title: Terah

text: There is a consensus among Shia Muslim scholars and exegetes that Azar was not the biological father of Abraham but rather his paternal uncle while Terah is believed to be his father. Shaykh Tusi maintained that Azar was not Abraham's father and cited a hadith from the Muhammad according to which none of the prophet's ancestors up to Adam were polytheists. By this he argued that since Azar was an idolater and Abraham was one of the prophet's ancestors, it is not possible for Azar to be Abraham's father. According to Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi in Tafsir Nemooneh, all Shiite exegetes and scholars believe that Azar was not Abraham's father. Allamah Tabatabai in his Tafsir al-Mizan appealed to the Quranic verses in which Abraham prayed for his parents, that they show that his father was someone other than Azar. In Dua Umm Dawood, a supplication recited by Shi'ite Muslims cited to be from Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, the supplicant sends blessings on a person by the name of 'Turakh'. In "Nahj al-Balagha", Imam Ali is reported to have said in a sermon, "I testify that Muhammad is His servant and messenger, and the chief of His creation; whenever Allah divided the line of descent, He put him in the better one.." Likewise, in "Ziyarat Arbaeen", a recitation with which Shiite Muslims pay respect to Imam Husayn, it is recited "I bear witness that you were a light in the sublime loins and purified wombs..", through which it is believed that none of his ancestors up to Adam were impure, which includes Muhammad, Imam Ali and Lady Fatimah and hence including Abraham's biological father.


title: Terah

text: The Twelver Shi'ite website "Al-Islam.org" treats Azar as being Abraham's uncle, not his biological father. To justify this view, it references a passage of the Quran, which mentions that the sons of Yaʿqūb (Jacob) referred to his uncle Ismāʿīl (Ishmael), father Is-ḥāq (Isaac) and grandfather Ibrāhīm (Abraham) as his "ābāʾ" ():


title: Terah

text: Therefore, the singular word "ab" does not always mean progenitor, and can be used for an adopter, uncle, step-father, or caretaker, unlike the word "wālid" (, progenitor). Thus, "Al-Islam.org" denies that Abraham's biological father was 'Azar', and instead agreed with Ibn Kathir that he was the biblical figure 'Terah', who nevertheless treated him as a polytheist.


title: Terah

text: In contrast to "Al-Islam.org", Shi'ite scholar and jurist Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi believed Terah to be the uncle of Abraham, not his father.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib ( ""; ) was the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula. He was an uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and father of Ali. After the death of his father Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, he inherited this position, and the offices of "Siqaya" and "Rifada". He was well-respected in Mecca.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Abu Talib was born in the city of Mecca in the Hijaz region in 535 CE. He was the son of the Hashimite chief, Abd al-Muttalib, and a brother of Muhammad's father, Abdullah, who had died before Muhammad's birth. After the death of Muhammad's mother Aminah bint Wahab, Muhammad, a child still, was taken into the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib. When Muhammad reached eight years of age, Abd al-Muttalib died. One of Muhammad's uncles was to take him in. The oldest, Al-Harith was not wealthy enough to accept guardianship for his nephew. Abu Talib, despite his poverty, took in Muhammad in an act of selfless generosity. Another tradition states that while on his deathbed, Abdul Muttalib, the father of Abu Talib, chose the latter amongst his sons and entrusted him with the task of raising Muhammad.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Although Abu Talib was responsible for providing "Siqaya" and "Rifada" (Food and Beverages) of Hajj pilgrims, he lived in poverty. In order to fulfill his obligations towards the pilgrims, he had to borrow money from his brother Abbas, which he failed to return, thus being forced to letting Abbas take over the duty. Nevertheless, his social position did not take any harm from this failure.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Muhammad loved his uncle, and Abu Talib loved him in return. Abu Talib is remembered as a gifted poet, and many poetic verses in support of Muhammad are attributed to him. Once, as Abu Talib was about to leave for a trading expedition, Muhammad wept and could not bear being separated from him. To this Abu Talib responded, "By God I will take him with me, and we shall never part from each other."


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Later in life, as an adult, Muhammad saw that Abu Talib was struggling financially after a severe drought. Muhammad decided to take charge of one of Abu Talib's children and he convinced Al-'Abbas to do the same. They discussed this matter with Abū Ṭālib, who asked that his favorite child 'Aqīl be left with him. Al-'Abbās chose Ja'far, and Muhammad chose 'Alī.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: In tribal society, a tribal affiliation is important, otherwise a man can be killed with impunity. As leader of the Banu Hashim, Abu Talib acted as a protector to Muhammad. After Muhammad began preaching the message of Islam, members of the other Qurayshite clans increasingly came to feel threatened by Muḥammad. In attempts to quiet him, they pressured Abū Ṭālib to silence his nephew or control him. Despite these pressures, Abu Talib maintained his support of Muḥammad, defending him from the other leaders of the Quraysh. Leaders of the Quraysh directly confronted Abu Talib several times. Abu Talib brushed them off and continued to support Muhammad even when it put a rift between him and the Quraysh. In one account, the Quraysh even threatened to fight the Banu Hashim over this conflict. In a particular narration of one such confrontation, Abu Talib summoned Muhammad to speak with the Quraysh. Muhammad asked the Quraysh leaders to say the shahada and they were astounded.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: The Quraysh even tried to bribe Abu Talib. They told Abu Talib that if he let them get hold of Muhammad, then he could adopt 'Umarah ibn al Walid ibn al Mughirah, the most handsome youth in Quraysh. When this also failed, the Quraysh elicited the support of other tribes to boycott trading with or marrying members of the Banu Hashim lineage. This boycott started seven years after Muhammad first received revelation and lasted for three years. The goal was to put pressure on the Hashimites and even starve them into submission. For the sake of security, many members of the Banu Hashim moved near to Abu Talib (Encyclopedia of Islam), and the place became like a ghetto. This didn't cause undue hardship because many had family members in other tribes that would smuggle goods to them. Abu Talib's brother, Abu Lahab, sided with the Quraysh on this issue; he moved to a house in the district of Abd Shams to demonstrate support for the Quraysh. He thought Muhammad was either mad or an impostor.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Protecting Muhammad put considerable pressure on Abu Talib and the Banu Hashim. In one instance Abu Talib exclaimed to Muhammad, "Save me and yourself, and do not put a greater burden on me than I cannot bear." Muhammad responded, "Oh uncle! By God Almighty I swear, even if they should put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left that I abjure this cause, I shall not do so until God has vindicated it or caused me to perish in the process." Seeing his nephew's emotion, Abu Talib responded, "Go, nephew, and say what you like. By God, I will never hand you over for any reason."


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Abū Ṭālib died around 619 AD, at more than 80 years of age, about 10 years after the start of Muhammad's mission. This year is known as the Year of Sorrow for Muhammad, because not only did his uncle Abu Talib die, but also his wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, within a month of Abu Talib.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: After Abu Talib's death, Muhammad was left unprotected. Abu Talib's brother and successor as the Chief of the family, that is Abu Lahab, did not protect him, as he was an enemy of Muhammad, so Muhammad and his followers faced incredible persecution. Muhammad is quoted as exclaiming, "By God, Quraysh never harmed me so much as after the death of Abu Talib." The early Muslims relocated to Abyssinia and then to Medina in order to escape persecution by the Quraysh.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: It is reported in Sunni Islam that the Quranic verse 28:56 ("O Prophet! Verily, you guide not whom you like, but Allah guides whom He will") was revealed concerning Abu Talib's rejection of Islam at the hands of his nephew.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: In one account by the historian Al-Mada'ini, one of two men states, "I wish that Abu Talib had embraced Islam, for the Apostle of God would have been delighted at that. But he was an unbeliever." Along the same lines, there is a similar account where Ali informs Muhammad of Abu Talib's death by saying, "Your uncle, the erring old man, has died."


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Shia believe that Abu Talib was an upright supporter of Muhammad. In addition, when Muhammad married Khadija, Abu Talib recited the sermon of the marriage. This fact has also been used to prove Abu Talib's monotheism. Abu Talib, according to the Shia, was a Muslim and died a Muslim.


title: Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

text: Shia claim that the Sunni scholars in the recent centuries also support Shia arguments about Abu Talib.


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Katherine Bishop, more commonly known as Kate Bishop, is a fictional character portrayed by Hailee Steinfeld in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise—based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Bishop is depicted as a champion archer who grew up idolizing Avenger Clint Barton after he inadvertently saved her life during the Battle of New York. She partners with Barton to uncover a criminal conspiracy and becomes his protégé.


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Bishop made her MCU debut in the miniseries "Hawkeye" (2021). Steinfeld's portrayal of Bishop has been well received by fans and critics. The character is expected to return in future MCU media, including the upcoming animated series "Marvel Zombies" (2024).


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Kate Bishop was created by Allan Heinberg and Jim Cheung for "Young Avengers" #1 (April 2005), and becomes a founding member of the titular team using Clint Barton's arrows as a weapon. Because Barton had sacrificed himself in "Avengers" #502, Captain America gifted her the Hawkeye mantle. Prior to this, as a teenager, she was assaulted in Central Park which led her to take up intense combat training and self-defense in order to heal from the trauma she felt afterwards. In later appearances after Barton's revival, she developed a mentor-mentee relationship with him and was a main eponymous character in Matt Fraction and David Aja's series "Hawkeye" (2012), the "All-New Hawkeye" series by Jeff Lemire and Ramon Perez (2015), a solo 16-issue Hawkeye series written by Kelly Thompson from 2016 to 2018 and an upcoming 2021 five-part miniseries by Marieke Nijkamp and Enid Balám.


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Ben Pearson of "/Film" found it that Bishop's comic interpretation made her out as being "a young, headstrong woman, out to make a name for herself and refusing to take shit from anyone", and Renner relented that Bishop was "a better version of me and the sentiment of that is the fiber of what Hawkeye is, adding that he was delighted to shepherd an "amazing character" onscreen. He believed that Bishop's involvement in "Hawkeye" shows how Barton is "a superhero without superpowers and [how he gets to] teach someone else to be a superhero without super powers" in Bishop. Paul Tassi of "Forbes" stated that Marvel was "betting big" on Bishop's involvement in the MCU with her being a "force for them, perhaps bigger than [Renner's Barton] Hawkeye himself ever was."


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In April 2019, early reports were released indicating plans for a Disney+ Hawkeye property featuring Barton "passing the torch" to Bishop, which was later officially announced at San Diego Comic-Con in the following July. By early September 2019, Hailee Steinfeld had been offered the role of Kate Bishop, but had not yet signed on for the series a month later. "Variety" reported one reason for this was a non-compete clause in her contract with Apple TV+ for starring in the series "Dickinson", something "Variety" felt Steinfeld would be able to negotiate out of. No other actresses had been approached for the role of Bishop. When asked about her starring in the series shortly after, Steinfeld said it was "not something that's necessarily happening", and was confirmed as Bishop by December 2020 in part due to scheduling issues with "Dickinson" season 3 being freed up due to the COVID-19 pandemic; this also allowed Steinfeld to better keep the secret until her official casting was revealed. Finn Jones, who played Danny Rand / Iron Fist in prior Marvel Television properties and co-starred alongside Steinfeld in season 2 of "Dickinson" encouraged her to take the role, believing that she should "'do it, definitely. Be a part of the Marvel world. It's such a wonderful thing to say that you've been a part of'...I was like 'do it, and you won't regret it.'" Jones furthered support for Steinfeld playing the role by saying "It's wonderful to see that she's now in that world...she deserves it. She's such an amazing performer – and a great contribution to the Marvel Universe." "Hawkeye" showrunner Jonathan Igla called her casting "absolutely perfect".


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Renner took it upon himself to teach Steinfeld the avenues of a big-budget Marvel production and how the world of superheroes translates into real-life set pieces, feeling it was his role to introduce her to the MCU. "Outside of acting in the thing, I was protecting her and giving her the CliffsNotes on how it goes with this kind of filmmaking," Renner stated, adding that he "just wanted to protect her, because there's a lot of physical stuff" involved. He lauded Marvel's decision to cast her as Bishop, remarking that "she's a wonderful actress, a wonderful human...[there's a lot of] cool stuff that she's able to do." Steinfeld was already a fan of Bishop and the comics, but found that in her research for the show she was able to continually "[discover] these elements of Kate Bishop that are in [the comics] that we're bringing to life in the show, and other elements of the comics.” She was also appreciative of the way the character's role tied into and helped flesh out the MCU at large.


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Steinfeld did not audition for the role, with Kevin Feige stating: "We were very, very lucky that Hailee was open to this because we very much believed that she was sort of the prototype for the character, and as occasionally happens, the dream version of the character agrees to do it."


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Steinfeld described Bishop as a "smart and witty badass" with physical abilities that are "through the roof". To prepare herself for Bishop's athletic prowess, she was trained in basic archery sessions. When she is introduced into the show, Bishop is a 22-year-old fangirl of Barton's who has a "wonderfully annoying and equally charming manner about her.” The relationship between her and Barton was described as chaotic from the "onslaught of problems" she brings into his life initially, but also a growing mutual respect for one another as she formally becomes Barton's protégée. She first draws Barton's attention when she is pictured on television disguised as Ronin, Barton's previous mercenary alter ego. Steinfeld said that Bishop was "very human...rooted in human strength and strength of mind. She's self-taught, very disciplined, and very determined." She likened the character to Emily Dickinson, who she had been portraying right before filming "Hawkeye", in that Bishop is also a "strong and determined and independent and driven female character" so the move from one character to another felt smooth. She would later call Bishop "a character that I would have loved to have had growing up — somebody who is completely ambitious, driven and disciplined, and takes it upon herself to do whatever it is she has to do to achieve her goals."


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Steinfeld's casting in the series and training led her to develop a passion for archery, much like the character she portrays. Of this, she said: "As far as a bow and arrow goes...it's something that I genuinely, really enjoy. Not something I’ve ever picked up, a bow, before this project...[but] it's truly therapeutic and just really amazing. Not something I'd ever see myself doing. But here I am! And I absolutely love it." In reaction to set photos of the film, Taylor Walston of "Archery360" commented that "Steinfeld's form is solid. Her fingers on the bowstring are nice and relaxed, and she is loosely holding the grip between her thumb and first finger, with her other fingers relaxed, in an early demonstration of proper form."


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Renner likened her and Barton's dynamic to a father-daughter relationship, particularly between Barton and his own daughter Lila Barton. Steinfeld added that "It was very fun to implement the banter [between Barton and Bishop]...that was something Jeremy and I found very quickly...there are these tragic events taking place and there's still this witty, quick banter that they seem to find." In changing Bishop's backstory and events surrounding her initial meeting with Barton, Steinfeld said that " [This version of] Kate, as a young woman growing up in New York City, can walk down the street and own herself and her strength. She can take anybody on, and [we wanted that to be] because she decided for herself that that was something she wanted to be able to do." Detailing their unique dynamic, Igla added that "I'm always interested in contrasts, and Kate and Clint are a real study in contrasts...they're opposites. Kate aspires to be a superhero, as opposed to Clint who is a superhero and doesn't want to be one. And I felt like if somebody was going to come along and teach an aspiring superhero about what it means to be a superhero, about the reality of it, it should be somebody who has a much more ambivalent relationship to it." Touching on the choice to include the show's opening sequence where Bishop watches Barton during the Battle of New York, Igla stated: "I wanted to pair the death of Kate's father with her seeing Hawkeye. Because the trauma of losing a parent, and also an alien invasion right outside your window...[is a] traumatizing event. Seeing [Barton] who is not out of control in that moment, but seems completely in control...[for] Kate, somebody who doesn't have superpowers, that felt like the type of thing that would make a lifelong lasting mark on a child."


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Executive producer Trinh Tran called Barton Bishop's "North Star", adding that "from a young age, Kate [has had a] love for her idol, Hawkeye." Her motivation to become a hero was due to seeing how Barton could be "a hero and a mere human doing superhuman things, but above everything else, he always stands up for the little guy and protects those in need" which led her to "put herself through intense training, studying various sports, including archery and martial arts." Of their back-and-forth relationship, "TVLine" called it full of "action and punchy tête-à-têtes" with extra notice of its similarity to the Aja and Fraction "Hawkeye" run that partially inspired the show.


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Of Bishop's mother Eleanor, it was stated that Eleanor would be "pretty evil; and she doesn't appear to have a whit of ’80s frumpy ex-nun to her character...she's just going to be a wealthy, amoral jerk" leading to a rift in their relationship. Tranh offered insight into the decision to include Bishop's mother in the show, saying that "we haven't had many opportunities to explore a mother-daughter relationship in the MCU...I find interesting is that there is a lot of, I guess, fresh territory that we can go to for the relationship for the two of them." Furthering her comments, she added that "[Eleanor] thinks she knows what is best for Kate, but Kate is you’ve seen in the comics is sometimes hard-headed, and she speaks her mind...there could be opposing opinions in who she is...[there is a] more personal, more emotional [connection] between the two characters that we wanted to explore." After the realization that Eleanor was working with Kingpin and ordered Barton's assassination at the hands of Yelena Belova, Steinfeld called Bishop's state "completely broken and confused and absolutely lost. She doesn't know who to trust or who to look to...the one person that she's been tirelessly trying to protect is now someone that she might need to be protected against." Touching on Bishop's encounter with Kingpin, Steinfeld said: "If it didn't feel real before, it's real now. After all the partner talk and jokes that have been thrown around, now she has the opportunity to step up to the plate [and] come to her senses as quickly as she possibly can after learning this information and puts her head down and does what she has to do."


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Bishop was born an heiress to the wealthy Bishop family of New York City, headed by her mother Eleanor and father Derek. In 2012, she witnessed Clint Barton fighting against Chitauri troops during the Avengers battle against Loki. During the invasion, Derek is killed. At his funeral, Bishop vowed to become a hero like Barton, which led to her training in archery, fencing, gymnastics and martial arts. In 2018, she survives Thanos' decimation of half the earth's population.


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In the week leading up to Christmas 2024, Bishop attends a charity auction gala with her mother, the head of Bishop Security. She learns her mother is engaged to Jack Duquesne. During the gala, she discovers an underground black market auction selling remnants from the destroyed Avengers Compound with Jack and his uncle Armand Duquesne III in attendance. The Tracksuit Mafia interrupt the auction and Kate fights them by donning the Ronin suit to hide her identity. She manages to escape, but is recognized by Kazi of the Tracksuit Mafia. She also discovers that Armand III was murdered. After recovering a dog from traffic, she meets Barton, who confronts her about the Ronin suit. They take refuge in Bishop's apartment but are ambushed by the Tracksuits, which leads her and Barton to take refuge in Bishop's aunt's apartment. She becomes suspicious of Jack and discovers that he is an expert swordsman, leading her to believe he killed Armand III. After Barton is kidnapped by the Tracksuits, she unsuccessfully attempts to save him and gets captured herself.


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Barton and Bishop are confronted by Maya Lopez, the Tracksuits' boss who is seeking revenge for the murder of her father at the hands of Ronin. She and Barton manage to escape after a car chase in which she uses Barton's trick arrows to fend off the Tracksuits. They arrive at Eleanor's apartment and Bishop accesses Bishop Security's criminal database, finding that the Tracksuits are connected to a shell company called Sloane Limited.


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: With the help of Laura Barton, Clint's wife, Bishop and Clint find out that Jack is the CEO of Sloane Limited. Bishop deduces that Barton is Ronin, but quickly forgives him when she realizes the pain he felt after losing his family during the Blip. Barton and Bishop break into Lopez's apartment to locate a watch stolen at the auction, but are confronted by Lopez and Black Widow assassin Yelena Belova. Barton cuts ties with Bishop when he realizes how dangerous their situation has gotten. At her apartment, Bishop is confronted by Belova, who reveals that she was hired to kill Barton. Belova attempts to convince Bishop that Barton is not the hero that Bishop worships, but Bishop rebuffs this. Later, she helps Barton fight off Lopez and convene at the apartment of Grills, a LARPer who they have entrusted. She is sent a message from Belova telling her that Eleanor arranged Barton's death and that she has partnered with Wilson Fisk, the head of organized crime in New York City.


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Bishop and Barton attend a Christmas party hosted by Eleanor, where she is confronted by Belova, who still intends to kill Barton as revenge for the death of Natasha Romanoff. After saving Barton, she finds her mother, who cut ties with Fisk in order to keep her safe. Bishop fights Fisk and knocks him out with explosive arrows. She and Barton, as well as Jack and the LARPers fight off the Tracksuits while Belova decides to not kill Barton. Eleanor is arrested for the murder of Armand III, while Bishop finds it hard to reconcile with her mother despite knowing everything Eleanor did was for her. Later, at the Barton family farm, she and Barton burn the Ronin suit and try to find a hero name for her.


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Initial reception for "Hawkeye"'s first two episodes included heavy praise towards Steinfeld's portrayal of Bishop, about how she "[brought] the humor and the determination to her character" with comments from critics ranging from saying that there is "no chance fans don't immediately fall in love with her character" by Steve Weintraub from "Collider" to other varied comments saying that "Eager Kate's dynamic with grumpy Clint is especially great" and her "energized" performance. Erik Kain of "Forbes" said that "Hailee Steinfeld is great as Kate Bishop. Last thing I saw her in was "Bumblebee"... [and here] she's a little more confident and self-assured and more of a badass, and she does all that very well."


title: Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Matt Purslow from "IGN", in a review for "Hawkeye"'s first two episodes, said that Bishop is "a delightfully energetic force who runs before she can walk. Her archery skills are matched only by her ability to arrive in the wrong place at the wrong time" and praised the show's faithfulness to her comic book counterpart. He said that Bishop "steals the show — Steinfeld['s performance is] a magnetic joy — but her junior hero also fires significantly more arrows over the premiere, both physically and metaphorically" while taking note of the strong Barton-Bishop dynamic. In his review of "Ronin", Purslow also lauded the banter between Bishop and Belova in their first meeting. In a review for "Ronin", Alan Sepinwall of "Rolling Stone" took note of Bishop's idol worship of Barton and how upon discovering Barton was Ronin she still stands by him, adding that the character was layered by the way she "is not so different from Clint and Maya, either, in that she can also be blinded and manipulated." In a review for "Hawkeye" episode 4, "Partners, Am I Right?", Chancellor Agard commended the growing character dynamics between Barton and Bishop, and how Barton has come to care for her while Bishop learns more about the darker side of her mentor's past.


title: State University of New York

text: The State University of New York (SUNY, , ) is a system of public colleges and universities in the State of New York. It is one of the largest comprehensive system of universities, colleges, and community colleges in the United States. Led by chancellor John B. King, the SUNY system has 91,182 employees, including 32,496 faculty members, and some 7,660 degree and certificate programs overall and a $13.08 billion budget. Its flagship universities are Stony Brook University and the University at Buffalo.


title: State University of New York

text: SUNY's administrative offices are in Albany, the state's capital, with satellite offices in Manhattan and Washington, D.C. With 25,000 acres of land, SUNY's largest campus is SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, which neighbors the State University of New York Upstate Medical University - the largest employer in the SUNY system with over 10,959 employees.


title: State University of New York

text: The State University of New York was established in 1948 by Governor Thomas E. Dewey, through legislative implementation of recommendations made by the Temporary Commission on the Need for a State University (1946–1948). The commission was chaired by Owen D. Young, who was at the time Chairman of General Electric. The system was greatly expanded during the administration of Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, who took a personal interest in design and construction of new SUNY facilities across the state.


title: State University of New York

text: Apart from units of the unrelated City University of New York (CUNY), SUNY comprises all state-supported institutions of higher education.


title: State University of New York

text: New York is one of the last states to set up a state college and university system. The first colleges were established privately, with some arising from local seminaries. But New York state had a long history of supported higher education prior to the creation of the SUNY system. The oldest college that is part of the SUNY System is SUNY Potsdam, established in 1816 as the St. Lawrence Academy. In 1835, the State Legislature acted to establish stronger programs for public school teacher preparation and designated one academy in each senatorial district to receive money for a special teacher-training department. The St. Lawrence Academy received this distinction and designated the village of Potsdam as the site of a Normal School in 1867.


title: State University of New York

text: On May 7, 1844, the State legislature voted to establish New York State Normal School in Albany as the first college for teacher education. In 1865, the privately endowed Cornell University was designated as New York's land grant college, and it began direct financial support of four of Cornell's colleges in 1894. From 1889 to 1903, Cornell operated the New York State College of Forestry, until the Governor vetoed its annual appropriation. The school was moved to Syracuse University in 1911. It is now the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. In 1908, the State legislature began the NY State College of Agriculture at Alfred University.


title: State University of New York

text: In 1946-48 a Temporary Commission on the Need for a State University, chaired by Owen D. Young, Chairman of the General Electric Company, studied New York's existing higher education institutions. It was known New York's private institutions of higher education were highly discriminatory and failed to provide for many New Yorkers. Noting this need, the commission recommended the creation of a public state university system. In 1948 legislation was passed establishing SUNY on the foundation of the teacher-training schools established in the 19th century. Most of them had already developed curricula similar to those found at four-year liberal arts schools long before the creation of SUNY, as evidenced by the fact they had become known as "Colleges for Teachers" rather than "Teachers' Colleges."


title: State University of New York

text: On October 8, 1953, SUNY took a historic step of banning national fraternities and sororities that discriminated based on race or religion from its 33 campuses. Various fraternities challenged this rule in court. As a result, national organizations felt pressured to open their membership to students of all races and religions. The SUNY resolution which was upheld in court states:


title: State University of New York

text: Resolved that no social organization shall be permitted in any state-operated unit of the State University which has any direct or indirect affiliation or connection with any national or other organization outside the particular unit; and be it further


title: State University of New York

text: Resolved that no such social organization, in policy or practice, shall operate under any rule which bars students on account of race, color, religion, creed, national origin or other artificial criteria; and be it further


title: State University of New York

text: Resolved that the President be, and hereby is, authorized to take such steps as he may deem appropriate to implement this policy, including the determination of which student organizations are social as distinguished from scholastic or religious, and his decision shall be final.


title: State University of New York

text: Despite being one of the last states in the nation to establish a state university, the system was quickly expanded during the chancellorship of Samuel B. Gould and the administration of Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, who took a personal interest in the design and construction of new SUNY facilities across the state. Rockefeller championed the acquisition of the private University of Buffalo into the SUNY system, making the public State University of New York at Buffalo.


title: State University of New York

text: SUNY is governed by a State University of New York Board of Trustees, which consists of eighteen members, fifteen of whom are appointed by the Governor, with consent of the New York State Senate. The sixteenth member is the president of The State University of New York Student Assembly. The last two members are the presidents of the University Faculty Senate and Faculty Council of Community Colleges, both of whom are non-voting. The board of trustees appoints the chancellor who serves as SUNY Chief Executive Officer.


title: State University of New York

text: The state of New York assists in financing the SUNY system, which, along with CUNY, provides lower-cost college-level education to residents of the state. SUNY students also come from out-of-state and 171 foreign countries, though tuition is higher for these students. Although tuition is higher for these non-resident students, their tuition is subsidized by New York State taxpayers.


title: State University of New York

text: There is a large variety of colleges in the SUNY system with some overlap in specialties between sites. SUNY divides its campuses into four distinct categories: university centers/doctoral-granting institutions, comprehensive colleges, technology colleges, and community colleges. SUNY also includes statutory colleges, state-funded colleges within other institutions such as Cornell University and Alfred University. Students at the statutory colleges who are residents of New York state receive the benefit of state-subsidized tuition while enjoying all of the campus life amenities of the host institutions.


title: State University of New York

text: SUNY and the City University of New York (CUNY) are different university systems, both receiving funding from New York State. Also, SUNY is not to be confused with the University of the State of New York (USNY), which is the governmental umbrella organization for most education-related institutions and many education-related personnel (both public and private) in New York State, and which includes, as components, the New York State Education Department and the New York State University Police.


title: State University of New York

text: The SUNY Board of Trustees has a voting student member on the board. The student trustee serves a dual role as the President of the Student Assembly of the State University of New York (SUNYSA). SUNYSA is the recognized student government of the SUNY system.


title: State University of New York

text: In the 1970s, students pressed for voting representation on the governing board of SUNY colleges. In 1971, the State Legislature added five student voting members to Cornell's board of trustees. However, at that time, all members of a board must be over the age of 21 for a corporation to hold a liquor license, so to allow Cornell to retain its license, the legislature had to go back to amend NYS Alcoholic Beverage Control Law § 126(4) to require half the board must be 21.


title: State University of New York

text: In 1975, the legislature added a non-voting student seat to the boards of all SUNY units. Two Attorney General of the State of New York opinion letters reduced the parliamentary rights of the student members to participate at meetings and indicated they were not in fact Public Officers, and arguably subject to personal liability from lawsuits. In 1977, another statutory amendment made student members of SUNY councils and boards subject to the NYS Public Officers Law or NYS General Municipal Law and granted student representatives parliamentary powers of moving or seconding motions and of placing items on the agendas of the bodies. Finally, the legislature gave full voting rights to the student members in 1979, resulting in the students of all SUNY units having voting representatives, except for the NYS College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Finally, in 1986, the legislature gave the student representative of that college voting rights as well.


title: State University of New York

text: The SUNY Libraries Consortium (SLC) is an independent organisation which supports its members, the libraries of SUNY.


title: State University of New York

text: All SUNY colleges are in New York State, except that the Jamestown Community College operates its Warren Center in Pennsylvania under a contract with the Warren-Forest Higher Education Council and the center is licensed by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. The Warren Center is 25 miles south of Jamestown, New York on the grounds of Warren State Hospital, in North Warren, Pennsylvania.


title: State University of New York

text: The State University of New York operates three academic medical centers and their associated university hospitals throughout the state:


title: State University of New York

text: Each medical center serves as the primary teaching site for that campus's medical school. SUNY medical programs have consistently ranked in the top 90 in both research and primary care categories, according to annual rankings published by "U.S. News & World Report". The teaching hospitals affiliated with each school are also highly regarded and in 2020 all three medical centers generated US$3.4 billion through patient care accounting for 27.4% of total SUNY revenue.In the latter half of the 20th century, the SUNY hospitals became the cores of full-fledged regional health systems; they were gradually supplemented by many outpatient clinics, offices, and institutes. SUNY medical centers currently play a major role in providing healthcare to the most-needy and marginalized populations and serve large numbers of patients who are uninsured, under-insured or covered by Medicare and Medicaid programs.


title: State University of New York

text: In 2020, medical school applications increased by 20.4% at SUNY medical schools systemwide, with schools receiving over 24,118 applications from students for only 685 seats.


title: State University of New York

text: With rising interest in medicine, SUNY Chancellor Jim Malatras announced the first statewide initiative, the Pre-Med Opportunity Program, to help more EOP students get accepted into SUNY's medical schools in February 2021. Later in the year in May, 25 college students in junior/senior standing from 10 SUNY schools were selected to receive academic guidance at the Norton College of Medicine while pursuing their medical degrees. The SUNY system will cover all costs for the summer academic enrichment program and the program will expand over the next few years.


title: State University of New York

text: SUNY medical, health professions and nursing schools graduate more than 11,000 health professionals annually, including one of three physicians (1 in 33 in the United States), nearly one of every three nurses and one of four dentists in the state.


title: State University of New York

text: New York's largest public university by enrollment is the State University of New York at Buffalo, which was founded by U.S President and Vice President Millard Fillmore. Buffalo has an enrollment total of approximately 32,000 students and receives the most applications out of all SUNY schools.


title: State University of New York

text: For the 2017–2018 academic year, tuition costs at SUNY schools for an undergraduate degree are less than two-thirds the cost of most public colleges in the United States. For example, tuition at the University at Buffalo for an undergraduate degree is $9,828 per semester or $27,068 per year for non-resident students. Undergraduate tuition for non-resident students at the University of Maryland is $35,216 per year.


title: State University of New York

text: New York State also offers free tuition for all public college and universities for families who have an income of lower than $125,000 and are residents of the state. Other requirements to qualify for free SUNY education include full-time enrollment and staying in the state for a number of years after graduating. In the 2017-2018 award year, 70,694 SUNY students received the Federal Pell Grant.


title: State University of New York

text: For the 2019–2020 academic year, medical school tuition costs at the Norton College of Medicine for the M.D. program were: $43,670 (in-state) and $65,160 (out-of-state). Tuition costs across all SUNY medical schools are similar to those at Norton and the cost is less than the average cost of medical schools in the United States.


title: State University of New York

text: Every school within the SUNY system manages its own athletics program, which greatly varies the level of competition at each institution.


title: State University of New York

text: The most prominent intra-SUNY rivalry is between the Albany Great Danes and Binghamton Bearcats. The two belong to the America East Conference. Frequently referred to as the "I-88 Rivalry", Binghamton and Albany sit at either end of Interstate 88 (roughly 2.5 hours apart). Both teams are known to post the highest visitor attendance at either school's athletic events. Both schools also have less intense rivalries with a fellow America East member, the Stony Brook Seawolves. In football, a sport not sponsored by the America East, Albany and Stony Brook have a rivalry in the Colonial Athletic Association.


title: State University of New York

text: The University at Buffalo tends to have a rivalry in basketball with two private colleges in the same geographical area. Canisius College and Buffalo's South Campus are 2.5 miles apart on Main St. in Buffalo. Their other rival is Niagara University in Lewiston, NY. All three share rivalries with Saint Bonaventure University, another private college 70 miles south of Buffalo.


title: State University of New York

text: SUNY Oswego and SUNY Plattsburgh also share a notable rivalry in Division III Hockey, with that game almost always having the SUNYAC regular season title up for grabs.


title: State University of New York

text: SUNY Cobleskill and SUNY Delhi rivalry focuses on basketball, cross country, and previously track, although Cobleskill track and field started competing at the NCAA Division III level in spring 2009. The SUNY Delhi 2003-2004 basketball season was canceled after a basketball game was called with 48 seconds left after several SUNY Delhi basketball players nearly started a brawl in the Ioro Gymnasium at SUNY Cobleskill on Wednesday February 4, 2004.


title: State University of New York

text: SUNY Oneonta has developed a rivalry in almost every sport with SUNY Cortland. They share the red dragon as a team nickname, and their matchups are known as the "Battle of the Red Dragons".


title: State University of New York

text: There is an unusual sports rivalry between SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry and Finger Lakes Community College, with both campuses sponsoring nationally ranked teams in woodsman competitions.


title: State University of New York

text: The State University of New York Press (SUNY Press) is a university press and a Center for Scholarly Communication. The Press is part of the State University of New York system and is located in Albany, New York. It was founded in 1966, and publishes scholarly works in various fields.


title: State University of New York

text: The SUNY Press has agreements with several print-on-demand and electronic vendors, such as Ingram, Integrated Books International, EBSCO, ProQuest, Project MUSE, the Philosophy Documentation Center, Google, and Amazon. SUNY Press is also a member of the Association of University Presses.


title: State University of New York

text: Books published by SUNY Press are 80% scholarly works from professors within the SUNY system or other schools and universities. Referring to the remaining 20%, which are considered to be more appropriate for a general audience, co-director of SUNY Press James Peltz said, "You don't have to be a scholar to read [them]."


title: State University of New York

text: The SUNY Chancellor’s Awards for Excellence are conferred to acknowledge and provide recognition for superior achievement and to encourage the ongoing pursuit of academic excellence.


title: State University of New York

text: The SUNY Chancellor's Award for Student Excellence acknowledges students for outstanding achievements and is the highest honor bestowed upon a student by the University. The faculty-staff awards include the Chancellor's Award for Excellence, Distinguished Faculty ranks, Conversations in the Disciplines, the Shared Governance Award, and the Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Adjunct Teaching.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Fábio Alexandre da Silva Coentrão (; born 11 March 1988) is a Portuguese former professional footballer. Mainly a left-back, he also operated as a winger and occasionally as a defensive midfielder.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: After starting playing professionally with Rio Ave, he signed for Benfica at 19, going on to be loaned several times before becoming an important member of the first team, as a left-back. In 2011, he joined Real Madrid.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: A Portuguese international over eight years, Coentrão represented the nation in two World Cups and one European Championship.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Born in Vila do Conde, Coentrão grew up in the Caxinas fishing neighbourhood, as did his long-time international teammates Bruno Alves and Hélder Postiga. He joined his hometown's Rio Ave F.C. in 2004 at the age of 16, playing three Primeira Liga games in the following season for a northern side that would be relegated. In 2006–07 he established himself as first-choice, as Rio Ave barely missed promotion back and had a good run in the Taça de Portugal, ended by Sporting CP with a 2–1 win in Lisbon; whilst playing for the club, he earned the nickname "Figo das Caxinas".


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: After that season, where he was voted the divisions' Breakthrough Player of the Year, many clubs showed interest in Coentrão, most notably Sporting and S.L. Benfica, with him choosing the latter in July 2007. His playing style was likened to that of Arjen Robben by "World Soccer Magazine", in its "50 World Talents" 2007 issue.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: On 1 January 2008, having received insignificant playing opportunities at Benfica, Coentrão joined Madeira's C.D. Nacional on loan until the end of the season. On 3 May, he scored twice in a 3–0 away victory against already crowned league champions FC Porto.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: In the summer of 2008, Coentrão transferred to Real Zaragoza, freshly relegated into Spain's Segunda División. After almost no appearances during the campaign, however, he returned to Portugal and Rio Ave in January 2009, still owned by Benfica; on 15 February he scored after an individual effort, albeit in a 1–3 loss at Porto.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: In late October 2009, Coentrão extended his contract with Benfica until 2015, with a release clause of €30 million. On 2 December, having played some matches for Benfica as a left back, he scored his first goal in European competition, against FC BATE Borisov of Belarus in a 2–1 away win in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: On 10 February 2010, Benfica sold 20% of Coentrão's economic rights on any future transfer to a third party owner, Benfica Stars Fund, along with other teammates. He was tagged at €15 million, with the fund paying €3 million. During that season, he had a breakthrough year, appearing in a total of 43 official games (2,851 minutes), as the club won the league and the Portuguese League Cup; he ended the season in style, as he was voted Portuguese League Breakthrough Player of the Year.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: On 27 September 2010, fully established with both his club and the national team, 22-year-old Coentrão extended his contract with Benfica until 2016. On 2 November he scored his first career brace, helping to a 4–3 home defeat of Olympique Lyonnais in the group phase of the UEFA Champions League – in a 67-minute fast break, he combined with Carlos Martins to make it 4–0 for the hosts.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: On 5 July 2011, after extensive negotiations, Benfica and Real Madrid reached an agreement in principle over the transfer of Coentrão, who signed a six-year contract the same day for €30 million– Ezequiel Garay went in the other direction as part of the deal. He made his debut in a pre-season friendly against the Los Angeles Galaxy on the 16th, creating an assist for Karim Benzema. His first two official games were against FC Barcelona in the Supercopa de España: in the first leg, he came on as a substitute for Sami Khedira in the second half of a 2–2 home draw and played as a defensive midfielder, and he started as left back in the second match, a 3–2 loss at the Camp Nou.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Coentrão made his La Liga debut on 28 August 2011 at former club Zaragoza, appearing as a central midfielder in a 6–0 rout (90 minutes played). While he featured mostly in these positions, he was also deployed by manager José Mourinho as a right back, against Sporting de Gijón on 3 December and against Barcelona the following week, winning the league in his first year.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: In the last minutes of the second matchday in the 2012–13 season, Coentrão was sent off after insulting referee Pérez Lasa whilst on the substitutes bench, in an eventual 2–1 defeat at Getafe CF. He subsequently received a four-match ban.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Coentrão scored his first goal with Real Madrid on 16 December 2012, netting after a Cristiano Ronaldo pass to help the hosts come from behind against RCD Espanyol, as the game eventually ended 2–2. On 2 September of the following year, Manchester United launched a late loan bid for him on transfer deadline day. It was accepted by the Spaniards, but the deal fell through when they failed to secure a replacement in Guilherme Siqueira from Granada CF, who subsequently joined Benfica on loan.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Coentrão started the play that led to Gareth Bale's individual effort for the 2–1 winner over Barcelona in the final of the Copa del Rey. He also started both legs of the Champions League semi-final against holders FC Bayern Munich as Real Madrid dismantled the opposition 5–0 on aggregate en route to their tenth European title, "La Décima".


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Still under manager Carlo Ancelotti, Coentrão was sparingly played in the 2014–15 campaign mainly due to injuries, with only five league starts out of nine appearances. On 26 August 2015, it was announced he was loaned to AS Monaco FC in a season-long move. He made his competitive debut against Gazélec Ajaccio on 13 September, replacing Adama Traoré in an eventual 1–0 away win, and scored his first goal for his new team 11 days later to help the visitors come from behind at Montpellier HSC to win it 3–2.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: As Madrid won the league championship in 2016–17, in which Coentrão contributed with just three appearances. He himself admitted not being fit enough to represent the club; in the season's Champions League he appeared in two group stage games, and his team won the competition for the second consecutive time.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: On 5 July 2017, Coentrão was loaned to Sporting in a season-long move, despite having stated that in Portugal he would only play for Benfica.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: After terminating his contract with Real Madrid, Coentrão signed with Rio Ave for one season on 31 August 2018. He received 11 yellow cards and two red, was released on 30 June 2019 and did not find a new club for the start of 2019–20.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: On 29 January 2020, Coentrão announced his retirement from professional football. In October, however, he agreed to a new one-year deal at the Estádio dos Arcos.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: An international for Portugal at youth level, Coentrão was voted MVP in the 2007 Madeira Cup for the under-20 team, also being crowned the competition's top scorer. Subsequently, he represented the nation in the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup and, two years later, made his under-21 debut, notably taking part in the Toulon Tournament and scoring a hat-trick in the 6–0 group stage rout of Qatar.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: After consistent performances at Benfica, although he started rarely in the early 2009–10, Coentrão earned his first senior call-up in November 2009, for the decisive 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification playoffs against Bosnia and Herzegovina, and made his debut in the first leg on 14 November at the Estádio da Luz, playing 21 minutes in the 1–0 win.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Coentrão was chosen for Carlos Queiroz's squad of 23 for the final stages, starting as left-back ahead of another adapted player, Duda. He played all the matches in South Africa, in an eventual round-of-16 exit.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: On 10 August 2011, Coentrão scored his first international goal, netting through a rare header in a 5–0 victory over Luxembourg. He played all the games and minutes at UEFA Euro 2012, acting as left-back for the semi-finalists.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Coentrão suffered an injury in the second half of Portugal's first game at the 2014 World Cup, against Germany, and was ruled out for the remainder of the tournament. He played a key role in a 2–1 home defeat of Serbia on 29 March 2015, which put them top of the Euro 2016 qualifying group, crossing for the opening goal by a Ricardo Carvalho header and then scoring the winner from João Moutinho's pass.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Coentrão missed Euro 2016, which Portugal won, due to a thigh injury, contracted in training with Monaco. He returned to action after 697 days for a 2018 World Cup qualifier against Hungary, but was stretchered off in the first half of an eventual 1–0 win in Budapest.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Coentrão was named in a preliminary 35-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia, but he did not make the final cut.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: Coentrão's second cousin, Rui, was also a footballer in the same position. He spent most of his career with Varzim SC, and was a youth international.


title: Fábio Coentrão

text: After retiring from professional football, Coentrão decided to become a shipowner fisherman, following in the footsteps of his father. He told Empower Brands Channel: "Life in the sea is not a shame, as many people think. It is a job like any other. Not only that, the sea is beautiful and we need it. People who love the sea and who want to experience the sea need to follow their dream. It is also a job for the new generations. My father had a boat, he used to fish and I always went with him as a child. My life was the sea... the sea and fishing. Of course, I knew that football would one day end and that I should take a new direction in my life. And my happiness is this boat and this is the life I want to lead."


title: Uncle Remus

text: Uncle Remus is the fictional title character and narrator of a collection of African American folktales compiled and adapted by Joel Chandler Harris and published in book form in 1881. Harris was a journalist in post-Reconstruction era Atlanta, and he produced seven Uncle Remus books. He did so by introducing tales that he had heard and framing them in the plantation context. He wrote his stories in a dialect which was his interpretation of the Deep South African-American language of the time. For these framing and stylistic choices, Harris's collection has garnered controversy since its publication.


title: Uncle Remus

text: "Uncle Remus" is a collection of animal stories, songs, and oral folklore collected from southern black Americans. Many of the stories are didactic, much like those of Aesop's Fables and Jean de La Fontaine's stories. Uncle Remus is a kindly old freedman who serves as a story-telling device, passing on the folktales to children gathered around him, like the traditional African griot.


title: Uncle Remus

text: The stories are written in an eye dialect devised by Harris to represent a Deep South Black dialect. Uncle Remus is a compilation of Br'er Rabbit storytellers whom Harris had encountered during his time at the Turnwold Plantation. Harris said that the use of the Black dialect was an effort to add to the effect of the stories and to allow the stories to retain their authenticity. The genre of stories is the trickster tale. At the time of Harris's publication, his work was praised for its ability to capture plantation Black dialect.


title: Uncle Remus

text: Br'er Rabbit ("Brother Rabbit") is the main character of the stories, a character prone to tricks and troublemaking, who is often opposed by Br'er Fox and Br'er Bear. In one tale, Br'er Fox constructs a doll out of a lump of tar and puts clothing on it. When Br'er Rabbit comes along, he addresses the "tar baby" amiably but receives no response. Br'er Rabbit becomes offended by what he perceives as the tar baby's lack of manners, punches it and kicks it, and becomes stuck.


title: Uncle Remus

text: Harris compiled six volumes of "Uncle Remus" stories between 1881 and 1907; a further three books were published posthumously, following his death in 1908.


title: Uncle Remus

text: In 1902, artist Jean Mohr adapted the "Uncle Remus" stories into a two-page comic story titled "Ole Br'er Rabbit" for "The North American".


title: Uncle Remus

text: The McClure Newspaper Syndicate released a "Br'er Rabbit" Sunday strip drawn by J. M. Condé from June 24 to October 7, 1906.


title: Uncle Remus

text: An "Uncle Remus and His Tales of Br'er Rabbit" newspaper Sundays-only strip (King Features Syndicate) ran from October 14, 1945, through December 31, 1972, as an offshoot of the Disney comics strip "Silly Symphony".


title: Uncle Remus

text: Uncle Remus appears heavily as a supporting character in The Residents' rock opera, "Not Available", recorded in 1974 and released in 1978. After returning from Easter Island, he provides unhelpful, dismissive advice to the lead character, quoting "Well, strangers have left on longer trains before", in response to his cries for help and understanding.


title: Uncle Remus

text: In Bob Dylan's epic poem "Last Thoughts on Woody Guthrie", the author lists several people that are commonly looked to for hope and inspiration, saying "that stuff ain't real". In one verse of the poem, he says "And Uncle Remus can't tell you and neither can Santa Claus."


title: Jacy Jayne

text: Taylor Grado (born June 2, 1996) is an American professional wrestler signed to WWE, where she performs on the NXT brand under the ring name Jacy Jayne as a member of Toxic Attraction. She is a former record-tying two-time NXT Women's Tag Team Champion alongside stablemate Gigi Dolin. Grado began her career under the name Avery Taylor, and had previously performed World Xtreme Wrestling (WXW).


title: Jacy Jayne

text: Grado began her career training at World Wrestling Academy in New Port Richy Florida. After 4 months of training, she already began working shows. Under the ring name Avery Taylor, Grado made her wrestling debut around May 30, 2018 in American Combat Wrestling (ACW). She went on to establish a career in the Florida wrestling promotions including ACW, Shine Wrestling, Evolve and Full Impact Pro. She became a three-time Women's Champion including two women's title reigns in American Combat Wrestling and a single women's title reign in World Xtreme Wrestling.


title: Jacy Jayne

text: Grado made her televised debut on the September 23 episode of "NXT" during which she competed in a Number One Contender Battle Royal won by Candice LeRae. It was reported as early as February 24, 2021, Grado signed with WWE. She made her debut under the new name Jacy Jayne on the July 20 episode of "NXT" in a match lost against Franky Monet.


title: Jacy Jayne

text: On the debut episode of "NXT 2.0" on September 14, Jayne and Gigi Dolin faced Carter and Catanzaro in a tag-team match, which ended in no contest after Mandy Rose interfered, during which she debuted a new dark-haired look, and they subsequently wrestled Carter, Catanzaro and Sarray in a six-woman tag team match, in which Rose, Dolin and Jayne emerged victorious. She quickly joined the women's stable Toxic Attraction led by Mandy Rose in 2021, thus establishing herself as a heel in the process. During the September 28 episode of "NXT 2.0", the group was represented in their first in-ring match by Gigi Dolin and Jayne, in a NXT Women's Tag Team title match won by Io Shirai & Zoey Stark. At NXT: Halloween Havoc, Dolin and Jayne defeated Shirai and Stark, and Indi Hartwell and Persia Pirotta in a Scareway to Hell Ladder triple threat tag team match for the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship, marking the first championships for both Dolin and Jayne in the company.


title: Jacy Jayne

text: On the November 16 episode of "NXT 2.0", Jayne joined Gigi Dolin, Mandy Rose and Dakota Kai in a WarGames match at NXT WarGames 2021 to face Raquel González, Kay Lee Ray, Cora Jade and Io Shirai. At the event, Toxic Attraction and Dakota Kai were defeated by Team Raquel. On NXT Vengeance Day, Gigi and Jacy retained their NXT Women's Tag Team Championships against Indi Hartwell and Persia Pirotta.


title: Jacy Jayne

text: On the NXT Stand & Deliver Kickoff, Dolin and Jayne lost the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship to Dakota Kai and Raquel González with the help from Wendy Choo's interference, ending their reign at 158 days. However, they regained the titles with the help of Mandy Rose's distraction three days later.


title: Jacy Jayne

text: At on July 5, Dolin and Jayne lost the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship to Roxanne Perez and Cora Jade. After the titles were vacated, Dolin and Jayne participated in a Fatal Four-Way Elimination Match on the August 2 episode of "NXT 2.0", against Ivy Nile & Tatum Paxley, Yulisa Leon & Valentina Feroz, and Katana Chance and Kayden Carter. Dolin and Jayne were part of the final two teams in the match but eventually lost to Katana & Kayden.


title: Jacy Jayne

text: On the August 19, 2022 episode of "SmackDown", Jayne made her main roster debut alongside Gigi Dolin as participants in the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship Tournament. They would win the first match but were forced out of the tournament due to an injury suffered by Dolin. Dolin and Jayne made their return to "SmackDown" in a losing effort against new WWE Women's Tag Team Champions Aliyah and Raquel Rodriguez.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Chevrolet Bolt or Chevrolet Bolt EV is a battery electric subcompact hatchback produced by General Motors under the Chevrolet marque. It was developed and manufactured in partnership with LG Corporation. A rebadged European variant was sold as the Opel Ampera-e in mainland Europe, but was discontinued after 2018.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Sales of the 2017 Bolt began in California in December 2016, with nationwide US and international markets release in 2017. The Bolt was the U.S. second best selling plug-in car in 2017. Global combined Bolt/Ampera-e family sales totaled 112,000 units by the end of 2020.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt was named the 2017 Motor Trend Car of the Year, the 2017 North American Car of the Year, an "Automobile" magazine 2017 All Star, and was listed in "Time" magazine's Best 25 Inventions of 2016.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt has been subject to a number of recalls, with concerns over the battery pack spontaneously catching fire. In August 2021, GM issued a statement advising owners to park in open areas, at least away from other vehicles, due to the possibility of the battery pack catching fire.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: GM Korea began developing the Bolt in 2012 with a team of 180 people with the project code "G2KCZ (G2" for Gamma 2nd-generation platform, "K" for hatchback, "C" for Chevrolet, and "Z" for electric car). Its initial concept debuted at the 2015 North American International Auto Show.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: , General Motors had tested more than 50 Bolt prototypes hand-built at the General Motors Proving Grounds in Milford, Michigan. The cars were tested at Proving Grounds and overseas for ride and handling dynamics, cabin comfort, quietness, charging capability, and energy efficiency.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Alan Batey, head of General Motors North America, announced in February 2015 that the Bolt EV was headed for production, and would be available in all 50 states. GM also has plans to sell the Bolt in select global markets.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: In January 2016, at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, the production version of the Chevrolet Bolt was unveiled. During GM CEO Mary Barra's keynote at the show, Chevrolet confirmed an estimated range of or more, an approximate price tag (after government incentives), and stated it would be available in late 2016. Barra projected in February 2016 that the European version, marketed as the Opel Ampera-e (or Vauxhall Ampera-e in the United Kingdom), would enter production in 2017.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: In March 2016, GM released photos and a short pre-production video of the Bolt at the company's Orion Assembly plant outside Detroit, testing manufacturing and tooling.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: An unnamed source cited by "Bloomberg News" estimated that General Motors is expected to take a loss of to per Bolt sold. A GM spokesman declined to comment about expected profitability. Opel refuted that in December 2016 and stated that GM has battery cell costs of $130/kWh, and industry is not yet optimized for mass production. A UBS tear-down in 2017 suggested slightly smaller losses per vehicle, of $7418 on a base spec, or $5520 on a higher spec vehicle. They estimate that by 2025 the Bolt will make a profit of about $6000 per vehicle.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Final assembly takes place at GM's Orion Assembly plant in Orion Township, Michigan, which received a upgrade for Bolt production. Manufacture of the battery, motor, and drive unit started in August 2016 at LG, Incheon, South Korea.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The car is designed for flexible production by having some of the battery in the same position as the fuel tank in internal combustion engine-powered cars, and is made on the same assembly line as the Chevrolet Sonic at a combined rate of 90,000 per year. Although the car is assembled near Detroit, it has only 20% domestic-parts content.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Analysts expected Bolt production at 22,000 per year, and Ampera-e at a few thousand. Production may increase to 30,000 to 50,000 per year according to demand. Initial regular production had begun by early November 2016 at a rate of 9 per hour, gradually increasing to 30 per hour. Retail deliveries began in California in December 2016.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: In November 2020, 50,932 Chevrolet Bolt vehicles of model year 2017–2019 were recalled due to potential fire risk. According to GM, these vehicles contained high voltage batteries produced at LG Chem's Ochang plant that may pose a risk of fire "when charged to full, or very close to full, capacity".


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: As a precautionary measure, Chevrolet issued software updates that allow dealers to install a battery charge limit of 90% to their existing inventory while urging current 2017–2019 Chevy Bolt owners to enable the "Hill Top Reserve" option (2017-2018MY) or to set vehicle "Target Charge Level" (2019-2022MY) to 90%. A final software update was expected to remedy the charging capacity to 100% sometime in April 2021. , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has confirmed five known fires with two injuries and recommends parking recalled vehicles outside, away from homes, until they have been repaired.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: On August 20, 2021, Chevrolet extended the recall to include all Bolt models (both EV and EUV) and model years (2017-2022) totaling the number of recalled Chevy Bolt cars to nearly 142,000. GM will replace the recalled vehicles' batteries, citing manufacturing defects by its partner LG, which could be responsible for the shorting of deficient battery cells. Amid further investigation, GM says it will ramp up production of replacement battery cells with LG Chem, while seeking reimbursement for the recall from the manufacturer, as GM expects the expense to be $1.8 billion.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Cars upon which the battery-replacement recall has been completed have the 259-mile range of the 2020-up Bolt, and the new batteries are warranteed for 8 years from the date of installation.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt was designed from 2012 by a team of 180 people in GM's Korea studio (formerly Daewoo Korea), as B-segment size on its own platform, the GM BEV2. It does not share elements with the GM Gamma platform cars like the Chevrolet Sonic/Spark.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The EPA classifies the Bolt as "small station wagon", with less than 130 cu ft of interior volume. GM refers to the Bolt as a crossover. The passenger volume is , and cargo space is (381 liter).


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt's doors, tailgate, and hood are aluminum. The driver can adjust the level of regenerative braking as the accelerator pedal is lifted. The front seats are asymmetrical to maximize cabin volume while accommodating airbags.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: GM planned for over-the-air software updates during 2017 but the feature was finally released to the Bolt in April 2018.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Cruise AV is a Bolt EV-based autonomous vehicle developed and tested by Cruise Automation, whose majority owner is General Motors; GM acquired Cruise in March 2016.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Pre-production versions of the Bolt EV were built at Orion Assembly in March 2016 and sent to Cruise, who modified the cars by adding sensors in San Francisco. The modified pre-production vehicles were photographed in San Francisco in May. This fleet of 50 1st-generation (G1) Bolt EV-based Cruise AVs were tested starting from June 2016 in the San Francisco Bay Area and Scottsdale, Arizona.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: With the acquisition by GM in March 2016, Cruise also began working with GM engineers to develop the 2nd-generation (G2) Cruise AV, which would be assembled alongside regular production Bolt EVs at Orion Assembly. Externally, the G1 Cruise AV is equipped with two roof-mounted LIDAR sensors, has four small round headlights, and retains the Chevrolet "bowtie" logo on the front grille, while the G2 has five LIDARs and has the same styling as the regular production Bolt. A fleet of 130 G2 Cruise AVs were completed by June 2017, with an expanded, better-integrated sensor suite. The G2 (and G3) Cruise AVs are equipped with five roof-mounted LIDARs, 16 cameras, and 21 radars (both long- and short-range as well as articulating). The first G1 Cruise AV was retired and sent to the Henry Ford Museum in March 2019.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: A prototype 3rd-generation (G3) Cruise AV was shown in September 2017; Cruise CEO Kyle Vogt stated the G3 AV was designed to incorporate redundant systems and was ready to be scaled up for mass production at the Orion Township factory. In addition, the G3 AV uses fault-tolerant electrical, communication, and actuation systems unique to the automated vehicle and not shared with the Bolt EV. With the completion of 50 G3 Cruise AVs in fall 2017, GM now considers the vehicle a separate model from the Bolt. Externally, the G3 Cruise AV may be distinguished from the G2 by the color of the rooftop sensor package (black on the G2, white on the G3) and the two articulating radars, which are black colored, replacing the side rear-view mirrors on the G2; compared to white colored, mounted just above the front wheels on the G3.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Members of the press were invited to ride in a G2 Cruise AV in November 2017; they reported the choices made by the car's programming were conservative, but the self-driving system had minimal disengagements over the short trips. In January 2018, Cruise showed renderings and a prototype of its planned 4th-generation (G4) AV, which removed the traditional driver's controls such as the steering wheel and pedals and largely retained the external features of the G2, but further development of the G4 Cruise AV was canceled to concentrate on their next generation autonomous vehicle, the Origin, which was unveiled in January 2020 and lacks driver controls entirely. The Origin is scheduled to be introduced in January 2023. Cruise received approval to test cars without safety drivers on public roads in October 2020; the first SAE Level 4 vehicles tested by Cruise were G3 AVs. The safety driver was relegated to the passenger's (right-hand) front seat and did not have access to the traditional controls.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Later in 2021, a G2 Cruise AV nicknamed "Poppy" was filmed for a short promotional video while undergoing testing in San Francisco. The California Public Utilities Commission approved Cruise's application in June 2022; with the permit, Cruise plans to start offering driverless revenue taxi services in San Francisco with Cruise AVs.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: For the 2022 model year, the Bolt received a significant redesign to its front clip and its rear end, along with some parts of its interior. The front end carries new headlights, along with a new faux-grille and trim. The tail lights and the tailgate hatch also differ slightly from the previous model. For the interior, the shifter has been replaced with gear shifter buttons and the seats have been redesigned along with some of the interior detailing. Dimensions of the vehicle remain unchanged.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: GM also added the completely separate Bolt EUV model to its electric vehicle lineup that year, which has an expanded wheelbase along with some enhanced key features.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt's battery uses "nickel-rich lithium-ion" chemistry, allowing the cells to run at higher temperatures than those in GM's previous electric vehicles, allowing a simpler and cheaper liquid cooling system for the battery pack. The battery pack is a stressed member and weighs . It accounts for 23% of the car's value, and is composed of 288 flat "landscape" format cells. Cells are bundled into groups of three connected in parallel, and 96 groups connected in series compose the pack, which is rated at 160 kW peak power. GM offers a battery warranty of 8 years / , and has no plans for other battery sizes.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: In October 2015, General Motors said they will purchase the Bolt's battery cells at a price of $145 per kilowatt hour from LG Chem, representing a minimum of $8,700 in revenue per car. The cost is reportedly about $100 cheaper per kWh than the price LG was giving other customers at the time. GM estimated a cell price of $130/kWh in December 2016.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: While initially expected to share its lithium-ion battery technology with the second generation Chevrolet Volt, the production version of the Bolt uses batteries with a different chemistry more suited to the different charge cycles of a long-range electric vehicle, compared to the more frequent charging/discharging of hybrids and short-range EVs.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The 2020 model year's battery capacity increased to 66 kWh because of a small change made to the battery chemistry that increased the EPA rated range by .


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Other specifications include a and Interior Permanent Magnet electric motor, acceleration from in 2.9 seconds and in less than 7 seconds, and a top speed of . The electric motor is integrated with a single-speed transmission and differential, to form a single modular drive unit that connects directly to the front axles. The single-speed transmission has a final drive ratio of 7.05:1.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt EV is tall hatchback design, with a curb weight of 3,580 pounds (1,625 kg). Despite its overall height of nearly 63 inches (1.6 meters), the center of gravity is under 21 inches (53 cm) above the ground, yielding surprisingly stable handling during cornering. The low center of gravity is due to under-floor mounting of the battery pack.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Bolt uses the now-common kammback/hatchback low-drag body design, with sweeping curves leading to an abrupt back end. It was initially reported to have a but GM says the final production vehicle has .


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) five-cycle test methodology, the Bolt fuel economy is rated at 119 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (mpg-e) () for combined driving, 128 mpg-e () in city and 110 mpg-e () in highway.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt EV has a combined EPA-rated range of . For city driving, the EPA rated the Bolt range at , and due to its relatively high drag coefficient, its range for highway driving is . One Bolt owner was able to drive from McHenry, Maryland in the western part of the state to Ocean City, Maryland, a distance of , on a single charge.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Ampera-e has a certified range of under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) test cycle with a full battery, and achieved a range of under the more strict Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures (WLTP). Opel expected the Ampera-e to achieve a NEDC range of about .


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Before the Tesla Model 3 was introduced in July 2017, the Bolt was the only plug-in electric car with a manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP) of less than capable of delivering an EPA-rated range of over .


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: As of the 2020 model year, the Bolt has an EPA all-electric range of , up from for the 2017–2019 model years, and EPA fuel economy rating of 119 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (mpg-e) () for combined city/highway driving.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: All models of Bolt support standard SAE EV charging plugs, at Level 1 or Level 2 (AC). A factory option supports Level 3 (rapid DC) charging with the SAE Combo DC system. A portable Level 1 charging adapter is supplied with each Bolt, stowed in a special compartment under the hatchback floor. It is UL Listed to operate at 120 VAC in the US market but is capable of operating at 240 VAC.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Level 1 (110 VAC) charging supplies roughly 1 kW and adds 3–5 miles (5–8 km) of range per hour of charging. Level 2 (240 VAC) charging supplies up to 7.2 kW and adds 20–30 miles (30–50 km) of range per hour of charging. Level 3 charging with the factory-option 55 kW SAE Combo DC fast charging system can add of range per hour. The Bolt user manual suggests fast-charging to only 80% charge to ensure consistent 50 kW charging. The fast charge rate steps down to 38 kW at 56% charge and again to 24 kW at 68% charge. Above 85%, the charge rate varies from 16 kW to 0 kW.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt EV is delivered with self-sealing tires whose interior surfaces are coated with a sticky compound to automatically seal small leaks and punctures in the tread area. There is no spare tire, nor is there a built-in place to store one. The car is equipped with a digital Tire Pressure Monitoring System to warn the driver if a tire is leaking, and a portable air compressor kit is supplied as an optional part. Under the rear hatchback cargo deck, there is a space that can be used to store an undersized spare, and some owners carry a compatible Chevrolet Cruze spare tire there.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The EPA-rated range of was confirmed by automotive reporters driving a preproduction Bolt with a 60-kWh battery. Driven under different driving modes with the air conditioning on, the trip between Monterey and Santa Barbara was completed with an energy consumption of 50.1 kWh, representing an average efficiency of 4.8 miles per kWh (12.9 kWh/100 km). A total of were driven, with the Bolt's display showing of range remaining. Several other journalists conducted a preproduction Bolt test drive on the same route, and all reported similar results regarding the Bolt EPA-estimated range.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: As part of its debut at the 2016 Paris Motor Show, Opel reported driving an Ampera-e without recharging from Piccadilly Circus in London to Porte de Versailles in Paris, the venue of the exhibition. The rebadged Bolt traveled with of range remaining.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Pre-production versions of the Bolt EV were built in March 2016 and sent to Cruise Automation, which modified them as test vehicles for autonomous driving. The modified pre-production vehicles were photographed in San Francisco in May.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Ordering began in California and Oregon in mid-October 2016. Production for the model year 2017 began in November 2016. The first three Bolts were delivered in the San Francisco Bay Area on December 13, 2016, and a total of 579 units were delivered in 2016. Availability was rolled out gradually across the United States, and by August 2017 the car was available nationwide.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Demand profile did not exactly match predictions, leading GM to slow production in July 2017. However, in the last months of 2017 Bolt demand rose rapidly; by October, it outsold any other model of electric car, including those from Tesla. Sales totaled 23,297 units in 2017, making the Bolt the U.S. second best selling plug-in car in 2017 after the Tesla Model S (≈26,500). In California, the Bolt listed as the top selling plug-in car with 13,487 units delivered, ahead of the much more expensive Tesla Model S, listed second with 11,813. The Bolt also led the state's subcompact segment in 2017, with a market share of 14.7% of all new cars sold in this category. , cumulative sales in the American market totaled 26,477 units.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: In January 2019, GM reported that 2018 US sales for the Bolt totaled 18,019, down 22% from the previous year. (US sales of the Tesla Model 3, on the other hand, jumped from 1,764 in 2017 to 139,782 in 2018.) The combined sales of the Bolt and Volt also triggered the start of the full $7,500 tax credit phase out in Q4 2018, prompting the tax credit to reduce to $3,750 in April 2019 and $1,875 in October 2019 before disappearing entirely April 2020.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt has been available in Canada since the beginning of 2017. A total of 4,025 Bolt EVs were sold in Canada in 2020.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: In South Korea, General Motors opened the order books on March 18, 2017, and all 400 units of the first allotment were sold out in 2 hours.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Ampera-e launch in the Norwegian market was scheduled for April 2017, when 13 were registered. Deliveries to retail customers began on May 17, 2017. Over 4,000 cars were ordered in Norway, with some to be delivered in 2018. Registrations totaled 1,121 units in 2017.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: In October 2017, European dealers were asked to completely stop accepting orders for the Opel Ampera-e, at the point when in the nation of Norway (which has a population of 5.2 million) 4,000-5,000 people had already ordered the car. At that time the Bolt was offered for sale in Norway at a price of $35,000, not significantly higher than that of the Nissan Leaf, despite both its range and battery capacity being at least 50% higher than the Leaf's.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The fact that Opel was limiting deliveries of the Bolt to Norway, its most promising market, in 2017 led to suspicions that GM was going to "kill" the model in Europe. No new Ampera could be ordered in Norway after 2017, and deliveries in Norway trickled at fewer than 100 units per month in 2018. GM has been accused of purposefully sabotaging its own EV programme in the past. In March 2017, PSA agreed to acquire Opel, the English twin sister brand Vauxhall and the European auto lending business from General Motors as GM exited the European market. In February 2018, it was reported that 1,971 Opel Ampera-e had been sold in Europe so far.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Even though the Bolt could be ordered and bought in the Netherlands in 2019, its steep price was still an issue. In early 2020, the importer lowered the price by as much as €10,000, to €34,149, which made it close to the official American MSRP, but still thousands of USD more than Californians were actually paying for the car. This was enough to put the car in the top 10 of bestselling cars in the country (regardless of the powertrain), and make it #1 among electric cars. However, it was only a sale of the outgoing model. As of 2020, Opel refuses to import the Bolt/Ampera-e into the Netherlands and Germany.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: In 2018, a few months after Norwegians were prevented from ordering more Bolts, a close competitor, the Hyundai Kona Electric (with a 64 kWh battery), was offered for sale there. The entire yearly allotment of the cars was sold out almost instantly.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt won the 2017 "Motor Trend" Car of the Year award, the 2017 North American Car of the Year, the 2017 AutoGuide.com Reader's Choice Green Car of the Year, 2017 "Popular Mechanics" Automotive Excellence Awards Car of the Year and the Green Car Reports Best Car To Buy 2017.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: The Bolt also ended up Car & Driver's '10 Best Cars' list for 2017. The Chevy Bolt also won the 2017 Green Car of the Year awarded by the "Green Car Journal". It was also named by "Time" among its list of 25 Best Inventions of 2016, and among "Popular Science" 10 Greatest Automotive Innovations of 2016. The Bolt EV beat out the Cadillac CT6 and Jaguar XE to win the "Detroit Free Press" award for Car of the Year. "Automobile" included the Bolt in its 2017 All Star list.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: In 2015, Chevrolet acknowledged confusion between two vehicles with a similar-sounding names; "Bolt" and "Volt".


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: "Autoblog" projected similar confusion among European customers where the Opel Ampera-e (the Bolt variant) is just one letter off from the Opel Ampera, the previous-generation Chevrolet Volt sold in Europe – suggesting the names could confuse customers who think the new all-electric hatchback is closely related to the old plug-in hybrid hatchback.


title: Chevrolet Bolt

text: Tata Motors has had a car named the Bolt on the market since 2014, and has registered the trademark in India and other countries.


title: Emilio Q. Daddario

text: Emilio Quincy Daddario (September 24, 1918 – July 7, 2010) was an American Democratic politician from Connecticut. He served as a member of the 86th through 91st United States Congresses.


title: Emilio Q. Daddario

text: Daddario was born on September 24, 1918 in Newton Centre, Massachusetts, the son of Italian parents, Attilio and Giovanna (née Ciovacco) Daddario. He attended public school in Boston as well as Tilton Academy in New Hampshire and the Newton Country Day School in Massachusetts. In 1939, he graduated from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut.


title: Emilio Q. Daddario

text: Daddario attended Boston University Law School from 1939 to 1941 but transferred to the University of Connecticut School of Law from which he graduated in 1942. He was admitted to the bar in Connecticut and Massachusetts that year. He began his law practice in Middletown, Connecticut. In February 1943 he enlisted as a private in the United States Army. He was


title: Emilio Q. Daddario

text: assigned to the Office of Strategic Services at Fort Meade, Maryland and served in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. "According to the 2004 book " Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce", by Ray Moseley, Mr. Daddario was credited with capturing Benito Mussolini's chief of staff, Rodolfo Graziani, at the Hotel Milan in April 1945. Mr. Daddario's decorations included the Legion of Merit and the Bronze Star Medal." He was a captain when he left the service in September 1945 and also received the Italian Medaglia d'Argento.


title: Emilio Q. Daddario

text: Daddario continued his military service in the Connecticut National Guard. He served as mayor of Middletown, Connecticut from 1946 to 1948. He was appointed a judge of the Middletown Municipal Court where he served from 1948 to 1950. During the Korean War, he returned to active duty as a major with the Forty-third Division of the Connecticut National Guard in the Far East Liaison Group until 1952. He then returned to his law practice in Hartford, Connecticut.


title: Emilio Q. Daddario

text: Daddario won election in 1958 to the Eighty-sixth Congress and served until January 3, 1971. "On Capitol Hill, he chaired the House Science Committee's subcommittee on science research and development, and the subcommittee on patents and science inventions. He also served on a subcommittee that was involved with the planning and development of the Apollo missions to the moon." He did not seek re-election to the Ninety-second Congress in 1970. He ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Connecticut in 1970, losing the general election to Thomas J. Meskill. He continued his career in public service as Director of the Office of Technology Assessment from 1973 to 1977.


title: Emilio Q. Daddario

text: "For his sustained contributions to science and the national welfare during the years he served as a Congressman," Daddario was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1976. He served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from 1977 to 1978. He co-chaired the American Bar Association's Association for the Advancement of Sciences and the Conference of Lawyers and Scientists from 1979 to 1989.


title: Emilio Q. Daddario

text: Daddario was married to the former Berenice M. Carbo. He died on July 7, 2010 from heart failure, according to his son, Richard, the New York Police Department's incoming deputy commissioner for counter-terrorism. At the time of his death he lived in Washington, D.C.


title: Selective breeding

text: Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. Domesticated animals are known as breeds, normally bred by a professional breeder, while domesticated plants are known as varieties, cultigens, cultivars, or breeds. Two purebred animals of different breeds produce a crossbreed, and crossbred plants are called hybrids. Flowers, vegetables and fruit-trees may be bred by amateurs and commercial or non-commercial professionals: major crops are usually the provenance of the professionals.


title: Selective breeding

text: In animal breeding, techniques such as inbreeding, linebreeding, and outcrossing are utilized. In plant breeding, similar methods are used. Charles Darwin discussed how selective breeding had been successful in producing change over time in his 1859 book, "On the Origin of Species". Its first chapter discusses selective breeding and domestication of such animals as pigeons, cats, cattle, and dogs. Darwin used artificial selection as a springboard to introduce and support the theory of natural selection.


title: Selective breeding

text: The deliberate exploitation of selective breeding to produce desired results has become very common in agriculture and experimental biology.


title: Selective breeding

text: Selective breeding can be unintentional, for example, resulting from the process of human cultivation; and it may also produce unintended – desirable or undesirable – results. For example, in some grains, an increase in seed size may have resulted from certain ploughing practices rather than from the intentional selection of larger seeds. Most likely, there has been an interdependence between natural and artificial factors that have resulted in plant domestication.


title: Selective breeding

text: Selective breeding of both plants and animals has been practiced since early prehistory; key species such as wheat, rice, and dogs have been significantly different from their wild ancestors for millennia, and maize, which required especially large changes from teosinte, its wild form, was selectively bred in Mesoamerica. Selective breeding was practiced by the Romans. Treatises as much as 2,000 years old give advice on selecting animals for different purposes, and these ancient works cite still older authorities, such as Mago the Carthaginian. The notion of selective breeding was later expressed by the Persian Muslim polymath Abu Rayhan Biruni in the 11th century. He noted the idea in his book titled "India", which included various examples.


title: Selective breeding

text: Selective breeding was established as a scientific practice by Robert Bakewell during the British Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century. Arguably, his most important breeding program was with sheep. Using native stock, he was able to quickly select for large, yet fine-boned sheep, with long, lustrous wool. The Lincoln Longwool was improved by Bakewell, and in turn the Lincoln was used to develop the subsequent breed, named the New (or Dishley) Leicester. It was hornless and had a square, meaty body with straight top lines.


title: Selective breeding

text: These sheep were exported widely, including to Australia and North America, and have contributed to numerous modern breeds, despite the fact that they fell quickly out of favor as market preferences in meat and textiles changed. Bloodlines of these original New Leicesters survive today as the English Leicester (or Leicester Longwool), which is primarily kept for wool production.


title: Selective breeding

text: Bakewell was also the first to breed cattle to be used primarily for beef. Previously, cattle were first and foremost kept for pulling ploughs as oxen, but he crossed long-horned heifers and a Westmoreland bull to eventually create the Dishley Longhorn. As more and more farmers followed his lead, farm animals increased dramatically in size and quality. In 1700, the average weight of a bull sold for slaughter was 370 pounds (168 kg). By 1786, that weight had more than doubled to 840 pounds (381 kg). However, after his death, the Dishley Longhorn was replaced with short-horn versions.


title: Selective breeding

text: Charles Darwin coined the term 'selective breeding'; he was interested in the process as an illustration of his proposed wider process of natural selection. Darwin noted that many domesticated animals and plants had special properties that were developed by intentional animal and plant breeding from individuals that showed desirable characteristics, and discouraging the breeding of individuals with less desirable characteristics.


title: Selective breeding

text: Darwin used the term "artificial selection" twice in the 1859 first edition of his work "On the Origin of Species", in Chapter IV: Natural Selection, and in Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory:


title: Selective breeding

text: Animals with homogeneous appearance, behavior, and other characteristics are known as particular breeds or pure breeds, and they are bred through culling animals with particular traits and selecting for further breeding those with other traits. Purebred animals have a single, recognizable breed, and purebreds with recorded lineage are called pedigreed. Crossbreeds are a mix of two purebreds, whereas mixed breeds are a mix of several breeds, often unknown. Animal breeding begins with breeding stock, a group of animals used for the purpose of planned breeding. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred stock for a certain purpose, or may intend to use some type of crossbreeding to produce a new type of stock with different, and, it is presumed, superior abilities in a given area of endeavor. For example, to breed chickens, a breeder typically intends to receive eggs, meat, and new, young birds for further reproduction. Thus, the breeder has to study different breeds and types of chickens and analyze what can be expected from a certain set of characteristics before he or she starts breeding them. Therefore, when purchasing initial breeding stock, the breeder seeks a group of birds that will most closely fit the purpose intended.