title: Enriched uranium

text: "Separation of isotopes by laser excitation" is an Australian development that also uses UF. After a protracted development process involving U.S. enrichment company USEC acquiring and then relinquishing commercialization rights to the technology, GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) signed a commercialization agreement with Silex Systems in 2006. GEH has since built a demonstration test loop and announced plans to build an initial commercial facility. Details of the process are classified and restricted by intergovernmental agreements between United States, Australia, and the commercial entities. SILEX has been projected to be an order of magnitude more efficient than existing production techniques but again, the exact figure is classified. In August, 2011 Global Laser Enrichment, a subsidiary of GEH, applied to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for a permit to build a commercial plant. In September 2012, the NRC issued a license for GEH to build and operate a commercial SILEX enrichment plant, although the company had not yet decided whether the project would be profitable enough to begin construction, and despite concerns that the technology could contribute to nuclear proliferation. The fear of nuclear proliferation arose in part due to laser separation technology requiring less than 25% of the space of typical separation techniques, as well as only requiring the amount of energy that would power 12 typical houses, putting a laser separation plant that works by means of laser excitation well below the detection threshold of existing surveillance technologies. Due to these concerns the American Physical Society filed a petition with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, asking that before any laser excitation plants are built that they undergo a formal review of proliferation risks. The APS even went as far as calling the technology a "game changer" due to the ability for it to be hidden from any type of detection.


title: Enriched uranium

text: Aerodynamic enrichment processes include the Becker jet nozzle techniques developed by E. W. Becker and associates using the LIGA process and the vortex tube separation process. These aerodynamic separation processes depend upon diffusion driven by pressure gradients, as does the gas centrifuge. They in general have the disadvantage of requiring complex systems of cascading of individual separating elements to minimize energy consumption. In effect, aerodynamic processes can be considered as non-rotating centrifuges. Enhancement of the centrifugal forces is achieved by dilution of UF with hydrogen or helium as a carrier gas achieving a much higher flow velocity for the gas than could be obtained using pure uranium hexafluoride. The Uranium Enrichment Corporation of South Africa (UCOR) developed and deployed the continuous Helikon vortex separation cascade for high production rate low-enrichment and the substantially different semi-batch Pelsakon low production rate high enrichment cascade both using a particular vortex tube separator design, and both embodied in industrial plant. A demonstration plant was built in Brazil by NUCLEI, a consortium led by Industrias Nucleares do Brasil that used the separation nozzle process. However all methods have high energy consumption and substantial requirements for removal of waste heat; none is currently still in use.


title: Enriched uranium

text: In the electromagnetic isotope separation process (EMIS), metallic uranium is first vaporized, and then ionized to positively charged ions. The cations are then accelerated and subsequently deflected by magnetic fields onto their respective collection targets. A production-scale mass spectrometer named the Calutron was developed during World War II that provided some of the U used for the Little Boy nuclear bomb, which was dropped over Hiroshima in 1945. Properly the term 'Calutron' applies to a multistage device arranged in a large oval around a powerful electromagnet. Electromagnetic isotope separation has been largely abandoned in favour of more effective methods.


title: Enriched uranium

text: One chemical process has been demonstrated to pilot plant stage but not used for production. The French CHEMEX process exploited a very slight difference in the two isotopes' propensity to change valency in oxidation/reduction, using immiscible aqueous and organic phases. An ion-exchange process was developed by the Asahi Chemical Company in Japan that applies similar chemistry but effects separation on a proprietary resin ion-exchange column.


title: Enriched uranium

text: Plasma separation process (PSP) describes a technique that makes use of superconducting magnets and plasma physics. In this process, the principle of ion cyclotron resonance is used to selectively energize the U isotope in a plasma containing a mix of ions. France developed its own version of PSP, which it called RCI. Funding for RCI was drastically reduced in 1986, and the program was suspended around 1990, although RCI is still used for stable isotope separation.


title: Enriched uranium

text: "Separative work" – the amount of separation done by an enrichment process – is a function of the concentrations of the feedstock, the enriched output, and the depleted tailings; and is expressed in units that are so calculated as to be proportional to the total input (energy / machine operation time) and to the mass processed. Separative work is "not" energy. The same amount of separative work will require different amounts of energy depending on the efficiency of the separation technology. Separative work is measured in "Separative work units" SWU, kg SW, or kg UTA (from the German "Urantrennarbeit" – literally "uranium separation work")


title: Enriched uranium

text: In addition to the separative work units provided by an enrichment facility, the other important parameter to be considered is the mass of natural uranium (NU) that is needed to yield a desired mass of enriched uranium. As with the number of SWUs, the amount of feed material required will also depend on the level of enrichment desired and upon the amount of U that ends up in the depleted uranium. However, unlike the number of SWUs required during enrichment, which increases with decreasing levels of U in the depleted stream, the amount of NU needed will decrease with decreasing levels of U that end up in the DU.


title: Enriched uranium

text: For example, in the enrichment of LEU for use in a light water reactor it is typical for the enriched stream to contain 3.6% U (as compared to 0.7% in NU) while the depleted stream contains 0.2% to 0.3% U. In order to produce one kilogram of this LEU it would require approximately 8 kilograms of NU and 4.5 SWU if the DU stream was allowed to have 0.3% U. On the other hand, if the depleted stream had only 0.2% U, then it would require just 6.7 kilograms of NU, but nearly 5.7 SWU of enrichment. Because the amount of NU required and the number of SWUs required during enrichment change in opposite directions, if NU is cheap and enrichment services are more expensive, then the operators will typically choose to allow more U to be left in the DU stream whereas if NU is more expensive and enrichment is less so, then they would choose the opposite.


title: Enriched uranium

text: The opposite of enriching is downblending; surplus HEU can be downblended to LEU to make it suitable for use in commercial nuclear fuel.


title: Enriched uranium

text: The HEU feedstock can contain unwanted uranium isotopes: U is a minor isotope contained in natural uranium (primarily as a product of alpha decay of - because the half-life of is much larger than that of , it'll be produced and destroyed at the same rate in a constant steady state equilibrium, bringing any sample with sufficient content to a stable ratio of to over long enough timescales); during the enrichment process, its concentration increases but remains well below 1%. High concentrations of U are a byproduct from irradiation in a reactor and may be contained in the HEU, depending on its manufacturing history. is produced primarily when absorbs a neutron and does not fission. The production of is thus unavoidable in any thermal neutron reactor with fuel. HEU reprocessed from nuclear weapons material production reactors (with an U assay of approx. 50%) may contain U concentrations as high as 25%, resulting in concentrations of approximately 1.5% in the blended LEU product. U is a neutron poison; therefore the actual U concentration in the LEU product must be raised accordingly to compensate for the presence of U. While also absorbs neutrons, it is a fertile material that is turned into fissile upon neutron absorption. If absorbs a neutron, the resulting short-lived beta decays to , which is not usable in thermal neutron reactors but can be chemically separated from spent fuel to be disposed of as waste or to be transmutated into (for use in nuclear batteries) in special reactors.


title: Enriched uranium

text: The blendstock can be NU, or DU, however depending on feedstock quality, SEU at typically 1.5 wt% U may be used as a blendstock to dilute the unwanted byproducts that may be contained in the HEU feed. Concentrations of these isotopes in the LEU product in some cases could exceed ASTM specifications for nuclear fuel, if NU, or DU were used. So, the HEU downblending generally cannot contribute to the waste management problem posed by the existing large stockpiles of depleted uranium. At present, 95 percent of the world's stocks of depleted uranium remain in secure storage.


title: Enriched uranium

text: A major downblending undertaking called the Megatons to Megawatts Program converts ex-Soviet weapons-grade HEU to fuel for U.S. commercial power reactors. From 1995 through mid-2005, 250 tonnes of high-enriched uranium (enough for 10,000 warheads) was recycled into low-enriched-uranium. The goal is to recycle 500 tonnes by 2013. The decommissioning programme of Russian nuclear warheads accounted for about 13% of total world requirement for enriched uranium leading up to 2008.


title: Enriched uranium

text: The United States Enrichment Corporation has been involved in the disposition of a portion of the 174.3 tonnes of highly enriched uranium (HEU) that the U.S. government declared as surplus military material in 1996. Through the U.S. HEU Downblending Program, this HEU material, taken primarily from dismantled U.S. nuclear warheads, was recycled into low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel, used by nuclear power plants to generate electricity.


title: Enriched uranium

text: The following countries are known to operate enrichment facilities: Argentina, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Iran, Japan, the Netherlands, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Belgium, Iran, Italy, and Spain hold an investment interest in the French Eurodif enrichment plant, with Iran's holding entitling it to 10% of the enriched uranium output. Countries that had enrichment programs in the past include Libya and South Africa, although Libya's facility was never operational. The Australian company Silex Systems has developed a laser enrichment process known as SILEX (separation of isotopes by laser excitation), which it intends to pursue through financial investment in a U.S. commercial venture by General Electric, Although SILEX has been granted a license to build a plant, the development is still in its early stages as laser enrichment has yet to be proven to be economically viable, and there is a petition being filed to review the license given to SILEX over nuclear proliferation concerns. It has also been claimed that Israel has a uranium enrichment program housed at the Negev Nuclear Research Center site near Dimona.


title: Enriched uranium

text: During the Manhattan Project, weapons-grade highly enriched uranium was given the codename oralloy, a shortened version of Oak Ridge alloy, after the location of the plants where the uranium was enriched. The term "oralloy" is still occasionally used to refer to enriched uranium.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season was the franchise's 72nd season, its 71st season in the National Basketball Association (NBA), and its 60th in Los Angeles. The Lakers were coached by Frank Vogel in his first year as team head coach. The Lakers played their home games at Staples Center as members of the Western Conference's Pacific Division. The Lakers had the third best team defensive rating in the NBA.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: On March 6, 2020, the Lakers clinched their first playoff berth since the 2012–13 season. Five days later, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the season was suspended. On July 5, the NBA announced a return of the season in the NBA Bubble, with 22 teams playing 8 seeding games followed by a full postseason. Play resumed on July 30 with all games being played in Orlando, Florida, and on August 3, the Lakers clinched both their first Pacific Division title since 2012 and the top seed in the Western Conference playoffs for the first time since the 2009–10 season.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The Lakers finished the season 52–19, with a winning percentage equal to 60 games in a full 82-game season. They defeated the Portland Trail Blazers, Houston Rockets, and Denver Nuggets each in five games to advance to the NBA Finals for the first time since 2010. There they defeated the Miami Heat (LeBron James' former team) in six games to earn the franchise's 17th NBA championship, tying them with the Boston Celtics for the most of any NBA franchise. The team dedicated the season and the Finals win to Kobe Bryant who was killed in a helicopter crash on January 26, 2020.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The Lakers finished the 2018–19 season 37–45 to finish in fourth place in the Pacific Division and failing to qualify for the playoffs for the sixth consecutive year. Following the season, Magic Johnson stepped down as president of basketball operations. On April 12, 2019, head coach Luke Walton and the team agreed to part ways. On May 11, the Lakers hired Frank Vogel as head coach. The season marked the first time since 2005 that LeBron James did not appear in the playoffs and first time since 2010 that he missed the Finals.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: On April 9, 2019, Magic Johnson stepped down as president of basketball operations. Three days after that, Luke Walton and the team agreed to part ways. On May 13, the team hired Frank Vogel as their new head coach and Jason Kidd was named an assistant coach.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The Lakers held one first round draft pick for the 2019 NBA Draft. They previously held the rights to two second rounders in this year's draft as well, but those selections were later traded to the Philadelphia 76ers and Atlanta Hawks as picks 34 and 41, respectively. On the night of the NBA draft lottery, the Lakers rose up seven spots from the projected 11th selection to the 4th pick of the draft. On June 15, the Lakers agreed to a trade that would send players Brandon Ingram, Lonzo Ball, and Josh Hart, and multiple draft picks, including the Lakers' 2019 1st round draft pick, to the New Orleans Pelicans in exchange for Anthony Davis. However, the trade was not finalized until July 6, during which time, the Washington Wizards were included in the deal as well.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: On June 15, 2019, the Lakers agreed to a trade with the New Orleans Pelicans to acquire six-time NBA All-Star power forward Anthony Davis, though the deal would not take full effect until July 6. In exchange for Davis, the Lakers agreed to give up forward Brandon Ingram, guards Lonzo Ball and Josh Hart, three first round picks (including their No. 4 overall selection in 2019), and a first round pick swap in 2023.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: On June 27, the Washington Wizards joined the trade to get Moritz Wagner, Isaac Bonga, Jemerrio Jones, and the Lakers' 2022 second-round pick in exchange for cash considerations.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: LeBron James and Davis would be selected to the All-Star Game for the 16th straight, and seventh straight years respectively. James would take Davis with the No. 1 pick in the All-Star draft. Additionally, Vogel was also selected to coach Team LeBron in the All-Star Game. Team LeBron would go on to win 157–155, with Davis hitting a game-winning free throw.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: By adding Davis, the Lakers got off to a fast start to the season, which included a 17–2 record by the end of November. Four months later, they were able to clinch their first playoff berth since the 2012–13 season with a win over the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: However, five days after clinching their playoff berth, the NBA season was abruptly suspended by league officials after it was reported that Rudy Gobert of the Utah Jazz tested positive for COVID-19. Two unidentified players of the Lakers would later test positive for COVID-19 on March 19. The season resumed, but Avery Bradley opted out of playing in the restart to remain with his family due to his oldest child, who had a history of struggling to recover from respiratory illnesses. The Lakers replaced him on the roster with J. R. Smith, reuniting him with LeBron whom he won a championship with in 2016 with the Cleveland Cavaliers.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: On January 26, 2020, tragedy struck the Lakers organization when former All-Star guard Kobe Bryant died in a helicopter crash that also claimed the lives of his daughter Gianna "Gigi" Bryant and seven other passengers. Bryant was 41 at the time of his death, and Gigi was 13. This prompted the Lakers to dedicate the rest of their season to his memory.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: † Originally scheduled for August 26. Game 5 was rescheduled due to a boycott from NBA players following the police involved shooting of Jacob Blake.


title: 2019–20 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: In the NBA playoffs, the Lakers faced off against the eight-seed Portland Trail Blazers in the first round and won the series in 5 games. In Western Conference semi-finals, they faced off against the fourth seed Houston Rockets, again winning in five games. They advanced to the Western Conference Finals for the first time since 2010, where they faced and defeated the Denver Nuggets in five games. They reached the NBA Finals for the first time in a decade, where they faced off the Eastern Conference champion Miami Heat, marking the first meeting between the two teams in the NBA Finals. The Lakers won the series in 6 games, winning the championship for the first time since the 2010 season. They became the first team since the 2007–08 Boston Celtics to go directly from a non-playoff season to a championship. This championship win also saw the Lakers tie the Celtics with the highest number of NBA championship wins at 17. The Lakers' LeBron James was named the NBA Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) for the fourth time in his career. He became the first player in league history to be named Finals MVP with three different franchises (two with the Heat, one with the Cleveland Cavaliers, and one with the Lakers) and he and Danny Green became the third and fourth players to win the NBA Finals with three different teams. Lakers president Jeanie Buss became the first female controlling owner to guide her team to an NBA title.


title: Bruno Lage

text: Bruno Miguel Silva do Nascimento (born 12 May 1976), known as Bruno Lage (), is a Portuguese football manager who most recently was the head coach of Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers.


title: Bruno Lage

text: During his short tenure as coach of Benfica in Portugal, he won the 2018–19 league title and the 2019 Super Cup.


title: Bruno Lage

text: Born in Setúbal, Lage started his coaching career in the youth ranks of hometown club Vitória de Setúbal in 1997.


title: Bruno Lage

text: Lage coached every youth team of Benfica from 2004 to 2012 and later worked as an assistant coach to Carlos Carvalhal at Sheffield Wednesday and Swansea City. Lage returned to Benfica as manager of their reserve team in July 2018 to replace Hélder Cristóvão.


title: Bruno Lage

text: During Benfica's 2018–19 season, Lage took charge of the club's first-team as caretaker manager, replacing Rui Vitória on 3 January 2019. He managed his first Primeira Liga game in a 4–2 home win over Rio Ave on 6 January and was appointed permanent head coach eight days later.


title: Bruno Lage

text: On 10 February, after winning two consecutive Lisbon derbies – including a 4–2 away win in the league – he led Benfica to the biggest Primeira Liga margin of victory since 1964 and to the league's highest scoring win since 1965, a 10–0 thrashing of Nacional, setting the record for the biggest win at the new Estádio da Luz. In his UEFA Europa League debut, Benfica won in Turkey for the first time in their history, beating Galatasaray 2–1 in the first leg of the round of 32.


title: Bruno Lage

text: As Benfica won 2–1 away in The Classic on 2 March 2019, Lage equalled Rui Vitória's 3 wins out of 16 matches against rivals Sporting and Porto. From matchday 16 to 34, Lage went on winning 18 league matches and drawing 1 to conquer his first major trophy, Benfica's 37th league title. With a 94% winning percentage, he surpassed Jimmy Hagan's record at Benfica and achieved Primeira Liga's all-time best second round: 49 points. In addition, he equalled Sven-Göran Eriksson's 1990–91 feat of beating Porto, Sporting, and Braga away in the same season. Lage also equalled Benfica's league scoring record of 103 goals in 1963–64.


title: Bruno Lage

text: Lage then started a second season at Benfica with a 5–0 win over Sporting CP in the Super Cup. On 17 September, he made his UEFA Champions League debut in a 2–1 home defeat to German side RB Leipzig, increasing Benfica's losses in the competition to 11 in the latest 14 matches.


title: Bruno Lage

text: On 29 June 2020, Lage made his position available after equalising Benfica's worst ever series of results – 2 wins in 13 matches in the 2000–01 season – and establishing a record of 5 consecutive matches without a win at Estádio da Luz, which included defeats to Braga and Santa Clara. He was replaced by his assistant coach Nélson Veríssimo on 30 June and had his contract terminated on 4 July that year.


title: Bruno Lage

text: In June 2021, Lage was lined up to succeed compatriot Nuno Espírito Santo at Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers. He required a hearing for a work permit as he did not qualify automatically to work in Britain post-Brexit. The hearing was successful and, on 9 June, he was confirmed as the club's new head coach.


title: Bruno Lage

text: On 14 August 2021, Lage lost 1–0 away to Leicester City on his debut. He achieved his first win ten days later, a 4–0 victory at Nottingham Forest in the second round of the 2021–22 EFL Cup. He got his first league win at the fourth attempt, a 2–0 win against Watford at Vicarage Road on 11 September. Lage's first win at Molineux came in his fourth such Premier League game of the season, a 2–1 success against Newcastle United on 2 October, both Wolves strikes coming from Hwang Hee-chan.


title: Bruno Lage

text: In 2021–22, Wolves came 10th, having not won any of their final seven games. Lage won away to opponents such as Aston Villa, Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur, but only scored more goals than the three relegated teams. His winless streak continued into the following season before ending at 12, with a 1–0 home win over Southampton on 3 September. On 2 October, after a defeat to West Ham United, Lage and his coaching staff were sacked, with the club 18th in the league.


title: Bruno Lage

text: Lage's son, Jaime (born April 2015), is named after Jaime Graça, Lage's biggest influence in football, as a mentor. Lage's younger brother, Luís Nascimento, is also a coach.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The city is located at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Fort Defiance, a Civil War camp, was built here in 1862 by Union General Ulysses S. Grant to control strategic access to the rivers, and launch and supply his successful campaigns south. Cairo has the lowest elevation of any location in Illinois and is the only Illinois city to be surrounded by levees. It is in the area of Southern Illinois known as Little Egypt, for which the city is named after Egypt's capital.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Several blocks in the town comprise the Cairo Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The Old Customs House is also on the NRHP. The city is part of the Cape Girardeau–Jackson, MO–IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. Developed as a river port, Cairo was later bypassed by transportation changes away from the large expanse of low-lying land and water, which surrounds Cairo, and due to industrial restructuring, the population peaked at 15,203 in 1920, while in the 2020 census it was 1,733.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The entire city was evacuated during the 2011 Mississippi River Floods, after the Ohio River rose higher than the 1937 flood levels, with the possibility of 15 feet of water inundating Cairo. The United States Army Corps of Engineers breached levees in the Mississippi flood zone near Cairo in Missouri to prevent flooding in Cairo and other more populous areas further downstream along both the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The first municipal charter for Cairo and for the Bank of Cairo were issued in 1818, but without any settlement and without any depositors. A second and successful effort to establish a town was made by the Cairo City and Canal Company in 1836–37, with a large levee built to encircle the site. However, this effort collapsed in 1840, with few settlers remaining.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Charles Dickens visited Cairo in 1842, and was unimpressed. The city would serve as his prototype for the nightmare City of Eden in his novel "Martin Chuzzlewit". In 1846, 10,000 acres in Cairo were purchased by the trustees of the Cairo City Property Trust, a group of investors including writer John Neal who planned to make it the terminus of the projected Illinois Central Railroad, which finally arrived there in 1855.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Cairo had been growing as an important river port for steamboats, which traveled all the way south to New Orleans. The city had been designated as a port of delivery by Act of Congress in 1854.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: A new city charter was written in 1857, and Cairo flourished as trade with Chicago to the north spurred development. By 1860, the population exceeded 2,000.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: During the Civil War, Admiral Andrew Hull Foote made Cairo the naval station for the Mississippi River Squadron on 6 September 1861. Since Cairo had no land available for base facilities, the navy yard repair shop machinery was afloat aboard wharf-boats, old steamers, tugs, flat-boats, and rafts. In January 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant occupied the city, and had Fort Defiance constructed to protect the confluence. Cairo became an important Union supply base and training center for the remainder of the war.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Military occupation caused much of the city's trade to be diverted by railroad to Chicago. Cairo failed to regain this important trade after the war, as more railroads converged on Chicago and it developed at a rapid pace, attracting stockyards, meat processing, and heavy industries. Instead, agriculture, lumber, and sawmills now dominated the Cairo economy.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The strategic importance of Cairo's geographic location during the Civil War sparked prosperity in the town. Several banks were founded during the war years, and the growth in banking and steamboat traffic continued after the war.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: In 1869 construction began on the United States Custom House and Post Office, which was designed by Alfred B. Mullet, the Supervising Architect. The custom house was completed in 1872. It served as a custom house, post office, and United States Court. The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Illinois met at the building until 1905.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: From 1905 to 1942, the Custom House was used for the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois. The building also housed the U.S. Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Illinois from 1905 to 1912. At the height of Cairo's prosperity, the post office in the building was the third busiest in the United States. It is one of only seven of Mullet's Victorian structures remaining in the nation, and the building has been converted for use as a museum. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: After the Civil War, the city became a hub for railroad shipping in the region, which added to its economy. By 1900 several railroad lines branched from Cairo. In addition to shipping and railroads, a major industry in Cairo was the operation of ferries. Into the late 19th century, nearly 250,000 railroad cars could be ferried across the river in as little as six months. Vehicles were also ferried, as there were no automobile bridges in the area in the early 20th century. The ferry industry created numerous jobs in Cairo to handle large amounts of cargo and numerous passengers through the city.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Wealthy merchants and shippers built numerous fine mansions in the 19th and early 20th century, including the Italianate "Magnolia Manor", completed in 1872, and the Second Empire "Riverlore Mansion", built by Capt. William P. Halliday in 1865. Across the street from the customs house, the Cairo Public Library was constructed in 1883 of Queen Anne-style architecture, finished with stained glass windows and ornate woodwork. The library was dedicated on July 19, 1884 as the A. B. Safford Memorial Library. Anna E. Safford paid for the construction of the Library and donated it to the city. These and other significant buildings are also listed on the National Register.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: For protection from seasonal flooding, Cairo is completely enclosed by a series of levees and flood walls, due to its low elevation between the rivers. Several buildings, including the old custom house, were originally designed to be built to a higher street level, to be at the same height as the top of the levees. That plan was scrapped as the cost of fill to raise the streets and surrounding land to that height proved to be impractical. In 1914 a large flood gate was constructed by Stupp Brothers of St. Louis, Missouri. The flood gate is known as the "Big Subway Gate", and it was designed to seal the northern levee in Cairo by closing over U.S. Highway 51. The gate weighs 80 tons, is 60 feet wide, 24 feet high, and five feet thick. With the addition of the gate, Cairo could become an island, completely sealed off from approaching flood waters.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Following the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the levee system around Cairo was strengthened. As part of this project, the Corps of Engineers established the Birds Point-New Madrid Floodway. The Ohio River flood of 1937 brought a record water level to Cairo that crested at 59.5 feet. To protect Cairo, Corps of Engineers closed the flood gate and blew a breach in the Bird's Point levee for the first time to relieve pressure on the Cairo flood wall. Following the flood, the concrete flood wall was raised to its current height. It is designed to protect the town from flood waters up to 64 feet.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: In 1942 the federal government constructed a new U.S. Post Office and Court House in Cairo. Still growing, the city had a population approaching 15,000. The new federal court house, located at 1500 Washington, was designed by the architects Louis A. Simon and George Howe. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois moved into the new court house in 1942, from the old U.S. Custom House and Post Office.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: After the U.S. district court structure in Illinois was reorganized in 1978, the court house was used for the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. The building remains in use by the federal courts and as the active post office for Cairo. The court house was built and is operated by the U.S. General Services Administration.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Cairo's turbulent history of race relations is marked by the 1909 spectacle lynching of black resident William James. In 1900, Cairo had a population of nearly 13,000. Of that total, approximately 5,000 residents were African-American, or 38 percent. In 1900, this was an unusually high black population for a town of Cairo's size in the North. Five percent of all black residents in the state of Illinois lived here. Later in the early 20th century, Chicago became the center of black life in the state, as it was the destination of tens of thousands of migrants during the Great Migration.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The Illinois constitution of 1818 allowed for limited slavery in the salt mines and allowed current slave owners to retain their slaves. The General Assembly also passed legislation that severely curtailed the rights of free blacks residing in the state and discouraged the migration of free blacks. If a black person was unable to present proof of their freedom they could be fined $50 or sold by the sheriff to the highest bidder. Not long after the passage of the constitution, the state's general assembly adopted a pro-slavery resolution that announced its approval of slavery in slave-holding states and at the same time condemned the formation of abolition societies within Illinois’ boundaries.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Although blacks comprised a large proportion of the Cairo population, they were frequently discriminated against in jobs and housing. Race relations were strained in 1900. The state passed an anti-lynching law in 1905.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: On the night of November 11, 1909, two men were lynched. The first was William James, an African American accused of the murder of Anna Pelly, a young white woman killed three days earlier, although there was no physical or circumstantial evidence connecting him to the crime. The second man lynched was Henry Salzner, a white man who had allegedly murdered his wife the previous August.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: James was accused of killing Pelly by choking her to death in an alley with pieces of a flour sack on the evening of November 8, 1909. Pelly's body was discovered the next morning. Police believed that James was large enough to have committed the crime, especially as there were rumors of an accomplice. James was placed in police custody on Tuesday, where he remained until Wednesday evening. No physical evidence linked him to the crime. As word of the crime spread, whites in Cairo demanded an immediate trial of James, but the case was delayed by the court. The white townspeople grew infuriated by the delay in a speedy trial, and the threat of mob violence quickly developed. On November 10, Sheriff Frank E. Davis arranged to take James out of the city jail on an Illinois Central train to avoid mob violence.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: But the increasingly large mob in Cairo learned of this and seized another train, racing to catch up with the sheriff and James. Sheriff Davis' attempt to save James from the mob proved futile when the mob intercepted Davis and his prisoner. The mob returned James to Cairo and took him to the intersection of Commercial Avenue and Eighth Street. Approximately 10,000 people had gathered for a spectacle lynching as the leaders attempted to hang James from large steel arches that spanned the intersection. The rope broke and James survived the hanging, but members of the armed mob shot him more than 500 times, killing him. The mob dragged James' body to the scene of Pelly's murder. His head was cut from his body and displayed on a pole that was stuck into the ground, and his body was burned.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Hundreds of townspeople conducted a search for the alleged accomplice, Arthur Alexander. Unable to locate him and still bloodthirsty, they entered the court house jail and broke into the cell where Henry Salzner was being held. The mob hanged Salzner from a telegraph pole near the courthouse, and the crowd shot his body many times. After hanging Salzner, the mob continued searching for Alexander long into the night. Police and sheriff deputies located Alexander before the mob did, and they took him to the county jail disguised as a police officer. Some newspapers mistakenly reported that he was lynched.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The mob continued to search for Alexander, also threatening the mayor and chief of police, who were guarded in their homes by more police against the mob. Governor Charles S. Deneen of Illinois dispatched 11 companies of militia to Cairo to suppress the violence. By the time the mob discovered the next morning that Alexander was held at the jail, the soldiers had arrived and prevented further violence.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: A group of civil rights activists in Chicago hired journalist Ida B. Wells to investigate the lynchings. After the residents had calmed down, Governor Deneen dismissed Sheriff Davis for failing to protect James and Salzner, and Wells sided with the governor against reinstatement. This was the way he enforced the 1905 anti-lynching law.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The slow economic decline of Cairo can be traced to local and regional changes back to the early 20th century. In 1889 the Illinois Central Railroad bridge was completed over the Ohio River, which brought about a decline in ferry business. The immediate economic impact was not severe, as the railroad traffic still was directed through Cairo, and automobile and truck traffic increased in the early 20th century.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: In 1905 a second bridge was constructed across the Mississippi River at Thebes, Illinois. The effects of the second bridge were more severe, as rail traffic through Cairo was now reduced and railroad ferry operations were no longer necessary. As the steamboat industry was replaced with barges, river traffic had less reason to stop in Cairo.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: In 1929, the Cairo Mississippi River Bridge was completed, linking Missouri with Illinois to the south of Cairo. In 1937 the Cairo Ohio River Bridge was completed. Completion of the two bridges ended the ferry industry in Cairo, putting many people out of work. As the town was bypassed by two bridges to the south, it also lost the benefit of motorist travel and trade between the states. Motorists cross the southern tip of Illinois between Missouri and Kentucky, completely bypassing the city of Cairo. While the city was protected by its levees from destruction when the Ohio River rose to record heights during the 1937 flood, the city's economic decline continued.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Between the 1930s and 1960s, the population in Cairo remained fairly steady; however, many jobs were gone as the shipping, railroad, and ferry industries left the city. Population decline began as workers moved to other cities.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Racial tensions rose in the late 1960s as African Americans sought implementation of gains under new federal civil rights laws passed as a result of the Civil Rights Movement. The police, fire department and most city jobs were still overwhelmingly dominated by whites. African Americans were allegedly harassed by the police and unjustly targeted. On July 16, 1967, Robert Hunt, a 19-year-old black soldier home on leave, was allegedly found hanged in the Cairo police station. Police reported that Hunt had hanged himself with his T-shirt, but many members of the black community of Cairo accused the police of murder. There had been an alleged history of police discrimination and violence against black residents of the city.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The death of Robert Hunt sparked aggressive protests in Cairo's black community. On July 17, 1967, a large portion of the black population in Cairo began rioting. The black rioting that erupted in 1967 was not confined to Cairo; it was part of a larger pattern of more than 40 racially motivated riots that broke out in major cities in the United States in the summer of 1967. During the night of rioting on July 17, three stores and a warehouse in Cairo were burned to the ground, and windows were broken out of numerous other buildings. The National Guard unit at Cairo was activated to respond to the violence.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: On July 20, 1967, one of the leaders of the violence in Cairo warned white city officials, "Cairo will look like Rome burning down" if city leaders did not meet the demands of the black groups in Cairo by Sunday, July 23, 1967. The spokesman represented approximately one hundred black residents of the Pyramid Court housing project. They demanded new job opportunities, organized recreation programs for their children, and an end to police brutality. Cairo Mayor Lee Stenzel and other city leaders met with federal and state representatives to ensure that a plan was developed to satisfy the demands by the deadline in an effort to head off any additional rioting.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: In response to the rioting, the white community in Cairo formed a citizens protection group that was deputized by the sheriff. The protection group became known as the "White Hats", because many of its 600 members began wearing white construction hats to show their membership while patrolling the streets to maintain order. In the following two years, accusations of White Hat bullying incidents in the black community began to increase. In early 1969, a few activists of the civil rights struggle formed the Cairo United Front, a civil rights organization to bringing together the local NAACP, a cooperative association, and a couple of black street gangs. The Cairo United Front was formed to organize the efforts of the black population in Cairo to counter the White Hats. The United Front formally accused the White Hats of intimidating the black community, and presented a list of seven demands to the City of Cairo. The seven demands included appointment of a black police chief, appointment of a black assistant fire chief, and an equal black-white ratio in all city jobs.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Racial violence in Cairo reached a peak during summer 1969 as the Cairo United Front began leading protests and demonstrations to end segregation and draw attention to its seven demands. The protests led to a rash of violence that was stopped only when Illinois Governor Richard Ogilvie deployed National Guardsmen to restore the peace. In summer 1969, the Cairo United Front also began what became a decade-long boycott of white-owned businesses, which had generally not hired blacks as clerks or staff. The boycott encompassed virtually all the businesses in the town.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: In December 1969, violence escalated again and several businesses were burned on Saturday, December 6. Early that morning, residents of the Pyramid Courts housing project opened fire on three firemen and the Chief of Police while they were responding to one of the intense fires. During the shootout, the Chief of Police and one of the firemen were shot by a high-powered rifle. Thirteen people were eventually arrested during the conflict. The Cairo Chief of Police resigned the next month, stating that Cairo lacked both the legal and physical means to deal with the "guerrilla warfare tactics" that had left the town in a state of turmoil for over two years.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: To enforce the boycott, African-American picketing of businesses continued throughout 1970. In December, the city enacted a new city ordinance banning picketing within 20 feet of a business. Another large violent clash erupted as a result of the new city ordinance. Following the violence, the United Front called for another large rally and resumed picketing at white-owned businesses despite the new ordinance. The picketing turned violent after police heard shots fired and moved on the crowd.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: In 1978, the Interstate 57 bridge across the Mississippi River was opened. The interstate largely bypassed Cairo, crippling the remaining hospitality industry in the city. Cairo's hospital closed in December 1986, due to high debt and a dwindling number of patients.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: With the decline in river trade, as has been the case in many other cities on the Mississippi, Cairo has suffered a marked decline in its economy and population. Its highest population was 15,203 in 1920; in 2020 it had 1,733 residents, about an 89% loss of population from its peak a century earlier. The city has decreased in population for eight consecutive US census reports from 1950 to 2020.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The city faces many significant socio-economic challenges for the remaining population, including poverty, crime, issues in education, unemployment and rebuilding its tax base.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The closure of the Elmwood and McBride housing projects was announced by the federal government in 2017. Ben Carson, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, visited the city in August 2017. Some 10 families had found new housing, but an estimated 400 people will be affected by the closure.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The community and region are working to stop abandonment of the city. They are restoring some architectural landmarks, and plan to develop heritage tourism focusing on the city's history and relationship to the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Other cities have used such strategies to attract visitors and build new businesses to their communities.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: A community clinic offers medical and dental care, and several mental health services. Local media include the "Cairo Citizen" weekly newspaper.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Cairo is located at the confluence of the Ohio River with the Mississippi, near Mounds, Illinois. The elevation above sea level is . The lowest point in the state of Illinois is located in Cairo at the Mississippi River.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Cairo has a total area of , of which (or 76.72%) is land and (or 23.28%) is water.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The city of Cairo has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen "Cfa") and has many characteristics of a city in the Upland South. Summers are warm and humid, with a daily average in July of and temperatures reaching on an average of 40 days annually. Winters are generally cool with mild periods, though extended stretches of cold can occur. Cairo's winter is typically mild by Illinois standards, as the January daily average is . Precipitation is spread relatively uniformly throughout the year. On average, Cairo's low elevation and proximity to the Mississippi and Ohio rivers prevent strong winter lows and plunging temperatures; however, during the summer months, those similar features retain heat and humidity, creating muggy conditions.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: As of the 2020 census there were 1,733 people, 828 households, and 377 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,036 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 25.33% White, 68.96% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.63% from other races, and 4.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.15% of the population.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: There were 828 households, out of which 48.31% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.07% were married couples living together, 20.29% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.47% were non-families. 52.29% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.55% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.42 and the average family size was 2.16.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The city's age distribution consisted of 21.7% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 16.9% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 23.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The median income for a household in the city was $27,661, and the median income for a family was $31,280. Males had a median income of $14,464 versus $21,188 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,661. About 32.9% of families and 36.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 72.1% of those under age 18 and 14.2% of those age 65 or over.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 2,831 people, 1,268 households, and 677 families residing in the city. There were 1,599 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 69.6% Black or African American, 27.9% White, less than 0.1% Native American, less than 0.1% Asian, less than 0.1% Pacific Islander, less than 0.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were less than 0.1% of the population.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: There were 1,268 households, of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.2% were married couples living together, 28.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.6% were non-families. 43.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 3.00.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The distribution of the population by age was 31.6% 19 or under, 6.3% from 20 to 24, 19.2% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% 65 or older. The median age was 36.9 years.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The median income for a household in the city was $16,682, and the median income for a family was $31,507. Males working full-time, year-round had a median income of $37,750 versus $21,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,461. About 33.0% of families and 44.2% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 71.7% of those under the age of 18 and 20.6% of those ages 65 and older.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 3,632 people, 1,561 households, and 900 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,885 housing units at an average density of 103.2 per km (267.3 per sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 35.93% white, 61.70% black or African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 1.18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.74% of the population.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: There were 1,561 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.3% were married couples living together, 25.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.3% were non-families. 39.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.08.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The distribution of the population by age was 30.4% under 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 22.0% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 70.2 males.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The median income for a household in the city was $21,607, and the median income for a family was $28,242. Males had a median income of $28,798 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,220. About 27.1% of families and 33.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 47.0% of those under the age of 18 and 20.9% of those ages 65 and older.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The city is served by Cairo Community Unit School District 1. Based on census estimates, the Cairo school district has the highest percentage in Illinois of children in poverty, 60.6%. This is the fifteenth highest percentage of any city in the United States. The district has one elementary school, Emerson Elementary School. Middle and high school students attend Cairo Junior/Senior High School. Bennett Elementary School closed in 2010.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Belleville formerly operated St. Joseph Grade School. It was previously K-12, but by 2001 it had only elementary grades. Enrollment was over 130 during the 1976-1977 school year. This figure dropped to 63 in 2000, and then 25, including 7 Catholic students, in the 2002-2003 school year. The school closed in 2003.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Cairo is in Illinois's 12th congressional district and is represented in Congress by Republican Mike Bost. In 2020, 42.60 percent of Alexander County voters cast ballots for Democratic candidate and the 46th President Joe Biden.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Amtrak's Chicago–New Orleans "City of New Orleans" served Cairo until October 25, 1987; since then, its closest stops to Cairo are Carbondale, Illinois, to the north, and Fulton, Kentucky, to the south.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Cairo's location on a spit of land that lies between the Mississippi and Ohio rivers made overlapping US 60 and 62 briefly through Illinois more practical than directly connecting Missouri and Kentucky.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: The closest airports with regular service are Barkley Regional Airport and Cape Girardeau Regional Airport. The airports are approximately 23 miles and 26 miles away, respectively.


title: Cairo, Illinois

text: Magnolia Manor is a postbellum manor, built by the Cairo businessman Charles A. Galigher in 1869. It is a 14-room red brick house which features double walls intended to keep out the city's famous dampness with their ten-inch airspaces. Inside the home are many original, 19th-century furnishings. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 17, 1969. The house is operated as a Victorian period historic house museum by the Cairo Historical Association.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: "Vogue" is a song by the American singer Madonna from her second soundtrack album, "I'm Breathless" (1990). It was released as the first single from the album on March 27, 1990, by Sire Records. Madonna was inspired by vogue dancers and choreographers Jose Gutierez Xtravaganza and Luis Xtravaganza from the Harlem "House Ball" community, the origin of the dance form, and they introduced "vogueing" to her at the Sound Factory club in New York City. "Vogue" is a house song which set trends in dance music in the 1990s with strong influences of 1970s disco within its composition. "Vogue" also contains a spoken section, in which Madonna name-checks various "Golden Age" Hollywood stars. Lyrically, the song is about enjoying oneself on the dance floor no matter who one is and it contains a theme of escapism. "Vogue" has appeared in a remixed form on two of Madonna's greatest hits compilations: "The Immaculate Collection" (1990) and "Celebration" (2009).


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: Critically, "Vogue" has been met with appreciation ever since its release; reviewers have praised its anthemic nature and listed it as one of Madonna's career highlights. Commercially, the song remains one of Madonna's biggest international hits, topping the charts in over 30 countries, including Australia, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified "Vogue" with double platinum, becoming the first single by a female artist earning a multiplatinum certification since the introduction of that level by the RIAA in 1984. Worldwide, it became the best-selling single of 1990, selling over six million copies.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: The accompanying music video for "Vogue", directed by David Fincher, was shot in black-and-white and takes stylistic inspiration from the 1920s and 1930s. Madonna and her dancers can be seen vogueing to different choreographed moves. The video has been ranked as one of the greatest of all time in different critic lists and polls, and won three awards at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards out of a total of nine nominations.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: Madonna has performed the song on six of her world tours, at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards and at her performance during the halftime show of Super Bowl XLVI. The song has also been featured on the soundtrack of "The Devil Wears Prada" (2006), as well as in "The Power of Madonna" episode of the Fox show "Glee". Writers and critics have noted the video and the song's influence in bringing an underground subculture into mainstream popular culture through the postmodern nature of her power and influence, as well as the way in which it followed a new trend in which dance music enjoyed widespread popularity.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: Producer Shep Pettibone had produced successful remixes for a number of Madonna songs and provided additional production on her singles "Like a Prayer" and "Express Yourself". Warner Music head of dance music Craig Kostich approached Pettibone with the idea of collaborating with Madonna on a new song. Pettibone recalled that "Vogue" was created quickly and cheaply; he wrote and recorded the backing track in two weeks on a budget of $5000, then submitted it to Madonna, who wrote the lyrics and conceived the title.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: Madonna (who had just finished working on the "Dick Tracy" film and soundtrack) flew to New York and recorded her vocals in a small 24-track basement studio on West 56th St, in a booth that had been converted from a closet. According to Pettibone, Madonna was efficient in the studio, rapidly tracking all the verse and chorus vocals in order, in single takes. Pettibone proposed the idea of a rap to fill the middle eight. He suggested namechecking classic film stars, so he and Madonna quickly wrote a list of names and she recorded it immediately. Pettibone also came up with the vocal coda ("Ooooh, you've got to, let your body move to the music"). After Madonna returned to Los Angeles, Pettibone added piano and altered the bassline to fit her vocal. The finished song was submitted to Warners, three weeks after Kostich's approach.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: "Vogue" was originally intended to be the B-side for "Keep It Together" (the final single from "Like a Prayer"), but after the completed track was presented to Warner Bros. executives, all parties involved decided that "Vogue" should be released as a single. Although the song itself had nothing to do with "Dick Tracy", it was included on the album "I'm Breathless", which contained songs from and inspired by the film. Madonna altered some of the suggestive lyrics because the song was connected to the Disney film via soundtrack. "Vogue" was also used in a commercial for "Dick Tracy", prompting "TV Guide Magazine" to condemn the commercial as false advertisement.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: "Vogue" is a house song with disco influence. The song has been noted by AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine to have a "deep house groove" and to have a "throbbing beat" by Mark Coleman of "Rolling Stone". The backing track also features elements of salsa-influenced soul music, including in the form of samples of horns and strings from the 1982 Salsoul Orchestra track "Ooh I Love It (Love Break)", the inclusion of which was later the subject of a lawsuit.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: J. Randy Taraborrelli, in his book "", wrote that the song was a "pulsating dance track". According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com at Alfred Publishing, the song is written in the key of A♭ major, has a tempo of 116 beats per minute, and in it, Madonna's vocal range spans from C to E♭. Lyrically, the song has a theme of escapism, and talks about how any person can enjoy themself.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: In the bridge, the song has a spoken rap section, in which Madonna references sixteen "Golden Age" Hollywood stars from the 1920s to the 1950s. In order of mention in the lyrics, they are Greta Garbo, Marilyn Monroe, Marlene Dietrich, Joe DiMaggio, Marlon Brando, Jimmy Dean, Grace Kelly, Jean Harlow, Gene Kelly, Fred Astaire, Ginger Rogers, Rita Hayworth, Lauren Bacall, Katharine Hepburn, Lana Turner and Bette Davis. Ten of the stars mentioned in the song (namely Davis, Dean, Dietrich, DiMaggio, Garbo, Harlow, Rogers, Turner, and both Kellys) were entitled to a royalty payment of $3,750, payable to their estates, when Madonna performed "Vogue" at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in 2012, as their likenesses were displayed during the performance. At the time, Bacall was the lone living star; she died in 2014, at the age of 89.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: Madonna and Pettibone were sued by VMG Salsoul in June 2012 based on the accusation that they had sampled the 1976 song "Love Break" by the Salsoul Orchestra. Pettibone's defense was that he recreated the horn sound, not sampled it. The case was decided in their favor; the judge found that "no reasonable audience" would be able to discern the sampled portions, as they were insignificant to "Vogue". That decision was affirmed by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: "Vogue" has been lauded by critics since its release. AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine claimed that the song was "Madonna's finest single moment" and that it had an "instantly memorable melody". In a review of "The Immaculate Collection", Erlewine also claimed that the song was "sleek" and "stylish". Jose F. Promis, in another AllMusic review, claimed that "Vogue" was a "crowning artistic achievement". Bill Coleman from "Billboard" commented that "the starlet's pop/house homage to the underground (soon to be pushed very overground) fad pulls off its aims." He stated that it "maintains the flavor of Pettibone's past 'house' treatments with a bit of his classic 'Love Break' tossed in for good "déjà vu" measure." Ernest Hardy from "Cashbox" stated that "pop savvy takes well to a house setting", adding, "it's gonna be a Madonna Summer". Jim Farber from "Entertainment Weekly", in a relatively negative review of "I'm Breathless", asserted that the "finale of 'Vogue'" is "the sole bright spot". David Giles from "Music Week" stated that "it possesses a meatier groove than we've been used to and also a silly 'list' segment that reduces her to the level of the Beloved." In his review of "I'm Breathless", Mark Coleman from "Rolling Stone" wrote that, whilst the song initially sounded "lackluster", within the album's context, it "gains a startling resonance". Sal Cinquemani of "Slant Magazine", in his review of the album as a whole, claimed that whilst the "hugely influential" song initially sounded "grossly out of place", it turns out to be "a fitting finale" for "I'm Breathless". J. Randy Taraborrelli, in his book, "", wrote that the song was a "funky, uptown anthem celebrating the art of 'voguing'", as well as that the rap section "is still one of Madonna's greatest camp musical moments".


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: In 2003, Madonna fans were asked to vote for their Top 20 Madonna singles of all-time by "Q-Magazine". "Vogue" was allocated the number-14 spot. In 2007, VH1 ranked the song fifth on its list of Greatest Songs of the 90s. "Slant Magazine" placed "Vogue" at number ten on their Best Singles of the '90s list, as well as at number three in their list of the 100 Greatest Dance Songs. "Vogue", on addition, has received numerous accolades. It won the 1991 Juno Award for Best Selling International Single, as well as winning the American Music Award for Favourite Dance Single. The song, based on the 1990 "Rolling Stone" Reader's Poll Awards, was voted Best single. The song was also ranked as the fourth best song of 1990 on that year's Pazz & Jop poll by "The Village Voice".


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: After its release, "Vogue" reached number one in over 30 countries worldwide, becoming Madonna's biggest hit at that time. It was also the best-selling single of 1990 with sales of more than two million, and has sold more than six million copies worldwide to date. In addition, "Vogue" became up that time the highest-selling single on WEA, surpassing Chic's 1978 single, "Le Freak".


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: In the US, massive airplay and sales demand in response to the popular music video in April 1990 made way for "Vogue"'s number 39 debut in the week of April 14. The song shot to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in its sixth week on the chart, dated May 19, 1990, displacing Sinéad O'Connor's four-week run in the top spot with "Nothing Compares 2 U". The song also reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, remaining there for two weeks. On June 28, 1990, "Vogue" was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of two million copies of the physical single across United States. "Vogue" became the first multiplatinum single by a female artist —and third overall— since the introduction of multiplatinum awards by the RIAA in 1984. To date, it remains Madonna's best-selling physical single in the country. As of 2010, "Vogue" has sold additional 311,000 digital downloads, according to Nielsen SoundScan.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: "Vogue" was also a success in Europe by topping the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles chart for eight consecutive weeks. In the United Kingdom, the song knocked Snap!'s "The Power" off the number one slot and stayed there for four weeks, continuing a trend of club/pop crossovers going to number one. It was helped in the UK by multi-formatting. As well as the 7-inch, 12-inch, CD and cassette singles, the label released four limited editions: 12-inch with Face of the 80s poster, 12-inch with 'X-rated' poster and an extra remix on the B-side, 7-inch picture disc and 12-inch picture disc. According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 663,000 units as of April 2019. Released as a double A-side to "Keep It Together", "Vogue" also topped the Australian ARIA singles chart for five weeks.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: The video was directed by David Fincher and shot at the Burbank Studios in Burbank, California, on February 10–11, 1990. The video was brought together after a large casting call in Los Angeles where hundreds of different sorts of dancers appeared.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: Filmed in black-and-white, the video recalls the look of films and photography from the Golden Age of Hollywood with the use of artwork by the Art Deco artist Tamara de Lempicka and an Art Deco set design. Many of the scenes are recreations of photographs taken by noted photographer Horst P. Horst, including his famous "Mainbocher Corset", "Lisa with Turban" (1940), and "Carmen Face Massage" (1946). Horst was reportedly "displeased" with Madonna's video because he never gave his permission for his photographs to be used and received no acknowledgement from Madonna. Some of the close-up poses recreate noted portraits of such stars as Marilyn Monroe, Bette Davis, Veronica Lake, Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich, Katharine Hepburn, Judy Garland and Jean Harlow. (Additionally, several stars of this era were name-checked in the song's lyrics.) Several famous Hollywood portrait photographers whose style and works are referenced include George Hurrell, Eugene Robert Richee, Don English, Whitey Schafer, Ernest Bachrach, Scotty Welbourne, László Willinger, and Clarence Sinclair Bull.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: The video features the dancers for Madonna's then-upcoming Blond Ambition World Tour – Donna De Lory, Niki Harris, Luis Xtravaganza Camacho, Jose Gutierez Xtravaganza, Salim Gauwloos, Carlton Wilborn, Gabriel Trupin, Oliver Crumes and Kevin Stea. The choreography was set by "Punk Ballerina" Karole Armitage. The video premiered worldwide on MTV on March 29, 1990, and it also premiered on BET on November 22 that same year, making it the first video by Madonna to air on an African-American channel.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: There are two versions of the video, the regularly aired television music video, and the 12-inch remix, which is the extended version over three minutes longer.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: The black-and-white video, set in Art Deco-themed 1920s and 1930s surroundings, starts off showing different sculptures, works of art, as well as Madonna's dancers posing. Along with this are images of a maid and a butler cleaning up inside what seems to be a grand house. When the dance section of the song starts, Madonna turns around, and, similarly to the lyrics, strikes a pose. The video progresses, and images of men with fedoras, Madonna wearing the controversial sheer lace dress and other outfits, follow. As the chorus begins, Madonna and her dancers start to perform a vogue dance routine, where she sings the chorus as her dancers mime the backing vocals. After this, other scenes of Madonna in different outfits and imitations of golden-era Hollywood stars progresses, after which there is a scene with Madonna's dancers voguing. Finally, after this scene, Madonna can be seen wearing her iconic "cone bra", after which she also performs a dance routine with a fellow dancer. As the rap section begins, different clips of Madonna posing in the style of famous photographs or portraits of Hollywood stars, begins, ultimately followed by a choreographed scene with her dancers and backup singers.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: MTV placed the video at second on their list of 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made in 1999. In 1993, "Rolling Stone" magazine listed the video as the twenty-eighth best music video of all-time. Also, the same magazine listed "Vogue" as the number-two music video of all time in 1999 second only to "Michael Jackson's Thriller". It was also ranked at number five on the Top 100 Videos That Broke The Rules, issued by MTV on the channel's 25th anniversary in August 2006. It was the third time Fincher and Madonna collaborated on a video (the first being 1989's "Express Yourself" and the second being 1989's "Oh Father"). About.com listed as the best Madonna video.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: There was some controversy surrounding the video due to a scene in which Madonna's breasts and, if the viewer looks closely, her nipples could be seen through her sheer lace blouse, as seen in the picture on the right. MTV wanted to remove this scene, but Madonna refused, and the video aired with the shot intact.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: "Vogue" music video received a total of nine MTV Video Music Awards nominations, becoming her most-nominated video at the award show. It won Best Direction, Best Editing and Best Cinematography. The video was voted number two on MTV's 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: In 2019, "Vogue" became Madonna's fourth music video to reach over 100 million views across four different decades (following "Bitch I'm Madonna", "Hung Up" and "La Isla Bonita") which made her the first female artist in history to achieve this feat within the streaming era.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: The song was performed on most of her tours and featured extensively on her live albums across the decades, including the Blond Ambition World Tour, Girlie Show Tour, Re-Invention World Tour, the Sticky & Sweet Tour, the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, The MDNA Tour, Rebel Heart Tour, and Madame X Tour.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: On April 13 1990, Vogue debuted during the Blond Ambition World Tour in Japan, as part of the "Dick Tracy" segment of the show. The performance featured various cutouts of Tamara de Lempicka's paintings as backdrops, with the singer and the dancers wearing black spandex and doing the original choreography from the music video. On September 6, 1990, a month after the end of the Blond Ambition World Tour, Madonna made her now-famous appearance at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards, lip-synching to "Vogue" with backing vocalists Donna De Lory and Niki Haris and Madonna's male dancers. The performance was repeated the following night at the AIDS Project Los Angeles' fourth annual Commitment To Life benefit at the Wiltern Theater, where Madonna was honored with an award. Writer Carol Clerk has suggested that Madonna bore "great resemblance to Marie Antoinette". In a 2015 interview former Madonna dancers Luis Camacho and Jose Gutierez explained that the inspiration for theme in fact came from the 1988 film "Dangerous Liaisons". Prior to the VMA performance, Madonna was uncertain whether she should perform "Vogue" or "Keep It Together", but just before the end of the concert tour, during a game of charades with her troupe, Madonna realized the connection between the "arrogant and aristocratic" attitudes and mannerisms of vogueing, and those of the characters in "Dangerous Liaisons", so she arranged for the troupe to be dressed in appropriate 18th-century-styled costumes, and Madonna herself performed in one of the lavish gowns that Glenn Close had worn in the film. Camacho also recalled that the troupe was very nervous about their performance, because part of the routine called for Madonna and her singers to throw their fans in the air and catch them, but they kept dropping them in rehearsals. However, on the night, the move went off flawlessly, and Camacho said that the dancers were so relieved that they spontaneously applauded them. During the performance, Madonna and her dancers flashed their undergarments during their routine, at one point Madonna pushed the faces of two male dancers into her breasts, one of her dancers also fondled her breasts, and another briefly put his head under Madonna's skirts. Overall, the performance was ranked as the second best in the history of MTV Video Music Awards in a 2014 "Billboard" poll. In 2022, the staff of "Billboard" ranked at number one this performance in their "22 Best VMAs Performances of All Time".


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: On 25 September 1993, Vogue was the third song, as part of Girlie Show Tour, as part of the "Dominatrix" section. The performance featured Madonna wearing an elaborate Asian beaded headdress and engaging in a Thai-inspired choreography. The song made its debut almost a decade later on the Reinvention Tour, as part of the "Marie Antoinette" segment of the show. It began with "The Beast Within"; an ominous reading from the Book of Revelation was done by Madonna while the screens flashed images and footage from "X-STaTIC PRO=CeSS". As the video ended, the singer emerged on a rising platform, wearing the Lacroix corset and striking yoga poses to perform the song. On the Sticky and Sweet Tour, Vogue and "4 Minutes" were remixed together, as part of the "Pimp" segment of the show. Madonna wore a see through shirt, a black bra, underwear and tall boots. Her dancers were dressed in skin colour and black lace lingerie-inspired body suits.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: The song was featured during the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, which was broadcast on NBC on February 5, 2012. It began as a procession to the stage, with men dressed as gladiators pulling a large structure hidden from view by large gold-colored flags. As "Vogue" began the flags were removed, revealing Madonna in a long, gold-colored cape and an ancient-Egyptian helmet seated on a large throne. The procession reached the stage, and the singer began performing "Vogue". During the chorus, the stadium floor lit up to reveal animated "Vogue" magazine covers featuring Madonna. The stage used multimedia projection and technology conceived by Moment Factory and Cirque du Soleil. The magazine effect was achieved by projection mapping, which turns an object (often irregularly-shaped) into a surface for video projection. Although projection mapping had been used to introduce the Nokia Lumia and project images of NBA players on the Hudson River in 2011, it had never been used on such a large scale. A remixed interlude of "Justify My Love" began the "Masculine/Feminine" act of the MDNA Tour; the black-and-white video showed Madonna running away from masked dancers and locking herself inside a room. The performance of Vogue followed on and saw her wearing the re-worked Gaultier conical corset while the dancers wore black-and-white avant-garde outfits. Backdrops of the Empire State Building were projected on the screen and flashing lights, and clicking sounds to that of a paparazzi camera were incorporated into the performance.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: In 2015, Vogue was performed on the Rebel Heart Tour. During "Holy Water", the female dancers were dressed as nuns and danced on 20-feet cross-like poles; halfway through the performance, Madonna climbed onto one of the poles and sang a fragment of "Vogue". She then performed the rest of "Holy Water" with pictures of the Apostles on the video screens, followed by a reenactment of the Last Supper. This was the penultimate song under "Joan of Arc/Samurai" segment of the show. On June 30 2019, Madonna performed Vogue during her mini concert for Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 at Pier 97, Hudson River Park, New York City. The performance featured Madonna and look-a-like dancers, dressed in sunglasses, high-heels and large trench coats walking up a set of stairs and dancing using fans. For this performance, Madonna wore her famous Madame X eyepatch, which featured a rainbow coloured X on it. Madonna extracted this performance and incorporated it into her Madame X Tour. At the end of the performance, she bangs her knuckles on a type-writer as the dancers leave the stage, with echoing sounds of her declaring her Madame X persona.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: In 1992, Finnish progressive metal band Waltari recorded a cover version for their album "Torcha!", which became a single and has a video clip. In 1998, Britney Spears added the song to the setlist of her ...Baby One More Time Tour, along with Madonna's "Material Girl". "Vogue" was featured in the 2006 film "The Devil Wears Prada" and appears as the opening track of its soundtrack album. Australian singer Kylie Minogue used the song in both her and For You, For Me Tour, as a mashup with her own song "Burning Up". In 2008, Rihanna performed the song during the Fashion Rocks show. In 2014, the studio version of the recording leaked online.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: On the Fox TV show "Glee", Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) sang and performed in a "Vogue" music video on the March 2010 all-Madonna episode, with the name of Ginger Rogers replaced by the name of Sue Sylvester, and the phrase "Bette Davis, we love you" replaced by the phrase "Will Schuester, I hate you". The song charted at number 106 on the UK Singles Chart. Beth Ditto included "Vogue" in several live performances, including at Moscow Miller Party. She also paid homage to "Vogue" with the video of her single "I Wrote the Book". In 2014, Katy Perry used a snippet of "Vogue" and mashed it with her own song "International Smile", during The Prismatic World Tour. In 2015, Ariana Grande performed a mashup of "Vogue" and Chaka Khan's "I'm Every Woman" during the third leg of The Honeymoon Tour.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: In August 2022, American singer Beyoncé teamed up with Madonna for "The Queens Remix" of her single, "Break My Soul". The remix heavily interpolates "Vogue", and pays homage to iconic Black women in music. Few days after the release, Beyoncé thanked Madonna for allowing her to use the song, and she also revealed that Madonna was the one that named the remix. On August 5, Beyoncé released the remix exclusively through her online store, before releasing it to streaming services; It features Beyoncé namedropping Rosetta Tharpe, Santigold, Bessie Smith, Nina Simone, Betty Davis, Solange Knowles, Erykah Badu, Lizzo, Kelly Rowland, Lauryn Hill, Roberta Flack, Toni Braxton, Janet Jackson, Tierra Whack, Missy Elliott, Diana Ross, Grace Jones, Aretha Franklin, Anita Baker, Sade, Jill Scott, Michelle Williams, Chlöe, Halle Bailey, Aaliyah, Alicia Keys, Whitney Houston, Rihanna and Nicki Minaj, before naming legendary ballroom houses such as House of Xtravaganza, House of Aviance and House of LaBeija, as a celebration of Black people empowerment within the industry.


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: "Vogue" was included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll", and was voted number five on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s. "Time" called it "the most famous fashion song of all time", although the song was not specifically about the ["Vogue"] magazine. Author Lucy O'Brien, in her book "Madonna: Like an Icon", wrote a detailed description of the song's influence:


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: With the release of the song, Madonna brought the underground "vogueing" into mainstream culture. CNN correspondent, Scottie Andrew commented that "Vogue" marked one of the first mainstream pop culture works to spotlight elements from the queer, Black and Latino-led ballroom scene. Before Madonna popularized the dance, vogue was performed mostly in bars and disco of New York City on the underground gay scene. Steven Canals, the co-creator of TV series "Pose" stated "If we're looking at the history of ballroom and specifically that moment in time, what Madonna did was bring ballroom to the mainstream. She introduced the world to this community who, up until that point in time, had been a subculture." Vogueing has since become a prominent dance form practised worldwide, and many performers have followed Madonna's footsteps, with Beyoncé, Rihanna, Ariana Grande and Azealia Banks all adopting the dance style and incorporating it into their music videos and performances. South Korean singer Luna's song "Madonna" (2021) referenced "Vogue" on its lyrics, "When I grow up, I wanna be like Madonna / When I grow up, I wanna vogue how I wanna".


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: The song was placed by "Billboard" on the number four spot on its list of "60 Top LGBTQ Anthems of All Time."


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: The song is also noted for bringing house music into mainstream popular music, as well as for reviving disco music after a decade of its commercial death. Erick Henderson of Slant Magazine explained that the song "was instrumental in allowing disco revivalism to emerge, allowing the denigrated gay genre to soar once again within the context of house music, the genre disco became in its second life." Sal Cinquemani of the same publication wrote that the song was "making its impact all the more impressive (it would go on to inspire a glut of pop-house copycats) and begging the question: If disco died a decade earlier, what the fuck was this big, gay, fuscia drag-queen boa of a dance song sitting on top of the charts for a month for?"


title: Vogue (Madonna song)

text: "Vogue" has inspired flash mobs around the US. In 2015, the rhythmic gymnastics group from Ukraine used the track for their 6 clubs and 2 hoops routine, which was intended to be shown at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio. In 2021, Rolling Stone listed "Vogue" as one of the "500 Best Songs of All Time", at number 139, while in 2022 they named it the 11th greatest dance song of all time. An August 2022 "Financial Times" article discussed how the song helped bring Latinx, LGBT, and drag subcultures into the mainstream. In September 2022, Pichfork ranked "Vogue" as the 115th best song of the 1990's, praising it for how unapologetically it celebrated queer life at the height of the AIDS epidemic. Music critic Jody Rosen from "Slate", included "Vogue" as one of Madonna's "ten essential songs for new or aspiring fans".


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: Warren Ellis (born 14 February 1965) is an Australian musician and composer. He is a member of the rock groups Dirty Three and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. He also performed with the band Grinderman until its disbandment in 2013. He has also composed film scores with long-time friend, collaborator and band-mate Nick Cave. Ellis plays the violin, piano, accordion, bouzouki, guitar, flute, mandolin, mandocello and viola. He has been a member of Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds since 1994.


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: Ellis was born in Ballarat, Victoria. He has said that he came to music by accident: while playing at the local tip, he found an abandoned piano accordion. He took it to school and his teacher showed him how to play it. He later learned classical violin and flute at school in Ballarat.


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: After winning a scholarship to a private high school, Ellis went to university in Melbourne, where he studied classical violin. After that he then worked briefly as a schoolteacher in country Victoria. In January 1988 he travelled to Europe, where he busked in Greece, Hungary, Scotland and Ireland. A year later he returned to Australia. Ellis then wrote music for theatre groups and performed at art openings and plays in Melbourne, before he started playing in bands in the early nineties.


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: In 1992, Ellis formed The Dirty Three with guitarist Mick Turner and drummer Jim White. As of 2018 the band has recorded nine studio albums, including several to appear on the ARIA charts in their native Australia.


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: In 1993, Ellis was invited to play with Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds as part of a small string ensemble for several songs on "Let Love In" (released 1994). He soon joined the band as a full-time member, initially emphasising violin but gradually adding many other instruments. Ellis eventually co-wrote many of the band's songs and became a pivotal collaborator with singer Nick Cave in film scores and other projects. Ellis was also a member of Grinderman, a side-group from the Bad Seeds, who have released two albums.


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: In 2002, Ellis released a solo album on King Crab records called "Three Pieces for Violin". Since 2005 he has played on several Marianne Faithfull albums. Nick Cave and Warren Ellis composed the award-winning score of the film "The Proposition", and collaborated again on the scores of "The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford", "The Road", and "Far from Men".


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: In 2009, Nick Cave and Warren Ellis released "White Lunar" – an album that includes other soundtrack scores.


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: Following the release of "Carnage", Ellis and Nick Cave toured Europe in the autumn of 2021 and the United States in the spring of 2022.


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: In 2021, Ellis and his wife announced the purchase of a parcel of land in Sumatra, which they donated to the non-profit Jakarta Animal Aid Network. Ellis Park Wildlife Sanctuary is adjacent to the existing Sumatra Wildlife Centre, and specialises in animals who need lifetime care and cannot survive in the wild.


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: The APRA Awards have been presented annually since 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters".


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual ceremony presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987.


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: The Australian Music Prize (the AMP) is an annual award of $30,000 given to an Australian band or solo artist in recognition of the merit of an album released during the year of award. It commenced in 2005.


title: Warren Ellis (musician)

text: The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.


title: Heera Rajagopal

text: Heera Rajagopal (born 29 December 1971) is a former Indian actress who has appeared in a number of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi language films.


title: Heera Rajagopal

text: As a military brat, Heera shifted to schools across different states in India every few years. She later pursued a degree in psychology at Women's Christian College, Chennai. During her time in college, Heera was approached to model for print magazines and she took on the opportunities for financial independence. She also briefly worked as an encyclopaedia-seller, a hotel worker and a model coordinator in her days as a student. Heera was initially not keen for a career in films and turned down initial approaches for roles by film directors. She first received a film offer on a family holiday at Gulmarg in Kashmir, where a producer had approached her to play the body double for Tina Munim. She also later rejected an offer from filmmaker Subhash Ghai, who had attended one of her modelling assignments.


title: Heera Rajagopal

text: In 1991, soon after finishing college, Heera accepted to play the lead female role in Kathir's Tamil romantic drama film "Idhayam". Despite her initial apprehensions, she was convinced by film producer T. G. Thyagarajan to become an actress, and she obliged, crediting the professional approach and continued determination of the film's team to sign her on. She portrayed a medical student, who does not notice her classmate's love for her, throughout the entire film. The film performed well at the box office, and has since been discussed as a "cult film" in Tamil cinema. Heera's second film "Nee Pathi Naan Pathi" (1991), was directed by Vasanth and produced by Kavithalayaa Productions. She then starred in four films opposite actor Sarathkumar in quick succession, before playing a single mother in "Sabash Babu" (1993), written by T. Rajender.


title: Heera Rajagopal

text: Heera was cast by Mani Ratnam in his caper film "Thiruda Thiruda" (1993), and portrayed a rural belle who becomes a thief on the run, alongside actors Prashanth and Anand. A critic from "The New Indian Express" wrote there was "a drastic change of image from her hitherto sophisticated roles" and that she enacts it "so successfully". She later debuted in Bollywood through Raj Sippy's "Amanaat" (1994) co-starring Sanjay Dutt and Akshay Kumar. The film had a delayed release, after being impacted by Dutt's criminal litigation process.


title: Heera Rajagopal

text: In the mid-1990s, Heera continued to act in high-profile Tamil productions, though often as one of several female lead actresses. She notably appeared in Balu Mahendra's comedy drama "Sathi Leelavathi" (1995), alongside an ensemble cast including Kamal Haasan, Ramesh Aravind and Raja. She portrayed a corporate manager in Agathiyan's "Kadhal Kottai" (1996), co-starring Ajith Kumar and Devayani. The film performed well at the box office, and went on to win several National Film Awards. She later featured in a supporting role opposite Kamal Haasan in K. S. Ravikumar's comedy drama "Avvai Shanmugi" (1996).


title: Heera Rajagopal

text: Heera opted to quit the film industry in late 1999 citing she did not want to "succumb to the inevitable pressures" to play roles that did not appeal to her intellect sensibilities.


title: Stan Smith

text: Stanley Roger Smith (born December 14, 1946) is an American former professional tennis player. Smith is best known to non-tennis players as the namesake of a popular brand of tennis shoes. A world No. 1 player and two-time major singles champion (at the 1971 US Open and 1972 Wimbledon Championships), Smith also paired with Bob Lutz to create one of the most successful doubles teams of all-time. In 1970, Smith won the inaugural year-end championships title. In 1972, he was the year-end world No. 1 singles player. In 1973, he won his second and last year end championship title at the Dallas WCT Finals. In addition, he won four Grand Prix Championship Series titles. In his early years he improved his tennis game through lessons from Pancho Segura, the Pasadena Tennis Patrons, and the sponsorship of the Southern California Tennis Association headed by Perry T. Jones. Since 2011, Smith has served as President of the International Tennis Hall of Fame.


title: Stan Smith

text: Smith grew up in Pasadena, California and was coached mainly by Pancho Segura. He played collegiate tennis at the University of Southern California (USC), under Coach George Toley, where he was a three-time All-American and won the 1968 NCAA Singles Championship as well as the 1967 and 1968 doubles titles. At USC, Smith was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity's Gamma Tau chapter.


title: Stan Smith

text: As a kid, he went to get a job as a ball boy for the Davis Cup, but was turned down because the organizers thought he was too clumsy.


title: Stan Smith

text: In 1971 Smith and John Newcombe were joint recipients of The "Martini and Rossi" Award, voted for by 11 journalists and were co-ranked world No. 1 by Judith Elian. In 1972 Smith won the 'Martini and Rossi' Award, voted for by a panel of journalists and was ranked world No. 1 by Elian, Tingay, "World Tennis", Collins, Frank Rostron and Rex Bellamy.


title: Stan Smith

text: In his 1979 testing autobiography, Jack Kramer, the long-time tennis promoter and great player himself, ranked Smith as one of the 21 best players of all time.


title: Stan Smith

text: Following his playing career, Smith became active as a coach for the United States Tennis Association. He has his own tennis academy with Billy Stearns, located on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina.


title: Stan Smith

text: In 1974, Smith married Princeton University tennis player Marjory Gengler. They later mentored South African tennis player Mark Mathabane, helping increase pressure on the South African government to end apartheid. Smith lives in Hilton Head with his wife and four children, all of whom competed in collegiate tennis.


title: Stan Smith

text: To non-tennis players, Stan Smith is probably best known for the line of tennis shoes which Adidas renamed after him in 1978. Although the Adidas Stan Smith shoe is not recommended for modern tennis playing, it continues to be a widely available iconic fashion brand.


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: Barack Obama, the 44th president of the United States, was born on August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Barack Obama, Sr. (1936–1982) (born in Oriang' Kogelo of Rachuonyo North District, Kenya) and Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann (1942–1995) (born in Wichita, Kansas, United States).


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: Obama spent most of his childhood years in Honolulu, where his mother attended the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Obama started a close relationship with his maternal grandparents. In 1965, his mother remarried to Lolo Soetoro from Indonesia. Two years later, Dunham took Obama with her to Indonesia to reunite him with his stepfather. In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to attend Punahou School, from which he graduated in 1979.


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: As a young adult, Obama moved to the contiguous United States, where he was educated at Occidental College, Columbia University, and Harvard Law School. In Chicago, Obama worked at various times as a community organizer, lawyer, Lecturer and Senior Lecturer of constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School in the city's South Side, and later published his memoir "Dreams from My Father" before beginning his political career in 1997 as a member of the Illinois Senate.


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: Barack Obama's parents met in 1958 while they were students at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Obama's father, Barack Obama, Sr., the university's first foreign student from an African nation,


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: hailed from Oriang' Kogelo, Rachuonyo North District, in the Nyanza Province of western Kenya. Obama's mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, known as Ann, had been born in Wichita. They married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2, 1961.


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: Barack Hussein Obama, born in Honolulu on August 4, 1961 at the old Kapiolani Maternity and Gynecological Hospital at 1611 Bingham Street (a predecessor of the Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children at 1319 Punahou Street), was named for his father.


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: Soon after their son's birth, while Obama's father continued his education at the University of Hawaii, Ann Dunham took the infant to Seattle, Washington, where she took classes at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962. She and her son lived in an apartment in the Capitol Hill neighborhood.


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: After graduating from the University of Hawaii with a B.A. in economics, Obama, Sr. left the state in June 1962, moving to Cambridge, Massachusetts for graduate study in economics at Harvard University that Autumn.


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: Ann Dunham returned with her son to Honolulu and in January 1963 resumed her undergraduate education at the University of Hawaii. In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce, which was not contested. Barack Obama, Sr. later graduated from Harvard University with an A.M. in economics and in 1965 returned to Kenya.


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: He was one year into his American experience, after two semesters on the Manoa campus and a summer on the mainland at Northwestern and the University of Wisconsin, when he encountered Dunham, then an undergraduate interested in anthropology. A surveyor from Indonesia, he had come to Honolulu in September 1962 on an East–West Center grant to study at the University of Hawaii.


title: Early life and career of Barack Obama

text: Dunham and Soetoro married on March 15, 1965, on Molokai. They returned to Honolulu to live with her son as a family.