title: Jessica Stroup

text: In March 2007, Stroup starred as the female lead in "The Hills Have Eyes 2". Stroup played the role of a US Army National Guard soldier named Amber who fights for survival with her peers against a group of mutant people. The film was a fast-forward sequel to "The Hills Have Eyes", a remake of the 1977 movie of the same name. Despite negative reviews from critics the film went on to gross over $67 million worldwide. That same year Jessica had a supporting role in "This Christmas".


title: Jessica Stroup

text: In April 2008, Stroup was cast as a series regular on "90210", a reboot of the Golden Globe Award-nominated series "Beverly Hills, 90210". Stroup played the role of high school student Erin Silver, the younger sister of David Silver and Kelly Taylor from "Beverly Hills, 90210". The pilot premiered on September 2, 2008 to a high 4.65 million viewers despite mixed reviews from critics. In 2010 Stroup was awarded the "Sparkling Performance" award at the Young Hollywood Awards.


title: Jessica Stroup

text: Also in April 2008, Stroup played the role of Claire in the film remake "Prom Night". In December 2007, MTV.com announced that Stroup was cast in another horror film titled "Homecoming", which follows a young woman being kidnapped by her boyfriend's ex-girlfriend. Despite the film completing production in February 2008, it was not released until July 2009 for a limited release in selected cinemas. In 2008, Stroup played Rachel in the ensemble film "The Informers".


title: Jessica Stroup

text: In 2011, Stroup guest-appeared on "Family Guy", in which she voiced a number of characters in two episodes. Stroup reunited with Seth MacFarlane in his directorial debut "Ted", in which she played Tracy, Lori's (played by Mila Kunis) friend at work.


title: Jessica Stroup

text: On August 20, 2013 it was announced that Stroup would join "The Following" in season 2 as a series regular. Her character, Max, is "the niece of Ryan Hardy (Kevin Bacon). She’s an NYPD cop, currently working in the Intel Division. Max reconnects with Ryan and she becomes a valuable ally."


title: Jessica Stroup

text: Stroup currently lives in Los Angeles, California. Stroup married businessman Neil Hutchinson on September 17, 2022.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: W.I.T.C.H. (stylised as W.i.t.c.h.) is an Italian fantasy Disney comics series created by Elisabetta Gnone, Alessandro Barbucci, and Barbara Canepa. The series features a group of five teenage girls who become the guardians of the classical elements of energy, water, fire, earth, and air, and protectors of the mythical Kandrakar, the center of the universe. The story follows them as they handle their new magical powers and responsibilities, as well as their lives as adolescents. The comics art style draws heavy inspiration from manga and its drawing conventions.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The series was first published by Disney Italy in April 2001. By January 2005, "W.I.T.C.H." had been released in over 65 countries. The final issue of "W.I.T.C.H." was released in October 2012, concluding the series' 139 issue run.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The comics spawned a franchise with a variety of printed media, including both reprinted and original content, as well as audiovisual media. The first two arcs ("The Twelve Portals" and "Nerissa's Revenge") were loosely adapted into an animated series, itself influenced by anime, which aired from 2004 to 2006. In 2005, a video game based on the franchise was released in Europe, and in 2007 a soundtrack album including theme songs for the TV series as well as music inspired by the comics was released.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: In 2004, series creators Alessandro Barbucci and Barbara Canepa unsuccessfully sued Disney for rights to "W.I.T.C.H." after issues with management at the publishing company. As a result, Canepa founded her own comics company.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Upon seeing the success of "PKNA - Paperinik New Adventures" with young male audiences, some of the writers began thinking of a similar concept that would work for young female audiences. Elisabetta Gnone, Alessandro Barbucci and Barbara Canepa came up with the original concepts and designs. Gnone co-wrote the first issue of the series with Francesco Artibani. Gnone and Artibani originally created a concept that would last nine issues, but upon seeing the impressive sales numbers, a further three issues were ordered, rounding out the 12-issue first saga.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: In 2004, tensions arose between the "W.I.T.C.H." artists and Disney's publishing (Buena Vista). Series creators Barbucci and Canepa unsuccessfully sued Disney for the initial rights to "W.I.T.C.H.", with Artibani acting as a witness in support of the two artists in court. After the lawsuit failed, Artibani and other artists decided to end their working relationships with Disney due to the "difficult management and company".


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: After breaking off with Buena Vista and in the middle of her trial against them, Canepa created her own comic book company, Soleil. She described it as a way to become "more sincere and uncensored" with her comics. Soleil was unable to secure the rights to "W.I.T.C.H." from Disney, and instead focused on original projects. Canepa stated that she intended to keep all the rights to her comics; she said, "After my experience with Disney, it's important for me to protect myself."


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Around the same time as the rights trial, Disney filed an unsuccessful copyright infringement lawsuit against Rainbow SpA, the studio behind "Winx Club" (a series cited as the main competition for "W.I.T.C.H."). In its April 2004 suit, the corporation claimed the "Winx Club" concept copied that of "W.I.T.C.H."; all of the claims were rejected in August, when Rainbow SpA won the case against Disney by providing proof that "Winx Club" production began before the "W.I.T.C.H." comic was available.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The main characters are the five current Guardians (with respective elemental powers in parentheses):


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Each of the five Guardians' powers are fueled by Kandrakar itself, and transmitted to the Heart via the Aurameres, the physical representations of the five elements in the forms of colored orbs. The Aurameres grant the same powers to each generation of Guardians.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: When the Guardians transform, they change form and grow wings. The wings do not allow them to fly (except for Hay Lin), but after they get the New Powers they can all fly.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: A sacred, ethereal, spiritual world in the very center of the entire universe itself, where time and space do not exist. In the Fortress, the wisest of thousands of other planets and worlds are gathered to discuss the state of the worlds which are of their concern. They simply observe and do not interfere. The fifth and last Guardian is rightful Keeper of the mystical Heart of Kandrakar, an ancient and immensely powerful crystal orbicular pendant which gives the girls' their ability to transform into their taller, stronger and more elaborate Guardian costumes. Hay Lin's paternal grandmother lives here with the Oracle when she "dies" unexpectedly on Earth.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Metamoor is a world ruled by the Escanor, who originates from Earth. For a long time Metamoor, and its capital Meridian, was isolated from the rest of the universe because it was ruled by the evil prince Phobos. With help of the Guardians and the Meridian people the rightful heiress to the throne, Elyon, could reign again. Elyon is the last of the Escanor.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Arkhanta is an Earth-like world ruled by Ari. Ari accused the Oracle for not wanting to cure his son. Even the banshee Yua was unable to help him. With trickery, Ari could keep Yua in his scarlet citadel forever. Despite all this, Ari brought prosperity to his people. Knowing they had received everything thanks to the powers of Yua, the people are both happy and disturbed. Fortunately, after the Guardians released Yua and healed Ari's son Maqui, any threat of Yua's anger was over. On his turn Ari ended his hostility against Kandrakar.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Basiliade is the home world of the Oracle (Himerish), Endarno, and Orube. It makes up part of a binary solar system.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The first saga introduced a world called Metamoor, ruled by a tyrannical ruler named Prince Phobos. Years ago, Prince Phobos caused the disappearances of his parents and took over the capital city of Metamoor, Meridian. To prevent him from spreading tyranny throughout the universe, the Oracle - the ruler of Kandrakar - lowered a veil over the planet, separating Metamoor from the rest of the universe under Kandrakar's protection. However, twelve portals opened between Meridian and Earth, creating a series of passageways for the desperate refugees and monsters of Meridian to infiltrate Earth. The portals also weakened the veil; in order to prevent its total collapse, generations of Guardians were sent to protect it. In the present day, five girls are chosen to become the new Guardians: Will Vandom, the Guardian of Energy and the Keeper of the Heart; Irma Lair, the new Guardian of Water; Taranee Cook, the Guardian of Fire; Cornelia Hale, the Guardian of Earth; and Hay Lin, the Guardian of Air. Together, they must prevent the collapse of the veil and promote justice throughout the universe under the guidance of the Oracle of Kandrakar.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The first saga also introduced Elyon Brown, a childhood friend of Cornelia. The Guardians' first mission was to close the twelve portals, but as they found out for themselves, Elyon had betrayed them. It is revealed that Elyon is Prince Phobos's younger sister who had disappeared from Meridian more than a decade ago. After Prince Phobos's right-hand man, Lord Cedric, revealed Elyon of her true alien heritage, he manipulated her into thinking that the Guardians were her enemies. The Guardians had to find a way to defeat Prince Phobos and bring Elyon back home. In Meridian, however, there is a rebellion taking place led by Caleb, whom Cornelia had seen in her dreams for years. They sought to overthrow Prince Phobos and put Elyon on the throne, as she is the legitimate ruler. The Guardians later worked together with the rebels and eventually, Elyon realized her mistake for trusting Lord Cedric. Prince Phobos had planned to absorb his sister's powers for himself during her coronation, but with the Guardians' help Elyon escaped and later battled against him for the crown. The final battle was successful, but not without some losses. Prince Phobos transformed Caleb back into a crystal flower, his most primitive form as a Murmurer. This devastated Cornelia greatly to the point where it would haunt her in the next series. As Elyon is crowned Queen and the Light of Meridian, the world of Metamoor is finally liberated. The Oracle lifted the veil off of Metamoor and light shines on the world once again. Both Prince Phobos and Cedric are imprisoned in the Tower of Mist.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The Guardians must face an old enemy of Kandrakar – Nerissa, the corrupted ex-Guardian and the previous Keeper of the Heart. When the Oracle realized how the immense power of the Heart was corrupting Nerissa, he took it away from her and gave it to Cassidy, the former Guardian of Water. Obsessed with her lost power and blinded by jealousy, Nerissa tricked Cassidy and killed her. As punishment, Nerissa was stripped of her magic and sentenced to sleep, alone and friendless, in Mount Thanos for an eternity, only until all five elements-Water, Fire, Earth, Air and Pure/Absolute Energy- united into one single being.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: When Cornelia accidentally, and unknowingly, absorbed all five elements into herself, the seal on Nerissa's tomb broke, setting her free. When Caleb is kidnapped, the Guardians must face Nerissa along with her four Knights of Vengeance. While successful in their rescue mission, they end up losing Luba who sacrificed herself to save them. Hoping to steal the Heart she craved for so long, Nerissa later attacked the girls through their dreams in order to weaken them but failed. She was later successful in stealing the Heart back by tricking Will into giving it to her.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: With the very symbol and essence of Kandrakar itself now entirely corrupted by Nerissa's hatred and vengeance, the former Guardian leader and her Knights of Vengeance attacked the sacred Temple of Kandrakar itself. Will later acquired the Star of Cassidy, a copy of the mystical Heart from the spirit/ghost of Cassidy, the late and original Guardian of Water. With it, Will and her fellow Guardians faced Nerissa in Kandrakar. In the final battle, Nerissa was ultimately destroyed by the combined strength of the second generation of Guardians. Despite their victory, Cornelia is deeply heartbroken when Caleb left her due to their complicated relationship.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Crisis after crisis threatens to break up the girls once and for all. Will's father, Thomas Vandom, returns into her life after years of absence, and his intentions are anything but loving and trustful. Later, Taranee went on strike because she felt that the Oracle is using them to carry out his missions and sentences. A new character, Orube, joins the remaining Guardians on their new mission to defeat a new enemy; Ari, the powerful lord of Arkhanta and they must prevent him from rising and destroying the Oracle. Ari's son, Maqi, suffered from a strange disorder since birth and the Oracle had refused to help Ari cure his son. Angered and blinded by rage, Ari captured a banshee, named Yua, and tried to use her wish-granting power to oppose the Oracle and Kandrakar (but it could not be done). The longer Yua was held prisoner and serving as Ari's slave, the more powerful Ari becomes, and soon, he would have enough power to overthrow the Oracle.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Taranee later rejoined the quintet and together, they were able to defeat Ari and set Yua free. Liberated, Yua kidnapped Maqi because she wanted Ari to suffer for holding her imprisoned for many years against her will. Ari and the Guardians followed her into the swamp where she and her banshee sisters live and fought them to bring Maqi back. However, Maqi was nearly killed during the confusion of the battle. He was later saved and cured when the Guardians and Orube offered their magical, elemental gifts from the nymph Xin Jing herself to him.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Although their missions on the world Arkhanta was successful, the girls have a whole bunch of new problems on Earth that needs their attention: Interpol discovers the secret of the five Guardians' and wants to capture them and use their astounding abilities as Guardians of Kandrakar for their dark intentions. As if that was not enough, the girls' Astral Drops decide to rebel after months of being taken advantage of by the Guardians. The Astral Drops started to cause numerous problems between the Guardians' families, teachers, and individual boyfriends' and eventually they ran away to another city. The Guardians later recaptured the Astral Drops and decided to liberate them from slavery by sending to another city entirely.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The members of the Congregation are questioning the Oracle's recent actions, and he shocked everyone by putting himself on trial. The Guardians are called in to recall his recent unsatisfactory deeds and he was later found guilty by Endarno and was banished back into his home world, Basilíade. Back home in Heatherfield, Will confronted Orube and Matt, while Principal Knickerbocker goes to drastic measures to raise the girls' grades at Sheffield. In Kandrakar, the Council has elected Endarno the new Oracle. After Endarno has been chosen, he makes the life of the Guardians difficult by trying to prove to the Congregation that they are too young and immature. He also convinced the Congregation that Elyon, the queen and the Light of Meridian, is dangerous and unfit to rule over Metamoor. Many times he tried to get the Guardians to arrest their old friend and bring him the Crown of Light. But W.I.T.C.H. managed to hide Elyon from Endarno by smuggling her back to Earth and had Orube protect her. Moreover, Endarno is someone else than he appears to be...an old enemy coming back for revenge and an even bigger thirst for more power.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Elyon and Yan Lin discovered that "Endarno" is actually the consciousness and evil will of Prince Phobos, who has been using the physical self of the true Endarno, in his new quest for power and revenge.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Queen Elyon then wields her vital life energy to Yan Lin, who then gives it to Will to hide within the Heart of Kandrakar for safeguarding. The Guardians were able locate the old Oracle, now called Himerish, upon the discovery of his old identity before leaving for Kandrakar, with the help of Orube. Together, they tried to free Elyon from her prison and put a stop to Cedric and Phobos before Endarno (Phobos) is formally instated as the Oracle. In the end, Himerish was able to locate the real Endarno and he, in turn, revealed to the Council that the Endarno that they knew was, in actuality, the malicious Prince Phobos' mind and spirit in his body. Elyon returned to power on her world of Meridian, Cedric was back in the Tower of Mist, and Prince Phobos, rather than being locked up in prison again, threw himself into the endless void of Kandrakar.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The five classical elements themselves have something in store for the Guardians who utilize and represent them. Each Guardian has discovered new and much stronger abilities, yet their elemental abilities are going out of control. Even the Triumvirate of Kandrakar does not have full understanding about it. At the same time, Cedric is disposed of his magical strength and power and gets a second chance from Oracle Himerish. He returns to "Ye Olde Book Shop" to live a decent life, under supervision from the Guardians. Nevertheless, he searches for a useful resource to regain his powers in hopes of getting revenge on the Guardians. He finds his luck in the Book of Elements, written by Jonathan Ludmoore (which the Guardians later found out). About a century before, Jonathan Ludmoore was an alchemist who came from Metamoor and it was Prince Phobos who had sent him to Heatherfield in order to open the Twelve Portals. After completing his mission, Ludmoore discovered that the city is a place where all five elements—Water, Fire, Earth, Air, Quintessence—met and stayed. He experimented on the elements but it trapped Ludmoore in his own book and released all five elemental stones throughout the city.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: After Matt was swallowed by the Book of Elements (thanks to Cedric), the Guardians must cooperate with Cedric in order to save Matt. The book gives them riddles as clues and the Guardians must use these riddles to look for the scattered elemental stones. Endarno warned the Guardians that in order to capture these stones, they must face the Elemental Guards that stand and protect them. One by one, the girls were able to find the stones, and back in the bookstore, Cedric and Orube slowly fell deeply in love. However, the Guardians, Cedric, and Orube were sucked into the world of the book when Will refuses to surrender the Heart of Kandrakar. Cedric was later killed by Ludmoore and dissolved into ink when he tried to protect Orube from Ludmoore's deadly gaze. The Guardians later found Matt and managed to defeat Ludmoore once and for all (with Matt's help). While Orube mourns for Cedric's death Will's mother, Susan Vandom, married her history teacher, Dean Collins. Orube left and a magical portal in the shape of the Heart of Kandrakar later appeared in the basement of the "Ye Olde Book Shop".


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: When Hay Lin stayed over at the Lyndons' home, she meets Karl and Tecla Ibsen, an elderly couple who appeared to have a connection with Eric's new school. Karl tells Hay Lin about the Ragorlang, a monster that absorbs the thoughts, the voices, and the sounds of its victims. Coincidentally, a few students at Eric's school are getting inactive as if they had lost their youthful strength. The same evening, Hay Lin gets attacked by a Ragorlang and was saved just in time by the other Guardians. Soon they discover who is behind the new threat: Tecla Ibsen. She wanted to be young and beautiful again and used her magical ability to conjure up and control the Ragorlangs, ordering them to steal the youthful strength of the teenagers by absorbing their thoughts and voices. The Guardians managed to defeat her and her Ragorlang. Unfortunately, Tecla returns, but as a frail, older woman, who cannot summon a fully grown Ragorlang. Tecla brainwashed a magical girl named Erin, making her believe that the Guardians are the Ragorlangs and that it was their fault that her brother, Kader, went missing. At first, Erin uses her magic to make the girls hate each other while posing as an exchange student. The Guardians eventually helped her find her brother despite their hate for her.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: This saga also introduced a strange optometrist, named Folkner, who stationed himself in Sheffield to monitor the students' health. The Guardians found out that he is a Ragorlang hunter who wishes to hunt down Tecla Ibsen. She later regain full power due to leaked magics from Kandrakar and attacked the Guardians with a new pact of Ragorlangs. Despite being able to use the Shadow Heart against the Guardians, she was defeated when the last of her Ragorlangs was absorbed into a box created by Folkner. Obsessed with the dark power, Folkner unleashed the powers and became a supreme Ragorlang himself. He was later killed by the Guardians and was sucked into his own Ragorlang box at the end of the saga, and Karl and Tecla were both accepted into the Congregation of Kandrakar after admitting their mistakes.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The Guardians must face another, more ancient enemy: Dark Mother! She was once Queen Meter of Spring and made flowers bloom beneath her feet. But when she became corrupted, she transformed into "the Dark Mother" and attacked Kandrakar with a vengeance. She was ultimately defeated by the combined strength of the elemental Queens of Water, Fire and Air and was cast into the dark void where she continued to wait patiently in chains until she could be released. In silence, Dark Mother sent a seed and planted it deep within kandrakar, where it would serve as her infiltrator against the Fortress of Light.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The five Guardians of Kandrakar each receive further developed and considerably stronger Guardian powers over the five elements upon undergoing a vision-quest to unlock the very roots of their abilities as well as their highest potential. Matt now serves as their new trainer and mentor after being recruited by the Oracle to prepare them for their upcoming battle against Dark Mother. One by one, the Guardians found the root of their elements and obtained full control over their new and much stronger abilities. Meanwhile, Dark Mother escaped (thanks to Will) and set off to take over Kandrakar. Thanks to her tree, which she had planted beforehand, Dark Mother enslaved the minds of Kandrakar, except for Yan Lin. The Guardians later faced her in one last battle and Dark Mother was sealed in a stone tomb. Oracle Himerish relinquished his place to the original Air Guardian, Yan Lin, who foresaw the incoming threat and departed without even saying goodbye.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: In the side story, Susan became pregnant to Dean's child. Issue #80 focuses on the birth of Will's younger half-brother, William Vandom-Collins who happens to possess a little magic of his own.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The Guardians must find and teach the magical people of Heatherfield how to fully control their new abilities. Oracle Yan Lin assisted them by giving them new weapons to help greatly strengthen and magnify their powers and abilities as well as the key to the W.I.T.C.H. Van, a special on-the-road-school which houses five magical laboratories connected to each Guardians' elements, personalities, and skills. Kandor, a member of the Congregation is sent to be their new bus driver and care-taker. Meanwhile, a new enemy is watching their every move: Foreman Takeda the CEO and scientist of Takeshita Inc. Takeda vowed to destroy all magic because he believed that it is responsible for his daughter's illness. Mariko, his eldest daughter, discovered the Fast World and her mind now trapped there. Takeda enlisted the help of Liam, a mysterious boy that Mariko met in the Fast World and they fell in love, to spy on the Guardians and ordered him to kidnap Will's little brother. Using Liam and William as bait, Takeda lured the Guardians into his lair and used his cold technologies to trap the Guardians into the 'Fast World forever'. However, his plan was thwarted by his youngest daughter, Shinobu, who saw her father's cruelty and had him frozen by his own robotic minions.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: While looking for Liam and William in the Fast World, the Guardians encounter the malicious ruler Arkaam, the White Queen, who wished to rule all of the Fast World under her tyranny and possessed a deep desire to kill the Black Queen. It is revealed that the identity of the Black Queen is Mariko's conscious and Shinobu's sister. In the confusing of their escape, Liam was killed by the White Queen after she stabbed him with her sword. Although successful in bringing William back, Will and her friends are horrified that the White Queen and her army had followed them to their world. In their last battle, invading White Queen and her army were dissipated by the Guardians' powerful sound frequency. After hearing Mariko's accusation and Shinobu's forgiveness, Takeda forgot his vendetta and rejoined his family.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Starting from issue #97 of the previous saga, each issue has its own story. The Guardians now face their daily problems from families, friends, and school. The stories ranged from facing their first day of returning to Sheffield Institute to finding out more about both of their parents' pasts and abilities. At the same time, they must face several new enemies who wanted to destroy them. Many of these villains included the Runics, a group of five evil wizards who control the dark powers of the elements; and Nihila, the Queen of Darkness who desire to weave and control everyone's destinies with her magical Loom.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The series also introduced new missions where the Guardians must assist the beings of the natural worlds; from listening to the voice of the Earth to helping Mareeve, the Saarineen, avoid marrying the King of the Sharks, Orristurr. Later on, the stories ranged from the girls delivering a letter to the North Pole, Dean's parents visiting the girls and their mothers having lunch together.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: From issue number 118 onwards, the concept of arcs is dropped. All issues are self-contained stories, though issues 120, 123, and 126 are connected to each other, as the Guardians deals with siblings Lady Giga, Lady Crash and Lady Kimikal, who wanted to steal their energies. Issues 128 and 129 are also connected as it focuses on Will and Matt's fight.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: From issue 130 through issue 139, the saga has been named the "Magical Sovereigns", with individual stories. Elyon the Queen of Meridian returns to Kandakar in this saga, giving away missions to the Guardians in order for them to become Magical Sovereigns. Oracle Himerish also returns at Issue 139.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Aside from the original series, the Walt Disney Company Italia had published several special issues depicting the lives of the Guardians and their friends taking places on the side lines from the original canon issues. The following is a list of special issues that have been published thus far:


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: In 2004, The Walt Disney Company announced that the "W.I.T.C.H." comic book series was available in more than 60 countries, with more than 1 million copies of the comic book series being sold every month. In France and Germany, more than 100 000 copies were sold monthly. In Italy, more than 200 000 copies were sold every month. The company revealed that the "W.I.T.C.H." comic book series sold more than 20 million copies worldwide and generated more than 100 million dollars.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: In 2004, the "W.I.T.C.H." comic book series won the Max & Moritz Prize for Best German-language Comic/Comic-related Publication: For Children and Young People.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: After the success of the 2001 release of the "W.I.T.C.H." comic magazines, Disney Publishing Worldwide expanded the "W.I.T.C.H." franchise.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The "W.I.T.C.H." book series consists of twenty-six books; all are adapted from the comic series by either Elizabeth Lenhard or Alice Alfonsi, but have entirely different titles than those of the graphic novel series. Each contains comic inserts from the original comics. The book series was designed for UK and USA release and preceded the graphic novel adaptation in the United States.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: A miniseries of five chapter books were produced in 2004 and 2005, each one featuring one of the five Guardians of the Veil narrating her own story in fighting a certain antagonist relating to one of them, or ancient evil being, with her four fellow Guardians. The second book, told in the eyes of Irma Lair, has not been available at either Amazon or any other book stores; said to be the only out of print.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Eight graphic novels were published by Hyperion Books in the United States. They were first released in 2005, each of them containing two issues from the comic book series. Included in every graphic novel was a miniature poster relating to the W.I.T.C.H. franchise. The titles of the graphic novels are as follows:


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: In 2017, Yen Press announced at the San Diego Comic-Con that they would be reprinting the comics as "W.I.T.C.H.: The Graphic Novel" with new translations and will be releasing new graphic novels in the series for every 4 months beginning with the first story arc of the comic book series on Halloween. Each volume contains 3 or 4 chapters of the original comic, plus a few pages of additional content from the original magazines such as character profiles, bedrooms and wardrobes, information on various locations in the series, and how-to-draws. The books were published by Disney Comics in JY imprint. The following volumes, with some chapter names changed from the original release, have been published or announced so far:


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The comic was never published in Japan, and instead a manga based on the comic, with art by , was published by in their monthly magazine and later collected in two Tankoban volumes, upon which the comic was canceled. The paperback volumes contained covers by . The two volumes were also published in Italy and Eastern Europe by the Italian Disney Manga.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: "Welcome" is a side magazine of W.I.T.C.H. In total, there are eleven issues of the magazine. It is only published in parts of Europe, and is not published in the UK or Australia. Its mascot is We, a creature from Basilíade. Welcome was included with the Italian W.I.T.C.H. magazine, starting with issue #64. The Swedish W.I.T.C.H. magazine started publishing Welcome stories much earlier, instead of publishing a separate magazine.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Danish author Lene Kaaberbøl has written nine novels set in the W.I.T.C.H. universe, which have been published in 2002 and 2003 in Denmark. The first five of them each have one of the five girls as the main character in the order of the first letters in their names (Will, Irma, Taranee, Cornelia, and Hay Lin).


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: Books that have been released in The Czech Republic, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Denmark, Poland, Romania and Russia.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: A soundtrack album for the series was released in 2007: Music From and Inspired By W.I.T.C.H. Among other tracks inspired by the series, it includes full-length renditions of the first international TV series theme as well as the US version.


title: W.I.T.C.H.

text: The song "The Power of Five" by Jillian Escobosa was used for promotional material and official websites prior to the TV series' launch. An official music video, featuring 3D models of the main characters and airing on MTV in Italy in 2007, was created by Marco Pavone for "W.I.T.C.H. Is In the House".


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: Jeremy Kyle (born 7 July 1965) is an English broadcaster and writer. He is known for hosting the tabloid talk show "The Jeremy Kyle Show" on ITV from 2005 to 2019. He also hosted a US version of his eponymous show, which ran for two seasons beginning in 2011. In 2022, Kyle became a presenter for "TalkRadio" and "TalkTV".


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: Kyle was born in Reading, Berkshire, and is of Scottish descent. His father was an accountant and personal secretary to the Queen Mother for forty years. Kyle has claimed that his older brother, Nick, has experienced drug addiction.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: Kyle's first job was at Marks & Spencer. He studied History and Sociology at the University of Surrey in Guildford.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: From 1986 to 1995, Kyle worked as a life insurance salesman, recruitment consultant, and radio advertising salesman. He then became a radio presenter and after working at Orchard FM in Taunton, Somerset, and Leicester Sound in Leicester, he was signed by Kent's Invicta FM in 1996. In 1997, he joined BRMB in Birmingham, presenting the shows "Late & Live" and "Jezza's Jukebox".


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In 2000, Kyle moved to the Century FM network, taking this format with him. The show was called "Jezza's Confessions". It was broadcast between 9pm and 1am. He won a Sony Award for "Late & Live" in 2001. On 1 July 2002, he made his first broadcast on Virgin Radio, presenting "Jezza's Virgin Confessions" every weekday from 8pm to midnight. In mid-2003, he broadcast the show from 9pm to 1am every weekday, and in January 2004 the show went out from 10pm to 1am, Sunday to Thursday. He left Virgin Radio in June 2004. From 5 September 2004, Kyle presented the "Confessions" show on London's Capital FM. The new programme aired Sunday to Thursday from 10pm to 1am with live calls on relationship issues of all kinds. "Capital Confessions" came to an end on 22 December 2005 to make way for The Jeremy Kyle Show, a similar show which ran from January 2006 to December 2006.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In late 2007, Kyle began a new show ("The Jeremy Kyle Show"), broadcasting across GCap Media's One Network, of which Orchard FM, Invicta FM and BRMB, his previous employers, were a part. The programme differed from his previous shows in that he interviewed celebrities. Kyle also began broadcasting a new programme, on Essex FM, in November 2007. Kyle joined Talksport on 21 September 2008 to present a lunchtime sports show every Sunday called "The Jeremy Kyle Sunday Sports Show". As a result of Talksport's Premiership coverage on a Sunday, Kyle's show was cancelled, and he left the station.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In 2005, Kyle moved his format to ITV with a programme also entitled "The Jeremy Kyle Show". Members of his production team later accused Kyle of looking down on his guests. He was recorded referring to participants on his show that day as “thick as shit”.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In September 2007, Manchester judge Alan Berg described the show as "trash" which existed to "titillate bored members of the public with nothing better to do".


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In February 2008, "The Jeremy Kyle Show" was again criticised in court after a man who found out during the recording of a show that he was not the father of his wife's child later pointed an air rifle at her. Other shows Kyle is involved with include "Kyle's Academy", a ten-part series for ITV daytime which first aired on 18 June 2007. A team of experts (life coaches and psychotherapists), headed by Kyle, takes five people and works with them over an intensive fortnight to help them on the road to a happier more fulfilled life. Kyle has also presented "Half Ton Hospital", a show about morbidly obese people in the United States.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: On 19 April 2011, Kyle began presenting a documentary series called "Military Driving School", where he visited the Defence School of Transport at Leconfield in East Yorkshire, following a group of new recruits as they undergo training as front line military drivers. In 2011, he was the presenter of the ITV game show "High Stakes".


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In 2015, he fronted a ten-part daytime series called "Jeremy Kyle's Emergency Room". The show returned for a second series in March 2016.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: From March 2016 until August 2018 Kyle relief presented ITV's breakfast programme "Good Morning Britain".


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In May 2019, the recording and broadcasting of "The Jeremy Kyle Show" was suspended after a guest committed suicide shortly after appearing in an episode of the series. A review of the episode occurred before any resumption of the programme's transmission, and on 15 May 2019, ITV confirmed that the series had ceased production with immediate effect. It has since been revealed that more guests had taken their own lives following their appearances in this and another programme hosted by Kyle on Channel 5, "Britain's Worst Husband".


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: Kyle began developing a new show for ITV three months after his show was cancelled. ITV's director of television Kevin Lygo said a pilot episode was being made with Kyle, but the new show would not air in "The Jeremy Kyle Show"'s old timeslot.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In early September 2021, it was announced that Kyle would present TalkRadio Drivetime between Monday and Thursday. The show started on 13 September. In April 2022, he announced his return to television to present a primetime show for TalkTV.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: He stated in his book "I'm Only Being Honest", published in 2009, that he has obsessive–compulsive disorder.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: Kyle's first marriage to Kirsty Rowley in 1989 was short-lived because of his addiction to gambling, which made him accumulate a debt which peaked at £12,000, and took some years to pay off. He married Carla Germaine in 2002. The couple separated amicably in 2015; they had three children. Their divorce was confirmed the following February. Kyle also has a daughter from his first marriage.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In late 2012, Kyle was diagnosed with testicular cancer. He received chemotherapy and underwent surgery to remove the affected testicle.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In February 2018, Kyle announced his engagement to Vicky Burton, his children's former nanny. They eventually married.


title: Jeremy Kyle

text: In 2021, Kyle stated that he had been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder after "The Jeremy Kyle Show" was axed.


title: Sutton Stracke

text: Sutton Stracke (née Brown; born September 20, 1971) is an American socialite, businesswoman and television personality. She is known for appearing on "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills".


title: Sutton Stracke

text: Sutton Stracke (nee Sutton Brown) was born and raised in Augusta, Georgia, where her father was an architect in private practice and her mother was a social worker for the Veterans Administration. After graduating from Converse College, a women's college in South Carolina, she moved to New York City to study dance in her early 20s. She served as associate director of development in charge of fundraising for the Cunningham Dance Foundation in New York, and was the executive director of the Augusta Ballet.


title: Sutton Stracke

text: Stracke first joined the cast of "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" in season 10 in a recurring capacity known as a “friend of the housewives”, but was later upgraded to a full-time cast member from the eleventh season onwards. She was once ranked as one of the top party hosts in America in a list that included the Obamas, Sheikha Rima al-Sabah, and Gérard Araud. She also owns a fashion boutique in West Hollywood.


title: Sutton Stracke

text: Stracke married PIMCO’s Christian Stracke in 2000 and they divorced in 2016. They have three children together, two of whom have appeared on the show. Broke both legs at the age of 11, from a ski accident. She now raises awareness of the dangers of skiing


title: Greater China

text: Greater China is an informal geographical area that shares commercial and cultural ties with the Han Chinese people. The notion of "Greater China" refers to the area that usually encompasses Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan in East Asia, places where the majority are culturally and ethnically Han Chinese. Some analysts may also include places which have predominantly ethnic Chinese population such as Singapore. The term can be generalised to encompass "linkages among regional Chinese communities".


title: Greater China

text: Multinational corporations frequently use the term to name their regional headquarters. For example, P&G uses it to name its regional headquarter in Guangzhou that also operates in Hong Kong and Taipei, Taiwan. Apple uses it for its regional headquarters in Shanghai.


title: Greater China

text: The term has also been used in reference to Chinese irredentism in nationalist contexts, such as the notion that China should reclaim its “lost territories” to create a Greater China.


title: Greater China

text: In the 1930s George Cressey used it to refer to the entire Chinese Empire, as opposed to China proper. Usage by the United States on government maps in the 1940s as a political term included territories claimed by the Republic of China that were part of the previous Qing Empire, or geographically to refer to topographical features associated with China that may or may not have lain entirely within Chinese political borders.


title: Greater China

text: The concept began to appear again in Chinese-language sources in the late 1970s, referring to the growing commercial ties between the mainland and Hong Kong, with the possibility of extending these to Taiwan, with perhaps the first such reference being in a Taiwanese journal "Changqiao" in 1979.


title: Greater China

text: The English term subsequently re-emerged in the 1980s to refer to the growing economic ties between the regions as well as the possibility of political unification. It is not an institutionalized entity such as the EU, ASEAN, or AU. The concept is a generalization to group several markets seen to be closely linked economically and does not imply sovereignty. The concept does not always include Taiwan, for instance Cisco uses “Greater China and Taiwan” to refer to the market.


title: MLB The Show 22

text: MLB The Show 22 is a baseball video game by San Diego Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment, based on Major League Baseball (MLB). It was released for the PlayStation 4 PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S, as well as Nintendo Switch, a first for the franchise. The seventeenth entry of the "" franchise, it was released on April 5, 2022. Los Angeles Angels two-way (pitcher and batter) player Shohei Ohtani is featured as the cover star. A special manga style art by Takashi Okazaki of Shohei Ohtani is featured on the cover art for the MVP and Digital Deluxe editions of "MLB The Show 22".


title: MLB The Show 22

text: For the second consecutive year, the Xbox versions of the game are available for Xbox Game Pass subscribers at no additional cost. People who purchased the MVP or Digital Deluxe editions received early access to the game starting April 1.


title: MLB The Show 22

text: It marked one of the first "MLB The Show" games without any competitors in the United States, either simulation or arcade, as the "R.B.I. Baseball" series ended due to the Switch getting a port, although in Japan, the sole competitor is the latest entry to the "Pawapuro" series from Konami, "eBaseball Powerful Pro Yakyuu 2022".


title: MLB The Show 22

text: "GameSpot" gave the game 7/10, praising the gameplay and expansion to various game modes but criticized the lack of innovation elsewhere and repetitive commentary. In its 4/5 review, "GamesRadar"+ similarly complimented the addition to the March to October mode but lamented the limited additions otherwise, saying: "Gripes aside, "MLB The Show 22" remains a fun, authentic and comprehensive simulation, among the industry's best. Ignoring the surrounding marketplace pressure to reiterate and innovate, Sony's series sits alongside "NBA 2K" as the premier pro sports offering." In its 7/10 review, "IGN" wrote, ""MLB The Show 22" is mostly a retread of an already great game, but more bugs than usual and the not quite ready for primetime co-op mode are signs this series may be losing some velocity." "Game Informer" noted that while "MLB The Show 22"'s core gameplay was solid, it was becoming stale. The site also criticized the game's technical issues, writing, "A week after launch, MLB The Show 22's online performance is shaky...Online stability continues to be a huge hole...While the new Switch iteration offers all the content of the PlayStation and Xbox versions, it suffers from framerate stuttering and significant graphical flickering." "Push Square" and "Shacknews" praised the gameplay, seasons, co-op, and streamlined format while panning the unimproved visuals, aging game modes, and repetitive commentary. Several review outlets noted that while the Switch version suffered from major technical issues such as framerate stutters and scaled back visuals, it was still playable and fun.


title: Magnus effect

text: The Magnus effect is an observable phenomenon commonly associated with a spinning object moving through a fluid. The path of the spinning object is deflected in a manner not present when the object is not spinning. The deflection can be explained by the difference in pressure of the fluid on opposite sides of the spinning object. The Magnus effect is dependent on the speed of rotation.


title: Magnus effect

text: The most readily observable case of the Magnus effect is when a spinning sphere (or cylinder) curves away from the arc it would follow if it were not spinning. It is often used by association football and volleyball players, baseball pitchers, and cricket bowlers. Consequently, the phenomenon is important in the study of the physics of many ball sports. It is also an important factor in the study of the effects of spinning on guided missiles—and has some engineering uses, for instance in the design of rotor ships and Flettner aeroplanes.


title: Magnus effect

text: Topspin in ball games is defined as spin about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the direction of travel that moves the top surface of the ball in the direction of travel. Under the Magnus effect, topspin produces a downward swerve of a moving ball, greater than would be produced by gravity alone. Backspin produces an upwards force that prolongs the flight of a moving ball. Likewise side-spin causes swerve to either side as seen during some baseball pitches, e.g. slider. The overall behaviour is similar to that around an aerofoil (see lift force), but with a circulation generated by mechanical rotation rather than shape of the foil.


title: Magnus effect

text: The Magnus effect is named after Heinrich Gustav Magnus, the German physicist who investigated it. The force on a rotating cylinder is known as Kutta–Joukowski lift, after Martin Kutta and Nikolay Zhukovsky (or Joukowski), who first analyzed the effect.


title: Magnus effect

text: The pressure-gradient force is the force that results when there is a difference in pressure across a surface. In general, a pressure is a force per unit area, across a surface. A difference in pressure across a surface then implies a difference in force, which can result in an acceleration according to Newton's second law of motion, if there is no additional force to balance it. The resulting force is always directed from the region of higher-pressure to the region of lower-pressure. When a fluid is in an equilibrium state (i.e. there are no net forces, and no acceleration), the system is referred to as being in hydrostatic equilibrium. In the case of atmospheres, the pressure-gradient force is balanced by the gravitational force, maintaining hydrostatic equilibrium. In Earth's atmosphere, for example, air pressure decreases at altitudes above Earth's surface, thus providing a pressure-gradient force which counteracts the force of gravity on the atmosphere.


title: Magnus effect

text: The Magnus-Force of a spinning object is the difference in pressure between opposing sides of the object scaled by the cross-sectional Area:


title: Magnus effect

text: where formula_2 is a scalar dependent on the shape and material of the rotating object, formula_3 is the speed of the fluid relative to each surface and formula_4 is the fluid density.


title: Magnus effect

text: An intuitive understanding of the phenomenon comes from Newton's third law, that the deflective force on the body is a reaction to the deflection that the body imposes on the air-flow. The body "pushes" the air in one direction, and the air pushes the body in the other direction. In particular, a lifting force is accompanied by a downward deflection of the air-flow. It is an angular deflection in the fluid flow, aft of the body.


title: Magnus effect

text: Lyman Briggs made a wind tunnel study of the Magnus effect on baseballs, and others have produced images of the effect. The studies show that a turbulent wake behind the spinning ball causes aerodynamic drag, plus there is a noticeable angular deflection in the wake, and this deflection is in the direction of spin.


title: Magnus effect

text: The process by which a turbulent wake develops aft of a body in an airflow is complex, but well-studied in aerodynamics. The thin boundary layer detaches itself ("flow separation") from the body at some point, and this is where the wake begins to develop. The boundary layer itself may be turbulent or not, and that has a significant effect on the wake formation. Quite small variations in the surface conditions of the body can influence the onset of wake formation and thereby have a marked effect on the downstream flow pattern. The influence of the body's rotation is of this kind.


title: Magnus effect

text: It is said that Magnus himself wrongly postulated a theoretical effect with laminar flow due to skin friction and viscosity as the cause of the Magnus effect. Such effects are physically possible but slight in comparison to what is produced in the Magnus effect proper. In some circumstances the causes of the Magnus effect can produce a deflection opposite to that of the Magnus effect.


title: Magnus effect

text: The diagram above shows lift being produced on a back-spinning ball. The wake and trailing air-flow have been deflected downwards. The boundary layer motion is more violent at the underside of the ball where the spinning movement of the ball's surface is forward and reinforces the effect of the ball's translational movement. The boundary layer generates wake turbulence after a short interval.


title: Magnus effect

text: In baseball, this effect is used to generate the downward motion of a curveball, in which the baseball is rotating forward (with 'topspin'). Participants in other sports played with a ball also take advantage of this effect.


title: Magnus effect

text: On a cylinder, the force due to rotation is known as Kutta–Joukowski lift. It can be analysed in terms of the vortex produced by rotation. The lift on the cylinder per unit length, "", is the product of the velocity, "v" (in metres per second), the density of the fluid, "ρ" (in kg/m), and the strength of the vortex established by the rotation, "G":


title: Magnus effect

text: where "s" is the rotation of the cylinder (in revolutions per second), "ω" is the angular velocity of spin of the cylinder (in radians / second) and "r" is the radius of the cylinder (in metres).


title: Magnus effect

text: The German physicist Heinrich Gustav Magnus described the effect in 1852. However, in 1672, Isaac Newton had described it and correctly inferred the cause after observing tennis players in his Cambridge college. In 1742, Benjamin Robins, a British mathematician, ballistics researcher, and military engineer, explained deviations in the trajectories of musket balls in terms of the Magnus effect.


title: Magnus effect

text: The Magnus effect explains commonly observed deviations from the typical trajectories or paths of spinning balls in sport, notably association football, table tennis, tennis, volleyball, golf, baseball, and cricket.


title: Magnus effect

text: The curved path of a golf ball known as "slice" or "hook" is largely due to the ball's spin axis being tilted away from the horizontal due to the combined effects of club face angle and swing path, causing the Magnus Effect to act at an angle, moving the ball away from a straight line in its trajectory. Backspin (upper surface rotating backwards from the direction of movement) on a golf ball causes a vertical force that counteracts the force of gravity slightly, and enables the ball to remain airborne a little longer than it would were the ball not spinning: this allows the ball to travel farther than a ball not spinning about its horizontal axis.


title: Magnus effect

text: In table tennis, the Magnus effect is easily observed, because of the small mass and low density of the ball. An experienced player can place a wide variety of spins on the ball. Table tennis rackets usually have a surface made of rubber to give the racket maximum grip on the ball to impart a spin.


title: Magnus effect

text: The Magnus effect is not responsible for the movement of the cricket ball seen in conventional swing bowling, although it may be responsible for "Malinga Swing" and does contribute to the motion known as "drift" and "dip" in spin bowling.


title: Magnus effect

text: In airsoft, a system known as hop-up is used to create a backspin on a fired BB, which greatly increases its range, using the Magnus effect in a similar manner as in golf.


title: Magnus effect

text: In baseball, pitchers often impart different spins on the ball, causing it to curve in the desired direction due to the Magnus effect. The PITCHf/x system measures the change in trajectory caused by Magnus in all pitches thrown in Major League Baseball.


title: Magnus effect

text: The match ball for the 2010 FIFA World Cup has been criticised for the different Magnus effect from previous match balls. The ball was described as having less Magnus effect and as a result flies farther but with less controllable swerve.


title: Magnus effect

text: The Magnus effect can also be found in advanced external ballistics. First, a spinning bullet in flight is often subject to a crosswind, which can be simplified as blowing from either the left or the right. In addition to this, even in completely calm air a bullet experiences a small sideways wind component due to its yawing motion. This yawing motion along the bullet's flight path means that the nose of the bullet points in a slightly different direction from the direction the bullet travels. In other words, the bullet "skids" sideways at any given moment, and thus experiences a small sideways wind component in addition to any crosswind component.


title: Magnus effect

text: The combined sideways wind component of these two effects causes a Magnus force to act on the bullet, which is perpendicular both to the direction the bullet is pointing and the combined sideways wind. In a very simple case where we ignore various complicating factors, the Magnus force from the crosswind would cause an upward or downward force to act on the spinning bullet (depending on the left or right wind and rotation), causing deflection of the bullet's flight path up or down, thus influencing the point of impact.


title: Magnus effect

text: Overall, the effect of the Magnus force on a bullet's flight path itself is usually insignificant compared to other forces such as aerodynamic drag. However, it greatly affects the bullet's stability, which in turn affects the amount of drag, how the bullet behaves upon impact, and many other factors. The stability of the bullet is affected, because the Magnus effect acts on the bullet's centre of pressure instead of its centre of gravity. This means that it affects the yaw angle of the bullet; it tends to twist the bullet along its flight path, either towards the axis of flight (decreasing the yaw thus stabilising the bullet) or away from the axis of flight (increasing the yaw thus destabilising the bullet). The critical factor is the location of the centre of pressure, which depends on the flowfield structure, which in turn depends mainly on the bullet's speed (supersonic or subsonic), but also the shape, air density and surface features. If the centre of pressure is ahead of the centre of gravity, the effect is destabilizing; if the centre of pressure is behind the centre of gravity, the effect is stabilising.


title: Magnus effect

text: Some aircraft have been built to use the Magnus effect to create lift with a rotating cylinder instead of a wing, allowing flight at lower horizontal speeds. The earliest attempt to use the Magnus effect for a heavier-than-air aircraft was in 1910 by a US member of Congress, Butler Ames of Massachusetts. The next attempt was in the early 1930s by three inventors in New York state.


title: Magnus effect

text: Rotor ships use mast-like cylinders, called Flettner rotors, for propulsion. These are mounted vertically on the ship's deck. When the wind blows from the side, the Magnus effect creates a forward thrust. Thus, as with any sailing ship, a rotor ship can only move forwards when there is a wind blowing. The effect is also used in a special type of ship stabilizer consisting of a rotating cylinder mounted beneath the waterline and emerging laterally. By controlling the direction and speed of rotation, strong lift or downforce can be generated. The largest deployment of the system to date is in the motor yacht "Eclipse".


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: RoboCop is an American science-fiction, action, superhero, cyberpunk, media franchise featuring the futuristic adventures of Alex Murphy, a Detroit, Michigan police officer, who is fatally wounded in the line of duty and transformed into a powerful cyborg, brand-named RoboCop, at the behest of a powerful mega-corporation, Omni Consumer Products. Thus equipped, Murphy battles both violent crime in a severely decayed city and the blatantly corrupt machinations within OCP.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: The franchise began in 1987 with the film "RoboCop". "RoboCop 2" followed in 1990, and "RoboCop 3" in 1993. There have also been various television series, video game and comic book tie-ins. The franchise has made over US$100 million worldwide and a remake serving as a reboot titled "RoboCop" was released in February 2014. A new installment titled "RoboCop Returns" was in the works and will serve as a direct sequel to the 1987 film, ignoring other sequels and the remake, as well as the . As of June 2019, the script, which will be based on an original story from the writers of the 1987 film, Edward Neumeier and Michael Miner, was still being written. Neill Blomkamp was originally signed on to direct the film but left the project, and Abe Forsythe was later selected to direct.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: "RoboCop" is a 1987 American cyberpunk action film directed by Paul Verhoeven. Set in a crime-ridden Detroit, Michigan in 2043, "RoboCop" centers on a police officer who is brutally murdered and subsequently re-created as a super-human cyborg known as "RoboCop". The film features Peter Weller, Dan O'Herlihy, Kurtwood Smith, Nancy Allen, Miguel Ferrer, and Ronny Cox.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: In addition to being an action film, "RoboCop" includes larger themes regarding the media, resurrection, gentrification, corruption, privatization, capitalism, masculinity, and human nature. It received positive reviews and was cited as one of the best films of 1987, spawning a large franchise, including merchandise, two sequels, , two animated TV series, and a television , video games and a number of comic book adaptations/crossovers. The film was produced for a relatively modest $13 million.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: "RoboCop 2" is a 1990 cyberpunk action film directed by Irvin Kershner and starring Peter Weller, Nancy Allen, Dan O'Herlihy, Belinda Bauer, Tom Noonan and Gabriel Damon. It is the sequel to the 1987 film, and pits RoboCop against another cyborg created with the intention of replacing him.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: "RoboCop 3" is a cyberpunk action film directed and co-written by Fred Dekker, released in 1993, set in the near future in a dystopian metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, and filmed in Atlanta, Georgia. Most of the buildings seen in the film were slated for demolition to make way for facilities for the 1996 Olympics. Nancy Allen as Anne Lewis, Robert DoQui as Sgt. Warren Reed, Felton Perry as Donald Johnson, Mario Machado as Newscaster Casey Wong and Angie Bolling as Ellen Murphy are the only cast members to appear in all three films. Robert John Burke replaces Peter Weller as RoboCop.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: A remake of the original film and a reboot of the franchise was released in early 2014. The film is directed by Brazilian filmmaker José Padilha and stars Joel Kinnaman in the title role. Gary Oldman and Samuel L. Jackson co-star in supporting roles. According to Kinnaman, the film is a reimagination of the original story, and bits and pieces cater to fans of the original film. In July 2012, a viral website for the fictional OmniCorp was opened to promote the film.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: In "RoboCop", the year is 2028 and multinational conglomerate OmniCorp is at the center of robot technology. Their drones are winning wars around the globe and now they want to bring this technology to the home front. Alex Murphy (Kinnaman) is a loving husband, father and good cop doing his best to stem the tide of crime and corruption in Detroit. After he is critically injured in the line of duty, OmniCorp utilizes their remarkable science of robotics to save Alex's life. He returns to the streets of his beloved city with amazing new abilities, but with issues a regular man has never had to face before.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: In January 2018, original "RoboCop" writer Ed Neumeier said that he was writing a direct sequel to the 1987 classic film that would ignore both sequels and the 2014 remake: "We're not supposed to say too much. There's been a bunch of other "RoboCop" movies and there was recently a remake and I would say this would be kind of going back to the old RoboCop we all love and starting there and going forward. So it's a continuation really of the first movie. In my mind. So it's a little bit more of the old school thing." Later in July, a new film, titled "RoboCop Returns", was in development, with Neill Blomkamp directing and Justin Rhodes rewriting an original script by Neumeier and Michael Miner. In 2019, Neumeier said that Blomkamp wanted "RoboCop Returns" to be as close to the first film as possible saying that Blomkamp feels that "it should be the proper Verhoeven if Verhoeven had directed a movie right after "RoboCop"." In June, Blomkamp confirmed that the original RoboCop suit would be used in this film saying "1 million% original" when answering a fan's question on Twitter. The script was in further development according to Blomkamp. Blomkamp later announced in August that was no longer directing the film as he was focusing on directing a horror movie instead. In November 2019, Abe Forsythe was set to direct.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: Based on the original film, the first "RoboCop" animated series features cyborg cop Alex Murphy (RoboCop), who fights to save the city of Old Detroit from assorted rogue elements, and on occasion, fighting to reclaim aspects of his humanity and maintain his usefulness in the eyes of the "Old Man", Chairman of OCP. Many episodes see RoboCop's reputation put to the test or soured by interventions from Dr. McNamara, the creator of ED-260, the upgradable version of the Enforcement Droid Series 209 and the top competitor for the financial backing of OCP. He continually develops other mechanical menaces that threaten RoboCop. In the police force, RoboCop is befriended as always by Officer Anne Lewis, but is also picked on and lambasted by the prejudiced Lieutenant Roger Hedgecock (who appeared as a minor character in the original film and his first name revealed in "Night of the Archer"), ever determined to be rid of him and his kind, whom he sees as ticking time bombs. Their rivalry comes to a fever pitch during the episode "The Man in the Iron Suit", in which Hedgecock comes close to finally beating Murphy with the aid of a new weapons system developed by McNamara. He almost kills Lewis when she interferes, enraging Murphy into tearing Hedgecock's iron suit apart and nearly crushing his skull before Lewis emerges, alive and well. Robocop is maintained by Robocop Project director Dr. Tyler. He was voiced by Robert Bockstael.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: RoboCop appears in "RoboCop" played by Richard Eden. The series takes place 4–5 years after the original film and ignores the events of the second and third films. Murphy's mother and father were introduced. His father, Russell Murphy, was a devout police officer himself for many years until his retirement. He is responsible for instilling Murphy with his trademark sense of duty and dedication to law enforcement, even after his transformation into a cyborg. Throughout the series, Murphy finds himself teamed up with his father on a few cases that often saw them utilizing the elder Murphy's expertise in dealing with reappearing criminals he'd chased back before his retirement. Although his father was stern, it was clear Murphy's parents loved and cherished him even after his 'demise'. However at the end of the episode "Corporate Raiders", Russell Murphy finds out that it's his son under the RoboCop enhancements. Ellen (known as Nancy in the series for apparent copyright reasons) and Jimmy Murphy were recurring characters as well, often finding themselves crossing paths with Murphy by falling in inadvertently or intentionally with the criminal element to which Murphy interfered and protected them from harm. Despite his series partner Madigan's concerns to tell his family who he is, Murphy replied firmly, "No", as he felt doing so would hurt them even more. He commented that "they need a husband... and a father. I cannot be that. But I can protect them".


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: RoboCop appears in "RoboCop: Alpha Commando" voiced by David Sobolov. The series is set in the year 2030 and deals with RoboCop being reactivated after five years offline to assist a federal high-tech group, "Alpha Division" in their vigilance and struggle against DARC (Directorate for Anarchy, Revenge, and Chaos), a highly advanced terrorist organization and other forces of evil whenever that may be, globally or nationally. The series shared many of the same writers who had contributed to the 1980s animated series, but had even less in common with the films or television canon that it was based on, including the first animated series. RoboCop now has numerous gadgets in his body that were never in the film, such as roller skates and a parachute. The show also suffers from major continuity errors. In the first episodes RoboCop's son appears in his memories flashback and he appears to be around 10. He appears in the series, to be exactly the same age and even wearing the same clothing, as his memories. The absence of Anne Lewis was never explained. Besides RoboCop himself, Sgt. Reed is the only character from the films in the series. Unlike the films, and previous TV incarnations, RoboCop never takes off his helmet in "Alpha Commando".


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: RoboCop appears in "RoboCop: Prime Directives" played by Page Fletcher. The series takes place ten years after "RoboCop". Alex Murphy as RoboCop has become outdated, tired, and quasi-suicidal. Delta City (formerly Detroit) is now considered the safest place on Earth, and he is no longer viewed as particularly necessary. The first half of the series focuses on Alex Murphy's former partner, John T. Cable, who is slain by RoboCop due to his system being hacked and being programmed to terminate Cable. Cable is then resurrected as a cyborg in most aspects identical to the RoboCop model, save for color and the addition of a second sidearm. "RoboCable" is sent to destroy RoboCop, but after several battles, Cable is convinced to join Murphy. Meanwhile, OCP (on the verge of bankruptcy) is taken over by a scheming executive, Damian Lowe, who manages to murder the entire board of directors. To bring OCP back, he plans to use an artificial intelligence called SAINT to automate the entire city. The second half of the series introduces Dr. David Kaydick, who plans to introduce a "bio-tech" virus (Legion) to wipe out not only Delta City but all life on the planet, infecting computers and people alike. He takes control of RoboCable by planting a chip in him that causes him pain or death, at Kaydick's discretion. RoboCop receives aid from a group of tech thieves led by Ann R. Key (Leslie Hope), who are determined to stop Kaydick, and RoboCop's own son, James – now fully grown and aware of his father's fate. RoboCop and his rag-tag band race to stop Kaydick from infiltrating OCP tower and activating SAINT, which would presumably kill almost all humans. During the confrontation, RoboCop and James reconcile with each other, and manage to rekindle RoboCable's previous personality. Ann. R. Key and Kaydick both die during a confrontation with each other. Utilizing James's EMP device, and having shut down RoboCop, RoboCable and LEGION are terminated. RoboCop gets rebooted without his previous OCP restriction programming (as well as restoring his identity as "Alex Murphy" as opposed to an OCP product number) or his prime directives. After viewing a goodbye message left by Cable, Murphy returns to active duty to stop the resultant crime in Delta City due to the EMP pulse blacking out the city.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: Ed Neumeier revealed to MovieHole that a RoboCop prequel TV series is in development that will focus on a young Dick Jones and the rise of Omni Consumer Products.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: Omni Consumer Products (OCP) is a fictional corporatocratic megacorporation in the "RoboCop" franchise. It creates products for virtually every consumer need, has entered into endeavors normally deemed non-profit, and even manufactured an entire city to be maintained exclusively by the corporation.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: OCP is depicted as a megacorporation with products ranging from consumer products to military weaponry and private space travel. With the exception of the first film, it is also the true main antagonist of the "RoboCop" franchise. Their projects included RoboCop, the ED-209, and the RoboCop 2 cyborg. OCP owns and operates a privatized Detroit Police Department and in "Robocop 3" employs criminals into a mercenary police outfit known as the Rehabs (short for Urban Rehabilitators).


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: OCP, throughout its depictions in the RoboCop films, has sought to fully privatize a dystopian Detroit, Michigan, into "Delta City", a manufactured municipality governed by a corporatocracy, with fully privatized services — such as police — and with residents exercising their representative citizenship through the purchase of shares of OCP stock. They also serve as part of the military–industrial complex; according to OCP executive Richard "Dick" Jones, "We practically "are" the military." Jones observes in "RoboCop" that OCP has "gambled in markets traditionally regarded as non-profit: hospitals, prisons, space exploration. I say good business is where you find it."


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: In "RoboCop 3", OCP is bought out by a Japanese Zaibatsu, the "Kanemitsu" corporation. As a Kanemitsu subsidiary, OCP through its new CEO remains in charge of the destruction of old Detroit and the construction of Delta City by using the Rehabs as its police force, but are financially ruined whilst commander Paul McDaggett is killed by RoboCop. By the end of the film, OCP's brutal policies concerning Delta City are brought to light, many of OCP's majority shareholders sell their stock, and OCP itself is forced into bankruptcy.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: In "RoboCop", the OCP Chairman is played by David Gardner who still plans to undergo completion of Delta City under his MetroNet computer but is more a sympathetic character as he aides RoboCop against several enemies. He also oversees the new project NeuroBrain to monitor MetroNet by secretly-corrupted executive Chip Chayken and psychopathic genius Dr. Cray Z. Mallardo, who'd later menace OCP and RoboCop.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: By the time of "", OCP is being manipulated by Damien Lowe, a brash young executive who through murder and reallocation of resources, ascends to power to automate Delta City under a new artificial intelligence called S.A.I.N.T. This is manipulated by cyberterrorist David Kaydick, who seeks the destruction of the human race through a virus that can be introduced to computers and human beings alike.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: For the 2014 remake, "OmniCorp" is a division of OCP, with the slogan "We've Got the Future Under Control." Led by CEO Raymond Sellars, OmniCorp is a leading manufacturer of military solutions worldwide, with their robots maintaining peace in hostile environments. However, due to the Dreyfus Act, which prohibits the use of robots for law enforcement, OmniCorp has been unable to penetrate the American market. Sellars plans to circumvent the bill by placing the body parts of critically injured Detroit Police officer Alex Murphy into a robotic suit.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: In February 2011, there was a humorous ploy asking Detroit Mayor Dave Bing if there was to be a RoboCop statue in his 'New Detroit' proposal, which is planned to turn Detroit back into a prosperous city again. When the Mayor said there was no such plan, and word of this reached the internet, there were several fund-raising events to raise enough money for the statue which would be built at the Imagination Station. It is yet to be seen if a statue will actually be built, but it is reported that over $50,000 has already been raised on the Internet.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: A mass market paperback novelization by Ed Naha, titled "RoboCop 2: A Novel", was published by Jove Books. Marvel Comics produced a three-issue adaptation of the film by Alan Grant. Like the novelization, the comic book series includes scenes omitted from the finished movie.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: SimEx-iWerks (formerly iWerks Entertainment) opened "RoboCop: The Ride" around the world at its various iWerks Motion Simulator Theaters, amusement parks, and casinos in the winter of 1995. The "Turbo Ride," as it was termed, was a Motion simulator "ride" attraction which could accommodate between 20 and 30 guests, and featured an oversized screen displaying the projection placed in front of synchronized hydraulically activated seats. The attraction was a mixture of motion picture film and computer animation, lasting approximately 4:00 minutes. The cost in the United States was $5.00 at pay-per-ride theaters. The attraction focused on the guest partnering with RoboCop, riding specialized police motorcycles on a mission to save the mayor of Detroit from "Cyberpunk ROM" and his gang. In the latter part of the attraction, the motorcycle would then convert into "hover mode" and simulate flying through the skyline of New Detroit. Though not as impressive or technical-savvy as other iWerks attractions at the time, the attraction was very popular amongst children and teenagers and especially in foreign markets outside of North America. The attraction was removed from the iWerks theaters in the North American market in 1998.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: In early 2019, fast food franchise Kentucky Fried Chicken announced that the latest celebrity to play the Colonel would be RoboCop. A series of commercials were produced with original actor Peter Weller reprising his role.


title: RoboCop (franchise)

text: In 2021, RoboCop appeared in one of a series of advertisements in the UK for the insurance company Direct Line, played by actor and stuntman Derek Mears.


title: EPUB

text: EPUB is an e-book file format that uses the ".epub" file extension. The term is short for "electronic publication" and is sometimes styled "ePub". EPUB is supported by many e-readers, and compatible software is available for most smartphones, tablets, and computers. EPUB is a technical standard published by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). It became an official standard of the IDPF in September 2007, superseding the older Open eBook (OEB) standard.


title: EPUB

text: The Book Industry Study Group endorses EPUB 3 as the format of choice for packaging content and has stated that the global book publishing industry should rally around a single standard. The EPUB format is implemented as an archive file consisting of XHTML files carrying the content, along with images and other supporting files. EPUB is the most widely supported vendor-independent XML-based e-book format; that is, it is supported by almost all hardware readers.


title: EPUB

text: A successor to the Open eBook Publication Structure, EPUB 2.0 was approved in October 2007, with a maintenance update (2.0.1) approved in September 2010.


title: EPUB

text: The EPUB 3.0 specification became effective in October 2011, superseded by a minor maintenance update (3.0.1) in June 2014. New major features include support for precise layout or specialized formatting (Fixed Layout Documents), such as for comic books, and MathML support. The current version of EPUB is 3.2, effective May 8, 2019. The (text of) format specification underwent reorganization and clean-up; format supports remotely hosted resources and new font formats (WOFF 2.0 and SFNT) and uses more pure HTML and CSS.


title: EPUB

text: In May 2016 IDPF members approved World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) merger, "to fully align the publishing industry and core Web technology".


title: EPUB

text: EPUB 2.0 was approved in October 2007, with a maintenance update (2.0.1) intended to clarify and correct errata in the specifications being approved in September 2010. EPUB version 2.0.1 consists of three specifications:


title: EPUB

text: EPUB internally uses XHTML or DTBook (an XML standard provided by the DAISY Consortium) to represent the text and structure of the content document, and a subset of CSS to provide layout and formatting. XML is used to create the document manifest, table of contents, and EPUB metadata. Finally, the files are bundled in a zip file as a packaging format.


title: EPUB

text: An EPUB file uses XHTML 1.1 (or DTBook) to construct the content of a book as of version 2.0.1. This is different from previous versions (OEBPS 1.2 and earlier), which used a subset of XHTML. There are, however, a few restrictions on certain elements. The mimetype for XHTML documents in EPUB is codice_2.


title: EPUB

text: Styling and layout are performed using a subset of CSS 2.0, referred to as "OPS Style Sheets". This specialized syntax requires that reading systems support only a portion of CSS properties and adds a few custom properties. Custom properties include codice_3 and codice_4. Font-embedding can be accomplished using the codice_5 property, as well as including the font file in the OPF's manifest (see below). The mimetype for CSS documents in EPUB is codice_6.


title: EPUB

text: EPUB also requires that PNG, JPEG, GIF, and SVG images be supported using the mimetypes codice_7. Other media types are allowed, but creators must include alternative renditions using supported types. For a table of all required mimetypes, see Section 1.3.7 of the specification.


title: EPUB

text: Unicode is required, and content producers must use either UTF-8 or UTF-16 encoding. This is to support international and multilingual books. However, reading systems are not required to provide the fonts necessary to display every Unicode character, though they are required to display at least a placeholder for characters that cannot be displayed fully.


title: EPUB

text: The OPF specification's purpose is to "[define] the mechanism by which the various components of an OPS publication are tied together and provides additional structure and semantics to the electronic publication". This is accomplished by two XML files with the extensions codice_8 and codice_9.


title: EPUB

text: The OPF file, traditionally named codice_10, houses the EPUB book's metadata, file manifest, and linear reading order. This file has a root element codice_11 and four child elements: codice_12, codice_13, codice_14, and codice_15. Furthermore, the codice_11 node must have the codice_17 attribute. The .opf file's mimetype is codice_18.


title: EPUB

text: The codice_12 element contains all the metadata information for a particular EPUB file. Three metadata tags are required (though many more are available): codice_20, codice_21, and codice_22. codice_20 contains the title of the book, codice_21 contains the language of the book's contents in RFC 3066 format "or" its successors, such as the newer RFC 4646 and codice_22 contains a unique identifier for the book, such as its ISBN or a URL. The codice_22's codice_27 attribute should equal the codice_17 attribute from the codice_11 element.


title: EPUB

text: The codice_13 element lists all the files contained in the package. Each file is represented by an codice_31 element, and has the attributes codice_27, codice_33, codice_34. All XHTML (content documents), stylesheets, images or other media, embedded fonts, and the NCX file should be listed here. Only the codice_8 file itself, the codice_36, and the codice_37 files should not be included.


title: EPUB

text: The codice_14 element lists all the XHTML content documents in their linear reading order. Also, any content document that can be reached through linking or the table of contents must be listed as well. The codice_39 attribute of codice_14 must contain the codice_27 of the NCX file listed in the manifest. Each codice_42 element's codice_43 is set to the codice_27 of its respective content document.


title: EPUB

text: The codice_15 element is an optional element for the purpose of identifying fundamental structural components of the book. Each codice_46 element has the attributes codice_47, codice_20, codice_33. Files referenced in codice_33 must be listed in the manifest, and are allowed to have an element identifier (e.g. codice_51 in the example).


title: EPUB

text: The NCX file (Navigation Control file for XML), traditionally named codice_52, contains the hierarchical table of contents for the EPUB file. The specification for NCX was developed for Digital Talking Book (DTB), is maintained by the DAISY Consortium, and is not a part of the EPUB specification. The NCX file has a mimetype of codice_53.


title: EPUB

text: Of note here is that the values for the codice_54, codice_55, and codice_56 elements should match their analogs in the OPF file. Also, the codice_57 element is set equal to the depth of the codice_58 element. codice_59 elements can be nested to create a hierarchical table of contents. codice_60's content is the text that appears in the table of contents generated by reading systems that use the .ncx. codice_59's codice_62 element points to a content document listed in the manifest and can also include an element identifier (e.g. codice_63).


title: EPUB

text: A description of certain exceptions to the NCX specification as used in EPUB is in Section 2.4.1 of the specification. The complete specification for NCX can be found in Section 8 of the "Specifications for the Digital Talking Book".


title: EPUB

text: An EPUB file is a group of files that conform to the OPS/OPF standards and are wrapped in a ZIP file. The OCF specifies how to organize these files in the ZIP, and defines two additional files that must be included.


title: EPUB

text: The codice_37 file must be a text document in ASCII that contains the string codice_65. It must also be uncompressed, unencrypted, and the first file in the ZIP archive. This file provides a more reliable way for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the codice_1 extension.


title: EPUB

text: Also, there must be a folder named codice_67, which contains the required file codice_36. This XML file points to the file defining the contents of the book. This is the OPF file, though additional alternative codice_69 elements are allowed.


title: EPUB

text: Apart from codice_37 and codice_71, the other files (OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS and images files) are traditionally put in a directory named codice_72.


title: EPUB

text: The EPUB 3.0 Recommended Specification was approved on 11 October 2011. On June 26, 2014 EPUB 3.0.1 was approved as a minor maintenance update to EPUB 3.0. EPUB 3.0 supersedes the previous release 2.0.1.


title: EPUB

text: EPUB 3.2 was announced in 2018, and the final specification was released in 2019. A notable change is the removal of a specialized subset of CSS, enabling the use of non-epub-prefixed properties. The references to HTML and SVG standards are also updated to "newest version available", as opposed to a fixed version in time.


title: EPUB

text: An EPUB file can optionally contain DRM as an additional layer, but it is not required by the specifications. In addition, the specification does not name any particular DRM system to use, so publishers can choose a DRM scheme to their liking. However, future versions of EPUB (specifically OCF) "may" specify a format for DRM.


title: EPUB

text: The EPUB specification does not enforce or suggest a particular DRM scheme. This could affect the level of support for various DRM systems on devices and the portability of purchased e-books. Consequently, such DRM incompatibility may segment the EPUB format along the lines of DRM systems, undermining the advantages of a single standard format and confusing the consumer.


title: EPUB

text: DRMed EPUB files must contain a file called codice_73 within the codice_67 directory at the root level of the ZIP container.


title: EPUB

text: EPUB is widely used on software readers such as Google Play Books on Android and Apple Books on iOS and macOS and Amazon Kindle's e-readers, but not by associated apps for other platforms. iBooks also supports the proprietary iBook format, which is based on the EPUB format but depends upon code from the iBooks app to function.


title: EPUB

text: EPUB is a popular format for electronic data interchange because it can be an open format and is based on HTML, as opposed to Amazon's proprietary format for Kindle readers. Popular EPUB producers of public domain and open licensed content include Project Gutenberg, Standard Ebooks, PubMed Central, SciELO and others.


title: EPUB

text: In 2022, Amazon's Send-to-Kindle service removed support for its own Kindle File Format in favor of EPUB.


title: EPUB

text: EPUB requires readers to support the HTML5, JavaScript, CSS, SVG formats, making EPUB readers use the same technology as web browsers.


title: EPUB

text: Such formats are associated with various types of security issues and privacy-breaching behaviors e.g. Web beacons, CSRF, XSHM due to their complexity and flexibility.


title: EPUB

text: Security researchers also identified attacks leading to local files and other user data being uploaded.


title: EPUB

text: An EPUB file is an archive that contains, in effect, a website. It includes HTML files, images, CSS style sheets, and other assets. It also contains metadata. EPUB 3.2 is the latest version. By using HTML5, publications can contain video, audio, and interactivity, just like websites in web browsers.


title: EPUB

text: An EPUB publication is delivered as a single file. This file is an unencrypted zipped archive containing a set of interrelated resources.


title: EPUB

text: An OCF (Open Container Format) Abstract Container defines a file system model for the contents of the container. The file system model uses a single common root directory for all contents in the container. All (non-remote) resources for publications are in the directory tree headed by the container's root directory, though EPUB mandates no specific file system structure for this. The file system model includes a mandatory directory named META-INF that is a direct child of the container's root directory. META-INF stores container.xml.


title: EPUB

text: The first file in the archive must be the mimetype file. It must be unencrypted and uncompressed so that non-ZIP utilities can read the mimetype. The mimetype file must be an ASCII file that contains the string "application/epub+zip". This file provides a more reliable way for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the .epub extension.


title: EPUB

text: There must be a META-INF directory containing container.xml. This file points to the file defining the contents of the book, the OPF file, though additional alternative rootfile elements are allowed. Apart from mimetype and META-INF/container.xml, the other files (OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS and images files) are traditionally put in a directory named OEBPS. An example container.xml:


title: EPUB

text: Content documents include HTML 5 content, navigation documents, SVG documents, scripted content documents, and fixed layout documents.


title: EPUB

text: Contents also include CSS and PLS documents. Navigation documents supersede the NCX grammar used in EPUB 2.


title: EPUB

text: Books with synchronized audio narration are created in EPUB 3 by using media overlay documents to describe the timing for the pre-recorded audio narration and how it relates to the EPUB Content Document markup. The file format for Media Overlays is defined as a subset of SMIL.


title: EPUB

text: EPUB reader software exists for all major computing platforms, such as Adobe Digital Editions and calibre on desktop platforms, Google Play Books and Aldiko on Android and iOS, and Apple Books on macOS and iOS. There is also cross-platform editor software for creating EPUB files, including the open source programs calibre and Sigil.


title: EPUB

text: Most modern web browsers also support EPUB reader plugins. The Microsoft Edge browser had EPUB reader capability built in until September 2019.


title: Shalom Harlow

text: Shalom Harlow (born December 5, 1973) is a Canadian model and actress. She began working as a fashion model in the early 1990s, achieving supermodel status by the end of the decade. In 2007, she was listed by "Forbes" as thirteenth in the list of the World's 15 Top-Earning Supermodels. She hosted MTV's "House of Style" alongside fellow model Amber Valletta. She has also appeared in films such as "In & Out" (1997) and "How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days" (2003).


title: Shalom Harlow

text: Harlow was born in Oshawa, Ontario, the daughter of Sandi Herbert and David Harlow. Her mother named her Shalom (), meaning "peace", used as a standard greeting in Hebrew. Her father held several jobs as a social worker, real estate agent, and financial investor, while her mother, Sandi Herbert, worked with developmentally disabled adults. Her parents allowed her to experience growing up in a "hippie community just outside Toronto", and the family often spent time at their family cottage, built by her great-great grandfather. She has two younger brothers, Chris and Nathan.


title: Shalom Harlow

text: Early on, Harlow took up ballet, which she later decided was not for her, as she claimed in a 2008 "New York Times" article, "My rebellious nature always comes out." She instead became interested in tap dancing, as she enjoyed the noise it created.


title: Shalom Harlow

text: Harlow was discovered at a Cure concert in Toronto and started modeling straight out of high school. She appeared on numerous magazine covers, editorials, in top runway shows, and in movies; she co-hosted MTV's "House of Style" with fellow supermodel Amber Valletta. She was the long-time favorite model for many designers who found that her look worked well in both commercial and couture campaigns. She was the first winner of Vogue/VH1's Model of the Year Award, in 1995. Harlow is the spokesperson for Chanel's "Coco" fragrance.


title: Shalom Harlow

text: In July 2007, she earned an estimated total of $2 million over the previous 12 months, with "Forbes" naming her thirteenth in the list of the World's 15 Top-Earning Supermodels.


title: Shalom Harlow

text: She has appeared on the covers of magazines such as "Vogue", "Elle", "Harper's Bazaar", "Marie Claire", "W", "V", "Cosmopolitan", and "Allure".


title: Shalom Harlow

text: Harlow has walked the runways for Prada, Chanel, Christian Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, John Galliano, Anna Sui, Moschino, Gianfranco Ferré, Fendi, Karl Lagerfeld, Versace, Calvin Klein, Givenchy, Balmain, Max Mara, Chloé, Blumarine, Isaac Mizrahi, Hermés, Valentino, Dries Van Noten, Yves Saint Laurent, Alberta Ferretti, Gucci, Jil Sander, Celine, Marc Jacobs, Salvatore Ferragamo, Alexander McQueen, Louis Vuitton, Zac Posen, Jean Paul Gaultier, Giles Deacon, Stella McCartney, Alexander Wang, Michael Kors, and Viktor & Rolf.


title: Shalom Harlow

text: She has appeared in advertising campaigns for Yves Saint Laurent, Dior, Alberta Ferretti, Chanel, Dolce & Gabbana, Max Mara, DKNY, Ralph Lauren, Anne Kleinlein, Versace, Jil Sander, Ann Taylor, Chloé, Isaac Mizrahi, Blumarine, Max Azria, Giorgio Armani, Nautica, Valentino, Nars, Jil Sander, Lancôme, Perry Ellis, Saks Fifth Avenue, Banana Republic, Gap, and L'Oréal.


title: BMW M

text: BMW M GmbH, formerly known as BMW Motorsport GmbH, is a subsidiary of BMW AG that manufactures high-performance cars.


title: BMW M

text: BMW M ("M" for "motorsport") was initially created to facilitate BMW's racing program, which was very successful in the 1960s and 1970s. As time passed, BMW M began to supplement BMW's vehicle portfolio with specially modified higher trim models, for which they are now most known by the general public. These M-badged cars traditionally include modified engines, transmissions, suspensions, interior trims, aerodynamics, and exterior modifications to set them apart from their counterparts. All M models are tested and tuned at BMW's private facility at the Nürburgring racing circuit in Germany.


title: BMW M

text: BMW M also provides M packages for the BMW S1000RR motorcycle, with a limited-production 2021-onwards homologation-special, race-type machine designated M1000RR.


title: BMW M

text: Established in May 1972 with 35 employees, it grew to 400 employees by 1988, and is currently an integral part of BMW's market presence. The first racing project was BMW's 3.0 CSL. After this came the BMW 530MLE in 1976. It was designed to compete in South Africa's Modified Production Series instead of the regular E12 528i. 100 homologated road cars had to be produced for this.


title: BMW M

text: After the success of BMW M products like "BMW 3.0 CSL" in racing venues and the growing market for high performance sports cars, M introduced cars for sale to the public. The first official M-badged car for sale to the public was the M1, revealed at the Paris Motor Show in 1978. The M1, however, was more of a racecar in domestic trim than an everyday driver. The direction of the M cars changed with the 1979 release of the M535i, which was a high performance version of BMW's popular 5 Series mid-size sedan.


title: BMW M

text: BMW Motorsport GmbH supplied the 6.1-litre V12 DOHC 48 valve engine that powers the McLaren F1, which, like its engine supplier and manufacturer, has enjoyed plenty of racing success, famously winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1995, the first year of competition for the GTR racing variant.


title: BMW M

text: At present, BMW M has offered modified versions of nearly every BMW nameplate, except for the Z1, 7 Series flagship luxury sedan and the X1 compact crossover SUVs. There is no BMW M version of the 7 Series, as BMW did not want its flagship saloon to be powered by a high-revving engine, and as the recent top-performing versions (usually the BMW 760Li) have V12 engines which while powerful are considered too heavy for a sporty offshoot. So far the unofficial "BMW M7" is the Alpina B7, which is produced on BMW's assembly line though its engine and finishing touches are done by auto tuner Alpina. However, as BMW M shifted to turbocharged engines, there are rumors that there is an in-house BMW M7 in the works, and it is speculated that its performance may exceed that of the BMW 760Li and Alpina B7.


title: BMW M

text: The BMW X5 and X6 sport activity vehicles received M derivatives for the 2010 model year onwards. These are the first M vehicles with xDrive four-wheel drive and automatic transmissions, and also the first M-badged SUV models. However, the E70 and E71 X5 and X6 M were actually developed by BMW Group rather than by BMW M.


title: BMW M

text: Although these are considered the most well known in-house tuning divisions, BMW M has a considerably different philosophy than Mercedes-AMG. BMW M has emphasized tuning only vehicles with "Lateral agility" (which has long been the 3 Series, 5 Series, and roadsters), while AMG has created high-performance versions of many of its nameplates, including flagship sedans and SUVs. Accordingly, "an M car has to be responsive and fundamentally keen on turning as well as accelerating. The M5's technical spec is all about connecting the driver to a car that reacts blindingly fast, whatever request the driver hands down." Until the 2010 model year, BMW M has also never used supercharging or turbocharging, unlike Mercedes-AMG or Audi; for instance the E39 and E60 iterations of the BMW M5 (using naturally-aspirated engines) competed against the Mercedes-Benz E55 AMG (with a supercharged V8) and the Audi RS6 (twin-turbo).