title: Ghaziabad

text: The city of Ghaziabad was founded in 1740 A.D. by Ghazi-ud-Din, who served as a wazir in the court of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah, and named it as "Ghaziuddinnagar" after his own name. The name "Ghaziuddinnagar" was shortened to its present form, i.e. "Ghaziabad" with the opening of the Railways in 1864. During the Mughal period, Ghaziabad and especially the banks of the Hindon in Ghaziabad, remained a picnic spot for the Mughal royal family.


title: Ghaziabad

text: Establishment of the Scientific Society here, during the same period is considered as a milestone of the educational movement launched by Syed Ahmad Khan. The Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway, connecting Delhi and Lahore, up until Ambala through Ghaziabad was opened in the same year. With the completion of the Amritsar-Saharanpur-Ghaziabad line of the Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway in 1870, Delhi was connected to Multan through Ghaziabad, and Ghaziabad became the junction of the East Indian Railway and Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway.


title: Ghaziabad

text: Ghaziabad, along with Meerut and Bulandshahr, remained one of the three Munsifis of the District, under the Meerut Civil Judgeship during most periods of the British Raj.


title: Ghaziabad

text: Although connected by railway since 1865, it was not until 1940 that the first modern industry appeared in Ghaziabad. However, it was in the post-independence period that industry really expanded, with a further 22 factories opening in the four years after 1947. This development can be attributed to the influx of people from the newly formed Pakistan and the relocation of businesses from what was now the Pakistani province of Punjab. John Oakey and Mohan Ltd., one of India's largest concerns manufacturing coated and bonded abrasives, and originally functioning under the name of 'National Abrasives' at Rawalpindi was shifted here under the proprietorship of 'Dyer Meakins' in 1947. Subsequently, the Mohan Meakin breweries were also set up in the year 1949. This period also saw the development of Ghaziabad as one of India's most famous centres of the Oil Engines industry.


title: Ghaziabad

text: In 1967, the municipal limits were extended up to the Delhi-UP border. Starting in the early 1970s, many steel-manufacturing units also came up in the city making it one of the primary industries of the city. This period also saw the emergence of the Electronics industry, with the setting up of Bharat Electronics Limited and Central Electronics Limited Over the years, planned Industrial development saw participation from major industrial houses of the country including Mohans (Mohan Nagar Industrial Estate, 1949), Tatas (Tata Oil Mills), Modis (Modinagar, 1933; International Tobacco Co. 1967), Shri Rams (Shri Ram Pistons, 1964), Jaipurias etc. and also significant participation through foreign capital in concerns such as Danfoss India Ltd. (estd. 1968); Indo- Bulgar Food Ltd. and International Tobacco Company (estd. 1967).


title: Ghaziabad

text: The provisional data derived from the 2011 census shows that Ghaziabad urban agglomeration had a population of 2,358,525, of which males were 1,256,783 and females were 1,101,742. The literacy rate was 93.81%. Ghaziabad is a subcategory B1 district of category B i.e. having socioeconomic parameters below the national average. It is the second largest industrial city in Uttar Pradesh after Kanpur.


title: Ghaziabad

text: Hinduism is the most popular religion in Ghaziabad with 72.93% followers, followed by 25.35% Muslim followers, 0.41% Christian followers, and 0.49% Sikh followers who make up the smallest percentage of followers in the city. There are around 0.07 Buddhists, 0.35% Jain followers who are minorities. There are many religious sites in Ghaziabad such as the Dudheshwar Mahadev Mandir, ISKCON Temple for Hindus, Jama Masjid for Muslims, Holy Trinity Church for Christians, and Shri Guru Singh Sabha Gurudwara for Sikhs.


title: Ghaziabad

text: As it is connected to the national capital, its temperature and rainfall are similar to Delhi. Rajasthan's dust storms and snowfall in the Himalayas and Kumaon hills name their impact in the weather regularly. The monsoon arrives in the district at the end of June or the first week of July and normally it rains until October.


title: Ghaziabad

text: As in other districts of northern India mainly three seasons - summer, winter and rainy - prevail here, but sometimes due to severe snowfall in the Himalayas and Kumaon Hills, adverse weather can also be seen.


title: Ghaziabad

text: Due to a number of construction and highway projects causing cutting down hundreds of old trees rapidly, the pollution and rising temperature issues have increased significantly.


title: Ghaziabad

text: Ghaziabad city is governed by the Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation under the Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959. Ghaziabad city is spread over of municipal area. It upgraded from a Municipal Board to a Municipal Corporation on 31 August 1994, following the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act. Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation (or Nagar Nigam Ghaziabad) is divided into 5 zones - City Zone, Kavi Nagar Zone, Vijay Nagar Zone, Mohan Nagar Zone and Vasundhara Zone. The Municipal Corporation comprises 100 wards, with councillors elected from each ward. The local elections to all wards was last held in 2017. The executive head is Mahendra Singh Tanwar, the current Municipal Commissioner while the elected head is the Mayor, Asha Sharma from the BJP.


title: Ghaziabad

text: The municipality has the following departments: Swachh Bharat Mission, Public Works Dept, I.T Dept, Property Tax Dept, Health Dept, Street Light Dept, Water Works Dept, Law, Garden/Horticulture. It has an executive committee composed of businessmen.


title: Ghaziabad

text: The city is represented in the Lok Sabha through one MP elected from the Lok Sabha constituency represented by Gen. (Retd.) Vijay Kumar Singh from the BJP, and one MLA elected from the Vidhan Sabha constituency, represented by BJP's Atul Garg elected in 2017.


title: Ghaziabad

text: In January 2020 it was announced that the police commissionerate system was likely to be introduced in Ghaziabad in phases. The city police is under the state home department and is headed by Senior Superintendent of Police for the district.


title: Ghaziabad

text: The Ghaziabad Development Authority (GDA), established 1977, is responsible for planning, development and construction of housing projects, commercial lands, land management and infrastructure.


title: Ghaziabad

text: Nagar Nigam Ghaziabad looks after the civic activities of the city. Other development agencies of the city include the Ghaziabad Development Authority, and the UP Jal Nigam. The master plan for the city is laid by the Town & Country Planning Department, Uttar Pradesh, which is department under the Department of Housing and Urban Planning for the state.


title: Ghaziabad

text: The corporation supplies water and has nearly 2.35 lakh water connections, supplying nearly 388 MLD of water per day. The city also receives water from the Ganga through 50 cusec (one cubic foot of water flow per second which translates into 28.32 litres) and 100 cusec plants but a lot of areas in the city constituting multi-storied apartments do not receive Ganga water and rely on groundwater. Treated water is supplied to only 36.2% of households.


title: Ghaziabad

text: The municipality, as well as UP Jal Nigam sets up sewage treatment plants and water treatment plants for the city. The Ghaziabad Development Authority is responsible for laying networks of sewer lines and piped drinking water supply. Drinking water remains a concern with 55.6% of households accessing it from tube wells, bore wells and hand pumps. Only 30.5% households are connected to piped sewer lines.


title: Ghaziabad

text: As of 2019, Ghaziabad generates 1,000 metric tonnes of waste daily, some of which is sent to Meerut, while 300 metric tonnes are sent to Pilkhuwa, while almost 200 metric tons is used in various GMC owned parks to create compost. The corporation also dumps garbage in Indirapuram landfill site, and would dump it in Pratap Vihar landfill until they stopped on the orders of a National Green Tribunal committee. The corporation also announced in September 2020 that it was creating 10 'garbage factories' as a permanent solution to the city's waste problem.


title: Ghaziabad

text: A proposal has been made to widen National Highway 24 (NH-24) from four to fourteen lanes on the stretch between the Ghaziabad-Delhi border and Dasna. Many residential and commercial projects are being built along the highway.


title: Ghaziabad

text: The Blue and Red Lines of the Delhi Metro serve Ghaziabad and connect it with the national capital, Delhi. The Red Line serves Ghaziabad, with eight stations and Blue Line with two stations. The Red Line's eastern terminus, Shaheed Sthal, is located in this city. Other stations include Hindon River (which serves Raj Nagar Extension) and Mohan Nagar. From the Blue Line stations exist at Vaishali which serves that area as well as Vasundhara and Indirapuram, and Kaushambi Station serving the Kaushambi area.


title: Ghaziabad

text: The city receives Indian Railways service at Ghaziabad Junction. This is one of the major junctions in the country and has been operating since 1864, being one of the first few stations opened.


title: Ghaziabad

text: Hindon Domestic Airport is the airport serving Ghaziabad and is operational in the city from 2019. It is the second commercial airport in the Delhi NCR after Indira Gandhi International Airport. It (the passenger terminal) was inaugurated by Hon. Prime Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi on 8 March 2019.


title: Ghaziabad

text: The closest international airport is the Indira Gandhi International Airport. Hindon Domestic Airport currently operates flights to Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand and Hubli, Karnataka.


title: Ghaziabad

text: The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is a Cricket stadium in Nehru Nagar, Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, is a Hockey Stadium in Shastri Nagar, Ghaziabad and Mahamaya Sports stadium is multi-purpose Sports Stadium in the city.


title: Ghaziabad

text: An International Cricket Stadium is under construction at Raj Nagar Extension and is supposed to be completed by 2021.


title: Ghaziabad

text: Ghaziabad has also emerged as one of the major educational destinations with many higher education colleges and institutes operating in the city. Some of the main institutes are:-


title: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12

text: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi Bach Ke Kahan Jayega? Khatra Kahin Se Bhi Aayega! is the twelfth season of "", an Indian reality and stunt television series produced by Endemol Shine India. The show premiered from 2 July 2022 to 25 September 2022, on Colors TV and digitally streams on Voot. Filmed in Cape Town, South Africa, the show was hosted by Rohit Shetty. Spanning over 26 episodes, this season became the longest season since the inception of the series. Tushar Kalia emerged as the winner of this season while Faisal Shaikh became the 1st runner-up.


title: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12

text: Apart from the usual weekend episodes, Voot for the first time launched web exclusive's like ""Pack-up Ka Punch"", ""Khiladiyon Ki Journey"", ""Khiladiyon Ki Fitness Diary"", ""Khiladiyon Ki Fashion Diary"" and ""Cape Town Diaries"" tracing the contestants' off-screen journey.


title: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12

text: In May 2022, it was reported that Munawar Faruqui would join the show midway but later backed out due to passport issue.


title: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12

text: The series was announced by Colors TV with a press conference on 25 May 2022. The contestants were spotted at the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport before leaving for Cape Town, South Africa on 28 May 2022. The contestants were spotted at the Mumbai Airport after returning from Cape Town, South Africa on 18 July 2022.


title: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12

text: The principal photography of the series began on 6 June 2022 in Cape Town, South Africa. Rohit Shetty took to his Instagram to officially announce the same. Rohit Shetty announced the wrap up of "Khatron Ke Khiladi 12" in Cape Town through an Instagram post on 16 July 2022 in 50 days schedule. The Grand Finale shooting was held on 18 September 2022 in Film City, Mumbai.


title: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12

text: On 6 June 2022, a promo revealing the season's logo and sponsors was released on Colors TV official Instagram and Twitter handles. Subsequently, intro promos of Rubina, Sriti, Tushar, Mohit, Kanika, Shivangi, Jannat and Faisal were released respectively.


title: Happy! (TV series)

text: Happy! is an American live-action/adult animated black comedy/action-drama television series based on the four-issue comic book series of the same name created by writer Grant Morrison and artist Darick Robertson, with Brian Taylor serving as director for a majority of the episodes (seven of the first eleven).


title: Happy! (TV series)

text: The series premiered on Syfy on December 6, 2017, receiving mostly positive reviews. On January 29, 2018, it was announced that Syfy had renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on March 27, 2019. On June 4, 2019, the series was cancelled by Syfy after two seasons.


title: Happy! (TV series)

text: Disgraced police detective Nick Sax (Christopher Meloni) lives as a social outcast, filling his days with heavy drinking and substance abuse, moonlighting as a hitman to feed his various habits. After sustaining a massive heart attack, Nick comes into contact with a small, blue, winged unicorn named Happy (an animated character voiced by Patton Oswalt) that apparently only he can see. Happy explains he is the imaginary friend of a little girl named Hailey, who has been kidnapped by a deranged man dressed as Santa Claus ("Very Bad Santa"). Happy reveals that Hailey is Nick's estranged daughter and sought Nick's aid, believing him to be the hero cop that Hailey envisioned him to be. Though skeptical at first, Nick reluctantly agrees and the two work to save Hailey. The events of their search slowly begin to reveal the existence of a massive, global conspiracy involving child trafficking, sex cults, aliens, ancient gods, and the apocalypse.


title: Happy! (TV series)

text: The series premiered on Syfy on December 6, 2017. On January 29, 2018, it was announced that Syfy had renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on March 27, 2019. On June 4, 2019, the series was cancelled by Syfy after two seasons.


title: Happy! (TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 80% with an average rating of 6.2/10 based on 35 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, ""Happy!" certainly isn't for everyone, but its appealingly oddball concept and strong performances from Chris Meloni and Patton Oswalt make for a gritty, dark comedy with definite—albeit unusual—appeal." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 65 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Juba

text: Juba () is the capital and largest city of South Sudan. The city is situated on the White Nile and also serves as the capital of the Central Equatoria State. It is the world's newest capital city to be elevated as such, and had a population of 525,953 in 2017. It has an area of , with the metropolitan area covering .


title: Juba

text: Juba was established in 1920–21 by the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in a small Bari village, also called Juba. The city was made as the capital of Mongalla Province in the late 1920s. The growth of the town accelerated following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, which made Juba the capital of the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan. Juba became the capital of South Sudan in 2011 after its independence, but influential parties wanted Ramciel to be the capital. The government announced the move of the capital to Ramciel, but it is yet to occur.


title: Juba

text: Under the Khedivate of Egypt, Juba served as the southernmost garrison of the Egyptian army, quartering only a handful of soldiers. Disease was common; soldiers often fell ill due to the malaria, meningitis and blackwater fever that was prevalent in the region. Explorers and campaigners (Sir) Samuel and Florence Baker used the nearby island of Gondokoro as a base during their expeditions to what is now South Sudan and northern Uganda from 1863 to 1865 and 1871 to 1873.


title: Juba

text: The present city of Juba was established on the site of a small Bari village, also called Juba, where the Church Missionary Society (CMS) had established a mission and the Nugent Memorial Intermediate School in 1920–21. In the late 1920s, Anglo-Egyptian officials ordered Bari residents to relocate so that a new town could be constructed to serve as the capital of Mongalla Province. The site was chosen by Anglo-Egyptian officials partly because of the presence of the CMS Nugent Memorial Intermediate School there, and partly because its proximity to river transportation on the Nile. Major construction of the new city of Juba was underway by 1927. Traders from Rejaf relocated to the new city in 1929, and the Governor's office of Mongalla was moved there in 1930.


title: Juba

text: Greek merchants supplying the British Army played an early and central role in the establishment of Juba in the early 1920s. Their number never exceeded 2,000, but because of their excellent relationship with the native Bari people and the large amount of resulting assistance they received, they built many structures in the downtown Juba Market area as well as in the area which the contemporary British soldiers called the Greek Quarter, today the small suburb of Hai Jalaba. Many of these structures are still standing today. Public buildings such as the Ivory Bank, Notos Lounge, the old Sudan Airways Building, Paradise Hotel, and the Nile Commercial Bank and Buffalo Commercial Bank were all built by Greeks. Greek merchants were responsible for the construction of the Central Bank building in the mid-1940s, as well as the Juba Hotel in the mid-1930s.


title: Juba

text: Until 1956, Juba was in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, which was jointly administered by the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt. British hopes to join the southern part of Sudan with Uganda were dashed in 1947 during the Juba Conference, which resulted in an agreement to unify northern and southern Sudan. In 1955, a mutiny of southern soldiers in Torit sparked the First Sudanese Civil War, which did not end until 1972. During the Second Sudanese Civil War, Juba was a strategic location that was the focus of much fighting.


title: Juba

text: In 2005, Juba became the interim seat and the capital of the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (before the agreement, Rumbek had been the proposed interim capital). With the advent of peace, the United Nations increased its presence in Juba, shifting its management of operations in Southern Sudan from its previous location in Kenya. Under the leadership of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the United Nations established a camp known as "OCHA Camp", which served as a base for many United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations.


title: Juba

text: Juba became the world's newest national capital on 9 July 2011, when South Sudan formally declared its independence from the Republic of the Sudan. However, influential parties including the South Sudanese government expressed dissatisfaction with the city's suitability as a national capital, and the government proposed that a new planned city be built as a replacement capital elsewhere, most likely Ramciel in Lakes.


title: Juba

text: On 5 September 2011, the government announced the capital of South Sudan would move some 250 km away from Juba to Ramciel, which is located in the middle of South Sudan, about 60 km from Yirol West County, Lakes State. As of June 2020, the move has yet to occur.


title: Juba

text: Juba is led by a city council headed by Mayor Stephen Wani Michael. This post-independence council was formed in March 2011 and Baballa appointed to lead it by Governor Clement Wani Konga. Former Yei County Commissioner David Lokonga Moses was appointed as deputy mayor. A ministerial committee to keep Juba clean and sanitary was also created by gubernatorial decree at the same time.


title: Juba

text: Prior to March 2011, the area now administered by Juba City Council was divided into Juba, Kator, and Muniki "payams". It is now a standalone subdivision of Juba County, of which it is the county seat.


title: Juba

text: The city is a river port and the southern terminus of traffic along the Nile, properly called the "Bahr al Jabal" section of the White Nile. Before the civil war, Juba was also a transport hub, with highways connecting it to Kenya, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.


title: Juba

text: After the war, Juba has no longer been a significant trade city. Roads and the river harbour are not in use due to disrepair. The United Nations and the South Sudanese government are repairing the roads, but full repair is expected to take many years. In 2003, the Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD) started to clear the roads leading from Juba to Uganda and Kenya. It was expected that these roads would be completely de-mined and rebuilt in the course of 2006–2008. The rebuilding of the roads, which are mostly unpaved, takes a tremendous amount of effort and time because of the limited work season due to the lengthy rainy season, which lasts from March until October. The roads are important for the peace process in Sudan as people need them to return to their homes and to regain what they feel is a normal life. The first road that has started to be rebuilt is the road to Uganda. This road is particularly important, as many of the original inhabitants of Juba fled to Uganda during the war. , there are three paved roads in Juba, one that was re-surfaced in July. The main one is a concrete road, built by the British in the 1950s.


title: Juba

text: Between 2008 and 2011, the Ugandan government and the South Sudanese government undertook joint efforts to develop a railway link between the Northern Ugandan city of Gulu and Juba, with an extension to Wau. A memorandum of understanding between the two governments was signed to that effect in August 2008. The same memorandum outlined plans to develop the road network between the two countries. Recent media reports from the region suggest that the railway link from Juba may link directly with Kenya, bypassing Uganda.


title: Juba

text: Juba International Airport is the site of large numbers of flights bringing UN and NGO (non-governmental organization) aid into Southern Sudan, as well as passengers and general air freight. The construction of a new terminal was begun in late 2007 when the oil prices were very high ($100+). Since then, with the oil prices going back down, the fate of the new terminal is uncertain. Building on the new terminal restarted in early 2014 As of February 2014, there are daily flights to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, Kenya; Khartoum International Airport in Sudan; Entebbe International Airport in Entebbe, Uganda; and Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has a large compound near the Juba Airport.


title: Juba

text: In 2005, Juba's population was 163,442. Based on analysis of aerial photos, the best estimate of several donors working in Juba calculated the 2006 population at approximately 250,000. The 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census took place in April/May 2008, stating the population of Juba County to be 372,413 (the majority residing in Juba City, which dominates the county), but the results were rejected by the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan. Juba is developing very rapidly due to oil money and the Chinese coming for work and development. In 2011, the population of the city of Juba is estimated at 372,410, but may potentially be more. , the city's population was growing at a rate of 4.23%.


title: Juba

text: Juba has been described as undergoing an economic boom, especially in the past five years and since independence. The prospect of an economic boom has brought thousands of merchants to Juba, mostly from northern Sudan and from East Africa. , several regional and international businesses have established a presence in Juba. The Commercial Bank of Ethiopia and the Kenyan banking conglomerate Kenya Commercial Bank has its South Sudanese headquarters in the city and a branch network of eleven (11) branches throughout South Sudan. The three indigenous South Sudanese commercial banks namely; Buffalo Commercial Bank, Ivory Bank and Nile Commercial Bank, all maintain their headquarters in Juba. Equity Bank, another regional finance services provider also has a branch in Juba. National Insurance Corporation (NIC), the leading Ugandan insurance services provider, maintains an office in the city. Despite recent economic difficulties brought about by the December 15th 2013 civil war, Juba has continued to grow and construction is still booming. This is probably due to the high demand for affordable housing and hotel accommodations. Research from the Overseas Development Institute found that markets in Juba are transient, as many traders only come to make a quick profit and so do not invest in storage facilities or shops.


title: Juba

text: The Juba Public Peace Library was founded on October 1, 2019. The library was donated by The South Sudan Library Foundation and contains over 13,000 books. It is the first public library of South Sudan. The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.


title: Juba

text: Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Juba (Catholic Church), Province of the Episcopal Church of South Sudan (Anglican Communion), Baptist Convention of South Sudan (Baptist World Alliance), Presbyterian Church in Sudan (World Communion of Reformed Churches). There are also Muslim mosques.


title: Juba

text: Juba has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen: Aw), and as it lies near the equator, temperatures are hot year-round. However, little rain falls from November to March, which is also the time of the year with the hottest maximum temperatures, reaching in February. From April to October, more than of rain falls per month. The annual total precipitation is nearly .


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Reynhard Tambos Maruli Tua Sinaga (born 19 February 1983) is an Indonesian serial rapist who was convicted of 159 sex offences, including 136 rapes of young men committed in Manchester, England, between 2015 and 2017, where he was living as a student. He was found guilty of drugging and sexually assaulting 48 men during this period, 44 of whom he raped, some repeatedly, although the police believe he was offending for years beforehand. Sinaga was prosecuted in four trials between 2018 and 2020 and was given concurrent life sentences with a minimum term of 30 years; raised to 40 years in December 2020 by the Court of Appeal. The Crown Prosecution Service described Sinaga as being the most prolific rapist in British legal history.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Sinaga is believed by police to have raped or assaulted at least 206 men since 2015, which includes the two years before his arrival in the UK. In Manchester, he waited for potential victims outside nightclubs, pubs and similar venues in the early hours. He then offered them a stay at his flat, subsequently drugging and raping his victims. After some of the assaults, he boasted about his actions on WhatsApp.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Sinaga was born in 1983 in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia, and grew up in Depok. After completing a degree in Architecture at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Indonesia in Depok in 2006, he moved to the UK on a student visa and began to study in August 2007 at Manchester University, where he completed a Master of Science (MSc) degree in Planning in 2009 and an Master of Arts (MA) in Sociology in 2011.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Remaining in Manchester, he began to study for a Leeds University Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in August 2012 on human geography, which he did not complete. His thesis, entitled "Sexuality and everyday transnationalism among South Asian gay and bisexual men in Manchester", was submitted in August 2016, and was assessed as a "fail", but he was permitted to amend and resubmit it, and was working on his thesis at the time of his arrest. He was financially supported by his father, a banker who moved into the palm oil sector. Sinaga's mother came to the first pre-trial hearing, but was not present for any of the four trials. While in Manchester, Sinaga lived openly as a gay man, living not far from Manchester's gay village, and reportedly had many boyfriends.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Sinaga lived in a flat in central Manchester which acted as a base for his assaults. He would wait for men leaving nightclubs and bars before leading them to his flat, often offering them somewhere to have a drink or call a taxi. Giving them a drugged drink, believed to have been spiked with GHB, Sinaga would then assault the victims while they were unconscious and video the attack with a mobile phone. He rarely used condoms when penetrating his victims; despite this, he was found negative for sexually transmitted infections upon his arrest.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: At the time his sentence was announced in January 2020, almost all of Sinaga's victims were known to have been heterosexual young men, with three exceptions. He saw "turning" heterosexual men as a sport. Of one victim in January 2015, who had argued with his girlfriend in the Factory nightclub near Sinaga's home, he told a WhatsApp group: "SuperRey saves straight boys from their monstrous girlfriend."


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: In June 2017, his last victim, an 18-year-old amateur rugby union player, regained consciousness during the rape, fought off his attacker, and reported the incident to the police. Sinaga was badly beaten and was hospitalised, while police initially arrested his victim on suspicion of grievous bodily harm. Subsequent examination of Sinaga's iPhone by the police led to the discovery of more than 3 terabytes of digital video evidence of his assaults and rapes. Many of his victims were traceable because Sinaga kept their phones, watches, ID cards, etc., and he had used social media to contact his unknowing victims online. Some victims unwittingly accepted his friend requests on Facebook. Although the earliest case to be tried in courts stems from 2015, police believe Sinaga began the attacks in 2005, two years before he arrived in the UK.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Sinaga's earliest established offence occurred on New Year's Day 2015. The man was heterosexual, like the majority of Sinaga's victims, and could remember nothing when he awoke the next day in his abuser's flat covered in vomit. Because of the false concern from Sinaga, like others, he apologised for imposing on his host before leaving; he had been raped twice.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Sinaga pleaded 'not guilty' to all charges made against him with the result that his victims had to endure relating evidence in court and the videos being shown to the jurors and others present at the trials. In his own defence, he claimed to have been playing sex games with the other man playing dead in order to fulfil his fantasies. He claimed that the encounters were consensual, a claim found to be false as victims were heard snoring in the videos.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Sinaga attended St Chrysostom's Church, a liberal congregation of the Church of England, and the church provided Sinaga with a character reference for his trial. The presiding judge, Suzanne Gooddard, remarked during the sentencing of the second trial that "It is almost beyond belief that someone who could profess some Christian faith could at the same time have been committing such wicked and evil crimes." The St Chrysostom's Church later distanced itself from Sinaga after his conviction.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: The four trials took place between 1 June and 10 July 2018 covering 13 victims, 1 April to 7 May 2019 with 12 victims, 16 September to 4 October 2019 covering 10 victims, and December 2019 with 13 victims, a total of 48 named victims out of at least 206 Sinaga is believed to have raped while they were unconscious. Police have been unable to trace 70 of his victims.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Sinaga was convicted of 136 counts of rape, 14 counts of sexual assault, eight counts of attempted rape and one count of assault by penetration. His defence barrister said he could offer no mitigation. In the first two trials he was given 88 concurrent life sentences with a minimum 30 year term before being considered for parole. This was raised to 40 years by the Court of Appeal on 11 December 2020. Reporting restrictions were in place until the conclusion of his last trial, after which his crimes were made public for the first time. Detectives subsequently set up a hotline with the expectation that dozens of new victims could come forward. Sinaga was originally held at HMP Strangeways, and reported as refusing to cooperate with investigators. He was moved to HM Prison Wakefield in April 2020, several months after his final trial.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: On 16 January 2020, Sinaga's case was referred to the Court of Appeal for being too lenient. Geoffrey Cox was reported as saying a "whole life order" should be considered for Sinaga, meaning he would never be eligible for parole. While a whole life order has never been imposed for crimes other than murder, Judge Suzanne Goddard QC considered this option when sentencing Sinaga and said that he should never be released. In her summing up, Judge Goddard commented: "In my judgment you are a highly dangerous, cunning and deceitful individual who will never be safe to be released, but that is a matter for the Parole Board."


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: His earliest date of eligibility for a parole board hearing is 2060, when he will be 77 years of age.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Sinaga's father, Saibun Sinaga, in an interview with BBC Indonesia, expressed his opinion a day after the sentencing, where he was quoted as saying that his son "got what he deserved" and that "we accept the verdict. His punishment fits his crimes. I don't want to discuss the case any further."


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: Sinaga's mother, Normawati Silaen, told "The Sunday Times" in 2020 that when she visited him in hospital in 2017 she had "wondered if [Sinaga's final victim] had made up the story". She stated that she was not aware that he was gay: "We are a good Christian family who do not believe in homosexuality. He is my baby."


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: The charity Safeline reported a record increase in calls to its hotline for male sexual abuse survivors in the aftermath of the case. Duncan Craig, founder of Survivors Manchester, the charity supporting several of Sinaga’s victims, stated that it had started a national conversation regarding men opening up about sexual abuse.


title: Reynhard Sinaga

text: After Sinaga's conviction, the mayor of his hometown of Depok, Mohammad Idris, announced that he planned to order raids on the local LGBT community. The announcement was swiftly condemned by human rights activists saying that conservatives in Indonesia were using Sinaga as an excuse to target the gay community in the country.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: CHiPs is a 2017 American buddy cop action comedy film written and directed by Dax Shepard, based on the 1977–1983 television series of the same name created by Rick Rosner. The film stars Shepard as Officer Jon Baker and Michael Peña as Frank "Ponch" Poncherello, with Rosa Salazar, Adam Brody and Vincent D'Onofrio in supporting roles.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: Principal photography began on 21 October 2015, in Los Angeles. The film was released on 24 March 2017, by Warner Bros. Pictures and grossed $26 million worldwide. It has a 18% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, which called it "only mildly arresting at best".


title: CHiPs (film)

text: Unlike the original series, the movie was produced without the cooperation of the California Highway Patrol (CHP) and without a license to use CHP logos.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: In the city of Miami, Agent Castillo of the FBI, takes down a crew of bank robbers. At the same time, former motocross racer Jon Baker enrolls in the California Highway Patrol Academy. Despite his low aptitude score across every field, Sgt. Gail Hernandez sympathizes with Jon, noting that he can ride a motorcycle better than the majority of cadets she has trained and grants him a probationary graduation.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: On a California highway, a crew of bike riders attacks an armored van. One member, "LT", accuses the guard and his CHP closet boyfriend TJ of stealing from him. As punishment, LT informs TJ over the police frequency that he must choose who lives; he or his boyfriend. TJ ultimately kills himself.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: In Miami, Castillo is informed that the CHP have requested the FBI's help in the armored van heist, believing that a corrupt police ring is involved. Given the alias Francis Llewellyn "Ponch" Poncherello, Ponch is partnered up with Baker, before ostensibly paying their respects to TJ's widow at home. Baker notes that there isn't a single commendation, picture or other effects a helicopter pilot would have in the house and precisely identifies the bikes used in the heist as the Ducati Hypermotard 939. The bike gang makes another attempt on an armored van. The crew evade Ponch and Baker on the faster Ducatis after a lengthy chase through Elysian Park. LT, wary of Ponch's extensive investigations into the heists finds out from his FBI contacts that he is undercover, whereas Ponch also obtains a potential lead on an apartment TJ tenanted at and concludes that TJ had to have been corrupt as it would not have been affordable on his salary. Sensing that something is still amiss, Ponch and Baker re-visit TJ's home. Though getting involved in a fight with Parish, Ponch recognizes that he is not in on the corrupt circle, after he suggests that "LT" in reality could stand for Lieutenant. They later arrive on the profile of Lieutenant Raymond Kurtz and whilst suspect him have no evidence to pin him to the heists.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: The FBI pick up on a promising lead to a drug house in Venice, prompting Ponch and Baker to respond. During a lengthy pursuit with one of the crew members, Officer Brian Grieves secretly informs LT that the suspect involved is his son. While crossing a bridge, the suspect is decapitated by a recovery vehicle's extended industrial wire. LT arrives and crashes into Baker who was in pursuit. Parish arrives in his police helicopter and airlifts an unconscious Baker to hospital.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: Petersen fires Ponch for disobeying his orders to stay well away from the FBI's lead. Baker also discovers that his ex-wife Karen who Baker had been living with has sold her house while he was in hospital without telling him. At Ponch's house, Baker identifies the decapitated biker as Raymond Reed Kurtz Jr, connecting him to CHP Lieutenant Ray Kurtz's son and confirming their earlier suspicions. Ray kidnaps Karen and holds her hostage at his safe house but both Ponch and Baker rescue Karen as Officer Ava Perez arrives with back up but are attacked by Ray's associates.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: Ray shoots off three of Ponch's fingers, leaving him unable to return fire and instead relies on Baker's poor aim to retaliate. Altering his aim to compensate, Baker accidentally detonates an explosive device that incapacitates Ray and his remaining guards, who Perez and the other Officers arrest. Ray comes to, but is reinforced by Officer Lindsey Taylor and then holds Baker at gunpoint. Ponch intervenes moments before Ray fires a shot into Baker's arm which ricochets off of a titanium implant and strikes Ray in the head, killing him instantly.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: Baker is loaded onto an ambulance to be treated for his injuries. Karen offers to join him in hospital, however Baker finally realizes how little she cares for him and declines her offer. Ponch is given morphine by a paramedic. A final scene shows Castillo receiving a call from Peterson, who offers him his job back at the FBI. Castillo however refuses, preferring to stay in the CHP.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: In 2005, a theatrical release motion picture version of the show was announced, starring Wilmer Valderrama as Ponch, though as of 2013 this production was still "stalled". Erik Estrada and Larry Wilcox were rumored to make cameo appearances. In a 2002 episode of "MADtv", Valderrama and fellow "That '70s Show" cast member Danny Masterson were featured in two parodies of "CHiPs", which featured the two actors as Ponch and Baker respectively. Mila Kunis also appeared in the second sketch. In a 2002 episode of "That '70s Show", Valderrama's character, Fez, was seen in the "most likely" section of the yearbook as "most likely to appear as Ponch in a musical version of "CHiPs"".


title: CHiPs (film)

text: The project began as a personal film that Dax Shepard wanted to do: a motor sports comedy starring him and Michael Peña, and a tribute to the "CHiPs" television series. In an interview with Vulture, Shepard said:


title: CHiPs (film)

text: On September 2, 2014, Warner Bros. announced a film adaptation of the 1977–1983 TV series "CHiPs" created by Rick Rosner, which Andrew Panay would be producing along with Shepard. Shepard also wrote, directed and starred in the film. It was announced that Panay would produce the film through his Panay Films along with Ravi Mehta. In August 2015, the film was selected by the California Film Commission to receive $5.1 million in tax credits.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: Principal photography on the film began on October 21, 2015, in Los Angeles, California, utilizing many of the same sections of Southern California freeways used for the original television series, notably Interstate 210 in La Crescenta, California.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: In September 2014, Warner Bros. announced that Shepard would write, direct, and star in the film as Officer Jon Baker, and that Michael Peña would portray Frank "Ponch" Poncherello. In May 2015, Vincent D'Onofrio was announced to be playing a former cop turned car thief and gang-leader. In September, Adam Brody joined the film to play an officer, while Rosa Salazar and Shepard's wife Kristen Bell also signed on to star. A few weeks later, Jessica McNamee signed on to play Lindsey Taylor, a tough young California Highway Patrol officer. In November, Jane Kaczmarek joined the film to play the police captain. In March 2016, it was announced that Ryan Hansen would join the film.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: "CHiPs" was originally scheduled to be released on August 11, 2017, but it was pushed up to March 24, 2017, by Warner Bros. Pictures.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: "CHiPs" was released digitally on June 13, 2017. Two weeks later on June 27, 2017, Warner Home Video released the film on Blu-ray and DVD.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: "CHiPs" grossed $18.6 million in the United States and Canada and $8.2 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $26.8 million, against a production budget of $25 million.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "CHiPs" opened alongside "Life", "Power Rangers" and "Wilson", and was projected to gross around $10 million from 2,464 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $500,000 from Thursday night previews at 2,400 theaters. It went on to debut to $7.6 million, finishing 7th at the box office. In its second weekend the film grossed $4 million (a drop of 48.7%), finishing 9th at the box office.


title: CHiPs (film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 18% based on 111 reviews and an average rating of 3.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""CHiPs" abandons the endearing innocence of its source material, using the titular cop show's premise as a setup for aggressively lowbrow gags that prove only mildly arresting at best." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 28 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave a 74% overall positive score and just 50% gave it a "definite recommend".


title: CHiPs (film)

text: "Variety"s Owen Gleiberman called the film lazy and clichéd, saying: "The film's model is—or should have been—the movie version of "21 Jump Street" and its sequel, but the co-directors of those bumptious nihilistic undercover burlesques, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, knew how to turn comedy into suspense and thrills into media-mad absurdity. Shepard just sprinkles overstated banter onto a generic plot and bits of pedal-to-the-metal action, as if he was serving the action-comedy gods by sticking the usual ingredients in a blender and pushing 'purée.'"


title: CHiPs (film)

text: The original show's star, Larry Wilcox, posted on Twitter saying, "Way to go Warner Bros – just ruined the Brand of "CHIPS" and of the Calif Highway Patrol. Great choice!"


title: CHiPs (film)

text: The film was awarded the Barry L. Bumstead Award at the 38th Golden Raspberry Awards, meaning the film would have likely been nominated in their "Worst Film" category had the recipient's theatrical run met their eligibility criteria.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Zita of Bourbon-Parma ("Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese"; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989) was the wife of Charles, the last monarch of Austria-Hungary. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, in addition to other titles. She was declared Servant of God by Pope Benedict XVI.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Robert I, Duke of Parma, and his second wife, Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911. Charles became heir presumptive to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1914 after the assassination of his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, and acceded to the throne in 1916 after the elderly emperor's death.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: After the end of World War I in 1918, the Habsburgs were deposed and the former empire became home to the states of Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, while other parts were annexed to or joined the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Italy, Romania, and a reconstituted independent Poland. Charles and Zita left for exile in Switzerland and, after the failure of attempts to restore royal rule in Hungary, were subsequently removed from that country by the Allies to Madeira, where Charles died in 1922. After her husband's death, Zita and her son Otto served as symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty. A devout Catholic, she raised a large family after being widowed at the age of 29; she never remarried.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma was born at the Villa Pianore in the Italian Province of Lucca, 9 May 1892. The unusual name "Zita" was given to her after Zita, a popular Italian saint who had lived in Tuscany in the 13th century. She was the third daughter and fifth child of the deposed Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, a daughter of King Miguel of Portugal and his wife Princess Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Zita's father had lost his throne as a result of the movement for Italian unification in 1859 when he was still a child. He fathered twelve children during his first marriage to Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies (six of whom were mentally disabled, and three of whom died young). Duke Robert became a widower in 1882, and two years later he married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita's mother. The second marriage produced a further twelve children. Zita was the 17th child among Duke Robert's 24 children. Robert moved his large family between Villa Pianore (a large property located between Pietrasanta and Viareggio) and his Schwarzau Castle in lower Austria. It was mainly in these two residences that Zita spent her formative years. The family spent most of the year in Austria, moving to Pianore in the winter and returning in the summer. To move between them, they took a special train with sixteen coaches to accommodate the family and their belongings.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Zita and her siblings were raised to speak Italian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and English. She recalled:


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: At the age of ten, Zita was sent to a boarding school at Zanberg in Upper Bavaria, where there was a strict regime of study and religious instruction. She was summoned home in the autumn of 1907 at the death of her father. Her maternal grandmother sent Zita and her sister Francesca to a convent on the Isle of Wight to complete her education. Brought up as devout Catholics, the Parma children regularly undertook good works for the poor. In Schwarzau the family turned surplus cloth into clothes. Zita and Francesca personally distributed food, clothing, and medicines to the needy in Pianore. Three of Zita's sisters became nuns and, for a time, she considered following the same path. Zita went through a patch of poor health and was sent for the traditional cure at a European spa for two years.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: In the close vicinity of Schwarzau castle was the Villa Wartholz, residence of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, Zita's maternal aunt. She was the stepmother of Archduke Otto, who died in 1906, and the step-grandmother of Archduke Charles of Austria-Este, at that time second-in-line to the Austrian throne. The two daughters of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria were Zita's first cousins and Charles' half-aunts. They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem, from where he visited his aunt at Františkovy Lázně. It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted. Charles was under pressure to marry (Franz Ferdinand, his uncle and first-in-line, had married morganatically, and his children were excluded from the throne) and Zita had a suitably royal genealogy. Zita later recalled:


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore and asked for Zita's hand and, on 13 June 1911, their engagement was announced at the Austrian court. Zita in later years recalled that after her engagement she had expressed to Charles her worries about the fate of the Austrian Empire and the challenges of the monarchy. Charles and Zita were married at the Schwarzau castle on 21 October 1911. Charles's great-uncle, the 81-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph, attended the wedding. He was relieved to see an heir make a suitable marriage, and was in good spirits, even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast. Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son, and Otto was born 20 November 1912. Seven more children followed in the next decade.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: At this time, Archduke Charles was in his twenties and did not expect to become emperor for some time, especially while Franz Ferdinand remained in good health. This changed on 28 June 1914 when the heir and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo by Bosnian Serb nationalists. Charles and Zita received the news by telegram that day. She said of her husband, "Though it was a beautiful day, I saw his face go white in the sun."


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: In the war that followed, Charles was promoted to General in the Austrian army, taking command of the 20th Corps for an offensive in Tyrol. The war was personally difficult for Zita, as several of her brothers fought on opposing sides in the conflict (Prince Felix and Prince René had joined the Austrian army, while Prince Sixtus and Prince Xavier lived in France before the war and enlisted in the Belgian army.) Also her country of birth, Italy, joined the war against Austria in 1915, and so rumours of the 'Italian' Zita began to be muttered. Even as late as 1917, The German ambassador in Vienna, Count Botho von Wedel-Jarlsberg would write to Berlin saying "The Empress is descended from an Italian princely house... People do not entirely trust the Italian and her brood of relatives."


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: At Franz Joseph's request, Zita and her children left their residence at Hetzendorf and moved into a suite of rooms at Schönbrunn Palace. Here, Zita spent many hours with the old Emperor on both formal and informal occasions, where Franz Joseph confided in her his fears for the future. Emperor Franz Joseph died of bronchitis and pneumonia at the age of 86 on 21 November 1916. "I remember the dear plump figure of Prince Lobkowitz going up to my husband," Zita later recounted, "and, with tears in his eyes, making the sign of the cross on Charles's forehead. As he did so he said, 'May God bless Your Majesty.' It was the first time we had heard the Imperial title used to us."


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Charles and Zita were crowned in Budapest on 30 December 1916. Following the coronation there was a banquet, but after that the festivities ended, as the emperor and empress thought it wrong to have prolonged celebrations during a time of war. At the beginning of the reign, Charles was more often than not away from Vienna, so he had a telephone line installed from Baden (where Charles's military headquarters were located) to the Hofburg. He called Zita several times a day whenever they were separated. Zita had some influence on her husband and would discreetly attend audiences with the Prime Minister or military briefings, and she had a special interest in social policy. However, military matters were the sole domain of Charles. Energetic and strong-willed, Zita accompanied her husband to the provinces and to the front, as well as occupying herself with charitable works and hospital visits to the war-wounded.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: By the spring of 1917, the War was dragging on towards its fourth year, and Zita's brother Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma, a serving officer in the Belgian Army, was a main mover behind a plan for Austria-Hungary to make a separate peace with France. Charles initiated contact with Sixtus through contacts in neutral Switzerland, and Zita wrote a letter inviting him to Vienna. Zita's mother Maria Antonia delivered the letter in person.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Sixtus arrived with conditions for talks which had been agreed with the French – the restoration to France of Alsace-Lorraine (annexed by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1870); restoration of the independence of Belgium; independence for the kingdom of Serbia; and the handover of Constantinople to Russia. Charles agreed, in principle, to the first three points and wrote a letter to Sixtus dated 25 March 1917 which sent "the secret and unofficial message" to the President of France that "I will use all means and all my personal influence". This attempt at dynastic diplomacy eventually foundered. Germany refused to negotiate over Alsace-Lorraine, and, seeing a Russian collapse on the horizon, was loath to give up the war. Sixtus continued his efforts, even meeting Lloyd George in London about Italy's territorial demands on Austria in the Treaty of London of 1915, but the Prime Minister could not persuade his generals that Britain should make peace with Austria. Zita managed a personal achievement during this time by stopping the German plans to send airplanes to bomb the home of the King and Queen of Belgium on their name days.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: In April 1918, after the German-Russian Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Austrian Foreign Minister Count Ottokar Czernin made a speech attacking incoming French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau as being the main obstacle to a peace favouring the Central Powers. Clemenceau was incensed and, after seeing the Emperor Charles's letter of 24 March 1917, had it published. For a while, the life of Sixtus appeared to be in danger, and there were even fears that Germany might occupy Austria. Czernin persuaded Charles to send a 'Word of Honour' to Austria's allies saying that Sixtus had not been authorised to show the letter to the French Government, that Belgium had not been mentioned, and that Clemenceau had lied about the mentioning of Alsace. Czernin had actually been in contact with the German Embassy throughout the whole crisis and attempted to persuade the Emperor to step down because of the Affair. After failing to do so, Czernin resigned as Foreign Minister.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: By this time, the war was closing in on the embattled Emperor. A Union of Czech Deputies had already sworn an oath to a new Czechoslovak state independent of the Habsburg Empire on 13 April 1918, the prestige of the German Army had taken a severe blow at the Battle of Amiens, and, on 25 September 1918, her brother in law King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria broke away from his allies in the Central Powers and sued for peace independently. Zita was with Charles when he received the telegram of Bulgaria's collapse. She remembered it "made it even more urgent to start peace talks with the Western Powers while there was still something to talk about." On 16 October, the emperor issued a "People's Manifesto" proposing the empire be restructured on federal lines with each nationality gaining its own state. Instead, each nation broke away and the empire effectively dissolved.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Leaving behind their children at Gödöllő, Charles and Zita travelled to the Schönbrunn Palace. By this time ministers had been appointed by the new state of "German-Austria", and by 11 November, together with the emperor's spokesmen, they prepared a manifesto for Charles to sign. Zita, at first glance, mistook it for an abdication and made her famous statement:


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Charles gave his permission for the document to be published, and he, his family and the remnants of his Court departed for the Royal shooting lodge at Eckartsau, close to the borders with Hungary and Slovakia. The Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed the next day.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: After a difficult few months at Eckartsau, the Imperial Family received aid from an unexpected source. Prince Sixtus had met King George V and appealed to him to help the Habsburgs. George was reportedly moved by the request, it being only months since his imperial relatives in Russia had been executed by revolutionaries, and promised "We will immediately do what is necessary."


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Several British Army officers were sent to help Charles, most notably Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt, who was a grandson of Lord Belper and a former student at the University of Innsbruck. On 19 March 1919, orders were received from the War Office to "get the Emperor out of Austria without delay". With some difficulty, Strutt managed to arrange a train to Switzerland, enabling the Emperor to leave the country with dignity without having to abdicate. Charles, Zita, their children and their household left Eckartsau on 24 March escorted by a detachment of British soldiers from the Honourable Artillery Company under the command of Strutt.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: The family's first home in exile was Wartegg Castle in Rorschach, Switzerland, a property owned by the Bourbon-Parmas. However, the Swiss authorities, worried about the implication of the Habsburgs living near the Austrian border, compelled them to move to the western part of the country. The next month, therefore, found them moving to Villa Prangins, near Lake Geneva, where they resumed a quiet family life. This abruptly ended in March 1920 when, after a period of instability in Hungary, Miklós Horthy was elected regent. Charles was still technically King (as Charles IV) but Horthy sent an emissary to Prangins advising him not to go to Hungary until the situation had calmed. After the Trianon Treaty Horthy's ambition soon grew. Charles became concerned and requested the help of Colonel Strutt to get him into Hungary. Charles twice attempted to regain control, once in March 1921 and again in October 1921. Both attempts failed, despite Zita's staunch support (she insisted on travelling with him on the final dramatic train journey to Budapest).


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Charles and Zita temporarily resided at Castle Tata, the home of Count Esterházy, until a suitable permanent exile could be found. Malta was mooted as a possibility, but was declined by Lord Curzon, and French territory was ruled out given the possibility of Zita's brothers intriguing on Charles's behalf. Eventually, the Portuguese island of Madeira was chosen. On 31 October 1921, the former Imperial couple were taken by rail from Tihany to Baja, where the Royal Navy monitor HMS "Glowworm" was waiting. They finally arrived at Funchal on 19 November. Their children were being looked after at Wartegg Castle in Switzerland by Charles's step-grandmother Maria Theresa, although Zita managed to see them in Zurich when her son Robert needed an operation for appendicitis. The children joined their parents in Madeira in February 1922.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Charles had been in poor health for some time. After going shopping on a chilly day in Funchal to buy toys for Carl Ludwig, he was struck by an attack of bronchitis. This rapidly worsened into pneumonia, not helped by the inadequate medical care available. Several of the children and staff were also ill, and Zita (at the time eight months pregnant) helped nurse them all. Charles weakened and died on 1 April, his last words to his wife being "I love you so much." Charles was 34 years old. After his funeral, a witness said of Zita "This woman really is to be admired. She did not, for one second, lose her composure... she greeted the people on all sides and then spoke to those who had helped out with the funeral. They were all under her charm." Zita wore mourning black in Charles's memory throughout sixty-seven years of widowhood.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: After Charles's death, the former Austrian imperial family were soon to move again. Alfonso XIII of Spain had approached the British Foreign Office via his ambassador in London, and they agreed to allow Zita and her seven (soon to be eight) children to relocate to Spain. Alfonso duly sent the warship "Infanta Isabel" to Funchal and this took them to Cadiz. They were then escorted to the Pardo Palace in Madrid, where shortly after her arrival Zita gave birth to Archduchess Elisabeth. Alfonso XIII offered his exiled Habsburg relatives the use of Palacio Uribarren at Lekeitio in the Bay of Biscay. This appealed to Zita, who did not want to be a heavy burden to the state that harboured her. For the next six years Zita settled in Lekeitio, where she got on with the job of raising and educating her children. They lived with straitened finances, mainly living on income from private property in Austria, income from a vineyard in Johannisberg in the Rhine Valley, and voluntary collections. Other members of the exiled Habsburg dynasty, however, claimed much of this money, and there were regular petitions for help from former Imperial officials.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: By 1929, several of the children were approaching the age to attend university and the family sought to move to the Belgian village of Steenokkerzeel near Brussels, where they were closer to several members of their family. Zita continued her political lobbying on behalf of the Habsburg family, even sounding out links with Mussolini's Italy. There was even a possibility of a Habsburg restoration under the Austrian Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg, with Crown Prince Otto visiting Austria numerous times. These overtures were abruptly ended by the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938. As exiles, the Habsburg family took the lead in resisting the Nazis in Austria, but this foundered because of opposition between monarchists and socialists.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: With the Nazi invasion of Belgium on 10 May 1940, Zita and her family became war refugees. They narrowly missed being killed by a direct hit on the castle by German bombers and fled to Prince Xavier's castle at Bostz in France. The Habsburgs then fled to the Spanish border, reaching it on 18 May. On June 12 the Portuguese ruler António Salazar issued instructions to the Portuguese consulates in France to provide Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal Duchess of Parma with Portuguese Passports. With these Portuguese Passport the entire entourage of her family could get visas without creating problems to the neutrality of the Portuguese Government. This way the daughter of Maria Antónia, Zita of Bourbon-Parma, and her son Otto von Habsburg got their visas because they were descendants of a Portuguese citizen.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: They moved on to Portugal and resided in Cascais. Not long after, the archduke was informed by Salazar that Hitler had demanded his extradition. The demand would be refused, the Portuguese ruler told him but hinted that his safety was precarious. On 9 July the U.S. Government granted the family exit visas. After a perilous journey they arrived in New York City on 27 July, having family in Long Island and Newark, New Jersey; at one point, Zita and several of her children lived, as long-term house-guests, in Tuxedo Park, New York.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: The Austrian imperial refugees eventually settled in Quebec, which had the advantage of being French-speaking (the younger children were not yet fluent in English). As they were cut off from all European funds, finances were more stretched than ever. At one stage, Zita was reduced to making salad and spinach dishes from dandelion leaves. However, all her sons were active in the war effort. Otto promoted the dynasty's role in a post-war Europe and met regularly with Franklin Roosevelt; Robert was the Habsburg representative in London; Carl Ludwig and Felix joined the United States Army, serving with several American-raised relatives of the Mauerer line; Rudolf smuggled himself into Austria in the final days of the war to help organise the resistance. In 1945 Empress Zita celebrated her birthday on the first day of peace, 9 May. She was to spend the next two years touring the United States and Canada to raise funds for war-ravaged Austria and Hungary.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: After a period of rest and recovery, Zita found herself regularly going back to Europe for the weddings of her children. She decided to move back to the continent full-time, in 1952, to Luxembourg, in order to look after her aging mother. Maria Antonia died at the age of 96 in 1959. The bishop of Chur proposed to Zita that she move into a residence that he administered (formerly a castle of the Counts de Salis) at Zizers, Graubünden in Switzerland. As the castle had enough space for visits from her large family and a nearby chapel (a necessity for the devoutly Catholic Zita), she accepted with ease.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Zita occupied herself in her final years with her family. Although the restrictions on the Habsburgs entering Austria had been lifted, this only applied to those born after 10 April 1919. This meant Zita could not attend the funeral of her daughter Adelheid in 1972, which was painful for her. She also involved herself in the efforts to have her deceased husband, the "Peace Emperor" canonised. In 1982, the restrictions were eased, and she returned to Austria after having been absent for six decades. Over the next few years, the Empress made several visits to her former Austrian homeland, even appearing on Austrian television. In a series of interviews with the Viennese tabloid newspaper "Kronen Zeitung", Zita expressed her belief that the deaths of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera, at Mayerling, in 1889, were not a double suicide, but rather murder by French or Austrian agents.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: After a memorable 90th birthday, at which she was surrounded by her now vast family, Zita's habitually robust health began to fail. She developed inoperable cataracts in both eyes. Her last big family gathering took place at Zizers, in 1987, when her children and grandchildren joined in celebrating Empress Zita's 95th birthday. While visiting her daughter, in summer 1988, she developed pneumonia and spent most of the autumn and winter bedridden. Finally, she called Otto, in early March 1989, and told him she was dying. He and the rest of the family travelled to her bedside and took turns keeping her company until she died in the early hours of 14 March 1989. She was 96 years old, and was the last surviving child of Robert, Duke of Parma from both his marriages.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: Her funeral was held in Vienna on 1 April. The government allowed it to take place on Austrian soil providing that the cost was borne by the Habsburgs themselves. Zita's body was carried to the Imperial Crypt under Capuchin Church in the same funeral coach she had walked behind during the funeral of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916. It was attended by over 200 members of the Habsburg and Bourbon-Parma families, and the service had 6,000 attendees including leading politicians, state officials and international representatives, including a representative of Pope John Paul II. Following an ancient custom, the Empress had asked that her heart, which was placed in an urn, stay behind at Muri Abbey, in Switzerland, where the Emperor's heart had rested for decades. In doing so, Zita assured herself that, in death, she and her husband would remain by each other's side.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: When the procession of mourners arrived at the gates of the Imperial Crypt, the herald who knocked on the door during this traditional "admission ceremony" introduced her as "Zita, Her Majesty the Empress and Queen".


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: On 10 December 2009, Mgr Yves Le Saux, Bishop of Le Mans, France, opened the diocesan process for the beatification of Zita. Zita was in the habit of spending several months each year in the diocese of Le Mans at St. Cecilia's Abbey, Solesmes, where three of her sisters were nuns.


title: Zita of Bourbon-Parma

text: The actor is the French Association pour la Béatification de l'Impératrice Zita. The postulator for the cause is Alexander Leonhardt. Vice postulator for Hungary is Catholic theologian Norbert Nagy. The judge of the tribunal is Bruno Bonnet. The promoter of justice is François Scrive.


title: Velvet Sky

text: Jamie Lynn Szantyr (born June 2, 1981) is an American color commentator and retired professional wrestler, currently signed to NWA. She is best known for her time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the ring name Velvet Sky. She is a former two-time TNA Women's Knockout Champion and is a former TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champion as part of The Beautiful People (with Madison Rayne and Lacey Von Erich), with the group defending the title under the Freebird rule.


title: Velvet Sky

text: Szantyr was trained by Jason Knight at the House of Pain Pro Wrestling Dojo in New Britain, Connecticut. After completing her training, she began working as a valet and wrestler on the independent circuit using the ring names Miss Talia, Talia Doll, and Talia Madison. On the independent circuit, she formed a tag team known as T&A with April Hunter.


title: Velvet Sky

text: Talia made her debut for World Xtreme Wrestling (WXW) on March 3, 2004, where she defeated Alere Little Feather. She won her first championship in professional wrestling, the WXW Women's Championship, after winning a battle royal on May 29, 2004. Talia went on to successfully defended her title against April Hunter, Cindy Rogers, Psycho and Ariel. On August 28, Talia teamed up with Alicia in a winning effort defeating Cindy Rogers and Mercedes Martinez in a tag team match, and defeated Becky Bayless in a bra and panties match on September 9. Talia continued her undefeated streak, successfully defending her title against Alere Little Feather, Luscious Lily, Cindy Rogers, Officer Mercy, and against Feather and Alicia in a triple threat match. On November 27, Talia teamed up with April Hunter in a winning effort defeating The Moonshiners (Lulu and Trinity H. Campbell). On December 11, Talia successfully defended her title against Krissy Vaine. The following week, Talia teamed up with The Moonshiners (Lulu and Trinity H. Campbell) defeating Alicia, Cindy Rogers and Mercedes Martinez in a six-woman tag team match. Talia's winning streak ended after she was defeated by Martinez on April 25, 2005. On July 8 at the WXW "Spotsfest" event, Talia lost the championship to Martinez. On September 12 at the WXW Tour, Talia unsuccessfully challenged Martinez for the title in a rematch. At the "WXW 4th Annual Women's Elite 8" event, Talia unsuccessfully challenged Martinez again, this time in a triple threat match also involving Krissy Vaine.


title: Velvet Sky

text: Szantyr made a few appearances in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2005 and 2006. On the February 24, 2005 episode of "WWE SmackDown!", she appeared as an extra during the JBL "Celebration of Excellence" party. She was then defeated by Victoria on July 11 in a match taped for "WWE Heat". On January 2, 2006, she and Trinity were planted in the front row of the audience to be selected to dance with The Heart Throbs after their match in another "Heat" segment. She also auditioned for the 2007 Diva Search, but did not make the final eight. As Talia Madison, she held Defiant Pro Wrestling Women's title, which she won on April 8, 2006, after defeating Alere Little Feather and Nikki Roxx in a triple threat match.


title: Velvet Sky

text: Later that year, she debuted in MXW Pro Wrestling and defeated Alere Little Feather at "Brass City Battle". She also wrestled in Women's Extreme Wrestling (WEW), where she mainly worked in tag team matches. She found championship success here as half of The Simple Girls/The Madison Sisters with her (kayfabe) sister Nikki Madison, and as the "T" half of the T&A tag team with April Hunter, defeating Team Blondage's Amber O'Neal and Lollipop to win the titles on WEW's April 6, 2006 pay-per-view. She also held the WEW World Women's title, defeating Angel Orsini on May 5, 2007.


title: Velvet Sky

text: When Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) announced the creation of their women's division in 2007, Szantyr, using her Talia Madison ring name, was announced as one of the ten wrestlers in a 10-woman gauntlet match to crown the first TNA Knockouts Champion at the Bound for Glory pay-per-view. Before the show, she made non-wrestling appearances on the October 5 episode of "TNA Today" and the October 11 episode of "Impact!", standing at ringside for the debut match of Amazing Kong along with the other gauntlet match participants. In the weeks following the gauntlet match, her ring name was changed to Velvet Sky.


title: Velvet Sky

text: At the December Turning Point pay-per-view, Sky and Angelina Love formed an alliance and were dubbed Velvet Love Entertainment, later renamed The Beautiful People. After defeating ODB and Roxxi Laveaux early in the show, Love and Sky assisted Gail Kim in her match against Awesome Kong. They assisted Kim again after another match against Kong on the December 6 episode of "Impact!", and at the Final Resolution pay-per-view, helping to stop a post-match brawl.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On the March 13 episode of "Impact!", Sky and Love attacked Roxxi Laveaux and later that night Gail Kim, thus becoming villainous characters for the first time. At Lockdown, Sky and Love participated in the first ever Queen of the Cage match, which was won by Laveaux, when she pinned Love inside the cage. Sky and Love participated in the Make Over Battle Royal-Ladder Match at Sacrifice, which was won by Gail Kim. Around this time, Sky and Love added another factor to their gimmicks, placing brown paper bags over their opponents heads after defeating them. Soon after, Moose joined The Beautiful People, but she was quickly removed from the stable and the TNA roster after suffering an injury on the independent circuit. On July 17 episode of "Impact!", Sky won a Knockouts battle royal to become the number one contender to the TNA Knockouts Championship, but lost the title match the next week, as well as two more title matches immediately following, to then-champion Taylor Wilde.


title: Velvet Sky

text: The Beautiful People began associating themselves with Cute Kip, who become known as their "fashionist". At Bound for Glory IV, The Beautiful People and Cute Kip were defeated by ODB, Rhaka Khan, and Rhino. In March 2009, the team gained a new member in Madison Rayne, while Kip was "fired" from the stable twice in the following month before finally becoming a road agent for the company. Sky was in Love's corner when she defeated Kong and Wilde to win the TNA Knockouts Championship at Lockdown. Sky was also in Love's corner at Slammiversary, where she helped her defeat Tara by spraying hairspray in her eyes. At Hard Justice, Sky, along with Love, competed in a tag match against ODB and Cody Deaner in a losing effort when Deaner pinned Sky, resulting in Love losing the Knockouts Championship to ODB. After the loss, Madison Rayne was kicked out of The Beautiful People, with the pair vowing revenge in the upcoming tournament for the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship. The last of the four quarter final matches pitted The Beautiful People against Rayne and a mystery partner, who was later revealed to be the returning Roxxi. Regardless, The Beautiful People won the match and advanced to the semi-finals.


title: Velvet Sky

text: After the match was taped, Love was released from her TNA contract due to work visa issues. On the last episode of "Impact!" taped before her release, Love and Sky advanced to the finals of the tag team tournament by defeating Tara and Christy Hemme after interference from Madison Rayne. Afterwards, Rayne apologized to both Sky and Love, and was then welcomed back into the Beautiful People. At No Surrender, Sky and Rayne were defeated in the finals of the tournament by Sarita and Taylor Wilde. On October 1, Love's replacement Lacey Von Erich made her debut and joined the Beautiful People. Love would return to the company on the January 14, 2010, episode of "Impact!", but instead of re-joining the Beautiful People, she attacked them, thus turning Love face.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On the March 8 episode of "Impact!", Sky and Rayne defeated the teams of Love and Tara and Sarita and Taylor Wilde in a three-way match to win the vacant TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship, after interference from Daffney. The three members of the Beautiful People defended the titles under the Freebird rule. On the April 5 episode of "Impact!", Sky was one of the four winners of the very first LockBox Showdown Elimination Tag Match. The box she opened contained a contract for Sky to challenge anyone of her choosing at any time, regardless of the stipulation. Sky then announced that she would be using her contract to face the new Knockouts Champion Angelina Love in a Leather and Lace match the following week. With Sky and Madison Rayne scheduled to receive a shot at the Knockouts Championship at Lockdown, the Beautiful People turned the Leather and Lace match into a three-on-one beat down, in order to soften Love up for the pay-per-view the following Sunday. At the pay-per-view, Rayne and Sky defeated Love and Tara, and Rayne became the new Knockouts Champion. Sky faced Love once again on the June 24 episode of "Impact", and won by disqualification after receiving a DDT onto a steel chair, just like Von Erich the previous week.


title: Velvet Sky

text: In the summer of 2010, Sky began showing signs of a face turn, when Rayne began talking down to her and Von Erich, declaring that she did not need either of them, and then recruited a mystery woman hiding behind a motorcycle helmet to help her in her feud with Angelina Love. On the July 22 episode of "Impact!", Sky refused to go along with Rayne, the mystery woman and Sarita, when they all finished assaulting Love and Taylor Wilde.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On the August 5 episode of "Impact!", Sky and Von Erich lost the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship to Hamada and Taylor Wilde, when Rayne's and the mystery woman's interference backfired. The following week, Sky cemented her face turn by attacking the mystery woman during Rayne's title match with Angelina Love, and in doing so caused a distraction, which cost Rayne the Knockouts Championship. On the August 19 episode of "Impact!", Sky reunited with Angelina Love, accompanying her to the ring and helping her successfully defend the Knockouts Championship against Rayne. After the match, Sky and Love were beaten down by Rayne and the mystery woman.


title: Velvet Sky

text: Rayne's mysterious ally was finally unmasked as Tara on the September 2 episode of "Impact!", when the two of them defeated Sky and Love in their first match together in a year. At No Surrender, Sky defeated Rayne in a singles match. Lacey Von Erich would join Sky and Love, after being saved by them from Rayne and Tara on the September 16 episode of "Impact!". Von Erich, however, would leave the promotion two months later on November 11.


title: Velvet Sky

text: In October, Sky entered a feud with Sarita, who would score back–to–back pinfall victories over her on the October 28 and the November 4 episodes of "Impact!", first in a six-Knockout tag team match and then in a singles match. On the December 9 episode of "Impact!" Sky and Love defeated Sarita and Daffney in the first round match of a tournament for the vacant Knockouts Tag Team Championship, but Sky was still unable to pin Sarita. Two weeks later, Sarita attacked Sky prior to her and Love's tournament final match. As a result, Winter, who had been stalking Love for the past months, took Sky's place in the match and teamed with Love to defeat Madison Rayne and Tara to win the Knockouts Tag Team Championship. The following week, Sarita defeated Sky in a Strap match. On the January 27 episode of "Impact!", Sky brawled with Winter, claiming she was trying to break up the Beautiful People. Sarita pinned Sky once again on the February 17 episode of "Impact!" in a tag team match, where she teamed with Rosita. After the match, Sky challenged Sarita to a one–on–one match, where she agreed to put her career on the line. On the March 3 episode of "Impact!", Sky was finally able to defeat Sarita in a singles match, salvaging her career in the process. On March 13 at Victory Road, Sky inadvertently cost Love and Winter the Knockouts Tag Team Championship in a match against Sarita and Rosita. On the March 24 episode of "Impact!", Winter, seemingly having control over Love's actions, prevented her from saving Sky from a beat down at the hands of Sarita and Rosita. On the April 7 episode of "Impact!", Love, still under Winter's influence, turned heel on Sky during a Knockouts Tag Team Championship match against Sarita and Rosita, and left her to be pinned by the champions, effectively ending the Beautiful People.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On the April 28 episode of "Impact!", Angelina Love defeated Sky by submission in a singles match, no-selling all of her opponent's offense during the match. On the May 5 episode of "Impact!", Sky pinned Winter in a two–on–three handicap match, where she teamed with Kurt Angle to face Winter, Love and Jeff Jarrett, announcing her intention of becoming the TNA Knockouts Champion in the process.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On the May 19 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky defeated Love and Winter in a two–on–one handicap match, but was afterwards attacked by the returning ODB, who claimed that she had gotten fired from TNA the previous June because of Sky. Sky and ODB faced each other in a singles match on the June 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", with Sky emerging victorious.


title: Velvet Sky

text: The following week, Sky and Ms. Tessmacher failed in their attempt to win the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship from Rosita and Sarita due to interference from ODB. Afterwards, Sky was beaten down by ODB and her new tag team partner, Jacqueline. On the June 12 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky and Tessmacher were defeated by Jacqueline and ODB in a tag team match. The feud seemingly ended on the July 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", when Sky defeated ODB and Jacqueline in a two–on–one handicap match, forcing both of them out of TNA as per stipulation of the match. On the July 21 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Knockouts Champion Mickie James awarded Sky a shot at her title, but before the match could take place, James was attacked by Angelina Love and Winter. When Sky tried to make the save, she was attacked by the returning ODB and Jacqueline, who were then in turn attacked by the also returning Traci Brooks.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On the September 15 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky defeated Angelina Love to qualify for a four-way Knockouts Championship match at Bound for Glory. On October 16 at Bound for Glory, Sky won the Knockouts Championship for the first time by defeating previous champion Winter, Madison Rayne and Mickie James in a four-way match, when Traci Brooks replaced original special guest referee Karen Jarrett, and counted the deciding pinfall. On the October 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky came to the ring and thanked the fans for supporting her. During her speech, she was attacked by the returning Gail Kim. On November 13 at Turning Point, Sky lost the Knockouts Championship to Gail Kim, ending her reign at 28 days. On the January 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky and Mickie James were defeated by Tara in a three-way number one contenders match for the Knockouts Championship. On the April 5 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky defeated Angelina Love, Madison Rayne, Mickie James, Tara and Winter in a six-way match to become the number one contender to Gail Kim's Knockouts Championship. On April 15 at Lockdown, Sky unsuccessfully challenged Kim for the title in a steel cage match. Sky received a rematch for the championship on the May 17 episode of "Impact Wrestling", but was again defeated by Kim in a three-way match, which also included Brooke Tessmacher.


title: Velvet Sky

text: The following month, Sky and Mickie James ignited a feud, with James slowly turning villainous due to her jealousy of Sky. However, after weeks of inactivity, on July 24, it was reported by numerous wrestling sites that Szantyr was close to leaving TNA, after failing to come to terms on a new contract with the promotion. Two days later, Szantyr confirmed her departure from TNA, however, she was still listed as an active member of the roster on the company's website.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On June 18, 2011, Sky made her debut for Mexican promotion Lucha Libre AAA World Wide at Triplemanía XIX, where she teamed with Angelina Love, Mickie James and Sexy Star to defeat Cynthia Moreno, Faby Apache, Lolita and Mari Apache in an eight-woman tag team match. On September 8, AAA announced that Sky would return to the promotion on October 9 at Héroes Inmortales. At the pay-per-view, Sky teamed with Jennifer Blake and Sexy Star to defeat Cynthia Moreno, Faby Apache and Mari Apache in a six-woman tag team "Glow in the Dark" match.


title: Velvet Sky

text: From June 30 to July 2, 2012, Sky took part in World Wrestling Council's (WWC) Anniversario weekend in Puerto Rico. On the first two nights, she was defeated in singles matches by Melina and, on the final night, she and Xix Savant defeated Melina and Davey Richards in a mixed tag team match.


title: Velvet Sky

text: Velvet made her debut for Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation (BBWF) on September 8 at the "BBWF Caribbean Wrestling Bash Aruba The Legend Tour", where she competed against Angelina Love in a winning effort. The following night on the "BBWF Caribbean Wrestling Bash Aruba The Legend Tour", Sky competed against Angelina Love in a losing effort.


title: Velvet Sky

text: Following her departure from TNA, Sky reunited with Angelina Love as the Beautiful People on September 22, 2012, at a Northeast Wrestling event, where they were defeated by Madison Rayne and Rosita. Sky made her debut for Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) on October 4, 2012, at the Back 2 Brooklyn internet pay-per-view, where she teamed up with Angelina Love to defeat the FWE Women's Champion Maria Kanellis and Katrina Lea in a tag team match. Sky made her debut for Maryland Championship Wrestling (MCW) on October 27 at MCW Monster Mash event, where she teamed up with Angelina Love in a winning effort defeating Jessie Kaye and Niya in a tag-team match.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On the December 6 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky made her return during a in-ring segment between Mickie James and Knockouts Champion Tara, where she vowed to become champion again. The following week, Sky won her return match by defeating Madison Rayne. On January 13, 2013, at Genesis, Sky won a five-woman gauntlet match by last eliminating Gail Kim, to become the number one contender to the Knockouts Championship. On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky again defeated Kim in a rematch to reaffirm her status as number one contender. The following week, Sky unsuccessfully challenged Tara for the championship after Tara's boyfriend Jessie interfered on her behalf. On the January 31 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky teamed up with James Storm and defeated Tara and Jessie in a mixed tag team match, after Sky pinned Tara.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On the February 21 episode of "Impact Wrestling" in London, England, Sky defeated Tara, Miss Tessmacher and Gail Kim in a fatal four-way elimination match, by last eliminating Kim to win the Knockouts Championship for the second time. Sky made her first successful title defense on the February 28 episode of "Impact Wrestling", defeating Tara. On March 10 at Lockdown, Sky defeated Gail Kim to retain the championship. On the March 28 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky saved Taryn Terrell from an attack from Gail Kim and Tara. The following week, Sky teamed up with Terrell in a losing effort to Kim and Tara, after the special guest referee Joey Ryan made a fast count on Terrell. After the match, Terrell gave Ryan a low blow when Sky distracted him. TNA then announced that Sky had suffered a knee injury during the match. Despite the injury, Sky successfully defended the Knockouts Championship against Mickie James on the April 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling". On the May 23 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky lost the championship to James, ending her reign at 117 days. In the following weeks, Sky would demand a rematch, but James would reply by avoiding her and later attacking Sky, as well as taking advantage of her injured leg, turning James villainous in the process. Sky and James eventually their rematch on the June 27 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where James won by submitting Sky. Sky returned on the July 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling", saying that she had made the mistake of letting James know she was injured, and that she would never make that mistake again, and Sky then sat ringside during James' title match with Gail Kim. Sky was supposed to team with ODB in a Knockouts hardcore tornado tag team match against Gail Kim and Mickie James at Hardcore Justice, however, Sky was not medically cleared to compete because of her knee injury, and the match was altered to a Knockouts triple threat hardcore match.


title: Velvet Sky

text: In mid–September 2013, Sky entered a romantic storyline with newly turned heel Chris Sabin (her real life boyfriend at the time), despite being a face herself. Sky would eventually help Sabin win the X Division Championship from his rival Austin Aries, and helped him successfully defend it multiple times on "Impact Wrestling".<ref name="Impact12/19/13"></ref><ref name="Impact1/2/14"></ref> On the January 30, 2014 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky reunited with her former Beautiful People partner Madison Rayne in a tag team match against Gail Kim and Lei'D Tapa, which they would win when Sky pinned Kim. After the match, Sky ended her relationship with Sabin. On the February 6 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky was confronted by Sabin and challenged to a match which took place the following week, but the match never started after Alpha Female attacked Sky and aligned herself with Sabin. This would lead to tag team matches between Sky and Alpha Female, where Rayne and Sky were defeated by Female and Tapa on the February 27 episode of "Impact Wrestling". After the match, they were attacked by Tapa, Gail, and Female until ODB came to their aid. This led to a six–woman tag team match, where Sky, Rayne and ODB defeated Female, Tapa and Kim, when Sky pinned Female.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On the March 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky was called out by the returning Angelina Love, who wanted to reunite The Beautiful People, and a week later on "Impact Wrestling", Sky accepted Love's offer, while Madison Rayne would decline. On the March 27 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky turned heel by attacking Rayne during her match with Love, allowing Love to get the win. The Beautiful People made their in–ring return as a team the following week on "Impact Wrestling", defeating Rayne and Brittany, after Love pinned Brittany. On the April 17 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky unsuccessfully competed in a street fight against Rayne. On the May 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", The Beautiful People celebrated Love's record setting TNA Knockouts Championship win at Sacrifice. The celebration was interrupted by Gail Kim, which allowed Rayne and Brittany to strip Sky and Love of their evening gowns. This led to the Beautiful People defeating Rayne and Brittany in a tag team elimination evening gown match the following week. Sky was defeated by Kim on the May 15 episode of "Impact Wrestling", after Kim issued a challenge for any member of The Beautiful People to wrestle her. The following week, Love issued an open challenge for her Knockouts Championship, which was accepted by Brittany, who was unsuccessful in her attempt. After the match, The Beautiful People humiliated Brittany by smearing lipstick on her face and placing a paper bag over her head, resulting in Kim coming to Brittany's aid and attacking Sky and Love. Sky would then aid Love in numerous title defenses against Rayne, Kim and Brittany. The Beautiful People interrupted the return celebration of Taryn Terrell, which lead to a tag team match June 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where Sky and Love lost to Terrell and Gail Kim. On the June 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Love lost the Knockouts Championship to Kim, despite interference from Sky. On the July 24 episode of "Impact Wrestling", The Beautiful People would interrupt a championship match between Kim and Terrell, which led to Sky unsuccessfully challenging Kim for the title in a four-way match also involving Love and Terrell on the August 14 episode of "Impact Wrestling". The feud between The Beautiful People and Gail Kim ended on the August 20 "Impact Wrestling: Hardcore Justice" special episode, where, despite Sky's interference, Kim defeated Love in a Last Knockout Standing match. At Bound for Glory, Sky faced Havok for the Knockouts Championship, but she was unsuccessful.


title: Velvet Sky

text: During this time, Love and Sky formed an alliance with The BroMans (Robbie E and Jessie Godderz). On the January 23 episode of "Impact Wrestling" during the Feast or Fired match, Sky grabbed a briefcase for Robbie E, and because Sky had retrieved the briefcase, she was forced by Robbie to open it, revealing a "fired" slip. Later, it was revealed that Sky's contract had legitimately expired, and TNA had opted not to renew it.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On the May 8, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky made her return to TNA, emerging from the audience to attack Angelina Love, thus, turning face in the process and ending her association with The Beautiful People. On the May 29, 2015, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Love brought out her own personal security team and provoked Sky, who was sitting in the audience; Sky jumped the barricade and attacked Love, but was removed from the arena by Love's security team. On the June 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky defeated Love to secure her spot on the roster.


title: Velvet Sky

text: Sky made her in-ring return on the July 8 episode of "Impact Wrestling", defeating Madison Rayne. On the August 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky received a Knockouts Championship match against Brooke, but she was attacked by The Dollhouse (Jade and Marti Bell) during the match. Sky was later attacked by Rebel, who joined The Dollhouse. On the following week's episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sky fought The Dollhouse again, only to be assisted by Angelina Love and Madison Rayne, thus reuniting The Beautiful People. On April 22, 2016, Sky left the company for the third time, with her being written off the Impact Wrestling series by being told that she was being put in a match against new Knockout roster member Sienna, with her job in TNA on the line if she were to lose the match, which she did by pinfall.


title: Velvet Sky

text: Sky returned to the independent circuit in a six-person tag team match as she teamed with So Over (Jimmy Preston and Mark Shurman) and defeated Jake Manning, Kamaitachi and Sumie Sakai. At MCW Autumn Armageddon Tour 2016, Sky would team with Bully Ray and Drolix to defeat Damian Martinez, Ken Dixon and Kennadi Brink in a No Disqualification six-person tag team match.


title: Velvet Sky

text: On July 6, 2016, Szantyr announced her retirement to focus on going back to college. She would later state that she was retired from in-ring action, but not from professional wrestling as a whole, as she would still do appearances.