text: Claudia Puig of "USA Today" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "It may have the year's longest title, but Alexander's movie is not terrible, horrible, or even half bad. In fact, "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day" is a pleasant, entertaining way to spend just under 90 minutes, particularly if accompanied by children." Sandie Angulo Chen of "The Washington Post" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Even the bathroom humor is forgivable when the end result is a crowd-pleasing comedy and a surprisingly entertaining treat for the whole family." Rafer Guzman of "Newsday" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying ""Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day", a Disney film, stretches the book thinner than pizza dough and feels about as nutritious. Still, its intentions are good and so is its cast, particularly Ed Oxenbould, a bright-eyed, expressive 13-year-old making his screen debut as Alexander Cooper." Bruce Demara of the "Toronto Star" gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Director Miguel Arteta, whose previous work is a mixed bag of television and film, gets almost everything right here, including bringing together a solid cast." A.O. Scott of "The New York Times" gave the film a negative review, saying ""'Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day" is the latest example of a wonderful children’s book turned into a mediocre movie. This kind of thing happens so frequently — exceptions like "Where the Wild Things Are" and, arguably, "Shrek" prove the rule upheld by every recent big-screen Dr. Seuss adaptation — that you could almost believe that there is malice involved."


title: Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day (film)

text: Betsy Sharkey of the "Los Angeles Times" called the film "Not so terribly horrible. Not so terribly terrific either." Tom Russo of "The Boston Globe" gave the film a positive review, saying "What the filmmakers come up with is a modestly likable mix of zany and gently warmhearted, even if they overdo both elements at times." David Hiltbrand of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "It's a film where you start chuckling as soon as someone says something like, "I just want everything to be perfect tonight." Adam Graham of "The Detroit News" gave the film a B−, saying ""Alexander" won't change your day, but it's not terrible, horrible, no good or very bad, either."


text: Calvin Wilson of the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" gave the film a three out of four stars, saying "Arteta keeps the action speeding along while eliciting spot-on performances. Carell is at his discombobulated best, and Garner anchors the proceedings with aplomb." Lindsey Bahr gave the film a B, saying "Alexander is pleasantly devoid of the vulgarity and too-current pop culture references that are the default mode for many contemporary live-action kids' pics, and its earnest celebration of family gives the movie a comforting throwback vibe." Bruce Ingram of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two and half stars out of four, saying "Disney’s bland comedy "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day" might have been a little more entertaining if it had been a little more, terrible, horrible, no good and so forth." Joe Neumaier of the "New York Daily News" two out of five stars, saying "Just another loud, boy-centric comedy aimed at ’tweens. The movie turns a slight children’s book — in this case, Judith Viorst’s 1972 fave, from which it takes mainly the title — into a charmless mishmash."


text: On April 1, 2014, Christophe Beck was hired to score the film. Walt Disney Records released the EP soundtrack album on October 7, 2014. The album features songs from the film, and new tracks by various artists, like The Vamps, Kerris and Justine Dorsey, The Narwhals, Charles William and IDK & The Whatevs.


text: In December 2020, Disney hired writer Matt Lopez to pen a reboot of "Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day" for Disney+. The new version will follow a similar plot, but will instead focus on a "multigenerational Latino family". 21 Laps Entertainment and The Jim Henson Company are also set to return. In October 2022, Marvin Lemus signed on to direct while Eva Longoria and George Lopez were cast as Alexander's mother and grandfather. The new film features the family going on a road trip together.


title: Taylor Negron

text: Brad Stephen "Taylor" Negron (August 1, 1957 – January 10, 2015) was an American actor. He is perhaps best known for his role as Milo in the 1991 buddy cop action comedy film "The Last Boy Scout".


title: Taylor Negron

text: Negron was born in Glendale, California, the son of Puerto Rican couple Lucy ("née" Rosario) and Conrad Negron, Sr. His cousin is singer and musician Chuck Negron, of Three Dog Night fame. He grew up in La Cañada Flintridge, California, and graduated from the University of California Los Angeles.


title: Taylor Negron

text: Negron's career in comedy began while he was still in high school, with a stand-up performance at the Comedy Store in West Hollywood. After this appearance, Negron ventured into being a Hollywood extra, as well as a repeat contestant on Chuck Barris' ABC daytime show "The Dating Game".


title: Taylor Negron

text: Before his film career began, Negron was exposed to dramatic and comedic legends Lee Strasberg and Lucille Ball. In a work-study program at the Actors Studio, Negron worked as Strasberg's assistant. At Sherwood Oaks Experimental College in 1977, Negron worked as Ball's intern while she was a guest teacher at the school.


title: Taylor Negron

text: Negron's motion picture appearances included "Angels in the Outfield," "The Aristocrats"; "Better Off Dead," "Call Me Claus," "Easy Money" as the tenacious son-in-law of Rodney Dangerfield's character, "Fast Times at Ridgemont High," "River's Edge," "The Last Boy Scout", "Nothing but Trouble," "Punchline", "The Stöned Age," "Stuart Little," "Young Doctors in Love," "Funky Monkey", "Biodome " with Pauly Shore, "How I Got into College", and Amy Heckerling's "Vamps", in which he reprised his "Fast Times at Ridgemont High" pizza delivery scene.


title: Taylor Negron

text: Among Negron's television appearances are guest star roles on "Hill Street Blues", "That's So Raven", "So Little Time", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "The Ben Stiller Show", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "Reno 911!", "Friends", "My Wife and Kids", "Seinfeld", "ER", "Party of Five", and "Falcon Crest". In addition to being a semiregular guest on "Off Beat Cinema", he co-starred in "Smart Guy" and "Wizards of Waverly Place". He appeared in Comedy Central's "UnCabaret" special as well as its Amazon episodes. He appeared as Melinda Hill's date in one episode of the 2013 web series "Romantic Encounters". His last television role was the part of an acting coach in Season 1, Episode 5 of "The Comedians" starring Billy Crystal and Josh Gad. He also appeared on an episode of "The Dating Game" on March 16, 1970.


title: Taylor Negron

text: In 2008, he wrote "The Unbearable Lightness of Being Taylor Negron – A Fusion of Story and Song", directed by opera director David Schweitzer and co-starring singer/songwriter Logan Heftel. The show debuted to critical acclaim in the Green Room at the Edinburgh Comedy Festival. It also ran in the 2009 Best of New York Solo Festival at the SoHo Playhouse and at the Barrow Street Theater. Kate Copstick of "The Scotsman" wrote of it, "The underlying theme of this spellbinding hour seems to be Nietzschean – 'that which does not destroy me makes me strong'. And if that doesn't sound like out-and-out comedy, then that is good. Because the show is not out-and-out comedy. It is a mix of music, storytelling, and comedy." His comedy essays have been published in the anthology "Dirty Laundry" (Phoenix Books) and "Love West Hollywood: Reflections of Los Angeles" (Alyson Books).


title: Taylor Negron

text: Director Justin Tanner revived Negron's play "Gangster Planet", a four-character domestic comedy set during the 1992 Los Angeles riots, which was chosen by the "Los Angeles Times" as a Critic's Choice. Another play, "Downward Facing Bitch", a suspense comedy, was developed with director Kiff Scholl. Negron was a regular contributor to Wendy Hammer's Tasty Words, Jill Solloway's "Sit and Spin", and Hilary Carlip's online magazine "Fresh Yarns", as well as the "Huffington Post". He performed regularly across the United States and was one of the original members of the UnCabaret, dubbed "The Mother Show of Alternative Comedy" by the "LA Weekly", where Negron fused standup, dada poetry, and stream of consciousness storytelling.


title: Taylor Negron

text: Negron was an accomplished painter whose artwork has been featured in solo exhibitions at venues such as Los Angeles' Laemmle Royal Theater and the Hotel de Ville Lifestyle. Although he left his initial art school education when he was 19 years old, Negron later received training at the Academy of Fine Arts in San Francisco and the Art Students League in New York City. His work was influenced by Henri Matisse, Jean-Édouard Vuillard, Don Bachardy, and David Hockney.


title: Taylor Negron

text: Negron was diagnosed with liver cancer in 2008. On January 10, 2015, he died at his home in Los Angeles, California, surrounded by family, at the age of 57.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: The iPod Shuffle (stylized and marketed as iPod shuffle) is a discontinued digital audio player designed and formerly marketed by Apple Inc. It was the smallest model in Apple's iPod family, and was the first iPod to use flash memory. The first model was announced at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 11, 2005; the fourth- and final-generation models were introduced on September 1, 2010. The iPod Shuffle was discontinued by Apple on July 27, 2017.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: Released on January 11, 2005 during the Macworld expo, the first-generation iPod Shuffle weighed , resembled a pack of chewing gum sticks, and was designed to be easily loaded with a selection of songs and to play them in sequential or random order.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: According to Apple, owners of existing iPods had often left the music selection to "shuffle", and the new iPod Shuffle was a way of implementing that in a much more cost-effective fashion.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: It used the SigmaTel STMP35xx system on a chip (SOC) and its software development kit (SDK) v2.6, a flash memory IC, and USB rechargeable lithium cell. The STMP35xx SOC and its software was the most fully integrated portable MP3 playback system at release time and SigmaTel was Austin's largest IPO (2003) capturing over 60% of flash based MP3 player world market share in 2004. In 2005, peak iPod first-generation Shuffle production occurred at a hundred thousand units per day, at the Asus factory.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: It lacks a display, the trademark click wheel, playlist management features, and the games, address book, calendar, alarm, and notes capability of larger iPods. Due to the codec not being ported, it is incapable of playing Apple Lossless and AIFF audio files. The iPod Shuffle series also lacks a real-time clock and does not therefore update the "Last Played" value in iTunes.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: The 1 GB model was advertised as capable of holding up to 240 songs (based on Apple's estimate of four minutes per song and 128 kbit/s AAC encoding).


title: IPod Shuffle

text: To cater to the limited capacity and intended usage scenario, two new features were added to iTunes: AutoFill, which selects songs at random from a user's music library (or from a specific playlist) and copies as many as would fit into the iPod Shuffle's storage - available as a supplement or replacement to manual selection; and an option to automatically transcode audio files of higher specifications to 128 kbps AAC-LC while transferring them (which would remain exclusive to the iPod Shuffle series until iTunes 9.1).


title: IPod Shuffle

text: Furthermore, older versions of iTunes allowed an iPod Shuffle playlist to be viewed and changed while the unit is not connected; changes would be synchronized the next time the unit is connected. However, this functionality was removed in iTunes 7.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: Due to superior audio technology in the SigmaTel STMP35xx SOC and SDK, the first generation had a better bass response than a fourth-generation iPod, according to a review published days after its release.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: The front of the iPod Shuffle has buttons for Play/Pause, Next Song/Fast Forward, Previous Song/Fast Reverse, and up and down volume adjustment. On the reverse, it features a battery level indicator light (activated by a button) and a three-position switch to turn the unit off or set it to play music in order or shuffled. It plugs directly into a computer's USB port (either 1.1 or 2.0), through which it also recharged its battery, which has an expected life of around 12 hours. The USB plug has additional pins for proprietary accessories and, when not in use, can be hidden beneath a cap. A second cap, included with the unit, has a lanyard attached which allows the iPod Shuffle to hang around the user's neck.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: As both already supported by its larger relatives and suggested by its design, the Shuffle can also be used as a USB flash drive - a feature further facilitated by the dropping of "Macintosh" (HFS Plus) format: all Shuffles are formatted to FAT32 regardless of the operating system used for restoring them. iTunes also allowed users to reserve part of the capacity for storing files, by limiting the space that would be used for storing music.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: On September 12, 2006, Apple announced the release of the second-generation iPod Shuffle, calling it "the most wearable iPod ever". First shipments of the unit were slated for an October 2006 arrival, but actually started shipping on Friday, November 3, 2006. The second generation initially featured a lone 1 GB model in a silver brushed aluminum case, similar to the second-generation iPod Nano and the older iPod Mini. The new model was less than half the size of the first-generation model at 41.2 x 27.3 x 10.5 mm (1.62 x 1.07 x 0.41 in), and was the size of the iPod Radio Remote. Apple claimed it was the "world's smallest MP3 player". This generation included the new built-in belt clip, and the actual unit itself was thinner, with the entire device weighing only 15.5 g (0.55 ounces). The power/shuffle/no shuffle switch from the first-generation version was separated into two controls to avoid an accidentally selected mode of operation.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: On the second-generation iPod Shuffle, USB connectivity is provided via an included piece of hardware which acts as a docking station for the transfer of data and the recharging of the iPod's internal battery through its headphone jack. The second-generation iPod Shuffle was also able to act as a flash drive, just like the first-generation iPod Shuffle. However, unlike the first-generation iPod Shuffle, the second generation did not have a built-in USB connector. This means that the docking station was required for connection to a computer.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: The second-generation Shuffle could play MP3, MP3 VBR, AAC, Protected AAC, Audible (formats 2, 3 and 4), WAV and AIFF. Due to its low processing power, the only iTunes-supported file format that the iPod did not support is Apple Lossless.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: On January 30, 2007, Apple announced the addition of four new colors to the iPod Shuffle line - pink, orange, green, and blue, in addition to the original silver color. The orange color was a first for the iPod franchise. They also now came with new redesigned headphones that were not included with the original silver model. The box was also changed to have gray text instead of the lime-green text. On September 5, 2007, Apple introduced four new colors, including a Product Red version. The new colors were turquoise, lavender, mint green, and Product Red, with the previous colors discontinued. On February 19, 2008, Apple introduced a 2 GB version of the iPod Shuffle, retailing for US$69 and available in all the same colours as the 1 GB model. At the Apple Let's Rock Event on September 9, 2008, Apple once again released four new colors for the iPod Shuffle: blue, green, pink, and red, replacing the colors that were released in September 2007. The new blue, green and pink variants of the iPod Shuffle reverted to shades that were similar to the colors that were released in January 2007. In June 2009, Avon offered a gold iPod Shuffle (second generation) for $29 when purchased in conjunction with two ANEW skin care products.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: The second generation 2 GB iPod Shuffle was discontinued on March 11, 2009, and the 1 GB version was discontinued on September 9, 2009.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: The third-generation iPod Shuffle was released on March 11, 2009 and was said by Apple to be "jaw-droppingly small" and "The first music player that talks to you". with dimensions of . It was available with a silver or black brushed aluminum case similar to the second generation iPod Shuffle; this made it the first iPod Shuffle that was available in black. It featured VoiceOver technology that allowed song names, artist names, album names and playlist contents and names to be spoken in 20 different languages using the Text-to-Speech incorporated in iTunes 8 and 9, which is based on Nuance Vocalizer. Users of MacOS 10.5 and newer will hear Alex on their iPod shuffle, while MacOS 10.4 and Windows users will hear Samantha. It has also gained support for multiple playlists, in contrast to previous versions of the iPod Shuffle, which only allowed a single playlist.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: The third-generation iPod Shuffle featured a polished steel attachment clip, adopting for the first time the polished steel finishing previously found only on the larger iPods, rather than the brushed aluminum used in the second-generation iPod Shuffle. It also no longer had volume or track controls on the device itself. Instead, the packaged iPod earbuds included a three-button device on the right earbud cord. This added the functions of changing between playlists, hearing the song title and artist of the track playing, as well as play/pause, track changes and volume control. It originally was not possible to change songs or volume with most third-party headphones, since they lacked these controls. However, since the device began playing music automatically when it was turned on, third-party headphones could still be used in "autoplay" mode (with no volume or playback controls), and after its release, some third-party headphones and headphone adapters began to include full support for the third generation. The official headphones contained a chip designed by Apple to control the device. DRM is not however present in the chip as there is no encryption used.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: According to the compatibility list published in Apple's website, none of the currently sold Apple headphones support the third-generation iPod shuffle.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: On September 9, 2009, Apple introduced three new colors for the iPod Shuffle: pink, blue, and green. The Apple Store also offered a 4 GB model made of polished stainless steel.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: On August 27, 2010, Apple won a patent for a “Very small form factor consumer electronic product”, which describes the parts and processes that go into making the ultra-portable music player, the iPod shuffle.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: On September 1, 2010 the fourth and final generation was released as part of the new iPod lineup. The fourth generation features the return of clickable track and volume controls from the first two generations. The control pad is 18% larger than the second generation of iPod Shuffle, and the dimensions of the device are and it weighs .


title: IPod Shuffle

text: The model also features VoiceOver from the third generation, now with a devoted physical button, in twenty-nine languages (Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, and Turkish). It also features Genius, and can handle multiple playlists. Like the previous generation it supports MP3, VBR, AAC, Protected AAC, Audible (formats 2, 3 and 4), WAV, AIFF and Apple Lossless, and its battery lasts for 15 hours of music, according to Apple.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: It was originally sold in five colors (silver with a black control pad, green, blue, orange and pink with a white control pad). However, on September 12, 2012, Apple held an event to formally introduce the iPhone 5, as well as a new iPod lineup, and the iPod Shuffle remained unchanged except for seven new color options (silver or black with a black control pad or green, blue, pink, yellow, and purple with a white control pad), as well as a Product Red edition model with a white control pad. Unlike the second generation, the iPod does not come with a dock, but like the third generation, comes with a 45 mm USB Cable. The included in-box headphones do not feature the remote control, but the device supports them.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: On September 10, 2013, to coincide with the release of the iPhone 5S, the "Slate" color option was replaced with "Space Grey".


title: IPod Shuffle

text: On July 15, 2015, Apple released 6 new colors (blue, pink, silver, gold, space grey, and Product Red) for the iPod Shuffle.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: The iPod Shuffle was announced at the same time as the Mac Mini. Like the iPod Shuffle, the Mac Mini is a scaled-down product which was introduced at a lower price. These two products together can be seen as a conscious effort on the part of Apple management to target a lower-end market and increase visibility in the mass-market. Previously, the success of Apple's iPod and especially the iPod Mini had been chipping away at the inexpensive flash player market, causing flash players at the beginning of 2005 to account for less than half the market share they did in 2004. However, the original and Mini iPods were expensive and the Shuffle was intended to make the iPod compete with mainstream players.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: By April 2005, the end of Apple's second fiscal quarter, the iPod Shuffle had already proven itself to be a successful product for its manufacturer. Although Apple has chosen not to specify how many iPod Shuffles were sold in the product's first three months of existence, analysts at Piper Jaffray estimated that 1.8 million of the 5.3 million iPods sold in the second quarter were Shuffles. NPD Group estimates that the iPod Shuffle captured 43% of the flash-based music player market in February 2005, after only its second month of existence, and by March 2005 it had risen to 58%. The iPod Shuffle effectively helped Apple to replace iriver as the global leader in the flash player market, just as it already had been before in the hard disk market. The iPod Shuffle had some market challengers such as Sony's Walkman Bean early on and in later years SanDisk's Sansa Clip, though the iPod Shuffle generally sold better.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: In September 2006, Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced during his keynote presentation on the "It's Showtime" Special Event, that until then, Apple had sold 10 million first-generation iPod Shuffles.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: "PC World" reported a problem with the first-generation iPod Shuffles ceasing normal function, only to flash orange and green lights and become unmountable. Since the Shuffle has no display, the owner cannot read an error message or troubleshoot easily, requiring diagnosis by Apple service personnel. Flashing green and orange lights on the iPod Shuffle indicate that a generic "error" has occurred, according to Apple's documentation. If the device is still covered by warranty, Apple will replace it for free. This problem has also occurred on second-generation iPod Shuffles.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: On October 26, 2006, Apple released an iPod Shuffle Reset Utility that corrected this problem for some owners of first-generation iPod Shuffles. Then, in March 2007, an updated iPod Reset Utility was released which can also address similar problems with second-generation iPod Shuffles.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: Unlike most other portable audio players, the third-generation iPod Shuffle's controls are situated on the packaged headphones. The user is unable to control the device unless they use either Apple headphones designed for it, or third-party headphones or adapters. The third generation iPod Shuffle's headphones contain a proprietary integrated circuit. Also, inline control adapters that were made by third-party companies for use with the iPhone are incompatible with the iPod Shuffle.


title: IPod Shuffle

text: Several months after the third-generation release, several third-party companies, including Belkin and Scosche, released adapters which can be used to add the controls to standard headphones.


title: Atavism

text: In biology, an atavism is a modification of a biological structure whereby an ancestral genetic trait reappears after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations. Atavisms can occur in several ways; one of which is when genes for previously existing phenotypic features are preserved in DNA, and these become expressed through a mutation that either knocks out the dominant genes for the new traits or makes the old traits dominate the new one. A number of traits can vary as a result of shortening of the fetal development of a trait (neoteny) or by prolongation of the same. In such a case, a shift in the time a trait is allowed to develop before it is fixed can bring forth an ancestral phenotype. Atavisms are often seen as evidence of evolution.


title: Atavism

text: In social sciences, atavism is the tendency of reversion. For example, people in the modern era reverting to the ways of thinking and acting of a former time.


title: Atavism

text: The word "atavism" is derived from the Latin "atavus"—a great-great-great-grandfather or, more generally, an ancestor.


title: Atavism

text: Evolutionarily traits that have disappeared phenotypically do not necessarily disappear from an organism's DNA. The gene sequence often remains, but is inactive. Such an unused gene may remain in the genome for many generations. As long as the gene remains intact, a fault in the genetic control suppressing the gene can lead to it being expressed again. Sometimes, the expression of dormant genes can be induced by artificial stimulation.


title: Atavism

text: Atavisms have been observed in humans, such as with infants born with vestigial tails (called a "coccygeal process", "coccygeal projection", or "caudal appendage"). Atavism can also be seen in humans who possess large teeth, like those of other primates. In addition, a case of "snake heart", the presence of "coronary circulation and myocardial architecture [that closely] resemble those of the reptilian heart", has also been reported in medical literature. Atavism has also recently been induced in avian dinosaur (bird) fetuses to express dormant ancestral non-avian dinosaur (non-bird) features, including teeth.


title: Atavism

text: Atavism is a term in Joseph Schumpeter's explanation of World War I in twentieth-century liberal Europe. He defends the liberal international relations theory that an international society built on commerce will avoid war because of war's destructiveness and comparative cost. His reason for World War I is termed "atavism", in which he asserts that senescent governments in Europe (those of the German Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Austro-Hungarian Empire) pulled the liberal Europe into war, and that the liberal regimes of the other continental powers did not cause it. He used this idea to say that liberalism and commerce would continue to have a soothing effect in international relations, and that war would not arise between nations which are connected by commercial ties. This latter idea is very similar to the later Golden Arches theory.


title: Atavism

text: University of London professor Guy Standing has identified three distinct sub-groups of the precariat, one of which he refers to as "atavists", who long for what they see as a lost past.


title: Atavism

text: During the interval between the acceptance of evolution in the mid-1800s and the rise of the modern understanding of genetics in the early 1900s, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence—often called a "throw-back". The idea that atavisms could be made to accumulate by selective breeding, or breeding back, led to breeds such as the Heck cattle. This had been bred from ancient landraces with selected primitive traits, in an attempt of "reviving" the aurochs, an extinct species of wild cattle. The same notions of atavisms were used by social Darwinists, who claimed that inferior races displayed atavistic traits, and represented more primitive traits than other races. Both atavism's and Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory are related to evolutionary progress, as development towards a greater complexity and a superior ability.


title: Atavism

text: In addition, the concept of atavism as part of an individualistic explanation of the causes of criminal deviance was popularised by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso in the 1870s. He attempted to identify physical characteristics common to criminals and labeled those he found as atavistic, 'throw-back' traits that determined 'primitive' criminal behavior. His statistical evidence and the closely related idea of eugenics have long since been abandoned by the scientific community, but the concept that physical traits may affect the likelihood of criminal or unethical behavior in a person still has some scientific support.


title: Food Network

text: Food Network is an American basic cable channel owned by Television Food Network, G.P., a joint venture and general partnership between Warner Bros. Discovery Networks (which holds a 69% ownership stake of the network) and Nexstar Media Group (which owns the remaining 31%). Despite this ownership structure, Warner Bros. Discovery has operating control of the channel, and manages and operates it as a division of the Warner Bros. Discovery U.S. Networks Group. The channel airs both special and regular episodic programs about food and cooking.


title: Food Network

text: In addition to its headquarters in New York City, Food Network has offices in Atlanta, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Detroit, Jersey City, Cincinnati, and Knoxville.


title: Food Network

text: Food Network was established on November 23, 1993, 6:00 am as TV Food Network and in 1997, it adopted its current name. It was acquired by Scripps Networks Interactive; Scripps Networks Interactive later merged with Discovery, Inc. in 2018, and WarnerMedia was merged with Discovery, Inc. to form a single company, Warner Bros. Discovery. As of September 2018, 91 million households receive Food Network (98.6% of households with cable) in the United States.


title: Food Network

text: In 1990, "Providence Journal" company president Trygve Myhren was attempting to grow the company and decided that basic cable programming at the time was a high growth area with cable companies beginning to expand their overall channel capacities. With many basic cable channels at the time, Myhren was looking for something different. With food selected as the channel's genre, the working title for the channel was The Cooking Channel up until the channel's launch. Myhren hired Jack Clifford, Joe Langhan and Reese Schonfeld, co-founder of CNN, to help found the channel. Schonfeld, Landghan and Clifford were CEO, vice president of production and president. Both The Cooking Channel and the Food Network trademarks were taken by other entities, with the Food Network being a newsletter. Myrhen originally wanted the network to be operated from Providence, Rhode Island as he argued that a cable network's costs were much more scalable from a lower-profile location, while Schonfeld preferred it be originated from New York, considered the American nucleus of culinary arts; Schonfeld's preference eventually won out, though at the peril of the network's launch budget, which was lower than it would have been from Providence.


title: Food Network

text: Food Network was formed on April 19, 1993, as "TV Food Network"; its legal name remains Television Food Network, G. P. After acquiring the Food Network trademark after several years, it shortened the name to that. The network initially launched on November 22, 1993, with two initial shows featuring David Rosengarten, Donna Hanover, and Robin Leach. On November 23, 1993, Food Network began live broadcasting. Its original partners included the Journal itself, Adelphia, Scripps-Howard, Continental Cablevision, Cablevision, and most importantly, the Tribune Company, which provided the network's technical output.


title: Food Network

text: Given that the channel could not afford to not run anything that they would produce, the channel started taping 5 shows with a potential host to see if they worked. This was later turned into "Chef Du Jour" series.


title: Food Network

text: Schonfeld was appointed as managing director of TV Food Network and maintained a spot on its management board along with two Providence Journal employees. The original lineup for the network included Emeril Lagasse ("Essence of Emeril"), Debbi Fields, Donna Hanover, David Rosengarten, Curtis Aikens, Dr. Louis Aronne, Jacques Pépin, and Robin Leach. The following year, the network acquired the rights to the Julia Child library from WGBH.


title: Food Network

text: In 1995, Schonfeld resigned as managing director of the network, but remained on its board until 1998, when he sold his interest in the company to Scripps. In 1996, Erica Gruen was hired as the president and CEO of TV Food Network, becoming the second woman in history to be the CEO of a U.S. television network. Gruen led the network into an explosive growth until 1998, by launching the largest website for food, FoodNetwork.com, more than doubling the subscriber base, tripling the viewership and multiplying the network's yearly revenue. In 1997, it was the second fastest growing cable network. Gruen changed the brand positioning from Schonfeld's "TV for people who cook" to "TV for everyone who loves to eat," thereby greatly improving the appeal to viewers and advertisers, and saving the network from bankruptcy. That same year, the "TV" portion of the name was dropped, thus making it simply Food Network. Greg Willis and Cathy Rasenberger were two of the original members of the start-up team who led the affiliate sales and marketing of the company from 1995 to 1998. Greg Willis served as senior vice president of worldwide distribution until he left to join Liberty Media in 1998.


title: Food Network

text: The A. H. Belo Corporation acquired Food Network when it purchased The Providence Journal Company in February 1997. Belo sold its 56% stake in the channel to the E. W. Scripps Company in October 1997, in a trade deal that resulted in Belo acquiring the television-radio station combination of KENS-AM/TV in San Antonio, Texas.


title: Food Network

text: Food Network was first launched outside of North America in the United Kingdom on November 9, 2009, and in Asia on July 5, 2010 (on StarHub TV channel 433 and in HD on channel 468). Since the UK launch on November 9, 2009, on Sky, the channel has been added to the Freesat, Freeview and Virgin Media platforms.


title: Food Network

text: In January 2015, the Food Network collaborated with Snapchat and launched its own Food Network channel, "Discover Food Network", where social media users can watch the channel through the app. The channel features recipes, food hacks, and tips to entertain and appeal to the social media savvy millennials of today while watching from the palm of their hands.


title: Food Network

text: In June 2020, Domaine Javier became the first-ever openly transgender woman to be featured in the history of Food Network, through the 20th season of the hit reality-competition series "Worst Cooks in America".


title: Food Network

text: Food Network programming is divided into a daytime block known as "Food Network in the Kitchen" and a primetime lineup branded as "Food Network Nighttime". Generally, "In the Kitchen" is dedicated to instructional cooking programs, while "Nighttime" features food-related entertainment programs, such as cooking competitions, food-related travel shows, and reality shows. Promos identify "Food Network Nighttime" programming but not "In the Kitchen" daytime programming. Many of the channel's personalities routinely pull double-duty (or more) – hosting both daytime and nighttime programming – and the channel regularly offers specials which typically either follow its personalities on working vacations, or bring together a number of personalities for a themed cooking event. Food Network broadcasts on weekdays from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m. and weekends from 7:00 a.m. to 4:00 a.m. ET, with the rest of the day being taken by infomercials. The UK channel broadcasts from 6:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. (UK time GMT/BST as applicable) daily.


title: Food Network

text: Mario Batali and Bobby Flay joined the network in 1995. In 1996, Erica Gruen, the network's CEO created "Emeril Live!", which became the channel's signature series. Although Batali has moved on to other endeavours, Flay still appears regularly on many programs, including "Iron Chef America", the channel's well-received remake of the original Japanese series. "Iron Chef America's" host, Alton Brown, gained a cult following for his "Good Eats", which mixed science, cooking and off-beat humor. Later the network had a series entitled, "Ruggerio to Go" hosted by David Ruggerio.


title: Food Network

text: In 2002, Food Network made an appeal to the home cook by adding "Paula's Home Cooking", hosted by Paula Deen. Home Cooking focused mostly on Southern cuisine and comfort food. The show took overly complicated recipes and classic dishes and broke them down for the home cook. The show did increasingly well, and Deen revamped the show in a series called "Paula's Best Dishes". In this series, friends and family members would join her in the kitchen and put a twist on classics and introduce new recipes. In June 2013, Food Network announced that they were not renewing Deen's contract due to publicity about her racial remarks revealed in a lawsuit brought on by a former worker.


title: Food Network

text: Also in 2002, Ina Garten's show "Barefoot Contessa" aired. Garten is well known for cookbooks, including "The Barefoot Contessa Cookbook", "Barefoot Contessa Family Style", and "Barefoot Contessa in Paris". Garten was also mentored by Martha Stewart. Garten's show features her cooking for her husband or hosting friends at their home in the Hamptons, New York. "Barefoot Contessa" typically has about one million viewers per episode, and has received some of the highest ratings for Food Network.


title: Food Network

text: Currently, the channel's biggest cross-over stars are Rachael Ray and Paula Deen, who have both taken their cable following (primarily through the series "30 Minute Meals", "$40 a Day", and "Paula's Best Dishes") into a syndicated talk show and Positively Paula. Both Paula Deen and Rachael Ray also have merchandise lines of cookware, food products and pet lines.


title: Food Network

text: Beginning in 2005, an annual reality contest, "The Next Food Network Star", brought viewers to New York City to compete for their own show on the channel. Previous winners include Dan Smith and Steve McDonagh ("Party Line with The Hearty Boys"), Guy Fieri ("Guy's Big Bite", "Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives", "Guy Off the Hook," "Ultimate Recipe Showdown," "Guy's Big Night," "Guy's Family Feast", "Guy's Grocery Games"), Amy Finley ("The Gourmet Next Door"), Aaron McCargo, Jr. ("Big Daddy's House"), Melissa d'Arabian ("Ten Dollar Dinners"), and Aarti Sequeira ("Aarti Party"). For the 2010 season, production of "The Next Food Network Star" was relocated to Los Angeles. It has become the network's flagship show. For most of its 13-year run, season finales of the show have been followed by lead-out shows the network deems has great potential and will draw even more viewers. These consist of either premieres of new shows, season premieres of continuing shows, or episodes of continuing shows that are significant to the schedule. For instance, the most recent season finale of "Star" was followed by the season premiere of "Beat Bobby Flay".


title: Food Network

text: In December 2007, "The New York Times" business section published an article on the end of Emeril Lagasse's show "Emeril Live", and quoted Brooke Johnson, the president, as saying that Lagasse "remains a valued member of the Food Network family". Derek Baine, senior analyst at the media research firm SNL Kagan, is reported to have commented, "It's not surprising that people move on... They pay almost nothing for the people as they are building their careers... That's been their strategy all along". The article also commented on the declining popularity of the Food Network whose daily ratings were reported had fallen "to an average of 544,000 people from 580,000 a year [earlier]". It noted, "More significant, its signature weekend block of instructional programs, known collectively as 'In the Kitchen,' has lost 15 percent of its audience in the last year, to 830,000 viewers on average. This had left the network owing refunds, known as 'make goods,' to advertisers." Erica Gruen, president and CEO of the Food Network from 1996 to 1998 who created "Emeril Live" during her tenure, was reported to have blamed the decline on increased competition, "There's all sorts of instructional cooking video on the Web". But it reported that, "Bob Tuschman, Food Network's senior vice president for programming and production, said the weekend ratings drop was 'nothing we haven't anticipated'. He said the network's ratings in that time period grew by double digits in each of the last four years, growth that could not be sustained." It also wrote, "About a year ago, the Food Network began aggressively trying to change that with new deals that were 'way more onerous' from the stars' point of view, said a person who has been affected by the changing strategy, by insisting on a stake in book deals and licensing ventures, and control over outside activities.


title: Food Network

text: In 2022 the FoodNetwork released a show called “outchef’d”. In this series host Eddie Jackson brings in everyday people with a passion for cooking for what they think will be a bake off, however when the contestant enters the kitchen it’s revealed they will be going head to head against a celebrity chef. Each episode features a different signature ingredient with the finale twist of the series being a panel of judges made up of six different civilians giving there honest opinion on which food is the best without knowing who the dishes have been prepared by. The show is available on Discovery + and on the FoodNetwork channel, featuring cast such as Eddie Jackson, Eric Adjepong, Devin McCarthy, Tommy Sarkar, and more.


title: Food Network

text: On January 1, 2010, HGTV and Food Network were removed from cable provider Cablevision, which operates systems serving areas surrounding New York City. Scripps removed HGTV and Food Network from Cablevision following the expiration of the company's carriage contract on December 31, 2009; Cablevision and Scripps had been in negotiations for several months to agree on a new contract, but no progress had been made. The discontinuance of Food Network from Cablevision led the channel to make arrangements with Tribune-owned CW affiliates WPIX in New York City and WTXX in Hartford, Connecticut, to broadcast a special episode of "Iron Chef America" with First Lady Michelle Obama on January 10, 2010, after that episode enjoyed high ratings on its January 3 cable premiere. On January 21, 2010, Cablevision and Scripps reached an agreement that resulted in Food Network and HGTV being restored on Cablevision's systems that day.


title: Food Network

text: A similar carriage dispute with AT&T U-verse resulted in Food Network, Cooking Channel, HGTV, DIY Network, and Great American Country being dropped by the provider on November 5, 2010; the dispute was resolved two days later, on November 7, 2010, after the two parties reached a new carriage agreement.


title: Food Network

text: Red Fly Studio developed a video game for the Wii console in partnership with Food Network called "". The game, which was published by Namco Bandai Games and was released on November 3, 2009, simulates real cooking experiences. Players can also try out the recipes featured on the game. There is also a video game based on "Iron Chef America" entitled "". The PC game "Cooking Simulator" also has extended downloadable content branded with Food Network, including a kitchen which resembles a Food Network competitive cooking show's studio, complete with a studio audience section. This simulator was developed by Big Cheese studio and was released on October 24, 2019.


title: Food Network

text: In accordance with an agreement between Scripps and Chellomedia, Food Network programs started to air internationally in the fourth quarter of 2009 in the United Kingdom and then in other markets in early 2010.


title: Food Network

text: Food Network UK initially launched on the Sky platform as a free-to-air channel, joined by a +1 hour timeshift, taking the channel slots vacated by the closure of Real Estate TV. (Following Scripps' acquisition of Travel Channel International, the four channel positions on Sky were reordered to move Food Network up the grid.) Food Network and +1 were subsequently also made available on the Freesat satellite platform.


title: Food Network

text: On terrestrial service Freeview, initially a four-hour primetime evening bloc was acquired, sharing capacity with channels including Create and Craft; subsequently Food Network relocated to its own full-day service, with the four-hour berth used to bring Travel Channel to DTT. (Travel has since itself moved to all-day operation, with the evening hours now absorbed into Create & Craft.) Scripps subsequently signed a carriage deal with Virgin Media to bring Food Network and Travel Channel to the cable platform (in Travel's case this was a re-addition following its earlier removal from the cable platform.)


title: Food Network

text: In September 2019 it was announced that the former UKTV channel Good Food, which Discovery had acquired full control of earlier in the year, would be closed from 12 September 2019, with its content merged into Food Network UK.


title: Food Network

text: Some countries have their own Food Network. Examples include: Food Network Canada, Food Network Asia, and Food Network Europe. In the second half of 2014, Food Network Brazil began broadcasting with programs fully dubbed in Portuguese and optional subtitles. On February 1, 2015, Food Network Asia launched on Australian IPTV service Fetch TV. The channel launched in Latin America in March 2015 with full Spanish dubbed programs.


title: Food Network

text: A localised free-to-air Australian version was launched on 17 November 2015 by SBS, which had a licensing and programming output arrangement with Scripps. Another reiteration, the Seven Network's 7food network began broadcasting in December 2018 after SBS's deal ended in November 2018. After lower than expected ratings, 7food network closed on 28 December 2019, although select Food Network shows continued to air on sister network 7flix until 1 December 2020.


title: Food Network

text: On 1 December 2018, Discovery Networks Asia Pacific rebranded its Food TV channel in New Zealand to a New Zealand version of Food Network. On 3 February 2021, Sky announced that Food Network would close in New Zealand and a selection of Food Network shows would be moved to its sister channel, Living. On 1 March 2021 the channel was replaced by Investigation Discovery.


title: Food Network

text: Food Network was available in the Netherlands and Flanders between 22 April 2010 and 31 January 2019. Content from former Scripps television channels Travel Channel, Fine Living and Food Network has been integrated into the programming of Discovery, TLC and Investigation Discovery in the Benelux.


title: Food Network

text: Founded in 1993, the company's business includes visual and textual television programs on a subscription or fee basis. In 2011, Scripps requested to add its Cooking Channel (formerly Fine Living Network) to the partnership, and Tribune agreed for $350 million, Tribune would need to add additional capital.


title: Food Network

text: While Food Network programming generally does not explicitly advertise products, author Cheri Ketchum argues that Food Network advertises a lifestyle that is consistent with the norms of consumer culture. Ketchum argues that Food Network deliberately chooses non-controversial programming, rather than programming which challenges aspects of consumer culture such as food waste and environmental impacts of food production. Critics of Food Network such as Michael Z. Newman argue that the use of lighting and close-ups, along with the use of conventionally attractive hosts, create a fetishization of desirable foods and a consumerist lifestyle.


title: Food Network

text: Critics complain of disproportionate racial representation in Food Network programming. Tasha Oren argues that the overrepresentation of Asian-Americans in competition shows on the network, along with the lack of representation of Asian-Americans as hosts of programs, contributes to the "model minority" stereotype of Asian-Americans. However, Oren also offers the perspective that competition shows are viewed by network management as a low-risk entry point for hosts, especially those for whom a program may not be well received by audiences.


title: Jeff Daniel Phillips

text: He is best known for playing a caveman in a popular series of GEICO commercials. He played the part of Maurice in the short-lived "Cavemen" sitcom on ABC. Other credits to him are "Hide" (2003), for which he was the director, producer, and co-author in addition to being a cast member; parts in "Sneakers" and Rob Zombie's "Halloween II" as Uncle Seymour, "The Lords of Salem" and 31; and roles in TV series "Flaked", "Arrest and Trial", "Philly", and "Profiler". He appeared in the second season of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." as David Angar, the Marvel Cinematic Universe version of Angar the Screamer.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Athanasios "Thanasi" Kokkinakis ( ; born 10 April 1996) is an Australian professional tennis player and a doubles specialist. He has been ranked as high as world No. 69 in singles by the ATP, which he first achieved on 8 June 2015. He has won one ATP Tour title in singles and produced his best Major singles performance at the 2015 French Open by reaching the third round. Kokkinakis also has a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 15 which he attained on 21 November 2022 after winning the 2022 Australian Open and reaching the semifinals of 2022 Miami Open with countryman Nick Kyrgios.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: As a junior, Kokkinakis was ranked as high as No. 10 in the world. He won one junior Grand Slam title, the doubles title at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships with partner Nick Kyrgios, and was the runner-up in two additional junior Grand Slam singles finals that same year. As a professional, Kokkinakis broke into the top 100 for the first time in 2015, during which he won one title on the ATP Challenger Tour and made the fourth round of an ATP Masters 1000 tournament for the first time at the 2015 Indian Wells Masters. After an injury-plagued 2016, he reached his first ATP Tour finals the next year, when he won the 2017 Brisbane International doubles title with Jordan Thompson but lost at the 2017 Los Cabos Open in singles to Sam Querrey. In 2018, Kokkinakis won two additional Challenger titles and ended the year having re-entered the top 150. However, over the next two years, further injuries prevented him from regularly competing on the professional circuit, but he made his return in 2021 and he reached two Challenger finals, of which he won one. He continued his comeback in 2022 and appeared in his first ATP Tour final in five years at the 2022 Adelaide International 2, in which he prevailed in front of a home-town audience to secure his maiden ATP title.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis was born in Adelaide to Greek immigrant parents, Trevor (Tryfon) from Kalamata, Greece and Voula (Paraskevi) from Tripoli, Greece. He attended Scotch College throughout his upbringing in Adelaide. Kokkinakis also holds Greek citizenship and is a citizen of Perivolakia Pylos. His tennis idols growing up were Marat Safin and Roger Federer.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: As a junior, Kokkinakis had a breakthrough when in March 2008 he won the 12 year old National Lawn Tennis tournament in Mildura beating Joshua Bray 6–1, 6–2 in the final. This was a big stepping stone after being beaten in the previous 12 year old National Hardcourt Tennis Tournament in January 2008 by Lochlan Greene in straight sets in the round of 16. This tournament was won by Nick Kyrgios. In 2009, Kokkinakis was selected with fellow Australian tennis representatives James Ma, Li Tu and Daniel Talens, on a Tennis Australian European tour. He has repeatedly said that this tour changed the course of his career.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis received a wildcard into the 2013 Australian Open juniors tournament and eventually reached the final taking down the 12th, 2nd and 11th seeds on his way. In the final he faced fellow Australian Nick Kyrgios. After having two set points in the first set he eventually lost 7–6, 6–3.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: In June, he returned to competitive play at Wimbledon, and made the third round in the boys' singles and won the boys' doubles with Nick Kyrgios.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis lost the final of US Open Boys' Singles, losing in three sets against Borna Ćorić, 6–3, 3–6, 1–6. Following the result, Kokkinakis reached a career high junior ranking of 10.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Despite still being eligible, Kokkinakis elected not to play junior events in 2014 and instead focused on the men's tour.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis began his professional career in March 2011 at the Australia F3 Future's event at the age of 14 where he lost 6–8 in the third set tiebreak to Leon Frost. He recorded his first professional win the following week against Kento Takeuchi at the Australia F4 event. He then lost in the second round to Michael Venus.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: In 2012, after playing Futures events in Australia, Slovenia, Germany and the Netherlands, Kokkinakis equaled his best result of the year by reaching the semifinals of the Belgium F4 event. He then returned to play Futures in Australia where he reached back to back quarterfinals in the F5 and F6 events, losing to Luke Saville both times. He finished the year by reaching the semifinals at the Australia F12 event where he lost to Ben Mitchell.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: He began 2013 by filling-in on the United States and German teams during the 2013 Hopman Cup as a replacement for injured John Isner and Tommy Haas. Kokkinakis competed in the qualifying competition of the 2013 Australian Open, losing to Steve Johnson 15–17 in the third set. Kokkinakis sustained a stress fracture in his back in the Australian Open boys' final which kept him out of competition until mid 2013. He then returned to competition playing Futures tournaments in the Czech Republic, Canada and the United States with the highlight being a quarterfinal of the Canada F5 event. In September and October, Kokkinakis competed in two Challenger events in the United States. The first was the 2013 Napa Valley Challenger where he qualified and reached the second round, going down to Bradley Klahn despite leading by a set. Then in the 2013 Sacramento Challenger he qualified and made the second round. He again lost despite leading by a set against Nick Kyrgios. As a result of this, his ranking increased to a career best of number 655. In October, Kokkinakis paired up with Benjamin Mitchell and won the Melbourne Challenger defeating Alex Bolt and Andrew Whittington in the final in straight sets. This increased his doubles ranking by 453 places, which put him up to a career high of number 505. He also reached the second round in the singles. He looked like he would cause a big upset after taking the first set against Matt Ebden before losing the next two sets. He finished his year at the 2013 Traralgon Challenger where he lost in the second round to James Duckworth in straight sets.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Despite missing half of the year due to injury, Kokkinakis finished 2013 with a ranking of number 627.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis began 2014 in qualifying at the 2014 Brisbane International after receiving a wildcard. He qualified and drew fellow Australian and eventual tournament champion Lleyton Hewitt in round one where he went down in straight sets. On 8 January, Kokkinakis was awarded a wild card into the 2014 Australian Open. He defeated Igor Sijsling in the first round in four sets despite suffering from cramp. He was defeated in the second round by top seed and world number one Rafael Nadal.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis reached the semis of the 2014 Heilbronner Neckarcup coming through the qualifying and beating Jesse Huta Galung, Michael Russell and Marsel İlhan. He then lost to number 1 seed Jan-Lennard Struff and missed out on a place in his first ATP challenger tour final. Kokkinakis received a wild card in the French Open qualifying rounds, where he made the final, and despite having match point in the third set, he lost to Ante Pavić, 6–4, 6–7, 5–7. This result improved his ranking inside the top 300 for the first time. Kokkinakis won his first singles title in Canada on July 13, defeating Fritz Wolmarans in the final. Kokkinakis then qualified for the 2014 Shenzhen Open. He beat Egor Gerasimov 7–6, 6–1 in the first round for a place in the second round where he got beaten by 6th seed Santiago Giraldo 6–4, 6–3. Kokkinakis qualified for his second career Masters 1000 in Shanghai, but lost to Feliciano López in the 1st round 7–6, 3–6, 4–6.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis began 2015 at the Brisbane International where he received a wild card into the main draw. In the first round he defeated 8th seed Julien Benneteau in straight sets. He lost in the second round against compatriot Bernard Tomic. Kokkinakis and Grigor Dimitrov were also awarded a wildcard into the doubles event. They reached the semifinals, where they lost to Kei Nishikori and Alexandr Dolgopolov.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis received a wildcard also into the 2015 Australian Open, where he defeated 11th seed Ernests Gulbis in the first round, and then lost to compatriot Sam Groth in five sets in round 2. In February, Kokkinakis qualified for three ATP World Tour events; Memphis, Delray and Mexican Open. In March, Kokkinakis played his first "live" rubber at the Davis Cup. He defeated Czech, Lukáš Rosol in five sets, 4–6, 2–6, 7–5, 7–5, 6–3. He was awarded a wild card into Indian Wells where he defeated Jan-Lennard Struff, Guillermo García López and Juan Mónaco before losing to Bernard Tomic in the fourth round.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Next, he competed in the Miami Open, where he lost in the first round to Carlos Berlocq. Following, he competed in Istanbul Open where he completed three rounds of qualifying, but losing in the round of 32 to Dušan Lajović 6–4, 7–5.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Following Istanbul, he qualified for the Madrid Open, and he fell in the first round to Sam Querrey in three sets, however, this improved his ranking and broke him into the top 100 for the first time.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: He won the Challenger BNP Paribas Primrose (Bordeaux) defeating Thiemo de Bakker, then got a wildcard into the French Open, where he defeated Nikoloz Basilashvili and 27th seed Bernard Tomic in the second round before losing to eventual finalist and world number 1 Novak Djokovic.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis began his grass court season at the Queen's Club Championships after being awarded a last minute wildcard following the withdrawal of Kyle Edmund. In his opening match he beat Jérémy Chardy, but lost in the second round to Gilles Simon. Kokkinakis was defeated in round 1 of Wimbledon against 24th seed Leonardo Mayer. He also contested the Men's doubles with Lleyton Hewitt and the pair reached the 3rd round before losing to eventual champions Rojer/Tecău. Kokkinakis then played for Australia at the Davis Cup quarterfinals where he lost to Mikhail Kukushkin in straight sets. He was then replaced in the reverse singles by Lleyton Hewitt who secured Australia a spot in the semifinals.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: On August 12, 2015, Nick Kyrgios revealed that Kokkinakis had previously slept with Donna Vekić, alleged girlfriend of Stan Wawrinka, while playing Wawrinka at the Montreal Masters. Kokkinakis later responded to Kyrgios's comments, saying "I let him know. I made it pretty clear that he can't be doing that. If he's got a problem, he's got to say it in private. The way he went about it definitely wasn't the right thing." In his first match after the incident, he was involved in an altercation with American Ryan Harrison during their qualifying match at the Cincinnati Masters, with one report alleging that Harrison threatened physical violence against Kokkinakis and insulted his crew.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: On December 24, 2015, Kokkinakis announced that he would sit out the entire Australian summer of tennis, including the Australian Open, due to an ongoing left shoulder injury. Kokkinakis also missed the 2016 French Open and 2016 Wimbledon Championships. Kokkinakis' first competitive match in 2016 came at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where he lost in the first round to Gastão Elias. On August 25, Kokkinakis announced he would miss the US Open due to a pulled pectoral muscle. Kokkinakis later announced his injuries were caused by vanity, as he lifted weights to increase his bicep size especially with the news that Nike was bringing out new sleeveless tops.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis' made his comeback at the Brisbane International after receiving a wildcard in doubles with Jordan Thompson. The duo made it to the final, defeating the top seeds en route, where they won the title, the first Australian duo to win the Brisbane International, defeating Gilles Müller and Sam Querrey. Kokkinakis was granted a singles wildcard at the Apia International, where he was scheduled to play Thompson in the first round, but withdrew due to injury. He subsequently withdrew from the Australian Open. In May, Kokkinakis returned to competitive play in doubles with Alex Bolt at Bordeaux Challenger where they reached the quarterfinals. Using a protective ranking, Kokkinakis played his first singles match since October 2015 at Lyon losing to Denis Istomin in straight sets. In June, Kokkinakis defeated Mikhail Youzhny at ‘s-Hertogenbosch. This was his first ATP tour win since August 2015. In the second round, he lost to Daniil Medvedev. The following week, Kokkinakis received a wildcard into Queen's where he defeated Milos Raonic in his opening match in straight sets to record his first top 10 victory. He lost to Daniil Medvedev in the second round for the second consecutive week. Entering the Los Cabos Open as a wildcard, Kokkinakis first defeated world no. 60 Frances Tiafoe in straight tie breaker sets. He then followed that with two more wins over Peter Polansky and Taylor Fritz to reach the semifinals. He then upset the first seed and Wimbledon 2017 semifinalist Tomáš Berdych to reach his first ATP final, losing to Sam Querrey. In August, Kokkinakis lost in round 1 of the US Open to Janko Tipsarević. This was his final match of the year and ended 2017 with a singles rank of 209.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: In March, Kokkinakis lost qualifying for Indian Wells, before qualifying for the 2018 Miami Open where he defeated world No. 1 Roger Federer in the second round in three sets, 3–6 6–3 7–6, gaining the biggest victory of his career. He lost to Fernando Verdasco in the third round, in a close third-set tiebreaker. He suffered another setback when cracking a kneecap at the Monte Carlo Masters.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: In May, Kokkinakis lost in the second round of qualifying of the French Open and in June, in the third round of qualifying of Wimbledon. In July, Kokkinakis lost in the first round at Atlanta and Los Cabos, but reached the final of the doubles in Los Cabos. In August, Kokkinakis returned the Challenger Tour and won both the singles and doubles titles at Nordic Naturals. The victory marked Kokkinakis' second singles challenger title and first since 2015.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: In January 2019, Kokkinakis qualified for and lost in the first round of the 2019 Brisbane International. Kokkinakis qualified for the 2019 Australian Open, but retired in the first round against Taro Daniel. In April, Kokkinakis returned to the ATP Challenger Tour in Barletta, reaching the second round before withdrawing with an injury. In July, Kokkinakis, returned to the Challenger tour in Winnetka; but withdrew before his semi final match because of an injury. The injury kept him out of the 2019 French Open and Wimbledon.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: In July, Kokkinakis was awarded a wildcard into 2019 Los Cabos Open. He defeated Maxime Janvier in the first round to record his first win on the ATP Tour in 492 days; when he defeated Roger Federer at the 2018 Miami Open.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: He then backed up that win at the 2019 US Open where he took out Ilya Ivashka in four sets, setting up a second-round meeting with second seed Rafael Nadal. Moments before the match, however, he was forced to withdraw due to a right shoulder injury.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: In September, Kokkinakis reached the final of the Tiburon Challenger, where he went on to lose to Tommy Paul in three sets.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: For the 2021 Australian Open, Kokkinakis was selected as a wildcard for the Men's Singles Draw after two years of injury setbacks. He won his first main draw singles match at the Australian Open since 2015 against Kwon Soon-woo in straight sets before losing to 5th seed Stefanos Tsitsipas in a 4.5 hour, epic 5 set match.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis also qualified for the Miami Masters, where after beating fellow qualifier Shintaro Mochizuki, he lost in the second round to 29th seed Márton Fucsovics in a tightly contested 3-set match.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: He consistently made a string of quarterfinals at challenger events, reaching the stage in both Split events, the second event in Rome and the first event in Biella. He reached his first challenger final in almost 2 years, and won his first challenger title in almost 3 at the second Biella Challenger, beating Enzo Couacaud in the final.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: After failing to qualify for the French Open, Kokkinakis' next event was Nottingham, where he lost in a tight 3-set match to defending champion and top seed Dan Evans.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis was again given a wildcard into the tournament in Los Cabos, a tournament he had made the finals in 4 years prior. He would lose in the first round to Denis Kudla.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: In July, Kokkinakis made the semifinals of another challenger in Lexington, beating Christian Harrison, Juan Pablo Ficovich, and top seed Jenson Brooksby before losing in the semifinals to Alejandro Tabilo in 3 sets. In September, he reached the final of a second Challenger for 2021 at the 2021 Sibiu Open where he was defeated by Stefano Travaglia. Kokkinakis ended 2021 with an ATP singles rank of 171.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis began his season as a wildcard at home in the first Adelaide tournament, beating John Millman in straight sets and 4th seed Frances Tiafoe after being a set and a break down. He defeated Mikael Ymer in the quarterfinals to reach a first semifinal on the ATP Tour in almost five years. In the semifinal, he was defeated by top seed & eventual champion Gaël Monfils in straight sets. At the second tournament, Kokkinakis bettered his result, beating Benoît Paire, second seed John Isner and fellow Australian wildcard Aleksandar Vukic. He defeated 3rd seed Marin Čilić in the semifinals after saving 2 match points to reach the second final of his career, the first since 2017. He defeated Arthur Rinderknech in the final in 3 sets to win his first ATP Tour-level singles title.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis was awarded a wildcard into the 2022 Australian Open, where he lost to qualifier Yannick Hanfmann in straight sets. He received a wildcard into the doubles as well, where he partnered with Nick Kyrgios. Kokkinakis and Kyrgios advanced to the quarterfinals, upsetting top seeds Nikola Mektić and Mate Pavić and 15th seeds Ariel Behar and Gonzalo Escobar on their way there. They beat 6th seeds Tim Pütz and Michael Venus to reach the semifinals. This was the most Australians to progress to this stage at this Major in 29 years, including their fellow Australians Ebden/Purcell, and the first time two all-Australian pairs contested the semifinals since 1985. They defeated 3rd seeds Marcel Granollers and Horacio Zeballos in the semifinal to advance to the final. The final against Matthew Ebden and Max Purcell was the first all-Australian doubles final since 1980. Kokkinakis and Kyrgios won their first doubles Grand Slam in straight sets, becoming the first all-Australian men's doubles champions at the Australian Open since Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde triumphed in 1997. As a result, he moved to the top 50 in the doubles rankings at No. 46 on 31 January 2022.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: At his next two tournaments in Delray Beach and Indian Wells, Kokkinakis lost in straight sets in the first round to Sebastian Korda. In the doubles at Indian Wells, partnering Kyrgios, he lost to eventual champions John Isner and Jack Sock in the second round. He eventually won a first round match in Miami against Richard Gasquet in straight sets, and saved a match point before recovering to upset 13th seed Diego Schwartzman in 3 sets for his first top 20 win since beating Roger Federer 4 years prior. He beat qualifier Denis Kudla in the third round in a third set tiebreak to reach the 4th round at a masters for the first time since 2015 Indian Wells. He lost to 2nd seed and world no. 3 Alexander Zverev in straight sets in the fourth round. In the doubles, again partnering Kyrgios, he reached the semifinals, beating Granollers and Zeballos a second time on their way. The pair lost to eventual champions Hubert Hurkacz and John Isner in the semifinals.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis played his first clay court tournament of 2022 in Geneva, where in the first round, he upset Fabio Fognini in straight sets, then beat 7th seed Federico Delbonis in 3 sets to reach the quarterfinals. There, he lost to second seed and defending champion Casper Ruud in straight sets.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: At the 2022 Wimbledon Championships he recorded his first win at this Major over Kamil Majchrzak. In the second round, Kokkinakis lost to number 1 seed and eventual champion Novak Djokovic in straight sets.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: In Atlanta, Kokkinakis lost in the first round of the singles against wildcard Andres Martin. In the doubles, he won his second title with Kyrgios, beating fellow Australians Jason Kubler and John Peers. The following week in Los Cabos, as the 7th seed, Kokkinakis beat Fernando Verdasco in 3 sets before losing to Steve Johnson in the second round.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis and Kyrgios qualified for the 2022 ATP Finals in Turin as a result of being guaranteed to stay inside the top 20 as a pair and having won the Australian Open.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis made his Davis Cup debut for Australia in February 2014 against France at the age of 17. He was selected to play in the fourth rubber, which was a dead rubber. He lost in straight sets to Julien Benneteau.


title: Thanasi Kokkinakis

text: Kokkinakis' match record against players who have been ranked in the Top 10, with those who are active in boldface.


title: Casting couch

text: The casting couch is a euphemism for the practice of soliciting sexual favors from a job applicant in exchange for employment in the entertainment industry, primarily acting roles. The practice is illegal in the United States. Predominantly male casting directors and film producers use the casting couch to extract sex from aspiring actors in Hollywood, Bollywood, Broadway, and other segments of the industry. The term "casting couch" originally referred to physical couches in the casting office, but is now a metonym for the phenomenon as a whole. Depictions of casting couch sexual encounters have also become a genre of pornography.


title: Casting couch

text: The casting couch is illegal under United States and California law. In the United States, the majority of lawsuits related to the practice are settled, resulting in a lack of case law.


title: Casting couch

text: In "The Atlantic", linguist Ben Zimmer described the casting couch as "a metonym for the skewed sexual politics of show business", which has been normalized into a cliché due to the prevalence of sexually aggressive men with positions of authority in Hollywood cinema and Broadway theatre.


title: Casting couch

text: According to economists Thomas Borcherding and Darren Filson, the high risk and returns in Hollywood cinema encourage the casting couch phenomenon. The possibility of high returns incentivizes unestablished actors to accept minimal wages in exchange for roles. With the exception of a few extremely talented actors, producers are unable to evaluate the aptitude of the vast majority of qualified actors due to uncertainty. As a result, some actors give sexual favors to producers to obtain a perceived advantage in the casting; the casting couch functions as a counterpayment that effectively reduces their wages. This creates a conflict of interest in which corrupt producers substitute aptitude (an unquantifiable variable) with sexual activity in their decision-making.


title: Casting couch

text: Actors who submit to the casting couch are not guaranteed roles, as there is an abundance of actors who participate in the practice. An actor's decision of whether to provide sex is comparable to the prisoner's dilemma, and results in a tragedy of the commons in which sex is needed to obtain film roles from producers who demand it, but fails to provide an advantage relative to other actors who offer sexual favors. If the provision of sex were voluntary and performed with the consent of all parties, the casting couch would be a "quid pro quo" exchange and a victimless crime. However, the practice is illegal in the United States and likely involves some degree of sexual exploitation or sexual harassment. Actors who do not participate in the casting couch are subject to externalities, including reduced employability.


title: Casting couch

text: Borcherding and Filson argue that the casting couch became less prominent after the Hollywood studio system, which enforced long-term employment contracts for actors, was eliminated on antitrust grounds in "United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc." (1948). Long-term contracts gave producers stronger bargaining power, which was used by corrupt producers to extract sex from actors more effectively.


title: Casting couch

text: "The Casting Couch" ( 1924), a classic title in the stag film genre, was an early depiction of the casting couch as a pornographic trope that later became mundane as it grew in popularity. In the ten-minute film, a casting director tells a young actress to wear a swimsuit during an audition, spies on her in a voyeuristic manner while she undresses in a different room, and enters the room to solicit sex from her. The actress initially rebuffs his advances with disgust, but returns to the director after taking advice from a book titled "How to Become a Movie Star". She performs fellatio and vaginal intercourse in exchange for a role in his film; the latter takes place on a couch. "The Casting Couch" concludes with an intertitle that states, "the only way to become a star is to get under a good director and work your way up". Zimmer credited the film with popularizing the term "casting couch".


title: Casting couch

text: Pornography websites used the casting couch scenario, beginning with Backroom Casting Couch in 2007. From 2009 to 2020, the pornographic company GirlsDoPorn produced hundreds of videos of casting couch pornography mostly featuring women aged 18–22 who had not otherwise appeared in pornography. The depicted women were manipulated, coerced, lied to, given marijuana or other drugs or physically forced to have sex, according to the accounts of victims and material from a lawsuit against the company. Six people involved in the website were charged with sex trafficking by force, fraud and coercion in November 2019. Official videos from the company were viewed over a billion times, including a paid subscription service on its website, and an estimated 680 million views on the tube site Pornhub, where the official channel was among the site's top 20 most viewed. Pirated copies of the videos were also viewed hundreds of millions of times. According to a lawsuit, the videos could still be found on mainstream pornography websites up to at least December 2020. In 2020, twenty-two women were awarded a cumulative $12.75 million in damages as a result of a lawsuit which alleged that women who filmed for the website were lied to throughout the process.


title: Sally Bretton

text: Sally Davis (born 1975/1976), known professionally as Sally Bretton, is a British actress. She is best known for appearing as Lucy Adams in the long-running BBC television sitcom "Not Going Out" since 2007, and as Martha Lloyd in the BBC1 crime drama "Death in Paradise" between 2016 and 2017.


title: Sally Bretton

text: She has featured in the TV programmes "Absolute Power", "Green Wing" and "The Office". In 2008, she played Goneril in Shakespeare's "King Lear" at Shakespeare's Globe.


title: Sally Bretton

text: Bretton trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama, and worked as a drama teacher at Top Hat Stage and Screen School. She chose the professional name Bretton as a Sally Davis was already registered with actors' union Equity.


title: Sally Bretton

text: Bretton and her husband, Lee, a photographer, have three daughters. She grew up in a small town in Hertfordshire and as of 2015 resided near Hitchin, Hertfordshire.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: The Reich Chancellery () was the traditional name of the office of the Chancellor of Germany (then called "Reichskanzler") in the period of the German Reich from 1878 to 1945. The Chancellery's seat, selected and prepared since 1875, was the former city palace of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833) on Wilhelmstraße in Berlin. Both the palace and a new Reich Chancellery building (completed in early 1939) were seriously damaged during World War II and subsequently demolished.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: Today the office of the German chancellor is usually called "Kanzleramt" (Chancellor's Office), or more formally "Bundeskanzleramt" (Federal Chancellor's Office). The latter is also the name of the new seat of the Chancellor's Office, completed in 2001.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: When the military alliance of the North German Confederation was reorganised as a federal state with effect from July 1, 1867, the office of a Federal Chancellor "(Bundeskanzler)" was implemented at Berlin and staffed with the Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck. After the unification of Germany on January 18, 1871, by accession of the South German states, Bismarck became Reich Chancellor of the new German Empire.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: In 1869, the Prussian state government had acquired the Rococo city palace of late Prince Radziwiłł on Wilhelmstraße No. 77 (former "Palais Schulenburg"), which from 1875 was refurbished as the official building of the Chancellery. It was inaugurated with the meetings of the Berlin Congress in July 1878, followed by the Congo Conference in 1884.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: In the days of the Weimar Republic the Chancellery was significantly enlarged by the construction of a Modern southern annex finished in 1930. In 1932/33, while his nearby office on Wilhelmstraße No. 73 was renovated, the building also served as the residence of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg, where he appointed Adolf Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933. The Hitler Cabinet held few meetings here. In 1935, the architects Paul Troost and Leonhard Gall redesigned the interior as Hitler's domicile. They also added a large reception hall/ballroom and conservatory, officially known as the "Festsaal mit Wintergarten" in the garden area. The latter addition was unique because of the large cellar that led a further one-and-a-half meters down to an air-raid shelter known as the "Vorbunker". Once completed in 1936, it was officially called the "Reich Chancellery Air-Raid Shelter" until 1943, with the construction to expand the bunker complex with the addition of the "Führerbunker", located one level below. The two bunkers were connected by a stairway set at right angles which could be closed off from each other.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: Devastated by air raids and almost completely destroyed during the Battle of Berlin, the ruins of the Old Reich Chancellery were not cleared until 1950.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: In late January 1938, Adolf Hitler officially assigned his favourite architect, Albert Speer, to build the New Reich Chancellery around the corner on Voßstraße, a western branch-off of Wilhelmstraße, requesting that the building be completed within a year. Hitler commented that Bismarck's Old Chancellery was "fit for a soap company" and not suitable as headquarters of a Greater German Reich. It nevertheless remained his official residence, where Hitler lived in the so-called "Führerwohnung" ("Leader apartment"). The Old and New Chancellery shared a large garden area, with the underground "Führerbunker", where Hitler ultimately committed suicide at the end of April 1945.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: Hitler placed the entire northern side of the Voßstraße at Speer's disposal, assigning him the work of creating grand halls and salons which "will make an impression on people". Speer was given a blank cheque — Hitler stated that the cost of the project was immaterial — and was instructed that the building be of solid construction, and that it be finished by the following January in time for the next New Year's diplomatic reception to be held in the new building.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: Speer claimed in his autobiography that he had completed the task of clearing the site, designing, constructing, and furnishing the building in less than a year. In fact, preliminary planning and versions of the designs were already being worked on as early as 1935. To clear the space for the New Reich Chancellery, the buildings on the northern side of Voßstraße No. 2–10 had already been demolished in 1937.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: Over 4,000 people worked in shifts, so that progress could be made around the clock. The immense construction was finished 48 hours ahead of schedule, and the project earned Speer a reputation as a good organiser, which played a part in the architect becoming Armaments Minister and a director of forced labour later in the war. Speer recalls that the whole work force — masons, carpenters, plumbers, etc. were invited to inspect the finished building. Hitler then addressed the workers in the Sportpalast; interior fittings, however, were not finished until the early 1940s. In the end, the project cost over 90 million Reichsmarks (equivalent to million €), and hosted the various ministries of the Reich.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: The series of rooms comprising the approach to Hitler's reception gallery were decorated with a rich variety of materials and colours, and totalled 221 m (725 ft) in length. The gallery itself was 147.5 m (484 ft) long. Hitler's own office was 400 square meters in size. From the outside, the chancellery had a stern, authoritarian appearance. From the Wilhelmplatz, guests would enter the Chancellery through the Court of Honour "(Ehrenhof)". The building's main entrance was flanked by two bronze statues by sculptor Arno Breker: "Wehrmacht" and "Die Partei" ("Armed Forces" and "The Party"). Hitler is said to have been greatly impressed by the building and was uncharacteristically free in his praise for Speer, lauding the architect as a "genius". The chancellor's great study was a particular favourite of the dictator. The big marble-topped table served as an important part of the Nazi leader's military headquarters, the study being used for military conferences from 1944 on. On the other hand, the Cabinet room was never used for its intended purpose.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: The New Reich Chancellery suffered severe damage during the Battle of Berlin between April to May 1945 (in comparison, the Old Reich Chancellery was not as badly destroyed). Andrei Gromyko, who would later become the Soviet foreign minister, visited the partially-destroyed structure a few weeks after the fighting in the city had completely ceased. He recalls, "We reached it not without difficulties. Ruined edifices, formless heaps of metal and ferro-concrete encumbered the way. To the very entrance of the Chancellery, the car could not approach. We had to reach it on foot..." He noted the New Reich Chancellery "...was almost destroyed... Only the walls remained, riddled by countless shrapnel, yawning by big shot-holes from shells. Ceilings survived only partly. Windows loomed black by emptiness."


title: Reich Chancellery

text: The last stage of defense by defending German troops took place inside the Reich Chancellery, as mentioned by Gromyko, who stated the following:


title: Reich Chancellery

text: After World War II in Europe ended, the remains in what was then East Berlin (the Soviet-occupied sector of a divided Berlin) were demolished by the order of the Soviet occupation forces. Parts of the building's marble walls were rumoured to have been used in the building of the Soviet war memorial located in Treptower Park, or to renovate and repair the nearby war-damaged Mohrenstraße U-Bahn subway station. Petrographic analyses of materials used for construction there did not confirm those rumours. Some of the so-called "red marble" (actually limestone) obtained from the demolition of the New Reich Chancellery was also supposedly used in the construction of the Moscow Metro's palatial-style subway stations after the war. Also, it is alleged that a heater from one of Hitler's rooms was placed in a Protestant hospital located not too far away from the Reich Chancellery.


title: Reich Chancellery

text: While the western half of the plot was used by the East German government for the establishment of the so-called "Death-Strip" adjacent to the Berlin Wall in 1961 (when the barrier was being constructed), a "Plattenbau" apartment block, together with a kindergarten, was built on the eastern half (along Wilhelmstraße) during the 1980s.


title: Reduviidae

text: The Reduviidae are a large cosmopolitan family of the order Hemiptera (true bugs). Among the Hemiptera and together with the Nabidae almost all species are terrestrial ambush predators: most other predatory Hemiptera are aquatic. The main examples of nonpredatory Reduviidae are some blood-sucking ectoparasites in the subfamily Triatominae. Though spectacular exceptions are known, most members of the family are fairly easily recognizable; they have a relatively narrow neck, sturdy build, and a formidable curved proboscis (sometimes called a rostrum). Large specimens should be handled with caution, if at all, because they sometimes defend themselves with a very painful stab from the proboscis.


title: Reduviidae

text: The Reduviidae are members of the suborder Heteroptera of the order Hemiptera. The family members are almost all predatory, except for a few blood-sucking species, some of which are important as disease vectors. About 7000 species have been described, in more than 20 recognized subfamilies, making it one of the largest families in the Hemiptera.


title: Reduviidae

text: The name Reduviidae is derived from the type genus, "Reduvius". That name, in turn, comes from the Latin "reduvia", meaning "hangnail" or "remnant". Possibly this name was inspired by the lateral flanges on the abdomen of many species.


title: Reduviidae

text: While members of most subfamilies have no common names other than assassin bugs, among the many subfamilies are a few with their own common names that are reasonably widely recognized, such as:


title: Reduviidae

text: Adult insects range from roughly 12 to 36 mm, depending on the species. They most commonly have an elongated head with a distinct narrowed 'neck', long legs, and prominent, segmented, tubular mouthparts, most commonly called the proboscis, but some authors use the term "rostrum". Most species are bright in colour with hues of brown, black, red, or orange.


title: Reduviidae

text: The most distinctive feature of the family is that the tip of the proboscis fits into a ridged groove in the prosternum, where it can be used to produce sound by stridulation. Sound is made by rasping the proboscis against ridges in this groove stridulitrum (stridulatory organ). These sounds are often used to discourage predators. When harassed, many species can deliver a painful stab with the proboscis, injecting venom or digestive juices. The effects can be intensely painful and the injection from some species may be medically significant.


title: Reduviidae

text: Predatory Reduviidae use the long rostrum to inject a lethal saliva that liquefies the insides of the prey, which are then sucked out. The saliva contains enzymes that digest the tissues they swallow. This process is generally referred to as extraoral digestion. The saliva is commonly effective at killing prey substantially larger than the bug itself.


title: Reduviidae

text: The legs of some Reduviidae have areas covered in tiny hairs that aid in holding onto their prey while they feed. Others, members of the subfamily Phymatinae in particular, have forelegs that resemble those of the praying mantis, and they catch and hold their prey in a similar way to mantises.


title: Reduviidae

text: As nymphs, some species cover and camouflage themselves effectively with debris or the remains of dead prey insects. The nymphal instars of the species "Acanthaspis pedestris" present one good example of this behaviour where they occur in Tamil Nadu in India. Another well-known species is "Reduvius personatus", known as the masked hunter because of its habit of camouflaging itself with dust. Some species tend to feed on pests such as cockroaches or bedbugs and are accordingly popular in regions where people regard their hunting as beneficial. "Reduvius personatus" is an example, and some people breed them as pets and for pest control. Some assassin bug subfamilies are adapted to hunting certain types of prey; for example, the Ectrichodiinae eat millipedes, and feather-legged bugs eat ants. A spectacular example of the latter is "Ptilocnemus lemur", an Australian species in which the adult attacks and eats ants, but the nymph waits until the ant bites the feathery tufts on its hind legs, upon which it whips around and pierces the ant's head with its proboscis, and proceeds to feed.


title: Reduviidae

text: Some research on the nature of the venom from certain Reduviidae is under way. The saliva of "Rhynocoris marginatus" showed some insecticidal activity "in vitro", in tests on lepidopteran pests. The effects included reduction of food consumption, assimilation, and use. Its antiaggregation factors also affected the aggregation and mobility of haemocytes.


title: Reduviidae

text: The saliva of the species "Rhynocoris marginatus" (Fab.) and "Catamirus brevipennis" (Servile) have been studied because of their activity against human pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria (including strains of "Escherichia coli", "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "Proteus vulgaris", and "Salmonella typhimurium") and the Gram-positive ("Streptococcus pyogenes").


title: Reduviidae

text: Some species are bloodsuckers rather than predators, and they are accordingly far less welcome to humans. "Triatoma" species and other members of the subfamily Triatominae, such as "Rhodnius" species, "Panstrongylus megistus", and "Paratriatoma hirsuta", are known as kissing bugs, because they tend to bite sleeping humans in the soft tissue around the lips and eyes. A more serious problem than their bites is the fact that several of these haematophagous Central and South American species transmit the potentially fatal trypanosomal Chagas disease, sometimes called American trypanosomiasis. This results in the death of 12,000 people a year.


title: Reduviidae

text: Current taxonomy is based on morphological characteristics. The first cladistic analysis based on molecular data (mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA) was published in 2009 and called into question the monophyly of some current groups, such as the Emesinae. Reduviidae are monophyletic, and the "Phymatine Complex" is consistently recovered as the sister to the higher Reduviidae, which includes 90 percent of the reduviid species diversity. The origin of the species dates to around the middle Jurassic. The oldest fossils of the family are from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber, represented by nymphs and the genus "Paleotriatoma," belonging to the subfamily Triatominae.


title: Nebraska (album)

text: Nebraska is the sixth studio album by American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen, released on September 30, 1982, by Columbia Records. Springsteen recorded the songs as demos on a 4-track recorder, intending to rerecord them with the E Street Band, but decided to release them as they were. "Nebraska" remains one of the most highly regarded albums in his catalogue.


title: Nebraska (album)

text: The songs on "Nebraska" deal with ordinary, down-on-their-luck blue-collar characters who face a challenge or a turning point in their lives. The songs also address the subject of outsiders, criminals and mass murderers with little hope for the future—or no future at all—as in the title track, where the main character is sentenced to death in the electric chair. Unlike previous albums, which often exude energy, youth, optimism and joy, the vocal tones of "Nebraska" are solemn and thoughtful, with fleeting moments of grace and redemption woven through the lyrics. The album's reverb-laden vocals and mood combined with dark lyrical content have been described by music critic William Ruhlmann as "one of the most challenging albums ever released by a major star on a major record label". Because of the album's somber content, Springsteen chose not to tour in support of the album, making it Springsteen's first major release that was not supported by a tour, and his only such release until 2019's "Western Stars".


title: Nebraska (album)

text: Initially, Springsteen recorded demos for the album at his home with a 4-track cassette recorder. The demos were sparse, using only acoustic guitar, electric guitar (on "Open All Night"), harmonica, mandolin, glockenspiel, tambourine, organ, synthesizer (on "My Father's House") and Springsteen's voice. The songs also have sparse composition, and many are simple three-chord songs. After he completed work on the demos, Springsteen brought the songs to the studio and worked with the E Street Band in April 1982 on rock versions; these sessions are commonly referred to as "the Electric Nebraska Sessions". Only Springsteen and Jon Landau had any decision-making power in this process. They felt certain songs were too personal, and the raw, haunting folk essence present on the home tapes could not be duplicated or equaled in the band treatments; the tracks about which they felt this way made up the album "Nebraska". However, eight of the 12 tracks that went on the 1984 album "Born in the U.S.A." were composed of "Electric "Nebraska"" success stories. They were led by "Born in the U.S.A.", which was completed on May 3, 1982; "Downbound Train", recorded April 28, 1982; "Cover Me", recorded at The Hit Factory, New York on January 25, 1982; "I'm On Fire", recorded at The Power Station on May 11, 1982; "Glory Days", recorded at The Power Station on May 5, 1982; "Darlington County", recorded at The Power Station on May 13, 1982; "Working on the Highway", recorded April 30 and May 6, 1982, and "I'm Going Down", recorded on May 12 or 13, 1982.


title: Nebraska (album)

text: The demo recording sessions that produced the album actually covered several days, but January 3, 1982, is credited as the "legendary night" when 15 tracks were recorded. They were "Starkweather" ("Nebraska"), "Atlantic City", "Mansion on the Hill", "Johnny 99", "Highway Patrolman", "State Trooper", "Used Cars", "Wanda" ("Open All Night"), "Reason to Believe", "Born in the U.S.A.", "Downbound Train", "Child Bride", "Losin' Kind", "My Father's House" (May 25, 1982), and "Pink Cadillac", a total of 15 songs; 10 ended up on "Nebraska" and the demo for "Born in the U.S.A." would appear later on the "Tracks" compilation. The remaining four unreleased demos circulate among Springsteen fans. Two of these, "Downbound Train" ("Born in the U.S.A.") and "Pink Cadillac" ("Tracks"), were officially released in band format, leaving "Child Bride" and "Losin' Kind" as truly unreleased. There was another demo, "The Big Payback" recorded later in spring 1982, and "Johnny Bye-Bye", which Springsteen confused with a live version recorded July 1981, that was actually never recorded during this period, that brings the total to the often-cited 17.