title: Red Brigades

text: On 7 April 1979, the Marxist philosopher Antonio Negri was arrested along with the other persons associated with the Autonomist movement, including Oreste Scalzone. Padua's Public Prosecutor, Pietro Calogero, accused those involved in the Autonomia movement of being the political wing of the BR. Negri was charged with a number of offences including leadership of the BR, masterminding the kidnapping and murder of Moro and plotting to overthrow the government. At the time, Negri was a political science professor at the University of Padua and visiting lecturer at Paris' École Normale Supérieure. Thus, French philosophers Félix Guattari and Gilles Deleuze signed in November 1977 "L'Appel des intellectuels français contre la répression en Italie" (The Call of French Intellectuals Against Repression in Italy) in protest against Negri's imprisonment and Italian anti-terrorism legislation.


title: Red Brigades

text: A year later, Negri was exonerated from Moro's kidnapping. No link was ever established between Negri and the BR and almost all of the charges against him (including seventeen murders) were dropped within months of his arrest due to lack of evidence. Moro's assassination continues to haunt Italy today, and remains a significant event of the Cold War. In the 1980s-1990s, a Commission headed by Senator Giovanni Pellegrino investigated acts of terrorism in Italy during the 'Years of Lead', while various judicial investigations also took place, headed by Guido Salvini and other magistrates.


title: Red Brigades

text: On 17 December 1981, four members of the BR, posing as plumbers, invaded the Verona apartment of US Army Brigadier General James L. Dozier, then NATO Deputy Chief of Staff at Southern European land forces. The men kidnapped Dozier and left his wife bound and chained in their apartment. He was held for 42 days until 28 January 1982, when a team of NOCS (a special operations unit of the Italian police) successfully carried out his rescue from an apartment in Padua, without firing a shot, capturing the entire terrorist cell. The guard, Ugo Milani, assigned to kill Dozier in the event of a rescue attempt did not do so and was overwhelmed by the rescuing force. Dozier was the first American general to be kidnapped by insurgents and the first foreigner kidnapped by the BR. After Dozier's return to the US Army in Vicenza, he was congratulated by telephone by US President Ronald Reagan on regaining his freedom.


title: Red Brigades

text: After the Abbé Pierre's death in January 2007, Italian magistrate Carlo Mastelloni recalled in the "Corriere della Sera" that the Abbé had "spontaneously testified" in the 1980s in support of a group of Italian activists who had fled to Paris and were involved with the Hyperion language school, directed by Vanni Mulinaris. Simone de Beauvoir had also written a letter to Mastelloni, which has been kept in juridical archives. Some of those associated with the Hyperion School (which included Corrado Simioni, Vanni Mulinaris and Duccio Berio) were accused by the Italian authorities of being the "masterminds" of the BR, although they were all cleared afterwards.


title: Red Brigades

text: After Mulinaris' travel to Udine and subsequent arrest by the Italian justice, the Abbé Pierre went to talk in 1983 with Italian President Sandro Pertini to plead Mulinaris' cause. Mulinaris had been imprisoned on a charge of assisting the BR. The Abbé had even observed eight days of a hunger strike from 26 May to 3 June 1984 in the Cathedral of Turin to protest the conditions suffered by "Brigadists" in Italian prisons and the imprisonment without trial of Mulinaris, who was recognized as innocent some time afterwards. Mulinaris' treatment was, according to the Abbé, a "violation of human rights". "La Repubblica" specified that Italian justice has recognized the innocence of all people close to the Hyperion School.


title: Red Brigades

text: By 1981, the BR had split into two factions: the majority faction of the "Communist Combatant Party" (Red Brigades-PCC, led by Barbara Balzerani) and the minority of the "Union of Combatant Communists" (Red Brigades-UCC, led by Giovanni Senzani). In 1984, the group claimed responsibility for the murder of Leamon Hunt, United States chief of the Sinai Multinational Force and Observer Group. In the same year, Curcio, Moretti, Iannelli and Bertolazzi rejected the armed struggle as pointless.


title: Red Brigades

text: In the 1980s, the arrests rate increased in Italy, including that of Senzani in 1982 and of Balzerani in 1985. In February 1986, the Red Brigades-PCC killed the ex-mayor of Florence Lando Conti. In March 1987, Red Brigades-UCC assassinated General Licio Giorgieri in Rome. On 16 April 1988, in Forlì, Red Brigades-PCC killed Italian Senator Roberto Ruffilli, an advisor of Italian Prime Minister Ciriaco de Mita. After that, the group activities all but ended after massive arrests of its leadership. The BR dissolved themselves in 1988.


title: Red Brigades

text: In 1985 some Italian members living in France returned to Italy. The same year, French President François Mitterrand guaranteed immunity from extradition to BR members living in France who had made a break with their past, were not sentenced for violent crimes and had started a new life. In 1998, Bordeaux's appeal court decided that Sergio Tornaghi could not be extradited to Italy, on the grounds that Italian procedure would not let him be judged again, after a trial during his absence. In 2002, however, Paris extradited Paolo Persichetti, an ex-member of the Red Brigades who was teaching sociology, signaling for the first time a departure from the "Mitterrand doctrine". In the 2000s, requests by Italian Justice for extradition from France involved several leftist activists, including Negri, Cesare Battisti, and others.


title: Red Brigades

text: This doctrine was based on the idea that the special laws (incarceration on the basis of mere suspicion, interrogations taking place without the presence of a lawyer, equal punishment for individuals belonging to the same group regardless of the nature of the offenses committed individually, etc.) adopted by the Italian authorities to combat terrorists ran counter to the French conception of law.


title: Red Brigades

text: While leftists had mostly fled to France, many neo-fascist activists involved in the strategy of tension, such as Vincenzo Vinciguerra or Stefano Delle Chiaie, fled to Spain; Delfo Zorzi, condemned for the "Piazza Fontana" bombing, was granted asylum and citizenship in Japan, while others fled to Argentina (in particular Augusto Canchi, wanted by Italian justice for his role in the 1980 Bologna massacre.)


title: Red Brigades

text: The issue of a general amnesty in Italy for these crimes is highly controversial and still source of dispute. Most political forces oppose it and, in particular, the associations of victims of terrorism and their family members are adamantly against it.


title: Red Brigades

text: In April 2021, seven fugitive Italians were arrested in France, six of whom were identified as members of the Red Brigades. The move has been described as a turning point in French-Italian relations with an advisor of French President Emmanuel Macron stating that "it was a way for us to show responsibility, recognise this part of Italian history and stop turning a blind eye to the violent acts perpetrated between the mid-60s and the 80s."


title: Red Brigades

text: A new group, with few links, if any, with the old BR, appeared in the late 1990s. The Red Brigades-PCC in 1999 murdered , an advisor to the cabinet of Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema. On 19 March 2002, the same gun was used to kill professor Marco Biagi, an economic advisor to Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. The Red Brigades-PCC again claimed responsibility. On 3 March 2003, two followers, Mario Galesi and Nadia Desdemona Lioce, started a firefight with a police patrol on a train at Castiglion Fiorentino station, near Arezzo. Galesi and Emanuele Petri (one of the policemen) were killed, Lioce was arrested.


title: Red Brigades

text: On 23 October 2003, Italian police arrested six members of the Red Brigades in early-dawn raids in Florence, Sardinia, Rome and Pisa in connection with the murder of Massimo D'Antona. On 1 June 2005, four members of the Red Brigades-PCC were condemned to life-sentence in Bologna for the murder of Marco Biagi: Nadia Desdemona Lioce, Roberto Morandi, Marco Mezzasalma and Diana Blefari Melazzi.


title: Red Brigades

text: Several figures from the 1970s, including philosopher Antonio Negri who was wrongly accused of being the "mastermind" of the BR, have called for a new analysis of the events which happened during the "years of lead" in Italy. On the other hand, BR founder Alberto Franceschini declared after his release from an 18-year prison term that "The BR continue to exist because we never proceeded to their funeral", calling for truth from every involved party in order to be able to turn the page.


title: Red Brigades

text: In October 2007, a former BR commander was arrested after committing a bank robbery while out-of-prison on good conduct terms. On 1 October 2007, Cristoforo Piancone, who is serving a life sentence for six murders, managed to steal €170,000 from the bank Monte dei Paschi di Siena with an accomplice.


title: Red Brigades

text: According to Clarence A. Martin, the BR were credited with 14,000 acts of violence in the first ten years of the group's existence. According to statistics by the Ministry of Interior, a total of 75 people are thought to have been murdered by the BR. A majority of the murders were politically motivated, though a number of assassinations of random police and carabinieri officers took place, as well as a number of murders occurring during criminal ventures such as bank robberies and kidnappings.


title: Red Brigades

text: Romanian defector Ion Mihai Pacepa claimed that the Red Brigades’ primary foreign support came from the Czechoslovak StB and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Soviet and Czechoslovak small arms and explosives came from the Middle East via heroin traffickers along well established smuggling routes. Pacepa further claimed logistic support and training were carried out directly by the Czechoslovak StB both in Prague and at remote PLO training camps in North Africa and Syria. Smuggled Czechoslovakian-made Škorpion submachine pistols were used by the Red Brigades in many of their attacks, including the ambush of Aldo Moro's motorcade (and his later murder), the Acca Larentia killings, a 1982 ambush on an army patrol in Salerno, as well as the murders of Roberto Peci, Diplomat Leamon Hunt, and Commissioner Antonio Esposito.


title: Red Brigades

text: Russian defector Vasili Mitrokhin claimed that, aware of the involvement and fearing retaliation due to their own involvement with the KGB, the Italian Communist Party lodged several complaints with the Soviet ambassador in Rome regarding Czechoslovak support of the Red Brigades, but the Soviets were supposedly either unwilling or unable to stop the StB. This was one of several contributing factors in ending the alleged covert relationship that the Italian Communist Party had with the KGB, culminating with a total break in 1979.


title: Red Brigades

text: According to Pacepa, support for the Red Brigades was a major part of the operations of UDBA, the intelligence service of non-aligned communist Yugoslavia. Yugoslav connection with underground leftist movements in Italy began in the mid-1960s with the intent of destabilizing NATO, and ties were allegedly established with the Red Brigades immediately following the group's founding in 1970. The UDBA chief in charge of relations with the Red Brigades was, in Pacepa's account, Silvo Gorenc, a close associate of Josip Broz Tito, the leader of Yugoslavia. Gorenc was supposedly proud of Yugoslavia's close yet clandestine relationship with the Red Brigades, though he allegedly insisted the government could and would not attempt to influence the group to avoid executing Aldo Moro, despite Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu's pleas for Yugoslav intervention.


title: Red Brigades

text: Italian journalist Loretta Napoleoni claimed in a TED Talk that she spoke to a "part-timer" with the Red Brigades who claimed that he used to sail between Lebanon and Italy during summers, ferrying Soviet weapons for a fee from the PLO to Sardinia where the weapons were distributed to "other organizations in Europe".


title: Red Brigades

text: Joe Strummer of The Clash frequently wore a Red Brigade shirt in the early punk rock period. He also wore the shirt in the film Rude Boy.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Ana María "Anne" Hidalgo Aleu (, ; born 1959) is a Spanish-French politician who has served as Mayor of Paris since 2014, the first woman to hold the office. She is a member of the Socialist Party.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo served as First Deputy Mayor of Paris under Mayor Bertrand Delanoë (2001–2014), having held the title of Councillor of Paris since the 2001 municipal election. She was elected to the mayoralty in 2014 after Delanoë announced he would not seek a third term. Her first term as Mayor of Paris was marked by the January 2015 "Charlie Hebdo" shooting and November 2015 Paris attacks, including the Bataclan theatre massacre which she witnessed the aftermath of, first-hand. Her popularity declined following several instances of alleged mismanagement, to the point that polls showed a majority of voters did not want her to win a second term in 2020. First Deputy Mayor Bruno Julliard resigned in 2018, criticising Hidalgo's style of governance. In April 2019 she oversaw the disaster recovery efforts for the Notre-Dame de Paris fire. While the COVID-19 pandemic led to a record low voter turnout, she was reelected although failed to secure an absolute majority of the vote.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: During her second term as Mayor of Paris, Hidalgo has overseen the city's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, implementing measures such as nightly curfews, closure of non-essential shops and the introduction of of pop-up cycle lanes known as "coronapistes" to ease pressure on public transport. By January 2021, a number of Hidalgo's policies have gained international attention, such as her proposal to remove over half of Paris's car parking spaces and turn the Champs-Élysées into a "fantastic garden".


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: On 12 September 2021, Hidalgo announced her candidacy in the 2022 presidential election, despite her pledge in 2020 to serve a full second term as Mayor of Paris. She came tenth out of twelve candidates, with 1.75% of the vote, the lowest result for a Socialist candidate in a French presidential election in history.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo was born in San Fernando, province of Cádiz, Spain. Her paternal grandfather was a Spanish Socialist who became a refugee in France after the end of the Spanish Civil War along with his wife and his four children. However, her grandparents returned to Spain some time later. Her grandmother died on the return trip whereas her grandfather was sentenced to death, although this sentence was eventually commuted to a life sentence.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo's father, Antonio Hidalgo (born in Antequera), was raised by his maternal grandparents. He was an electrician. In the late 1950s, he married a seamstress named Maria; they had two daughters, Ana (Anne) and María (Marie). However, due to the social and economic problems in Spain resulting from the implementation of the Stabilization Plan, Hidalgo's parents migrated to France in 1961, this time as economic immigrants. They settled in Lyon with their two daughters.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo grew up in Vaise, the 9th arrondissement of Lyon, speaking Spanish with her parents and French with her sister. Her parents are now back in Spain while her elder sister, Marie, manages a company in Los Angeles. Hidalgo and her parents were naturalised French when she was fourteen. In 2003 she regained Spanish nationality and since then has dual French-Spanish citizenship.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo graduated with a master's degree in social law at Jean Moulin University Lyon 3 before completing a Master of Advanced Studies ("DEA") in social and trade unionism at Paris West University Nanterre La Défense.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In 1982, Hidalgo entered the national contest for the "Inspection du travail" (Labour Inspectorate), ranking fifth. She obtained her first inspector assignment in Chevilly-Larue in 1984 at the age of 24, before receiving a post in the 15th arrondissement of Paris where she lived, a few months later.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In 1991, Hidalgo was appointed director of the National Institute of Labour. In 1993, she joined the vocational training delegation at the Ministry of Labour and then obtained a mission at the International Labour Office in Geneva from 1995 to 1996. She then worked for one year as a project manager for the Director of Human Resources at the Ministry of Labour. From 1996 to 1997, she was an officer at the Human Resources Directorate of Compagnie Générale des Eaux (then Vivendi and Vivendi Universal).


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Between 1997 and 2002, Hidalgo worked as a staffer in three ministerial offices within the government of Lionel Jospin: first in the office of Martine Aubry at the Ministry of Employment and Solidarity as technical advisor; then with Nicole Péry, Secretary of State for Women's Rights and Vocational Training, from 1998 to 2000, as technical advisor then consultant to the firm, participating, in particular, in the drafting of laws on parity and professional equality between women and men; and from November 2000 to May 2002, as a technical adviser and then mission manager, responsible for social relations and the status of civil servants, in the office of Marylise Lebranchu, Minister of Justice.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo said on 4 April 2013, on RMC: "I earn 5,000 euros net per month for my mandates". According to the website "Atlantico", she received, for all her revenues, around 8,200 euros net per month.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In the 2001 municipal elections, she led the list of the Socialist Party (PS) in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, which won 26.5% of votes in the first round; at the second round it then placed behind the list gathered around Édouard Balladur and Mayor René Galy-Dejean. She joined the Council of Paris and was appointed First Deputy Mayor of Paris.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In June 2002, she was a candidate in the legislative election in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, winning 29.6% of votes in the first round, but Balladur was elected with 54.2% of the vote. In March 2004, she was elected to the Regional Council of Île-de-France on the list led by Jean-Paul Huchon.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: As part of the internal campaign for the nomination of the Socialist candidate in 2006, she publicly supported Dominique Strauss-Kahn, while remaining close to Lionel Jospin and Bertrand Delanoë. With other female leaders of the Socialist Party, she criticized the "peoplelisation" of politics, referring to the promotion of Ségolène Royal as a popularist widely-identifiable member of the Socialist Party, rather than a classical Marxist.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In June 2007, she was a candidate at the legislative election in the 13th arrondissement of Paris and had in the first round 28.2%, against 36.6% for the UMP candidate Jean-François Lamour; she was beaten on the second round with 56.7% for Lamour.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In 2001, Hidalgo was elected councillor in the 15th arrondissement. She also joined the Council of Paris, where the left had a majority for the first time since 1977.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: The new Mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoë, wishing to apply parity within his administration and among his deputies, appointed Hidalgo as the first deputy responsible for gender equality and the time office. Close to François Hollande, she thus obtained her first executive position. In 2002, she acted as Mayor of Paris during the convalescence of Delanoë after he was stabbed during an attempted assassination. She confided at the same time to consider a candidacy for Mayor of Toulouse in 2008.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In June 2002, as a candidate in the legislative election in Paris's 12th constituency, Hidalgo won 29.6% of the vote in the first and only round against 54.2% of the vote for incumbent Édouard Balladur, who was reelected. She also failed to take Paris's 13th constituency away from the UMP in June 2007, obtaining 28.2% of the vote in the first round, then 43.3% of the votes in the second round against 56.7% for the former Sports Minister Jean-François Lamour (UMP).


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In the municipal elections of 9 and 16 March 2008, the assembly list (PS-PCF-PRG-MRC) that Hidalgo led in the 15th arrondissement of Paris came first in the first round with 35.9% of the vote (28 313 votes) against a strongly divided right, 33.9% to Philippe Goujon's UMP list and 10.1% to Gérard d'Aboville's list (various right). In the second round, his list obtained 47.35% of the votes against 52.65% obtained by Philippe Goujon, whose list merged with that of Gérard d'Aboville. Anne Hidalgo remained first Deputy Mayor under Bertrand Delanoë. She was then responsible for town planning and architecture and seats for the board of directors of the Parisian Urban Planning Workshop.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In 2017, an article from "Capital" stated that Hidalgo had been paid €100,000 by the Ministry of Labour from 2001 to 2003, while being Bertrand Delanoë's first deputy. Hidalgo's office indicated that she would file a complaint for defamation.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In the 2004 regional elections, Hidalgo was elected to the Regional Council of Île-de-France after being voted for Paris on the list conducted at the regional level by Jean-Paul Huchon. She became a member of the Committee on Transport and Traffic and is the Chair of the Regional AIDS Information and Prevention Centre (CRIPS).


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In the 2010 regional elections, the Socialist list she led in Paris came in second place in the first round, with 26.3% of the vote, behind the list led by Chantal Jouanno (28.9%) and in front of the Green list of Robert Lion (20.6%). In the second round, his list took the lead with 57.9% of the votes cast, winning in the 1st and 5th districts, two bastions traditionally anchored on the right. Reelected as regional councillor, she joined the Committee on Culture and became president of Île-de-France Europe, which represents the region at the European Union institutions in Brussels. Jean-Luc Romero succeeded her to the presidency of the CRIPS. Upon her election as Mayor of Paris, she stepped down as a regional councillor.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In 2012 Hidalgo announced her intention to seek the succession of Bertrand Delanoë in the 2014 Paris municipal election. The only candidate of her party after the withdrawal of Jean-Marie Le Guen, Hidalgo was appointed on 22 May 2013 to lead the municipal campaign, with 98.3% of the votes of 2,715 Paris Socialists. She appointed Pascal Cherki as spokesman for her campaign, assisted by Bruno Julliard, Rémi Féraud (also co-director of the campaign with Jean-Louis Missika), Ian Brossat (after the PS-PCF agreement), Colombe Brossel, Seybah Dagoma and Myriam El Khomri. On 10 October 2013, she was reelected as head of the PS list in the 15th arrondissement.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: On 30 March 2014, in the second round, the list she led won a majority in the Paris Council. In the 15th arrondissement, her list was however defeated by outgoing Mayor Philippe Goujon (UMP), whose list received 63.4% of the vote in the second round. For the first time, a candidate thus accessed the mayorship of Paris without being in the majority in their district. On 5 April 2014, she was elected to the mayorship by the Paris Council, becoming the first woman to hold the position. Paris being also a department, she also became President of the Departmental Council of Paris, one of ten women (out of 101).


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo was elected First Vice President of the Métropole du Grand Paris on 22 January 2016, "ex officio" to her mayoral position. In 2017, United Nations Secretary General António Guterres appointed her to the eight-member Independent Panel to Assess, Enhance Effectiveness of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: On 28 June 2020, Hidalgo was reelected as mayor of Paris, winning 48.5% of ballots cast. There was a record low voter turnout in the second round of the municipal elections (64%) which were postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hidalgo's campaign focused on turning Paris into a 15-minute city ("Ville Du Quart D'Heure)", aiming to make neighbourhoods more self-sufficient within each "arrondissement" in Paris having its own grocery stores, parks, cafes, sports facilities, health centres, schools and offices accessible by way of a short walk or bike ride. In December 2020, Hidalgo received a 90,000 fine (approximately $) from the national government, after she named 11 women out of 16 in her upper management, which was a violation of a rule of the French Civil Service Ministry allowing a maximum of 60% of one gender in leadership positions.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In October 2021, Hidalgo took 72% of the votes in the Socialist primary for the 2022 French presidential election, ahead of the mayor of Le Mans, Stéphane Le Foll. At the start of the following year, she was one of seven names in the 2022 French People's Primary for a common left-wing candidate; she was one of three candidates who did not consent to be on its ballot. She came fifth out of seven candidates, the lowest of the five who were professional politicians. In the actual election, she came tenth of 12 candidates with 1.75% of the vote; she subsequently endorsed Emmanuel Macron ahead of Marine Le Pen.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: On 21 December 2005, in the debates on DADVSI, she took a public stand against the amendments of the Socialist Group introducing the "global licence" to download online material. On 26 December, she signed with Christophe Girard, Deputy Mayor of Paris responsible for Culture, a view published in the newspaper "Le Monde" defending her position on behalf of cultural diversity which would be threatened by the "global licence." Some people contend that she was in fact defending the interests of Vivendi Universal, the music and film company which employed her a few years earlier.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: On 3 January 2006, she presented with François Adibi and the Socialist Party's Culture Section a report and new recommendations "for a fair solution", rejecting both the DRM (Digital Rights Management) and the "global licence." She was later ostracised by the PS leadership which chose to defend in the National Assembly the "global licence" advocated by Patrick Bloche (Paris), Didier Mathus (Saône-et-Loire) and Christian Paul (Nièvre).


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In 2005, Hidalgo took a stand in the debate on cults in France, becoming the president of a committee of vigilance against the cults at the Council of Paris. She was especially opposed to the Church of Scientology and New Acropolis, and participated in a demonstration in front of the Church of Scientology's premises. A map of cults in Paris, created by the Mairie de Paris at that time and promoted by Hidalgo, was controversial and Hidalgo filed a complaint against an unknown person for circulating a leaflet on the Internet signed by a "committee to support Anne Hidalgo", which requested denunciation of "non-compliant behaviours." Hidalgo denies any link with this supposed support committee. A complaint that she brought against the head of the organization that circulated the leaflet was later dismissed.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: From May 2016, in order to combat air pollution in the city, Hidalgo oversaw the introduction of a scheme called ""Paris Respire"" (literally "Paris Breathes"), which included banning all cars from certain areas of Paris on the first Sunday of the month, as well as making public transport and the city's bicycle and electric vehicle schemes free for the day. She also worked further to reduce car usage, with an increase in the price of parking meters, a ban on free parking on certain days, and the conversion of certain sections of a highway along the River Seine into a riverside park. On 24 June 2017, she joined President Emmanuel Macron in calling for the adoption of a Global Pact for the Environment along with other public figures such as Laurent Fabius, Nicolas Hulot, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Ban Ki-moon.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: She has also proposed a ban on diesel motors in Paris streets and has promised a 24/7 service for the Paris Métro. Hidalgo is aiming to have more than of bike lanes in Paris by 2020.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In February 2020, Hidalgo launched her Paris Mayor reelection campaign with a focus on making Paris into a 15 minute city ("ville du quart d'heure)," a concept of urban proximity coined by Carlos Moreno. The name 15-minute city refers to the idea that in cities, residents of each neighbourhood should be able to reach all necessary amenities (such as schools, offices, shops, parks, health centres) by a 15-minute walk or bike ride, moving away from car dependency in order to cut air pollution levels.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In an interview given to "Le Parisien" in October 2020, Hidalgo announced "we must forget about crossing Paris from east to west by car" Hidalgo announced her intention to create permanent curb-protected cycle lanes and expand the number of "coronapistes", cycle lanes created during the COVID-19 pandemic. She also intends to remove over half of the parking spaces in Paris by the end of her four-year term in office (70,000 out of 140,000 total).


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: In January 2021, Hidalgo announced that she had approved a €250 million renovation of the Champs-Élysées, with the intention of reducing space allocated to vehicles by half, turning roads into green and pedestrianised areas and planting tunnels of trees to improve air quality.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: At the start of her first term, Hidalgo stated in an interview that housing is her number one priority. Under Hidalgo's mayorship, Paris has produced 7,000 social housing units a year since Hidalgo took office, up from 5,000 a year under her predecessor. She aims for Paris to be 30% social housing by 2030.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Since June 2004, Hidalgo has been married to politician Jean-Marc Germain, whom she met when they both worked in the office of Martine Aubry, then Minister of Labour. Hidalgo and Germain reside in the 15th arrondissement of Paris. They have a child together, Arthur Germain, who is the youngest Frenchman to swim the English Channel.


title: Anne Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo is also the mother of two children, Matthieu born in 1986 a lawyer and Elsa born in 1988 an engineer, with her ex-husband Philippe Jantet.


title: Donda (company)

text: Donda (styled DONDA) is a creative content company founded by American rapper and fashion designer Kanye West. The company was named after West's mother, Donda West, and shares the name with his tenth studio album, released in 2021.


title: Donda (company)

text: In his announcement, West proclaimed that the company would "pick up where Steve Jobs left off"; Donda would operate as "a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas" with the "goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford."


title: Donda (company)

text: The announcement garnered widespread media attention, including coverage by "The Guardian", "The Washington Post", "The Huffington Post", "The Wall Street Journal", and "Time" magazine, which proclaimed the company's announcement the first major social media moment of 2012.


title: Donda (company)

text: West was secretive about the company's operations, maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence.


title: Donda (company)

text: In stating Donda's creative philosophy, West articulated the need to "put creatives in a room together with like minds" in order to "simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see, taste, touch, and feel". Contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout Donda creative projects.


title: Donda (company)

text: Continuing a trend consistent in previous Kanye West projects, an additional hallmark of Donda projects has been multi-disciplinary collaboration, often featuring prominent contributions from major figures in various creative fields. Prominent examples include painter George Condo, photographer Luis Tarin, video artist/film director Steve McQueen, performance artist Vanessa Beecroft, artist Wes Lang, stage designer Es Devlin, audio/visual designer Jadis Mercado, artist/sculptor Takashi Murakami, photographer Jackie Nickerson, fashion designer Riccardo Tisci, and fashion house Maison Martin Margiela.


title: Donda (company)

text: On May 23, 2012, Donda debuted its inaugural creative project, a film entitled "Cruel Summer", as part of the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. The film is a seven-screen surround vision experience.


title: Donda (company)

text: "Cruel Summer" was shot using a specialized camera rig, which allowed the directors to capture multiple angles simultaneously. The film, developed in collaboration with the Doha Film Institute, design firm 2x4 and architecture firm OMA, was presented in a specially designed theater—christened "Surround Vision"—featuring seven screens which surrounded the audience.


title: Donda (company)

text: On March 7, 2015, West debuted a collaborative short film with director Steve McQueen entitled "All Day/I Feel Like That". The film premiered at the Fondation Louis Vuitton in Paris, France, followed by its American debut at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in July 2015.


title: Adam Wingard

text: Adam Wingard ( ; born December 3, 1982) is an American filmmaker. He has served as a director, producer, screenwriter, editor, cinematographer, actor, and composer on numerous projects.


title: Adam Wingard

text: Following an early career as a member of the mumblecore movement, he became notable for his works in the horror and action genres, especially the films "You're Next" (2011), and "The Guest" (2014), and the bigger budget franchise films "Blair Witch" (2016), "Death Note" (2017), and "Godzilla vs. Kong" (2021).


title: Adam Wingard

text: His first feature, the horror comedy "Home Sick", starring Bill Moseley and Tiffany Shepis, proved to be a stepping stone to his second feature, the psychotropic ghost story horror film "Pop Skull". Made on a total budget of $2,000, "Pop Skull" had its international premiere at the Rome Film Festival and its domestic premiere at the AFI Film Festival in 2007. "A Horrible Way to Die" (2010) and "What Fun We Were Having" (2011) followed.


title: Adam Wingard

text: The serial killer love story horror film "A Horrible Way to Die" premiered at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival in the ‘Vanguard’ section and was acquired by Starz/Anchor Bay at the festival for a North American theatrical and home media release. "What Fun We Were Having" is a 4-part anthology dealing with the subject of date rape. The anthology had its premiere at the 2011 Fantastia Film Festival in Montreal where Wingard was honored by the festival with his very own sidebar section: “Medicated Monsters – A Spotlight on Filmmaker Adam Wingard”.


title: Adam Wingard

text: In 2011, Wingard co-directed "Autoerotic" with mumblecore icon (and frequent actor in Wingard films) Joe Swanberg. He was selected to direct one chapter of "The ABCs of Death", a 26-chapter horror comedy anthology for Drafthouse Films and Magnet. A solo directorial effort, "You're Next", a home invasion slasher, premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival as part of the ‘Midnight Madness’ section. The film was acquired by Lionsgate and received a wide release in August 2013 to generally favorable reviews.


title: Adam Wingard

text: In 2014, Wingard directed "The Guest" starring Dan Stevens, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, the Toronto International Film Festival and Fantastic Fest, receiving wide critical acclaim upon its wider theatrical release in mid-September. Wingard directed Lionsgate's horror film "Blair Witch", based on a script by Simon Barrett. The film is a sequel to the 1999 found footage horror classic "The Blair Witch Project" and received mostly ambivalent reviews.


title: Adam Wingard

text: In 2015, Wingard signed on to direct a live action American film adaptation of Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata's popular horror crime-thriller manga series "Death Note". The neo-noir dark fantasy horror-thriller was released on Netflix on August 25, 2017, to a mixed reception, with criticism aimed at the number of changes from the source material, rushed plot, shallow execution, writing and pacing- while praise was aimed at the visual style, direction, performances of the cast, soundtrack and the dark, macabre sense of humour, along with the attempted unique and distinctive take on the "Death Note" mythos.


title: Adam Wingard

text: In May 2017, Wingard was announced as the director for "Godzilla vs. Kong", which was released in March 2021. In February 2021, it was announced that Wingard would direct and co-write, with Simon Barrett, a sequel to "Face/Off". In March 2021, Wingard was announced as the director of "ThunderCats", also co-writing it with Barrett. In May 2021, it was announced that Wingard would direct an adaptation of the comic "Hardcore" by Robert Kirkman. Wingard will also write the screenplay with Will Simmons from a story by Kirkman.


title: Adam Wingard

text: In April 2021, "The Hollywood Reporter" stated that Legendary was "quietly taking steps" to stretch the MonsterVerse into "one or more installments," while negotiating with Wingard to potentially return to direct. Various ideas were being considered, with "Son of Kong" being one potential title. In May 2022, it was reported that Wingard would return to direct a sequel to "Godzilla vs. Kong".


title: Adam Wingard

text: Wingard's film "Pop Skull" won the Best Feature Film award at the Indianapolis International Film Festival and the Jury award at the Boston Underground Film Festival. Wingard's "A Horrible Way to Die" won Best Screenplay (Simon Barrett), Best Actor (A.J. Bowen) and Best Actress (Amy Seimetz) at the 2010 Fantastic Fest in Austin, Texas. Wingard's "You're Next" won Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay (Simon Barrett), and Best Actress (Sharni Vinson) at the 2011 Fantastic Fest in Austin, Texas.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: ISO/IEC 27001 is an international standard to manage information security. The standard was originally published jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2005, revised in 2013, and again most recently in 2022. There are also numerous recognized national variants of the standard. It details requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving an information security management system (ISMS) – the aim of which is to help organizations make the information assets they hold more secure. Organizations that meet the standard's requirements can choose to be certified by an accredited certification body following successful completion of an audit. The effectiveness of the ISO/IEC 27001 certification process and the overall standard has been addressed in a large-scale study conducted in 2020.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: Most organizations have a number of information security controls. However, without an information security management system (ISMS), controls tend to be somewhat disorganized and disjointed, having been implemented often as point solutions to specific situations or simply as a matter of convention. Security controls in operation typically address certain aspects of information technology (IT) or data security specifically; leaving non-IT information assets (such as paperwork and proprietary knowledge) less protected on the whole. Moreover, business continuity planning and physical security may be managed quite independently of IT or information security while Human Resources practices may make little reference to the need to define and assign information security roles and responsibilities throughout the organization.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: What controls will be tested as part of certification to ISO/IEC 27001 is dependent on the certification auditor. This can include any controls that the organisation has deemed to be within the scope of the ISMS and this testing can be to any depth or extent as assessed by the auditor as needed to test that the control has been implemented and is operating effectively.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: Management determines the scope of the ISMS for certification purposes and may limit it to, say, a single business unit or location. The ISO/IEC 27001 certificate does not necessarily mean the remainder of the organization, outside the scoped area, has an adequate approach to information security management.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: Other standards in the ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards provide additional guidance on certain aspects of designing, implementing and operating an ISMS, for example on information security risk management (ISO/IEC 27005).


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: BS 7799 was a standard originally published by BSI Group in 1995. It was written by the UK government's Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and consisted of several parts.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: The first part, containing the best practices for information security management, was revised in 1998; after a lengthy discussion in the worldwide standards bodies, it was eventually adopted by ISO as ISO/IEC 17799, "Information Technology - Code of practice for information security management." in 2000. ISO/IEC 17799 was then revised in June 2005 and finally incorporated in the ISO 27000 series of standards as ISO/IEC 27002 in July 2007.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: The second part of BS7799 was first published by BSI in 1999, known as BS 7799 Part 2, titled "Information Security Management Systems - Specification with guidance for use." BS 7799-2 focused on how to implement an Information security management system (ISMS), referring to the information security management structure and controls identified in BS 7799-2. This later became ISO/IEC 27001:2005. BS 7799 Part 2 was adopted by ISO as ISO/IEC 27001 in November 2005.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: BS 7799 Part 3 was published in 2005, covering risk analysis and management. It aligns with ISO/IEC 27001:2005.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: An ISMS may be certified compliant with the ISO/IEC 27001 standard by a number of Accredited Registrars worldwide. Certification against any of the recognized national variants of ISO/IEC 27001 (e.g. JIS Q 27001, the Japanese version) by an accredited certification body is functionally equivalent to certification against ISO/IEC 27001 itself.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: In some countries, the bodies that verify conformity of management systems to specified standards are called "certification bodies", while in others they are commonly referred to as "registration bodies", "assessment and registration bodies", "certification/ registration bodies", and sometimes "registrars".


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: The ISO/IEC 27001 certification, like other ISO management system certifications, usually involves a three-stage external audit process defined by ISO/IEC 17021 and ISO/IEC 27006 standards:


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: The official title of the standard is "Information technology — Security techniques — Information security management systems — Requirements"


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: This structure mirrors other management standards such as ISO 22301 (business continuity management) and this helps organizations comply with multiple management systems standards if they wish. Annexes B and C of 27001:2005 have been removed.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: Clause 6.1.3 describes how an organization can respond to risks with a risk treatment plan; an important part of this is choosing appropriate controls. A very important change in ISO/IEC 27001:2013 is that there is now no requirement to use the Annex A controls to manage the information security risks. The previous version insisted ("shall") that controls identified in the risk assessment to manage the risks must have been selected from Annex A. Thus almost every risk assessment ever completed under the old version of ISO/IEC 27001 used Annex A controls but an increasing number of risk assessments in the new version do not use Annex A as the control set. This enables the risk assessment to be simpler and much more meaningful to the organization and helps considerably with establishing a proper sense of ownership of both the risks and controls. This is the main reason for this change in the new version.


title: ISO/IEC 27001

text: The controls reflect changes to technology affecting many organizations—for instance, cloud computing—but as stated above it is possible to use and be certified to ISO/IEC 27001:2013 and not use any of these controls.


title: Yukata

text: A is an unlined cotton summer kimono, worn in casual settings such as summer festivals and to nearby bathhouses. Originally worn as bathrobes, their modern use is much broader, and are a common sight in Japan during summer. Though are traditionally indigo and white in colour, modern commonly feature multicoloured designs, and are designed to be machine washable. They are similar in appearance to the , a unisex short-sleeved kimono-like garment worn by guests at traditional inns.


title: Yukata

text: are worn by men and women. Like other forms of traditional Japanese clothing, are made with straight seams and wide sleeves. Men's are distinguished by the shorter sleeve extension of approximately from the armpit seam, compared to the longer sleeve extension in women's . A standard ensemble consists of a , and sandals or geta worn without socks. The outfit may be accessorised with a foldable or fixed hand fan and the addition of a traditional carry bag known as a , used by both men and women to carry cellphones and other small personal items.


title: Yukata

text: As with all kimono, the left side of the is wrapped over the right side, and secured with either a stiff, one-layer , or a softer, also one-layer .


title: Yukata

text: Traditionally, were mostly made of indigo-dyed cotton; however, following an increase in popularity in the late 1990s, a wide variety of colours and designs are now available, worn by both men and women.


title: Yukata

text: Though historically, were worn traditionally as a bathrobe all-year round, in the present day this is uncommonly seen, and is mainly confined to resort towns such as Atami, Kinosaki and Kusatsu, where are still worn as bathrobes, commonly gifted to guests as part of their stay at a specific hotel or inn.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Princess of Wales (Welsh: "Tywysoges Cymru") is a courtesy title used since the 14th century by the wife of the heir apparent to the English and later British throne. The current title-holder is Catherine (née Middleton).


title: Princess of Wales

text: The title was first used in an independent Wales by Eleanor de Montfort, the English bride of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Historically, several wives of native Welsh princes were theoretically princesses of Wales while their husbands were in power. Joan (or Siwan), Isabella de Braose and Elizabeth Ferrers were all married to princes of Wales, but it is not known if they assumed a title in light of their husbands' status.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Prior to 'Princess' (Welsh: ) the title of 'Queen' (Welsh: ) was used by some spouses of the rulers of Wales. Examples are Angharad ferch Owain, wife of Gruffudd ap Cynan, and Cristin verch Goronwy, wife Gruffudd's son, Owain Gwynedd (specifically, she was known as 'Queen Dowager').


title: Princess of Wales

text: Eleanor de Montfort is the first consort shown to have used the title. She was married to Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, one of the last native princes of Wales. Eleanor died shortly after giving birth to their only child, Gwenllian, who was taken prisoner as an infant following her father's death.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Since 1301, the prince of Wales has been the heir apparent to the English and, after 1707, British throne. The title 'Princess of Wales' has never been held by a woman in her own right ("suo jure"), but always as the wife of the prince of Wales.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Joan, also known as Siwan (her Welsh name), was the illegitimate daughter of King John of England. She was the wife of Llywelyn the Great (initially king of Gwynedd), effective ruler of all of Wales. During her tenure, she used the titles 'Lady of Wales' and 'Lady of Snowdon'.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Following her wedding ceremony in 1278, Eleanor de Montfort was officially known as princess of Wales. On 19 June 1282, she died giving birth to her only child, Gwenllian.


title: Princess of Wales

text: The infant was captured by English forces the following year, after her father, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, was killed in December 1282. At Edward I orders, she was kept in the remote Sempringham Priory in Lincolnshire, where she remained until her death in 1337.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Gwenllian status was acknowledged at least once by the English Crown. When writing to the Pope, attempting to secure more money for Sempringham Priory, the king stated that "...herein is kept the Princess of Wales, whom we have to maintain". The title 'Princess of Wales' as used here did not have its usual accepted meaning.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Margaret Hanmer, sometimes known as Marred ferch Dafydd (her Welsh name), was the wife of Owain Glyndŵr. Some modern historians have accorded her the title 'Princess of Wales'.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Catrin was one of the children of Owain Glyndŵr and Margaret Hanmer. In November 1402, she married Sir Edmund Mortimer, the second son of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March and through his mother, a great-grandson of Edward III of England.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Edmund Mortimer died during the siege of Harlech Castle in 1409, of unknown causes. Catrin was subsequently captured alongside her three daughters, and they were taken to the Tower of London, along with Catrin's mother and one of her sisters. The deaths and burials of Catrin and her daughters are recorded, but the causes of their deaths remain unknown. They were laid to rest at St Swithin's Church in London.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Cecily Neville, wife of Richard, 3rd Duke of York, is omitted from this list. While her husband was briefly given various titles, including prince of Wales, by an Act of Parliament as part of his arrangement to succeed Henry VI, he is not generally recognised as such and is not mentioned in any published summary of the topic.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Although not granted the title in her own right, the future Mary I was, during her youth, invested by her father, Henry VIII, with many of the rights and properties traditionally given to the prince of Wales, including the use of the official seal of Wales for correspondence. For most of her childhood, Mary was her father's only legitimate child, and for this reason, she was often referred to as the princess of Wales, although Henry never formally created her as such. For example, Spanish scholar Juan Luis Vives dedicated his "Satellitium Animi" to ""Dominæ Mariæ Cambriæ Principi, Henrici Octavi Angliæ Regis Filiæ"".


title: Princess of Wales

text: Welsh politicians suggested that George VI's eldest daughter, Princess Elizabeth (the future Elizabeth II), be granted the title on her 18th birthday, but he rejected the idea because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a prince of Wales and the prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.


title: Princess of Wales

text: Camilla, Charles III’s second wife, was the princess of Wales from 2005 to 2022, but did not use the title due to its popular association with her husband's first wife, Diana.


title: Ivana Baquero

text: Ivana Baquero Macías (born 11 June 1994) is a Spanish actress. At the age of 11, she was chosen to star as Ofelia in "Pan's Labyrinth", for which she won critical acclaim and the Goya Award for Best New Actress. In 2015, she was cast as Eretria in the television series "The Shannara Chronicles".


title: Ivana Baquero

text: Baquero was born in Barcelona, Spain, the daughter of Iván Baquero and Julía Macías. She attended the American School of Barcelona, where she learned to speak fluent English, Spanish and Catalan. She graduated in 2012.


title: Ivana Baquero

text: Baquero started acting professionally at the age of eight, playing a few small roles in a number of films, the most notable of which is "Fragile", in which she played a minor role. She was in a number of other films including "Romasanta" and "Rottweiler". She has also appeared on Spanish television on a few occasions.


title: Ivana Baquero

text: From about 1,000 young actresses, Baquero was picked to play the role of Ofelia in "Pan's Labyrinth" in 2006. The role of Ofelia was originally intended for a girl of the age of 8, but the script was altered to accommodate Baquero, who was 11 at the time. Afterward, she worked in various projects while still attending school.


title: Ivana Baquero

text: In 2009, she played the title role in John Connolly's horror film, "The New Daughter", marking her first American role. In 2016, Baquero portrayed Eretria in "The Shannara Chronicles", an MTV television adaptation of the Shannara novel series by Terry Brooks; its second season premiered in 2017. From 2018 to 2020, Ivana played the role of Eva Villanueva in the Netflix show "High Seas".


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: The Mk/B53 was a high-yield bunker buster thermonuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War. Deployed on Strategic Air Command bombers, the B53, with a yield of 9 megatons, was the most powerful weapon in the U.S. nuclear arsenal after the last B41 nuclear bombs were retired in 1976.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: The B53 was the basis of the W-53 warhead carried by the Titan II Missile, which was decommissioned in 1987. Although not in active service for many years before 2010, fifty B53s were retained during that time as part of the "hedge" portion of the Enduring Stockpile until its complete dismantling in 2011. The last B53 was disassembled on 25 October 2011, a year ahead of schedule.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: With its retirement, the largest bomb currently in service in the U.S. nuclear arsenal is the B83, with a maximum yield of 1.2 megatons. The B53 was replaced in the bunker-busting role by the B61 Mod 11.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: Development of the weapon began in 1955 by Los Alamos National Laboratory, based on the earlier Mk 21 and Mk 46 weapons. In March 1958 the Strategic Air Command issued a request for a new Class C (less than five tons, megaton-range) bomb to replace the earlier Mk 41. A revised version of the Mk 46 became the TX-53 in 1959. The development TX-53 warhead was apparently never tested, although an experimental TX-46 predecessor design was detonated 28 June 1958 as Hardtack Oak, which detonated at a yield of 8.9 Megatons.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: The Mk 53 entered production in 1962 and was built through June 1965. About 340 bombs were built. It entered service aboard B-47 Stratojet, B-52G Stratofortress, and B-58 Hustler bomber aircraft in the mid-1960s. From 1968 it was redesignated B53.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: Some early versions of the bomb were dismantled beginning in 1967. After the Titan II program ended, the remaining W-53s were retired in the late 1980s. The B53 was retired in 1986, but in 1988 50 units were brought back into service and received the B53 Mod 1 safety upgrade so the air force could cover certain targets previously covered by Titan II. These weapons remained in the active stockpile until the deployment of the B61-11 in 1997. At that point the obsolete B53s were slated for immediate disassembly; however, the process of disassembling the units was greatly hampered by safety concerns as well as a lack of resources. In 2010 authorization was given to disassemble the 50 bombs at the Pantex plant in Texas. The process of dismantling the last remaining B53 bomb in the stockpile was completed in 2011.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: The B53 was long with a diameter of . It weighed , including the W53 warhead, the parachute system and the honeycomb aluminum nose cone to enable the bomb to survive laydown delivery. It had five parachutes: one pilot chute, one extractor chute, and three main chutes. Chute deployment depends on delivery mode, with the main chutes used only for laydown delivery. For free-fall delivery, the entire system was jettisoned.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: The W53 warhead of the B53 used oralloy (highly enriched uranium) instead of plutonium for fission, with a mix of lithium-6 deuteride fuel for fusion. The explosive lens comprised a mixture of RDX and TNT, which was not insensitive. Two variants were made: the B53-Y1, a "dirty" weapon using a U-238-encased secondary, and the B53-Y2 "clean" version with a non-fissile (lead or tungsten) secondary casing. The explosive yield for the Y1 version was declassified in 2014 as being 9 Mt.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: In 1988, some B53s were upgraded to the B53 Mod 1 (B53-1) variant to improve weapon safety and to provide compatibility with the G/H variants of the B52 bomber. During this upgrade the weapon lost full-fuzing capability, Retaining only the laydown fuzing mode. The B53-1 had a selectable laydown time of 30 to 240 seconds in 30 second increments.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: It was intended as a bunker buster weapon, using a surface blast after laydown deployment to transmit a shock wave through the earth to collapse its target. Attacks against the Soviet deep underground leadership shelters in the Chekhov/Sharapovo area south of Moscow envisaged multiple B53/W53 exploding at ground level. It has since been supplanted in such roles by the earth-penetrating B61 Mod 11, a bomb that penetrates the surface to deliver much more of its explosive energy into the ground, and therefore needs a much smaller yield to produce the same effects.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: The B53 was intended to be retired in the 1980s, but 50 units remained in the active stockpile until the deployment of the B61-11 in 1997. At that point the obsolete B53s were slated for immediate disassembly; however, the process of disassembling the units was greatly hampered by safety concerns as well as a lack of resources. The last remaining B53 bomb began the disassembly processes on Tuesday, 25 October 2011 at the Energy Department's Pantex Plant.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: An April 2014 GAO report notes that the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) is retaining canned sub-assemblies (CSAs) "associated with a certain warhead indicated as excess in the 2012 Production and Planning Directive are being retained in an indeterminate state pending a senior-level government evaluation of their use in planetary defense against earthbound asteroids." In its FY2015 budget request, the NNSA noted that the B53 component disassembly was "delayed", leading some observers to conclude they might be the warhead CSAs being retained for potential planetary defense purposes.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: The W-53 nuclear warhead of the Titan II ICBM used the same physics package as the B53, without the air drop-specific components like the parachute system and crushable structures in the nose and sides needed for lay-down delivery, reducing its mass to about . The Mark-6 re-entry vehicle containing the W53 warhead was about long, in diameter and was mounted atop a spacer which was in diameter at the missile interface (compared to the missile's core diameter of ). With a yield of 9 megatons, it was the highest yield warhead ever deployed on a US missile. About 65 W53 warheads were constructed between December 1962 and December 1963.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: On 19 September 1980 a fuel leak caused a Titan II to explode within its silo in Arkansas, throwing the W53 warhead some distance away. Due to the safety measures built into the weapon, it did not explode or release any radioactive material. Fifty-two active missiles were deployed in silos prior to the beginning of the retirement program in October 1982.


title: B53 nuclear bomb

text: Assuming a detonation at optimum height, a 9 megaton blast would result in a fireball with an approximate diameter. The radiated heat would be sufficient to cause lethal burns to any unprotected person within a radius (). Blast effects would be sufficient to collapse most residential and industrial structures within a radius (); within () virtually all above-ground structures would be destroyed and blast effects would inflict near 100% fatalities. Within a 500 rem (5 Sievert) dose of ionizing radiation would be received by the average person, sufficient to cause a 50% to 90% casualty rate independent of thermal or blast effects at this distance.


title: Shirley Booth

text: Shirley Booth (born Marjory Ford; August 30, 1898October 16, 1992) was an American actress. One of only 24 performers to achieve the Triple Crown of Acting, Booth was the recipient of an Academy Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards and three Tony Awards.


title: Shirley Booth

text: Primarily a theater actress, Booth began her career on Broadway in 1925. Her most significant success was as Lola Delaney, in the drama "Come Back, Little Sheba", for which she received her second Tony Award in 1950 (she would go on to win three). She made her film debut, reprising her role in the 1952 film version, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her performance. Despite her successful entry into films, she preferred acting on the stage, and made only four more films.


title: Shirley Booth

text: From 1961 to 1966, she played the title role in the sitcom "Hazel", for which she won two Primetime Emmy Awards. She was later acclaimed for her performance in the 1966 television production of "The Glass Menagerie". Her final role was providing the voice of Mrs. Claus in the 1974 animated Christmas television special "The Year Without a Santa Claus".


title: Shirley Booth

text: Booth was born in New York City to Albert James and Virginia M. (née Wright) Ford. In the 1905 New York state census, she was listed as Thelma Booth Ford. She had one sibling, a younger sister, Jean (1914-2010). Her early childhood was spent in Flatbush, Brooklyn, where she attended Public School 152.


title: Shirley Booth

text: When she was seven, Booth's family moved to Philadelphia where she first became interested in acting after seeing a stage performance. When Booth was a teenager, her family moved to Hartford, Connecticut, where she became involved in summer stock. She made her stage debut in a production of "Mother Carey's Chickens". Against her father's protests, she dropped out of school and traveled to New York City to further pursue a career. She initially used the name "Thelma Booth" when her father forbade her to use the family name professionally. She eventually changed her name to Shirley Booth.


title: Shirley Booth

text: Booth began her career onstage as a teenager, acting in stock company productions. She was a prominent actress in Pittsburgh theatre for a time, performing with the Sharp Company. Her debut on Broadway was in the play, "Hell's Bells", opposite Humphrey Bogart on January 26, 1925. Booth first attracted major notice as the female lead in the comedy hit "Three Men on a Horse", which ran almost two years from 1935 to 1937. During the 1930s and 1940s, she achieved popularity in dramas, comedies and, later, musicals. She acted with Katharine Hepburn in "The Philadelphia Story" (1939), originated the role of Ruth Sherwood in the 1940 Broadway production of "My Sister Eileen", and performed with Ralph Bellamy in "Tomorrow the World" (1943).


title: Shirley Booth

text: Booth also starred on the popular radio series "Duffy's Tavern", playing the lighthearted, wisecracking, man-crazy daughter of the unseen tavern owner on CBS radio from 1941 to 1942 and on NBC Blue from 1942 to 1943. Her then-husband, Ed Gardner, created and wrote the show, as well as played its lead character, Archie, the malapropping manager of the tavern; Booth left the show not long after the couple divorced. She auditioned unsuccessfully for the title role of "Our Miss Brooks" in 1948; she had been recommended by Harry Ackerman, who was to produce the show, but Ackerman told radio historian Gerald Nachman that he felt Booth was too conscious of a high school teacher's struggles to have full fun with the character's comic possibilities. "Our Miss Brooks" became a radio and television hit when the title role went to Eve Arden.


title: Shirley Booth

text: Booth received her first Tony Award, for Best Supporting or Featured Actress (Dramatic), for her performance as Grace Woods in "Goodbye, My Fancy" (1948). Her second Tony was for Best Actress in a Play, which she received for her widely acclaimed performance as the tortured wife Lola Delaney in the poignant drama "Come Back, Little Sheba" (1950). Her leading man, Sidney Blackmer, received the Tony for Best Actor in a Play for his performance as her husband, Doc.


title: Shirley Booth

text: Her success in "Come Back, Little Sheba" was immediately followed by the musical "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn" (1951), based on the popular novel, in which she played the feisty, but lovable Aunt Sissy, which proved to be another major hit. Her popularity was such that, at the time, the story was skewed from the original so that Aunt Sissy was the leading role (rather than Francie). Booth then went to Hollywood and reprised her stage role in the 1952 film version of "Come Back, Little Sheba" with Burt Lancaster playing Doc. After that movie was completed — her first of only five films in her career — she returned to New York and played Leona Samish in "The Time of the Cuckoo" (1952) on Broadway.


title: Shirley Booth

text: In 1953, Booth received the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her performance in "Come Back, Little Sheba", becoming the first actress ever to win both a Tony and an Oscar for the same role. The film also earned Booth Best Actress awards from The Cannes Film Festival, the Golden Globe Awards, The New York Film Critics Circle Awards, and National Board of Review. She also received her third Tony, her second in the Best Actress in a Play category, for her performance in the Broadway production of Arthur Laurents' play "The Time of the Cuckoo".


title: Shirley Booth

text: Booth was 54 years old when she made her first movie, although she had successfully shaved almost a decade off her real age, with her publicity stating 1907 as the year of her birth. Her correct year of birth was known by only her closest associates until her correct year of birth, 1898, was announced at the time of her death. Her second starring film, a romantic drama "About Mrs. Leslie" opposite Robert Ryan, was released in 1954 to good reviews, but was poorly received by audiences. In 1953, Booth had made a cameo appearance as herself in the all-star comedy/drama movie "Main Street to Broadway". She spent the next few years commuting between New York and California. On Broadway, she scored personal successes in the musical "By the Beautiful Sea" (1954) and the comedy "Desk Set" (1955). Although Booth had become well known to moviegoers during this period, the movie roles for "The Time of the Cuckoo" (re-titled as "Summertime" for the film in 1955), and "Desk Set" (1957), both went to Katharine Hepburn.


title: Shirley Booth

text: In 1957, Booth won the Sarah Siddons Award for her work on the stage in Chicago. She returned to the Broadway stage in 1959, starring as the long-suffering title character in Marc Blitzstein's musical "Juno", an adaptation of Seán O'Casey's 1924 classic play, "Juno and the Paycock". In 1961, director Frank Capra approached Booth about starring in "Pocketful of Miracles", an updated version of Capra's 1933 comedy-drama "Lady for a Day" starring May Robson. Booth informed him that she was unable to match Robson's Oscar-nominated performance in the original film and declined the role. Capra instead cast Bette Davis, who was unfavorably compared to Robson by most reviewers when the film was released.


title: Shirley Booth

text: Booth returned to motion pictures to star in two more films for Paramount Pictures, playing Dolly Gallagher Levi in the 1958 film adaptation of Thornton Wilder's romance/comedy "The Matchmaker" (the source text for the musical "Hello, Dolly!"), and to play Alma Duval in the drama "Hot Spell" (1958). For her performances in both films, Booth was nominated as the year's Best Actress by the New York Film Critics Circle (Susan Hayward won for her portrayal of executed murderer Barbara Graham in "I Want to Live!").


title: Shirley Booth

text: In 1961, Booth was cast in the title role on the NBC situation comedy "Hazel", based on Ted Key's popular single-panel cartoon from the "Saturday Evening Post" about the domineering yet endearing housemaid named Hazel Burke who works for the Baxter family. The series also starred Don DeFore as George Baxter, Whitney Blake as Dorothy "Missy" Baxter, and Bobby Buntrock as the Baxters' young son Harold (whom Hazel called "Sport"). Upon its premiere, "Hazel" was an immediate hit with audiences and drew high ratings.


title: Shirley Booth

text: I liked playing Hazel the first time I read one of the scripts, and I could see all the possibilities of the character—the comedy would take care of itself. My job was to give her heart. Hazel never bores me. Besides, she's my insurance policy.


title: Shirley Booth

text: Over the course of its five-year run, Booth won two Primetime Emmy Awards for her work in the series and was nominated for a third. Booth is one of the few performers to win all three major entertainment awards (Oscar, Tony, Emmy).


title: Shirley Booth

text: In 1965, NBC canceled the series. CBS picked up and retooled the series; Don DeFore (George Baxter) and Whitney Blake (Dorothy Baxter) were written out of the series, while Bobby Buntrock (Harold "Sport" Baxter) remained a cast member. Ray Fulmer was cast as Steve Baxter, the brother of DeFore's character George. Booth, who owned the rights to the series, hired Lynn Borden, a former Miss Arizona, as Steve's wife Barbara. Julia Benjamin was cast as Barbara and Steve's daughter, Susie. In the retooled version, George and Dorothy Baxter have moved to Baghdad leaving Harold to live with Steve and Barbara. Hazel remains on as the new Baxters' housekeeper. While ratings for the fifth season were still strong ("Hazel" ranked number 26 for the season), Booth decided to end the show due to health issues.


title: Shirley Booth

text: Shortly after the end of "Hazel", Booth appeared in the television production of "The Glass Menagerie" that aired on the anthology series "CBS Playhouse". She won critical acclaim for her performance and was nominated for another Primetime Emmy Award.


title: Shirley Booth

text: Booth's final Broadway appearances were in a revival of Noël Coward's play "Hay Fever" and the musical "Look to the Lilies", both in 1970. In 1971, she returned to Chicago to star opposite Gig Young in a revival of "Harvey" at the Blackstone Theater. In 1973, Booth returned to episodic television in the ABC series "A Touch of Grace". The series was based on the British sitcom "For the Love of Ada". "A Touch of Grace" was canceled after one season.


title: Shirley Booth

text: In 1974, Booth provided the voice for the character of Mrs. Claus in the animated television special "The Year Without a Santa Claus". It was Booth's final acting role after which she retired to her home in Cape Cod.


title: Shirley Booth

text: On November 23, 1929, Booth married Ed Gardner, who later gained fame as the creator and host of the radio series "Duffy's Tavern". They divorced in 1942. She married William H. Baker Jr., a corporal in the U.S. Army, the following year. Booth and Baker remained married until his death from heart disease in 1951. She never remarried and had no children from either marriage.


title: Shirley Booth

text: For her contributions to the film industry, Booth has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6850 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Shirley Booth

text: After retiring from acting in 1974, Booth moved to North Chatham, Massachusetts, where she lived with her pet poodle and two cats. She maintained contact with her friends via telephone and spent her time painting and doing needlework. In November 1979, she was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Booth did not attend the ceremony and the award was accepted on her behalf by Celeste Holm.


title: Shirley Booth

text: By the 1980s, Booth's health began to decline. She reportedly suffered a stroke that caused mobility issues and blindness. After her death, Booth's sister said she had broken her hip in 1991, which further inhibited her mobility. On October 16, 1992,


title: Shirley Booth

text: Booth died at the age of 94 at her home in North Chatham. After a private memorial service, Booth was interred in the Baker family plot in Mount Hebron Cemetery in Montclair, New Jersey.


title: Cyst

text: A cyst is a closed sac, having a distinct envelope and division compared with the nearby tissue. Hence, it is a cluster of cells that have grouped together to form a sac (like the manner in which water molecules group together to form a bubble); however, the distinguishing aspect of a cyst is that the cells forming the "shell" of such a sac are distinctly abnormal (in both appearance and behaviour) when compared with all surrounding cells for that given location. A cyst may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. A collection of pus is called an abscess, not a cyst. Once formed, a cyst may resolve on its own. When a cyst fails to resolve, it may need to be removed surgically, but that would depend upon its type and location.


title: Cyst

text: Cancer-related cysts are formed as a defense mechanism for the body following the development of mutations that lead to an uncontrolled cellular division. Once that mutation has occurred, the affected cells divide incessantly and become cancerous, forming a tumor. The body encapsulates those cells to try to prevent them from continuing their division and contain the tumor, which becomes known as a cyst. That said, the cancerous cells still may mutate further and gain the ability to form their own blood vessels, from which they receive nourishment before being contained. Once that happens, the capsule becomes useless, and the tumor may advance from benign to cancerous.


title: Cyst

text: Some cysts are neoplastic, and thus are called cystic tumors. Many types of cysts are not neoplastic, they are dysplastic or metaplastic. "Pseudocysts" are similar to cysts in that they have a sac filled with fluid, but lack an epithelial lining.


title: Cyst

text: A "pseudocyst" is very similar to a cyst, but is a collection of cells without a distinct membrane (epithelial or endothelial cells).


title: Cyst

text: Treatment ranges from simple enucleation of the cyst to curettage to resection. There are cysts—e.g., buccal bifurcation cyst—that resolve on their own, in which just close observation may be employed, unless it is infected and symptomatic.


title: Cyst

text: Despite being described in 1938 as "the microscopic appearance of cysts in the pancreas", cystic fibrosis is an example of a genetic disorder whose name is related to fibrosis of the cystic duct (which serves the gallbladder) and does not involve cysts.


title: Cyst

text: This is just one example of how the Greek root "cyst-", which simply means a fluid-filled sac, also is found in medical terms that relate to the urinary bladder and the gallbladder, neither of which involve cysts.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The Škoda Fabia is a supermini car produced by Czech manufacturer Škoda Auto since 1999. It is the successor of the Škoda Felicia, which was discontinued in 2001. The Fabia was available in hatchback, estate (named Fabia Combi) and saloon (named Fabia Sedan) body styles at launch, and since 2007, the second generation is offered in hatchback and estate versions. The third generation Fabia was launched in 2015, and the fourth in 2021.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The first generation Fabia (given the internal type code "6Y") was officially presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1999 and production of this model started in October the same year. The estate version Fabia Combi was introduced in September 2000 at the Paris Motor Show. It was the first model to use the Volkswagen Group's A04 platform, which it shared with the Volkswagen Polo Mk4 and SEAT Ibiza. In the United Kingdom, for 2000, this car won "What Car?"'s "Car of the Year".


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The range started with the 1.0 8v Classic (which was cheaper than Volkswagen's smaller 3-door 1.0 Lupo when it went on sale) to the 1.9 PD TDi RS.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: Part of the Fabia's success was the fact that all of its mechanical parts were developed by or in conjunction with Volkswagen, but were offered in a package that is priced to undercut other models in the Volkswagen Group. The only traces of non-VW Škoda left in the Fabia are the 1.0 and 1.4 8v "MPI" engines, which were modifications to Škoda's own 1.3 engine, and were used in pre-Volkswagen Škodas such as the Estelle and Favorit.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: In 2004 the Fabia received a facelift, with changed front fog lights and grille, slightly different rear lights, new steering wheel and revised specification levels. The RS also had its final gearbox ratio changed. Most importantly, the Sport model was added, with the 1.4 petrol being offered with a manual transmission. This engine was quickly dropped for the 1.2 HTP, which while not as powerful, was a much more free revving engine giving a more sporty feel and flexible drive. The Sport also had its specification changed to include red seat belts and sunset privacy glass from the B pillar to the rear.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: Again in 2006, the Fabia range was shown at the Geneva Motor Show had minor specification revisions. These include a center rear headrest, a central three-point seatbelt and an additional four bodywork colours. The 1.4 16v petrol engine was replaced with a more powerful 1.4 16v engine.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The term MPI (Multi-Point Injection) is used by Škoda to differentiate from 16v models and (in the case of the Octavia Mk2) FSI engines. The version of the 1.4 16v was only mated to Volkswagen's four-speed automatic transmission with fuzzy logic operation until the addition of earlier Sport models which mated it with a manual transmission. The 1.4 8v was dropped in 2003. The Fabia's overall performance and fuel consumption figures fall behind other city cars and small family cars as it is larger and heavier. However, the 1.2 HTP (High Torque Performance) engine was developed specifically for the Fabia and offers better performance and fuel economy, and was later used in Volkswagen's own Polo due to its high acclaim. It was also the highest displacement 3 cylinder petrol engine until 2014 and BMW's 1.5-litre 3 cylinder turbo engine.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: At launch, the Fabia was available in three trim levels: Classic, Comfort, and Elegance. Later in the Fabia's life the mid-range Comfort model was dropped for the name Ambiente to fit in with the rest of the range. Other models available throughout the car's lifespan included Ambiente SE, Blackline, Silverline, Sport, Bohemia (estate only, run-out model) and RS. Various safety features and minor changes were made over time. Easy and Junior models were sold in Eastern European markets where the buying power is lower. Some of these Fabias do not have painted bumpers, side mirrors or gloveboxes. The Junior didn't have power steering and the steering wheel was 'borrowed' from Octavia I. Because of that, it was slightly bigger, with a diameter of 380 mm instead of the regular 370 mm found on all the other Fabia models. Also sold in such markets is the Fabia Praktik, which is a panel van version of the Fabia with the rear windows and seats removed. A lesser powered version of the 1.4 MPI with just is also sold in Eastern Europe.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The downfall of this weaker engine was that it struggled to shift the weighty car. Unless on flat surfaces it struggled to achieve higher than 30MPG.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: Introduced in 2003, the Fabia RS (vRS in the UK), while not the first diesel hot hatch, was the first exclusively diesel hot hatch, having no petrol equivalent. The engine is Volkswagen Group's 1.9-litre Pumpe-Düse Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engine, producing and at 1900 rpm, with a six-speed manual gearbox. It was named the "Diesel Car of the Year 2003" in the Scottish Car of the Year Awards. It also falls in a low tax band (Band C) in the UK, further increasing its cost benefits over its (chiefly petrol-powered) counterparts (although this is disputed, as most vRSs are tax band F, costing £145 a year as of 2017).


title: Škoda Fabia

text: Official figures state 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) takes 9.6 seconds, but several motoring magazines and websites have measured faster times (around the 7.0–7.5 seconds range) ("Autocar": 7.1 seconds, Auto Express: 8.1 seconds, and FastHatchbacks.com: 8.5 seconds). The in gear acceleration times are 50–70 mph in 5.6 seconds, quicker than BMW's 330i which takes 6.0 seconds. 20–40 mph in 2.4 seconds is as quick as the Lotus Elise 111R. Despite this the Fabia RS can achieve better than . The Fabia RS has a top speed of .


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The RS was shown to be quicker than a similarly priced MINI Cooper around Top Gear's and Fifth Gear's test tracks.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: In 2007 1,000 Special Edition Fabia RS models were produced featuring individually numbered black leather seats with blue piping, sporty red brake callipers, "Race Blue" metallic paint, cruise control, darkened rear windows and a six CD autochanger. This model was known as the Fabia vRS SE.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The last Mk1 Fabia RS came off the production line in March 2007 – being UK 2007/07 registered. There is also a 2009 version, which is believed to be a late registration.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: According to Škoda UK, there were only 22 of these 2007 registered marks (not including the 1000 Special Edition RS SEs).


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The second generation Fabia (internal type code "5J") was officially presented at the Geneva Auto Show in March 2007 and was sold from April 2007. It still uses the PQ24 platform. The car is however slightly larger than its predecessor and takes styling cues from the Roomster, Škoda's small MPV. The exterior of the two cars, Roomster and Fabia, were designed simultaneously to create synergies by Thomas Ingenlath and Peter Wouda.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The estate variant was officially announced in August 2007 and was introduced at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007. Compared with the first generation the new Combi is longer, higher and the boot has grown by 54 litres (to 480 litres total). The engine portfolio is the same as the hatchback version, without the 1.2 44 kW one.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The initial petrol engine line-up was a mixture of newer engines from Audi and some carry-overs from the outgoing model. In comparison to the 1st-generation Fabia, both basic 1.2-litre 3-cylinders gained 4 kW each: new power peak was 44 kW (60 PS), and 51 kW (70 PS). There was only a single 1.4-litre 16v petrol on this model, producing 63 kW (86 PS). The range-topping petrol engine was the 1.6-litre 4-cylinder with variable valve timing producing 77 kW (105 hp). There was also an option to mate this engine with a 6-speed tiptronic transmission sourced from Aisin.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The diesel range featured the same 51 kW (70 PS) and 59 kW (80 PS) 1.4-litre Pumpe-Düse 3-cylinders from the predecessor model. The top-of-the-range diesel was a 1.9-litre Pumpe-Düse 4-cylinder producing 77 kW (105 PS).


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The second generation Fabia trim levels were Classic, Ambiente, Sport and Elegance. In the UK the trim levels were called 1, 2, Sport, 3, and GreenLine (later S, SE, Elegance, and GreenLine). In India, the trim levels were Active, Classic, Ambiente and Elegance. All models sold within the EU were equipped with ABS, front passenger, driver and side airbags. Curtain airbags and ESC were available as an option.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: Though the sedan body, and the VRS version were discontinued (the latter until facelift in 2010), the 2nd-generation Fabia offered variety of new choices. The GreenLine model was the most environmentally-friendly Fabia, with 59 kW 1.4-litre diesel 3-cylinder consuming 4.1 L/100 km, which is 109 g of per km. At the Frankfurt International Motor Show (IAA) 2007 Škoda presented near-production-state design study of the Fabia Scout: a rugged version of the Fabia Combi. However, it was until May 2009 when this car finally started to roll off the production line in Mladá Boleslav. The new-generation Fabia featured a specific design element: a roof in different colour than the rest of the body was available as an option.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The facelifted Fabia and Fabia Combi (estate/wagon) were premiered at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. The updated version can be easily distinguished from prior versions by the different shape of the front bumper and front fog lights. The facelift to the second-generation Fabia also brought Xenon headlights as standard on higher end models. Inside, new steering wheels were a noticeable difference. Though their shape remained the same, headlights with a projector module underwent technical changes: for full beam, a separate reflector is fitted on the inner side of the lamp, while the projector module (providing a dimmed beam) is on the outer side.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The engine line-up was updated along with a facelift, too. 1.2-litre TSI turbocharged petrol engines came as a replacement of the previous 1.4 and 1.6-litre MPI engines, providing significant improvements to fuel consumption and corresponding reductions in emissions. The Aisin automatic transmission previously used was also replaced with the 7-speed DSG dual-clutch gearbox (optional on 77 kW (105 PS; 103 hp) 1.2 TSI models), providing a reduction of over 30% in emissions for the 77 kW (105 PS; 103 hp) automatic derivative (compared to the previous 1.6-litre). Diesel engines were updated to the common rail system and four-valve technology.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: With the facelift a sports VRS version returned to the range, now available as both hatchback and estate. This model features the same 1.4-litre twin-charged petrol engine as the Volkswagen Polo Mk5 GTI, producing 132 kW (180 PS) and is mated with a 7-speed DSG dual-clutch transmission as standard. With top speed 226 km/h (Fabia Combi VRS), this is the fastest production Fabia ever. The VRS had its own version of the cake advertisement – ‚Mean Green‘, with a darker rock version of "My Favorite Things".


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The GreenLine model received new technology, as well. Manufacturer's combined consumption for the Fabia GreenLine with brand-new 55 kW 1.2-litre 3-cylinder diesel engine is 3.4 L/100 km, which is 88 g per km. Gerhard Plattner, Austrian economy driver, managed to reach 2,006 km on a single tank of fuel, that is 2.21 L/100 km (127.8 mpg imp / 106.4 mpg US).


title: Škoda Fabia

text: New to the lot was Monte Carlo version for both Fabia and Fabia Combi, using design features from the Škoda Fabia Sports Design Concept presented at 2009 Geneva Motor Show.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: At the 30th Wörthersee GTI Treffen, Škoda revealed Fabia VRS 2000 design study based on Super 2000 rally car.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: For the launch of the new Fabia, Škoda UK commissioned an advertising campaign called "Cake", featuring the making of a Fabia car out of cake which swapped rivets for raisins, metal for marzipan and spark plugs for sugar.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive introduced the new Fabia to the public at the 2008 Guangzhou Motor Show. It was launched in China for the 2009 model year.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: Škoda India launched the latest version of Fabia in 2008. The car was well praised by Indian motor magazines, but it couldn't live up to the hype created by the previous generation Octavia. Fabia has not succeeded in this market due to dealer problems, steep prices and Škoda trying to position itself as a luxury marque. Škoda India has decided to bring in more powerful engines at better prices and taken strict measures to improve dealer quality levels and curb excessive service costs.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The initial petrol engine lineup was a mixture of newer engines from Audi and some carry overs from the outgoing model. The base 1.2 remains the same (44 kW) while the higher powered version has its power output upped to . There was only a single 1.4-litre 16v petrol on this model, producing . The range topping petrol engine was the 1.6 16v engine producing . There was also an option to link this engine to a six speed tiptronic transmission sourced from Aisin.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: Diesel engines consisted of the same and 1.4 TDI units from before. The range topping diesel was a 1.9 TDI producing .


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The top-of-the-line RS model (vRS in the UK) features the same 1.4-litre engine as the Volkswagen Polo Mk5 GTI, producing and is fitted with a seven-speed DSG semi automatic transmission as standard. The vRS had its own version of the cake advertisement, with a darker rock version of "My Favorite Things".


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The Škoda Roomster is a multi-purpose vehicle, also available as a panel van, that is based on the same platform and that also features the same front end design.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: In 2011, the Škoda Rapid was launched in India, a four-door sedan car featuring the same front end design as the second generation Fabia, but based instead on the newer PQ25 platform. It is related with the 2010 Volkswagen Vento, also developed in India, which is essentially a three-box version of the Volkswagen Polo Mk5. It is produced by Škoda India exclusively for the Indian market. It also has a slightly different interior.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The Motorsport division of Škoda AUTO builds Škoda Fabia Super 2000 rally car. Since its debut in 2009, the Fabia Super 2000 won 14 international titles and 22 national championships. Lars Larsson won the FIA European Rallycross Championship in 2007. Sergey Zagumennov did the same in 2014


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The third generation Fabia was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in October 2014, with sales starting in the following month. Production was launched prior to the end of August 2014 in Mladá Boleslav, with manufacturing of the estate version first occurring in December 2014. Due to the low sales of RS models from the previous model generation, a hot hatch variant is not planned for production.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The Mk3 Fabia - like the "facelifted" Mk5 Volkswagen Polo starting 2014 - underwent a major technical revision, being based on the PQ26 platform: a mixture of the PQ25 platform (Volkswagen Polo MK5 pre-facelift, 2009–2014) and the MQB platform, which is currently used by seven Volkswagen Group models. The chassis has been modified to "revert to the Fabia’s original, first-generation design" by becoming 90 mm wider and 30 mm lower, resulting in more interior and boot space. Despite being 8 mm shorter, the Mk3 Fabia still offers more passenger room due to its extended wheelbase. Simultaneously, its weight has been reduced by . A similar approach was applied to the styling, according to Škoda designer Marko Jevtic: "It [the Mk3 model] has the qualities of the first Fabia, [...] We wanted its simplicity; we did not want to overload the design."


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The Mk3 Fabia won the "Overall winner" and "Best small car" categories of the 2015 What Car? Car of the Year awards.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The 3rd generation Fabia now comes equipped with the Front assist safety system. It gathers data from a radar sensor to automatically warn the driver and apply the brakes at the possibility of a collision at certain speeds.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The powertrain selection for the Mk3 Fabia was borrowed from the current Mk5 Polo, although the missing 1.2-litre TDI engine was slated to be included in the fuel economy-oriented Greenline model that was due for release in late 2015. Instead, the Greenline name was dropped, in favour of using the TDI nameplate, and a newer inline-three 1.4-litre engine was put to use in the Diesel model instead, with two different levels of power output available. The 1.2-litre inline-three petrol engines from the Mk2 model were replaced by smaller but more efficient 1.0-litre engines, introduced from June 2017.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The Mk3 Fabia and Fabia Combi were facelifted for the 2019 model year. The trim levels for the Fabia have been reorganised, with the S model continuing as the entry level trim level, with the Monte Carlo now being the range topping model, with the SE, the Colour Edition, and the SE L bridging the gap in between respectively. Revisions included a redesigned front-end, with a new wider grille and redesigned headlights, with the option of Full LED headlights now available. The rear of the car was also given a slight update with new bumper-mounted reflectors, and the option for Full LED rear lights, which are now included as standard on the range-topping Monte Carlo trim level. On the Interior of the car, the trim inserts and central transmission tunnel housing can now be customised with coloured trim. Also included on the interior of the vehicle, the Swing radio system on lower trim levels now includes a larger 6.5 inch display offered on the S model, with the SE model having the Swing Plus system included, with the 7 inch Amundsen system being offered on the SE and above.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: In terms of engines, the Diesel engines have been removed from the line-up, which means the model range consists of petrol engines only. The 1.0 MPI is offered on the lower spec S and SE models, with the more powerful 1.0 TSI being offered on the SE model and above.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The Škoda Fabia R5 is a Group R rally version of the car and it has been competing in the European Rally Championship since the 2015 edition, as well as in the World Rally Championship-2, also since the 2015 edition.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The Funstar (stylised as FUNStar) is a pick-up concept car based on the Mk3 Fabia. It was designed by Škoda Auto University students as a throwback to the Felicia Fun, a compact pick-up car produced during the 1990s. It was shown at the annual 2015 Wörthersee GTI fan meeting.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The exterior received a unique paint make-up, complemented with green day-running lights, 18-inch wheels from the Octavia RS and bonnet vents. The pick-up bed required the removal of the C-pillars, necessitating wider B-pillars and stiffened side panels to retain structural strength. The Funstar is powered by a 1.2-litre TSI petrol engine, paired with a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission. A 1.8-litre engine was originally planned for use but could not be implemented due to its size.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The fourth generation Škoda Fabia went on sale towards the end of 2021. The new Fabia sports an updated design more consistent of other models in the Škoda range. The fourth generation will also be based upon the MQB-A0 platform, Volkswagen Group's shared vehicle platform currently used to produce other Škoda vehicles; the Scala and the Kamiq. Due to this change, the dimensions of the new hatchback have again changed when compared to its predecessor. With a wheelbase which is longer compared to the Mk 3, an increase in length of , an increase in width of but a decrease in height of , extended interior room will be available.


title: Škoda Fabia

text: The car has received aerodynamic adjustments which have achieved a reduction in drag coefficient from 0.32 to 0.28, which Škoda claim makes it "the best in the small car segment".


title: Škoda Fabia

text: Detailed information about the model's engine range has been revealed. All engines will be from the Volkswagen Group's Evo engine range, with power outputs ranging from 65PS up to 150PS.


title: Hisham Tawfiq

text: Hisham Tawfiq (born May 17, 1970) is an American actor, best known for playing Dembe Zuma, part of the security detail and very close friend to Raymond "Red" Reddington in NBC's "The Blacklist".


title: Hisham Tawfiq

text: Born in New York City, Tawfiq discovered his love of the arts while performing the poem "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" by Maya Angelou in high school. Tawfiq studied at the Negro Ensemble Company, known for educating actors such as Denzel Washington and Ossie Davis. He also studied with coach Susan Batson.


title: Hisham Tawfiq

text: Prior to pursuing a full acting career, Tawfiq served in the U.S. Marines, deployed during Operation Desert Storm. From 1994 to 1996, Tawfiq worked as a corrections officer in the Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York. While pursuing his acting career, Tawfiq also served as a firefighter for 20 years with the New York City Fire Department.


title: Hisham Tawfiq

text: Tawfiq performed with The Arkansas Repertory Theatre in "Intimate Apparel" and played Walter Lee Younger in a production of "A Raisin in the Sun", which Tawfiq has said to be his dream role.


title: Hisham Tawfiq

text: Tawfiq starred in the BET film "Gun Hill" as Capt. Sanford, commander of a counter-crime task force. On television, Tawfiq has appeared in "Lights Out", "Law & Order" spin-offs "" and "", "Kings", "Golden Boy", "30 Rock", and the 2013 NBC remake of "Ironside".