title: Ernst Haeckel

text: The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures, collected in his "Kunstformen der Natur" ("Art Forms of Nature"), a book which would go on to influence the Art Nouveau artistic movement. As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote "Die Welträthsel" (1895–1899; in English: "The Riddle of the Universe", 1901), the genesis for the term "world riddle" ("Welträtsel"); and "Freedom in Science and Teaching" to support teaching evolution.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: In 1852 Haeckel completed studies at the "Domgymnasium", the cathedral high-school of Merseburg. He then studied medicine in Berlin and Würzburg, particularly with Albert von Kölliker, Franz Leydig, Rudolf Virchow (with whom he later worked briefly as assistant), and with the anatomist-physiologist Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858). Together with Hermann Steudner he attended botany lectures in Würzburg. In 1857 Haeckel attained a doctorate in medicine, and afterwards he received the license to practice medicine. The occupation of physician appeared less worthwhile to Haeckel after contact with suffering patients.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: He studied under Karl Gegenbaur at the University of Jena for three years, earning a habilitation in comparative anatomy in 1861, before becoming a professor of zoology at the University at Jena, where he remained for 47 years, from 1862 to 1909. Between 1859 and 1866 Haeckel worked on many phyla, such as radiolarians, poriferans (sponges) and annelids (segmented worms). During a trip to the Mediterranean, Haeckel named nearly 150 new species of radiolarians.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: In 1864, his beloved first wife, Anna Sethe, died. Haeckel dedicated some species of jellyfish of particular beauty (such as "Desmonema annasethe") to his unforgettable wife.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: From 1866 to 1867 Haeckel made an extended journey to the Canary Islands with Hermann Fol. On 17 October 1866 he arrived in London. Over the next few days he met Charles Lyell, and visited Thomas Huxley and family at their home. On 21 October he visited Charles Darwin at Down House in Kent. In 1867 he married Agnes Huschke. Their son Walter was born in 1868, their daughters Elizabeth in 1871 and Emma in 1873. In 1869 he traveled as a researcher to Norway, in 1871 to Croatia (where he lived on the island of Hvar in a monastery), and in 1873 to Egypt, Turkey, and Greece. In 1907 he had a museum built in Jena to teach the public about evolution. Haeckel retired from teaching in 1909, and in 1910 he withdrew from the Evangelical Church of Prussia.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: On the occasion of his 80th birthday celebration he was presented with a two-volume work entitled "Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken (What We Owe to Ernst Haeckel)", edited at the request of the German Monistenbund by Heinrich Schmidt of Jena.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel's wife, Agnes, died in 1915, and he became substantially frailer, breaking his leg and arm. He sold his "Villa Medusa" in Jena in 1918 to the Carl Zeiss foundation, which preserved his library. Haeckel died on 9 August 1919.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel's affinity for the German Romantic movement, coupled with his acceptance of a form of Lamarckism, influenced his political beliefs. Rather than being a strict Darwinian, Haeckel believed that the characteristics of an organism were acquired through interactions with the environment and that ontogeny reflected phylogeny. He saw the social sciences as instances of "applied biology", and that phrase was picked up and used for Nazi propaganda.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: In 1906 Haeckel belonged to the founders of the Monist League (), which took a stance against philosophical materialism and promote a "natural Weltanschauung". This organization lasted until 1933 and included such notable members as Wilhelm Ostwald, Georg von Arco (1869–1940), Helene Stöcker and Walter Arthur Berendsohn. He was the first person to use the term "first world war".


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: However, Haeckel's books were banned by the Nazi Party, which refused Monism and Haeckel's freedom of thought. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that Haeckel had often overtly recognized the great contribution of educated Jews to the German culture.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel was a zoologist, an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a professor of comparative anatomy. Although Haeckel's ideas are important to the history of evolutionary theory, and although he was a competent invertebrate anatomist most famous for his work on radiolaria, many speculative concepts that he championed are now considered incorrect. For example, Haeckel described and named hypothetical ancestral microorganisms that have never been found.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: He was one of the first to consider psychology as a branch of physiology. He also proposed the kingdom "Protista" in 1866. His chief interests lay in evolution and life development processes in general, including development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully illustrated "Kunstformen der Natur" ("Art forms of nature"). Haeckel did not support natural selection, rather believing in Lamarckism.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel advanced a version of the earlier recapitulation theory previously set out by Étienne Serres in the 1820s and supported by followers of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire including Robert Edmond Grant. It proposed a link between ontogeny (development of form) and phylogeny (evolutionary descent), summed up by Haeckel in the phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". His concept of recapitulation has been refuted in the form he gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"), in favour of the ideas first advanced by Karl Ernst von Baer. The strong recapitulation hypothesis views ontogeny as repeating forms of adult ancestors, while weak recapitulation means that what is repeated (and built upon) is the ancestral embryonic development process. Haeckel supported the theory with embryo drawings that have since been shown to be oversimplified and in part inaccurate, and the theory is now considered an oversimplification of quite complicated relationships, however comparison of embryos remains a powerful way to demonstrate that all animals are related. Haeckel introduced the concept of heterochrony, the change in timing of embryonic development over the course of evolution.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel was a flamboyant figure, who sometimes took great, non-scientific leaps from available evidence. For example, at the time when Darwin published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" (1859), Haeckel postulated that evidence of human evolution would be found in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). At that time, no remains of human ancestors had yet been identified. He described these theoretical remains in great detail and even named the as-yet unfound species, "Pithecanthropus alalus", and instructed his students such as Richard and Oskar Hertwig to go and find it.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: One student did find some remains: a Dutchman named Eugène Dubois searched the East Indies from 1887 to 1895, discovering the remains of Java Man in 1891, consisting of a skullcap, thighbone, and a few teeth. These remains are among the oldest hominid remains ever found. Dubois classified Java Man with Haeckel's "Pithecanthropus" label, though they were later reclassified as "Homo erectus". Some scientists of the day suggested Dubois' Java Man as a potential intermediate form between modern humans and the common ancestor we share with the other great apes. The current consensus of anthropologists is that the direct ancestors of modern humans were African populations of "Homo erectus" (possibly "Homo ergaster"), rather than the Asian populations exemplified by Java Man and Peking Man. (Ironically, a new human species, Homo floresiensis, a dwarf human type, has recently been discovered in the island of Flores).


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: The creationist polygenism of Samuel George Morton and Louis Agassiz, which presented human races as separately created species, was rejected by Charles Darwin, who argued for the monogenesis of the human species and the African origin of modern humans. In contrast to most of Darwin's supporters, Haeckel put forward a doctrine of evolutionary polygenism based on the ideas of the linguist August Schleicher, in which several different language groups had arisen separately from speechless prehuman "Urmenschen" (), which themselves had evolved from simian ancestors. These separate languages had completed the transition from animals to man, and under the influence of each main branch of languages, humans had evolved – in a kind of Lamarckian use-inheritance – as separate species, which could be subdivided into races. From this, Haeckel drew the implication that languages with the most potential yield the human races with the most potential, led by the Semitic and Indo-Germanic groups, with Berber, Jewish, Greco-Roman and Germanic varieties to the fore. As Haeckel stated:


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel's view can be seen as a forerunner of the views of Carleton Coon, who also believed that human races evolved independently and in parallel with each other. These ideas eventually fell from favour.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel also applied the hypothesis of polygenism to the modern diversity of human groups. He became a key figure in social darwinism and leading proponent of scientific racism, stating for instance:


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel divided human beings into ten races, of which the Caucasian was the highest and the primitives were doomed to extinction. In his view, 'Negroes' were savages and Whites were the most civilised: for instance, he claimed that '[t]he Negro' had stronger and more freely movable toes than any other race, which, he argued, was evidence of their being less evolved, and which led him to compare them to four-handed" Apes'.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: In his "Ontogeny and Phylogeny" Harvard paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould wrote: "[Haeckel's] evolutionary racism; his call to the German people for racial purity and unflinching devotion to a 'just' state; his belief that harsh, inexorable laws of evolution ruled human civilization and nature alike, conferring upon favored races the right to dominate others ... all contributed to the rise of Nazism."


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: In his introduction to the Nazi party ideologue Alfred Rosenberg's 1930 book, "[The Myth of the Twentieth Century]", Peter Peel affirms that Rosenberg had indeed read Haeckel.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: In the same line of thought, historian Daniel Gasman states that Haeckel's ideology stimulated the birth of Fascist ideology in Italy and France.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: However, Robert J. Richards notes: "Haeckel, on his travels to Ceylon and Indonesia, often formed closer and more intimate relations with natives, even members of the untouchable classes, than with the European colonials." and says the Nazis rejected Haeckel, since he opposed antisemitism, while supporting ideas they disliked (for instance atheism, feminism, internationalism, pacifism etc.).


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel claimed the origin of humanity was to be found in Asia: he believed that Hindustan (Indian subcontinent) was the actual location where the first humans had evolved. Haeckel argued that humans were closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin's hypothesis of Africa.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel later claimed that the missing link was to be found on the lost continent of Lemuria located in the Indian Ocean. He believed that Lemuria was the home of the first humans and that Asia was the home of many of the earliest primates; he thus supported that Asia was the cradle of hominid evolution. Haeckel also claimed that Lemuria connected Asia and Africa, which allowed the migration of humans to the rest of the world.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: In Haeckel's book "The History of Creation" (1884) he included migration routes which he thought the first humans had used outside of Lemuria.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: When Haeckel was a student in the 1850s he showed great interest in embryology, attending the rather unpopular lectures twice and in his notes sketched the visual aids: textbooks had few illustrations, and large format plates were used to show students how to see the tiny forms under a reflecting microscope, with the translucent tissues seen against a black background. Developmental series were used to show stages within a species, but inconsistent views and stages made it even more difficult to compare different species. It was agreed by all European evolutionists that all vertebrates looked very similar at an early stage, in what was thought of as a common ideal type, but there was a continuing debate from the 1820s between the Romantic recapitulation theory that human embryos developed through stages of the forms of all the major groups of adult animals, literally manifesting a sequence of organisms on a linear chain of being, and Karl Ernst von Baer's opposing view, stated in von Baer's laws of embryology, that the early general forms diverged into four major groups of specialised forms without ever resembling the adult of another species, showing affinity to an archetype but no relation to other types or any transmutation of species. By the time Haeckel was teaching he was able to use a textbook with woodcut illustrations written by his own teacher Albert von Kölliker, which purported to explain human development while also using other mammalian embryos to claim a coherent sequence. Despite the significance to ideas of transformism, this was not really polite enough for the new popular science writing, and was a matter for medical institutions and for experts who could make their own comparisons.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Darwin's "On the Origin of Species", which made a powerful impression on Haeckel when he read it in 1864, was very cautious about the possibility of ever reconstructing the history of life, but did include a section reinterpreting von Baer's embryology and revolutionising the field of study, concluding that "Embryology rises greatly in interest, when we thus look at the embryo as a picture, more or less obscured, of the common parent-form of each great class of animals." It mentioned von Baer's 1828 anecdote (misattributing it to Louis Agassiz) that at an early stage embryos were so similar that it could be impossible to tell whether an unlabelled specimen was of a mammal, a bird, or of a reptile, and Darwin's own research using embryonic stages of barnacles to show that they are crustaceans, while cautioning against the idea that one organism or embryonic stage is "higher" or "lower", or more or less evolved. Haeckel disregarded such caution, and in a year wrote his massive and ambitious "Generelle Morphologie", published in 1866, presenting a revolutionary new synthesis of Darwin's ideas with the German tradition of "Naturphilosophie" going back to Goethe and with the progressive evolutionism of Lamarck in what he called "Darwinismus". He used morphology to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life, in the absence of fossil evidence using embryology as evidence of ancestral relationships. He invented new terms, including ontogeny and phylogeny, to present his evolutionised recapitulation theory that "ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny". The two massive volumes sold poorly, and were heavy going: with his limited understanding of German, Darwin found them impossible to read. Haeckel's publisher turned down a proposal for a "strictly scholarly and objective" second edition.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel's aim was a reformed morphology with evolution as the organising principle of a cosmic synthesis unifying science, religion, and art. He was giving successful "popular lectures" on his ideas to students and townspeople in Jena, in an approach pioneered by his teacher Rudolf Virchow. To meet his publisher's need for a popular work he used a student's transcript of his lectures as the basis of his "Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte" of 1868, presenting a comprehensive presentation of evolution. In the Spring of that year he drew figures for the book, synthesising his views of specimens in Jena and published pictures to represent types. After publication he told a colleague that the images "are completely exact, partly copied from nature, partly assembled from all illustrations of these early stages that have hitherto become known". There were various styles of embryological drawings at that time, ranging from more schematic representations to "naturalistic" illustrations of specific specimens. Haeckel believed privately that his figures were both exact and synthetic, and in public asserted that they were schematic like most figures used in teaching. The images were reworked to match in size and orientation, and though displaying Haeckel's own views of essential features, they support von Baer's concept that vertebrate embryos begin similarly and then diverge. Relating different images on a grid conveyed a powerful evolutionary message. As a book for the general public, it followed the common practice of not citing sources.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: The book sold very well, and while some anatomical experts hostile to Haeckel's evolutionary views expressed some private concerns that certain figures had been drawn rather freely, the figures showed what they already knew about similarities in embryos. The first published concerns came from Ludwig Rütimeyer, a professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Basel who had placed fossil mammals in an evolutionary lineage early in the 1860s and had been sent a complimentary copy. At the end of 1868 his review in the "Archiv für Anthropologie" wondered about the claim that the work was "popular and scholarly", doubting whether the second was true, and expressed horror about such public discussion of man's place in nature with illustrations such as the evolutionary trees being shown to non-experts. Though he made no suggestion that embryo illustrations should be directly based on specimens, to him the subject demanded the utmost "scrupulosity and conscientiousness" and an artist must "not arbitrarily model or generalise his originals for speculative purposes" which he considered proved by comparison with works by other authors. In particular, "one and the same, moreover incorrectly interpreted woodcut, is presented to the reader three times in a row and with three different captions as [the] embryo of the dog, the chick, [and] the turtle". He accused Haeckel of "playing fast and loose with the public and with science", and failing to live up to the obligation to the truth of every serious researcher. Haeckel responded with angry accusations of bowing to religious prejudice, but in the second (1870) edition changed the duplicated embryo images to a single image captioned "embryo of a mammal or bird". Duplication using galvanoplastic stereotypes (clichés) was a common technique in textbooks, but not on the same page to represent different eggs or embryos. In 1891 Haeckel made the excuse that this "extremely rash foolishness" had occurred in undue haste but was "bona fide", and since repetition of incidental details was obvious on close inspection, it is unlikely to have been intentional deception.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: The revised 1870 second edition of 1,500 copies attracted more attention, being quickly followed by further revised editions with larger print runs as the book became a prominent part of the optimistic, nationalist, anticlerical "culture of progress" in Otto von Bismarck's new German Empire. The similarity of early vertebrate embryos became common knowledge, and the illustrations were praised by experts such as Michael Foster of the University of Cambridge. In the introduction to his 1871 "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex", Darwin gave particular praise to Haeckel, writing that if "Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte" "had appeared before my essay had been written, I should probably never have completed it". The first chapter included an illustration: "As some of my readers may never have seen a drawing of an embryo, I have given one of man and another of a dog, at about the same early stage of development, carefully copied from two works of undoubted accuracy" with a footnote citing the sources and noting that "Häckel has also given analogous drawings in his "Schöpfungsgeschichte."" The fifth edition of Haeckel's book appeared in 1874, with its frontispiece a heroic portrait of Haeckel himself, replacing the previous controversial image of the heads of apes and humans.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Later in 1874, Haeckel's simplified embryology textbook "Anthropogenie" made the subject into a battleground over Darwinism aligned with Bismarck's "Kulturkampf" ("culture struggle") against the Catholic Church. Haeckel took particular care over the illustrations, changing to the leading zoological publisher Wilhelm Engelmann of Leipzig and obtaining from them use of illustrations from their other textbooks as well as preparing his own drawings including a dramatic double page illustration showing "early", "somewhat later" and "still later" stages of 8 different vertebrates. Though Haeckel's views had attracted continuing controversy, there had been little dispute about the embryos and he had many expert supporters, but Wilhelm His revived the earlier criticisms and introduced new attacks on the 1874 illustrations. Others joined in: both expert anatomists and Catholic priests and supporters were politically opposed to Haeckel's views.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: While it has been widely claimed that Haeckel was charged with fraud by five professors and convicted by a university court at Jena, there does not appear to be an independently verifiable source for this claim. Recent analyses (Richardson 1998, Richardson and Keuck 2002) have found that some of the criticisms of Haeckel's embryo drawings were legitimate, but others were unfounded. There were multiple versions of the embryo drawings, and Haeckel rejected the claims of fraud. It was later said that "there is evidence of sleight of hand" on both sides of the feud between Haeckel and Wilhelm His. Robert J. Richards, in a paper published in 2008, defends the case for Haeckel, shedding doubt against the fraud accusations based on the material used for comparison with what Haeckel could access at the time.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1885. He was awarded the title of Excellency by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1907 and the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908. In the United States, "Mount Haeckel", a summit in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, overlooking the Evolution Basin, is named in his honour, as is another "Mount Haeckel", a summit in New Zealand; and the asteroid 12323 Haeckel.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: In Jena he is remembered with a monument at Herrenberg (erected in 1969), an exhibition at Ernst-Haeckel-Haus, and at the Jena Phyletic Museum, which continues to teach about evolution and share his work to this day.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: In 1981, a botanical journal called "Ernstia" was started being published in the city of Maracay, Venezuela.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: In 2013, "Ernstia", a genus of calcareous sponges in the family Clathrinidae. The genus was erected to contain five species previously assigned to "Clathrina". The genus name honors Ernst Haeckel for his contributions towards sponge taxonomy and phylogeny.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Darwin's 1859 book "On the Origin of Species" had immense popular influence, but although its sales exceeded its publisher's hopes it was a technical book rather than a work of popular science: long, difficult and with few illustrations. One of Haeckel's books did a great deal to explain his version of "Darwinism" to the world. It was a bestselling, provocatively illustrated book in German, titled "Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte", published in Berlin in 1868, and translated into English as "The History of Creation" in 1876. Until 1909, eleven editions had appeared, as well as 25 translations into other languages. The "Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte" cemented Haeckel's reputation as one of Germany's most forceful popularizers of science. His "Welträthsel" were reprinted ten times after the book's first publication in 1899; ultimately, over 400,000 copies were sold.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Haeckel argued that human evolution consisted of precisely 22 phases, the 21st – the "missing link" – being a halfway step between apes and humans. He even formally named this missing link "Pithecanthropus alalus", translated as "ape man without speech".


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Some historians have seen Haeckel's social Darwinism as a forerunner to Nazi ideology. Others have denied the relationship altogether.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: The evidence is in some respects ambiguous. On one hand, Haeckel was an advocate of scientific racism. He held that evolutionary biology had definitively proven that races were unequal in intelligence and ability, and that their lives were also of unequal value, e.g., "These lower races (such as the Veddahs or Australian negroes) are psychologically nearer to the mammals (apes or dogs) than to civilised Europeans; we must therefore, assign a totally different value to their lives." As a result of the "struggle for existence", it followed that the "lower" races would eventually be exterminated. He was also a social Darwinist who believed that "survival of the fittest" was a natural law, and that struggle led to improvement of the race. As an advocate of eugenics, he also believed that about 200,000 mentally and congenitally ill should be killed by a medical control board. This idea was later put into practice by Nazi Germany, as part of the Aktion T4 program. Alfred Ploetz, founder of the German Society for Racial Hygiene, praised Haeckel repeatedly, and invited him to become an honorary member. Haeckel accepted the invitation. Haeckel also believed that Germany should be governed by an authoritarian political system, and that inequalities both within and between societies were an inevitable product of evolutionary law. Haeckel was also an extreme German nationalist who believed strongly in the superiority of German culture.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: On the other hand, Haeckel was not an anti-Semite. In the racial hierarchies he constructed Jews tended to appear closer to the top, rather than closer to the bottom as in Nazi racial thought. He was also a pacifist until the First World War, when he wrote propaganda in favor of the war. The principal arguments of historians who deny a meaningful connection between Haeckel and Nazism are that Haeckel's ideas were very common at the time, that Nazis were much more strongly influenced by other thinkers, and that Haeckel is properly classified as a 19th-century German liberal, rather than a forerunner to Nazism. They also point to incompatibilities between evolutionary biology and Nazi ideology.


title: Ernst Haeckel

text: Nazis themselves divided on the question of whether Haeckel should be counted as a pioneer of their ideology. SS captain and biologist Heinz Brücher wrote a biography of Haeckel in 1936, in which he praised Haeckel as a "pioneer in biological state thinking". This opinion was also shared by the scholarly journal, "Der Biologe", which celebrated Haeckel's 100th birthday, in 1934, with several essays acclaiming him as a pioneering thinker of Nazism. Other Nazis kept their distance from Haeckel. Nazi propaganda guidelines issued in 1935 listed books which popularized Darwin and evolution on an "expunged list". Haeckel was included by name as a forbidden author. Gunther Hecht, a member of the Nazi Department of Race Politics, also issued a memorandum rejecting Haeckel as a forerunner of Nazism. Kurt Hildebrandt, a Nazi political philosopher, also rejected Haeckel. Eventually Haeckel was rejected by Nazi bureaucrats.


title: Business Insider

text: Insider, previously named Business Insider (BI), is an American financial and business news website founded in 2007. Since 2015, a majority stake in "Business Insider"s parent company Insider Inc. has been owned by the German publishing house Axel Springer. It operates several international editions, including one in the United Kingdom.


title: Business Insider

text: "Insider" publishes original reporting and aggregates material from other outlets. , it maintained a liberal policy on the use of anonymous sources. It has also published native advertising and granted sponsors editorial control of its content. The outlet has been nominated for several awards, but is criticized for using factually incorrect clickbait headlines to attract viewership.


title: Business Insider

text: In 2015, Axel Springer SE acquired 88 percent of the stake in Insider Inc. for $343 million (€306 million), implying a total valuation of $442 million. In February 2021, the brand was renamed simply "Insider".


title: Business Insider

text: "Business Insider" was launched in 2007 and is based in New York City. Founded by DoubleClick's former CEO Kevin P. Ryan, Dwight Merriman, and Henry Blodget, the site began as a consolidation of industry vertical blogs, the first of them being "Silicon Alley Insider" (launched May 16, 2007) and "Clusterstock" (launched March 20, 2008). In addition to providing and analyzing business news, the site aggregates news stories on various subjects. It started a UK edition in November 2014, and a Singapore bureau in September 2020. "BI""s" parent company is Insider Inc.


title: Business Insider

text: After Axel Springer SE purchased "Business Insider" in 2015, a substantial portion of its staff left the company. According to a CNN report, some staff who exited complained that "traffic took precedence over enterprise reporting". In 2018, staff members were asked to sign a confidentiality agreement that included a nondisparagement clause requiring them not to criticize the site during or after their employment.


title: Business Insider

text: Early in 2020, CEO Henry Blodget convened a meeting in which he announced plans for the website to acquire 1 million subscribers, 1 billion unique visitors per month, and over 1,000 newsroom employees. The parent companies of "Business Insider" and eMarketer merged in 2020 in connection with the proposed purchase of Axel Springer by KKR, an American private equity firm. In October 2020, "BI"s parent company purchased a majority position in "Morning Brew", a newsletter.


title: Business Insider

text: "Business Insider" first reported a profit in the fourth quarter of 2010. , it had 45 full-time employees. Its target audience at the time was limited to "investors and financial professionals". In June 2012, it had 5.4 million unique visitors. , Jeff Bezos was a "Business Insider" investor; his investment company Bezos Expeditions held approximately 3 percent of the company as of its acquisition in 2015.


title: Business Insider

text: In 2015, Axel Springer SE acquired 88 percent of the stake in Insider Inc. for $343 million (€306 million), implying a total valuation of $442 million.


title: Business Insider

text: In July 2015, "Business Insider" began the technology website "Tech Insider", with a staff of 40 people working primarily from the company's existing New York headquarters, but originally separated from the main "Business Insider" newsroom. However, "Tech Insider" was eventually folded into the "Business Insider" website.


title: Business Insider

text: In October 2016, "Business Insider" started "Markets Insider" as a joint venture with Finanzen.net, another Axel Springer company.


title: Business Insider

text: Glenn Greenwald has critiqued the reliability of "Business Insider", along with that of publications including "The Wall Street Journal", Yahoo! News, and "Slate". In 2010, Business Insider falsely reported that New York Governor David Paterson was slated to resign; "BI" had earlier reported a false story alleging that Steve Jobs experienced a heart attack.


title: Business Insider

text: In April 2011, Blodget sent out a notice inviting publicists to "contribute directly" to "Business Insider." , "Business Insider" allowed the use of anonymous sources "at any time for any reason", a practice which many media outlets prefer to avoid or at least indicate why a source is not identified. According to the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers, "Business Insider" gave SAP "limited editorial control" over the content of its "Future of Business" section . The website publishes a mix of original reporting and aggregation of other outlets' content. "Business Insider" has also published native advertising.


title: Business Insider

text: In January 2009, the "Clusterstock" section appeared in "Time"s list of 25 best financial blogs, and the "Silicon Alley Insider" section was listed in "PC Magazine"s list of its "favorite blogs of 2009". 2009 also saw "Business Insider"s selection as an official Webby honoree for Best Business Blog.


title: Business Insider

text: In 2012, "Business Insider" was named to the "Inc." 500. In 2013, the publication was once again nominated in the Blog-Business category at the Webby Awards. In January 2014, "The New York Times" reported that "Business Insider" web traffic was comparable to that of "The Wall Street Journal". In 2017, "Digiday" included imprint "Insider" as a candidate in two separate categories—"Best New Vertical" and "Best Use of Instagram"—at their annual Publishing Awards.


title: Business Insider

text: The website has faced criticism for what critics consider its clickbait-style headlines. A 2013 profile of Blodget and "Business Insider" in "The New Yorker" suggested that "Business Insider", because it republishes material from other outlets, may not always be accurate.


title: Business Insider

text: In 2022, "Insider" won the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary for its reporting on the Uyghur genocide.


title: Suede

text: Suede (pronounced ) is a type of leather with a fuzzy, napped finish, commonly used for jackets, shoes, fabrics, purses, furniture, and other items. The term comes from the French , which literally means "gloves from Sweden". The term was first used by "The Oxford English Dictionary" in 1884.


title: Suede

text: Suede is made from the underside of the animal skin, which is softer and more pliable than the outer skin layer, though not as durable.


title: Suede

text: Suede leather is made from the underside of the skin, primarily from lamb, although goat, calf, and deer are commonly used. Splits from thick hides of cow and deer are also sueded, but, due to the fiber content, have a shaggy nap.


title: Suede

text: Because suede does not include the tough exterior skin layer, it is less durable, but softer, than the standard "full-grain" leather. Its softness, thinness, and pliability make it suitable for clothing and delicate uses; suede was originally used for women's gloves, hence its etymology (see above). Suede leather is also popular in upholstery, shoes, bags, and other accessories, and as a lining for other leather products. Due to its textured nature and open pores, suede may become dirty and quickly absorb liquids.


title: Suede

text: Fabric sueding is carried out on a sueding machine with abrasive covered rollers; the machines can suede both sides of fabric, whether woven or knitted. Creasing and variations in the center selvedge are two major concerns with sueded fabrics. Fabrics that have been sueded or emerized are known as 'sueded fabrics' or 'emerized fabrics.'


title: Suede

text: Sueding is a mechanical finishing process that exposes the material to an abrasive surface, creating a small, soft pile. The abrasion mechanism may be equipped with sandpaper, emery paper or carbon brushes.


title: Suede

text: The abrasive material on the machine's rollers cuts and shreds surface fibres, resulting in a soft texture with a short pile.


title: Suede

text: Alcantara and Ultrasuede are trademarked names for a plush microfiber with a feel resembling soft suede; this type of material is more durable and resistant to liquids and stains, and can be used in upholstery, accessories, clothing or shoes.


title: Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)

text: Angels in the Outfield is a 1994 American family sports fantasy comedy-drama film directed by William Dear. It is a remake of the 1951 film of the same name. It stars Danny Glover, Tony Danza and Christopher Lloyd, and features several future stars, including Joseph Gordon-Levitt (in the lead), Adrien Brody, Matthew McConaughey, and Neal McDonough. It was followed by two made for TV sequels, "Angels in the Endzone" and "Angels in the Infield". It was released less than a month before the 1994 MLB Baseball Strike, which forced the league to cancel the playoffs and the World Series.


title: Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)

text: Young foster child Roger Bomman and his friend, J.P., love to sneak into baseball games of the struggling California Angels. Still in limited contact with his widowed father, Roger asks when they will be a family again. His father replies sarcastically, "I'd say when the Angels win the pennant." Taking his father's words literally, he prays for God to help the Angels win. In a game against the Toronto Blue Jays which Roger and J.P. attend, he sees a group of angels led by Al helping the team. Although he can see them quite clearly, everyone else can only explain the seemingly impossible acts as freak occurrences. Roger's unique ability to see which players are receiving help from angels leads their skeptical manager George Knox to keep him around as a good luck charm and consultant. Due to the much-needed help, the Angels start to win games and make a surprising second-half surge to the top of their division.


title: Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)

text: Roger's father permanently gives up custody of him, believing it is in Roger's best interest. As Roger laments his loss, an equally distraught J.P. accidentally reveals to antagonistic sportscaster Ranch Wilder that Roger has the ability to see angels, and that George has been winning through the advice Roger gave him. Hoping to destroy George's career in baseball due to a long-time mutual hatred between them, Ranch informs the press of this, and their owner Hank Murphy threatens to relieve George of his management responsibilities. Roger comes clean to his caretaker Maggie Nelson about his special ability, and at a press conference, they and the entire team defend George in front of the press. Moved by their faith, Murphy allows him to remain as the Angels' manager.


title: Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)

text: During the final game of the season against the rival Chicago White Sox, none of the angels show up to help the team. Later on, Al appears to Roger and explains that championships must be decided without the angels' intervention. He also says that he is there to check on pitcher Mel Clark, who only has months to live due to his years of smoking and will become an angel himself. Mel struggles in the ninth inning but perseveres after encouragement from George, his team, and the fans in attendance. The Angels ultimately win the game on their own and clinch the division title and the pennant. Murphy fires Ranch because of his denigration of the team. George adopts Roger and J.P., as he wants to try to be a father. J.P. sees Al and says, "I knew it could happen." Al flies off and says, "We're always watching".


title: Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)

text: In July 1993, it was reported Caravan Pictures had reached an agreement with director William Dear to helm screenwriter Holly Goldberg Sloan’s remake of MGM’s 1951 baseball picture "Angels in the Outfield".


title: Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)

text: Unlike the original, which focused on the Pittsburgh Pirates as the team in heavenly need, the film focuses on the California Angels, who did not exist when the original was released in 1951; in addition to the name coincidence, The Walt Disney Company, which distributed the film, was a minority owner of the Angels at the time. The film did, however, premiere at the Pirates' home stadium at the time, Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh. The premiere would be the only reference to the Pirates, due to both teams playing in separate leagues (Angels in the American League, Pirates in the National League) and the film being released three years before the start of interleague play. Both teams would finally meet head-to-head for the first time in 2002 in Anaheim, the season in which the real-life Angels would win the AL pennant and eventually the 2002 World Series, the first and only time they would do either.


title: Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)

text: The film has a rating of 32% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 4.4/10. The site's consensus reads, "A queasy mishmash of poignant drama and slapstick fantasy, "Angels in the Outfield" strikes out as worthy family entertainment." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Angels in the Outfield (1994 film)

text: The film opened at #4 at the North American box office, making $8,916,463 USD in its opening weekend. It went on to gross $50.2 million at the box office domestically.


title: Intel Xe

text: Intel Xe (stylized as X and pronounced as two separate letters, abbreviation for "eXascale for everyone"), earlier known unofficially as Gen12, is a GPU architecture developed by Intel.


title: Intel Xe

text: Intel Xe includes a new instruction set architecture. The Xe GPU family consists of a series of microarchitectures, ranging from integrated/low power (Xe-LP), to enthusiast/high performance gaming (Xe-HPG), datacenter/high performance (Xe-HP) and high performance computing (Xe-HPC).


title: Intel Xe

text: Intel's first attempt at a dedicated graphics card was the Intel740, released in February 1998. The Intel740 was considered unsuccessful due to its performance which was lower than market expectations, causing Intel to cease development on future discrete graphics products. However, its technology lived on in the Intel Extreme Graphics lineup. Intel made another attempt with the Larrabee architecture before cancelling it in 2009; this time, the technology developed was used in the Xeon Phi, which was discontinued in 2020.


title: Intel Xe

text: In April 2018, it was reported that Intel was assembling a team to develop discrete graphics processing units, targeting both datacenters, as well as the PC gaming market, and therefore competitive with products from both Nvidia and AMD. Rumors supporting the claim included that the company had vacancies for over 100 graphics-related jobs, and had taken on former Radeon Technologies Group (AMD) leader Raja Koduri in late 2017 – the new product was reported to be codenamed "Arctic Sound". The project was reported to have initially been targeting video streaming chips for data centers, but had its scope expanded to include desktop GPUs.


title: Intel Xe

text: The first functional discrete "Xe" GPU, codenamed "DG1", was reported as having begun testing in October 2019.


title: Intel Xe

text: According to a report by "Hexus" in late 2019, a discrete GPU would launch in mid 2020; combined GPU/CPU (GPGPU) products were also expected, for data center and autonomous driving applications. The product is expected to be initially built on a 10 nm node (with 7 nm products in 2021) and use Intel's Foveros die stacking packaging technology (see 3D die stacking).


title: Intel Xe

text: Intel Xe expands upon the microarchitectural overhaul introduced in Gen 11 with a full refactor of the instruction set architecture. While Xe is a family of architectures, each variant has significant differences from each other as these are made with their targets in mind. The Xe GPU family consists of Xe-LP, Xe-HP, Xe-HPC, and Xe-HPG sub-architectures.


title: Intel Xe

text: Unlike previous Intel graphics processing units which used the Execution Unit (EU) as a compute unit, Xe-HPG and Xe-HPC use the Xe-core. This is similar to an Xe-LP subslice. An Xe-core contains vector and matrix arithmetic logic units, which are referred to as vector and matrix engines. Other components include L1 cache and other hardware.


title: Intel Xe

text: Xe-LP is the low power variant of the Xe architecture. Xe-LP is present as integrated graphics for 11th-generation Intel Core and the Iris Xe MAX mobile dedicated GPU (codenamed DG1), as well as in the H3C XG310 Intel Server GPU (codenamed SG1). Compared to its predecessor, Xe-LP includes new features such as Sampler Feedback, Dual Queue Support, DirectX12 View Instancing Tier2, and AV1 8-bit and 10-bit fixed-function hardware decoding.


title: Intel Xe

text: Xe-HP is the datacenter/high performance variant of Xe, optimized for FP64 performance and multi-tile scalability.


title: Intel Xe

text: Xe-HPC is the high performance computing variant of the Xe architecture. An Xe-HPC Xe-core contains 8 vector and 8 matrix engines, alongside a large 512 KB L1 cache. It powers Ponte Vecchio.


title: Intel Xe

text: Xe-HPG is the enthusiast or high performance graphics variant of the Xe architecture. The microarchitecture is based on Xe-LP with improvements from Xe-HP and Xe-HPC. The microarchitecture is focused on graphics performance and supports hardware-accelerated ray tracing, DisplayPort 2.0, XeSS or supersampling based on neural networks (similar to Nvidia DLSS), and DirectX 12 Ultimate.


title: Intel Xe

text: A successor to Xe was revealed during Intel Architecture Day 2021, under the name of Xe 2, codenamed Battlemage. It is currently under development.


title: Intel Xe

text: Intel Xe 3 is the upcoming successor to the Intel Xe 2 microarchitecture codenamed Celestial and is scheduled for a 2024 release as per Intel's GPU roadmap.


title: Intel Xe

text: Newer Intel processors use the Xe-LP microarchitecture. These include 11th generation Intel Core processors (codenamed "Tiger Lake" and "Rocket Lake"), 12th generation Intel Core processors (codenamed "Alder Lake"), and 13th generation Intel Core processors (codenamed "Raptor Lake").


title: Intel Xe

text: In August 2020, Intel was reported to be shipping Xe DG1 GPUs for a possible late 2020 release, while also commenting on a DG2 GPU aimed at the enthusiast market. The DG1 is also sold as the Iris Xe MAX and as Iris Xe Graphics (stylized as iRIS X) in laptops, while cards for developers are sold as the DG1 SDV.


title: Intel Xe

text: The Xe MAX is an entry-level GPU that was first released on November 1, 2020 in China and is similar in most aspects to the integrated GPU found in Tiger Lake processors, the only differences being a higher clock speed, slightly higher performance and dedicated memory and a dedicated TDP requirement. It competes with Nvidia's laptop-level GeForce MX series GPUs. It is aimed at slim and highly portable productivity laptops and has 4GB of dedicated LPDDR4X-4266 memory with a 128-bit wide memory bus, has 96 EUs, 48 texture units, 24 ROPs, a peak clock speed of 1650 MHz and a performance of 2.46 FP32 teraFLOPs with a 25w TDP. By comparison, the integrated GPU in Tiger Lake processors has a performance


title: Intel Xe

text: of 2.1 FP32 teraFLOPs. The Xe MAX does not replace the system's integrated GPU; instead it was designed to work alongside it, so tasks are split between the integrated and discrete GPUs. It was initially available on only 3 laptops: The Asus VivoBook Flip 14 TP470, the Acer Swift 3X, and the Dell Inspiron 15 7000. Intel Xe MAX GPUs can only be found on systems with Tiger Lake processors.


title: Intel Xe

text: Intel officially announced Intel Iris Xe Graphics desktop cards for OEMs and system integrators on January 26, 2021. It is aimed at mainstream desktop and business PCs as an improvement over other graphics options in AV1 video decoding, HDR (high dynamic range) video support and deep learning inference, and is not as powerful as its laptop counterpart, with only 80 enabled EUs. The first cards are made by Asus, have DisplayPort 1.4, HDMI 2.0, Dual Link DL-DVI-D outputs and are passively cooled.


title: Intel Xe

text: Intel Arc is a high-performance discrete graphics line optimized for gaming. This will compete directly with the Radeon and GeForce lines of graphics processing units. The first generation (codenamed "Alchemist"), was developed under the "DG2" name and is based on the Xe-HPG architecture. Future generations are codenamed Battlemage ("DG3", based on Xe), Celestial ("DG4", based on Xe), and Druid ("DG5").


title: Intel Xe

text: Intel officially announced their Xe general HPC/AI GPU codenamed "Ponte Vecchio" on November 17, 2019. It was revealed to use the Xe-HPC variant of the architecture and Intel's 'Embedded Multi-Die Interconnect Bridge' (EMIB) and Foveros die stacking packaging on a Intel 4 node (previously referred to as 7 nm). Intel later confirmed at Architecture Day 2021 that Ponte Vecchio would use Compute Tiles manufactured on TSMC N5, Base Tiles and Rambo Cache Tiles manufactured using Intel 7 (previously referred to as 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin) and Xe Link Tiles manufactured on the TSMC N7 process. The new GPU is expected to be used in Argonne National Laboratory's new exascale supercomputer, Aurora, with compute nodes comprising two next generation Intel Xeon (codenamed "Sapphire Rapids") CPUs, and six "Ponte Vecchio" GPUs.


title: Intel Xe

text: Intel officially announced the successor to Ponte Vecchio, GPU codenamed "Rialto Bridge" on May 31, 2022.


title: Javier Botet

text: Javier Botet López (born 30 July 1977) is a Spanish actor. Often cast in creature roles, he has portrayed Tristana Medeiros in the "REC" franchise (2007–2012), the title character in "Mama" (2013), Set in "The Mummy" (2017), and Slender Man in the 2018 film of the same name. His appearances in horror films also include "Crimson Peak" (2015), "The Conjuring 2" (2016), 2 Pigeons (2017), "It" (2017) and its 2019 sequel, "" (2018), and "Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark" (2019). He is set to appear as Dracula in "The Last Voyage of the Demeter".


title: Javier Botet

text: Botet was born in Ciudad Real, the son of Agustín Andrés Botet Rodríguez and María del Carmen Servilia López Nieto.


title: Javier Botet

text: At age five, he was diagnosed with Marfan syndrome. The hyperlaxity of certain body tissues brought about by Botet's condition has given him extremely long and fine fingers along with a tall, thin build, standing at and weighing .


title: Javier Botet

text: Botet's unique physical traits coupled with an interest in the performing arts led to his first film role in 2005, in Brian Yuzna's "Beneath Still Waters". Two years later he played the role of Tristana Medeiros in Jaume Balagueró and Paco Plaza's 2007 film "REC".


title: Javier Botet

text: Botet has appeared in theater roles, including in 2010 as Frankenstein's monster in Teatros del Canal's stage adaptation of "Frankenstein", as well as in television, where in 2019 Botet appeared as a member of an alien species known as the "Ba'ul" in one episode of "". Also in 2019, Botet appeared as a wight in the "Game of Thrones" episode "The Long Night".


title: Javier Botet

text: On 7 October 2019 Botet, along with actress Maribel Verdú, received the Màquina del Temps Award () at the 2019 Sitges Film Festival. The award is given annually to individuals from the fantasy world film-genre for their excellence in film work.


title: Judy Parfitt

text: Judy Catherine Claire Parfitt (born 7 November 1935) is an English theatre, film and television actress. She made her film debut in a minor supporting part in "Information Received" (1961), followed by supporting role in the BBC television serial "David Copperfield" (1966). She also appeared as Queen Gertrude in Tony Richardson's 1969 film adaptation of "Hamlet".


title: Judy Parfitt

text: Later credits include as Vera Donovan in the Stephen King film adaptation of "Dolores Claiborne" (1995), and in "Girl with a Pearl Earring" (2003), the latter for which she earned a BAFTA nomination for Best Supporting Actress. She has been a cast member on the drama series "Call the Midwife", playing Sister Monica Joan since the show's launch in 2012.


title: Judy Parfitt

text: Parfitt was born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire in 1935 to Catherine Josephine (née Caulton) and Lawrence Hamilton Parfitt. As a teenager, she attended Notre Dame High School for Girls and later trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, graduating in 1953.


title: Judy Parfitt

text: Parfitt began her career in theatre in 1954, appearing in a production of "Fools Rush In" at the Amersham Repertory Company.


title: Judy Parfitt

text: In 1968, she appeared in the Hammer television film "Journey to The Unknown", opposite Joseph Cotten and hosted by Joan Crawford. In 1978, Parfitt appeared opposite Laurence Olivier, Joan Plowright and Frank Finlay in the episode "Saturday, Sunday, Monday" of "Laurence Olivier Presents". In 1981 she created the role of Eleanor in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Peter Nichols' "Passion Play". In 1984 she played Deidre in Jack Rosenthal's "The Chain". In 1987, she appeared in "Maurice".


title: Judy Parfitt

text: Two of her most notable past roles are Mildred Layton in "The Jewel in the Crown" (1984; for which she received her first BAFTA nomination) and Lady Catherine de Bourgh in the 1980 TV serial version of "Pride and Prejudice". In 1995, she portrayed Kathy Bates' former, domineering employer in "Dolores Claiborne", who is dying in present-time, but is seen as a vibrant, glowing woman in flashback sequences.


title: Judy Parfitt

text: She has appeared in some American television shows, beginning with her regular role as Snow White's Stepmother, Evil Queen Lillian "Lily" White in the series "The Charmings". Parfitt's real-life husband Tony Steedman guest-starred as Santa Claus in The Charmings' second season Christmas special. She appeared on an episode of "Murder, She Wrote" in 1989, and as the mother of Dr Elizabeth Corday (played by Alex Kingston) on several episodes of "ER" in 2002. In 1998, she played the role of Queen Marie in "".


title: Judy Parfitt

text: Parfitt played Lady Mount-Temple in the biopic film "Wilde", alongside Stephen Fry, Vanessa Redgrave and Gemma Jones in 1997. In 2003, she played Maria Thins in "Girl with a Pearl Earring". The role earned her a BAFTA nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.


title: Judy Parfitt

text: She played the domineering American dowager, Mrs van Schuyler, opposite David Suchet, James Fox, Frances de la Tour and David Soul in a feature-length episode of "Agatha Christie's Poirot" in the 2004 edition of "Death on the Nile". In 2008, she appeared as the primary villainess in "Little Dorrit", as the cruel Mrs Clennam, alongside Alun Armstrong, Sue Johnston and Matthew Macfadyen. At Christmas 2011, she appeared in a small role similar to that which she portrayed in "Little Dorrit" as Aunt Chastity along with Una Stubbs and Phyllida Law in "The Bleak Old Shop of Stuff".


title: Judy Parfitt

text: In 2012, she began appearing in the BBC TV series "Call the Midwife" as Sister Monica Joan, an elderly nun in early stages of dementia. Sister Monica Joan's strong educational background and knowledge of classical literature are often used in the programme as a way of reflecting on the unfolding drama.


title: Judy Parfitt

text: Parfitt has also recently appeared in BBC's spy tale, "The Game"; a film, "Hello Carter"; a Radio 4 show, "Tom Wrigglesworth's Hang-Ups"; and Jessica Hynes's suffragette sitcom "Up the Women".


title: Judy Parfitt

text: In 1963, Parfitt married actor Tony Steedman in Harrow, Middlesex. He died in 2001. The couple had one child, a son, David.


title: Solaris (novel)

text: Solaris is a 1961 science fiction novel by Polish writer Stanisław Lem. It follows a crew of scientists on a research station as they attempt to understand an extraterrestrial intelligence, which takes the form of a vast ocean on the titular alien planet. The novel is one of Lem's best-known works.


title: Solaris (novel)

text: The book has been adapted numerous times for film, radio, and theater. Prominent film adaptations include Andrei Tarkovsky's 1972 version and Steven Soderbergh's 2002 version, although Lem later remarked that none of these films reflected the book's thematic emphasis on the limitations of human rationality.


title: Solaris (novel)

text: "Solaris" chronicles the ultimate futility of attempted communications with the extraterrestrial life inhabiting a distant alien planet named Solaris. The planet is almost completely covered with an ocean of gel that is revealed to be a single, planet-encompassing entity. Terran scientists conjecture it is a living and a sentient being, and attempt to communicate with it.


title: Solaris (novel)

text: Kris Kelvin, a psychologist, arrives aboard Solaris Station, a scientific research station hovering near the oceanic surface of Solaris. The scientists there have studied the planet and its ocean for many decades, mostly in vain. A scientific discipline known as Solaristics has degenerated over the years to simply observing, recording and categorizing the complex phenomena that occur upon the surface of the ocean. Thus far, the scientists have only compiled an elaborate nomenclature of the phenomena, and do not yet understand what such activities really mean. Shortly before Kelvin's arrival, the crew exposed the ocean to a more aggressive and unauthorized experimentation with a high-energy X-ray bombardment. Their experimentation gives unexpected results and becomes psychologically traumatic for them as individually flawed humans.


title: Solaris (novel)

text: The ocean's response to this intrusion exposes the deeper, hidden aspects of the personalities of the human scientists, while revealing nothing of the ocean's nature itself. It does this by materializing physical simulacra, including human ones; Kelvin confronts memories of his dead lover and guilt about her suicide. The "guests" of the other researchers are only alluded to. All human efforts to make sense of Solaris's activities prove futile. As Lem wrote, "The peculiarity of those phenomena seems to suggest that we observe a kind of rational activity, but the meaning of this seemingly rational activity of the Solarian Ocean is beyond the reach of human beings." He also wrote that he deliberately chose to make the sentient alien an ocean to avoid any personification and the pitfalls of anthropomorphism in depicting first contact.


title: Solaris (novel)

text: In an interview, Lem said that the novel "has always been a juicy prey for critics", with interpretations ranging from that of Freudianism, critique of contact and colonialism, to anticommunism, proponents of the latter view holding that the Ocean represents the Soviet Union and the people on the space station represent the satellite countries of Central and Eastern Europe. He also commented on the absurdity of the book cover blurb for the 1976 edition, which said the novel "expressed the humanistic beliefs of the author about high moral qualities of the human". Lem noted that the critic who promulgated the Freudian idea actually blundered by basing his psychoanalysis on dialogue from the English translation, whereas his diagnosis would fail on the idioms in the original Polish text.


title: Solaris (novel)

text: Both the original Polish version of the novel (published in 1961) and its English translation are titled "Solaris". Jean-Michel Jasiensko published his French translation in 1964 and that version was the basis of Joanna Kilmartin and Steve Cox's English translation (Walker and Company, 1970; Faber and Faber, 1971). Lem, who read English fluently, repeatedly voiced his disappointment with the Kilmartin–Cox version.


title: Solaris (novel)

text: In 2011, Bill Johnston completed an English translation from the Polish. Lem's wife and son reviewed this version more favorably: "We are very content with Professor Johnston's work, that seems to have captured the spirit of the original." It was released as an audio book and later in an Amazon Kindle edition (2014, ). Legal issues have prevented this translation from appearing in print.


title: Solaris (novel)

text: Lem himself observed that none of the film versions depict much of the extraordinary physical and psychological "alienness" of the Solaris ocean. Responding to film reviews of Soderbergh's version, Lem, noting that he did not see the film, wrote:


title: Kim So-eun

text: Kim So-eun (born September 6, 1989) is a South Korean actress. She rose to fame in 2009 in the popular television drama "Boys Over Flowers". She has since starred in "Happiness in the Wind" (2010), "A Thousand Kisses" (2011–12), "Liar Game" (2014), "Scholar Who Walks the Night" (2015), "Our Gap-soon" (2016–17), and "Evergreen" (2018).


title: Kim So-eun

text: Kim So-eun made her acting debut with a bit part in the 2004 film "Two Guys", when she was in junior high school. She then appeared in minor roles on TV and film, including "Sisters of the Sea" and "The Show Must Go On" (where she played Song Kang-ho's daughter).


title: Kim So-eun

text: Kim rose to fame in 2009 with her supporting role as the heroine's best friend in the hit drama "Boys Over Flowers". The same year, Kim gained praise for her versatility since for her portrayal of Chae Shi-ra's childhood counterpart Hwangbo Soo in the period epic "Empress Cheonchu", for which she learned how to ride a horse and shoot with a bow and arrow. Kim then portrayed an older mid 20s woman in the romantic comedy series "He Who Can't Marry", a remake of Japanese drama "Kekkon Dekinai Otoko".


title: Kim So-eun

text: Kim landed her first leading role in the 2010 daily drama "Happiness in the Wind" (also known as "Happiness in the Wind"), which further raised her Korean Wave profile. She then starred in weekend drama "A Thousand Kisses" (2011-2012), which explored age differences in relationships.


title: Kim So-eun

text: In 2012, she starred in the ten-episode Chinese drama "Secret Angel" (Chinese: 秘密天使), which aired on the portal website Sohu.com. She returned to Korean television in the cable drama "Happy Ending". That same year, she also appeared in "Music and Lyrics", a reality show in which an actress and a male musician are paired together to collaborate, as lyricist and composer respectively, in creating a song. Kim and Lee Junho (from boyband 2PM) composed the song "Love is Sad," which Lee also recorded; it was released as a single and featured on the soundtrack of "Feast of the Gods".


title: Kim So-eun

text: After playing Princess Sukhwi in the period epic "Horse Doctor" (also known as "The King's Doctor", 2012–2013), Kim starred in "After School: Lucky or Not" (in the Korean title, "bokbulbok" refers to a game of chance, literally meaning "Luck, No Luck"), opposite the 5 members of actor-idol group 5urprise, which was distributed via SK Telecom's online and mobile portals.


title: Kim So-eun

text: She and Victoria Song (member of girl group f(x)) were also chosen to host "Glitter", a variety show on the lives of trendy twenty-somethings.


title: Kim So-eun

text: In 2014, Kim starred in the horror film "Mourning Grave", playing a ghost girl who forms a friendship with a ghost-seeing high school boy Kang Ha-neul. This was followed by a leading role in "Liar Game", a Korean drama adaptation of the titular Japanese manga by Shinobu Kaitani. Kim also joined the fourth season of reality show "We Got Married", where she was paired with Song Jae-rim in a "virtual" marriage; it boosted their popularity as a couple and as individual celebrities.


title: Kim So-eun

text: In 2015, Kim starred in the webtoon adaptation "Scholar Who Walks the Night", playing dual roles as a nobleman's daughter and a vampire's past love. She was set to launch her activities in China through the romance film "Sky Lantern" (also known as "Lover of Days Past"), a Korean-Chinese co-production film in which she stars opposite Taiwanese singer-actor Aaron Yan. The same year, she starred in the web drama "Falling for Challenge" alongside Xiumin.


title: Kim So-eun

text: In 2016, Kim signed with new management agency Will Entertainment. From 2016 to 2017, she starred in the family drama "Our Gap-soon" as the title character.


title: Kim So-eun

text: In 2017, Kim starred in the KBS Drama Special "You're Closer than I Think" together with actor Lee Sang-yeob. The same year, Kim confirmed her return to the silver screen with romance fantasy film "Are you in love?" opposite Sung Hoon.


title: Kim So-eun

text: As a child, Kim trained professionally as a national athletic skier. Her training was put on indefinite hold after being scouted as a professional model in a 2003 junior advanced skiing and snowboarding competition in Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do. She retained her interest in the sport, appearing in 2012 instructional videos for Hongcheon's Vivaldi ski resort.


title: Kim So-eun

text: Kim has endorsed various products, and has appeared in magazines. such as "Allure" Korea, High Cut, "Vogue" Korea, "InStyle" Korea, "Elle Girl" Korea, Harper's "Bazaar", "CeCi", "L'Officiel", "Esquire" Korea, and "Nylon" Korea.


title: Kim So-eun

text: A regular advocate of art films, youth activism, and eco-living, she served as the goodwill ambassador for the 2009 Korea International Youth Film Festival, the 2009 University Fashion Week, the 2011 Jeonju International Film Festival, the Golden Cinema Festival in 2013 and 2014, and the 2014 Green Film Festival.


title: Aon (company)

text: Aon PLC () is a British-American multinational financial services firm that sells a range of risk-mitigation products, including Commercial Risk, Investment, Wealth and Reinsurance solutions, as well as boutique strategy consulting through Aon Inpoint. Aon has approximately 50,000 employees in 120 countries.


title: Aon (company)

text: Aon was created in 1982 when the Ryan Insurance Group merged with the Combined Insurance Company of America. In 1987, that company was renamed Aon from "aon", a Gaelic word meaning "one". The company is headquartered in the UK and incorporated in Ireland, with its listing based in the US.


title: Aon (company)

text: W. Clement Stone's mother bought a small Detroit insurance agency, and in 1918 brought her son into the business. Mr. Stone sold low-cost, low-benefit accident insurance, underwriting and issuing policies on-site. The next year he founded his own agency, the Combined Registry Co.


title: Aon (company)

text: As the Great Depression began, Stone reduced his workforce and improved training. Forced by his son's respiratory illness to winter in the South, Stone moved to Arkansas and Texas. In 1939 he bought American Casualty Insurance Co. of Dallas, Texas. It was consolidated with other purchases as the Combined Insurance Co. of America in 1947. The company continued through the 1950s and 1960s, continuing to sell health and accident policies. In the 1970s, Combined expanded overseas despite being hit hard by the recession.


title: Aon (company)

text: In 1982, after 10 years of stagnation under Clement Stone Jr., the elder Stone, then 79, resumed control until the completion of a merger with Ryan Insurance Co. allowed him to transfer control to Patrick Ryan. Ryan, the son of a Ford dealer in Wisconsin, had started his company as an auto credit insurer in 1964. In 1976, the company bought the insurance brokerage units of the Esmark conglomerate. Ryan focused on insurance brokering and added more upscale insurance products. He also trimmed staff and took other cost-cutting measures, and in 1987 he changed Combined's name to Aon. In 1992, he bought Dutch insurance broker Hudig-Langeveldt. In 1995, the company sold its remaining direct life insurance holdings to General Electric to focus on consulting.


title: Aon (company)

text: Aon built a global presence through purchases. In 1997, it bought The Minet Group, as well as insurance brokerage Alexander & Alexander Services, Inc. in a deal that made Aon (temporarily) the largest insurance broker worldwide. The firm made no US buys in 1998, but doubled its employee base with purchases including Spain's largest retail insurance broker, Gil y Carvajal, and the formation of Aon Korea.


title: Aon (company)

text: Responding to industry demands, Aon announced its new fee disclosure policy in 1999, and the company reorganised to focus on buying personal line insurance firms and to integrate its acquisitions. That year it bought Nikols Sedgwick Group, an Italian insurance firm, and formed RiskAttack (with Zurich US), a risk analysis and financial management concern aimed at technology companies. The cost of integrating its numerous purchases, however, hammered profits in 1999.


title: Aon (company)

text: Despite its troubles, in 2000 Aon bought Reliance Group's accident and health insurance business, as well as Actuarial Sciences Associates, a compensation and employee benefits consulting company. Later in that year, however, the company decided to cut 6% of its workforce as part of a restructuring effort. In 2003, the company saw revenues increase primarily because of rate hikes in the insurance industry. Also that year, Endurance Specialty, a Bermuda-based underwriting operation that Aon helped to establish in November 2001 along with other investors, went public. The next year Aon sold most of its holdings in Endurance.


title: Aon (company)

text: In late 2007, Aon announced the divestiture of its underwriting business. With this move, the firm sold off its two major underwriting subsidiaries: Combined Insurance Company of America (acquired by ACE Limited for $2.4 billion) and Sterling Life Insurance Company (purchased by Munich Re Group for $352 million). The low margin and capital-intensive nature of the underwriting industry was the primary reason for the firm's decision to divest.


title: Aon (company)

text: This growth strategy manifested in November 2008 when Aon announced it had acquired reinsurance intermediary and capital advisor Benfield Group Limited for $1.75 billion. The acquisition amplified the firm's broking capabilities, positioning Aon one of the largest players in the reinsurance brokerage industry.


title: Aon (company)

text: In 2010, Aon made its most significant acquisition to date with the purchase of Hewitt Associates for $4.9 billion. Aside from drastically boosting Aon's human resources consulting capacity and entering the firm into the business process outsourcing industry, the move added 23,000 colleagues and more than $3 billion in revenue.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 10 February 2017, Aon announced that it was selling its employee benefits outsourcing business to private equity firm The Blackstone Group for US$4.8 billion (£3.8 billion).


title: Aon (company)

text: In February 2020, Aon named Eric Andersen as president of Aon after co-president Michael O'Connor departed the company to pursue new opportunities. He will be reporting to Greg Case, the firm's CEO.


title: Aon (company)

text: In June 2020, Aon announced it was planning to repay the Temporary 20% pay cut from 70% of employees that was published in a statement in April 2020 regarding the COVID-19 Pandemic. On 30 June 2020, Aon announced it would repay staff in full, plus 5% of the withheld amount.


title: Aon (company)

text: In June 2020: Willis Towers Watson has called its shareholders to two meetings to discuss its acquisition with Aon for 26 August 2020. It was revealed that the US Department of Justice has requested more information on the deal under antitrust rules.


title: Aon (company)

text: Aon's New York offices were on the 92nd and 98th–105th floors of the South Tower of the World Trade Center at the time of the September 11 attacks. When the North Tower was struck by American Airlines Flight 11 at 8:46 a.m., employees began evacuating from the upper floors of the South Tower. The evacuation of Aon's offices was carried out quickly, as 924 of the estimated 1,100 Aon employees present at the time managed to evacuate the building before United Airlines Flight 175 struck it twenty stories below them at 9:03 a.m.


title: Aon (company)

text: Many, however, did not manage to exit the building in time. As a result, 176 employees of Aon were killed when the tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m., including Kevin Cosgrove.


title: Aon (company)

text: In 2004–2005, Aon, along with other brokers including Marsh & McLennan and Willis, fell under regulatory investigation under New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and other state attorneys general. At issue was the practice of insurance companies' payments to brokers (known as contingent commissions). The payments were thought to bring a conflict of interest, swaying broker decisions on behalf of carriers, rather than customers. In the spring of 2005, without acknowledging any wrongdoing, Aon agreed to a $190 million settlement, payable over 30 months.


title: Aon (company)

text: In January 2009, Aon was fined £5.69 million in the UK by the Financial Services Authority, who stated that the fine related to the company's inadequate bribery and corruption controls, claiming that between 14 January 2005 and 30 September 2007 Aon had failed to properly assess the risks involved in its dealings with overseas firms and individuals. The Authority did not find that any money had actually made its way to illegal organisations. Aon qualified for a 30% discount on the fine as a result of its cooperation with the investigation. Aon said its conduct was not deliberate, adding it had since "significantly strengthened and enhanced its controls around the usage of third parties".


title: Aon (company)

text: In December 2011, Aon Corporation paid a $16.26 million penalty to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) for violations of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).


title: Aon (company)

text: According to the SEC, Aon's subsidiaries made improper payments of over $3.6 million to government officials and third-party facilitators in Costa Rica, Egypt, Vietnam, Indonesia, the United Arab Emirates, Myanmar and Bangladesh, between 1983 and 2007, to obtain and retain insurance contracts.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 5 January 2007, Aon announced that its Aon Affinity group had acquired the WedSafe Wedding Insurance program.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 22 August 2008, Aon announced that it had acquired London-based Benfield Group. The acquiring price was US$1.75 billion or £935 million, with US$170 million of debt.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 5 March 2010, Hewitt Associates announced that it acquired Senior Educators Ltd. The acquisition offers companies a new way to address retiree medical insurance commitments.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 12 July 2010, Aon announced that it had agreed to buy Lincolnshire, Illinois-based Hewitt Associates for $4.9 billion in cash and stock.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 7 April 2011, Aon announced that it had acquired Johannesburg, South Africa-based Glenrand MIB. Financial terms were not disclosed.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 19 July 2011, Aon announced that it bought Westfield Financial Corp., the owner of insurance-industry consulting firm Ward Financial Group, from Ohio Farmers Insurance Co. Financial terms were not disclosed.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 22 October 2012, Aon announced that it agreed to buy OmniPoint, Inc, a Workday consulting firm. Financial terms were not disclosed.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 16 June 2014, Aon announced that it agreed to buy National Flood Services, Inc., a large processor of flood insurance, from Stoneriver Group, L.P.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 31 October 2016, Aon's Aon Risk Solutions completed acquisition of Stroz Friedberg LLC, a specialised risk management firm focusing on cybersecurity.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 14 November 2016, Aon acquired CoCubes an online Indian Assessment firm, facilitating hiring of entry-level engineering graduates.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 10 February 2017, Aon plc agreed to sell its human resources outsourcing platform for US$4.8 billion (£3.8 billion) to Blackstone Group L.P. (BX.N), creating a new company called Alight Solutions.


title: Aon (company)

text: In September 2017, Aon announced its intent to purchase real estate investment management firm The Townsend Group from Colony NorthStar for $475 million, expanding Aon's property investment management portfolio.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 9 March 2020, Aon announced its merger with Willis Towers Watson for nearly $30 billion in an all-stock deal that creates the world's largest insurance broker. As of 21 May 2020, Willis board was under probe over merger agreement with Aon. The deal was called off in July 2021.


title: Aon (company)

text: On 3 June 2009, it was reported that Aon had signed a four-year shirt sponsorship deal with English football giant Manchester United. On 1 June 2010, Aon replaced American insurance company AIG as the principal sponsor of the club. The Aon logo was prominently displayed on the front of the club's shirts until the 2014/2015 season when Chevrolet replaced them. The deal was said to be worth £80 million over four years, replacing United's deal with AIG as the most lucrative shirt deal in history at the time.


title: Aon (company)

text: In April 2013, Aon signed a new eight-year deal with Manchester United to rename their training ground as the Aon Training Complex and sponsor the club's training kits, reportedly worth £180 million to the club.


title: Lauren Lane

text: Lauren Lane is an American film, television, stage actress, and professor. She is best known for her role as C.C. Babcock on "The Nanny".


title: Lauren Lane

text: Lane was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and raised in Arlington, Texas. She attended Lamar High School and received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the University of Texas at Arlington. Lane also earned a Master's degree in the advanced training program at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. In 2013, she briefly taught at Carnegie Mellon University. Lane is on the faculty of the Department of Theatre and Dance at Texas State University in San Marcos.


title: Lauren Lane

text: Lane began her acting career in the 1984 film, "Interface". She went on to appear in television and film productions such as "Positive I.D.", "Nervous Ticks", "Hunter", and "L.A. Law", before being cast as C.C. Babcock in "The Nanny" in 1993. Lane starred in "The Nanny" until the show ended in 1999. While still performing on "The Nanny," she appeared on "The Daily Show" in August 1997.


title: Lauren Lane

text: Lane voiced Ivana Baiul in the 2000 film "Gen¹³". In December 2004, she joined the rest of the cast of "The Nanny" for the Lifetime one-hour special, "".


title: Lauren Lane

text: Since 2000, Lane has performed in various productions at the Zachary Scott Theatre, in Austin, Texas. In 2010, she was a guest on "The Fran Drescher Show".


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Reginald Fils-Aimé ( ; born March 25, 1961) is an American businessman best known for being the president and chief operating officer of Nintendo of America, the North American division of the Japanese video game company Nintendo, from 2006 to 2019. Prior to his promotion to president and COO, Fils-Aimé was Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé gained celebrity status among gamers following his appearance at Nintendo's E3 2004 press conference in May 2004, and helped to revitalize Nintendo's image as a major contender among the other video game console makers, Sony Interactive Entertainment and Microsoft. Fils-Aimé had held previous sales and marketing executive roles at Procter & Gamble, Pizza Hut, Guinness, Derby Cycle, Panda Express, and VH1.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé retired as president of Nintendo of America on April 15, 2019 after an announcement on February 21, and was succeeded by Doug Bowser. He subsequently became a Leader in Residence at Cornell University and later named to the Board of Directors for Brunswick Corporation, GameStop and Spin Master.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Reginald Fils-Aimé was born on March 25, 1961, in The Bronx, New York City. His parents had immigrated to the United States from Haiti in the 1950s due to conflicting political views of his grandparents; his paternal grandfather was a general when the Haitian military overthrew the democratically elected government, which included his maternal grandfather. Fils-Aimé's mother worked as a lead sales representative in a fine jewelry store and his father was a machinist. Fils-Aimé has said that he adopted his optimistic attitude from his mother. He was raised on Long Island, where he attended Brentwood High School; he described himself as the "lone minority" among his classmates.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: He was accepted into Cornell University in 1979, and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in applied economics and management from the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences in 1983. He was president of the school's Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity chapter, where he was described as being neat and organized.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé took a job at Procter & Gamble in the company's brand management program. He also took a position as Senior Director of National Marketing at Pizza Hut, where he launched the Bigfoot Pizza and the Big New Yorker.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé served as the Head of Marketing for Guinness Imports Co. in the United States and was responsible for all brands. He also worked as Chief Marketing Officer at Derby Cycle, directing sales and marketing efforts worldwide for eight brands. Fils-Aimé served as Managing Director and oversaw Raleigh U.K., Derby's British operations.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: He then joined the American Chinese food company Panda Management Co. acting as Senior vice-president. He also joined MTV's VH1 network in 2001 as Senior vice-president and left in 2003. Fils-Aimé was responsible for a 30% increase in ratings for the VH1 network by shifting the channel's focus to appeal to younger viewers. As part of his role at VH1, Fils-Aimé also laid out and implemented a marketing strategy for The Concert for New York City, which garnered more than $35 million for disaster relief following the September 11 attacks.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé joined Nintendo in December 2003 as the Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing. Fils-Aimé had been recruited for the position, but during the interview period, he said that he had asked to see Satoru Iwata, the president of Nintendo, which was considered highly unusual but was granted. His conversation with Iwata went far longer than planned and it helped to establish the friendly relationship Fils-Aimé had with Iwata for more than a decade which, according to Fils-Aimé, helped with open communications and understanding to help Nintendo improve overall as a business. Because of this, Fils-Aimé has called Iwata his mentor as well as a "dear friend" throughout his time at Nintendo.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé was initially responsible for all sales and marketing activities for Nintendo in the United States, Canada, and Latin America. On May 25, 2006, Fils-Aimé became the President and Chief Operating Officer of Nintendo of America after former president, Tatsumi Kimishima, was moved to his new role as Chairman of the Board and chief executive officer. Fils-Aimé was the first American to hold this position.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: At the time Fils-Aimé was hired in 2003, the video game industry was stagnant in major markets, and Nintendo's competitors Microsoft and Sony Computer Entertainment were looking to regain interest by building more powerful home consoles. For Nintendo, it had recently come off re-organization of upper management, including Iwata being named its president only the year prior. The company was producing the GameCube, but Iwata and other Nintendo executives saw that most titles being produced were sequels with almost no new intellectual property. Fils-Aimé said that the decision for Nintendo to differ from its competitors and try to bring back fun into video games was made before he had been hired, and part of that was planned through Fils-Aimé's marketing skills and presence.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé became a recognized public face for Nintendo at the 2004 E3. The year prior, Nintendo's press conference was considered a quiet and dry affair compared to the conferences given by Microsoft and Sony Computer Entertainment; while Iwata and other Japanese executives were present, the only American on stage was George S. Harrison and had remained stoic during the conference. Nintendo was also losing in the sixth console generation. The GameCube was struggling against the PlayStation 2 and the original Xbox console, and long-time Nintendo fans were despondent over Nintendo's current state. Fils-Aimé served to lead off the 2004 conference as his first introduction to the public. He led off the conference with "My name is Reggie. I'm about kickin' ass, I'm about takin' names, and "we're" about makin' games." His presentation was considered aggressive, and at one point directly attacked the approaches that Microsoft and Sony were taking with handling of video game content on their consoles. This message had been thoroughly planned by the upper management of Nintendo and Fils-Aimé had expressed caution to them about the tone of the message, but they still wanted him to deliver it. His theatrical antics, flying in the face of Nintendo's long-standing conservative image, gained a cult following soon after, with many gamers calling him the "Regginator", a play on the character of the Terminator.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Following the conference, many images of him spread across the Web. In interviews years after the 2004 event, Fils-Aimé said that his presentation was not his idea, but writing from the public relations department, and he himself had to be convinced to give the aggressive approach. Fils-Aimé's presentation was considered by others the right attitude that Nintendo needed to present at the time to show themselves still relevant in the current console generation and was no longer taking a conservative approach to gaming.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé is considered to be responsible for revamping Nintendo's public relations in North America, leading many fans and members of the press to dub his arrival the "Reggielution" (after "Revolution", the code name for the Wii). He had not only considered the constantly-changing challenges of marketing to youth, but as well as continuing to address the older video game players, who were still a key market for Nintendo. He further believed that addressing all demographics would be like a rising tide for the industry with Nintendo positioned to capture that the best. While still in sales, Fils-Aimé rewrote how Nintendo worked with vendors; instead of having Nintendo try to seek vendors' favor and better in-store place by assuring Nintendo could meet demand, Fils-Aimé created agreements where vendors would only get Nintendo's stock in stores if vendors ordered high volumes of their product. This served to help with the success and popularity of the Nintendo DS. He has attributed the success of the Wii to a marketing strategy laid out by Clayton Christensen:


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: On July 11, 2007, while introducing the Wii Balance Board, Fils-Aimé walked up onto the stage and stated “My body is ready.” This quotation would eventually become a meme and Fils-Aimé acknowledged the phrase several times, including at the E3 2012 conference, his appearance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and his resignation announcement video. When Iwata implemented their Nintendo Direct online press conferences, Fils-Aimé would frequently participate in these alongside Iwata, including a mock Mii-avatar battle, which similarly became the subject of several memes. In other public press presentations for Nintendo, Fils-Aimé has been involved with skits with production support from Stoopid Buddy Stoodios, Mega64, and The Jim Henson Company.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: On November 5, 2007, at the encouragement of marketing professor Ed McLaughlin in the department of Applied Economics and Management at Cornell University, Fils-Aimé gave a guest lecture on Nintendo's marketing strategy targeted at gamers across a spectrum of demographics. Fils-Aimé is a member of the Advisory Council for Cornell's Communication department.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: In 2016 and early 2017, Fils-Aimé was featured in two episodes of Deadlock, on the Game Theorists web show, debating about various Nintendo-related topics.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé announced his resignation as the company's president and COO on February 21, 2019, which took effect on April 15, 2019. He was replaced by the company's then-head of sales, Doug Bowser. Fils-Aimé stated he started thinking about retirement after Iwata's death in 2015: "It also reinforced for me the legacy that he had built, and he had created for the company. And that really drove me to be introspective around, 'So what's the legacy that I want to build, that I want to leave?'" He waited until he felt Nintendo of America was on solid footing for positive growth, which occurred by early 2019, to begin the process of retiring. His decision to retire was emboldened by the success of the Nintendo Switch, a hybrid game console the company released in 2017 which by the end of 2018 had already reached over 32 million sales. He believed with the Switch, which he had compared to Nintendo's previously successful Wii and Nintendo DS consoles, "the company was going to be in great shape for at least a few years".


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: After leaving Nintendo, Fils-Aimé created his own Twitter account under the name @Reggie and made his first tweet saying, "Hi Twitter community."


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé announced he had been brought on as the first Leader in Residence at Cornell University's Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management starting in October 2019. Fils-Aimé had already been on the advisory board for Dyson as well as for Cornell's department of communications prior to this appointment, and was approached by Cornell shortly after his retirement announcement about the opportunity. In addition, Fils-Aimé joined the board of directors for the New York Videogame Critics Circle, and became a managing partner in Brentwood Growth Partners, an equity firm based in Kirkland, Washington. Through his positions at Cornell and through the New York Videogame Critics Circle, he wants to provide mentorship opportunities for youth and young adults as to encourage them to grow and become "leaders across a range of as many different disciplines as possible". Through the Residence program he plans to present his "Seven Principles for Next Generation Leaders" that he had learned over his career, and will work with the New York Videogame Critics Circle to help younger students in programs like the DreamYard Academy at William Howard Taft High School to show the students "the work that's done through the power of video games, using video games as the medium to teach critical thinking, to teach writing skills". Fils-Aimé stated these also help him give back to both the community he was raised in and to his alma mater.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé, who had participated in The Game Awards since its creation in 2015, presented at The Game Awards 2019. GameStop named Fils-Aimé along two others onto its Board of Directors in March 2020, replacing several directors that were leaving as part of the company's efforts to turn the company's profitability around. He and several of GameStop's board members are slated to resign around June 2021 based on SEC filings. He was also named to Spin Master's Board of Directors in May 2020.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: After the COVID-19 pandemic began, Fils-Aimé announced that he and video games journalist Harold Goldberg would start a podcast, "Talking Games with Reggie and Harold", in conjunction with the New York Video Game Critics Circle. The podcast is aimed to raise charitable funds for the non-profit group to help mentor lower-income and under-served students in New York City impacted by the pandemic. Fils-Aimé was added to the board of directors at Brunswick Corporation on October 27, 2020, and later authored a book titled "Disrupting the Game: From the Bronx to the Top of Nintendo" released in April 2022.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé has been recognized for his marketing expertise in the advertising industry, including receiving a Clio Award, two Gold Effie Awards, an Association of Independent Commercial Producers Award for advertising excellence, a Silver Edison from the American Marketing Institute, and was named one of the "Marketing 100" in 1998 by "Advertising Age". From the video game industry, Fils-Aimé was given a Lifetime Achievement Award by the International Video Game Hall of Fame and has received the Legend Award from the New York Videogame Critics Circle.


title: Reggie Fils-Aimé

text: Fils-Aimé is married to Stacey Sanner, his longtime girlfriend whom he met in his previous position at VH1. He has three children from a previous marriage. Fils-Aimé started playing video games with his children when they were 2 and 5 years old. he lived on the Eastside of Seattle.


title: Nicholas Stoller

text: Nicholas Stoller (born March 19, 1976) is a British-American filmmaker. He is known mainly for directing the 2008 comedy "Forgetting Sarah Marshall", its 2010 spin-off/sequel, "Get Him to the Greek", "The Five-Year Engagement", "Neighbors" (2014), its 2016 sequel "", co-writing and executive producing "The Muppets" and "Muppets Most Wanted", and writing and directing "Storks" (2016).


title: Nicholas Stoller

text: Stoller was born in 1976 in London, England, and was raised in Miami, Florida, U.S., with his brother, Matt Stoller, a prominent political writer. His mother, Phyllis, is a travel tour operator, and his father, Eric C. Stoller, is a bank executive. Stoller was raised Jewish. He attended high school at St. Paul's, a New Hampshire boarding school. He went on to attend Harvard College and wrote for the comedy publication "The Harvard Lampoon", and played for the improv comedy troupe The Immediate Gratification Players while an undergraduate.


title: Nicholas Stoller

text: From 2000 to 2001, Stoller wrote for Judd Apatow's short-lived Fox television series "Undeclared" and later co-wrote, again with Apatow, the 2005 comedy "Fun with Dick and Jane". Stoller's directorial debut, the 2008 film "Forgetting Sarah Marshall", is a romantic comedy starring Jason Segel, Mila Kunis, Jonah Hill, Kristen Bell, Bill Hader and Russell Brand. The film was produced by Apatow Productions and was released by Universal on April 18, 2008.


title: Nicholas Stoller

text: In 2007, he wrote a single-camera comedy about a new teacher taking a job at the boarding school he once attended. He wrote "Yes Man", starring Jim Carrey; the film was produced by Richard Zanuck and David Heyman. Stoller next wrote and directed a new film for Universal and Apatow Productions titled "Get Him to the Greek". The film reteamed Stoller and Apatow with "Forgetting Sarah Marshall" co-stars Jonah Hill and Russell Brand. The film premiered on May 25, 2010, and opened in theaters on June 4, 2010.


title: Nicholas Stoller

text: In 2008, Stoller and Segel co-wrote "The Muppets", the latest film incarnation to feature the characters in nearly 12 years. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released on November 23, 2011. After the film's success, Stoller and the film's director, James Bobin, wrote "Muppets Most Wanted", a semi-sequel to the film.


title: Nicholas Stoller

text: Stoller also directed "The Five-Year Engagement" (2012), which he co-wrote with Jason Segel, who also starred. Apatow Productions produced the picture, which is about the ups and downs of a couple's five-year engagement. Stoller directed the film "Neighbors", its sequel "" and shared a screenwriting credit on "Sex Tape". In 2016, Stoller wrote and directed the animated comedy film "Storks" for Warner Animation Group. The film was released on September 23, 2016.


title: Nicholas Stoller

text: Along with his wife Francesca Delbanco, Stoller created the comedy television series "Friends from College", which premiered on Netflix in July 2017. Stoller directed all eight episodes of the first season.


title: Nicholas Stoller

text: More recently, his Stoller Global Solutions company has renewed an overall deal with Sony Pictures Television.


title: Nicholas Stoller

text: Stoller met Francesca Delbanco (daughter of writer Nicholas Delbanco and granddaughter of cellist Bernard Greenhouse) at a playwriting workshop for Harvard graduates in 2001. They married in a Jewish ceremony in September 2005. They have two daughters.


title: Austrian Armed Forces

text: The military consists of 22,050 active-duty personnel and 125,600 reservists. The military budget is 0.74% of national GDP or €2.85 billion.


title: Austrian Armed Forces

text: Between 1918 and 1920, the Austrian semi-regular army was called ("People's Defence"), and fought against Yugoslavian army units occupying parts of Carinthia. It has been known as "Bundesheer" since then, except when Austria was a part of Nazi Germany (1938–1945; see Anschluss). The Austrian Army did develop a defence plan in 1938 against Germany, but politics prevented it from being implemented.


title: Austrian Armed Forces

text: In 1955, Austria issued its Declaration of Neutrality, meaning that it would never join a military alliance. The Austrian Armed Forces' main purpose since then has been the protection of Austria's neutrality. Its relationship with NATO is limited to the Partnership for Peace program.


title: Austrian Armed Forces

text: With the end of the Cold War, the Austrian military have increasingly assisted the border police in controlling the influx of undocumented migrants through Austrian borders. The war in the neighbouring Balkans resulted in the lifting of the restrictions on the range of weaponry of the Austrian military that had been imposed by the Austrian State Treaty.