to talk to Summer Glau (portraying herself). His clumsy attempts at impressing the actress fail, despite his being in a confined environment with her for several hours.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: During a camping trip with Leonard and Raj, in which they all get stoned by eating cookies laced with a drug (likely marijuana), Howard reveals he lost his virginity to his second cousin Jeanie after his uncle's funeral. This fact prompts incessant teasing from Leonard and Raj. In "The Prom Equivalency", Stuart brings Jeanie as a date causing Howard to fight with him on the car ride there.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Despite Howard being undeniably obsessed with women, some believe him to be in a romantic relationship with Raj. The belief is proposed by Dr. Beverly Hofstadter, Leonard's mother, who believes them to be in an "ersatz homosexual marriage". Both Howard's and Raj's parents are aware of this; when Howard asks his mother if Bernadette can stay over, she clearly states she cannot say no when Bernadette is "willing to give the milk away for free". She concludes her statement by saying "Frankly, after all your sleepovers with the little brown boy, a girl is a big relief", while Raj's mother stated "the closest thing we have to a daughter-in-law is that Jewish boy Howard!" Raj and Howard have several arguments during the series, in which Raj repeatedly accuses Howard of leaving him for everyone who is only slightly better-looking, makes it appear that Raj assumes the cliché female role in partnership arguments: Howard frequently mocks him for such responses. However, Raj and Howard's relationship is mostly close: the duo reconcile almost immediately after going through tiffs. Raj often whispers comments to Howard when Penny is in the room, which allows him an avenue of communication, given Raj's chronic inability to speak to women (although he was cured from it at the end of the sixth season). In season 10's "The Emotion Detection Automaton", Howard tells Raj that if they are both unattached in the next thirty years, he would be open to the two of them having a relationship.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: In the middle of the third season, Howard is introduced to Bernadette Rostenkowski (Melissa Rauch). A waitress paying her way through graduate school for microbiology studies, Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny. At first she and Howard do not get along, as they appear to have nothing in common. However, when they find out they both have overbearing mothers they immediately feel a connection. They are particularly pleased that it could enrage both Howard's Jewish mother and Bernadette's Catholic mother to find out their kids are dating. They also each note that they lost their virginity in Toyota-made vehicles. Subsequently, Howard realizes Bernadette represents a real opportunity to develop a lasting relationship and, in an impulsive manner, he proposes to her. Although Bernadette rejects his offer, they remain a couple for a time.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: There is often a running gag between Leonard and Howard mocking Raj for still being single. In "The Plimpton Stimulation", Howard briefly mentions that he and Bernadette broke up a couple weeks earlier, but did not mention it since he "was waiting for the right time". It is later revealed that the relationship ended because Bernadette caught Howard engaging in cybersex with "Glacinda the Troll" on "World of Warcraft", who is later revealed to be played by a male employee of the university (Steve Patterson, "The greasy old fat guy in Facilities Management"). By the end of the episode, the two discuss their problems and restart their relationship from the beginning. This marks a fundamental shift in Howard's character, as he stops perusing random women and focuses solely on his new relationship.


title: Howard Wolowitz

text: Season 4 introduces Howard's "latent homosexual tendencies" when George Takei appears as himself in an imaginary conversation with Bernadette and Katee Sackhoff over his relationship status with Bernadette and his erotic fantasies with fictional characters, which is a reminder of what Leonard's mother earlier says about the "ersatz homosexual marriage".