title: Cody Ko

text: Cody Michael Kolodziejzyk was born on November 22, 1990, in Calgary, Alberta, to Greg and Helen Kolodziejzyk. Both his parents competed in athletic competitions, and his father is a cyclist who holds several world records. He has one sister, Krista. Kolodziejzyk attended Springbank Community High School before attending Duke University in the U.S. state of North Carolina after being recruited on their swimming and diving team following a meet in Montreal.


title: Cody Ko

text: At Duke, he lived in Edens Quad at the Duke University West Campus. He joined a fraternity, pursued a degree in computer science and a certificate in markets and management, and eventually became captain of the varsity team. He eventually came to regret some parts of his time in a fraternity. Kolodziejzyk majored in computer science. He graduated from Duke University in 2012 with a Bachelor of Arts. The same year, he moved to Silicon Valley.


title: Cody Ko

text: In March 2012, while a senior at Duke, Kolodziejzyk began to develop the photo-sharing mobile app I'd Cap That, which automatically added meme-like captions to images. It went viral and was the App Store's Free iOS App Of The Week in May, amassing over four million users in four months. Kolodziejzyk wanted to join a startup and continue developing apps. I'd Cap That was acquired several months later by a startup called Iddiction, which launched I’d Cap That+, adding additional features. Kolodziejzyk worked there on the app for two years before quitting in 2014. He moved to San Francisco for his job.


title: Cody Ko

text: Kolodziejzyk first began uploading to Vine, a six-second video platform, in 2013. He partnered with the now-defunct multi-channel network Fullscreen, with Mahzad Babayan becoming his full-time talent manager. He credited the network and his background in computer engineering for his early success. In May 2014, Kolodziejzyk and his friend Devon Townsend left on an eight-month backpacking trip around Asia. Throughout the trip, the pair created Vines and started several side projects for ad revenue and experience creating apps with other technologies such as Node.js. The videos were unexpectedly viral and Kolodziejzyk became a popular figure on Vine. He had amassed over 290 thousand followers by July.


title: Cody Ko

text: In January 2015, the two returned to the United States. They traveled to Los Angeles, where Kolodziejzyk now lives, looking for work while continuing to make Vines. Kolodziejzyk collaborated with comedian Hannibal Buress to promote Buress' Comedy Central show "Why? with Hannibal Buress" (2015). "People" described Kolodziejzyk's Vines as "goofy, relatable [and] often profane". Kolodziejzyk said that his Vines were often spontaneous and advised other Viners against "trying too hard." By November 2015, Kolodziejzyk had almost two million followers on the platform.


title: Cody Ko

text: Kolodziejzyk worked for the company Victorious for eight months and had less time to create content. However, he frequently had to leave midday for auditions, to the company's annoyance. His manager gave him a job as a senior iOS developer at her employer Fullscreen, where they would be more relaxed about him leaving midday for content creation as a social media company. Kolodziejzyk contributed to the code for Fullscreen's subscription service. At Fullscreen, Kolodziejzyk also met Noel Miller, a web designer from marketing and fellow Viner, by chance after they had previously talked online. The pair became close and often created internet content on their lunch breaks.


title: Cody Ko

text: In June 2016, Kolodziejzyk starred in the Vine-produced series Camp Unplug alongside twelve other Viners. He quit his job at Fullscreen the next month, deciding that he could support himself on sponsorships alone.


title: Cody Ko

text: Kolodziejzyk joined YouTube on May 30, 2014. After Vine was discontinued, he shifted to YouTube content. He and Miller became popular on YouTube with their series "That's Cringe", hosted on Kolodziejzyk's channel, where the two react to and joke about internet content which they consider to be "cringe". "That's Cringe" has over 153 million combined views and makes up most of his channel's most popular videos. An episode on controversial YouTuber Jake Paul in October 2017 amassed over seventeen million views. Another episode on the Christian lifestyle channel Girl Defined spurred viral TikTok memes mocking Girl Defined and their videos' themes of extended chastity.


title: Cody Ko

text: Kolodziejzyk's other content focuses on internet culture, such as criticism of internet personalities, NFTs or ASMR videos involving dangerous acts. He and other commentary YouTubers have been described as "media critics" for an online millennial audience. "Vulture" said that his videos helped bring attention to YouTube commentary and help it grow from a subsection of reaction videos. Kolodziejzyk is also part of the cast of Jimmy Tatro's web series "The Real Bros of Simi Valley", which airs on Facebook Watch. He used to edit his videos himself, but began to hire outside editors and a production team.


title: Cody Ko

text: Kolodziejzyk and Miller have made satirical rap songs together as Tiny Meat Gang (TMG) since 2017. They came up with the name for a song making fun of Jake Paul—Miller dubbed the pair "Tiny Meat Gang" after joking about "the weird idea of an 'unborn child as an ' posing in a sonogram". However, the two began considering music earnestly after they were contacted by producer Diamond Pistols and released their first extended play "Bangers & Ass" the same year.


title: Cody Ko

text: After struggling with repeated demonetization, Kolodziejzyk and Miller began the Tiny Meat Gang Podcast in October 2017 to make up for losses. The podcast is funded solely by their Patreon supporters, with each hour-long episode discussing various topics related to pop and internet culture. Kolodziejzyk also hosts the podcast "Insanely Chill."


title: Cody Ko

text: In 2018, Kolodziejzyk and Miller went on tour and reached one million subscribers on his main channel in June. In an interview with "Tubefilter", Kolodziejzyk attributed his success to "ripping on the Paul brothers." The same year, Post Malone was featured in an episode of their podcast and Tiny Meat Gang released their second EP, "Locals Only".


title: Cody Ko

text: In early 2019, Tiny Meat Gang won Best Podcast at the 11th Shorty Awards. Kolodziejzyk and Miller also appeared in a sold-out live comedy tour across the United States as Tiny Meat Gang.


title: Cody Ko

text: After Jake Paul released a vlog confronting Kolodziejzyk, who he called a 'cyberbully', in person on Jeff Wittek's podcast, it was widely criticized online and received over 800 thousand dislikes. "The Washington Post" described it as an example of celebrities dismissing genuine criticism as hate. Kolodziejzyk later said the experience was extremely uncomfortable. However, he gained around 140 thousand subscribers directly after the incident and surpassed four million by late 2019.


title: Cody Ko

text: Tiny Meat Gang collaborated with Blackbear for the single "short kings anthem". In October, they signed with Arista Records and announced a new EP. On November 22, Kolodziejzyk partnered with Killer Merch, which also handled Tiny Meat Gang's tour merchandising and commerce, and artist Dan Taylor to launch a merchandise collection. Tiny Meat Gang rescheduled their next tour to the second half of 2020.


title: Cody Ko

text: In October 2020, Kolodziejzyk hosted an eight-episode podcast on iHeartRadio titled "The Pleasure is Ours", with guest stars such as Drew Gooden and Emma Chamberlain, in which they discuss truisms and popular sayings. He frequently appeared in college webinars during quarantine.


title: Cody Ko

text: Adlan Jackson of "The New York Times Magazine" noted that as Kolodziejzyk and Miller rose in popularity, many of the figures they have mocked appeared in their videos. After criticizing Dhar Mann for his formulaic videos, Kolodziejzyk produced one of his videos and shifted his opinion, saying they were made that way so that his audience, mainly foreigners and children, could understand. Controversial entrepreneur Gary Vaynerchuk also appeared in a 2021 episode of Tiny Meat Gang. Due to this, some fans began to worry about a potential conflict of interest and that the two "would [be incentivized] to pull their punches."


title: Cody Ko

text: Kolodziejzyk has had numerous angel investments, including bitcoin startup Lolli and JuneShine. He and Townsend started an investment vehicle called Dumb Money Capital, which has invested in Liquid Death, the NFT platform Autograph and Moment House. In February 2022, he invested in the gaming startup Metafy.


title: Cody Ko

text: In a June 2021 interview, Kolodziejzyk said he intended to develop a media network from the Tiny Meat Gang Podcast. He and Miller co-founded Tiny Meat Gang Studios, a comedy podcast network, in October 2021. They are represented by United Talent Agency, who have assisted in TMG Studios' expansion. The company currently employs twelve full-time employees and has seven original podcasts, including the flagship Tiny Meat Gang Podcast and "Insanely Chill". The Tiny Meat Gang Podcast is now divided into two one-hour segments, with the first free and the second available only to subscribers. It had over 200 million downloads in 2022. An October 2022 episode featuring the YouTuber MrBeast became one of the most-viewed episodes of the podcast.


title: Cody Ko

text: Kolodziejzyk lives in Los Angeles. In 2020, he bought his first home for $3.8 million, a three-story compound in the neighborhood of Venice Beach. In 2022, he bought a beachfront unit near the Ventura County Line for $3.7 million. He lived in Australia for several months. Kolodziejzyk is engaged to Kelsey Kreppel, a preschool teacher and influencer who occasionally appears in his videos.


title: Cody Ko

text: According to Kolodziejzyk, his surname is Polish. He abbreviated it to "Ko" online due to its length and difficulty to spell.


title: Saturday

text: Saturday is the day of the week between Friday and Sunday. No later than the 2nd century, the Romans named Saturday ("Saturn's Day") for the planet Saturn, which controlled the first hour of that day, according to Vettius Valens. The day's name was introduced into West Germanic languages and is recorded in the Low German languages such as Middle Low German , "saterdach", Middle Dutch (Modern Dutch ) and Old English , "Sæterndæġ" or .


title: Saturday

text: Between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight-day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven-day week. The astrological order of the days was explained by Vettius Valens and Dio Cassius (and Chaucer gave the same explanation in his "Treatise on the Astrolabe"). According to these authors, it was a principle of astrology that the heavenly bodies presided, in succession, over the hours of the day. The association of the weekdays with the respective deities is thus indirect, the days are named for the planets, which were in turn named for the deities.


title: Saturday

text: The Germanic peoples adapted the system introduced by the Romans but glossed their indigenous gods over the Roman deities in a process known as "interpretatio germanica". In the case of Saturday, however, the Roman name was borrowed directly by West Germanic peoples, apparently because none of the Germanic gods were considered to be counterparts of the Roman god Saturn. Otherwise Old Norse and Old High German did not borrow the name of the Roman god (Icelandic , German ).


title: Saturday

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saturdays are days on which the Theotokos (Mother of God) and All Saints are commemorated, and the day on which prayers for the dead are especially offered, in remembrance that it was on a Saturday that Jesus lay dead in the tomb. The Octoechos contains hymns on these themes, arranged in an eight-week cycle, that are chanted on Saturdays throughout the year. At the end of services on Saturday, the dismissal begins with the words: "May Christ our True God, through the intercessions of his most-pure Mother, of the holy, glorious and right victorious Martyrs, of our reverend and God-bearing Fathers…". For the Orthodox, Saturday — with the sole exception of Holy Saturday — is never a strict fast day. When a Saturday falls during one of the fasting seasons (Great Lent, Nativity Fast, Apostles' Fast, Dormition Fast) the fasting rules are always lessened to an extent. The Great Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross and the Beheading of St. John the Baptist are normally observed as strict fast days, but if they fall on a Saturday or Sunday, the fast is lessened.


title: Saturday

text: Today, Saturday has two names in modern Standard German. The first word, , is always used in Austria, Liechtenstein, and the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and generally used in southern and western Germany. It derives from Old High German , the first part ("sambaz") of which derives from Greek , and this Greek word derives from Hebrew , . However, the current German word for Sabbath is . The second name for Saturday in German is , which derives from Old High German , and is closely related to the Old English word . It means literally "Sun eve", i.e., "The day before Sunday". is generally used in northern and eastern Germany, and was also the official name for Saturday in East Germany. Even if these two names are used regionally differently, they are usually understood at least passively in the other part.


title: Saturday

text: In West Frisian there are also two words for Saturday. In Wood Frisian it is , and in Clay Frisian it is , derived from , a combination of Old Frisian , meaning "sun" and "joen", meaning eve.


title: Saturday

text: In the Westphalian dialects of Low Saxon, in East Frisian Low Saxon and in the Saterland Frisian language, Saturday is called , also akin to Dutch , which has the same linguistic roots as the English word "Saturday". It was formerly thought that the English name referred to a deity named "Sætere" who was venerated by the pre-Christian peoples of north-western Germany, some of whom were the ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons. Sætere was identified as either a god associated with the harvest of possible Slav origin, or another name for Loki a complex deity associated with both good and evil; this latter suggestion may be due to Jacob Grimm. However, modern dictionaries derive the name from "Saturn".


title: Saturday

text: In most languages of India, Saturday is , meaning day, based on Shani, the Vedic god manifested in the planet Saturn. In the Thai solar calendar of Thailand, the day is named from the Pali word for Saturn, and the color associated with Saturday is purple. In Pakistan, Saturday is , meaning the week. In Eastern Indian languages like Bengali Saturday is called , meaning Saturn's Day and is the first day of the Bengali Week in the Bengali calendar.


title: Saturday

text: In Islamic countries, Fridays are considered as the last or penultimate day of the week and are holidays along with Thursdays or Saturdays; Saturday is called , (cognate to Sabbath) and it is the first day of the week in many Arab countries but the Last Day in other Islamic countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Central Asian countries.


title: Saturday

text: In Japanese, the word Saturday is , , meaning 'soil day' and is associated with , : Saturn (the planet), literally meaning "soil star". Similarly, in Korean the word Saturday is , , also meaning earth day. The element Earth was associated with the planet Saturn in Chinese astrology and philosophy.


title: Saturday

text: The modern Māori name for Saturday, , literally means "washing-day" – a vestige of early colonized life when Māori converts would set aside time on the Saturday to wash their whites for Church on Sunday. A common alternative Māori name for Saturday is the transliteration .


title: Saturday

text: Quakers traditionally referred to Saturday as "Seventh Day", eschewing the "pagan" origin of the name.


title: Saturday

text: In Scandinavian countries, Saturday is called , , or , the name being derived from the old word "laugr/laug" (hence Icelandic name ), meaning bath, thus "Lördag" equates to bath-day. This is due to the Viking practice of bathing on Saturdays. The roots "lör", "laugar" and so forth are cognate to the English word "lye", in the sense of detergent. The Finnish and Estonian names for the day, and , respectively, are also derived from this term.


title: Saturday

text: The international standard ISO 8601 sets Saturday as the sixth day of the week. The three Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) regard Saturday as the seventh day of the week. As a result, many refused the ISO 8601 standards and continue to use Saturday as their seventh day.


title: Saturday

text: For Jews, Messianics, Seventh Day Baptists and Seventh-day Adventists, the seventh day of the week, known as Shabbat (or Sabbath for Seventh-day Adventists), stretches from sundown Friday to nightfall Saturday and is the day of rest. Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches distinguish between Saturday (Sabbath) and the Lord's Day (Sunday). Other Protestant groups, such as Seventh-day Adventists, hold that the Lord's Day is the Sabbath, according to the fourth commandment (Exodus 20:8), and not Sunday.


title: Saturday

text: In astrology, Saturn is associated with Saturday, its planet's symbol , and the astrological signs Capricorn and Aquarius.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: BBC Radio 4 is a British national radio station owned and operated by the BBC that replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967. It broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes, including news, drama, comedy, science and history from the BBC's headquarters at Broadcasting House, London. The station controller is Mohit Bakaya.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: Broadcasting throughout the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands on FM, LW and DAB, and on BBC Sounds, it can be received in the eastern counties of Ireland, northern France and Northern Europe. It is available on Freeview, Sky, and Virgin Media. Radio 4 currently reaches over 10 million listeners, making it the UK's second most-popular radio station after Radio 2.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: BBC Radio 4 broadcasts news programmes such as "Today" and "The World at One", heralded on air by the Greenwich Time Signal pips or the chimes of Big Ben. The pips are only accurate on FM, LW, and MW; there is a delay on digital radio of three to five seconds and online up to twenty-three seconds. Radio 4 broadcasts the Shipping Forecast which, in August 2017, was 150 years old.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: According to RAJAR, the station broadcasts to a weekly audience of 9.8 million with a listening share of 10.9% as of September 2022.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: BBC Radio 4 is the second-most-popular British domestic radio station by total hours, after Radio 2. It recorded its highest audience, of 11 million listeners, in May 2011, and was "UK Radio Station of the Year" at the 2003, 2004 and 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards. It also won a Peabody Award in 2002 for "File on 4: Export Controls". Costing £71.4 million (2005/6), it is the BBC's most expensive national radio network and is considered by many to be its flagship. There is no comparable British commercial network: Channel 4 abandoned plans to launch its own speech-based digital radio station in October 2008 as part of a £100m cost cutting review.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: Music is broadcast as in documentaries relating to various forms of both popular and classical music, and the long-running music-based "Desert Island Discs". Following the creation of BBC Radio 5 Live in 1994, the station has become the home of ball-by-ball commentaries of most Test cricket matches played by England. The coverage is broadcast on long wave. Consequently, for around 70 days a year, listeners have to rely on FM broadcasts or DAB for mainstream Radio 4 broadcasts – the number relying solely on long wave is now a small minority. The cricket broadcasts take precedence over on-the-hour news bulletins, but not the Shipping Forecast, carried since Radio 4's move to long wave in 1978 because long wave can be received clearly at sea.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: The station has a strong reputation for news, drama, and comedy. Following the "Six O'Clock News" from Monday to Friday, the station normally broadcasts a thirty-minute comedy programme.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: The station is available on FM in most of Great Britain, parts of Ireland and the north of France; LW throughout the UK and in parts of Northern Europe, and the Atlantic north of the Azores to about 20 degrees west; MW in some areas; DAB; Digital TV including Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media, and on the Internet. Freesat, Sky and Virgin have a separate channel for Radio 4 LW output in mono, in addition to the FM output.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: The longwave signal is part of the Royal Navy's system of letters of last resort. In the event of a suspected catastrophic attack on Britain, submarine captains, in addition to other checks, check for a broadcast signal from Radio 4 on 198 longwave to verify the annihilation of organised society in Great Britain.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: The BBC Home Service was the predecessor of Radio 4 and broadcast between 1939 and 1967. It had regional variations and was broadcast on medium wave with a network of VHF FM transmitters being added from 1955. Radio 4 replaced it on 30 September 1967, when the BBC restructured and renamed its domestic radio stations, in response to the challenge of offshore radio. It moved to long wave in November 1978, taking over the 200 kHz frequency (1,500 metres) previously held by Radio 2 - later moved to 198 kHz as a result of international agreements aimed at avoiding interference (all ITU Region 1 MW/LW broadcast frequencies are divisible by 9). At this point, Radio 4 became available across all of the UK for the first time and the station officially became known as Radio 4 UK, a title that remained until 29 September 1984.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: For a time during the 1970s Radio 4 carried regional news bulletins Monday to Saturday. These were broadcast twice at breakfast, at lunchtime and at 17:55. There were also programme variations for the parts of England not served by BBC Local Radio stations. These included "Roundabout East Anglia", a VHF opt-out of the "Today" programme broadcast from BBC East's studios in Norwich each weekday from 6.45 a.m. to 8.45 a.m. "Roundabout East Anglia" came to an end in August 1980, ahead of the launch of BBC Radio Norfolk.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: All regional news bulletins broadcast from BBC regional news bases around England ended in August 1980, apart from in the southwest as until January 1983 there was no BBC Local Radio in the southwest so these news bulletins and its weekday morning regional programme, "Morning Sou'West", continued to be broadcast from the BBC studios in Plymouth on VHF and on the Radio 4 medium wave Plymouth relay until 31 December 1982.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: The launch of Radio 5 on 27 August 1990 saw the removal of Open University, schools programming, children's programmes and the "Study on 4"/"Options" adult education slot from Radio 4's FM frequencies. Consequently, the full Radio 4 schedule became available on FM for the first time. However, adult educational and Open University programming returned to Radio 4 in 1994 when Radio 5 was closed to make way for the launch of BBC Radio 5 Live and were broadcast on Sunday evenings on longwave only.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: Between 17 January 1991 and 2 March 1991 FM broadcasts were replaced by a continuous news service devoted to the Gulf War, Radio 4 News FM, with the main Radio 4 service transferring to long wave.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: In September 1991 the main Radio 4 service transferred from long wave to FM coverage had now extended to cover almost all of the UK - Radio 4 did not become available on FM in much of Scotland and Wales until the early 1990s. Opt-outs were transferred to longwave: currently "Test Match Special", extra shipping forecasts, "The Daily Service" and "Yesterday in Parliament". Longwave very occasionally opts out at other times, such as to broadcast special services, the most recent being when Pope Benedict XVI visited Britain in 2010.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: Many programmes are pre-recorded. Programmes transmitted live include "Today", magazine programme "Woman's Hour", consumer affairs programme "You and Yours", and (often) the music, film, books, arts and culture programme "Front Row". Continuity is managed from Broadcasting House with news bulletins, including the hourly summaries and longer programmes such as the "Six O'Clock News" and "Midnight News", and news programmes such as "Today", "The World at One" and "PM", which by early 2013 had returned to Broadcasting House after 15 years at BBC Television Centre in White City. The news returning to Broadcasting House has also meant that newsreaders can provide cover for continuity, which regularly occurs at 23:00 each night and 16:00 on a Sunday. This has reduced the total number of continuity announcers required each day down from four to three.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: The Greenwich Time Signal, popularly known as "the pips", is broadcast every hour to herald the news bulletin, except at midnight and 18:00, and 22:00 on Sunday, when the chimes of Big Ben are played. There is no Greenwich Time Signal at 15:00 on Saturday or 10:00 and 11:00 on Sunday due to the Saturday Afternoon drama and the omnibus edition of "The Archers" respectively. Only pips broadcast on FM, MW and LW are accurate. On digital platforms there is a delay of between three and five seconds, and up to 23 seconds online.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: Radio 4 programmes cover a wide variety of genre including news and current affairs, history, culture, science, religion, arts, drama and light entertainment. A number of the programmes on Radio 4 take the form of a "magazine" show, featuring numerous small contributions over the course of the programme—"Woman's Hour", "From Our Own Correspondent", "You and Yours". The rise of these magazine shows is primarily due to the work of Tony Whitby, controller of Radio 4 from 1970 to 1975. The station hosts a number of long-running programmes, many of which have been broadcast for over 40 years.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: Most programmes are available for four weeks after broadcast as streaming audio from Radio 4's "listen again" page and via BBC Sounds. A selection of programmes is also available as podcasts or downloadable audio files. Many comedy and drama programmes from the Radio 4 archives are broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: Due to the capacity limitations of DAB and increasing sport broadcasts on BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra, BBC Radio 4 DAB has to reduce its bit rate most evenings, such that after 7 p.m. its DAB output is usually in mono, even though many of its programmes are made in stereo (including its flagship drama "The Archers"), these can be heard in stereo only on FM, Digital TV on Freeview & Freesat (Ch. 704), Sky, Virgin and on line via BBC Sounds. BBC World Service, which uses BBC Radio 4 FM & DAB frequencies between 01:00 and 05:20, is in stereo, but only on Radio 4 FM & DAB and not on its own dedicated DAB channel. BBC Radio 4 Extra broadcasts in mono on DAB, but has always been in stereo on Digital TV (Freeview / Freesat Ch 708), Sky, Virgin and online.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: Newsreaders read hourly summaries and longer bulletins from New Broadcasting House. In 2012 the BBC announced that it would be reducing its main presentation team from 12 to ten.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: Criticism voiced by centre-right newspapers in recent years have a perceived left political bias across a range of issues, as well as sycophancy in interviews, particularly on the popular morning news magazine "Today" as part of a reported perception of a general "malaise" at the BBC. Conversely, the journalist Mehdi Hasan has criticised the station for an overtly "socially and culturally conservative" approach.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: There has been criticism of "Today" in particular for a lack of female broadcasters. In September 1972, Radio 4 employed the first female continuity announcers—Hylda Bamber and Barbara Edwards. For quite some time, the introduction of female newsreaders led to complaints from listeners; women discussing topics of feminist interest led to similar complaints. In addition, there has been long-running criticism by atheist and humanist groups of "Thought for the Day", a slot dedicated exclusively to religious discussion during Radio 4's flagship morning news programme.


title: BBC Radio 4

text: Radio 4 has been criticised for being too middle class and being of little interest to non-white listeners.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five is a 2019 American animated superhero film produced by Warner Bros. Animation and DC Entertainment. Featuring the DC Comics team Justice League created by Gardner Fox, the film is the 34th of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies. The film features Elyes Gabel and Diane Guerrero alongside Kevin Conroy, in his final film role, Susan Eisenberg, and George Newbern reprising their roles as Batman, Wonder Woman, and Superman, respectively, from "Justice League" and "Justice League Unlimited".According to producer Bruce Timm, the film is canon to the DC Animated Universe, taking place following the end of "Justice League Unlimited".


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: The film was first announced at San Diego Comic-Con on July 20, 2018, and had its world premiere at WonderCon Anaheim 2019 on March 29, 2019. It was released on Digital HD on March 30, 2019, and on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray, and DVD on April 16, 2019. It was Conroy's final film role before his death on November 10, 2022.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: In the 31st century, Mano, Tharok and Persuader of the Fatal Five attack the Legion of Super-Heroes' headquarters for their time sphere. Star Boy, Saturn Girl and Brainiac 5 try to keep them back but fail. Just as the villains activate the sphere, Star Boy leaps at them and is taken along. Arriving in the 21st century above Earth, Star Boy triggers a boobytrap Brainiac 5 programmed, trapping the villains inside the sphere in a stasis field. Star Boy comes down in Gotham City while the sphere ends up in Metropolis. Star Boy discovers his supply of medicine, needed to stabilize his mind, was destroyed in his rough landing. As his medicine doesn't exist yet, Star Boy's increasingly erratic behavior gets him apprehended by Batman and sent to Arkham. The stasis-locked time machine is picked up by Superman and brought to the Justice League's headquarters for analysis.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: Ten months later, Jessica Cruz is struggling with the trauma of her near-death by a murderer who killed her friends, making her afraid to leave her apartment. Adding to her anxiety is that a Green Lantern ring chose her and that Wonder Woman keeps trying to recruit her into the Justice League. In Gotham, Miss Martian is trying to prove herself to Batman for membership in the League, but her inexperience works against her good intentions. While trying to unlock the secret of the strange sphere, Mister Terrific brings down the stasis field, freeing its occupants. Superman and Mister Terrific fight them, but Superman is wounded by Persuader's axe and the villains escape.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: Star Boy's memory is jogged by a news report of the fight, and he breaks out of Arkham. The Justice League members compare notes about these mysterious assailants and discover they are time travelers; and from one of Star Boy's ravings, Batman deduces that they are after Jessica. When the three villains attack Jessica, Star Boy comes to her rescue, followed by Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Mister Terrific, and Miss Martian, who force them into flight after a hard struggle. In the aftermath, Star Boy and Jessica form a close friendship.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: To find out more about their guest from the future, Batman instructs Miss Martian to telepathically link their and Jessica's minds with Star Boy's memories, thus learning about the Legion. They witness a battle between the Legion-—Chameleon, Dawnstar, Tyroc, Mon-El, Shadow Lass, and, later Brainiac 5, Saturn Girl, and Star Boy-—and the Fatal Five, which ended with the capture of Mano's lover Emerald Empress and Validus; as there was no prison that could hold them in the 31st century, the Legion took them to Oa in the past. Upon their awakening, the League receives an ultimatum from Mano: surrender Jessica or all American cities will be destroyed by bombs created by Tharok. The first bombings start in Metropolis, forcing the Justice League to move out. Left behind with Star Boy in the Watchtower, Jessica is contacted by Tharok through her ring, forcing her to surrender herself to the Five and enable them entry to Oa's prison cells. Despite interference by Kilowog and Salaak, Emerald Empress and Validus are freed, and when Jessica fights back, Persuader cleaves her ring in two. Afterwards, Emerald Empress has her Emerald Eye of Ekron steal all the energy of the Central Power Battery, and the Five return to Earth to recover the time sphere.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: In the meantime, Star Boy discovers Jessica's absence and informs the League. The heroes proceed to the time machine's location, a secret US military base, where the Fatal Five force them into battle. Emerald Empress subdues the Justice League and then initiates her master plan to use the Lantern's power to destroy Earth's sun, wipe out humanity, and thus prevent the formation of the Legion in their time. On Oa, Jessica recovers her faith and determination, and by reciting her oath, she reassembles her power ring. Brought back to her apartment by the ring, Jessica flies to the base and prevents the Fatal Five from escaping back to their own era by bringing the whole base down upon them, killing the supervillains.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: Superman, Jessica and Star Boy race after the Eye, but are too late to prevent it from plunging into the sun. As the star cracks apart, Star Boy sacrifices himself by lowering himself into the sun's core and using his powers to reverse the fracturing. In the final scene as the Justice League members commemorate Star Boy's heroism, they are joined by the Legion who have come from the future to honor their fallen comrade. Batman also informs Miss Martian that she has been invited to join the Justice League, and she accepts the offer.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: The director is Sam Liu, who has directed prior DC animated films. The story was written by Eric Carrasco, partnered with Jim Krieg and Alan Burnett. The film features Kevin Conroy, Susan Eisenberg, and George Newbern reprising their roles as Batman, Wonder Woman, and Superman from "Justice League" and other DC productions. Originally, the film was set to use the Phil Bourassa art style and models from "", with the voice cast already having done their recordings. However, to avoid confusion with the New 52-based DCAMU movies, the film used the animation models from "Justice League" and its follow-up, "Justice League Unlimited." The main title themes from "", "", "Justice League" and "Justice League Unlimited" are included in the score by composers McCuistion, Ritmanis & Carter (all DCAU alumni) to represent their respective characters.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: While its canonicity with the greater DCAU is open-ended, executive producer Bruce Timm considers the film to be canon.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: The complete score was released by Dynamic Soundtrack Records on January 15, 2021. It can be purchased via Apple Music and other outlets.


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: Reviews to the film were generally favorable. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of .


title: Justice League vs. the Fatal Five

text: Eric Vilas-Boas, writing for "/Film", praised the film's handling of characters with mental health challenges. Roman Julian, writing for "MovieWeb", lauded the return of the classic DCAU animation, but criticized the film's "mediocre story".


title: Lodger (album)

text: Lodger is the 13th studio album by English musician David Bowie, released on 25 May 1979 through RCA Records. After an eventful year that saw the release of two studio albums, "Low" and ""Heroes"", and many other side projects in 1977, Bowie embarked on the Isolar II world tour in 1978. During a break in the tour, Bowie regrouped with collaborator Brian Eno and producer Tony Visconti to record his next album. The final release of the Berlin Trilogy, the album was recorded mainly at Mountain Studios in Montreux, Switzerland, in September 1978. Most of the same personnel from prior releases returned, and future King Crimson guitarist Adrian Belew joined from the tour.


title: Lodger (album)

text: The recording sessions saw the use of techniques inspired by Eno's Oblique Strategies cards, such as having the musicians swap instruments and play old songs backwards. After the Isolar II world tour, further recording and mixing took place at the Record Plant in New York City in March 1979. The music on "Lodger" is based in art rock and experimental rock, but lacks the electronic and ambient styles and the song/instrumental split that defined its two predecessors. Instead, it features more conventional song structures and explores styles such as avant-pop, world and new wave music. Lyrically, the album is divided into two major themes: travel (primarily side one) and critiques of Western civilisation (primarily side two). Pop artist Derek Boshier took the accompanying cover photo, portraying Bowie as an accident victim across the gatefold sleeve.


title: Lodger (album)

text: "Lodger" was a modest commercial success, peaking at number 4 on the UK Albums Chart and number 20 on the US "Billboard" Top LPs & Tape chart. It produced four singles, including the UK top 10 hit "Boys Keep Swinging". Innovative music videos directed by David Mallet accompanied three of the four singles. The album initially received mixed reviews from music critics, many calling it the weakest of the Berlin Trilogy. Over the years, favourable critical reception has grown and it is now widely considered to be among Bowie's most underrated albums. Its world music elements have been highlighted as particularly influential. Bowie and Visconti were dissatisfied with the album's original mix and, in 2015, Visconti remixed the album with Bowie's approval for inclusion on the 2017 box set "A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982)", along with a remaster of the original.


title: Lodger (album)

text: In the second half of 1976, David Bowie moved to Switzerland with his wife Angela to remove himself from Los Angeles' drug culture. He began a very productive schedule that would continue for the next few years. He moved to the Château d'Hérouville in Hérouville, France, with his friend, singer Iggy Pop. There, the two recorded Pop's debut studio album "The Idiot" (1977). He then met musician Brian Eno in the same year, and began a series of collaborations with Eno and producer Tony Visconti that would become known as the Berlin Trilogy. The first instalment, Bowie's 11th studio album "Low", was recorded at the Château from September to November 1976, with additional recording taking place at the Hansa Tonstudio in West Berlin, following Bowie and Pop's move there.


title: Lodger (album)

text: After "Low"s release in January 1977, Bowie toured as Pop's keyboardist. After the tour's completion, the two returned to Hansa Tonstudio, where they recorded Pop's next solo album "Lust for Life" (1977) in two and a half weeks, from April to May 1977. Bowie then began his next collaboration with Visconti and Eno, his 12th studio album ""Heroes"", which was recorded at Hansa sporadically in July and August 1977. Bowie undertook extensive promotion for ""Heroes"", released in October 1977, conducting numerous interviews and performing on various television programmes, including recording a collaboration, "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy", with singer Bing Crosby on "Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas" television special in 1977. He then recorded narration for an adaptation of Sergei Prokofiev's classical composition "Peter and the Wolf", released as an album in May 1978, acted in the David Hemmings film "Just a Gigolo", and began the Isolar II world tour, which lasted from March 1978 to the end of the year.


title: Lodger (album)

text: Recording for "Lodger" began during the four-month break in the Isolar II world tour during September 1978. Although "Lodger" is known as the final release of the Berlin Trilogy, it was largely recorded at Mountain Studios in Montreux, Switzerland, with additional recording to finish the album at the Record Plant in New York City. The atmosphere in Montreux was very different from that in Berlin; the studio was built on the site of a previous studio that had burned down. Whereas Hansa Tonstudio was located near the Berlin Wall, Mountain Studios was located in an Alpine retreat. Guitarist Carlos Alomar described the location as "boring", preferring the "excitement" of Hansa. Mountain also lacked the Hansa's acoustics.


title: Lodger (album)

text: Many of the same musicians from the previous records—Eno, Visconti, Alomar, Dennis Davis and George Murray —returned for the "Lodger" sessions. A new addition was future King Crimson guitarist Adrian Belew, whom Bowie had "poached" while the guitarist was touring with Frank Zappa; Belew's eventual bandmate Robert Fripp played guitar on ""Heroes"". Much of Belew's work on "Lodger" was composited from multiple takes played against backing tracks of which he had no prior knowledge, not even the key. Belew recalled, "When I arrived, they had about twenty tracks already done: bass, drums, rhythm guitar, but no vocals. They said, 'We're not going to let you hear these songs. We want you to go into the studio and play accidentally – whatever occurs to you'." Belew described the final guitar solo on "D.J." as sounding like "you're changing channel on the radio and each channel has a different guitar solo on it".


title: Lodger (album)

text: The sessions saw Bowie and Eno utilise techniques from Eno's Oblique Strategies cards. According to biographer Chris O'Leary, these cards were "part-fortune cookie, part-"Monopoly" 'Chance' cards", intended to spark creative ideas. Eno and Bowie used them previously to create some of the instrumentals for ""Heroes"". Using the cards, Bowie and Eno conducted numerous experimental methods during the sessions. Some of these included using old tunes played backwards, employing identical chord sequences for different songs and having the musicians swap instruments, as Alomar and Davis did on "Boys Keep Swinging". Pianist Sean Mayes explained: "[Bowie] was very keen on spontaneity. He liked everything to be recorded in one or two takes, mistakes and all." Biographer Nicholas Pegg writes that several songs, including "African Night Flight", "Yassassin" and "Red Sails", were composed "around a melodic clash of disparate cultures". Due to the experimental nature of the sessions, initial working titles for the album included "Planned Accidents" and "Despite Straight Lines". Unlike the lyrics for ""Heroes"", which Bowie largely improvised as he stood next to the microphone, he wrote most of "Lodger"s lyrics at a later date; they were unknown during the Mountain sessions. Other than "Yassassin" and "Red Sails", most of the tracks were recorded with working titles.


title: Lodger (album)

text: Alongside the use of Eno's Oblique Strategies cards, Visconti recalled Eno having more leeway during the sessions than those for "Low" and ""Heroes"". For "Look Back in Anger", Eno gave the backing band eight of his favourite chords and instructed them to "play something funky". Alomar disliked this, telling biographer David Buckley that he "totally, totally resisted it". Despite Eno assuming control at certain points, he appeared on, and co-wrote, only six of the album's ten tracks. Eno felt the trilogy had "petered out" by "Lodger", and Belew also observed Eno's and Bowie's working relationship closing down: "They didn't quarrel or anything uncivilised like that; they just didn't seem to have the spark that I imagine they might have had during the ""Heroes"" album." Visconti shared similar sentiments, saying on multiple occasions: "I don't think [David's] heart was in "Lodger"." "We had fun, but nevertheless an ominous feeling pervaded the album for me."


title: Lodger (album)

text: The sessions at Mountain Studios lasted three weeks, after which the band went back on tour. At the tour's conclusion, Bowie reconvened at the Record Plant in March 1979, where he recorded his lyrics and instrumental overdubs, and began mixing. Belew returned to record further guitar overdubs while Visconti recorded a replacement bass guitar part for "Boys Keep Swinging" after Bowie decided Davis' original was unsuitable; work was completed in a week. Visconti recalled having "sonic problems" during the mixing stage because the studio did not have the technical advancements of European studios.


title: Lodger (album)

text: Much like its two predecessors, "Consequence of Sound" described the music on "Lodger" as art rock and experimental rock. However, the album abandons the electronic and ambient styles and the song/instrumental split that defined the two earlier works, in favour of more conventional song structures. Visconti explained: "We dropped the ambient-side-two concept and just recorded songs!" As such, "Lodger" is the most "accessible" record of the Berlin Trilogy; AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the songs as "twisted avant-pop", while Belew similarly characterised them as "avant-garde pop music". Its musical textures, particularly on "African Night Flight", have been cited as presaging the popularity of world music, Bowie himself considered the album a forerunner of the sounds developed by Eno and David Byrne for "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts" (1981). Frank Mastropolo of "Ultimate Classic Rock" wrote that "Lodger" combines world and new wave music into a "pop format". Although Bryan Wawzenek, also of "Ultimate Classic Rock", found "Lodger" to be the more accessible record of the Berlin Trilogy, he also felt it to be the most experimental, observing elements of Middle Eastern music, reggae, world and krautrock within the vast array of pop songs. Biographers have singled out the final track on ""Heroes"", "The Secret Life of Arabia", in particular, as a precursor to what Bowie would explore on "Lodger", both musically and thematically.


title: Lodger (album)

text: After the ominousness of "Low" and ""Heroes"", biographers have described the opening track, "Fantastic Voyage", as "surprisingly delicate" and "serene"; a thought author Peter Doggett believes implies a "less intense" record. The song shares the same chord sequence as "Boys Keep Swinging" and features three different players playing mandolin parts; each part was triple-tracked to create a total of nine parts. Bowie composed "Move On" after accidentally playing his earlier composition "All the Young Dudes" backwards, then having Alomar write out the reversed chord sequence. "Yassassin" combines funk and reggae, using a violin played by Simon House to create a sound reminiscent of a Middle Eastern folk song and Turkish music. In part, the music of German band Neu! inspired "Red Sails", sharing their distinctive "motorik" drum beat; Pegg describes it as "an upbeat slab of new wave pop". The track has also been compared with Harmonia's 1975 track "Monza (Rauf und Runter)".


title: Lodger (album)

text: Regarding "D.J.", Bowie explained, "This is somewhat cynical but it's my natural response to disco." Bowie mimics David Byrne of Talking Heads in his vocal performance. Wawzenek highlighted "D.J." as a "danceable gem". Doggett describes "Look Back in Anger" as "propulsive and impatient", while Ned Raggett of AllMusic called it a "sharp-edged, thrillingly modern rock song". O'Leary particularly highlights Davis' drumming as the standout, while Alomar's guitar solo was influenced by John Lennon's rhythm guitar work in the Beatles. "The Quietus" found "Boys Keep Swinging" to contain elements of glam rock and garage rock. For the recording, which has the same chord sequence as "Fantastic Voyage", Bowie instructed the band to swap instruments. "Repetition" features a bass guitar riff that is described by Buckley as "insistent and very odd". Doggett highlights its sound as similar to funk music. "Red Money" is built around the backing track of "Sister Midnight", an Iggy Pop song he recorded with Bowie for "The Idiot". New guitar parts were added, along with electronic effects, backwards guitar and vocal harmonies.


title: Lodger (album)

text: Though missing the song/instrumental split that characterised "Low" and ""Heroes"", "Lodger" has been interpreted as covering two major themes— travel and critiques of Western civilisation on sides one and two, respectively. In early 1977, Bowie said, "I don't live anywhere, really. I travel 100% of the time," further noting, "The more I travel, the less sure I am about exactly which political philosophies are commendable. All my traveling is done on the basis of wanting to get my ideas for writing from real events rather than from going back to a system from whence it came." Because of this, "Lodger" is interpreted by some as a concept album. Some songs showcase heavily politicised lyrics, including "Fantastic Voyage", which deals with the "depression" brought on by Cold War leaders and the possibility of nuclear war, and "Repetition", which deals with domestic violence. James Perone finds a general theme of political oppression and insanity. Eno was unhappy with the direction Bowie took for the lyrics.


title: Lodger (album)

text: Regarding side one's theme of travel, Pegg writes that the songs revive a "perennial motif" prevailing throughout the Berlin Trilogy, highlighting the line, "I've lived all over the world, I've left every place" from the "Low" track "Be My Wife", pointing out the journey is both metaphorical and geographical. Between the Montreaux and New York sessions, Bowie traveled to Kenya with his son Duncan Jones, which inspired the lyrics for "African Night Flight". The same trip, along with ones to Japan and Australia, inspired "Move On", which reflects the theme of wanderlust throughout side one. Regarding the song titles, Doggett quips, "After his 'African Night Flight', what else to do but 'Move On'!" When asked about "Red Sails", Bowie said in 1979: "Here we took a new German music feel and put it against the idea of a contemporary English mercenary-cum-swashbuckling Errol Flynn, and put him in the China Sea. We have a lovely cross-reference of cultures. I honestly don't know what it's about." Pegg writes that "Red Sails" symbolises Bowie's venture away from the mainstream. "Yassassin" is Turkish for 'long live', from the word . Like the instrumental ""Heroes"" track "Neuköln", the song is about the discrimination Turkish immigrants who lived in Berlin faced, although its lyrical approach is more direct.


title: Lodger (album)

text: The lyrics of side two primarily critique Western society. "D.J." takes a sardonic look at the world of the disc jockey. On the song, the DJ is looked at solely for what he is on the outside: "I am a DJ, I am what I play". Swiftly compared to Elvis Costello's "Radio Radio" (1978), writer Ian Mathers describes the song as "a horror story about a human being reduced to nothing more than work". "Look Back in Anger" sees Bowie encounter an angel of death who has come to claim his soul. "Boys Keep Swinging" contains gender-bending lyrics, particularly, "When you're a boy, other boys check you out." In 2000, Bowie said of the track: "The glory in that song was ironic. I do not feel that there is anything remotely glorious about being either male or female. I was merely playing on the idea of the colonisation of a gender." In "Repetition", the narrator conveys no emotion when beating his wife, leading Buckley to describe it as Bowie at "his most chilling". "Red Money" proclaims the message "project canceled". Regarding the "red boxes" that appear throughout, Bowie stated: "This song, I think, is about responsibility. Red boxes keep cropping up in my paintings and they represent responsibility."


title: Lodger (album)

text: Bowie collaborated on the cover design for "Lodger" with English pop artist Derek Boshier, who would later design the artwork for Bowie's 15th studio album "Let's Dance" (1983). The original gatefold album sleeve featured a full-length shot by photographer Brian Duffy of Bowie in a tiled bathroom looking like an accident victim, heavily made up with an apparently broken nose and a bandaged hand. This was inspired by the self-portraits of Egon Schiele. To accomplish the shot, taken in February 1979 at Duffy's London studio, Bowie balanced himself on a steel frame while the photographer captured the image from above. The broken nose and facial morphing were accomplished using prosthetic make-up and nylon threads. Bowie's bandaged hand was genuine; according to Pegg, he had burned it with coffee that morning and decided to incorporate the hand into the photo. At Bowie's request, the image was taken in a low resolution with a Polaroid SX-70 type camera; outtakes from the photoshoot have appeared in the 2014 book "Duffy/Bowie – Five Sessions". The front features a postcard with the album title in four different languages, enhancing its theme of travel. Inside the gatefold are pictures of Che Guevara's corpse, Andrea Mantegna's painting "Lamentation of Christ" and Bowie being readied for the cover photo. Rykodisc did not reproduce these images on their 1991 CD reissue.


title: Lodger (album)

text: RCA Records released the lead single from "Lodger", "Boys Keep Swinging", with "Fantastic Voyage" as the B-side, on 27 April 1979. To promote the song, Bowie had appeared on "The Kenny Everett Video Show" four days earlier. According to Pegg, he dressed in a "1950s Mod-style suit" that made him look like a "fresh-faced schoolboy". David Mallet, who Bowie chose to direct a promo video for "Boys Keep Swinging", directed the programme. The promo and his Everett performance were filmed back-to-back, although the former featured extra backup dancers who turned out to be Bowie in drag. The Everett performance, along with an appearance as the guest DJ on Radio 1's "Star Special", helped "Boys Keep Swinging" reach number seven on the UK Singles Chart, Bowie's highest-charting single since "Sound and Vision". However, due to the song's gender-bending video and lyrics, RCA refused to release the single in the US.


title: Lodger (album)

text: RCA issued "Lodger" on 25 May 1979, with the catalogue number RCA BOW LP 1. Its release came almost two years after ""Heroes"", marking the longest gap between Bowie studio albums since his second album "Space Oddity" (1969). Buckley writes that within that time, new wave had begun to emerge and overtake punk rock as the dominant genre, highlighting the likes of Blondie and Kate Bush. He also notes that music videos and artists who were influenced by the music on Bowie's prior releases of the Berlin Trilogy, such as the Human League, Devo and Gary Numan, had begun to gain popularity.


title: Lodger (album)

text: "Lodger" performed well commercially, peaking at number four on the UK Albums Chart and remaining on the chart for 17 weeks. It peaked at number 20 on the US "Billboard" Top LPs & Tape chart, remaining on the chart for 15 weeks. Throughout the year, Bowie was out-performed commercially by Numan, who had number one hits with Tubeway Army's "Are "Friends" Electric?", his debut solo album "The Pleasure Principle", and its lead single "Cars". Numan, a huge fan of Bowie's, was antagonised by Bowie's fans who viewed him as a mere copycat. Bowie himself criticised Numan, which led to a feud between the two artists that lasted for years. According to Buckley, Numan's fame indirectly led to Bowie taking a more pop-oriented direction for his next studio album, "Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)" (1980).


title: Lodger (album)

text: "D.J." was chosen as the second single, with "Repetition" as the B-side, released on 29 June 1979, Pegg calls it a "boldly uncommercial choice" for a single. Appearing in edited form, the single stalled on the charts, peaking at number 29 in the UK. It was supported by a music video, also directed by Mallet. The video features Bowie walking down a road in London's Earl's Court, attracting surprised fans, interspersed with shots of him as an abused DJ. "Yassassin" was released as the album's third single in the Netherlands, backed again by "Repetition", in July 1979. It failed to chart, but the Dutch single edit was later included on "Re:Call 3", as part of the "A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982)" box set (2017). After releasing "Boys Keep Swinging" as a single only in the UK, RCA released "Look Back in Anger", with "Repetition" once again as the B-side. as the album's fourth single in the US and Canada only, where it failed to chart. A music video, again directed by Mallet, promoted it. The video, inspired by Oscar Wilde's "The Picture of Dorian Gray" (1891), depicts Bowie as a painter in an attic studio whose self-portrait begins to decay and melt.


title: Lodger (album)

text: In contrast to the universal praise received by its predecessor two years before, "Lodger" received mixed reviews from music critics on its original release. Among the negative reviews, Greil Marcus of "Rolling Stone" called the album "one of [Bowie's] weakest ... scattered, a footnote to ""Heroes"", an act of marking time", while Jon Savage of "Melody Maker" found it boring and "a nice enough pop record, beautifully played, produced and crafted, and slightly faceless". In "Smash Hits", Red Starr described the album as sounding like "a ragbag of rejects from previous styles" with "only occasional flashes of genius". A reviewer for "Billboard" similarly noted "the tone of the album is less foreboding than his more recent musical excursions". Although they considered this was both a "continuation" and a "departure" from his previous works, the magazine chose "Lodger" among their Top Album Picks the week of 9 June 1979. Paul Yamada of "New York Rocker" felt the album was a letdown compared to its two predecessors. Although he found some of the songs "good" and complimented its "easy-listening" nature, he noted the absence of the more "challenging" work on the earlier releases and found "Lodger" as a whole to be "a frustrating but well-crafted LP that is much less than it appears to be". Sandy Robertson of "Sounds" felt "Lodger" has "some ideas successfully realised", but as a whole is "not brilliant". The "Chicago Tribune"s Lynn Van Matre did not find it one of Bowie's best.


title: Lodger (album)

text: The album did receive some positive reviews. Ken Emerson in "The New York Times" called it Bowie's "most eloquent" record in years, while Robert Christgau of "The Village Voice" wrote favourably, stating that although the songs may seem impassive and not designful, he believed those qualities are "part of their charm—the way they confound categories of sensibility and sophistication is so frustrating it's satisfying". Tim Lott of "Record Mirror" wrote: "It's simply appealing in such an unusual way that a clear definition is impossible, even when plotted against its own predecessors rather than 'pop music' in general." He commended the variety of musical styles present but criticised some of the lyrics as lazy. William Carlton of the "New York Daily News" hailed it "Bowie at his best", praising the performances of Bowie and the band, and the various musical styles. A reviewer for the "Chicago Sun-Times" found "Lodger" "uneven" but ultimately "more interesting and entertaining" than its predecessors.


title: Lodger (album)

text: The consensus among critics at the time of its release was that "Lodger" was the weakest of the Berlin Trilogy. Biographer Paul Trynka states that "Lodger" lacked the "sense of risk and excitement" that had "pervaded" its two predecessors, which he partly attributed to the studio it was recorded at. However, soon after its release, "NME" editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray predicted that "Lodger" would "have to 'grow in potency' over a few years, but eventually, it will be accepted as one of Bowie's most complex and rewarding projects". Indeed, "Lodger" has come to be considered as one of Bowie's most underrated works. Wawzenek described it as Bowie's "Return of the Jedi" (1983) rather than his "The Godfather Part III" (1990). While biographer Christopher Sandford calls "Lodger" a "slick, calculatedly disposable record", Buckley contends that "its stature grows with each passing year", and Pegg sums up, "undervalued and obscure practically from the moment of its release, its critical re-evaluation is long overdue".


title: Lodger (album)

text: In regards to the Berlin Trilogy as a whole, Seabrook finds that then and now, listeners come to "Lodger" expecting a "resolution" to the sounds and themes of its two predecessors, but do not get that. He further contends that it lacks the "pioneer spirit" of "Low" and the "sheer gravitas" of ""Heroes"". Nevertheless, he considers some of the tracks, including "African Night Flight", "Repetition" and "Red Money", as among his best work of the period. Perone argues that "Lodger" is "by far" Bowie's "most lyrically and musically challenging" album of his late 1970s and early 1980s output, further illustrating the influence of contemporaries on the artist. Trynka states that over the years, the album has attracted "admiration" rather than "visceral love or hatred", and its sound is viewed as a forerunner to the sound of Talking Heads and Spandau Ballet. "Lodger" is one of Bowie's most influential works according to "Encyclopædia Britannica". Biographer Marc Spitz agrees, citing its use of world music as influential on Talking Heads' "Remain in Light" (1980) and Paul Simon's "Graceland" (1986). Spitz describes the album's promotional videos directed by Mallet "as innovative as anything Bowie had ever done before".


title: Lodger (album)

text: Retrospectively, "Lodger" has received more positive reviews. Upon the album's 1991 reissue, Ira Robbins compared its accessibility to its predecessors and felt the songs were forerunners of "Let's Dance" in "Entertainment Weekly". Writing for "The Rolling Stone Album Guide" in 2004, Rob Sheffield praised "Lodger", stating it "rocks just as hard as "Station to Station" and "Aladdin Sane"". He also commented on the "razor-sharp musical corners" and "new layers of wit and generosity in the songwriting", highlighting "Boys Keep Swinging", "D.J." and "Fantastic Voyage". Jon Dolan of "Spin" magazine considered "Lodger" to be a great end to "[Bowie's] best decade", calling it "his last great album".


title: Lodger (album)

text: In 2008, Chris Roberts of "Uncut" magazine felt that "Lodger" never received the appreciation it deserved, writing: "Generally perceived as the afterthought of the legendary "Berlin trilogy"... "Lodger" deserves a room of its own in the critical pantheon." Ian MacDonald agreed, writing that it was always thought of as the "anticlimax" of the trilogy, but nevertheless, stating that "if it doesn't add up as a single listening experience, its parts are rarely without quality." Erlewine also gave the album a positive review, writing: "It might not stretch the boundaries of rock like "Low" and ""Heroes"", but it arguably utilises those ideas in a more effective fashion." Mike Powell of "Pitchfork" described "Lodger" as "the first David Bowie album marketed as nothing more than an album of recorded music by David Bowie". He commented on the record's accessibility compared to Bowie's prior releases. Although he felt "Lodger" might always be remembered as the least "essential" effort of the Berlin Trilogy, Wawzenek concludes: "as a postcard from one of Bowie's most exciting phases, it's a fascinating glimpse of the artist in the midst of a bold transition".


title: Lodger (album)

text: Electronica/techno artist Moby would later say the only reason he got his first job as a golf caddy was so that he could afford to buy "Lodger", which had just come out at the time. American indie rock band Built to Spill referenced the album in their song "Distopian Dream Girl" taken from their 1994 album "There's Nothing Wrong with Love". A few of "Lodger"s songs influenced two English Britpop bands in the 1990s. Blur used the same chord sequence as "Fantastic Voyage" and "Boys Keep Swinging" in their 1997 single "M.O.R.". The song's chorus also borrows the melody and call-and-response vocals from "Boys Keep Swinging"; Bowie and Eno both received credit for "M.O.R." after legal intervention. The lead singer Damon Albarn has cited Bowie as an influence. Oasis named their 1996 single "Don't Look Back in Anger", written by Noel Gallagher, after "Look Back in Anger". American indie rock band Shearwater covered the album in its entirety at live shows and on "The A.V. Club" following Bowie's death in early 2016.


title: Lodger (album)

text: In the 1990s, American composer Philip Glass adapted "Low" and ""Heroes"" into classical music symphonies, titled ""Low" Symphony" and ""Heroes" Symphony", respectively. Glass informed Bowie of the projects and the two stayed in touch with each other until 2003; the two discussed making a third symphony which never came to fruition. After Bowie's death, Glass said the two had talked about adapting "Lodger" for the third symphony, adding that "the idea has not totally disappeared". In January 2018, Glass announced the completion of a symphony based on "Lodger". The work is Glass' 12th Symphony; it premiered in Los Angeles in January 2019. Like Glass's other adaptations, the ""Lodger" Symphony" is separated into seven movements, each named after tracks on "Lodger". The symphony marked the completion of his trilogy of works based on Bowie's Berlin Trilogy.


title: Lodger (album)

text: Reviewers criticised "Lodger"s original mix for many years, calling it "over-cluttered" and "over-produced". Regarding the mix, Visconti stated: "My only regret is that we went to New York to finish [the] album and it suffered at the mixing stage because New York studios simply were not as versatile or well-equipped as their European counterparts in those days." Bowie also expressed disappointment in the mix, citing distractions in his personal life at the time and the overall feeling he and Visconti had that the record did not come together as easily as its two predecessors. Bowie and Visconti began discussing the possibility of remixing "Lodger" during the sessions for Bowie's 24th studio album "The Next Day" (2013) for a possible deluxe edition reissue, with the latter explaining: "[It's] an important record to both of us. David agrees it never sounded the way we wanted."


title: Lodger (album)

text: During the sessions for Bowie's final album "Blackstar" in 2015, Visconti secretly began remixing "Lodger". He presented the new mixes to Bowie, who approved of them before his death. Visconti finished the remix in late 2016 and included it on "A New Career in a New Town". Erlewine praised the remix as "dense and colorful without changing the feel of the original", helping to "focus attention on an excellent record that often gets overshadowed by the three albums accompanying it in this box." "Rolling Stone"s Kory Grow wrote that the new mix "loosens" the album's sound, saying there is "a greater emphasis on orchestral strings" and the percussion "sometimes comes out of different speakers". Grow further noted that the mix makes "everything [feel] generally lighter", notably on "Red Money" and "Yassassin". Overall, Grow gave praise to the new mix, calling it a "brilliant new take" and noting that the original now feels "muddier" by comparison. Chris Gerard of "PopMatters" also praised the remix, believing it "drastically improved" the record and is "nothing short of revelatory". Gerard gave the most acclaim to "D.J.", writing that its new mix gives the track "more punch and clarity". Ultimately, Gerard felt the new mix is the highlight of the box set and gives "Lodger" enough recognition to be labeled as among Bowie's finest works.


title: Lodger (album)

text: "Lodger" has been rereleased several times on compact disc. It was first released on CD by RCA in the mid-1980s. Rykodisc and EMI reissued the album with two bonus tracks in 1991, including the outtake "I Pray, Olé" and a new version of "Look Back in Anger". Another reissue, without bonus tracks, was released by Virgin Records and EMI in 1999, featuring 24-bit digitally remastered sound. In 2017, the "A New Career in a New Town (1977–1982)" box set released by Parlophone included two versions of "Lodger": a remaster of the standard album and a new remix by Visconti. The 2017 remaster was separately released, in CD, vinyl, and digital formats, the following year.


title: Lodger (album)

text: Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes. The track numbers refer to CD and digital releases of the album.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: Parkway Gardens Apartment Homes is a privately-owned low-income apartment complex located on the border of Woodlawn and Washington Park. Chicago’s Woodlawn and Washington Park community areas located on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. The complex was built from 1950 to 1955; architect Henry K. Holsman, who planned several of Chicago's affordable housing developments, designed the Modernist buildings.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: The apartment complex was the first to be cooperatively owned by Chicago's African-American residents, who experienced a housing shortage during the Second Great Migration due to segregation; early residents included former First Lady Michelle Obama, and more recent inhabitants have included rappers Chief Keef and King Von.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: Many other notable artists and music producers have come from Parkway Gardens as well. In recent years, however, the complex has become the center of one of Chicago's most violent blocks. The complex is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: Parkway Gardens Apartment Homes, built from 1950 to 1955, was the last of Henry K. Holsman's many housing development designs in Chicago. Holsman began designing low-income housing in Chicago in the 1910s when an urban housing shortage developed after World War I. He worked on several of the Chicago Housing Authority's major housing projects in the 1930s; later in the decade, he began developing his own projects with funding from the Federal Housing Authority. From the 1940s onward, Holsman focused on designing residences for Chicago's African-American citizens, such as his Princeton Park community.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: While Chicago's African-American population boomed from 1920 to 1970 due to the Great Migrations, discriminatory housing policies forced African-Americans to live in the "Black Belt" section of the city's South Side, which did not have enough housing to meet demands. After completing the Winchester-Hood and Lunt-Lake Apartments on the North Side, Holsman began work on the similarly designed Parkway Gardens as a return to the South Side African-American community. The complex replaced the White City Amusement Park, which had operated at the site since 1905. Holsman's firm went bankrupt before the complex opened due to unsound financial decisions, one of which resulted in Holsman's conviction for mail fraud.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: The complex was the first cooperatively owned African-American housing development in the United States. While Holsman had worked on cooperative housing in the past, its adoption by African-Americans was considered a major success for the community. Mary McLeod Bethune gave an address at the development's cornerstone-laying ceremony, which was attended by Governor Adlai Stevenson II, Chicago Mayor Martin H. Kennelly, and both of the state's U.S. Senators. Advocates for affordable housing and civil rights praised the development when it was completed, citing its modern heating and appliances and its expansive units. The complex attracted African-American residents from lower-income backgrounds, including future First Lady Michelle Obama's family, who lived there at the time of her birth.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: Parkway Gardens shifted from cooperative ownership to HUD management in the 1970s and to private ownership in the 1980s. Following the change in ownership, the property deteriorated because of a lack of investment in modernization and maintenance.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: The Chicago affiliate of national real estate firm Related Companies and a major affordable housing and mixed-use developer known for its expertise in preservation projects purchased Parkway Gardens in 2011. The company completed a significant renovation of the property in September 2013, preserving a site with historical significance and providing an affordable place for 2,000 people to live. This renovation of Parkway Gardens received the 2014 Chicago Neighborhood Development Award for Outstanding For-Profit Neighborhood Real Estate Project from the Local Initiatives Support Corporation Chicago.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: Since the late 2000, Parkway has been the center of gang shootings mostly amongst teenagers and young adults. Tenants of Parkway and community leaders contested the crime wave came after CHA demolished the drug-infested Randolph Towers, nicknamed the "Calumet Building" which was once located at 6217 S. Calumet Ave. The 16-story red-brick project building was the base of operations for the Black Disciples gang. In a 2004 "Chicago Tribune" article it was stated drug dealers in the Randolph Towers were hauling in drug profits as much as $300,000 per day. After the demolition of Randolph Towers in 2006, Black Disciples then shifted their operations to Parkway Gardens which was at the time affordable housing for low-income families and had become Gangster Disciples territory.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: In the early 2010s, gang activity skyrocketed and Parkway Gardens became the center of one of Chicago's most violent blocks. The 6400 block of South King Drive was known locally as "WIIIC CITY", but is now referred to as "O-Block", named in memory of murdered resident Odee Perry. Under this name, it has become nationally notorious due to former Parkway Gardens residents Chief Keef and King Von, whose music often references O-Block and its violence.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: Between June 2011 and June 2014, O-Block had the most shootings of any block in Chicago. Many of these shootings occurred in 2011 and 2012, with city police reporting that violence at the complex has since steadily declined. The violence stems mainly from gang rivalries between the Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples, who both control territory near the block.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 22, 2011, for its architectural significance and its role in African-American community development.


title: Parkway Garden Homes

text: Holsman gave the Parkway Gardens Apartment Homes a Modernist design inspired by European housing projects of the 1920s and 1930s. The complex is low-rise and includes several walk-up buildings, giving it a personal feel at a time when skyscraper housing projects were common. Thirty-five buildings are included in the complex; twenty-four of these are walk-up buildings, while the remaining eleven are eight-story buildings. The development's layout emphasized spaciousness, light, and airflow and pointed entrances toward the inside of the complex rather than the street. Instead of ornamentation, angled bays gave variety to the exteriors, a feature inspired by German "zig-zag houses". The few decorative elements, which include cantilevered balconies and ribbon windows, are typical of Modernist buildings.


title: Timor

text: Timor is an island at the southern end of Maritime Southeast Asia, in the north of the Timor Sea. The island is divided between the sovereign states of East Timor on the eastern part and Indonesia on the western part. The Indonesian part, also known as West Timor, constitutes part of the province of East Nusa Tenggara. Within West Timor lies an exclave of East Timor called Oecusse District. The island covers an area of . The name is a variant of "timur", Malay for "east"; it is so called because it lies at the eastern end of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Mainland Australia is less than 500 km away, separated by the Timor Sea.


title: Timor

text: Anthropologists identify eleven distinct ethno-linguistic groups in Timor. The largest are the Atoni of western Timor and the Tetum of central and eastern Timor. Most indigenous Timorese languages belong to the Timor–Babar branch of the Austronesian languages spoken throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Although lexical evidence is lacking, the non-Austronesian languages of Timor are thought to be related to languages spoken on Halmahera and in Western New Guinea. Some are so mixed that it is difficult to tell which family they descend from.


title: Timor

text: The official languages of East Timor are Tetum and Portuguese, while in West Timor it is Indonesian. Indonesian, a standardized dialect of Malay, is also widely spoken and understood in East Timor.


title: Timor

text: Christianity is the dominant religion throughout the island of Timor, at about 90% of the population. However, it is unequally distributed as West Timor is 58% Protestant and 37% Catholic, and East Timor is 98% Catholic and 1% Protestant. Islam and animism make up most of the remainder at about 5% each across the island.


title: Timor

text: Timor is located north of Australia, and is one of the easternmost Sunda Islands. Together with Sumba, Babar and associated smaller islands, Timor forms the southern outer archipelago of the Lesser Sunda Islands with the inner islands of Flores, Alor and Wetar to the north, and beyond them Sulawesi.


title: Timor

text: Timor is the principal island of the Outer Banda Arc, which has been upthrust by collision with the Australian continent. Timor has older geology and lacks the volcanic nature of the northern Lesser Sunda Islands. The orientation of the main axis of the island also differs from its neighbors. These features have been explained as the result of being on the northern edge of the Indo-Australian Plate as it meets the Eurasian Plate and pushes into South East Asia. The climate includes a long dry season with hot winds blowing over from Australia. Rivers on the island include the North and South Laclo Rivers in East Timor.


title: Timor

text: The largest towns on the island are the provincial capital of Kupang in West Timor, Indonesia and the Portuguese colonial towns of Dili the capital, and Baucau in East Timor. Poor roads make transport to inland areas difficult, especially in East Timor. Sources of revenue include gas and oil in the Timor Sea, coffee growing and tourism.


title: Timor

text: West Timor is part of the East Nusa Tenggara province. It was formerly split into the City of Kupang (a "kabupaten" or regency-level administrative area) and four regencies (kabupaten); from west to east these are: Kupang, Timor Tengah Selatan (South Central Timor), Timor Tengah Utara (North Central Timor) and Belu. However, a fifth regency – Malaka – was in 2012 formed from the southern half of Belu Regency. Note that the administrative area has shrunk as Rote Ndao Regency (Rote and Ndoa islands to the southwest) and Sabu Raijua Regency (the Savu Islands further west) were split off in 2002 and 2009 respectively from Kupang Regency. The island accounts for 35.5% of the provincial population.


title: Timor

text: East Timor is divided into thirteen municipalities, which in turn are subdivided into 65 administrative posts, 442 "sucos" (villages), and 2,225 "aldeias" (hamlets).


title: Timor

text: Timor and its offshore islands such as Atauro, a former place of exile increasingly known for its beaches and coral, as well as Jaco along with Wetar and the other Barat Daya Islands to the northeast constitute the Timor and Wetar deciduous forests ecoregion. The natural vegetation was tropical dry broadleaf forests with an undergrowth of shrubs and grasses supporting a rich wildlife. However much of the original forest has been cleared for farming, especially on the coasts of Timor and on the smaller islands like Atauro. Apart from one large block in the centre of Timor only patches remain. This ecoregion is part of the Wallacea area with a mixture of plants and animals of Asian and Australasian origin; it lies in the western part of Wallacea, in which Asian species predominate.


title: Timor

text: Many trees are deciduous or partly deciduous, dropping their leaves during the dry season, there are also evergreen and thorn trees in the woodland. Typical trees of the lowland slopes include "Sterculia foetida", "Calophyllum teysmannii" and "Aleurites moluccanus".


title: Timor

text: During the Pleistocene epoch, Timor was the abode of extinct giant monitor lizards similar to the Komodo dragon. Like Flores, Sumba and Sulawesi, Timor was also once a habitat of extinct dwarf stegodonts, relatives of elephants.


title: Timor

text: Fauna of today includes a number of endemic species such as the distinctive Timor shrew and Timor rat. The northern common cuscus, a marsupial of Australasian origin occurs as well, but is thought to be introduced. The island have a great number of birds, mainly of Asian origin with some of Australasian origin. There is a total of 250 species of which twenty four are endemic, due to the relative isolation of Timor, including five threatened species; the slaty cuckoo-dove, Wetar ground dove, Timor green pigeon, Timor imperial pigeon, and iris lorikeet.


title: Timor

text: Saltwater crocodiles are found in the wetlands whereas reticulated pythons can be found in forests and grasslands of Timor. However, the population sizes and status are unknown.


title: Timor

text: Frog species in Timor include "Duttaphrynus melanostictus", "Hoplobatrachus tigerinus", "Limnonectes timorensis", "Litoria everetti", and "Polypedates leucomystax". A new species of microlyhid frog belonging to the genus "Kaloula" has also recently been discovered in Timor.


title: Timor

text: Late Cretaceous fossils of marine vertebrates are known from East Timor deposits. These include mosasaurs such as "Globidens timorensis", lamniforme sharks, coelacanths and the choristodere "Champsosaurus".


title: Timor

text: The earliest historical record about Timor island is the 13th-century Chinese "Zhu Fan Zhi", where it is called "Ti-wu" and is noted for its sandalwood. Later on, in the 14th-century Javanese Nagarakretagama, Canto 14, "Timur" is identified as an island within Majapahit's realm. Timor was incorporated into ancient Javanese, Chinese and Indian trading networks of the 14th century as an exporter of aromatic sandalwood, slaves, honey and wax, and was settled by both the Portuguese, in the end of the 16th century, and the Dutch, based in Kupang, in the mid-17th century.


title: Timor

text: As the nearest island with a European settlement at the time, Timor was the destination of William Bligh and seamen loyal to him following the infamous Mutiny on the "Bounty" in 1789. It was also where survivors of the wrecked , sent to arrest the "Bounty" mutineers, landed in 1791 after that ship sank in the Great Barrier Reef.


title: Timor

text: The island has been politically divided in two parts for centuries. The Dutch and Portuguese fought for control of the island until it was divided by treaty in 1859, but they still did not formally resolve the matter of the boundary until 1912. West Timor, was known as Dutch Timor until 1949 when it became Indonesian Timor, a part of the nation of Indonesia which was formed from the old Netherlands East Indies; while East Timor was known as Portuguese Timor, a Portuguese colony until 1975. It includes the exclave of Oecussi-Ambeno in West Timor.


title: Timor

text: Japanese forces occupied the whole island from 1942 to 1945. They were resisted in a guerrilla campaign led initially by Australian commandos.


title: Timor

text: Following the military coup in Portugal in 1974 the Portuguese began to withdraw from Timor, the subsequent internal unrest and fear of the communist Fretilin party led to an invasion by Indonesia, who opposed the concept of an independent East Timor. In 1975, East Timor was annexed by Indonesia and became known as "Timor Timur" or 'Tim-Tim' for short. It was regarded by Indonesia as the country's 27th province, but this was never recognised by the United Nations (UN) or Portugal.


title: Timor

text: The people of East Timor, through Falintil the military wing of Fretilin, resisted 35,000 Indonesian troops in a prolonged guerrilla campaign, but the whole island remained under Indonesian control until a referendum held in 1999 under a UN-sponsored agreement between Indonesia and Portugal in which its people rejected the offer of autonomy within Indonesia. The UN then temporarily governed East Timor until it became independent as Timor-Leste in 2002 under the presidency of Falintil leader Xanana Gusmão. Political strife continued, as the new nation coped with poverty. Nevertheless, the UN presence was much reduced.


title: Timor

text: A group of people on the Indonesian side of Timor have been reported active since 2001 trying to establish a Great Timor state. However, there is no real evidence that the people of West Timor, most of whom are ethnically Atoni, the traditional enemy of the East Timorese, have any interest in such a union. Furthermore, the current government of East Timor recognizes the existing boundary.


title: Atenolol

text: Atenolol is a beta blocker medication primarily used to treat high blood pressure and heart-associated chest pain. Atenolol, however, does not seem to improve mortality in those with high blood pressure. Other uses include the prevention of migraines and treatment of certain irregular heart beats. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein. It can also be used with other blood pressure medications.


title: Atenolol

text: Common side effects include feeling tired, heart failure, dizziness, depression, and shortness of breath. Other serious side effects include bronchospasm. Use is not recommended during pregnancy and alternative drugs are preferred when breastfeeding. It works by blocking β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart, thus decreasing the heart rate and workload.


title: Atenolol

text: Atenolol was patented in 1969 and approved for medical use in 1975. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 53rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 12million prescriptions.


title: Atenolol

text: Atenolol is used for a number of conditions including hyperthyroidism, hypertension, angina, long QT syndrome, acute myocardial infarction, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, and the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.


title: Atenolol

text: The role for β-blockers in general in hypertension was downgraded in June 2006 in the United Kingdom, and later in the United States, as they are less appropriate than other agents such as ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics and angiotensin receptor blockers, particularly in the elderly.


title: Atenolol

text: Hypertension treated with a β-blocker such as atenolol, alone or in conjunction with a thiazide diuretic, is associated with a higher incidence of new onset type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to those treated with an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker.


title: Atenolol

text: β-blockers, of which atenolol is mainly studied, provides weaker protection against stroke and mortality in patients over 60 years old compared to other antihypertensive medications. Diuretics may be associated with better cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes than β-blockers in the elderly.


title: Atenolol

text: Symptoms of overdose are due to excessive pharmacodynamic actions on β and also β-receptors. These include bradycardia (slow heartbeat), severe hypotension with shock, acute heart failure, hypoglycemia and bronchospastic reactions. Treatment is largely symptomatic. Hospitalization and intensive monitoring is indicated. Activated charcoal is useful to absorb the drug. Atropine will counteract bradycardia, glucagon helps with hypoglycemia, dobutamine can be given against hypotension and the inhalation of a β-mimetic as hexoprenalin or salbutamol will terminate bronchospasms. Blood or plasma atenolol concentrations may be measured to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Plasma levels are usually less than 3 mg/L during therapeutic administration, but can range from 3–30 mg/L in overdose victims.


title: Atenolol

text: Atenolol has been given as an example of how slow healthcare providers are to change their prescribing practices in the face of medical evidence that indicates that a drug is not as effective as others in treating some conditions. In 2012, 33.8 million prescriptions were written to American patients for this drug. In 2014, it was in the top (most common) 1% of drugs prescribed to Medicare patients. Although the number of prescriptions has been declining steadily since limited evidence articles contesting its efficacy was published, it has been estimated that it would take 20 years for doctors to stop prescribing it for hypertension. Despite its diminished efficacy when compared to newer antihypertensive drugs, atenolol and other beta blockers are still a relevant clinical choice for treating some conditions, since beta blockers are a diverse group of medicines with different properties that still requires further research. As consequence, reasons for the popularity of beta blockers cannot be fully attributed to a slow healthcare system – patient compliance factor, such as treatment cost and duration, also affect adherence and popularity of therapy.


title: Lassie

text: Lassie is a fictional female Rough Collie dog and is featured in a short story by Eric Knight that was later expanded to a full-length novel called "Lassie Come-Home". Knight's portrayal of Lassie bears some features in common with another fictional female collie of the same name, featured in the British writer Elizabeth Gaskell's 1859 short story "The Half Brothers". In "The Half Brothers", Lassie is loved only by her young master and guides the adults back to where two boys are lost in a snowstorm.


title: Lassie

text: Published in 1940, Knight's novel was filmed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1943 as "Lassie Come Home", with a dog named Pal playing Lassie. Pal then appeared with the stage name "Lassie" in six other MGM feature films through 1951. Pal's owner and trainer, Rudd Weatherwax, then acquired the Lassie name and trademark from MGM and appeared with Pal (as "Lassie") at rodeos, fairs, and similar events across America in the early 1950s. In 1954, the long-running Emmy-winning television series "Lassie" debuted and, over the next 19 years, a succession of Pal's descendants appeared on the series. The "Lassie" character has appeared in radio, television, film, toys, comic books, animated series, juvenile novels, and other media. Pal's descendants continue to play Lassie today.


title: Lassie

text: An early depiction of Lassie is found in British writer Elizabeth Gaskell's 1859 short story "The Half-brothers". In the story, Lassie is described as a female collie with "intelligent, apprehensive eyes" who rescues two half-brothers who are lost and dying in the snow. When the younger brother can no longer carry on, elder brother Gregory, Lassie's master, ties a handkerchief around Lassie's neck and sends her home. Lassie arrives home, and leads the search party to the boys. When they arrive Gregory is dead, but his younger half-brother is saved. Thus, Gaskell apparently originated the character Lassie and, at the same time, defined the "Lassie saves the day" storyline that is the essence of subsequent Lassie tales.


title: Lassie

text: According to writer Nigel Clarke in the "Shipwreck Guide to Dorset and South Devon", the original Lassie that inspired so many films and television episodes was a rough-haired crossbreed who saved the life of a sailor during World War I.


title: Lassie

text: Half collie, Lassie was owned by the landlord of the Pilot Boat, a pub in the port of Lyme Regis. On New Year's Day in 1915 the Royal Navy battleship was torpedoed by a German submarine off Start Point in South Devon, with the loss of more than 500 men. In a storm that followed the accident, a life raft containing bodies was blown along the coast to Lyme Regis. In helping to deal with the crisis, the local pub in Lyme Regis, called the Pilot Boat, offered its cellar as a mortuary.


title: Lassie

text: When the bodies had been laid out on the stone floor, Lassie, a crossbred collie owned by the pub owner, found her way down amongst the bodies, and she began to lick the face of one of the victims, Able Seaman John Cowan. She stayed beside him for more than half an hour, nuzzling him and keeping him warm with her fur. To everyone's astonishment, Cowan eventually stirred. He was taken to hospital and went on to make a full recovery. He visited Lassie again when he returned to thank all who saved his life.


title: Lassie

text: When the officers heard the story of Lassie and what she did to rescue Cowan, they told it again and again to any reporter who would listen as it was inspirational and heart-warming. Hollywood got hold of the story, and so a star was born.


title: Lassie

text: The fictional character of Lassie was created by English author Eric Knight in "Lassie Come-Home", first published as a short story in "The Saturday Evening Post" in 1938 and later as a full-length novel in 1940. Set in the Depression-era England, the novel depicts the lengthy journey a rough collie makes to be reunited with her young Yorkshire master after her family is forced to sell her for money.


title: Lassie

text: In 1943, the novel was adapted into a feature film, "Lassie Come Home", by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) that starred Roddy McDowall and Elizabeth Taylor. The movie was a hit and enjoyed favorable critical response. MGM followed this with several additional films, including a sequel entitled "Son of Lassie" (1945), starring Peter Lawford and June Lockhart, and "Courage of Lassie" with Elizabeth Taylor. A radio series, "Lassie Radio Show", was also created, airing until 1949.


title: Lassie

text: Between 1954-1973, the television series "Lassie" was broadcast, with Lassie initially residing on a farm with a young male master. In the eleventh season, it changed to U.S. Forest Service rangers as her companions, then the collie was on her own for a season before ending the series with Lassie residing at a ranch for orphaned children. The long-running series was the recipient of two Emmy Awards before it was canceled in 1973. Lassie won several PATSY Awards (an award for animal actors). A second series followed in the 1980s. In 1997, Canadian production company Cinar Inc. produced a new "Lassie" television series for the Animal Planet network in the U.S. and YTV in Canada. It ran until 1999.


title: Lassie

text: In 2005, a remake of the original "Lassie Come Home" movie was produced in the United Kingdom. Starring Peter O'Toole and Samantha Morton, "Lassie" was released in 2006.


title: Lassie

text: Lassie continues to make personal appearances as well as marketing a line of pet food and a current pet care TV show, "Lassie's Pet Vet" on PBS stations in the United States. Lassie is one of only four animals (and one of very few fictional characters, such as Mickey Mouse, Kermit the Frog, and Bugs Bunny) to be awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame—the others being silent-film stars Rin Tin Tin, Uggie and Strongheart. In 2005, the show business journal "Variety" named Lassie one of the "100 Icons of the Century"—the only animal star on the list.


title: Lassie

text: An animated TV series was made based on the dog. It was called "The New Adventures of Lassie". In this animated TV series Lassie was a dog that was owned by the Parker family in a national park. The animated TV series is mainly a traditionally animated (2D hand-drawn animated) TV series with some CGI animation (vehicles) in it. The TV series was shown on TVOntario in Ontario, Canada, from 2013 to 2016.


title: Lassie

text: Lassie is featured in "Our Nation's 200th Birthday, The Telephone's 100th Birthday" (1976) by Stanley Meltzoff for Bell System.


title: Doctor of Pharmacy

text: A Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD; New Latin: "Pharmaciae Doctor") is a professional doctorate in pharmacy. In some countries, it is a doctoral degree to practice the profession of pharmacy or to become a clinical pharmacist. In many countries they are allowed to practice independently and can prescribe drugs directly to patients. A PhD program has significant experiential or clinical education components in introductory and advanced levels for the safe and effective use of drugs. Experiential education prepares graduates to be practice-ready, as they already have spent a significant amount of time training in areas of direct patient care and research.


title: Doctor of Pharmacy

text: In Algeria, Doctor of Pharmacy degree replaced the state's diploma of pharmacist in 2011, thus concepts on clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care were taught for the first time.