title: Anohni

text: On 23 February 2015, Anohni announced her fifth album "Hopelessness" via the Antony and the Johnsons' website and Facebook account. Co-produced by Anohni, Oneohtrix Point Never and Hudson Mohawke, it was her first album to be released under her name Anohni, one that she had been using in her personal life "for years". In the announcement, Anohni described the album as "an electronic record with some sharp teeth" and the UK's Independent described it as a "bitterly beautiful record". On 30 November 2015, Anohni released "4 Degrees", the first song from "Hopelessness". Commenting on the album's lead single in a fan interview earlier in the year, Anohni had stated that she had "grown tired of grieving for humanity", adding that she felt she "was not being entirely honest by pretending that I am not a part of the problem. '4 Degrees' is kind of a brutal attempt to hold myself accountable, not just valorize my intentions but also reflect on the true impact of my behaviors."


title: Anohni

text: On 9 March 2016, Anohni premiered the album's second single "Drone Bomb Me" on Annie Mac's show on BBC Radio 1 later that day, accompanied by a music video directed by Nabil Elderkin and starring English supermodel Naomi Campbell. The video "Hopelessness" was released on 6 May 2016 and was nominated for the 2016 Mercury Prize and a Brit. Anohni toured throughout Europe, the US and Australia in 2016, performing with her face obscured under a veil throughout the concert, in front of stark projections of a series of lip-synching women. The confrontational performance was described by "The New York Times" as a combination of "hard-core punk" and "radical empathy that's hard to find anywhere in pop." In early 2017 she went on to release a further EP entitled "PARADISE", working with the same producers. The final track was awarded only to those who wrote to ANOHNI's email with "...a sentence or two what you care most about, or your hopes for the future. Send this to me instead of the dollar you used to send me in the olden days."


title: Anohni

text: In 2018, for the occasion of her exhibition at Nikolaj Kunsthal in Copenhagen, Anohni released the track "Miracle Now" on YouTube, which features a video of 1990s NYC transgender performance artist Page Reynolds, featured in The Johnsons' play MIRACLE NOW of 1996 as "The Last Dolphin."


title: Anohni

text: In 2020 Anohni released a single "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" by Bob Dylan and "Be My Husband", originally by Nina Simone.


title: Anohni

text: In the days after the Republican National Convention she released a protest single via YouTube called "R.N.C. 2020" with an accompanying essay published in The Guardian


title: Anohni

text: In October 2021 Anohni scored the sculptural installation "Drift: Fragile Future" at The Shed. In January 2022 Anohni scored the Valentino Spring fashion show "Anatomy of Couture".


title: Anohni

text: In addition to Antony and the Johnsons, Anohni occasionally collaborates with other musicians. In 2003, she began working with Lou Reed as a supporting vocalist on the "Animal Serenade" tour and performed on a number of tracks on Reed's album "The Raven". She sang back up (with Sharon Jones and a children's choir) in Lou Reed's first full performance of his album "Berlin" at St Ann's Warehouse in NYC in December 2006 and at The State Theatre in Sydney, Australia in January 2007. Anohni sang "If It Be Your Will" as a part of Hal Willner's "Came So Far For Beauty" concerts at the Sydney Opera House in 2005; this performance was later featured in the film "," a tribute to Leonard Cohen.


title: Anohni

text: In 2006, she collaborated with Icelandic musician Björk in recording sessions in Jamaica and Iceland. The songs, "The Dull Flame of Desire" and "My Juvenile" were featured on her 2007 album "Volta". The two also sang the songs in duet at several of Björk's concerts, including London, Reykjavík and New York. In 2015 Anohni sang for Björk again on Vulnicura's "Atom Dance".


title: Anohni

text: Also in 2006 she co-produced "Songs from the Coalmine Canary" by Little Annie, also playing piano, singing backup vocals, and co-writing several songs on the album. The song "Strangelove", co-written by Anohni and Little Annie, was used as the soundtrack for Levi's "Dangerous Liaisons" advertising campaign in 2007, garnering several awards, including the Cannes Lions – International Advertising Festival, 2007 (Bronze Lion) for "Best Use of Music".


title: Anohni

text: In 2008, Anohni was featured on five tracks from the self-titled disco album "Hercules and Love Affair", most notably on "Blind", which was voted best track of 2008 by Pitchfork Media and ranked at number 2 on the "10 Best Singles of 2008" list by American magazine "Entertainment Weekly".


title: Anohni

text: Anohni worked with Bernard Butler on some acoustic sessions for the radio station XFM. In June 2009, she appeared live with Yoko Ono and the Plastic Ono Band at Ornette Coleman's "Meltdown" at the Royal Festival Hall, singing Ono's "Toyboat". In the same year, she collaborated with Bryce Dessner on the Bob Dylan song "I Was Young When I Left Home" for the AIDS benefit album "Dark Was the Night", produced by the Red Hot Organization.


title: Anohni

text: On 2 September 2013 she performed at the Verona Arena with the Italian musician and songwriter Franco Battiato. From the concert, in the following month of November, the live album "Del suo veloce volo", published by Universal, is taken.


title: Anohni

text: In 2017, Anohni appeared on Cocorosie's politically charged single Smoke 'em Out" with Big Freedia, Cakes da Killa and others.


title: Anohni

text: In June 2022, Anohni appeared on Hercules and Love Affair's album "In Amber". She took the lead on six tracks including the singles "Poisonous Storytelling", and "One". She co-composed six songs present on the record and also collaborated with drummer Budgie of Siouxsie and the Banshees and the Creatures who is one of her influences.


title: Anohni

text: In July 2008, Anohni debuted a number of self-produced visual artworks in a Brussels exhibition curated by Jerome Sans. Working with longtime collaborator/photographer Don Felix Cervantes and adviser Joie Iacono, she went on to have solo exhibitions at Isis Gallery in London and Accademia Albertina in Turin, Italy.


title: Anohni

text: In April 2009, she curated an exhibition entitled "6 Eyes" at the Agnes B. Galerie Du Jour in Paris. In this exhibition she drew connections between her own work and the work of artists Peter Hujar, Kiki Smith, Barbara Cummard, Alice O'Malley, James Elaine and William Basinski and was the first time the work of Peter Hujar had ever been exhibited in France.


title: Anohni

text: A solo exhibition of Anohni's drawings and sculptures opened at the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles in January 2012.


title: Anohni

text: A solo exhibition of Anohni's drawings and sculptures opened at Sikkema Jenkins Gallery in NYC in June 2013. Roberta Smith of "The New York Times" said of the show "Sometimes talent is concentrated, sometimes it spans multiple mediums. That of Anohni, singer-songwriter and leading light of the musical group Antony and the Johnsons, is the spanning kind. She is also a serious visual artist. Her first solo show in New York follows exhibitions in Los Angeles and London, and introduces a sensibility that is consistent with her heart-rending songs and warbling delivery: fragile, falling apart but surviving, even defiant."


title: Anohni

text: A further exhibition that included Anohni's drawings opened in September 2014 at Sikkemma Jenkins gallery in NYC.


title: Anohni

text: Collaborating with Johanna Constantine, Kembra Pfahler, and Bianca and Sierra Casady, Anohni co-presented the exhibition and performance series "FUTURE FEMINISM" at The Hole in NYC in September 2014. Thirteen rose quartz sculptures were displayed during the 2-week event series, and artists including Lorraine O'Grady, Lydia Lunch, Kiki Smith, Marina Abramović, Terence Koh and Narcissister made presentations.


title: Anohni

text: In Autumn 2016, Anohni presented "My Truth", the largest exhibition of her work to date, across seven rooms at the Kunsthalle Bielefeld in Germany. On the first and second floors of the museum, Anohni also curated work by Peter Hujar, Kazuo Ohno and James Elaine.


title: Anohni

text: Anohni was artist-in-residence at European Capital of Culture, Aarhus 2017. In August she co-presented FUTURE FEMINISM at 'O' Space in Aarhus with Kembra Pfahler and Johanna Constantine. The program featured 25 lectures, performances and workshops, including a presentations by FEMEN and Victoria Kawesa from the Feminist Party of Sweden, Kembra Pfahler's "Performance Art 101" and a course in self-defense.


title: Anohni

text: Anohni presented a multimedia exhibition at Nikolaj Kunsthal in Copenhagen opening in May 2018. The installation includes a collection of framed newspaper articles on the traumatic passing of Marsha P. Johnson, global warming and the melting polar icecap, the beginnings of the AIDS crisis, and cold war nuclear waste disposal. A series of nine archival video loops revisit Anohni's 1996 production "Miracle Now" with her NYC performance group The Johnsons, featuring performers and collaborators including Dr. Julia Yasuda, Johanna Constantine, Page, Lavinia Co-op, and Amanda Lepore. Another gallery contains archives and visual materials from her work as a playwright and director in the NYC experimental theater and nightclub scene during the 1990s. Three further galleries contain assemblies of Anohni's paintings, sculptures, and videos.


title: Anohni

text: In April 2019, Anohni mounted an exhibition entitled "LOVE" at The Kitchen in New York City. She wrote of the exhibition in the program, "We face grave uncertainty about the existence of a future. Can we reorganize our compulsion to cut the throat of nature? I keep asking myself, 'What Is Really Happening?' The same illness infecting the biosphere has grown around the systems that support my own contemporary life, and a bloom of hopelessness opened up in me. I think about holding space for vanishing, of people, of communities, of biodiversity, in a way that opens into spectral time, leaking all points at once". In part a memorial for her longtime collaborator Julia Yasuda, Anohni published a book of photos by Julia's wife, Erika Yasuda, to coincide with the event. Anohni also staged a play entitled "She Who Saw Beautiful Things" which included performances by Charles Atlas, Lorraine O'Grady, Connie Flemming, Laurie Anderson, and others.


title: Anohni

text: Anohni is transgender and uses the pronouns 'she'/'her'. In an interview with "Flavorwire" in November 2014, she stated, "My closest friends and family use feminine pronouns for me. I have not mandated the press [to] do one thing or another... In my personal life I prefer 'she'. I think words are important. To call a person by their chosen gender is to honor their spirit, their life and contribution. 'He' is an invisible pronoun for me; it negates me."


title: Zeeman effect

text: The Zeeman effect (; ) is the effect of splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is named after the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman, who discovered it in 1896 and received a Nobel prize for this discovery. It is analogous to the Stark effect, the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of an electric field. Also similar to the Stark effect, transitions between different components have, in general, different intensities, with some being entirely forbidden (in the dipole approximation), as governed by the selection rules.


title: Zeeman effect

text: Since the distance between the Zeeman sub-levels is a function of magnetic field strength, this effect can be used to measure magnetic field strength, e.g. that of the Sun and other stars or in laboratory plasmas.


title: Zeeman effect

text: The Zeeman effect is very important in applications such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. It may also be utilized to improve accuracy in atomic absorption spectroscopy.


title: Zeeman effect

text: A theory about the magnetic sense of birds assumes that a protein in the retina is changed due to the Zeeman effect.


title: Zeeman effect

text: Historically, one distinguishes between the normal and an anomalous Zeeman effect (discovered by Thomas Preston in Dublin, Ireland). The anomalous effect appears on transitions where the net spin of the electrons is non-zero. It was called "anomalous" because the electron spin had not yet been discovered, and so there was no good explanation for it at the time that Zeeman observed the effect. Wolfgang Pauli recalls that when asked by a colleague why he looks unhappy he replied "How can one look happy when he is thinking about the anomalous Zeeman effect?".


title: Zeeman effect

text: At higher magnetic field strength the effect ceases to be linear. At even higher field strengths, comparable to the strength of the atom's internal field, the electron coupling is disturbed and the spectral lines rearrange. This is called the Paschen–Back effect.


title: Zeeman effect

text: In the modern scientific literature, these terms are rarely used, with a tendency to use just the "Zeeman effect".


title: Zeeman effect

text: where formula_2 is the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the atom, and formula_3 is the perturbation due to the magnetic field:


title: Zeeman effect

text: where formula_5 is the magnetic moment of the atom. The magnetic moment consists of the electronic and nuclear parts; however, the latter is many orders of magnitude smaller and will be neglected here. Therefore,


title: Zeeman effect

text: where formula_7 is the Bohr magneton, formula_8 is the total electronic angular momentum, and formula_9 is the Landé g-factor.


title: Zeeman effect

text: A more accurate approach is to take into account that the operator of the magnetic moment of an electron is a sum of the contributions of the orbital angular momentum formula_10 and the spin angular momentum formula_11, with each multiplied by the appropriate gyromagnetic ratio:


title: Zeeman effect

text: where formula_13 and formula_14 (the latter is called the anomalous gyromagnetic ratio; the deviation of the value from 2 is due to the effects of quantum electrodynamics). In the case of the LS coupling, one can sum over all electrons in the atom:


title: Zeeman effect

text: where formula_16 and formula_17 are the total orbital momentum and spin of the atom, and averaging is done over a state with a given value of the total angular momentum.


title: Zeeman effect

text: If the interaction term formula_18 is small (less than the fine structure), it can be treated as a perturbation; this is the Zeeman effect proper. In the Paschen–Back effect, described below, formula_18 exceeds the LS coupling significantly (but is still small compared to formula_20). In ultra-strong magnetic fields, the magnetic-field interaction may exceed formula_2, in which case the atom can no longer exist in its normal meaning, and one talks about Landau levels instead. There are intermediate cases which are more complex than these limit cases.


title: Zeeman effect

text: If the spin–orbit interaction dominates over the effect of the external magnetic field, formula_22 and formula_23 are not separately conserved, only the total angular momentum formula_24 is. The spin and orbital angular momentum vectors can be thought of as precessing about the (fixed) total angular momentum vector formula_25. The (time-)"averaged" spin vector is then the projection of the spin onto the direction of formula_25:


title: Zeeman effect

text: Combining everything and taking formula_34, we obtain the magnetic potential energy of the atom in the applied external magnetic field,


title: Zeeman effect

text: where the quantity in square brackets is the Landé g-factor g of the atom (formula_36 and formula_37) and formula_38 is the z-component of the total angular momentum.


title: Zeeman effect

text: For a single electron above filled shells formula_39 and formula_40, the Landé g-factor can be simplified into:


title: Zeeman effect

text: The Lyman-alpha transition in hydrogen in the presence of the spin–orbit interaction involves the transitions


title: Zeeman effect

text: In the presence of an external magnetic field, the weak-field Zeeman effect splits the 1S and 2P levels into 2 states each (formula_46) and the 2P level into 4 states (formula_47). The Landé g-factors for the three levels are:


title: Zeeman effect

text: Note in particular that the size of the energy splitting is different for the different orbitals, because the g values are different. On the left, fine structure splitting is depicted. This splitting occurs even in the absence of a magnetic field, as it is due to spin–orbit coupling. Depicted on the right is the additional Zeeman splitting, which occurs in the presence of magnetic fields.


title: Zeeman effect

text: The Paschen–Back effect is the splitting of atomic energy levels in the presence of a strong magnetic field. This occurs when an external magnetic field is sufficiently strong to disrupt the coupling between orbital (formula_16) and spin (formula_17) angular momenta. This effect is the strong-field limit of the Zeeman effect. When formula_56, the two effects are equivalent. The effect was named after the German physicists Friedrich Paschen and Ernst E. A. Back.


title: Zeeman effect

text: When the magnetic-field perturbation significantly exceeds the spin–orbit interaction, one can safely assume formula_57. This allows the expectation values of formula_58 and formula_59 to be easily evaluated for a state formula_60. The energies are simply


title: Zeeman effect

text: The above may be read as implying that the LS-coupling is completely broken by the external field. However formula_62 and formula_63 are still "good" quantum numbers. Together with the selection rules for an electric dipole transition, i.e., formula_64 this allows to ignore the spin degree of freedom altogether. As a result, only three spectral lines will be visible, corresponding to the formula_65 selection rule. The splitting formula_66 is "independent" of the unperturbed energies and electronic configurations of the levels being considered. In general (if formula_67), these three components are actually groups of several transitions each, due to the residual spin–orbit coupling.


title: Zeeman effect

text: In general, one must now add spin–orbit coupling and relativistic corrections (which are of the same order, known as 'fine structure') as a perturbation to these 'unperturbed' levels. First order perturbation theory with these fine-structure corrections yields the following formula for the hydrogen atom in the Paschen–Back limit:


title: Zeeman effect

text: In the magnetic dipole approximation, the Hamiltonian which includes both the hyperfine and Zeeman interactions is


title: Zeeman effect

text: where formula_71 is the hyperfine splitting (in Hz) at zero applied magnetic field, formula_7 and formula_73 are the Bohr magneton and nuclear magneton respectively, formula_74 and formula_75 are the electron and nuclear angular momentum operators and formula_76 is the Landé g-factor:


title: Zeeman effect

text: In the case of weak magnetic fields, the Zeeman interaction can be treated as a perturbation to the formula_78 basis. In the high field regime, the magnetic field becomes so strong that the Zeeman effect will dominate, and one must use a more complete basis of formula_79 or just formula_80 since formula_81 and formula_82 will be constant within a given level.


title: Zeeman effect

text: To get the complete picture, including intermediate field strengths, we must consider eigenstates which are superpositions of the formula_83 and formula_84 basis states. For formula_85, the Hamiltonian can be solved analytically, resulting in the Breit–Rabi formula. Notably, the electric quadrupole interaction is zero for formula_86 (formula_85), so this formula is fairly accurate.


title: Zeeman effect

text: We now utilize quantum mechanical ladder operators, which are defined for a general angular momentum operator formula_88 as


title: Zeeman effect

text: as long as formula_91 lies in the range formula_92 (otherwise, they return zero). Using ladder operators formula_93 and formula_94


title: Zeeman effect

text: We can now see that at all times, the total angular momentum projection formula_96 will be conserved. This is because both formula_97 and formula_98 leave states with definite formula_99 and formula_100 unchanged, while formula_101 and formula_102 either increase formula_99 and decrease formula_100 or vice versa, so the sum is always unaffected. Furthermore, since formula_85 there are only two possible values of formula_106 which are formula_107. Therefore, for every value of formula_108 there are only two possible states, and we can define them as the basis:


title: Zeeman effect

text: This pair of states is a Two-level quantum mechanical system. Now we can determine the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian:


title: Zeeman effect

text: Solving for the eigenvalues of this matrix, (as can be done by hand - see Two-level quantum mechanical system, or more easily, with a computer algebra system) we arrive at the energy shifts:


title: Zeeman effect

text: where formula_114 is the splitting (in units of Hz) between two hyperfine sublevels in the absence of magnetic field formula_115,


title: Zeeman effect

text: formula_116 is referred to as the 'field strength parameter' (Note: for formula_117 the expression under the square root is an exact square, and so the last term should be replaced by formula_118). This equation is known as the Breit–Rabi formula and is useful for systems with one valence electron in an formula_119 (formula_85) level.


title: Zeeman effect

text: Note that index formula_121 in formula_122 should be considered not as total angular momentum of the atom but as "asymptotic total angular momentum". It is equal to total angular momentum only if formula_123


title: Zeeman effect

text: otherwise eigenvectors corresponding different eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian are the superpositions of states with different formula_121 but equal formula_125 (the only exceptions are formula_126).


title: Zeeman effect

text: George Ellery Hale was the first to notice the Zeeman effect in the solar spectra, indicating the existence of strong magnetic fields in sunspots. Such fields can be quite high, on the order of 0.1 tesla or higher. Today, the Zeeman effect is used to produce magnetograms showing the variation of magnetic field on the Sun.


title: Zeeman effect

text: The Zeeman effect is utilized in many laser cooling applications such as a magneto-optical trap and the Zeeman slower.


title: Zeeman effect

text: Spin–orbit interaction in crystals is usually attributed to coupling of Pauli matrices formula_127 to electron momentum formula_128 which exists even in the absence of magnetic field formula_129. However, under the conditions of the Zeeman effect, when formula_130, a similar interaction can be achieved by coupling formula_127 to the electron coordinate formula_132 through the spatially inhomogeneous Zeeman Hamiltonian


title: Zeeman effect

text: where formula_134 is a tensorial Landé "g"-factor and either formula_135 or formula_136, or both of them, depend on the electron coordinate formula_132. Such formula_132-dependent Zeeman Hamiltonian formula_139 couples electron spin formula_127 to the operator formula_132 representing electron's orbital motion. Inhomogeneous field formula_142 may be either a smooth field of external sources or fast-oscillating microscopic magnetic field in antiferromagnets. Spin–orbit coupling through macroscopically inhomogeneous field formula_143 of nanomagnets is used for electrical operation of electron spins in quantum dots through electric dipole spin resonance, and driving spins by electric field due to inhomogeneous formula_144 has been also demonstrated.


title: Jae Park

text: Park Jae-hyung (; born September 15, 1992), better known as Jae (), is an Argentine-born American musician, singer and songwriter of Korean descent, best known as a former vocalist and lead guitarist of South Korean rock band Day6. Prior to joining Day6, he gained attention in South Korea as one of the final six contestants in the first season of the singing competition television series "K-pop Star". In 2020, Park began releasing solo music under the name eaJ.


title: Jae Park

text: Jae Park was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina and moved to Cerritos, California in early childhood. He graduated from Cerritos High School and later studied political science at California State University, Long Beach. Throughout high school and university, he ran a YouTube channel, "YellowPostItMan", where he uploaded vocal-and-guitar song covers as a hobby.


title: Jae Park

text: In 2012, Park took a leave from university to compete as a singer-guitarist in the inaugural season of "K-pop Star". Though he was eliminated from the competition in sixth place, JYP Entertainment (JYPE) offered Park a contract at the end of the show to join the company as a trainee for an upcoming band. Park accepted the offer and moved to South Korea.


title: Jae Park

text: Park debuted on September 7, 2015, as a vocalist and electric guitarist of JYP's first rock band, Day6. The band debuted with EP "The Day".


title: Jae Park

text: On June 28, 2016, he became an MC of Arirang's "After School Club", alongside Park Ji-min and Kevin Woo, formerly of U-KISS. He officially graduated as ASC's MC on July 17, 2018. He began a personal music project on YouTube in 2020, releasing self-written solo tracks under the name eaJ.


title: Jae Park

text: On February 5, 2020, Park started his first podcast "How Did I Get Here?" (HDIGH) with Dive Studios. With episodes releasing every Tuesday, it quickly gained a sizeable audience. HDIGH Podcast won "People's Choice" and "Entertainment" Category by Podcast Award in 2020 and Best Podcast 2020 by Apple Podcast. The last episode was released in June 2021.


title: Jae Park

text: On September 21, 2020, Park, alongside 2PM's Nichkhun, took on roles as members of crime-fighting boyband "4 2 Sing" in season three of "Big Hero 6: The Series". Park played twins Kwang-Sun and Ye Joon, one half of the boy band "4 2 Sing".


title: Jae Park

text: On September 16, 2020, Park announced his first collab with Seori for "It just is" which also featured Keshi on Guitar. On 22 August 2021 they returned with their latest collaboration "Dive with You" both of their song featured visual artist Deisa.


title: Jae Park

text: Park performed at Head in the Clouds Festival 2021 on November 6–7, 2021 at the Brookside at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.


title: Jae Park

text: On December 31, 2021, Park announced via Twitter that he will be taking a hiatus from his promotions as a member of the band. The same day, JYP Entertainment announced that he will be leaving the band and ending his exclusive contract with the company due to personal reasons.


title: Jae Park

text: On April 8, Park released a single titled "Car Crash" on streaming platforms, working with 100 Thieves and John Lee for its music video.


title: Jae Park

text: Park performed at Head in the Clouds Festival 2022 on August 20–21, 2022 at Brookside at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.


title: Jae Park

text: On October 28, Park performed as a guest artist at the MAX - North America Tour 2022 show at The Wiltern in Los Angeles, California.


title: Jae Park

text: For the first time in his solo career, Park will perform at Head in the Clouds Festival 2022 on December 3-4, 2022 at Community Park PIK2 in Jakarta, Indonesia as a headliner artist.


title: Jae Park

text: In December 2022, Park is scheduled to embark on his first Asia Tour with 2 shows: one at Clapper Studio in Taipei, Taiwan on December 6, 2022 and another at Gateway Theatre in Singapore on December 8, 2022.


title: Jae Park

text: Park will perform as a headliner artist at Head in the Clouds Festival 2022 on December 9-10, 2022 at SM Festival Grounds Parañaque City in Manila, Philippines.


title: Jae Park

text: On May 10, 2020, JYP Entertainment announced that Day6 would be taking a hiatus due to the mental health concerns of some members. In an interview with "Allure", Park revealed that he had a panic attack and was diagnosed with panic disorder in April 2020. Almost a week after JYP's official announcement, Park shared on his personal Twitter account an update on his condition and began sharing his experiences with mental health.


title: Jae Park

text: On September 15, 2020, Park initiated From Friends, a project partnered with Represent, selling clothing and other merchandise. The campaign raised $100,000 which was donated to the Jed Foundation, which helps provide free mental health resources to teenagers and young adults.


title: 23 enigma

text: The 23 enigma is a belief in the significance of the number 23. The concept of the 23 enigma has been popularized by various books, movies, and conspiracy theories, which suggest that the number 23 appears with unusual frequency in various contexts and may be a symbol of some larger, hidden significance.


title: 23 enigma

text: Robert Anton Wilson cites William S. Burroughs as the first person to believe in the 23 enigma. Wilson, in an article in "Fortean Times", related the following anecdote:


title: 23 enigma

text: The text titled "Principia Discordia" claims that "All things happen in fives, or are divisible by or are multiples of five, or are somehow directly or indirectly appropriate to 5"—this is referred to as the Law of Fives. The 23 enigma is regarded as a corollary of the Law of Fives because 2 + 3 = 5.


title: 23 enigma

text: In these works, 23 is considered lucky, unlucky, sinister, strange, sacred to the goddess Eris, or sacred to the unholy gods of the Cthulhu Mythos.


title: 23 enigma

text: The 23 enigma can be viewed as an example of apophenia, selection bias, and confirmation bias. In interviews, Wilson acknowledged the self-fulfilling nature of the 23 enigma, implying that the real value of the Law of Fives and the 23 enigma is in their demonstration of the mind's ability to perceive "truth" in nearly anything.


title: 23 enigma

text: In the "Illuminatus! Trilogy", Wilson expresses the same view, saying that one can find numerological significance in anything, provided that one has "sufficient cleverness".


title: 23 enigma

text: Music and art duo The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (later known as The KLF and the K Foundation) named themselves after the fictional conspiratorial group "The Justified Ancients of Mummu" from "Illuminatus!"; the number 23 is a recurring theme in the duo's work. Perhaps most infamously, as the K Foundation they burnt one million pounds on 23 August 1994 and subsequently agreed not to publicly discuss the burning for a period of 23 years. 23 years to the day after the burning they returned to launch a novel and discuss why they had burnt the money.


title: 23 enigma

text: The 2007 film "The Number 23", starring Jim Carrey, is the story of a man who becomes obsessed with the number 23 while reading a book of the same title that seems to be about his life.


title: 23 enigma

text: Industrial music group Throbbing Gristle recounted in great detail the meeting of Burroughs and Captain Clark and the significance of the number 23 in the ballad "The Old Man Smiled."


title: 23 enigma

text: In the "Stargate Universe" season 1 episode 14, titled “Human”, an imagined Dr. Daniel Jackson refers to the 23 Enigma in conversation with Dr. Nicholas Rush. The number 23 is also referenced in the episode as one half of the number of chromosomes in a human cell – 46, a number which appears frequently in the episode.


title: Major airlines of the United States

text: The United States Department of Transportation defines a major carrier or major airline carrier as a U.S.-based airline that posts more than $1 billion in revenue during a fiscal year, grouped accordingly as "Group III".


title: Major airlines of the United States

text: According to FY2020 revenues, there were 18 major carriers who meet the requirement for Group III status.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Stardust is a 1999 fantasy novel by British writer Neil Gaiman, usually published with illustrations by Charles Vess. "Stardust" has a different tone and style from most of Gaiman's prose fiction, being consciously written in the tradition of pre-Tolkien English fantasy, following in the footsteps of authors such as Lord Dunsany and Hope Mirrlees. It is concerned with the adventures of a young man from the village of Wall, which borders the magical land of Faerie.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: In 2007, a film based on the novel was released to generally positive reviews. Gaiman has also occasionally made references to writing a sequel, or at least another book concerning the village of Wall.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: The story begins in late April 1839, as John William Draper had just photographed the Moon and Charles Dickens was serialising "Oliver Twist". The majority of the book takes place seventeen years later, starting around October 1856.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Every nine years, in the village of Wall in rural England, a market is held the other side of a stone wall (for which the village is named) dividing the realm of Faerie from our world. In the early Victorian era, young Dunstan Thorn meets Una, a fairy woman enslaved by the witch Semele, at the market. Dunstan purchases a glass snowdrop from her with a kiss; and, later that night, makes love to her in the woods. Months later, Dunstan receives a baby in a basket—his and Una's son, Tristran.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Eighteen years later, Tristran is infatuated with the beautiful Victoria Forester. While walking her home one night, he sees a falling star land in Faerie and vows to bring it to Victoria. Victoria agrees to reward him with whatever he desires—including her hand in marriage—if he succeeds. Dunstan gives Tristran the snowdrop and enables him to pass the wall's guards by alluding to his fairy heritage.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: At the castle of Stormhold, in Faerie, the dying Lord of Stormhold throws his topaz pendant out the window and declares that the first of his three surviving sons—Primus, Tertius, and Septimus—to retrieve it will be his successor. The pendant flies upward and knocks a star out of the sky (the same one Tristran promised to Victoria). The brothers depart in search of the pendant after their father's death. Septimus poisons Tertius at an inn. Meanwhile, the Lilim, a trio of ancient witches, learn of the fallen star and plan to eat its heart to regain their youth. The eldest of the Lilim, the witch-queen, is chosen to find the star and consumes the remains of the last star's heart.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Tristran meets a small, hairy man; who gives Tristran a silver chain, and a magic candle-stub which allows one to travel great distances quickly while it burns. Tristran uses the candle to reach the star, but is surprised to find that it is actually a young woman named Yvaine. Resolving to take her to Victoria anyway, Tristran tethers Yvaine to him with the chain; however, the candle burns out before he can return. Tristran and Yvaine travel on foot; however, Yvaine escapes on a unicorn when Tristran unchains her and leaves in search of food. Meanwhile, the witch-queen encounters Semele; who deceives the witch-queen into disclosing the purpose of her journey. The enraged witch-queen puts a curse on her, which prevents her from seeing, touching or perceiving the star.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: After discovering that Yvaine is gone, Tristran manages to catch a ride in Primus' carriage. The witch-queen conjures a wayside inn to catch Yvaine, who is drawing near. Yvaine arrives at the inn, followed shortly after by Tristran and Primus. The witch-queen attempts to poison Tristran but the unicorn warns him just in time. He rushes back to the inn as the witch-queen murders Primus. Tristran escapes with Yvaine by forming a makeshift candle from the remnants of the magic candle. Shortly afterwards, Septimus arrives and finds Primus' body. He sets off in search of the witch-queen, to fulfill an obligation to avenge his slain brother. Tristran and Yvaine end up stranded on a cloud, miles above Faerie, when the candle burns out; but are rescued by the crew of a flying ship. Though Tristran expresses that he no longer intends to force Yvaine to accompany him, she reveals that—by the custom of her kind—because he has saved her life, she is nonetheless obliged to do so.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Upon parting company with the ship, Tristran and Yvaine set off for Wall. They encounter Semele, who, because of the witch-queen's curse, is unable to see Yvaine. Semele agrees to transport Tristran the rest of the way to Wall; and Tristran obtains a promise from Semele that he will arrive at their destination unharmed. This, however, does not prevent Semele using the snowdrop to transform him into a dormouse for the duration of the journey. Yvaine also rides in Semele's caravan, unbeknownst to the witch. Septimus, meanwhile, plots his attack on the witch-queen, but is himself killed by his intended victim.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: At the market, Tristran leaves Yvaine and crosses back into Wall to meet Victoria. Meanwhile, Yvaine realizes she has fallen in love with Tristran; but learns that if she crosses the wall and leaves Faerie, she will be transformed into a piece of rock. A dismayed Victoria informs Tristran that she is already engaged to Robert Monday. She never believed he would actually go through with his quest; but is nonetheless willing to keep her promise and marry him. Tristran, not wishing to force Victoria into marrying him, reminds her that marriage was not the promise, but rather to give him anything he desired. He says that he desires that she marry her own love, Monday.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Tristran later returns to Yvaine at the market. She is delighted to learn that Victoria will be married to someone else, and that Tristran reciprocates her love. Meanwhile, Una is freed; as her enslavement ends when the moon loses her child (Yvaine), if it happens in a week when two Mondays come together (the marriage of Victoria and Monday). Una seeks out Tristran and Yvaine and reveals herself as Tristran's mother and the late Lord of Stormhold's only daughter. As such, Tristran is rightfully the last male heir of Stormhold, and Yvaine presents him with the pendant, which she has been carrying. Yvaine is approached by the witch-queen, whose youth has run out and is now older than ever. Yvaine, no longer afraid, explains that her heart is no longer for the taking as she has given it to Tristran.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Una returns to Stormhold to rule in her son's stead, while Tristran and Yvaine travel throughout Faerie. Many years later, Tristran and Yvaine finally return to Stormhold, and Tristran assumes the lordship. When he eventually grows old and dies, Yvaine continues to reign as the immortal ruler of Stormhold.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: "Stardust" was originally conceived by Gaiman and Vess as a "story book with pictures", created by both, to be published by American company DC Comics. During an interview to be included in the audio book, Neil Gaiman explained how one day while driving he had seen a wall on the side of the road and had conceived the idea of Faerie being behind the wall. This sparked an idea in Gaiman's head about an American novelist who moved to England where he would find out about this wall; at this time, the book was to be called "Wall". Soon afterwards, Gaiman was nominated for a literary award, which he won, and at a celebratory party for the award he saw a shooting star and immediately came up with the idea of "Stardust". Gaiman dragged Vess out of a party that he was at and outlined the plot to him and Vess agreed to do the illustrations. Initially, "Stardust" was released in 1997 as a prestige format four-issue comic mini-series. "Stardust" came out once a month in a square-bound, high-gloss booklet with high grade paper, high quality color and no advertisements.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Gaiman and Vess originally intended the story to be released complete, as a single book, which would better reproduce the painted illustrations of Vess and be a "story book" for all ages, and a release in this format was made in 1998. There was both a hardback () and a trade paperback edition (). It is more accurately titled Neil Gaiman and Charles Vess' "Stardust (Being A Romance Within The Realms of Faerie)". The hardback edition is quarter-bound in faux leather with the author's names, title and several stars inlaid in foil. It also has reproductions of the serialized version's covers and many sketches by Vess. The trade paperback has a very different cover design and illustrations by Vess, and has subsequently been reprinted with another different cover design.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Gaiman retains the copyright to the text and in 1999 decided, encouraged by publisher Avon, to publish "Stardust" as a conventional novel in hardback without illustrations. There was also a subsequent UK hardcover edition, from Hodder Headline. The book also proved popular with readers of the "romance" genre, although it is generally considered part of the fantasy genre. Thus the paperback publication was originally given three different covers which when placed side by side had one background image and a different primary image including a handsome man holding a woman in a passionate embrace, although this cover concept was never used.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: In 1999, Charles Vess' Green Man Press produced a portfolio as a benefit for Charles Vess' wife Karen, injured in a car accident, titled "A Fall of Stardust", which contained two chapbooks and a series of art plates. The first chapbook, written by Gaiman, comprised "Wall: A Prologue" short story, "Septimus' Triolet" poem, "Song of the Little Hairy Man", and "The Old Warlock's Reverie: A Pantoum" poem. The second chapbook was a short story entitled "The Duke of Wellington Misplaces His Horse" by Susanna Clarke. Art plates were illustrated by William Stout, Mike Mignola, Terri Windling, Bryan Talbot, Jill Thompson, Paul Chadwick, P. Craig Russell, Mark Crilley, Elizabeth Johns, Michael Zulli, Robin Mullins, Lisa Snellings, Terry Moore, Tony DiTerlizzi, Linda Medley, Lorenzo Mattotti, Zander Cannon, Dave McKean, Jeff Smith, Trina Robbins & Steve Leialoha, Gary Gianni, Janine Johnston, Stan Sakai, Michael Kaluta, Moebius, Rebecca Guay, Geof Darrow, Brian Froud and Charles Vess. Several plates were coloured by Eric Olive. Todd Klein worked with Charles Vess to create the unique logo. Those who order this collection directly from Green Man Press received an additional art plate by Sergio Aragonés.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: In July 2007, a new hardcover edition was published by DC's Vertigo imprint, containing approximately fifty pages of new material, including new artwork and information on the production of the book.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Gaiman had potential ideas for more books following on from Stardust, one called "Hellflier" set about 5 years later, and another called "Wall" set about 150 years later.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Musical comedian Tim Minchin expressed interest in the idea of adapting the story into a stage musical during a Facebook Live Q&A for "The Guardian" in October 2017 while discussing "Matilda The Musical".


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: Towards the end of the novel, it is mentioned that Tristran was rumoured to have been instrumental in breaking the power of the Unseelie Court. In Scottish folklore, faeries are often divided into the Seelie and Unseelie Courts, the Seelie being the faeries benevolently inclined towards humans and the Unseelie being the malevolent or mischievous faeries.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: The original DC Comics series was nominated for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards for Favorite Limited Series for 1998 and 1999. The collected edition of the series was also nominated for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Reprint Graphic Album for 1999.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: In 1999, the Mythopoeic Society awarded it the Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature. The novel was nominated for the Locus Award that same year. In 2000, it received an Alex Award from the American Library Association.


title: Stardust (Gaiman novel)

text: BBC Radio 4 produced a two-part radio adaptation first broadcast 17 December 2016, dramatized and directed by Dirk Maggs and featuring Eleanor Bron, Matthew Beard as Tristan and Sophie Rundle as Yvaine.


title: Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi

text: Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi is an Indian film director. She is the wife of Udhayanidhi Stalin, and editor of the literary magazine called "Inbox 1305".


title: Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi

text: Kiruthiga started her career with the directorial debut "Vanakkam Chennai". The movie produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin, starred Shiva and Priya Anand. In February 2017, she directed a music video "Sadhayai Meeri" composed by Santhosh Narayanan which portrays the pains of transgender people. She later directed "Kaali" (2018).


title: Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi

text: Kiruthiga married Udhayanidhi Stalin in 2002 and the couple have a son and a daughter. Their son Inban has signed for NEROCA FC football club which plays in the I-League. Both Kiruthiga and Udhayanidhi are atheists.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: Oscar I (born Joseph François Oscar Bernadotte; 4 July 1799 – 8 July 1859) was King of Sweden and Norway from 8 March 1844 until his death. He was the second monarch of the House of Bernadotte.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: The only child of King Charles XIV John, Oscar inherited the thrones upon the death of his father. Throughout his reign he would pursue a liberal course in politics in contrast to Charles XIV John, instituting reforms and improving ties between Sweden and Norway. In an address to him in 1857, the Riksdag declared that he had promoted the material prosperity of the kingdom more than any of his predecessors.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: Oscar was born at 291 Rue Cisalpine in Paris (today: 32 Rue Monceau) to Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, then-French Minister of War and later Marshal of the Empire and Sovereign Prince of Pontecorvo, and Désirée Clary, Napoleon Bonaparte's former fiancée. He was named "Joseph" after his godfather Joseph Bonaparte, who was married to his mother's elder sister Julie, but was also given the names "François Oscar". The latter name was chosen by Napoleon after one of the heroes in the Ossian cycle of poems, and was the name that came to be used in the family, mainly by the mother and the aunt. Désirée is said to have chosen Napoleon to be Oscar's godfather. He spent his first years in France, living with his mother and aunt, partly in Paris, partly at Joseph Bonaparte's country residence, the Château de Mortefontaine north of Paris. In 1807, he received his first tutor, Le Moine.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: As the Swedish king Charles XIII was without legitimate heirs, and Sweden therefore was without an heir to the throne, Oscar's father was proposed as a possible candidate to the Swedish throne in 1810. As one of the arguments for his election, it was argued that he already had a son and the future succession to the throne was secured. A portrait of the young Oscar was handed out at the Riksdag, the Diet of the Four Estates assembled in Örebro to elect an heir to the throne, serving as a lever for the election of Bernadotte. On 21 August 1810, the Riksdag elected Oscar's father as heir-presumptive to the Swedish throne. Two months later, on 5 November, he was formally adopted by the king under the name of "Charles John"; Oscar was then created a Prince of Sweden with the style of "Royal Highness", and further accorded the title of Duke of Södermanland. Oscar and his mother moved from Paris to Stockholm in June 1811; while Oscar soon acclimated to life at the royal court, quickly acquiring the Swedish language, Désirée had difficulty adjusting and despised the cold weather. Consequently, she left Sweden in the summer of 1811, and would not return until 1823.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: Oscar, who was accompanied to Sweden by Le Moine, immediately got a teacher of Swedish and was soon able to serve as his father's interpreter. On 17 January 1816, Oscar was elected an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in 1818 was appointed chancellor of Uppsala University, where he spent one semester.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: Oscar became Crown Prince in 1818 upon the death of his adoptive grandfather, and the accession of Charles John to the Swedish and Norwegian thrones.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: Seeking to legitimise the new Bernadotte dynasty, Charles XIV John had selected four princesses as candidates for marriage, in order of his priority:


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: Oscar would eventually marry Josephine, first by proxy at the Leuchtenberg Palace in Munich on 22 May 1823 and in person at a wedding ceremony conducted in Stockholm on 19 June 1823.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: Oscar also had two extramarital sons (unofficially called the "Princes of Lapland") by actress Emilie Högquist:


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: In 1832–1834 he completed the romantic opera "Ryno, the errant knight", which had been left unfinished on the death of the young composer Eduard Brendler. In 1839 he wrote a series of articles on popular education, and in 1841 anonymously published "Om Straff och straffanstalter", a work advocating prison reforms.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: In 1838 Charles XIV John began to suspect that his son was plotting with the Liberal politicians to bring about a change of ministry, or even his own abdication. If Oscar did not actively assist the Opposition on this occasion, his disapprobation of his father's despotic behaviour was notorious, though he avoided an actual rupture. Yet his liberalism was of the most cautious and moderate character, as the Opposition—shortly after his accession to the thrones in 1844—discovered to their great chagrin. The new king would not hear of any radical reform of the cumbersome and obsolete 1809 Instrument of Government, which made the king a near-autocrat. However, one of his earliest measures was to establish freedom of the press. He also passed the first law supporting gender equality in Sweden when he in 1845 declared that in the absence of a will specifying otherwise, brothers and sisters should have equal inheritance. Oscar I also formally established equality between his two kingdoms by introducing new flags with the common Union badge of Norway and Sweden, as well as a new coat of arms for the union.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: In foreign affairs, Oscar I was a friend of the principle of nationality; in 1848 he supported Denmark against the Kingdom of Prussia in the First War of Schleswig by placing Swedish and Norwegian troops in cantonments in Funen and North Schleswig (1849–1850), and was the mediator of the Truce of Malmö (26 August 1848). He was also one of the guarantors of the integrity of Denmark (the London Protocol, 8 May 1852).


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: As early as 1850, Oscar I had conceived the plan of a dynastic union of the three Scandinavian kingdoms, but such difficulties presented themselves that the scheme had to be abandoned. He succeeded, however, in reversing his father's favored-nation policy towards Imperial Russia. His fear lest Russia should demand a stretch of coast along the Varanger Fjord induced him to remain neutral during the Crimean War, and, subsequently, to conclude an alliance with Great Britain and the Second French Empire (25 November 1855) for preserving the territorial integrity of Sweden-Norway.


title: Oscar I of Sweden

text: In the 1850s, Oscar's health began to rapidly deteriorate, becoming paralyzed in 1857; he died two years later at the Royal Palace in Stockholm on 8 July 1859, four days after his birthday. He was buried in the traditional burial site for Swedish monarchs, the Riddarholmen Church on the islet of Riddarholmen in central Stockholm. His eldest son, who served as Regent during his absence, succeeded him as Charles XV.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Noonan syndrome (NS) is a genetic disorder that may present with mildly unusual facial features, short height, congenital heart disease, bleeding problems, and skeletal malformations. Facial features include widely spaced eyes, light-colored eyes, low-set ears, a short neck, and a small lower jaw. Heart problems may include pulmonary valve stenosis. The breast bone may either protrude or be sunken, while the spine may be abnormally curved. Intelligence in the syndrome is often normal. Complications of NS can include leukemia.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: A number of genetic mutations can result in Noonan syndrome. The condition may be inherited from a person's parents as an autosomal dominant condition or occur as a new mutation. Noonan syndrome is a type of RASopathy, the underlying mechanism for which involves overactivation within the RAS/MAPK cell signaling pathway. The diagnosis may be suspected based on symptoms, medical imaging, and blood tests. Confirmation may be achieved with genetic testing.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: No cure for NS is known. Treatment is based on the symptoms and underlying problems, and extra support in school may be required. Growth hormone therapy during childhood can increase an affected person's final height. Long-term outcomes typically depend on the severity of heart problems.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: An estimated 1 in 1000 people are mildly affected by NS, while about 1 in 2,000 have a more severe form of the condition. Males appear to be affected more often than females. The condition was first described in 1883 and was named after American pediatric cardiologist Jacqueline Noonan, who described further cases in 1963.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: The most common signs leading to the diagnosis of Noonan syndrome are unique facial characteristics and musculoskeletal features. The facial characteristics are most prominent in infancy, becoming less apparent with age in many people with Noonan syndrome.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Some of the characteristic features of Noonan syndrome include a large head with excess skin on the back of the neck, low hairline at the nape of the neck, high hairline at the front of the head, triangular face shape, broad forehead, and a short, webbed neck.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: In the eyes, hypertelorism (widely set eyes) is a defining characteristic, present in 95% of people with Noonan syndrome. This may be accompanied by epicanthal folds (extra fold of skin at the inner corner of the eye), ptosis (drooping of the eyelids), proptosis (bulging eyes), strabismus (inward or outward turning of the eyes), nystagmus (jerking movement of the eyes) and refractive visual errors.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: The development of the ears and auditory system may be affected in people with Noonan's syndrome. This can result in low-set ears (in over 90%), backward-rotated ears (over 90%), thick helix (outer rim) of ear (over 90%), incomplete folding of ears, chronic otitis media (ear infections), and hearing loss.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Development of the mouth may also be affected in Noonan syndrome. This can result in deeply grooved philtrum (top lip line) (over 90%), micrognathia (undersized lower jaw), high arched palate, articulation difficulties (teeth don't line up) which can lead to dental problems. Similar to the muscular manifestations above, in the mouth, poor tongue control may be observed.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Skin signs and symptoms in Noonan syndrome include lymphedema (lymph swelling of the extremities), keloid formation, excessive scar formation, hyperkeratosis (overdevelopment of outer skin layer), pigmented nevi (darkly pigmented skin spots), and connective tissue disease.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Abnormalities in the limbs and extremities may occur in Noonan syndrome. This may manifest as bluntly ended fingers, extra padding on fingers and toes, edema of the back of hands and tops of feet, and cubitus valgus (wide carrying angle of the elbows).


title: Noonan syndrome

text: For short stature, growth hormone is sometimes combined with IGF-1 (or as an alternative, IGF-1 as a stand-alone) can be used to achieve an increased height/final height quicker. The final adult height of individuals with Noonan syndrome is about 161–167 cm in males and 150–155 cm in females, which approaches the lower limit of normal.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Spinal abnormalities may be present up to 30% of the time and this may require surgery to correct in over 60% of these cases. Other musculoskeletal manifestations in Noonan syndrome are associated with undifferentiated connective-tissue disorders which can be associated with joint contractures (tightness) or joint hypermobility (looseness). Additional factors may present in the form of winging of the scapula, scoliosis, breast bone prominence (pectus carinatum), breast bone depression (pectus excavatum). Muscle abnormalities may present as hypotonia (low muscle tone), which may lead to lordosis (increased hollow in the back) due to poor abdominal muscle tone.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Noonan syndrome is the second most common syndromic cause of congenital heart disease. This includes pulmonary valvular stenosis (50–60%), atrial septal defects (10–25%), ventricular septal defects (5–20%) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (12–35%).


title: Noonan syndrome

text: A number of diverse gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms have been associated with Noonan syndrome. These include swallowing difficulties, low gut motility, gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying), intestinal malrotation, and frequent or forceful vomiting. These digestive issues may lead to decreased appetite, failure to thrive from infancy to puberty (75%), and occasionally the need for a feeding tube.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Lymphatic anomalies including Posterior cervical hygroma (webbed neck) and Lymphedema may present in people with Noonan syndrome.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: A number of bleeding disorders have been associated with Noonan syndrome, these include platelet dysfunction, Blood clotting disorders, partial deficiency of factor VIII:C, partial deficiency of factor XI:C, partial deficiency of factor XII:C, and an imbalance of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity. It has been associated with Von Willebrand disease, Amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, combined coagulation defects. When present, these Noonan-syndrome accompanying disorders can be associated with a predisposition to bruise easily, or hemorrhage.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Occasionally, Chiari malformation (type 1), may occur, which can lead to hydrocephalus. Seizures have also been reported.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Recurrence in siblings and apparent transmission from parent to child has long suggested a genetic defect with autosomal dominant inheritance and variable expression. Mutations in the Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways are known to be responsible for about 70% of NS cases.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Persons with NS have up to a 50% chance of transmitting it to their offspring. The fact that an affected parent is not always identified for children with NS suggests several possibilities:


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Heterozygous mutations in "NRAS", "HRAS", "BRAF", "SHOC2", "MAP2K1", "MAP2K2", and "CBL" have also been associated with a smaller percentage of NS and related phenotypes.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: NS can be confirmed genetically by the presence of any of the known mutations listed above. However, despite identification of 14 causative genes, the absence of a known mutation will not exclude the diagnosis, as more, as-yet-undiscovered genes can cause NS. Thus, the diagnosis of NS is still based on clinical features. In other words, it is made when a physician feels that a person has enough of the features to warrant the label. The principal values of making a genetic diagnosis are that it guides additional medical and developmental evaluations, it excludes other possible explanations for the features, and it allows more accurate recurrence risk estimates. With more genotype-phenotype correlation studies being performed, a positive genetic diagnosis will help the clinician to be aware of possible anomalies specific to that certain gene mutation. For example, an increase in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is seen in people with a mutation of "KRAS" and an increased risk of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia exists for a mutation of "PTPN11". In the future, studies may lead to a targeted management of NS symptoms that depends on what genetic mutation a person has.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Prenatal features that might lead physicians to consider a diagnosis of Noonan syndrome include cystic hygroma, increased nuchal translucency, pleural effusion, and edema.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: While Turner syndrome has similarities with renal anomalies and developmental delay, Turner syndrome is only found in females and often expresses differently. In Turner syndrome, there is a lower incidence of developmental delays, left-sided heart defects are constant and the occurrence of renal abnormalities is much lower.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: The treatment varies depending on complications but tend to be quite standard, reflecting the treatment of the general population. Management guidelines, divided by systems, including general, developmental, dental, growth and feeding, cardiovascular, audiological, haematological, renal and skeletal, that account for actions to be taken at diagnosis, after diagnosis and if symptomatic, have been published by an American consortium.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Specifically, treatment of cardiovascular complications resemble that of the general population and treatment of bleeding diathesis is guided by the specific factor deficiency or platelet aggregation.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Although a few people with Noonan syndrome have been reported to develop malignant hyperthermia, the gene mutation of diseases known to be associated with malignant hyperthermia is different from that of Noonan syndrome.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: The lifespan of people with Noonan's syndrome can be similar to the general population, however, Noonan syndrome can be associated with several health conditions that can contribute to mortality. The greatest contributor to mortality in individuals with Noonan syndrome is complications of cardiovascular disease. Prognosis is therefore largely dependent on the presence or absence of cardiac disease, as well as the type and severity of the disease (if disease is present). Most notably, Noonan syndrome with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with increased mortality.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Jacqueline Noonan was practicing as a pediatric cardiologist at the University of Iowa when she noticed that children with a rare type of heart defect, valvular pulmonary stenosis, often had a characteristic physical appearance, with short stature, webbed neck, wide spaced eyes, and low-set ears. Both boys and girls were affected. These characteristics were sometimes seen running in families but were not associated with gross chromosomal abnormalities. She studied 833 people with Noonan syndrome at the congenital heart disease clinic, looking for other congenital abnormalities, and, in 1963, presented a paper: "Associated non-cardiac malformations in children with congenital heart disease". This described 9 children who in addition to congenital heart disease had characteristic facial features, chest deformities and short stature.


title: Noonan syndrome

text: Dr. John Opitz, a former student of Dr. Noonan's, first began to call the condition "Noonan syndrome" when he saw children who looked like those whom Dr. Noonan had described. Dr. Noonan produced a paper titled "Hypertelorism with Turner Phenotype" in 1968 where she studied 19 patients who displayed symptoms indicative of Noonan's Syndrome.  In 1971, at the Symposium of Cardiovascular defects, the name 'Noonan syndrome' became officially recognized.


title: Brian Benben

text: Brian Edward Benben (born June 18, 1956) is an American actor, best known for his role as Martin Tupper in the HBO comedy television series "Dream On" (1990–1996), and also known as Sheldon Wallace on ABC medical drama "Private Practice" (2008–2013).


title: Brian Benben

text: Benben was born in Winchester, Virginia, the son of Gloria Patricia (née Coffman) and Peter Michael Benben Sr., a produce buyer.


title: Brian Benben

text: He later lived and attended high school in Marlboro, New York, followed by two years at Ulster County Community College in Stone Ridge, New York, after which he moved to New York City, where he worked various jobs while auditioning and acting. In 1983 he appeared in the Broadway production of John Byrne's play "Slab Boys" with Kevin Bacon, Sean Penn, Val Kilmer and Jackie Earle Haley. The play ran on Broadway for 48 performances.


title: Brian Benben

text: Although his first national exposure was in the 1981 NBC miniseries-then-series "The Gangster Chronicles", Benben is perhaps best known for his leading role in the 1990–96 HBO television series, "Dream On". He played a "by the book" FBI agent in the 1990 film "Dark Angel" (known in the U.S. as "I Come in Peace").


title: Brian Benben

text: He had a starring role in the 1994, film "Radioland Murders" playing Mary Stuart Masterson's estranged husband. In September 1998, he starred in an eponymous primetime CBS sitcom, "The Brian Benben Show", which lasted only one month on the air. In the 2000s, he played Dr. Sheldon Wallace on Shonda Rhimes' "Private Practice". His character was first introduced in December 2008, later became a recurring character, and finally a series regular. In 2014, he appeared in the television series "Scandal", also produced by Rhimes.


title: Brian Benben

text: In 1982, Benben married actress Madeleine Stowe, whom he met filming "The Gangster Chronicles". Together they have one child, daughter May Theodora Benben (born 1996). Benben and Stowe live west of Austin, near Johnson City, Texas.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Captain Sir Thomas Moore (30 April 1920 – 2 February 2021), more popularly known as Captain Tom, was a British Army officer and fundraiser who made international headlines in 2020 when he raised money for charity in the run-up to his 100th birthday during the COVID-19 pandemic. He served in India and the Burma campaign during the Second World War, and later became an instructor in armoured warfare. After the war, he worked as managing director of a concrete company and was an avid motorcycle racer.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 6 April 2020, at the age of 99, Moore began to walk 100 lengths of his garden in aid of NHS Charities Together, with the goal of raising £1,000 by his 100th birthday on 30 April. In the 24-day course of his fundraising, he made many media appearances and became a popular household name in the UK, earning a number of accolades and attracting over 1.5 million individual donations. In recognition of his efforts, he received the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Helen Rollason Award at the 2020 ceremony. He performed in a cover version of the song "You'll Never Walk Alone" sung by Michael Ball, with proceeds going to the same charity. The single topped the UK music charts, making him the oldest person to achieve a UK number one.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On the morning of Moore's 100th birthday, the total raised by his walk passed £30 million, and by the time the campaign closed at the end of that day had increased to over £32.79 million (worth almost £39 million with expected tax rebates). His birthday was marked in a number of ways, including flypasts by the Royal Air Force and the British Army. He received over 150,000 cards, and was appointed as honorary colonel of the Army Foundation College. On 17 July 2020, he was personally knighted by the Queen at Windsor Castle. He died on 2 February 2021, at Bedford Hospital, where he was taken after being treated for pneumonia and then testing positive for COVID-19.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Moore was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on 30 April 1920 and grew up in the town. He was the son of Isabella (née Hird) and Wilson "Wilfred" Moore. His father was from a family of builders, and his mother was a head teacher. Moore was educated at Keighley Grammar School and started an apprenticeship in civil engineering.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Moore was conscripted in the 8th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment (8 DWR) in June 1940, stationed at Weston Park in Otley, nine months after the beginning of the Second World War. He was selected for officer training later that year, and attended an Officer Cadet Training Unit before being commissioned as a second lieutenant on 28 June 1941.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 22 October 1941, Moore became a member of the Royal Armoured Corps. This was because 8 DWR became an armoured unit designated as the 145th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps. Later that year, he was transferred to the 9th Battalion (9 DWR) in India, which had converted to become the 146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps. While in India, he was tasked with setting up and running a training programme for army motorcyclists. He was initially posted to Bombay (now Mumbai) and subsequently to Calcutta (now Kolkata).


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: He was promoted to war-substantive lieutenant on 1 October 1942 and to temporary captain on 11 October 1944.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: As part of the Fourteenth Army, the so-called "Forgotten Army", he served in Arakan in western Burma (now Myanmar) – where he survived dengue fever. Moore returned to the UK in February 1945, to take a training course on the inner workings of the Churchill tanks, learning to become an instructor. He did not return to the regiment, remaining as an instructor and the Technical Adjutant of the Armoured Vehicle Fighting School in Bovington Camp, Dorset until the end of the War. He was demobilised in 1946.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Moore was officially demobilised in October 1946. After leaving the army at 26 years old, he joined the family building company, the name of which was altered to W. Moore & Son (Builders) Ltd. In 1960 he took a job as a traveling salesman for a roofing materials company called Nuralite in Gravesend, Kent. Seven years later he became regional manager, for the north of England and Northern Ireland, for the company.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: He was later appointed general manager of Cawoods Concrete Products Ltd., manufacturing concrete pipes in March, Cambridgeshire, with a view to restoring it to profitability or closing it down, after its owners had failed to find a buyer. Moore led a management buyout in 1983, with the assistance of local Member of Parliament Clement Freud, who also became an investor in the renamed March Concrete Products Ltd. The company traded successfully for several years until market conditions and technical issues forced the investors to sell it to Amalgamated Roadstone Corporation in 1987.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Moore raced motorcycles competitively – he purchased his first when he was 12 and wore the number 23. He rode a Scott motorcycle, winning several trophies. Moore was a member of the Keighley and District Photographic Association between 1934 and 1936, as his father had also been.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: He was a contestant in the Christmas Day 1983 edition of the BBC Television game show "Blankety Blank."


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 6 April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, and with his 100th birthday approaching, Moore began a fundraising campaign for NHS Charities Together, a group of charities supporting staff, volunteers and patients in the British National Health Service (NHS). He aimed to complete one hundred lengths of his garden, ten lengths per day, with the help of a walking frame, branding the endeavour "Tom's 100th Birthday Walk for the NHS".


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: The initial £1,000 goal having been realised on 10 April, the target was increased, first to £5,000, and later to £500,000 as more people around the world became involved. Contributions rose quickly after British media publicised the endeavour, beginning when Moore made a brief appearance by telephone, on Michael Ball's Sunday programme on BBC Radio 2 on 12 April. Moore, who joined Twitter in the same month, used the site to express joy at the public's generosity in donating such a large amount of money.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: He achieved his target of one hundred lengths on the morning of 16 April, watched at a safe distance by a guard of honour from the 1st Battalion of the Yorkshire Regiment, the regiment into which the DWR were merged in 2006. He said he would not stop, and aimed to do a second hundred.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On the morning of his birthday, he had raised £30 million. The JustGiving page for his campaign closed at the end of that day; the final amount raised subsequently being stated there as £32,796,475 (plus another £6,173,663.31 expected in tax rebates under the Gift Aid scheme) – a record for a JustGiving campaign, beating the previous record of £5.2 million raised (partially posthumously) by Stephen Sutton. More than 1.5 million individuals donated.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Funds raised by Moore are being spent on such things as well-being packs for National Health Service staff, facilitating rest and recuperation rooms, devices to enable hospital patients to keep in contact with family members, and community groups who support patients once discharged from hospitals. Once his campaign ended, Moore encouraged people to continue to donate, directly to the NHS Charities Together's urgent appeal, and subsequently via his own Captain Tom Foundation.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: To mark Moore's 100th length, the singer Michael Ball sang "You'll Never Walk Alone" for him live on "BBC Breakfast". Within 24 hours, the performance was made into a digital single featuring the NHS Voices of Care Choir, and Moore's spoken words. Released by Decca Records, on 17 April, with all proceeds going to NHS Charities Together, the recording topped the United Kingdom's "The Official Big Top 40" chart. It sold almost 36,000 copies in its first 48 hours, and was the "biggest trending song" as measured by the Official Charts Company. On 24 April, it went straight to number 1 in the weekly "Official" UK Singles Chart, making Moore the oldest person to achieve that position and meaning that he was at number 1 on his 100th birthday, and became a one-hit wonder.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Moore's bid to reach number 1 was boosted when his leading competitor, the then-current number 1 act The Weeknd, asked people via Twitter to support Moore and make him number 1 for his 100th birthday. The Weeknd's song, "Blinding Lights", duly dropped to number 2.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 16 April, after Moore's 100th length, a UK Government spokesman said "the Prime Minister will certainly be looking at ways to recognise Tom's heroic efforts." Brigadier Andrew Jackson, Colonel of the Yorkshire Regiment, described Moore as "an absolute legend [from] an exceptional generation that are still an inspiration for our Yorkshire soldiers today." Via video link, Moore was guest of honour at, and opened, the NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber, in Harrogate, on 21 April.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 23 April, he was given a Pride of Britain award in recognition of his efforts, after "thousands of nominations" were received. He was appointed the first Honorary Colonel of the Army Foundation College in Harrogate, Yorkshire, a training centre for soldiers under 18, on his 100th birthday. When acting in that capacity, he was addressed as "Colonel Tom". He also received the York Medal for his "outstanding contribution to our military effectiveness and military reputation". He made his first visit to the college on 10 September, when he was Chief Inspecting Officer at their annual graduation parade.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On his 100th birthday, he was also named a "Point of Light" by the Prime Minister. In early May, he was awarded a gold "Blue Peter" badge, the highest accolade issued by the BBC Television children's programme. Keighley Town Council stated that they would grant Moore the Freedom of Keighley. On 12 May, he was granted the Freedom of the City of London, via a video call.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: By 20 April, more than 800,000 people had signed a petition calling for Moore to be knighted. Late on 19 May, it was announced that he was to be made a Knight Bachelor following a special nomination by the Prime Minister. The knighthood is part of the 2020 Special Honours, and was conferred on 20 May. The investiture, by Elizabeth II, took place outdoors, in the quadrangle at Windsor Castle, on 17 July; Moore was the only person honoured at the ceremony, and it was the Queen's first official engagement in person since the start of the COVID-19 lockdown. She used the sword that had belonged to her father George VI. On 7 September, Sir Gary Hickinbottom, the Knight Principal of the Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor presented the Knight Bachelor's Certificate (the official documentation of a Knight Bachelor) to Moore at his home, and gave him the ISKB's official Neck Tie. At the same ceremony, Robert Pooley, the CEO of Pooley Sword, presented him with a Knight Bachelor's Sword.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Cranfield University, near Moore's home in Bedfordshire, awarded him an Honorary Doctorate of Science. It was presented to him by Baroness Young, Chancellor of the university, and Sir Peter Gregson, Vice-Chancellor, in a video call. He was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of the University (D.Univ) by the University of Bradford as part of their 2020 Graduation Ceremonies. In July, Moore became the first member and captain of the Football Association and England National Football Team's "Lionhearts" squad. This honour was presented by former England captain David Beckham.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: A number of artists painted portraits of Moore; some said they would gift the paintings to him, or sell them to raise more funds. Others depicted him in murals, including examples in Cambourne, Tamworth and Thetford. On 14 August, an official portrait painted by Alexander Chamberlin was unveiled. It is in the collection of the National Army Museum.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Moore gave over 150 media interviews. On 6 May, BBC One changed its advertised schedule to screen a 30-minute BBC News Special, "Captain Tom: We Salute You", presented by Michael Ball. During the programme, Ball visited Moore at his home, and at the end of the programme the pair duetted, "a cappella", the first verse of their hit single. Another UK television channel, ITV, screened a 30-minute documentary, "Captain Tom's War", on 8 May, in which Moore reminisced about his military career, followed by the hour-long "The Life & Times of Captain Sir Tom" on 13 August. He was the guest on an episode of "Piers Morgan's Life Stories" on 13 September.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: In November 2020, "British GQ" magazine named Moore its "Inspiration of the Year" as part of its Men of the Year edition. Moore also appeared on the front cover of the magazine, making him the oldest cover star in the magazine's history.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: In February 2021, Lake District brand Herdy made him a "Herdy Hero" and created a free poster that people can download with one of his sayings on it.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Moore held two "Guinness World Records": as the fundraiser raising the greatest amount of money in an individual charity walk, and as the oldest person to have a number-one single on the UK charts.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Over a week before Moore's 100th birthday, so many cards had been sent to him that Royal Mail had had to introduce dedicated sorting facilities and around 20 volunteers were recruited to open and display them, at the local Bedford School. By his birthday, over 150,000 cards had been received.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Royal Mail announced that all stamped post between 26 April and 1 May would be postmarked "Happy 100th Birthday Captain Thomas Moore NHS fundraising hero 30th April 2020". Royal Mail also celebrated his birthday by painting a postbox, near his home, the shade of blue used by the NHS, with a golden balloon and inscription on the side.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On the morning of his birthday, a Hawker Hurricane and a Spitfire from the Royal Air Force's Battle of Britain Memorial Flight performed a flypast over Moore's house. In the afternoon, a second flypast featured two Army Air Corps helicopters, a Wildcat and an Apache.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Michael Ball appeared live on "BBC Breakfast" to sing "Happy Birthday to You" to Moore. Birthday congratulations were also made by Boris Johnson, Harry Kane, and Charles III (still Prince of Wales at the time). Moore also took a video call from the Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Instead of the standard 100th birthday message from Queen Elizabeth II, he received a personalised card, presented in person by the Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire, Helen Nellis.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Keighley Bus Company named one of its Optare Versa buses "Captain Tom Moore" on 20 April, and reprogrammed the electronic displays to show a "Thank You Captain Tom" message intermittently in between the vehicle's route and destination. A plaque inside the bus gives further information of Moore's life and fundraising. Other buses in the town, and across parent company Transdev Blazefield, displayed an intermittent "Thank You NHS" message. Alex Hornby, chief executive of Transdev Blazefield, described the vehicle as the "pride of the fleet" in dedication to Moore, thanking him for his fundraising efforts. On 25 April, bus company Stagecoach East, which runs services in Bedford where Moore lived, named one of its Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC double-decker buses "Captain Tom Moore".


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 29 April, Great Western Railway named a Class 800 train, 800 025, "Captain Tom Moore". On 30 April, GB Railfreight named a Class 66, 66 731, "Capt. Tom Moore – A True British Inspiration". Hornby Railways produced a OO gauge model locomotive, and donated £140,000 raised from its sales to NHS Charities. This locomotive was a record for Hornby, which sold 3,500 units in four days – on average one every two minutes and 26 seconds.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: In late April, West Midlands Police named a Dutch Herder police dog puppy "Captain Tom Moore", the name being an "overwhelming favourite" in an online vote to name dogs after "NHS heroes". World Horse Welfare named a foal, recently born at its base in Thetford, "Captain Tom", after a poll on social media. A Clydesdale horse born in the Lake District on Moore's birthday was also named "Captain Tom". Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service named a powerboat "Captain Tom". Bedford Hospital also named a new landscaped garden after him.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Moore first married in 1949 to a woman who was known as "Billie". The marriage was never consummated and was subsequently annulled. In January 1968, he married Pamela, fifteen years his junior. They had two daughters: Hannah and Lucy. When Moore was working at Cawoods and then March Concrete, the family lived in Welney in Norfolk. The couple retired to the Costa del Sol, Spain, but returned when Pamela developed a form of dementia. She spent her last years in a nursing home, where Moore would visit her every day. She died in 2006. Moore lived with his younger daughter, her husband, and two grandchildren, in Marston Moretaine, Bedfordshire, from 2008 until his death. He also had two other grandchildren.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: In 2018, he received treatment from the NHS, for a broken hip, broken rib, punctured lung and other serious injuries, following a fall. He was still recovering from these injuries when he started his fund-raising walk. The same year, he was also treated for melanoma of the head. In addition, Moore had a hip replacement and a double knee replacement. His great-nephew is a paediatric junior doctor at East Surrey Hospital.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: In December 2020, Moore and his family took a holiday to Barbados after British Airways paid for his flight.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Moore was admitted to Bedford Hospital on 12 January 2021. He was diagnosed with pneumonia and treated. Ten days later he was discharged to his home in Marston Moretaine. Both before and during his stay in hospital, Moore was tested regularly for COVID-19. On the day of his discharge, 22 January, he first tested positive for the coronavirus. He remained at home for the following nine days while receiving care and treatment. Having difficulty in breathing, Moore was re-admitted to Bedford Hospital on 31 January with COVID-19 and pneumonia. He died on 2 February, aged 100. His funeral took place on 27 February. Moore asked that "My Way" by Frank Sinatra be played at his funeral and that his epitaph should read: "I told you I was old", in reference to comedian Spike Milligan's epitaph "I told you I was ill". The guard of honour arrived on a pair of vintage double-decker buses, including members of the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway, Keighley Cougars Rugby Club and the Bangladeshi Community Association.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Many public figures, including MPs, sportsmen and celebrities paid tribute to Moore through their social media channels. The NHS Twitter account issued a statement saying "Thanks for everything, Sir Tom ♥".


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Buckingham Palace issued a statement saying "The Queen is sending a private message of condolence to the family of Captain Sir Tom Moore. Her Majesty very much enjoyed meeting Captain Sir Tom and his family at Windsor last year. Her thoughts and those of the Royal Family are with them".


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: The Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, called Moore "a hero in the truest sense of the word" and praised him for both his military service and fundraising efforts. Johnson also announced that the flags above 10 and 11 Downing Street would be flown at half-mast as a sign of respect. Johnson also appealed to the country to join the national clap for Moore at 6 pm on 3 February 2021.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Both Houses of Parliament observed a one-minute silence in honour of Moore on 3 February. The BBC News Special programme, "Captain Tom: We Salute You", was re-broadcast on BBC One the same evening.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: A change.org petition calling for Moore to receive a state funeral received almost 200,000 signatures within the first two days of being launched.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: Radio DJ Amanda Holden announced during the 3 February edition of the "Heart Breakfast" radio show that she was launching a campaign calling for an official memorial statue of Moore to be erected. Holden's campaign received support from the "Daily Mail", Health Secretary Matt Hancock, and members of Moore's family. In a debate on "Good Morning Britain" on 4 February, TV presenter Nick Knowles suggested that Moore's statue should be placed permanently on the fourth plinth of Trafalgar Square, whereas Carol Vorderman suggested Moore should have a memorial stone in Westminster Abbey.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 4 February Barbados' Prime Minister, Mia Mottley, who had met with Moore during his visit to Barbados issued a statement of condolences, on behalf of herself and her nation, after learning of his death. Col. Glyne Grannum, Chief of Staff of the Barbados Defence Force who met with Capt. Tom along with other Barbadian veterans also extended farewell condolences along with the PM.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 27 February 2021, Moore's funeral was held, and he was cremated. Six members of the Yorkshire Regiment, of which Moore was a member, carried his coffin, with an honour guard of 14 firing three volleys and a World War II-era Douglas C-47 Dakota, part of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, performing a fly-past. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, only eight members of his immediate family attended, but it was televised. The service also featured Moore's recording of 'You'll Never Walk Alone', Vera Lynn's anthem "White Cliffs of Dover" and Michael Bublé's rendition of "Smile"'. His family said that once COVID-19 restrictions allow, Moore's ashes would be interred in the Moore family plot in Yorkshire. This was done on 5 July 2021; the epitaph on his gravestone was "I told you I was old", a reference to the epitaph of Spike Milligan.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: A charitable foundation bearing Moore's name was established in June of 2020, its declared aim being to recognise and raise money for organisations supporting the elderly in the UK. Moore's daughter, Hannah Ingram-Moore, and her husband became trustees of the charity in February of 2021. The British media reported in June 2022 that the Charity Commission would investigate the foundation due to questions regarding its financial relationship to members of the Ingram-Moore family.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: A mural was created, in honour of Moore, in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, in April 2020. Moore was among a number of subjects for graffiti art created by Pontefract artist Rachel List. On 30 April 2020, a mural, by newsagent and artist Paul Cable, on the wall of a popular restaurant in Abergavenny, Monmouthshire, was unveiled as a tribute to Moore on his 100th birthday.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: In May 2020 he inspired Russian veteran Zinaida Korneeva to raise funds to support doctors, affected by COVID-19, and the project "Appeal to Tom Moore" was launched.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: In September 2020, it was announced that a biopic of Moore's life was being produced by Fred Films and Powder Keg Pictures. Upon hearing the announcement, Moore commented: "I don't know of any 100-year-old actors, but I'm sure Michael Caine or Anthony Hopkins could do a wonderful job if they were prepared to age up!". The film is being produced and written by Nick Moorcroft and Meg Leonard.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: A depiction of Moore featured in the 2020–21 New Year's Eve fireworks display in London, set to the Jess Glynne song "I'll Be There".


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: At a press conference to mark his own 61st birthday on 19 February 2021, Naruhito, the Japanese Emperor, spoke of Captain Tom's achievements and words as one of the things that had impressed him over the past year.


title: Captain Tom Moore

text: On 2 June 2021, Paradox Interactive added Moore as a military leader in their grand strategy game "Hearts of Iron IV".


title: Kenjutsu

text: The exact activities and conventions undertaken when practicing "kenjutsu" vary from school to school, where the word school here refers to the practice, methods, ethics, and metaphysics of a given tradition, yet commonly include practice of battlefield techniques without an opponent and techniques whereby two practitioners perform "kata" (featuring full contact strikes to the body in some styles and no body contact strikes permitted in others).


title: Kenjutsu

text: Although kata training has always been the mainstay, in later periods, schools incorporated sparring under a variety of conditions, from using solid wooden "bokutō" to the use of a bamboo sword ("shinai") and armor ("bōgu"). In modern times sparring in Japanese martial art is more strongly associated with kendo and is mainly practiced by students or the police force. Although kendo is common in Japan, it is also practiced in other countries around the world.


title: Kenjutsu

text: It is thought likely that the first iron swords were manufactured in Japan in the fourth century, based on technology imported from China via the Korean peninsula. While swords clearly played an important cultural and religious role in ancient Japan, in the Heian period the globally recognised curved Japanese sword (the katana) was developed and swords became important weapons and symbolic items. The oldest schools in existence today arose in the Muromachi period (1336 to 1573), known for long periods of inter-state warfare. Three major schools emerged during this period.


title: Kenjutsu

text: These schools form the ancestors for many descendent styles, for example, from Ittō ryū has branched Ono-ha Ittō ryū and Mizoguchi-ha Ittō-ryū (among many others).


title: Kenjutsu

text: On the island of Okinawa, the art of Udundi includes a unique method of both Kenjutsu and Iaijutsu. This is the only surviving sword system from Okinawa. It was the martial art of the noble Motobu family during the Ryukyu Kingdom.


title: Kenjutsu

text: During the Edo period schools proliferated to number more than 500, and training techniques and equipment advanced. The 19th century led to the development of the bamboo practice sword, the "shinai", and protective armor, "bogu". This allowed practice of full speed techniques in sparring, while reducing risk of serious harm to the practitioner. Before this, training in Kenjutsu had consisted mainly of basic technique practice and paired "kata", using solid wooden practice swords ("bokutō") or live blades.


title: Kenjutsu

text: Beginning in 1868, the Meiji Restoration led to the breakup of the military class and the modernization of Japan along the lines of western industrial nations. As the "samurai" class was officially dissolved at this time, "kenjutsu" fell into decline, an unpopular reminder of the past. This decline continued for approximately 20 years, until rising national confidence led to an increase of the uptake of traditional sword arts again, particularly in the military and the police.


title: Kenjutsu

text: In 1886 the Japanese Police gathered together "kata" from a variety of "kenjutsu" schools into a standardised set for training purposes. This process of standardization of martial training continued when, in 1895, a body for martial arts in Japan, the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, was established. Work on standardizing "kenjutsu" "kata" continued for years, with several groups involved until in 1912 an edict was released by the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai. This edict highlighted a lack of unity in teaching and introduced a standard core teaching curriculum to which the individual "kenjutsu" schools would add their distinctive techniques. This core curriculum, and its ten "kata" evolved into the modern martial art of "kendo". This point could be regarded as the end of the development of Kendo. Kata was provided for the unification of many schools to enable them to pass on the techniques and spirit of the Japanese sword.


title: Kenjutsu

text: With the increasing interest in Japanese martial arts outside Japan during the 20th century, people in other countries started taking an interest in kenjutsu.


title: Kenjutsu

text: One of the more common training weapons is the wooden sword ("bokuto" or "bokken"). For various reasons, many schools make use of very specifically designed "bokuto", altering its shape, weight and length according to the style's specifications. For example, "bokuto" used within Yagyū Shinkage-ryū are relatively thin and without a handguard in order to match the school's characteristic approach to combat. Alternatively, Kashima Shin-ryū practitioners use a thicker than average "bokuto" with no curvature and with a rather large hilt. This of course lends itself well to Kashima Shin-ryū's distinct principles of combat.


title: Kenjutsu

text: Some schools practice with "fukuro" "shinai" (a bamboo sword covered with leather or cloth) under circumstances where the student lacks the ability to safely control a "bokuto" at full speed or as a general safety precaution. In fact, the "fukuro shinai" dates as far back as the 15th century.


title: Kenjutsu

text: A distinguishing feature of many kenjutsu syllabi is the use of a paired katana or "daitō" and wakizashi or "shōtō," commonly referred to as . Styles that teach it are called ; contrast .


title: Kenjutsu

text: The most famous exponent of "nitōjutsu" was Miyamoto Musashi (1584 – 1645), the founder of Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū, who advocates it in "The Book of Five Rings". "Nitōjutsu" is not however unique to Hyoho Niten Ichi-ryū, nor was "nitōjutsu" the creation of Musashi. Both Tenshin Shōden Katori Shinto-ryū were founded in the early Muromachi period (ca. 1447), and Tatsumi-ryu founded Eishō period (1504–1521), contain extensive two-sword curricula while also preceding the establishment of Musashi’s school.


title: Nazirite

text: In the Hebrew Bible, a nazirite or a nazarite ( "Nāzīr") is one who voluntarily took a vow which is described in . "Nazarite" comes from the Hebrew word "nazir" meaning "consecrated" or "separated". Those who put themselves under a Nazirite vow do so by adding unto themselves a degree of sanctity, as it says: "Until the time is completed, etc., he shall be holy." A person who puts himself under a Nazirite vow without designating how long he intends to remain as such, he is obligated in all that pertains to Nazirite strictures for a period of thirty days. This vow required the person to observe the following strictures: