title: Potential superpower

text: Some consensus has concluded that China has reached the qualifications of superpower status, citing China's growing political clout and leadership in the economic sectors has given the country renewed standings in the International Community. Although China's military projection is still premature and untested, the perceived humiliation of US leadership in failing to prevent its closest allies in joining the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, along with the Belt and Road Initiative and China's role in the worldwide groundings of the Boeing 737 MAX, was seen as a paradigm shift or an inflection point to the unipolar world order that dominated post-Cold War international relations. University Professor Øystein Tunsjø argues that competition between China and the USA will increase, leading to the gap between them decreasing, while the gap between the two countries and the rest of the top ten largest economies will widen. Additionally, economics correspondent, Peter S. Goodman and Beijing Bureau Chief of China, Jane Perlez further stated that China is using a combination of its economic might and growing military advancements to pressure, coerce and change the current world order to accommodate China's interests at the expense of the United States and its allies.


title: Potential superpower

text: The 2019 Chinese Defense White Paper highlights growing strategic competition between China and the United States although it stops short of the military and ideological confrontation that was shown during the Cold War. Rather, according to Anthony H. Cordesman, although the paper flags both China and the US as competing superpowers, it was far more moderate in its treatment of the US in contrast to the United States view on Chinese military developments. Cordesman states that the paper in the end, was a warning that will shape Sino-American relations as China becomes stronger than Russia in virtually every respect other than its nuclear arsenal.


title: Potential superpower

text: On August 19, 2019, the United States Studies Centre handed out a report, suggesting that Washington no longer enjoys primacy in the Indo-Pacific. It stresses that the War on terror has greatly distracted US response to China's role in the Pacific; that US military force in the region has greatly atrophied whereas Beijing only grew stronger and more capable since 9/11, to the point that China could now actively challenge the United States over the Indo-Pacific. According to the 2021 Asia Power Index, within Asia, the United States still takes the lead on military capacity, cultural influence, resilience, future resources, diplomatic influence, and defense networks, but falls behind China in two parameters: economic capability and economic relationships.


title: Potential superpower

text: China's challenging the United States for global predominance constitutes the core issue in the debate over the American decline.


title: Potential superpower

text: Timothy Beardson, founder of Crosby International Holdings, stated in 2013 that he does not see "China becoming a superpower". He pointed out that China has continually polluted its environment during its 30 years of economic growth and will have to grapple with an ageing and shrinking workforce in the future.


title: Potential superpower

text: Geoffrey Murray's "China: The Next Superpower" (1998) argued that while the potential for China is high, this is fairly perceived only by looking at the risks and obstacles China faces in managing its population and resources. The political situation in China may become too fragile to survive into superpower status, according to Susan Shirk in "China: Fragile Superpower" (2008). Other factors that could constrain China's ability to become a superpower in the future include limited supplies of energy and raw materials, questions over its innovation capability, inequality and corruption, and risks to social stability and the environment.


title: Potential superpower

text: Amy Chua stated in 2007 that whether a country is attractive to immigrants is an important quality for a superpower. She also wrote that China lacks the pull to bring scientists, thinkers, and innovators from other countries as immigrants.


title: Potential superpower

text: Minxin Pei argued in 2010 that China is not a superpower and it will not be one anytime soon and argued that China faces daunting political and economic challenges. In 2012 he argued that China, despite using its economic power to influence some nations, has few real friends or allies and is surrounded by potentially hostile nations. This situation could improve if regional territorial disputes were resolved and China participated in an effective regional defence system that would reduce the fears of its neighbours. Alternatively, a democratization of China could improve foreign relations with many nations.


title: Potential superpower

text: The European Union (EU) has been called an emerging superpower by academics. Many scholars and academics like T. R. Reid, Andrew Reding, Andrew Moravcsik, Mark Leonard, Jeremy Rifkin, John McCormick, and some politicians like Romano Prodi and Tony Blair, believed that the EU either is, or will become, a superpower in the 21st century.


title: Potential superpower

text: Mark Leonard cites several factors: the EU's large population, large economy, low inflation rates, the unpopularity and perceived failure of US foreign policy in recent years, and certain EU member states' high quality of life (especially when measured in terms such as hours worked per week, health care, social services).


title: Potential superpower

text: John McCormick believes that the EU has already achieved superpower status, based on the size and global reach of its economy and on its global political influence. He argues that the nature of power has changed since the Cold War-driven definition of superpower was developed, and that military power is no longer essential to great power; he argues that control of the means of production is more important than control of the means of destruction, and contrasts the threatening hard power of the United States with the opportunities offered by the soft power wielded by the European Union.


title: Potential superpower

text: Parag Khanna believes that "Europe is overtaking its rivals to become the world's most successful empire." Khanna writes that South America, East Asia, and other regions prefer to emulate "The European Dream" rather than the American variant. This could possibly be seen in the African Union and UNASUR. Notably, among the official languages of the EU are some of the world's largest and most influential languages.


title: Potential superpower

text: Andrew Reding also takes the future EU enlargement into account. An eventual future accession of the rest of Europe, the whole of Russia, and Turkey, would not only boost its economy, but it would also increase the EU's population to about 800 million, which he considers almost equal to that of India or China. The EU is qualitatively different from India and China since it is enormously more prosperous and technologically advanced. Turkish PM Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said in 2005: "In 10 or 15 years, the EU will be a place where civilizations meet. It will be a superpower with the inclusion of Turkey."


title: Potential superpower

text: Robert J. Guttman wrote in 2001 that the very definition of the term superpower has changed, and in the 21st century it does not only refer to states with military power, but also to groups such as the European Union, with strong market economics, young, highly educated workers savvy in high technology, and a global vision. Friis Arne Petersen, the Danish ambassador to the US, has expressed similar views but has conceded that the EU is a "special kind of superpower", one that has yet to establish a unified military force that exerts itself even close to the same level as many of its individual members.


title: Potential superpower

text: Additionally, it is argued by commentators that full political integration is not required for the European Union to wield international influence: that its apparent weaknesses constitute its real strengths (as of its low-profile diplomacy and the emphasis on the rule of law) and that the EU represents a new and potentially more successful type of international actor than traditional ones; however, it is uncertain if the effectiveness of such an influence would be equal to that of a more politically integrated union of states such as the United States.


title: Potential superpower

text: Barry Buzan notes that the EU's potential superpower status depends on its "stateness". It is unclear though how much state-like quality is needed for the EU to be described as a superpower. Buzan states that the EU is unlikely to remain a potential superpower for a long time because although it has material wealth, its "political weakness and its erratic and difficult course of internal political development, particularly as regards a common foreign and defence policy" constrains it from being a superpower.


title: Potential superpower

text: Alexander Stubb, former Finnish Prime Minister, has said that he thinks the EU is both a superpower and not a superpower. While the EU is a superpower in the sense that it is the largest political union, single market and aid donor in the world, it is not a superpower in the defence or foreign policy spheres. Like Barry Buzan, Alexander Stubb thinks that the major factor constraining the EU's rise to superpower status is its lack of statehood in the international system; other factors are its lack of internal drive to project power worldwide, and continued preference for the sovereign nation-state among some Europeans. To counterbalance these, he urged the EU leaders to approve and ratify the Lisbon Treaty (which they did in 2009), create an EU foreign ministry (EEAS, established in 2010), develop a common EU defence, hold one collective seat at the United Nations Security Council and G7, and address what he described as the "sour mood" toward the EU prevalent in some European countries today.


title: Potential superpower

text: Some commentators do not believe that the EU will achieve superpower status. "The EU is not and never will be a superpower", according to the former UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs David Miliband. Lacking a unified foreign policy and with an inability to project military power worldwide, the EU lacks "the substance of superpowers", who by definition have "first of all military reach [and] possess the capacity to arrive quickly anywhere with troops that can impose their government's will." EU parliamentarian Ilka Schroeder argues that the high degree of involvement in conflicts such as the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is used by the EU largely to compensate for European inability to project military power internationally, particularly in contrast to the US.


title: Potential superpower

text: "The Economist"'s Robert Lane Greene notes that the lack of a strong European military only exacerbates the lack of unified EU foreign policy and discounts any EU arguments towards superpower status, noting especially that the EU's creation of a global response force rivalling the superpower's (United States) is "unthinkable". Similarly, Colin S. Gray finds that “EU-Europe remains a political pygmy and all but military zero in any collective sense.”


title: Potential superpower

text: Britain's Michael Howard has warned against the "worry" that many Europeans are pushing for greater EU integration to counterbalance the United States, while Europe's total reliance on soft (non-military) power is in part because of its lack of a "shared identity." While to some the European Union should be a "model power" unafraid of using military force and backing free trade, its military shortcomings argue against superpower status.


title: Potential superpower

text: According to Zbigniew Brzezinski, the European Union did not produce a real "union" but a "misnomer." It failed to use the years of “Europe whole and free” to make Europe truly whole and its freedom firmly secure. The notion of Europe as “a political and military heavyweight" became "increasingly illusory.” Europe, once the centre of the West, became an extension of a West whose defining player is America.


title: Potential superpower

text: George Osborne, former British Chancellor of the Exchequer, has also pointed out the economic crisis of the European Union. Osborne said, "The biggest economic risk facing Europe doesn't come from those who want reform and re-negotiation. It comes from a failure to reform and renegotiate. It is the status quo which condemns the people of Europe to an ongoing economic crisis and continuing decline." Osborne also said that the EU is facing growing competition with global economic powers like China, India and the US, and the European Union should "reform or decline."


title: Potential superpower

text: On 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom, the EU's fourth largest financial contributor after Germany, France and Italy, left the European Union. This represented the first time a member state left the organization and its antecedent institutions since the European Economic Community was established in 1957. Some would even claim that Brexit could delay the EU's goal of becoming a global superpower.


title: Potential superpower

text: The Republic of India has seen considerable coverage of its potential of becoming a superpower, both in the media and among academics. In 1998, government scientists Abdul Kalam and Y. S. Rajan co-authored book "India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium", predicting India becoming a superpower by 2020. In 2006, "Newsweek" and the "International Herald Tribune" joined several academics in discussing India's potential of becoming a superpower.


title: Potential superpower

text: Anil Gupta is almost certain that India will become a superpower in the 21st century. As an example, he predicts that due to India's functional institutions of democracy, it will emerge as a desirable, entrepreneurial and resource and energy-efficient superpower in the near future. He had predicted that by 2015 India would overtake China to be the fastest-growing economy in the world and predicted an emergence as a full-fledged economic superpower by 2025. In addition to that, he states, India has the potential to serve as a leading example of how to combine rapid economic growth with fairness towards and inclusion of those at the bottom rungs of the ladder and of efficient resource utilization, especially in energy. India briefly became the world's fastest-growing economy in 2015 but growth declined below China's since 2018.


title: Potential superpower

text: Economists and researchers at Harvard University have projected India's 7% projected annual growth rate through 2024 would continue to put it ahead of China, making India the fastest growing economy in the world. In 2017, Center for International Development at Harvard University, published a research study, projecting that India has emerged as the economic pole of global growth by surpassing China and is expected to maintain its lead over the 2020s.


title: Potential superpower

text: Robyn Meredith pointed out in 2007 that the average incomes of Europeans and Americans are higher than Chinese and Indians, and hundreds of millions of Chinese, as well as Indians, live in poverty, she also suggested that the economic growth of these nations has been the most important factor in reducing global poverty of the last two decades, as per the World Bank report. Amy Chua adds to this, that India still faces many problems such as "pervasive rural poverty, entrenched corruption, and high inequality just to name a few". However, she notes that India has made tremendous strides to fix this, stating that some of India's achievements, such as working to dismantle the centuries-old caste system and maintaining the world's largest diverse democracy, are historically unprecedented.


title: Potential superpower

text: Fareed Zakaria pointing out that India's young population coupled with the second-largest English-speaking population in the world could give India an advantage over China. He also believes that while other industrial countries will face a youth gap, India will have many young people, or in other words, workers, and by 2050, its per capita income will rise by twenty times its current level. According to Zakaria, another strength that India has is that its democratic government has lasted for 60 years, stating that a democracy can provide for long-term stability, which has given India a name.


title: Potential superpower

text: Clyde V. Prestowitz Jr., founder and president of the Economic Strategy Institute and former counselor to the Secretary of Commerce in the Reagan administration, has predicted that "It is going to be India's century. India is going to be the biggest economy in the world. It is going to be the biggest superpower of the 21st century."


title: Potential superpower

text: According to the report titled "Indian Century: Defining India's Place in a Rapidly Changing Global Economy" by the IBM Institute for Business Value, India is predicted to be among the world's highest-growth nations over the coming years.


title: Potential superpower

text: Parag Khanna wrote in 2008 that he believes that India is not, nor will it become a superpower for the foreseeable future, lagging decades behind China in both development and strategic appetite. He says that India is "big but not important", has a highly successful professional class, while millions of its citizens still live in poverty. He also writes that it matters that China borders a dozen more countries than India and is not hemmed in by a vast ocean and the world's tallest mountains. However, in a recent article written by Khanna, he says that India, along with China, will grow ever stronger, while other powers, like Europe, muddle along.


title: Potential superpower

text: Lant Pritchett, reviewing the book "In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India", writes that, while India has had impressive growth and has some world-class institutions, several other indicators are puzzlingly poor. The malnutrition and the coverage of immunization programs are at levels similar or worse than in many sub-Saharan African nations. In the Demographic and Health Surveys, India's child malnutrition was the worst of the 42 nations with comparable and recent data.<ref name="doi10.1257/jel.47.3.771"></ref>


title: Potential superpower

text: Adult literacy is 61%. In one study, 26% of teachers were absent from work and rd of those showing up did not teach. 40% of health care workers were absent from work. Caste politics in India remains an important force. Pritchett argues that a very large population, a very long statistical "tail" of high quality students, and some very good higher education institutions gives a misleading impression of Indian education. Indian students placed forty-first and thirty-seventh in a study comparing students in the two Indian states Odisha and Rajasthan to the forty-six nations in the 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. In the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009, the two Indian states ranked 72nd and 73rd out of 74 countries in both reading and mathematics, and 73rd and 74th in science.


title: Potential superpower

text: Manjari Chatterjee Miller, assistant professor of international relations at Boston University, argues that India is a "would-be" great power but "resists its own rise". Three factors contribute to this stagnation, she argues. First, New Delhi's foreign policy decisions are highly individualistic. "This autonomy, in turn, means that New Delhi does very little collective thinking about its long-term foreign policy goals, since most of the strategic planning that takes place within the government happens on an individual level." Second, a dearth of think tanks helps insulate Indian foreign policymakers from outside influences. "U.S. foreign policymakers, by contrast, can expect strategic guidance from a broad spectrum of organizations that supplement the long-term planning that happens within the government itself." Third, many of India's political elites believe that the country's inevitable rise is a Western construct that has placed unrealistic expectations on India's economic growth forecasts and its international commitments. By contrast, Miller notes that Chinese political leaders pay very close attention to the international hype surrounding their country's growing stature. Miller concludes that "India's inability to develop top-down, long-term strategies means that it cannot systematically consider the implications of its growing power. So long as this remains the case, the country will not play the role in global affairs that many expect."


title: Potential superpower

text: Russia, the world's largest nation, is home to over 30% of the world's natural resources according to some sources. Since its imperial times, it has been both a great power and a regional power. Throughout most of the Soviet-era, Russia was one of the world's two superpowers. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it lost its superpower status, and recently has been suggested as a potential candidate for resuming superpower status in the 21st century. While others have made the assertion that it is already a superpower. In 2009, Hugo Chavez, late President of Venezuela whose government was noted to have enjoyed warm relations with the Kremlin, stated that "Russia is a superpower", citing waning American influence in global affairs, and suggested the ruble be elevated to a global currency. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called Russia an important superpower, praising its effectiveness as an ally of Israel. In his 2005 publication entitled "Russia in the 21st Century: The Prodigal Superpower", Steven Rosefielde, a professor of economics at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, predicted that Russia would emerge as a superpower before 2010 and augur another arms race. However, Rosefielde noted that such an end would come with tremendous sacrifice to global security and the Russian people's freedom.


title: Potential superpower

text: In 2014, Stephen Kinzer of "The Boston Globe" compared Russia's actions with its own neighbouring territories, to those of "any other superpower", taking Ukraine and Crimea as examples. A mixed opinion has been offered by Matthew Fleischer of the "Los Angeles Times": he contends that Russia will not become a superpower unless climate change eats away at the permafrost that covers, as of March 2014, two-thirds of the country's landmass. The absence of this permafrost would reveal immense stores of oil, natural gas, and precious minerals, as well as potential farmland, which would allow Russia to "become the world's bread basket—and control the planet's food supply."


title: Potential superpower

text: During the annual state of the nation address at the Moscow Kremlin in December 2013, Russian president Vladimir Putin denied any Russian aspiration to be a superpower. He was quoted saying: "We do not aspire to be called some kind of superpower, understanding that as a claim to world or regional hegemony. We do not infringe on anyone's interests, we do not force our patronage on anyone, or try to teach anyone how to live."


title: Potential superpower

text: Several analysts commented on the fact that Russia showed signs of an aging and shrinking population. Fred Weir said that this severely constricts and limits Russia's potential to re-emerge as a central world power. In 2011, British historian and professor Niall Ferguson also highlighted the negative effects of Russia's declining population, and suggested that Russia is on its way to "global irrelevance". Russia has, however, shown a slight population growth since the late 2000s, partly due to immigration and slowly rising birth rates.


title: Potential superpower

text: Nathan Smith of the "National Business Review" has said that despite Russia having potential, it did not win the new "Cold War" in the 1980s, and thus makes superpower status inaccurate. Dmitry Medvedev predicted that if the Russian elite is not consolidated, Russia will disappear as a single state. Vladimir Putin said the moment the Caucasus leaves Russia, other territorial regions would follow.


title: Potential superpower

text: Paul Krugman in his "New York Times" column described Russia as a "Potemkin Superpower" in reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. He stated that "Russia is even weaker than most people, myself included, seem to have realized", that the military performance of Russia "has been less effective than advertised" in a stalemate at the beginning of the invasion, and that Russia encountered serious logistical problems. Krugman observed that the country's total gross domestic product is only a bit more than half as large as those of countries such as Britain and France, despite Russia's landmass, total population and natural resource endowment. Due to the international sanctions, Russia has become even weaker economically than it did before it went to war. Its standard of living is sustained by large imports of manufactured goods, mostly paid for via exports of oil and natural gas. This leaves Russia’s economy highly vulnerable to sanctions that might disrupt this trade. He concluded "Russia now stands revealed as a Potemkin superpower, with far less real strength than meets the eye."


title: Potential superpower

text: In the 1980s, many political and economic analysts predicted that Japan would eventually accede to superpower status, due to its large population, huge gross domestic product and high economic growth at that time. Japan was expected to eventually surpass the economy of the United States, which never happened. However, Japan is considered a cultural superpower in terms of the large-scale influence Japanese food, electronics, automobiles, music, video games, and anime have on the world.


title: Potential superpower

text: Japan was ranked as the world's fourth most-powerful military in 2015. The military capabilities of the Japan Self-Defense Forces are held back by the pacifist 1947 constitution. However, there is a gradual push for a constitutional amendment. On 18 September 2015, the National Diet enacted the 2015 Japanese military legislation, a series of laws that allow Japan's Self-Defense Forces to collective self-defense of allies in combat for the first time under its constitution. In May 2017, former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe set a 2020 deadline for revising Article 9, which would legitimize the JSDF in the Constitution, but the constitutional revision was never implemented before Abe's resignation as prime minister in 2020 due to health problems.


title: Potential superpower

text: Though still the world's tenth-largest population and third-largest economy as of 2016 in terms of nominal GDP, Japan has faced an ongoing period of stagnation during the Lost Decades since the 1990s. Japan has been suffering from an aging population since the early 2000s with real decline in total population starting in 2011, eroding its potential as a superpower.


title: Cole Palmer

text: Cole Jermaine Palmer (born 6 May 2002) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Manchester City. He has represented England at youth level.


title: Cole Palmer

text: Born in Wythenshawe, Palmer was a boyhood fan who joined Manchester City at under-8's level and progressed through the Academy age groups before captaining the under-18s during the 2019–20 season.


title: Cole Palmer

text: On 30 September 2020, Palmer made his first team debut for City in a 3–0 away win over Burnley in the fourth round of the EFL Cup. On 21 September 2021, Palmer scored his first senior goal in a 6–1 home win over League One side Wycombe Wanderers in the EFL Cup. On 16 October, Palmer made an appearance in the Premier League against Burnley, and found himself playing and scoring a hat-trick for City's under-23's side that same night. On 19 October, Palmer scored his first UEFA Champions League goal in a 5–1 away win over Club Brugge. On 7 January 2022, Palmer scored on his FA Cup debut in a 4–1 away win over League Two side Swindon Town.


title: Cole Palmer

text: On 27 August 2021, Palmer received his first call up for the England U21s. He scored a goal on his debut in a 2-0 U21 Euro Qualifying win over Kosovo.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: Keshav Baliram Hedgewar (1 April 1889 – 21 June 1940), also known by his moniker Doctorji, was an Indian physician and the founding "Sarsanghachalak" (or "Chief") of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Hedgewar founded the RSS in Nagpur in 1925, based on the ideology of Hindutva with the intention of creating a Hindu Rashtra.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: Hedgewar was born on 1 April 1889 in a Telugu Deshastha Rigvedi Brahmin family in Nagpur. His parents were Baliram Pant Hedgewar and Revatibai, a couple of modest means. When Hedgewar was thirteen both of his parents died in the epidemic of plague of 1902. Hedgewar's uncle ensured that he continued to receive a good education, and B. S. Moonje became a patron and a father-figure for the young Hedgewar.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: He studied at Neel City High School in Nagpur, from where he was expelled singing "Vande Mataram" in violation of the circular issued by the then British colonial government. As a result, he had to pursue his high school studies at the Rashtriya Vidyalaya in Yavatmal and later in Pune. After matriculating, he was sent to Kolkata by B. S. Moonje (a member of the Congress, who later became the President of the Hindu Mahasabha) in 1910 to pursue his medical studies. After passing the L.M.S. Examination from the Calcutta Medical College in June 1916, he completed a yearlong apprenticeship and returned to Nagpur in 1917 as a physician.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: After completing his education, Hedgewar joined the Anushilan Samiti in Bengal, which was influenced deeply by the writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. Hedgewar's initiation into this group, rooted in Hindu symbolism, was an important step in his path towards creating the RSS. Hedgewar was also deeply influenced by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar treatise "". Dr. Hedgewar was also highly influenced by Samarth Ramdas's Dasbodh and Lokamanya Tilak's Geeta Rahasya. His letters often bore quotes from Tukaram.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: Hedgewar participated in the Indian National Congress in the 1920s, but he became disillusioned with their policies and politics. He had been an active member of the party's volunteer division - Hindustani Seva Dal, the predecessor of the Congress Seva Dal. He was deeply influenced by the writings of Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Babarao Savarkar, Arvind Ghosh and B. S. Moonje. He also read Mazzini and other enlightenment philosophers. He considered that the cultural and religious heritage of Hindus should be the basis of Indian nationhood.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: Hedgewar founded RSS in 1925 on the day of Vijayadashami with an aim to organise Hindu community for its cultural and spiritual regeneration and make it a tool for achieving complete independence for a united India. Hedgewar suggested the term 'Rashtriya' (national) for his Hindu organization, for he wanted to re-assert the Hindu identity with 'Rashtriya'. Hedgewar supported the setting up of a women's wing of the organization in 1936 called Rashtra Sevika Samiti.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: Those that participated in the movement were called Swayamsevaks (meaning self servants). Early Swayamsevaks included Bhaiyaji Dani, Babasaheb Apte, M. S. Golwalkar, Balasaheb Deoras, and Madhukar Rao Bhagwat, among others. The Sangh (Community) was growing in Nagpur and the surrounding districts, and it soon began to spread to other provinces. Hedgewar went to a number of places and inspired the youths for taking up Sangh work. Gradually all his associates had begun to endearingly call him 'Doctor ji.'


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: After founding the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in 1925, Hedgewar maintained a healthy distance from Indian Independence movement as led by Gandhi. Instead he encouraged local Swayamsevaks to participate on their own accord with the struggle. This lack of enthusiasm in the Independence Movement is heavily criticised by Anti-RSS groups. According to some sources, Hedgewar was actively discouraging RSS cadres to not join the movement which was led by Gandhi. The RSS biographer C. P. Bhishikar states, "after establishing Sangh, Doctor Saheb in his speeches used to talk only of Hindu organization". Direct comment on (British) Government used to be almost nil."


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: When the Congress passed the Purna Swaraj resolution in its Lahore session in December 1929, and called upon all Indians to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day, Hedgewar issued a circular asking all the RSS shakhas to observe the occasion through hoisting and worship of the Bhagwa Dhwaj (saffron flag), rather than the Tricolor (which was, by consensus, considered the flag of the Indian national movement at that time).


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: 1930 was the only year when the RSS celebrated 26 January and it stopped the practice from the next year onwards. However, such celebration became a standard feature of the freedom movement and often came to mean violent confrontation with the official police. C. P. Bhishikar states,[In April 1930], Mahatma Gandhi gave a call for 'Satyagraha' against the British Government. Gandhi himself launched the Salt Satyagraha undertaking his Dandi Yatra. Dr. Hedgewar decided to participate only individually and not let the RSS join the freedom movement officially. He sent information everywhere that the Sangh will not participate in the Satyagraha. However those wishing to participate individually in it were not prohibited.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: Hedgewar emphasized that he participated in the Civil Disobedience movement of 1930 in an individual capacity, and not as a RSS member. His concern was to keep the RSS out of the political arena. According to Hedgewar's biography, when Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha in 1930, he sent information everywhere that the RSS will not participate in the Satyagraha. However those wishing to participate individually in it were not prohibited.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: For Hedgewar, India was an ancient civilisation, and the freedom struggle was an attempt to re-establish a land for the Hindus after almost 800 years of foreign rule, primarily by the Mugals and then by the British. The tri-colour according to Hedgewar did not encaptulate the ancient past of India. Hedgewar insisted that the RSS must only be involved with "man-making". He was critical of Hindu society and its degeneration over the centuries with its out-dated and often backward practices. The RSS, he wrote, must be completely devoted to establishing men of character and worthy of respect the world over.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: Laxmibai Kelkar was the founder of the Rashtra Sevika Samiti. Before establishing the organization, Kelkar visited Dr. K.B. Hedgewar, the founder of the RSS, in 1936 and had a long discussion to persuade him regarding the need for starting a women's wing in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh itself. Hedgewar, though, continued to restrict membership of the RSS to men. However, Hedgewar advised Laxmibai Kelkar to establish an entirely separate organization that would be autonomous and independent of the RSS, as both groups were ideologically identical. Hedgewar promised Kelkar unconditional solidarity, support and guidance for the Samithi. Following this, Kelkar established the Rashtra Sevika Samiti at Wardha on 25 October 1936.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: His health deteriorated in later years of his life. Often he suffered from chronic back pain. He started delegating his responsibilities to M. S. Golwalkar, who later succeeded him as Sarsanghachalak of RSS. In January 1940, he was taken to Rajgir in Bihar for the hot-spring treatment.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: He attended the annual "Sangh Shiksha Varg" (officer training camp) in 1940, where he gave his last message to Swayamsevaks, saying: 'I see before my eyes today a miniature Hindu Rashtra." He died on the morning of 21 June 1940 in Nagpur. His last rites were performed in the locality of Resham Bagh in Nagpur, which was later developed as Hedgewar Smruti Mandir.


title: K. B. Hedgewar

text: Former PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee described Hegdewar as a great patriot, freedom fighter and nationalist during his commemoration on a postal stamp in 1999. Hedgewar was described as "a great son of Mother India" by former President of India Pranab Mukherjee during his visit to Hedgewar's birthplace in Nagpur.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Nicholas Peter John Hornby (born 17 April 1957) is an English writer and lyricist. He is best known for his memoir "Fever Pitch" and novels "High Fidelity" and "About a Boy", all of which were adapted into feature films. Hornby's work frequently touches upon music, sport, and the aimless and obsessive natures of his protagonists. His books have sold more than 5 million copies worldwide as of 2018. In a 2004 poll for the BBC, Hornby was named the 29th most influential person in British culture. He has received two Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay nominations for "An Education" (2009), and "Brooklyn" (2015).


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby was born in Redhill, Surrey, the son of Sir Derek Hornby, the chairman of London and Continental Railways, and Margaret Audrey Withers. He was brought up in Maidenhead, and educated at Maidenhead Grammar School and Jesus College, Cambridge, where he read English. His parents divorced when he was eleven.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby published his first book in 1992, a collection of essays about American writers such as Tobias Wolff and Ann Beattie, titled "Contemporary American Fiction". Hornby's second book, "Fever Pitch", also published in 1992, is an autobiographical story detailing his fanatical support for Arsenal Football Club. As a result, Hornby received the William Hill Sports Book of the Year Award. In 1997, the memoir was adapted for film in the UK, and in 2005 an American remake was released, following Jimmy Fallon's character's obsession with the Boston Red Sox, a baseball team. With the book's success, Hornby began to publish articles in the "Sunday Times", "Time Out" and the "Times Literary Supplement", in addition to his music reviews for the "New Yorker".


title: Nick Hornby

text: "High Fidelity" — his third book and first novel — was published in 1995. The novel, about a neurotic record collector and his failed relationships, was adapted into a 2000 American film starring John Cusack, a Broadway musical in 2006, and a television show "High Fidelity" starring Zoë Kravitz in 2020.


title: Nick Hornby

text: His second novel, "About a Boy", published in 1998, is about two "boys" — Marcus, an awkward yet endearing adolescent from a single-parent family, and the free-floating, mid-30s Will Freeman, who overcomes his own immaturity and self-centredness through his growing relationship with Marcus. Hugh Grant and Nicholas Hoult starred in the 2002 film version. In 1999, Hornby received the E. M. Forster Award of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby's next novel, "How to Be Good", was published in 2001. The female protagonist in the novel explores contemporary morals, marriage and parenthood. It was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 2001 and won the W.H. Smith Award for Fiction in 2002.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Part of the money he earned with his next book, "Speaking with the Angel" in 2002, was donated to TreeHouse, a charity for children with autism, the disorder that affects Hornby's own son. He was editor of the book, which contained twelve short stories written by his friends. He also contributed to the collection with the story "NippleJesus".


title: Nick Hornby

text: In 2003, Hornby wrote a collection of essays on selected popular songs and the emotional resonance they carry, called "31 Songs" (known in the US as "Songbook"). Also in 2003, Hornby was awarded the London Award 2003, an award that was selected by fellow writers.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby has also written essays on various aspects of popular culture and, in particular, he has become known for his writing on pop music and mix tape enthusiasts. Since 2003, he has written a book review column, "Stuff I've Been Reading", for the monthly magazine "The Believer"; all of these articles are collected between "The Polysyllabic Spree" (2004), "Housekeeping vs. The Dirt" (2006), "Shakespeare Wrote for Money" (2008), and "More Baths Less Talking" (2012).


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby's novel "A Long Way Down" was published in 2005, with a film version of this book released in 2014. It was on the shortlist for the Whitbread Novel Award. Hornby has also edited two sports-related anthologies: "My Favourite Year" and "The Picador Book of Sports Writing".


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby's book "Slam" was published on 16 October 2007; it is his first novel for young adults and was recognised as a 2008 ALA Best Books for Young Adults. The protagonist of "Slam" is a 16-year-old skateboarder named Sam, whose life changes drastically when his girlfriend gets pregnant.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby's following novel, titled "Juliet, Naked", was published in September 2009. Addressing similar themes as his earlier novel "High Fidelity", the book is about a reclusive 1980s rock star who is forced out of isolation, after the re-release of his most famous album brings him into contact with some of his most passionate fans.


title: Nick Hornby

text: In 2010, Hornby co-founded the Ministry of Stories, a non-profit organisation in East London dedicated to helping children and young adults develop writing skills and to helping teachers inspire their students to write.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby discussed his bouts of depression in 2012 on the BBC Radio 4 broadcast of "Fever Pitched: Twenty Years On".


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby's most recent novels are "Funny Girl" (2014), about a 1960s beauty queen determined to make her mark upon television comedy, "State of the Union" (2019) and "Just Like You" (2020).


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby has also developed a career as a screenwriter, and has said that he enjoys the challenge of working in film as opposed to writing novels. In his BAFTA and BFI Screenwriters' Lecture he said: "once you get to a certain point in your novelistic career, unless you screw up very badly the book is going to come out. With a screenplay there are all these hurdles that seem to have some kind of objectivity to them. The screenplay has to work and I love that."


title: Nick Hornby

text: In 2009, Hornby adapted an autobiographical memoir by the journalist Lynn Barber for the screen as "An Education", a feature film starring Peter Sarsgaard and Carey Mulligan. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and for two BAFTAs.


title: Nick Hornby

text: In 2014, Hornby adapted another autobiographical memoir, Cheryl Strayed's "". "Wild", which starred Reese Witherspoon and Laura Dern, was nominated for Best Actress for Witherspoon and Best Supporting Actress for Dern. Speaking on the challenge of adapting such a packed book, Hornby said it was really a case of boiling everything down and making the realisation that he could have made a two-hour film without mentioning walking at all.


title: Nick Hornby

text: In 2015, he wrote the script for the film "Brooklyn", an adaptation of Colm Tóibín's novel of the same name. Tim Robey of "The Daily Telegraph" said it was "his strongest work ever as a screenwriter". According to Metacritic, the film is on eighty "top 10" lists for 2015. He was nominated for his second Oscar for writing the screenplay and received two BAFTA nominations, winning one.


title: Nick Hornby

text: In 2016, Hornby adapted Nina Stibbe's book "Love, Nina: Despatches from Family Life" into a television series. "Love, Nina" received its debut on BBC One on 20 May 2016, and ran for five episodes.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Several of Hornby's books have made the jump from page to screen. Hornby wrote the screenplay for the first, a 1997 British adaptation of "Fever Pitch", starring Colin Firth. It was followed by "High Fidelity" in 2000, starring John Cusack, with the action shifted from London to Chicago. After this success, "About a Boy" was quickly picked up, and released in 2002, starring Hugh Grant. An Americanized "Fever Pitch", in which Jimmy Fallon plays a hopelessly addicted Boston Red Sox fan who tries to reconcile his love of the game with that of his girlfriend (Drew Barrymore), was released in 2005. Johnny Depp purchased film rights to the book "A Long Way Down" before it was published. The book was made into the 2014 film of the same name starring Pierce Brosnan, Aaron Paul, Toni Collette and Imogen Poots. The film adaptation of Juliet, Naked was released in 2018 starring Rose Byrne, Ethan Hawke and Chris O'Dowd.


title: Nick Hornby

text: "High Fidelity" was also the basis for a 2006 eponymous musical that shifted the action to Brooklyn; its book is by David Lindsay-Abaire with lyrics by Amanda Green, and music created by Tom Kitt. The production ran for a month in Boston, then moved to Broadway, closing after 18 previews and 14 regular performances.


title: Nick Hornby

text: "About a Boy" was adapted for television and aired on NBC from 22 February 2014 to 17 February 2015. The show was developed by Jason Katims and it is the second adaptation based on the 1998 novel. The series stars David Walton, Minnie Driver and Benjamin Stockham.


title: Nick Hornby

text: The importance of music in Hornby's novels, and in his life, is evidenced by his long-standing and fruitful collaborations with the rock band Marah, fronted by Dave and Serge Bielanko. Hornby has even toured in the United States and Europe with the band, joining them on stage to read his essays about particular moments and performers in his own musical history that have had a particular meaning for him. Nick Hornby is not related to either Bruce Hornsby nor Nikki Hornsby who are singer, songwriters, musicians and professionally known USA Recording artist.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby's music criticism (most notably for "The New Yorker" and in his own "Songbook") has been widely criticised by writers such as Kevin Dettmar (in his book "Is Rock Dead"), Curtis White (in an essay at www.centreforbookculture.org, titled "Kid Adorno"), Barry Faulk and Simon Reynolds for his embrace of rock traditionalism and conservative take on post-rock and other experimental musics (exemplified in Hornby's negative review of the Radiohead album "Kid A").


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby has also had extensive collaboration with American singer/songwriter Ben Folds. Their album "Lonely Avenue" was released in September 2010. Folds wrote the music, with Hornby contributing lyrics. Prior to the album's release, the single "Picture Window" was released on Ben Folds' website. A bootleg version of a song about Levi Johnston written by Hornby and Folds and performed by Folds, appeared on the internet. Remaining Hornby lyrics provided the title song of the 2012 Ben Folds Five reunion album, "The Sound of the Life of the Mind".


title: Nick Hornby

text: In 2022, Hornby released the book "Dickens and Prince", where he makes connections between the musician Prince and author Charles Dickens.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Hornby has been married twice. He and his first wife have one son, born in 1993, who has autism. Hornby's second wife is producer Amanda Posey. They have two sons, born in 2001 and 2004. Hornby's sister, writer Gill Hornby, is married to writer Robert Harris.


title: Nick Hornby

text: Nick Hornby was directly involved in the creation of the charity Ambitious about Autism, then known as TreeHouse Trust, and its school TreeHouse School, as a result of trying to find specialist education for his son Danny. Hornby remains a major donor to the charity and is still involved as a vice-president.


title: Nick Hornby

text: In 2010, Nick Hornby co-founded Ministry of Stories, a writing charity based in Hoxton, east London. The charity was inspired by Dave Eggers' 826 Valencia model in San Francisco and aims to offer young people a chance to develop writing and literacy skills and develop a love of writing for pleasure.


title: Eoin Macken

text: Macken has modelled for Abercrombie and Fitch, Ralph Lauren, and GQ, and has appeared in films such as "Resident Evil", "Close, Killing Jesus", and "Centurion". He has appeared on television in series such as RTÉ's "Fair City" as Gavin Cluxton and in BBC series "Merlin" as Sir Gwaine. In 2021 Macken stars in the NBC drama "La Brea". In addition, Macken has directed several feature films: "Christian Blake" in 2008, "Dreaming For You", "The Inside" and "Cold", and "Here Are the Young Men". Macken also directed the documentary "The Fashion of Modelling". He starred in the NBC series "The Night Shift" as T.C. Callahan, and Netflix show "Nightflyers" as Karl D'Branin.


title: Eoin Macken

text: Macken was born in Dublin. He has two sisters. Macken was studying for a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology at University College Dublin when he began his modeling and acting career at the university's fashion show in 2002 and 2003, after which he joined the model agency Morgan the Agency and was selected as the face of the Abercrombie and Fitch 2003 campaign. He also modeled for Ralph Lauren.


title: Eoin Macken

text: Macken's first major film role was in "Studs" in 2005, which starred Brendan Gleeson and Emmett J. Scanlan. He also appeared in the role of drug dealer Gavin Cluxton in several episodes of the TV series "Fair City" in 2008.


title: Eoin Macken

text: Macken wrote and edited his debut feature film "Christian Blake", which premiered at the Mid Ulster Film Festival 2008, before playing in the 2008 Galway Film Fleadh. It was released on 19 May 2009 with Celebrity Distribution and the sales company Around The Scenes Inc. He co-wrote and directed the song and video for Una Healy's song "Don't Leave Me Alone". It was the title track for the no-budget indie film, for which Healy wrote much of the soundtrack.


title: Eoin Macken

text: In 2008, he wrote, directed, and acted in his second feature film, "Dreaming For You". The film featured a soundtrack composed by Dublin band, The Evora. The film was selected for the 2007 Los Angeles Short Film Festival, and for the 2009 Galway Film Fleadh.


title: Eoin Macken

text: In 2009–10, Macken had roles in the BBC drama "Small Island" (playing an American soldier named Calhoon), in Neil Marshall's film "Centurion", and in the second series of RTÉ's "Raw". He appeared in Storyland, as well as Lee Cronin's film "Through The Night", opposite Nora Jane Noone, and "Siren" opposite Anna Skellern. He directed an hour-length documentary on the Irish fashion industry "The Fashion of Modelling" which screened on RTÉ 2 on 24 May 2009.


title: Eoin Macken

text: Between 2010 and 2012, Macken played the recurring character of Gwaine (loosely based on the image of Gawain) in the BBC One TV series "Merlin". He appeared in four episodes of the third series and all episodes of the fourth and fifth.


title: Eoin Macken

text: In October 2012 Macken completed shooting for "Cold", a feature film released in 2013 written and directed by Macken, and he stars in the film alongside former co-star, Tom Hopper. The plot centres around two disconnected English brothers who are outcasts in a small village in the west of Ireland. Drawn back together by the unexpected death of their father, they are immediately at odds with each other until they find a girl dumped in the moors. The film was partially crowdfunded through an Indiegogo campaign. The film was later released under the name "Leopard".


title: Eoin Macken

text: After directing a number of independent features, in 2018 Macken adapted Rob Doyle's award-winning novel "Here Are the Young Men" into a screenplay, and directed the resulting film. He is set to star alongside Elisha Cuthbert the horror movie "The Cellar".


title: Maisie Peters

text: Maisie Hannah Peters (born 28 May 2000) is an English singer-songwriter. She is best known for her debut studio album "You Signed Up for This" which was released under Ed Sheeran's Gingerbread Man Records label.


title: Maisie Peters

text: Peters was previously signed to Atlantic Records, with which she released three EPs. She also curated the season two soundtrack to the British comedy series "Trying".


title: Maisie Peters

text: Peters was born and grew up in Steyning, West Sussex, England. She has a twin sister, Ellen. At around age eight, she performed in a choir. She also tried to play the flute but was not successful. She wrote her first song at age nine and began writing songs regularly at the age of 12, after borrowing her friend's guitar for a school project. She attended Steyning Grammar School, where she won in a talent show in March 2015. At age 15, she busked on the streets of Brighton and began uploading original songs to YouTube.


title: Maisie Peters

text: At age 15 in 2016, Peters began her music career; performing several original songs on The Ayala Show.


title: Maisie Peters

text: In August of 2017, Peters independently released her debut single "Place We Were Made" and later, that December released her second single "Birthday". The songs gained attention in indie-pop circles and "Place We Were Made" was named BBC Introducing's song of the week early 2018. Following this attention, Peters signed with Atlantic Records UK. Under their banner, she released various singles and two EPs, "Dressed Too Nice for a Jacket" and "It's Your Bed Babe, It's Your Funeral". Both "Feels Like This" (of "Dressed Too Nice for a Jacket") and "Favourite Ex" (released as a single) appeared on "Love Island" in 2019.


title: Maisie Peters

text: In 2020, Peters contributed the song "Smile" to the soundtrack album "", for the film "Birds of Prey". She was also announced as the opening act for Niall Horan's Nice to Meet Ya Tour on tourdates in Europe. However, these concerts were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Peters released work for another soundtrack in 2021, this time for the Apple TV+ original series "Trying." She wrote and performed all songs, with a feature by fellow British recording artist James Bay on the song "Funeral".


title: Maisie Peters

text: On 15 June 2021, Peters left Atlantic Records and signed with Ed Sheeran's Gingerbread Man Records. Under this label, she released her debut album "You Signed Up for This" on 27 August 2021. The album debuted at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart and was the top selling album in UK independent record stores for that week. With the first two singles of the record, "John Hughes Movie" and "Psycho", Peters garnered her first notations on the British charts.


title: Maisie Peters

text: Peters embarked on her first headlining tour in 2022, touring the United States. Later that year, she joined Sheeran's +–=÷x Tour as opening act. While touring she released singles "Cate's Brother", "Blonde" and "Not Another Rockstar". Peters has announced she will tour the United Kingdom in April 2023.


title: Maisie Peters

text: Peters possesses a soprano voice. She is a self described "massive fan of Taylor Swift". She has also expressed admiration for English-Irish girl group Girls Aloud and English artist Lily Allen. She has also cited Arctic Monkeys, My Chemical Romance, All Time Low and Fall Out Boy influences in her more pop rock songs.


title: The Body (2019 film)

text: The Body is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language mystery-thriller film written and directed by Jeethu Joseph, produced by Viacom18 Studios and Sunir Kheterpal. The film starring Rishi Kapoor, Emraan Hashmi, Vedhika and Sobhita Dhulipala. It is the official remake of a 2012 Spanish film "The Body", which was already remade unofficially as bilingual films in Kannada and Tamil languages as "Game" in Kannada and "Oru Melliya Kodu" in Tamil (2016 film).


title: The Body (2019 film)

text: The dead body of a powerful businesswoman named Maya Verma, who died because of having a heart attack, disappeared from the morgue before the autopsy. SP Jairaj Rawal calls in Maya's husband, Ajay Puri, for investigation. Ajay Puri, who is the owner of a lab and worked under Maya's company seemed to have committed something wrong along with his girlfriend Ritu.


title: The Body (2019 film)

text: Jairaj suspects Ajay and makes him stay in the morgue until Maya's corpse is found. Strange incidents start to happen with Ajay. He feels Maya's presence around him and gradually gets clues including the bottle of cardiotoxin (TH-16) which he had used to induce a heart attack in Maya's body and also gets a phone in another corpse's bag having the calls only from Maya. All these events make him believe that Maya is still alive and is playing a game with him to take her revenge.


title: The Body (2019 film)

text: In a flashback, it is shown that Maya always used to dominate Ajay with her money and power. Ajay's possessiveness and his affair with Ritu made him kill Maya and made it look like a heart attack by using a cardiotoxin which takes about 8 hours to work. In the morgue, Ajay continuously keeps contact with Ritu and they find out that Maya knew about their relationship by hiring a private detective named Tony D'Costa. Ajay tells Ritu to run away to a safe place as he feels that Maya is after her. When Ajay fails to contact Ritu, he confesses everything to Jairaj out of fear and requests him to save Ritu from Maya. In the meantime, Jairaj gets a call from his team that they have found a female corpse which is revealed to be Maya's. When Jairaj orders the police to arrest Ajay, he tries to run away but falls down due to chestpain.


title: The Body (2019 film)

text: Finally, it is revealed that Ritu is none other than Jairaj's daughter Isha. Everything that has happened to Maya and Ajay since the last night was their plan. Yet again, in a flashback, it is revealed that Jairaj's wife Nancy, who died in a car accident was hit by a drunk Maya and Ajay and instead of helping them, they return to the crime scene and hit the car again as Ajay had noticed that the little girl sitting on back seat has seen them. After 10 years, when Isha recognizes Ajay and Maya in her university, she plans a revenge along with her father. Isha attracts Ajay towards her and starts an affair.


title: The Body (2019 film)

text: At the end, Jairaj discloses to Ajay that he is going to have a heart attack from cardiotoxin, which he had used to kill Maya, which Ritu (Isha) had mixed in his drink 8 hours ago.


title: The Body (2019 film)

text: The film features songs composed by Shamir Tandon, Arko and Tanishk Bagchi with lyrics written by Arko, Kumaar, Manoj Muntashir and Sameer Anjaan.


title: The Body (2019 film)

text: The song "Jhalak Dikhlaja Reloaded" is the remake of Himesh Reshammiya's song from Emraan Hashmi's Aksar, recreated by Tanishk Bagchi.


title: The Body (2019 film)

text: Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of "The Times of India" gave the film, a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "The Body is low on content and high on glamour. There is not much to unravel in this one." Hindustan Times wrote "As the series of events unfold, you’re shown flashbacks which are, each time, topped with a romantic song. Even though they’re shot at the most picturesque locales and look pretty, they totally take you away from the story." Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave 2 out of 5 and wrote ""The Body" has no scope for Bollywood-style romance but it insists on banking on plenty of it framed against the picturesque backdrops on offer in the Indian Ocean nation where the story is set." Criticizing the plot and performances, Shubhra Gupta of "Indian Express" stated "Everything in it is flat: the plot, the performers, the alleged twists. And that must have taken some doing, given that the filmmakers had a ready-made plot to dip into." Filmfare wrote "What could have been a short film for a digital platform has unnecessarily been stretched as a feature. Weak writing, flawed editing and a disinterested cast doesn't help its prospects..." A reviewer for "Koimoi" stated "All said and done, "The Body" is a dull mysterious thriller in which the mystery unfolds when you care the least about it. It plays with your mind in a bad way to fill it with cluttered chaos."


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: The McDonald's Monopoly game is a sales promotion run by fast food restaurant chain McDonald's, with a theme based on the Hasbro board game "Monopoly". The game first ran in the U.S. in 1987 and has since been used worldwide.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: The promotion has used other names, such as "Monopoly: Pick Your Prize!" (2001), "Monopoly Best Chance Game" (2003–2005), "Monopoly/Millionaire Game", "Prize Vault" (2013–2014), "Money Monopoly" (2016–), "Coast To Coast" (2015–) in Canada, "Golden Chances" (2015), "Prize Choice" (2016), "Win Win" (2017), "Wiiiin!!" (2018), "V.I.P." (2021) and Double Peel (2022–) in the UK.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: The promotion has been offered in the United States, Canada, Australia, Austria, France, Germany, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, and United Kingdom since 1987. Argentina and Brazil were included in 2013 as well as South Korea in 2014 and Ireland in 2016. From 2003 to 2009, Best Buy was involved in the U.S. version, and later in the Canadian version.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: Like many merchants, McDonald's offered sweepstakes to draw customers into its restaurants. Laws generally forbid a company from administering its own contests, in order to prevent fraud and to ensure that all prizes are given away; as a result, such promotions are handled by an impartial third-party company. McDonald's had a relationship with Simon Worldwide Inc., which was responsible for the distribution of the contest pieces and the awarding of major prizes.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In 2020, in the UK, it was intended to run in March that year, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the promotion was postponed. Instead, the same promotion "Monopoly VIP" was instead run in 2021. As a result of it being postponed, the stickers for that year's promotion had incorrect dates, as they were originally printed the year prior.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In 2001, the U.S. promotion was halted after fraud was uncovered. A subcontracting company, Simon Marketing (then a subsidiary of Cyrk), which had been hired by McDonald's to organize and promote the game, failed to recognize a flaw in its procedures. Chief of security Jerome P. Jacobson ("uncle Jerry", former police officer) was able to remove the most valuable game pieces, which he then passed to associates who would redeem them and share the proceeds. Jacobson justified his long-running multi-million-dollar crime as being his reaction to executives re-running randomized draws to ensure high-level prizes went to areas in the United States rather than Canadathough he did not take the stolen pieces to Canada to rectify this supposed problem, choosing instead to personally gain by selling the pieces. He began stealing winning game pieces after a supplier mistakenly provided him a sheet of the anti-tamper seals needed to secretly make the swap. Jacobson sold winning pieces for a percentage of the winnings in advance, initially to friends and family but expanding nationwide after a chance meeting in the Atlanta airport between him and Gennaro "Jerry" Colombo of the Colombo crime family.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In 1995, Colombo appeared in a nationally televised McDonald's commercial promoting his (fraudulent) win of a Dodge Viper. In 1995, St. Jude Children's Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, received an anonymous letter postmarked Dallas, Texas, which contained a $1 million winning game piece. Game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, but McDonald's chose to follow through by treating the $1 million as a donation to the hospital, making the final $50,000 annuity payment in 2014. Investigations later indicated that Jacobson had admitted to sending the winning piece to the hospital. In June 1996, Colombo's father-in-law, William "Buddy" Fisher, cashed in a stolen $1 million Monopoly piece. Jerry Colombo died in a traffic accident in 1998, so Jacobson found new accomplices to help him sell the stolen winning prize tabs.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: Jacobson's associates won almost all of the top prizes, including cash and cars, between 1995 and 2000, including McDonald's giveaways that did not have the Monopoly theme ("Hatch, Match, and Win," "When the USA Wins, You Win," "Disney's Masterpiece Collection Trivia Challenge at McDonald's," "Who Wants to be a Millionaire Game," "Win on the Spot", to name a few). The associates netted over $24 million. While the fraud appeared to have been perpetrated by only one key employee of the promotion company, and not by the company's management, eight people were originally arrested, soon growing to 21 indicted individuals, with members of the Colombo crime family believed to have been involved in the fraud at some point. By the end of criminal prosecutions, 53 people were indicted, of whom 48 pled guilty46 in pre-trial plea agreements, while two others changed their plea from not guilty to guilty during their trials.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: The relationship between McDonald's and Simon Marketing broke down in a pair of lawsuits over breach of contract, eventually settled out of court, with the claim of McDonald's being thrown out and Simon receiving $16.6 million. Four of the "winners" convicted of fraud had their convictions reversed on appeal due to a constitutional violation, by which it was confirmed that they did not know Jacobson and thus did not know that the winning game pieces oddly given to them by Jacobson's recruiters were necessarily stolen.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: Jacobson pleaded guilty to three counts of mail fraud in federal court in Jacksonville, Florida, and served three years in federal prison. The trial began on September 10, 2001, but was overshadowed in the media by the September 11 attacks which occurred the next day.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In August 2018, 20th Century Fox announced plans for a film based on the Jacobson fraud, with Ben Affleck then attached as director, Paul Wernick and Rhett Reese as writers, and Matt Damon in an acting role. While there have been no further updates on the plans for the film, the controversy is depicted in the 2020 HBO docuseries "McMillions".


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: The promotion mimics the game "Monopoly". The game is also advertised with tokens appearing in Sunday newspapers. Originally, customers received a set of two tokens with every purchase, but now tokens come only with certain menu items. Tokens correspond to a property space on the Monopoly board (with the exception of the "Golden Avenue/Arches Avenue" "properties", which were added in the 2008 edition; and "Electric Company/Water Works" utilities added in 2014). When combined into color-matched properties, the tokens may be redeemed for money. Historically, the grand prize ($1 million, annuity only) has been the combination of the two most costly properties, Park Place and Boardwalk, but in the 2006–2007 games the top prize ($5 million, with the traditional $1 million prize for Boardwalk/Park Place) was awarded for collecting the four railroads.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: There are also "instant win" tokens the recipient can redeem for McDonald's food (typically small menu items, such as a free small McFlurry or medium fries) but never for any food item that has game pieces, money, or other prizes. The 2001 edition was titled "Pick Your Prize!", in which winners could choose which of three ways they wanted their prize awarded to them (i.e. they could choose if they wanted their $1 million in gold, diamonds, or $50,000 per year for 20 years).


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In 2016, the game changed where all available prizes were cash, including the $1 million for Park Place and Boardwalk, and was titled "Money Monopoly".


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: Additionally, in the 2005 edition, certain foods always came with one coupon which could be used at either Best Buy, Toys R Us, or Foot Locker (including online stores). The value of each coupon was random, with Toys R Us coupons ranging from $1 to $5; up to $5 in coupons could be used in a single transaction. In 2008, these coupons were redeemed for up to 25% off any Foot Locker item(s). Since 2009, the promotion has not featured any coupons.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: Canadian and US laws require that game pieces be available upon request with no purchase necessary (Alternative Method of Entry, "AMOE"), and can be requested by the mailing of a handwritten, self-addressed stamped envelope.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: Many of the prizes stay unclaimed. For example, in 2018, 25 million instant food prizes were offered in the promotion in the UK. However, only 8 million prizes got claimed overall. Out of 20 Mini Coopers offered, only 6 got claimed.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: Note that the rare piece is alphabetically the last property in each group, except for Boardwalk. In 2013, McDonald's allowed two Boardwalk pieces to be produced; prior to this only one was produced.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: [*] Until 2007, Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues were dark purple properties on the traditional Monopoly board; since 2008, they have been brown.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: [****] One Free Parking $100,000 prize was seeded on each of the following in only the US Territory: Bacon Clubhouse (1 in 9,836,000), Filet-O-Fish (1 in 19,585,000), Big Mac (1 in 45,000,000) and Large Fries (1 in 150,254,000)


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: [*****] In 2016, the Canadian version replaced all properties with Canadian landmarks (such as replacing Boardwalk with Le Château Frontenac, and swapping Kentucky Avenue with the Confederation Bridge) and replaced all train stations with well-known Canadian airports, including Toronto Pearson International Airport and Vancouver International Airport.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In 2005, McDonald's introduced an online counterpart to its traditional game. In addition to the traditional "sticker" game, participants can play online. Each game piece lists a code which can be entered online, to a maximum of 10 entries per 24 hours, a day starts at midnight EDT. Up to 2014, each code entered grants the user one roll on a virtual Monopoly game board, identical to the board game's board. Rolling "doubles" (two dice sharing the same number), as with the real board game, allows the user to move again.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: Landing on Electric Company, Income Tax, Jail/Just Visiting, Go to Jail, Water Works, or Luxury Tax does not count towards any prize. If a player lands on an unowned property (not landed upon by the player in a previous turn), the user will "collect" that property. When all properties of a colored set are collected, the user wins a prize, with prize values similar to those of the sticker game. In addition to collecting property sets, users can also win by landing on certain "instant win" spaces, including Go, Chance, Community Chest, and Free Parking. Landing on Go (but not simply passing it) gives the player a code worth one free hour of WiFi access at participating McDonald's restaurants. Landing on Chance is worth money to spend at Foot Locker. Landing on Community Chest allows the user to be given a code worth 25 My Coke Rewards points. Landing on Free Parking is a prize of a $50 refillable gas card from Shell, or alternatively 25 complimentary apple pies.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In 2009, the prizes became two hours of Wi-Fi and a $25 Arch Card for landing on Go, an entry into an online roll for $1,000,000 (annuity) for landing on Chance, 25 My Coke Rewards points for landing on Community Chest, and a $50 refillable Shell gift card for landing on Free Parking.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: The values of the dice are not random. As stated in the contest rules, one property in each set is "rare," similar to the sticker game. These rare properties are landed on only when the game server "seeds" a winning roll. Winning rolls are seeded at specific times on specific dates, and the first user to roll the dice once a win has been seeded will land on a winning piece. This allows McDonald's to declare the odds of winning certain prizes, a legal requirement for contests in most jurisdictions.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In 2010, the online game was changed, removing the dice and the game board, presenting only 3 Chance cards from which to pick. One has a prize, starting at 30 My Coke Rewards points, but may be (non-randomly) seeded with a higher-valued prize. Player chooses one card, is asked if that is the choice the player wants to make, and the card is flipped. If it is the pre-selected winning card, the player wins the pre-selected prize.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In 2011, the game was changed again – the mascot, Rich Uncle Pennybags (aka "Mr. Monopoly"), is shown attempting to throw a Chance card into a top hat. If the card lands in the hat, the player can claim a prize. Players must choose a "throwing style", which only changes the animations used – it does nothing to affect one's odds of winning.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In 2012, the game was changed once more. Players must click on "Spin" first, and if it landed on "GO!", the player wins the online prize shown. The next year, players had to click on "Play"; a win resulted in the prize shown onscreen; regardless of the outcome, players received an entry to win a 2013 Fiat 500 Cabrio. For the 2014 game, players must click on "GO!", and if it results in a win, the online prize is shown onscreen; regardless of the outcome, the participant receives an entry to win $50,000.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: In 2016, players can enter up to ten codes daily in order to win weekly sweepstakes with a $50,000 grand prize.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: For all versions of the online game, players are restricted to a set number of online entries per day. In the UK, this is restricted to 24 entries. In the US, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Saipan, the limit is 10.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: Note that the official rules state: "The purchase, sale, trading, or barter of Game Pieces, Game Stamps, FREE Codes or Game Codes via Online or live auctions, or any other methods, does not constitute Legitimate Channels and is expressly prohibited." This includes eBay.com, where it is also a violation of that site's lottery policy.


title: McDonald's Monopoly

text: The promotion has be criticized for incentivizing ordering more and upsizing the portions. In 2019, Deputy Leader of the UK Labour Party, Tom Watson, said that the Monopoly promotion was a "danger to public health" and urged McDonald's to drop the "grotesque marketing strategy".


title: Peterbilt

text: Peterbilt Motors Company is an American truck manufacturer. Established in 1939 from the acquisition of Fageol Truck and Motor Company, Peterbilt specializes in the production of heavy-duty (Class 8) and medium-duty (Classes 5–7) commercial vehicles. The namesake of company founder T. A. "Al" Peterman, Peterbilt has operated as part of PACCAR since 1958, operating alongside sister division Kenworth Truck Company (though serving as one of the longest-running marketplace rivalries in American truck manufacturing).


title: Peterbilt

text: Peterbilt trucks are identified by a large red-oval brand emblem, in use since 1953. The company also uses a "bird"-style hood ornament on conventional-cab trucks, in use since 1965.


title: Peterbilt

text: Headquartered in Denton, Texas, the company also manufactures trucks at PACCAR facilities in Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec, Canada and Mexicali, Mexico.


title: Peterbilt

text: In the first third of the 20th century, transportation in the lumber industry remained time-consuming, as logs were primarily transported by steam tractors or horse teams. T.A. Peterman was a lumberman located in Tacoma, Washington seeking to modernize the transportation of logs, transporting them faster and more efficiently to lumber mills to manufacture plywood.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1934, Peterman acquired 30,000 acres of forestland in Morton, Washington; instead of using railroads, he built roads and acquired a fleet of trucks, purchasing White Motor Company trucks surplused by the U.S. Army. For logging use, the former military vehicles underwent several refurbishments and modifications; along with upgrades to their durability, the trucks underwent a degree of modernization, notably replacing hand cranks with electric starters. Safety changes included the addition of air brakes and air-cooled (finned) brake drums.


title: Peterbilt

text: On a 1938 business trip in San Francisco, Peterman learned that Fageol Truck and Motor Company was to be sold. Seeking an opportunity to expand into new vehicle production, he acquired Fageol from Sterling Motor Company for $50,000, receiving the 13.5-acre Fageol plant in Oakland, California, its tooling, and parts inventory; the purchase was completed in 1939.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1939, the Fageol plant in Oakland opened for business as Peterbilt Motors Company. As part of the design process, Peterman and his company engineers sought input from truck owners and drivers on how to develop trucks; initially planning to develop chain-drive trucks for the logging industry, the company transitioned towards vehicles intended towards highway freight transport. In April 1939, Peterbilt released its first vehicles for public sale, the single-axle Model 260 (chain drive) and the tandem-axle Model 334 (shaft-drive); both vehicles were offered with either gasoline or diesel engines. The 260 and 334 were equipped with an all-steel cab, trimmed with plywood sourced from Peterman-owned lumber mills. In a tradition that would last for the next 40 years, the company would designate single rear-axle trucks with model numbers starting with 2; tandem rear-axle trucks started with 3.


title: Peterbilt

text: Through the end of the year, Peterbilt produced 16 vehicles; the first Peterbilt was a fire truck chassis built for Centerville (now Fremont), California. For 1940, production increased to 83 vehicles. To supplement its revenue, Peterbilt continued its practice of servicing and refurbishing trucks from all manufacturers.


title: Peterbilt

text: For 1941, Peterbilt created the heavier-duty Model 364; initially developed for the logging industry, the 364 was re-purposed for military production for World War II. In 1942, the company developed its first cab-over-engine (COE) truck, which was derived from the 260. The vehicle was a half-cab design with a full-deck chassis.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1944, production was increased as Peterbilt secured a contract to supply 224 military trucks. In November 1944, T.A. Peterman died from cancer at the age of 51, leaving the company to his wife, Ida.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1945, the company resumed production of civilian vehicles; to increase payloads, Peterbilt introduced aluminum-built cabs (reducing the weight of the truck).


title: Peterbilt

text: During 1947, Ida Peterman sold Peterbilt Motors Company to a group of company managers and investors for $450,000; while the investors received the company assets, Peterman retained ownership of the company real estate.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1949, the company released a second generation of trucks, replacing the 260/334 with the all-new Model 280/350. The "Iron Nose" conventional was distinguished by its tall, narrow grille (with vertical grille shutters) and cycle-style fenders (a design that remains in use today on some Peterbilt conventionals). The first mass-produced COE by Peterbilt, the "Bubble Nose" 280/350 COE relocated the cab of the conventional above the front axle (but still received a short hood).


title: Peterbilt

text: During the early 1950s, Peterbilt developed the "dromedary" cargo system; a longer-wheelbase truck (typically a COE) was configured to transport a auxiliary cargo system placed between the cab and trailer.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1953, Peterbilt introduced its current brand emblem, switching from a rectangular border to the current red oval.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1954, the 280/350 underwent a redesign, becoming the Model 281/351 "Narrow-nose" conventional; the grille was redesigned, converting to horizontal grille shutters. A 281/351 COE was introduced, introducing a larger, wider cab design (sharing only the doors with the conventional). The shorter-hood Model 341 was heavier-duty, intended for vocational applications.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1958, following a decline in truck sales, Ida Peterman (the owner of the company real estate) announced to company owners her plans to redevelop the factory site as a shopping center. Rather than take on the large investment of developing a new factory, the investment group chose to sell Peterbilt Motors Company in June 1958 to Pacific Car and Foundry, a Seattle-based company that specialized in production of railroad freight cars; the company had acquired Kenworth in 1944. The new owners of Peterbilt began the relocation of the company, keeping it in the San Francisco Bay Area. In 1959, construction commenced on a 176,000 square-foot facility in Newark, California.


title: Peterbilt

text: For 1959, the 281/351 COE was replaced by the 282/352 COE. While externally similar (though upgrading to quad headlamps), in a major change, the new design introduced a tilting cab to allow better access to the engine.


title: Peterbilt

text: In August 1960, the first Peterbilt trucks were assembled by the Newark, California, factory; production increased to 800 vehicles for 1960. Coinciding with the introduction of the new factory, Peterbilt debuted a redesigned "Unilite" cab for its conventional trucks, distinguished by larger windows and a redesigned interior (including an all-new instrument panel). In an organizational change, Pacific Car changed its ownership status of Peterbilt, converting it from a wholly-owned subsidiary to a division within the company, making it the sister company of marketplace rival Kenworth (a division since 1946).


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1965, Peterbilt introduced the Model 358, largely replacing the 351 (which remained in production). The first Peterbilt conventional with a tilting hood, the 288/358 replaced a fixed radiator (and grille shutters) with a grille surround attached to the aluminum hood (a fiberglass hood was added as an option in 1972). Serving partially as a grab handle, the Peterbilt "bird" hood ornament made its debut (a feature remaining in current production nearly unchanged).


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1966, the company to expand its model line beyond highway tractors, reintroducing heavy-duty trucks as part of its model line. Above the Model 341, the Model 383 was a 6x6 truck primarily for off-road construction use.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1967, Peterbilt introduced the Model 359 highway tractor. Similar in design to the 358, the 289/359 also used a tilting hood, but was fitted with a larger grille (to accommodate larger diesel engines).


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1969, Peterbilt expanded its production capability, opening a facility in Madison, Tennessee (suburban Nashville). Along with the ability to meet additional product demand, the location was chosen to serve customers closer to the East Coast. As part of a revision to the cab design, the 282/352 COE adopted the name "Pacemaker".


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1970, the Model 348 was introduced, gradually replacing the 341 (remaining until 1972). Intended for vocational use, the 348 was the first Peterbilt designed with an angled fiberglass hood; the 349 was similar in configuration, designed with a larger grille. Developed in a joint venture with Kenworth, Peterbilt released the CB300, a low-cab COE developed nearly exclusively for refuse transport.


title: Peterbilt

text: At the beginning of 1972, Pacific Car and Foundry, intending to exit steel manufacturing, introduced its current name, PACCAR. The same year, Peterbilt redesigned the cab for its conventionals, replacing the "Unilite" cab with the "1100-series" cab. Named for 1100 square inches of windshield glass, the new design was taller with redesigned doors, an all-new interior, and increased window space. Designed for the same applications for the slightly larger 383, the Model 346 6x6 was designed with a set-back front axle (placed nearly below the cab). For testing, the company developed a prototype vehicle powered by a jet-turbine engine; the design was not placed into production.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1973, the Model 353 was introduced as a construction-oriented variant of the 359 (using its wider grille), replacing the 341 and heavy-duty versions of the 351; production of the Madison facility was doubled, allowing the company to deliver 8,000 vehicles yearly. In 1974, a set-back front axle was added to the 359.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1975, Peterbilt expanded its manufacturing base a second time, introducing Peterbilt Canada in Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec (Greater Montreal).; the facility began production of the CB300 (sold by Kenworth as the Hustler). Sized between the 353 and the 383, the 387 was another heavy-duty truck developed primarily for off-road use. The 352 COE underwent a model revision, becoming the 352H (high-mounted cab) to accommodate larger engines.


title: Peterbilt

text: After a 22-year model run, the 281/351 was retired for 1976. Replaced by the 358 and 359 as the Peterbilt highway tractor over a decade earlier, the 351 had continued production as a heavy-duty truck built primarily for vocational use; in the early 1970s, its cycle-style fenders were replaced by flat steel fenders. The narrow-hood 358 was also retired, as the larger-grille 359 was better suited to the cooling needs of newer diesel engines.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1977, Peterbilt assembled its 100,000th vehicle, a long-hood Model 359. The model line underwent minor revisions, as the cab received a revised dashboard and an optional 63-inch sleeper cab with walk-through entry (a first for the model line).


title: Peterbilt

text: For 1978, the CB300 was replaced by the Model 310. Again shared with Kenworth, the 310 was a new generation of the low-cab COE model line.


title: Peterbilt

text: By 1979, Peterbilt began to revise its model nomenclature, phasing out separate designations for single rear-axle trucks; all trucks began to use model numbers starting with "3" (regardless of drive configuration).


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1980, the Model 383 was discontinued, largely replaced by the smaller 353 and 387. To expand the vocationally-oriented 348/349 model family, a lighter-weight highway tractor (the first Peterbilt highway truck with a sloped nose) was added to the model line; the 349H was offered with a straight hood. In 1980, Peterbilt introduced the Model 397; the largest vehicle ever designed by the company, the 397 conventional 6x6 was exclusively for off-road use. Only 2 397s were assembled, one in 1980 and one in 1982. Peterbilt opened its third manufacturing facility in the United States, located in Denton, Texas (northern Dallas-Fort Worth suburbs); the company opened an 80-acre, 435,000 square-foot assembly facility.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1981, the Madison facility began assembly of the Model 362 COE. Replacing the 352H, the 362 was the first completely new COE from Peterbilt in 22 years. Distinguished by its curved 3-piece windshield and three windshield wipers (a 4-piece/2-wiper configuration was optional), the 362 was designed with a larger, more aerodynamic cab and a larger, more functional interior. Several axle configurations were offered, including set-back front axles, twin-steer configurations, and all-wheel drive. In total, six cab configurations were offered, ranging from 54 to 110 inches in length.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1986, Peterbilt commenced a series of massive changes within both the company and its product line. After 26 years, assembly operations ended at the Newark facility, as the company began production consolidation in Denton; at the time, Newark retained its corporate headquarters and engineering operations. Commencing a transition of the entire Peterbilt model line, the company revised its vocational lineup, as the 378 replaced the 348/349 and the 357 served as a successor to the 353. While trailing other manufacturers by several years, Peterbilt began offering raised-roof sleeper cabs as an option for the 359.


title: Peterbilt

text: For 1987, the company introduced two different conventional highway tractors, the Model 377 and the Model 379. While more conservative than the design of the Kenworth T600, the 377 used a sloped hood (angled further than the 348/349), a standard set-back front axle, and a wraparound front bumper integrated with the front fenders (later including composite-lens headlamps). Replacing the long-running 359, the 379 served as the standard Class 8 highway tractor; sharing the 1100-series cab with the 359, the 379 was distinguished by its redesigned headlamp clusters and horizontally-mounted windshield wipers (also used on the 377). The Model 310 was redesigned, becoming the Model 320; no longer shared with Kenworth, the 320 allowed the driver to drive in a standing position. For the first time, Peterbilt entered the medium-duty (Class 5-7) market, introducing the Mid-Ranger low-cab COE. Produced in Brazil using a MAN G90 cab (a wider version of the Volkswagen LT), the Mid-Ranger was fitted with American drivetrain components; PACCAR marketed the vehicle through both Kenworth and Peterbilt.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1988, Peterbilt introduced a second Class 8 COE, the Model 372 aerodynamically-enhanced highway tractor. Sharing its doors and internal structure with the 362, the 372 was rebodied to maximize both aerodynamics and fuel economy; the three-piece windshield was replaced by a pointed-center design. Designed as part of the cab, the roof fairing extended forward of the windshield; below the windshield, an upward-tilting shroud included the grille. While the 372 did not use a set-back front axle, the design included a wraparound front bumper; skirted body sides were available as an option. Despite its COE configuration (overcoming an inherently massive frontal area), the aerodynamic enhancements of the 372 achieved over 11mpg in real-world testing.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1993, Peterbilt ended all operations in Newark, relocating its corporate and engineering headquarters to Denton (alongside its primary manufacturing operations). Coinciding with the consolidation, the company expanded production at the Denton facility.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1994, the Model 372 COE ended production, with Peterbilt focusing production on the more mainstream 362. Alongside declining overall demand for COEs, the controversial exterior design of the 372 had seen a poor market response, earning nicknames "football helmet" or "Darth Vader" (among less appropriate ones).


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1996, the company closed Peterbilt Canada; the Sainte-Thérèse facility had been plagued by multiple strikes and struggled with efficiency (in comparison to the Denton and Madison facilities). In 1997, PACCAR chose to redevelop its Canadian operations, demolishing the facility in 1997 to rebuild an all-new assembly facility in 1999. The Model 385 was introduced as a shorter-length version of the 377; a 112-inch and 120-inch version were offered, the latter eventually replacing the 377.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1998, Peterbilt introduced the Model 210/220 COE, a medium-duty (class 6-7) low-cab COE. Replacing the Mid-Ranger, the 210/220 was derived from the DAF LF (coinciding with the PACCAR acquisition of Dutch manufacturer DAF); as with the Mid-Ranger, the design was adapted to an American-sourced powertrain.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 1999, the Model 387 was introduced, serving as the indirect successor to the 377 (alongside the 385). Completely unrelated to the namesake 1976-1987 heavy-duty truck, the 1999 387 was an aerodynamically-enhanced highway tractor. Sharing its cab structure with the Kenworth T2000 (the first all-new cab design since 1972), the 387 used its own chassis and hood design.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2000, Peterbilt introduced the Model 330, its first medium-duty conventional-cab truck. Manufactured by the all-new facility in Sainte-Thérèse, the 330 used the 1100-series cab of the Class 8 conventionals with an all-new hood (distinguished by integrated twin headlamps). During 2000, the 377 ended production, effectively replaced by the 120-inch 385 and the 387.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2002, to accommodate increased demand, the company temporarily added production of the 357,378, 385 vocational trucks and the 379 to Sainte-Thérèse.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2005, the Model 362 ended production; following years of declining sales of COEs, the 362 became the final cabover model line sold in North America (leaving only the Freightliner Argosy, itself ending North American sales a year later). As a running change during 2005 production, the doors of the 1100-series cab were revised; distinguished with the deletion of the vent windows and redesigned door handles, the side window brackets were redesigned and relocated from the door to the body. As a more direct successor to the 377, the Model 386 combined the aerodynamic hood of the 387 with the traditional 1100-series cab. The Model 335 was introduced as a second medium-duty conventional; sized in the Class 6-7 range, the 335 introduced a scaled-down version of the hood from the 386.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2006, the medium-duty product line was expanded further. Alongside the Class 7 Model 340, Peterbilt introduced its smallest-ever conventional, the Class 5 Model 325 (the latter, not requiring a CDL to operate). The same year, the company released its first diesel-electric hybrid vehicle, introducing 330 and 335 hybrids. Serving as the successor to the 357 and 378, the 365 and 367 were introduced, serving as heavy-duty Class 8 trucks; along with vocationally-oriented configurations, the model line is also offered as a tractor.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2007, the company withdrew the 210/220 medium-duty COEs, as second-party equipment manufacturers found difficulties adapting to its European-based design. After a 20-year production run, the Model 379 was retired, replaced by the Model 389. Sharing its cab with the 2005-2007 379, the 389 was designed with a longer hood (the longest-ever Peterbilt conventional), upgraded headlamps, and aerodynamic improvements.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2009, Peterbilt ended production at the Madison, Tennessee facility, consolidating operations between Denton and Sainte-Thérèse. The medium-duty line saw a slight revision; along with adoption of (Cummins-built) PACCAR engines and a redesigned interior, the 335 and 340 were dropped, replaced by the 337 and 348.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2010, the Model 587 was introduced as a wide-cab aerodynamic tractor, serving as the successor of the 387. Sharing its cab structure with the Kenworth T700, the 587 (the first Peterbilt with a "5" model designation) adopted a sharper-edged hood from its predecessor, achieving improvements in aerodynamics, forward visibility, and lighting. The Model 382 was introduced as a regional-haul daycab tractor, serving as a shorter/lighter version of the 386/384.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2011, the Model 210 and 220 COEs made their return. Assembled in the PACCAR facility in Mexicali, Mexico (alongside the Model 320), the 210/220 now used the chassis of the 325 and 330 (only sourcing the cab assembly with the DAF LF), allowing for increased mechanical commonality and simpler adaption of equipment. As before, the model was shared with Kenworth as the K270/K370. The company introduced a design variant of the Class 8 1100-series cab, introducing an "Extended Ultra Daycab" for non-sleeper; the option included a raised roof and extended rear cab wall.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2012, the Model 579 was introduced as the Peterbilt wide-cab aerodynamic tractor. Replacing the 587 (which remained in production), the 579 served as the flagship model line alongside the "traditional" 389. Debuting an all-new cab design (no longer shared with Kenworth), the 579 improved outward visibility (by deleting vent windows), further improved aerodynamics (with redeigned body skirting and optimized under-body design), and improved serviceability.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2013, the Model 567 was introduced as a Class 8 heavy-duty truck. Sharing its size and functionality with the 367, the 567 adopted the newer cab design of the 579 (fitting it with the headlamps from the 389). Initially offered with a set-back front axle; a set-forward front axle was also introduced in 2015.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2014, to commemorate 75 years of production, Peterbilt released a 75th Anniversary Edition of the Model 579, which was painted with a two-tone exterior and a matching interior. The Class 7 Model 220 underwent a redesign (the Class 6 210 was dropped), again mating a DAF LF cab (which underwent a redesign in 2013) to a Peterbilt-sourced cab and drivetrain.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2015, the company introduced its first medium-duty trucks fueled by compressed natural gas (CNG), offering it as an option for the 337 and 348. The Model 388 was redesignated, becoming the shorter-length (123-inch) version of the 389.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2016, the Model 520 was introduced, replacing the Model 320 after 29 years of production. While nearly visually identical to its predecessor (adding larger windshield wipers and optional LED headlamps), the refuse-collection functionality of the 520 was upgraded, allowing drivers to drive the vehicle sitting or standing from either side of the cab.


title: Peterbilt

text: In 2018, Peterbilt began testing on its first electric vehicle prototypes, building 12 579s and 3 520s with all-electric powertrains.