title: Baashha

text: Nagma was the first and only choice for the role of the heroine Priya after Krissna was impressed with her performance in "Kadhalan" (1994). Krissna considered some Bollywood names for the role of the antagonist Mark Antony, but nothing worked out. He then thought Raghuvaran would be a good fit, considering his tall height and deep voice. Rajinikanth also readily agreed to this proposal. Krissna met Raghuvaran at his residence and explained the role. Raghuvaran was excited and agreed to play Antony. Anandaraj was approached for an undisclosed role, later revealed to be Indiran; Rajinikanth told him the role required him to beat Manikkam who is tied to a pole, and Anandaraj agreed. According to Anandaraj, he was approached 10 days before filming ended.


title: Baashha

text: Principal photography began in August 1994, and was completed in less than five months. The muhurat shot took place at AVM Studios at the venue which later came to be known as the Rajni Pillaiyar Temple. Fans of Rajinikanth were invited for the shot. Choreography for the song "Naan Autokaaran" was done by Tarun Kumar, whose father Hiralal was also a dance choreographer. Rajinikanth recommended Tarun to Krissna, who had initially wanted Raghuram to choreograph the song. Tarun completed the choreography in five days and the entire sequence was rehearsed at AVM Studios with fifty back-up dancers. As in the song "Vandhenda Paalakaaran" from "Annamalai", the sequence was shot with Rajinikanth looking into the lens with a smile, which was intended to make the audience feel that he was looking directly at them and then putting his hands together to greet them. The gesture, which was already effective in "Annamalai", prompted Krissna to extend the screen time of the shot. Krissna wanted Rajinikanth to sport a dress that would make him look slightly unkempt in appearance, but Rajinikanth finished the sequence in a smartly-tailored uniform and told Krissna that the audience would not find it odd. The filming of the song took place at the open space at Vijaya Vauhini Studios in Madras, the same area where Hotel Green Park is present; the song was completed with a hundred back-up dancers used for it in four days. Choreographers Kalyan and Ashok Raj were part of the back-up dancers for the song.


title: Baashha

text: In one of the action sequences involving the protagonist in a face-off against the antagonist's henchmen, the dialogue "Naan oru thadava sonna, nooru thadava sonna madhiri" (Saying it once is equal to my saying it a hundred times) is spoken. The first half of the film was shot for twenty-three days at a stretch. Regarding the dialogue's development, Rajinikanth told Balakumaran that the dialogue had to be simple yet effective, as it would be used in a sequence where another side of the protagonist was revealed. On the day when the sequence which featured the dialogue was to be shot, Rajinikanth came up with the dialogue, which was originally spoken by him as "Naan oru vaatti sonna, nooru vaatti sonna madhiri", which impressed Balakumaran and Krissna. Before the take, Rajinikanth, who repeatedly rehearsed the dialogue, told Krissna that the word "thadava" sounded more effective than "vaatti", and suggested Krissna use "thadava" instead of "vaatti". Balakumaran initially disagreed with Rajinikanth and Krissna as he felt that "vaatti" was fine and did not need changing. Rajinikanth then spoke both the versions of the dialogue and convinced Balakumaran to change "vaatti" to "thadava". The dialogue had such an impact on everyone present at the set that, in the break that followed, everyone started using it one way or another. The dialogues occur only five times in the film. The scene where Manikkam gets beaten up to protect his sibling and the following sequence where he beats up the antagonist in turn, was suggested to Krissna by Raju, the choreographer for both the stunt sequences.


title: Baashha

text: Ramalingam, the son of R. M. Veerappan, informed Krissna that Veerappan wanted to meet him. Krissna had finished shooting the sequence where Manikkam gets beaten up by Indiran after trying to protect his younger brother Shiva (Shashi Kumar). When Veerappan enquired Krissna about how the film was shaping up, Krissna spoke about the scene which he had shot before his meeting with Veerappan. Veerappan wanted the scene to be deleted as he felt that people would not want to see an actor like Rajinikanth getting beaten up. Rajinikanth offered to show a sneak preview of the film to Veerappan on 15 December 1994, and if Veerappan did not want the scene to be in the film, the scene would be re-shot, and Rajinikanth offered to bear the costs for re-shooting the scene himself. The shooting was stalled for five days after Krissna's meeting with Veerappan. Later, Krissna, Raju, the choreographer for the stunt sequence, and cameraman Prakash concluded that the scene would be tweaked in such a way that it would be as if Mother Nature is angry at the treatment being meted out to a peace-loving person like Manikkam; it was also planned that backlighting and a poignant background music would be used as well. Twenty-five scenes, including those which show Manikkam's house and neighborhood were shot at Vijaya Vauhini Studios. The set at the studio was designed by Magie, the film's art director. The set also consisted of a tea stall, a cycle stand, and a theatre. The scenes featuring the comedy sequences, interludes featuring Nagma, and some of the action sequences featuring Anandaraj were also filmed at Vijaya Vauhini Studios. Krissna wanted to complete the scenes scheduled to be filmed there before dismantling the sets.


title: Baashha

text: The film's soundtrack was composed by Deva, with lyrics by Vairamuthu. Due to the popularity of the rap genre at that time, Deva and Krissna wanted the introduction song to be in the Boney M. group style of music, but the method was not successful. Deva then tried the gaana genre and sang a few lines to Krissna: "Kappal paaru, kappal paaru, Kappal meledora paaru, Dora kezhey aaya paaru, Aaya kayila kozhandahai paaru" (See the ship sailing, See the Englishman on it, also see the poor native woman on board, with a baby in her arms). This tune, originally done by Deva, laid the foundation for the song, "Naan Autokaaran". After Rajinikanth and Vairamuthu heard Deva's rendition, Vairamuthu wrote the lyrics for the song in ten minutes. Recording for the song was done by Deva in collaboration with Sabesh–Murali. Vairamuthu completed the lyrics of the song "Ra Ra Ramaiya" in eight minutes.


title: Baashha

text: The song "Style Style Thaan" is partly based on the James Bond Theme. The song "Azhagu" is based on the Hindi song "Dilbar Dil Se Pyaare", composed by R. D. Burman for "Caravan" (1971). The theme music of "Baashha" is based on the theme of "" (1991), while a sample of Enigma's "Carly's Song" was used as the theme of Mark Anthony. The music rights were acquired by AVM Audio for , at a time when most soundtracks by Deva were sold for or . The soundtrack was a large success, and all the numbers were chartbusters. A special function was held at Hotel Chola Sheraton to celebrate the success of the film's soundtrack. Rajinikanth was presented a platinum disc on the occasion.


title: Baashha

text: "Baashha" was released theatrically on 12 January 1995, two days before Pongal. It was released with 18 prints in North Arcot, South Arcot and Chengalpet areas. The film was a major success, and took nearly 15 months to complete its entire theatrical run. For his performance, Rajinikanth won the Filmfans Association Award and the Cinema Express Award for Best Actor.


title: Baashha

text: On 13 January 1995, a review from "The Hindu" said, "Rajini blossoms fully to portray two different characters, a former "dada" of Bombay and a docile peace-loving auto driver in Tamil Nadu, trying not to fall back on his old ways and finding it difficult to do so when force of circumstances pressure him" and that Suresh Krishna "has fashioned his screenplay to suit the image of Rajini and the taste of his fans and the songs and sequences are fashioned to boost the image of the hero". On 23 January, K. Vijiyan of the "New Straits Times" said "If you are not a Rajini fan, go without expecting too much and you may not be disappointed". On 29 January, "Ananda Vikatan" said the director had intelligently created scenes to present Rajinikanth with full honour, also noting that Rajinikanth had taken the majestic form in the film through his acting and action sequences, and that made the film a treat to watch. Balaji T.K. of "INDOlink" wrote, "A mass entertainer which will have Rajini's fans cheering lustily at his every move, as everything he does is tailored to receive an applause from his fans."


title: Baashha

text: "Baashha" attained cult status in Tamil cinema, and was remade in Kannada as "Kotigobba" (2001). In May 2007, K. Balamurugan of "Rediff.com" ranked the film tenth in his list of "Rajni's Tamil Top 10" films. In October 2008, "Outlook" included Rajinikanth's dialogue "" in its list, "13 Cheesiest, Chalkiest Lines in Indian Cinema". The line was also used in "The Punch Song", a song from the film, "Aaha Kalyanam" (2014). When stand-up comedian and television anchor Bosskey launched a play titled "Dada" (Don) in October 2005, he named the cast after famous characters in Tamil films. Accordingly, "Anniyan" (one of Vikram's characters in the film), Baasha (Rajinikanth's character in the film) and Velu Nayakkar (Kamal Haasan's role in "Nayakan") play the central characters of a family of brothers.


title: Baashha

text: A dialogue from the film, "Enakku Innoru Per Irukku" (I have another name) was used as the title of a 2016 film, while other films titled "Antony" (2018) and "Maanik" (2019) inspired by the lead characters were also released. A further film titled "Mark Antony" by Adhik Ravichandran is in production, as of 2022. In 2002, the Telugu film "Khadgam" was dubbed and released in Tamil as "Thiru Manick Baasha". In 2008, the Malayalam film "Big B" was dubbed and released in Tamil as "Maanik Baasha". The rivalry between Manik Baasha and Mark Antony became iconic, and was referenced in the song "Engadi Porandha" from "Vanakkam Chennai" (2013). After the release of "Padayappa" (1999), Rajinikanth and Suresh Krissna discussed the possibility of making a sequel to "Baashha". Ultimately, they felt that "Baashha" was inimitablenot even a sequel could equal it.


title: Baashha

text: The Hindi-dubbed version of "Baashha" was released on 25 May 2012, after being digitally restored. A digitally restored version of the Tamil original was released on 3 March 2017.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: The Chevrolet Corvette (C1) is the first generation of the Corvette sports car produced by Chevrolet. It was introduced late in the 1953 model year, and produced through 1962. This generation is commonly referred to as the "solid-axle" generation, as the independent rear suspension did not appear until the 1963 Stingray.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: The Corvette was rushed into production for its debut model year to capitalize on the enthusiastic public reaction to the concept vehicle, but expectations for the new model were largely unfulfilled. Reviews were mixed and sales fell far short of expectations through the car's early years. The program was nearly canceled, but Chevrolet decided to make necessary improvements.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: Harley Earl, as head of GM's Styling Section, was an avid fan of sporting cars. He recognized that GIs returning after serving overseas in the years following World War II were bringing home MGs, Jaguars, and Alfa Romeos. In 1951, Nash Motors began selling an expensive two-seat sports car, the Nash-Healey, that was made in partnership with the Italian designer Pininfarina and British auto engineer Donald Healey, but there were few moderate-priced models. Earl convinced GM that they needed to build an all-American two-seat sports car, and with his Special Projects crew began working on the new car in late 1951. The last time Chevrolet offered a 2-door, 2-passenger convertible/roadster body style was in 1938 with the Chevrolet Master.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: The secretive effort was code-named "Project Opel" (after GM's German division Opel). The result was the hand-built, EX-122 pre-production Corvette prototype, which was first shown to the public at the 1953 General Motors Motorama at the Waldorf-Astoria in New York City on January 17, 1953. When production began six months later, at an MSRP of US$3,513 ($ in dollars ), it had evolved into a considerably costlier car than the basic $2,000 roadster Harley Earl originally had in mind. The EX-122 car is now located at the "Kerbeck Corvette" museum in Atlantic City and is believed to be the oldest Corvette in existence.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: To keep costs down, GM executive Robert F. McLean mandated off-the-shelf mechanical components, and used the chassis and suspension design from the 1949–1954 Chevrolet passenger vehicles. The drivetrain and passenger compartment were moved rearward to achieve a 53/47 front-to-rear weight distribution. It had a wheelbase. The engine was a inline six engine that was similar to the 235 engine that powered all other Chevrolet car models, but with a higher-compression ratio, three Carter side-draft carburetors, mechanical lifters, and a higher-lift camshaft. Output was . Because there was currently no manual transmission available to Chevrolet rated to handle 150 HP, a two-speed Powerglide automatic was used. time was 11.5 seconds.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: Three body variants were created. The roadster was built as the Corvette, the Corvair fastback variant never went in production, and two-door Nomad station wagon was eventually built as the Chevrolet Nomad.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: During the last half of 1953, 300 Corvettes were to a large degree, hand-built on a makeshift assembly line that was installed in an old truck plant in Flint, Michigan while a factory was being prepped for a full-scale 1954 production run. The outer body was made out of then-revolutionary glass fiber reinforced plastic material. Although steel shortages or quotas are sometimes mentioned as a factor in the decision to use fiberglass, no evidence exists to support this. In calendar years 1952 and 1953 Chevrolet produced nearly 2 million steel-bodied full-size passenger cars and the intended production volume of 10,000 Corvette for 1954 was only a small fraction of that.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: The body engineer for the Corvette was Ellis James Premo. He presented a paper to the Society of Automotive Engineers in 1954 regarding the development of the body. Several excerpts highlight some of the key points in the body material choice:


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: A 55-degree raked windshield was made of safety glass, while the license plate holder was set back in the trunk, covered with a plastic window. Underneath the new body material were standard components from Chevrolet's regular car line, including the "Blue Flame" inline six-cylinder engine, two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission, and drum brakes. The engine's output was increased to via a Carter triple-carburetor system exclusive to the Corvette, but performance of the car was decidedly "lackluster". Compared to the British and Italian sports cars of the day, the Corvette lacked a manual transmission and required more effort to bring to a stop, but like their British competition, such as Morgan, was not fitted with roll-up windows; this would have to wait until some time in the 1956 model year. A Paxton centrifugal supercharger became available in 1954 as a dealer-installed option, greatly improving the Corvette's straight-line performance, but sales continued to decline.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: The Chevrolet division was GM's entry-level marque. Managers at GM were seriously considering shelving the project, leaving the Corvette to be little more than a footnote in automotive history, and would have done so if not for three important events. The first was the 1955 introduction of Chevrolet's first V8 engine since 1919. the new 265 small-block became available with a Powerglide automatic transmission, until the middle of the production year when a manual 3-speed became available, coupled to a 3.55:1 axle ratio, the only one offered. The engine was fitted with a single 2218S or 2351S WCFB four-barrel (four-choke) Carter carburetor. The combination turned the "rather anemic Corvette into a credible if not outstanding performer". The second was the influence of a Russian émigré in GM's engineering department, Zora Arkus-Duntov. The third factor in the Corvette's survival was Ford's introduction of the 1955 two-seat Thunderbird, which was billed as a "personal luxury car", not a sports car. Even so, the Ford-Chevrolet rivalry in those days demanded GM not appear to back down from the challenge. The original concept for the Corvette emblem incorporated an American flag into the design, but was changed well before production since associating the flag with a product was frowned upon.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: The 1953 model year was not only the Corvette's first production year, but at 300 produced it was also the lowest-volume Corvette. The cars were essentially hand-built and techniques evolved during the production cycle, so that each 1953 Corvette is slightly different. All 1953 models had Polo white exteriors, red interiors, and black canvas soft tops. Order guides showed heaters and AM radios as optional, but all 1953 models were equipped with both. Over two hundred 1953 Corvettes are known to exist today. They had independent front suspension, but featured a rigid axle supported by longitudinal leaf springs at the rear. The cost of the first production model Corvettes in 1953 was US$3,490 ($ in dollars ).


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: The quality of the fiberglass body as well as its fit and finish were lacking. Other problems, such as water leaks and doors that could open while the car was driven, were reported with the most severe errors corrected in subsequent units produced, but some shortcomings continued beyond the Corvette's inaugural year. By December 1953, Chevrolet had a newly-equipped factory in St. Louis ready to build 10,000 Corvettes annually. However, negative customer reactions in 1953 and early 1954 models caused sales to fall short of expectations.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: In 1954, only 3,640 of this model were built and nearly a third were unsold at year's end. New colors were available, but the six-cylinder engine and Powerglide automatic, the only engine and transmission available, were not what sports car enthusiasts expected. It is known that 1954 models were painted Pennant Blue, Sportsman Red, and Black, in addition to Polo White. All had red interiors, except for those finished in Pennant Blue which had a beige interior and beige canvas soft top. Order guides listed several options, but all options were "mandatory" and all 1954 Corvettes were equipped the same.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: In the October 1954 issue of "Popular Mechanics", there was an extensive survey of Corvette owners in America. The surprising finding was their opinions in comparison to foreign sports cars. It was found that 36% of those taking the survey had owned a foreign sports car, and of that, half of them rated the Corvette as better than their previous foreign sports car. Nineteen percent rated the Corvette as equal to their foreign sports car and 22% rated the Corvette as inferior. While many were well pleased with the Corvette, they did not consider it as a true sports car. The principal complaint of the surveyed owners was the tendency of the body to leak extensively during rainstorms.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: Chevrolet debuted its small-block, V8 in 1955 and the engine was available for the Corvette. Early production 1955 V8 Corvettes continued with the mandatory-option Powerglide automatic transmission (as did the few 6-cylinder models built). A new three-speed manual transmission became available later in the year for V8 models, but was not popular with about 75 equipped with it. Exterior color choices were expanded to at least five, combined with at least four interior colors. Soft-tops came in white, dark green or beige and different materials. A total of 700 1955 Corvettes were built, making it second only to 1953 in scarcity. The "V" in the Corvette emblem was enlarged and gold colored, signifying the V8 engine and 12-volt electrical systems, while 6-cylinder models retained the 6-volt systems used in 1953-54.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: Although not a part of the original Corvette project, Zora Arkus-Duntov was responsible for the addition of the V8 engine and three-speed manual transmission. Duntov improved the car's marketing and image and helped the car compete with the new V8—engined Ford Thunderbird, Studebaker Speedster and the larger Chrysler C-300, and turned the Corvette from its lackluster performance into a credible performer. In 1956 he became the director of high-performance vehicle design and development for Chevrolet helping him earn the nickname "Father of the Corvette."


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: Although the C1 Corvette chassis and suspension design were derived from Chevrolet's full-size cars, the same basic design was continued through the 1962 model even after the full-size cars were completely redesigned for the 1955 model year.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: The 1956 Corvette featured a new body, with real glass roll up windows and a more substantial convertible top. The straight-6 engine was dropped, leaving only the V8. Power ranged from . The standard transmission remained the 3-speed manual, with an optional Powerglide automatic. Other options included power assisted convertible top, a removable hardtop, power windows, and a "then-leading edge" signal-seeking partially transistorized Delco car radio. A high-performance camshaft was also available (as RPO 449) with the 240 hp engine.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: Visually the 1957 model was unchanged. The V8 was increased to , fuel-injection became a very expensive option, and a 4-speed manual transmission became available after April 9, 1957. GM's Rochester subsidiary used a constant flow system, producing a listed at 6200 rpm and of torque at 4400 rpm. Debate continues to swirl whether this was underrated by Chevrolet (to allow for lower insurance premiums, or give the car an advantage in certain forms of racing) rather than overrated, as was common practice at the time (to juice sales). Either way, it was advertised as producing "One HP per cubic inch", allowing it to claim it one of the first mass-produced engines to do so.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: Pushed toward high-performance and racing, principally by its designer, Zora Arkus-Duntov, who had raced in Europe, 1957 Corvettes could be ordered ready-to-race with special performance options, such as an engine fresh air/tach package, heavy-duty racing suspension, and wheels.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: Sales volume was 3,467, a low number by any contemporary standard and less than 1954's 3,640, making it the third lowest in Corvette history. Fuel-injected models were in short supply and 1,040 were sold.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: In an era of chrome and four headlamps, the Corvette adapted to the look of the day. The 1958 model year and the four that followed all had the exposed four-headlamp treatment and prominent grilles, but a faux-louvered hood and chrome trunk spears were unique to this model year. The interior and instruments were updated, including placing a tachometer directly in front of the driver. For the 1958 model, an 8000 rpm tachometer was used with the and 290 hp engines, rather than the 6000 rpm units used in the lower horsepower engines. Optional engine choices included two with twin carburetors (including a 270 hp model with Carter 2613S and 2614S WCFB four-barrels) and two with fuel injection. Power output for the highest-rated fuel-injected engine was 290 hp. Displacement remained 283 cid. For the first time, seat belts were factory-installed rather than being dealer-installed as on previous models. Rare options were RPO 684 heavy-duty brakes and suspension (144), RPO 579 250 hp engine (554), RPO 276 15"×5.5" wheels (404).


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: For the 1959 model, engines and horsepower ratings did not change. Interiors were revised slightly with different instrument graphics and the addition of a storage bin to the passenger side. A positive reverse lockout shifter with "T" handle was standard with 4-speed manual transmission. This was the only year a turquoise convertible top color could be ordered, and all 24-gallon fuel tank models through 1962 could not be ordered with convertible tops due to inadequate space for the folding top mechanism. Rare options: RPO 684 heavy-duty brakes and suspension (142), RPO 686 metallic brakes (333), RPO 276 15"×5.5" wheels (214), RPO 426 power windows (547), RPO 473 power convertible top (661).


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: The last features to appear in 1960 models included taillamps molded into the rear fenders and heavy grill teeth. New features include aluminum radiators, but only with 270 hp and 290 hp engines. Also for the first time, all fuel-injection engines required manual transmissions. The 1960s Cascade Green was metallic, unique to the year, and the rarest color at 140 made. Rare options: RPO 579 250 hp engine (100), RPO 687 heavy-duty brakes and suspension (119), RPO 276 15"×5.5" wheels (246), RPO 473 power convertible top(512), RPO 426 power windows (544).


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: Twin taillights appeared on the 1961, a treatment that continues to this day. Engine displacement remained at 283 cubic inches, but power output increased for the two fuel-injected engines to . Power ratings for the dual-four barrel engines did not change (245 hp and 270 hp) but this was the last year of their availability. This was the last year for contrasting paint colors in cove areas, and the last two-tone Corvette of any type until 1978. Also debuting in 1961 was a new boat-tail that was carried through to the C2. Rare options: RPO 353 275 hp engine (118), RPO 687 heavy-duty brakes and steering (233), RPO 276 15"×5.5" wheels (357), RPO 473 power convertible top (442).


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: With a new larger engine the 1962 model year Corvette was the quickest to date. Displacement of the small-block V8 increased from to , which produced in its base single 4-barrel carburetor version. Hydraulic valve lifters were used in the standard and optional engines, solid lifters in the optional carbureted and fuel-injected versions. Dual 4-barrel carburetor engines were no longer available.


title: Chevrolet Corvette (C1)

text: 1962 saw the last solid-rear-axle suspension, that had been used from the beginning. Rocker panel trim was seen for the first time, exposed headlights for the last, until 2005. This was the last Corvette model to offer an "optional" power convertible top mechanism. Rare options: RPO 488 24-gallon fuel tank (65), RPO 687 heavy-duty brakes and steering (246), RPO 473 power convertible top (350), RPO 276 15"×5.5" wheels (561).


title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" (Roud 6637), sometimes "When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again", is a popular song from the American Civil War that expressed people's longing for the return of their friends and relatives who were fighting in the war.


title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: The lyrics to "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" were written by the Irish-American bandleader Patrick Gilmore during the American Civil War. Its first sheet music publication was deposited in the Library of Congress on September 26, 1863, with words and music credited to "Louis Lambert"; copyright was retained by the publisher, Henry Tolman & Co., of Boston. Why Gilmore chose to publish under a pseudonym is not clear, but popular composers of the period often employed pseudonyms to add a touch of romantic mystery to their compositions. Gilmore is said to have written the song for his sister Annie as she prayed for the safe return of her fiancé, Union Light Artillery Captain John O'Rourke, from the Civil War, although it is not clear if they were already engaged in 1863; the two were not married until 1875.


title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: Gilmore later acknowledged that the music was not original but was, as he put it in an 1883 article in the "Musical Herald," "a musical waif which I happened to hear somebody humming in the early days of the rebellion, and taking a fancy to it, wrote it down, dressed it up, gave it a name, and rhymed it into usefulness for a special purpose suited to the times."


title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: The melody was previously published around July 1, 1863, as the music to the Civil War drinking song "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl". A color-illustrated, undated slip of Gilmore's lyrics, printed by his own Boston publisher, actually states that "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" should be sung to the tune of "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl". The original sheet music for "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl" states that the music was arranged (not composed) by J. Durnal. There is a melodic resemblance of the tune to that of "John Anderson, My Jo" (to which Robert Burns wrote lyrics to fit a pre-existing tune dating from about 1630 or earlier), and Jonathan Lighter has suggested a connection to the seventeenth-century ballad "The Three Ravens".


title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" is also sung to the same tune as "Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye" and is frequently thought to have been a rewriting of that song. However, "Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye" was not published until 1867, and it originally had a different melody.


title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" was immensely popular and was sung by both sides of the American Civil War. It became a hit in England as well.


title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: Quite a few variations on the song, as well as songs set to the same tune but with different lyrics, have appeared since "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" was popularized. The alleged larcenous tendencies of some Union soldiers in New Orleans were parodied in the lyrics "For Bales", to the same tune. A British version appeared in 1914, with the similar title, "When Tommy Comes Marching Home". The 1880 U.S. presidential election campaign featured a campaign song called "If the Johnnies Get into Power," which supported the Republicans James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur against the "Johnnies" (Democrats Winfield S. Hancock and William H. English).


title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: Some later recordings end each verse with "And we'll all feel glad when Johnny comes marching home." In a John Ford Western, the last line was changed to "And we'll all raise hell when Johnny comes marching home."


title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl", which provided the tune for "When Johnny Comes Marching Home", was a topical drinking song that commented on events in the American Civil War. It was frequently refitted with new words by soldiers and other publishers.


title: When Johnny Comes Marching Home

text: A satirical variant of "Johnny Fill Up the Bowl", entitled "For Bales" or, more fully, "For Bales! An O'er True Tale. Dedicated to Those Pure Patriots Who Were Afflicted with 'Cotton on the Brain' and Who Saw The Elephant", was published in New Orleans in 1864, by A. E. Blackmar.


title: Akshay Oberoi

text: Akshay Oberoi (born 1 January 1985) is an American actor of Indian descent, who works in Hindi films. After making his acting debut as a child in the 2002 comedy-drama "American Chai", Oberoi played his first leading role in Rajshri Productions film "Isi Life Mein" (2010). Oberoi has received critical acclaim for his work.


title: Akshay Oberoi

text: Akshay Oberoi was born on 1 January 1985 in Morristown, Morris County, New Jersey, United States. He attended Newark Academy for middle school and high school and pursued a bachelor's degree in Theater Arts and Economics at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. He also completed acting training in Stella Adler in New York City and then Playhouse West in Los Angeles, where he learned the Meisner technique. During his education, he studied acting under John Astin from "The Addams Family". He also studied ballet, jazz and hip-hop dance at Broadway Dance Center. He moved to India and did plays at the famous Prithvi Theatre and received training from Kishore Namit Kapoor.


title: Akshay Oberoi

text: Akshay's father, Krishan Oberoi, is the brother of the actor Suresh Oberoi and thus Akshay is first cousin to Vivek Oberoi.


title: Akshay Oberoi

text: Oberoi started his career by working at the famed Prithvi Theatre in Juhu with Makrand Deshpande. Starting with backstage work, Makrand later offered him a part in "Miss Beautiful".


title: Akshay Oberoi

text: Oberoi then made his film debut in Sooraj Barjatya's "Isi Life Mein". On its release the film failed to click at the box office. However, Oberoi was lauded by the critics for his work in the film. Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama commented, "The only noteworthy aspect of the film is its lead pair. Akshay Oberoi is talented – no two opinions on that. He has good screen presence, but most importantly, he acts very well." Prathna Tiwari of BollySpice said, "The newcomers definitely are off to a good start. In particular Akshay Oberoi who has great screen presence, delivers his dialogues confidently and also proves to be eye candy for the ladies." Sarita Tanwar of Mid-Day noted, "Newcomer Akshay Oberoi is confident and delivers."


title: Akshay Oberoi

text: Oberoi moved to television work post the release of his first film. In 2012, he played the lead role in Bejoy Nambiar's "MTV Rush". Nambiar, impressed with Oberoi's work on the show, offered him his second film, the Tamil remake of the suspense thriller "Pizza". "Pizza" released on 18 July 2014, where Oberoi was once again praised by the critics. Renuka Vyavahare of "The Times of India" said, "Lead actor Akshay Oberoi does complete justice to the spine-chilling story with [his] compelling presence. We would like to see [this] actor more often on screen..." Taran Adarsh commented, "One witnesses a noticeable growth in Akshay Oberoi's performance, who interprets the challenging role with sincerity. The varied emotions that he gets to exhibit – anxiety, fright, vulnerability – come across well in several sequences" Sweta Kaushal of Hindustan Times noted, "An effortless performance by Akshay Oberoi make this horror flick worth a one-time watch." Subhash K. Jha said, "Akshay Oberoi's Kunal is a mixture of the timid and the defiant. He lets the character's confusions build up as the story progresses so that finally we see him as a victim in ways that we would never suspect otherwise. " Shubha Shetty-Saha of Mid-Day stated, "This remake...solely rests on the still young shoulders of newcomer Akshay Oberoi, who has to go through a range of emotions in the 120 plus minutes long duration of the film. A dream role for someone who's just about a film old, "Pizza 3D" has Oberoi in almost every frame and must say, he has done a decent job." Sneha May Francis of Emirates 24/7 noted, "Akshay Oberoi holds [the] fort impressively. He's impeccable as the timid Kunal, exploiting his insecurities and fears with maturity and restraint. For a bloke fresh on the Bollywood trail, that's bloody impressive..."


title: Akshay Oberoi

text: Oberoi has also received rave reviews for his work in "Laal Rang" and "Gurgaon". Maggie Lee of Variety said of his work in "Gurgaon", "Oberoi oozes bad-boy sexiness, injecting physical potency into Nikki's loose-canon behavior." and Film Campion's Rahul Desai said, "Oberoi's light-eyed cold-bloodedness lends credence to "Gurgaon"s volatility in a way that lets the film take any unresolved direction it chooses to." While Subhash K. Jha said, "it's Akshay Oberoi playing the outcast son who steals the thunder lighting and what-not. It's a big-bang performance, implosive and bursting at the seams with unspoken bitterness. Oberoi plays the truant son (a cliché in the crime genre) with much empathy and little compassion. In one sequence we see him brutally violate a prostitute in a bath tub. We know what levels of violence Nikki is cabable of. Nikki doesn't disappoint."


title: Akshay Oberoi

text: On 24 March 2011, Oberoi married Jyothi Vynatheya, a strategy consultant with Dalberg Global Development Advisors. Akshay first met Jyothi at Newark Academy. Their son, Avyaan, was born in April 2017.


title: Tanit Phoenix

text: Tanit Jacqueline Phoenix (born 24 September 1980) is a South African supermodel, actress and makeup artist. She is known for her swimwear and lingerie photo shoots after appearing in a "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue" in 2003 and in "GQ" magazine and "FHM" in the same year.


title: Tanit Phoenix

text: Tanit Phoenix was born in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, and is of Dutch and Irish descent. She enrolled in ballet from the age of 5 and danced for 15 years.


title: Tanit Phoenix

text: Phoenix began her career in Durban, South Africa at the age of 14, after being discovered by a modelling scout in her hometown, Westville. She has appeared in international TV commercials for Adidas, Coca-Cola, Volvic water, Aqua-mineral, Visine, Schweppes, American Swiss Jewellery, Citroën C3, Nivea, Alberto VO5, Aria, Transition Lenses, Volvic, Distractions lingerie campaign and Veet television commercials and campaign which she held for 5 years.


title: Tanit Phoenix

text: Phoenix appeared in the European TV ad for Fa shower gel, skydiving. She was then chosen to be a cover girl for German "Maxim" in 2004 after being named "Who's That Girl?" at the Woman of the Year German Maxim awards in 2003, and then appeared on the cover of American "Maxim" the year after. She was ranked #5 in the "FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World" poll of South African FHM readers in 2004, #6 in 2005, #10 in 2006, #40 in 2007. In 2011 Phoenix won "IGN's Sexiest woman of the year". She was the most popular girl ever photographed for Babeology by IGN.


title: Tanit Phoenix

text: She has appeared on the cover of South African "Cosmopolitan" four times, South African and American "FHM" numerous times, "Legacy", "Indwe", South African "Marie Claire", German and South African "Shape" and South African "GQ" magazines, and has frequently been shot for "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue". In May 2014 Tanit Phoenix appeared on the cover for "Maxim" South Africa.


title: Tanit Phoenix

text: Phoenix began her acting career with a brief appearance as one of Jared Leto's girlfriends in the 2005 film "Lord of War", and the South African-Canadian mystery series "Charlie Jade" as Malachi's associate in the episode "Things Unseen". In 2007 she filmed a role in "Gallowwalkers", opposite Wesley Snipes. The film was not released until it went to video in 2013. In 2008 she appeared in the thriller "Kamasutra Nights" (also known as "Maya").


title: Tanit Phoenix

text: In 2011, Phoenix appeared in the TV series "Femme Fatales", where she was the narrator of the show and appeared for a snippet of every episode. She also had a minor role in "Safe House", and plays the sexy antagonist alongside Leon Schuster in the 2012 movie "Mad Buddies".


title: Tanit Phoenix

text: Phoenix starred in "Death Race 2" and "" alongside Luke Goss and Danny Trejo and reprised her role as Eve Wilson in "".


title: Tanit Phoenix

text: In 2013, Phoenix took her first job as the key makeup artist and designer of the character Jimmy on the P.O.V. action film "Hardcore Henry". Jimmy was played by her husband Sharlto Copley. She transformed him into 11 different characters.


title: Tanit Phoenix

text: Phoenix has been in a relationship with actor Sharlto Copley since January 2012. On 15 February 2016, they married in Cape Town, South Africa, and announced their first child together on 1 January 2017.


title: Interchange (road)

text: In the field of road transport, an interchange (American English) or a grade-separated junction (British English) is a road junction that uses grade separations to allow for the movement of traffic between two or more roadways or highways, using a system of interconnecting roadways to permit traffic on at least one of the routes to pass through the junction without interruption from crossing traffic streams. It differs from a standard intersection, where roads cross at grade. Interchanges are almost always used when at least one road is a controlled-access highway (freeway or motorway) or a limited-access divided highway (expressway), though they are sometimes used at junctions between surface streets.


title: Interchange (road)

text: "Note:" The descriptions of interchanges apply to countries where vehicles drive on the right side of the road. For left-side driving, the layout of junctions is mirrored. Both North American (NA) and British (UK) terminology is included.


title: Interchange (road)

text: The concept of the controlled-access highway developed in the 1920s and 1930s in Italy, Germany, the United States and Canada. Initially, these roads featured at-grade intersections along their length. Interchanges were developed to provide access between these new highways and heavily-travelled surface streets. The Bronx River Parkway was the first road to feature grade-separations.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Maryland engineer Arthur Hale filed a patent for the design of a cloverleaf interchange on May24, 1915,


title: Interchange (road)

text: though the conceptual roadwork was not realised until a cloverleaf opened on December15, 1929, in Woodbridge, New Jersey, connecting New Jersey Route 25 and Route 4 (now U.S. Route 1/9 and New Jersey Route 35). It was designed by Philadelphia engineering firm Rudolph and Delano, based on a design seen in an Argentinian magazine.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A system interchange connects multiple controlled-access highways, involving no at-grade signalised intersections.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A cloverleaf interchange is a four-legged junction where left turns across opposing traffic are handled by non-directional loop ramps.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A cloverleaf is the absolute minimum interchange required for a four-legged system interchange. Although they were commonplace until the 1970s, most highway departments and ministries have sought to rebuild them into more efficient and safer designs.


title: Interchange (road)

text: The cloverleaf interchange was invented by Maryland engineer Arthur Hale, who filed a patent for its design on May24, 1915.


title: Interchange (road)

text: The first one in North America opened on December15, 1929, in Woodbridge, New Jersey, connecting New Jersey Route25 and Route4 (now U.S. Route1/9 and New Jersey Route35). It was designed by Philadelphia engineering firm Rudolph and Delano, based on a design seen in an Argentinian magazine.


title: Interchange (road)

text: The first cloverleaf in Canada opened in 1937 at the junction of Highway 10 and what would become the Queen Elizabeth Way.


title: Interchange (road)

text: The first cloverleaf outside of North America opened in Stockholm on October15, 1935. Nicknamed Slussen, it was referred to as a "traffic carousel" and was considered a revolutionary design at the time of its construction.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A cloverleaf offers uninterrupted connections between two roads, but suffers from weaving issues. Along the mainline, a loop ramp introduces traffic prior to a second loop ramp providing access to the crossroad, between which ingress and egress traffic mixes. For this reason, the cloverleaf interchange has fallen out of favour in place of combination interchanges. Some may be half cloverleaf containing ghost ramps which can be upgraded to full cloverleafs if the road is extended. US 70 and US 17 west of New Bern, North Carolina is an example.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A stack interchange is a four-way interchange whereby a semi-directional left turn and a directional right turn are both available. Usually access to both turns is provided simultaneously by a single offramp. Assuming right-handed driving, in order to cross over incoming traffic and go left, vehicles first exit onto an off-ramp from the rightmost lane. After demerging from right-turning traffic, they complete their left turn by crossing both highways on a flyover ramp or underpass. The penultimate step is a merge with the right-turn on-ramp traffic from the opposite quadrant of the interchange. Finally an onramp merges both streams of incoming traffic into the left-bound highway. As there is only one offramp and one onramp (in that respective order), stacks do not suffer from the problem of weaving, and due to the semi-directional flyover ramps and directional ramps, they are generally safe and efficient at handling high traffic volumes in all directions.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A standard stack interchange includes roads on four levels, also known as a four-level stack: including the two perpendicular highways, and one more additional level for each pair of left-turn ramps. These ramps can be stacked (cross) in various configurations above, below, or between the two interchanging highways. This makes them distinct from Turbine interchanges, where pairs of left-turn ramps are separated but at the same level. There are some stacks that could be considered five-level; however, these remain four-way interchanges, since the fifth level actually consists of dedicated ramps for HOV/bus lanes or frontage roads running through the interchange. The stack interchange between I-10 and I-405 in Los Angeles is a three-level stack, since the semi-directional ramps are spaced out far enough so they do not need to cross each other at a single point as in a conventional four-level stack.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Stacks are significantly more expensive than other four-way interchanges, due to the design of the four levels. Additionally they may suffer from objections of local residents, because of their height and high visual impact. Large stacks with multiple levels may have a complex appearance and are often colloquially described as "Mixing Bowls", "Mixmasters" (for a Sunbeam Products brand of electric kitchen mixers), or as "Spaghetti Bowls" or "Spaghetti Junctions" (being compared to boiled spaghetti). However, they consume a significantly smaller area of land compared to a cloverleaf interchange.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A combination interchange (sometimes referred to by the portmanteau, "cloverstack") is a hybrid of other interchange designs. It uses loop ramps to serve slower or less-occupied traffic flow, and flyover ramps to serve faster and heavier traffic flows.


title: Interchange (road)

text: If local and express ways serving the same directions and each roadway is connected righthand to the interchange, extra ramps are installed. The combination interchange design is commonly used to upgrade cloverleaf interchanges to increase their capacity and eliminate weaving.


title: Interchange (road)

text: The turbine interchange is an alternative four-way directional interchange. The turbine interchange requires fewer levels (usually two or three) while retaining directional ramps throughout. It features right-exit, left-turning ramps that sweep around the center of the interchange in a clockwise spiral. A full turbine interchange features a minimum of 18 overpasses, and require more land to construct than a four-level stack interchange, however, the bridges are generally short in length. Coupled with reduced maintenance costs, a turbine interchange is a less costly alternative to a stack.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A windmill interchange is similar to a turbine interchange, but it has much sharper turns, reducing its size and capacity. The interchange is named for its similar overhead appearance to the blades of a windmill.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A variation of the windmill, called the diverging windmill, increases capacity by altering the direction of traffic flow of the interchanging highways, making the connecting ramps much more direct. There also is a hybrid interchange somewhat like the diverging windmill in which left turn exits merge on the left, but it differs in that the left turn exits use left directional ramps.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A braided or diverging interchange is a two-level, four-way interchange. An interchange is braided when at least one of the roadways reverses sides. It seeks to make left and right turns equally easy. In a pure braided interchange, each roadway has one right exit, one left exit, one right on-ramp, and one left on-ramp, and both roadways are flipped.


title: Interchange (road)

text: The first pure braided interchange was built in Baltimore at Interstate 95 at Interstate 695; however, the interchange was reconfigured in 2008 to a traditional stack interchange.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A three-level roundabout interchange features a grade-separated roundabout which handles traffic exchanging between highways.


title: Interchange (road)

text: The ramps of the interchanging highways meet at a roundabout, or rotary, on a separated level above, below, or in the middle of the two highways.


title: Interchange (road)

text: These interchanges can also be used to make a "linking road" to the destination for a service interchange, or the creation of a new basic road as a service interchange.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Trumpet interchanges may be used where one highway terminates at another highway, and are named as such for to their resemblance to trumpets. They are sometimes called "jug handles".


title: Interchange (road)

text: These interchanges are very common on toll roads, as they concentrate all entering and exiting traffic into a single stretch of roadway, where toll plazas can be installed once to handle all traffic, especially on ticket-based tollways. A double-trumpet interchange can be found where a toll road meets another toll road or a free highway. They are also useful when most traffic on the terminating highway is going in the same direction. The turn that is used less often would contain the slower loop ramp.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Trumpet interchanges are often used instead of directional or semi-directional T or Y interchanges because they require less bridge construction but still eliminate weaving.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A full Y-interchange (also known as a directional T interchange) is typically used when a three-way interchange is required for two or three highways interchanging in semi-parallel/perpendicular directions, but it can also be used in right-angle case as well. Their connecting ramps can spur from either the right or left side of the highway, depending on the direction of travel and the angle.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Directional T interchanges use flyover/underpass ramps for both connecting and mainline segments, and they require a moderate amount of land and moderate costs since only two levels of roadway are typically used. Their name derives from their resemblance to the capital letter T, depending upon the angle from which the interchange is seen and the alignment of the roads that are interchanging. It is sometimes known as the "New England Y", as this design is often seen in the northeastern United States, as with the Braintree Split and the northern terminus of MA Route 24, both south of Boston.


title: Interchange (road)

text: This type of interchange features directional ramps (no loops, or weaving right to turn left) and can use multilane ramps in comparatively little space. Some designs have two ramps and the "inside" through road (on the same side as the freeway that ends) crossing each other at a three-level bridge. The directional T interchange is preferred to a trumpet interchange because a trumpet requires a loop ramp by which speeds can be reduced, but flyover ramps can handle much faster speeds. The disadvantage of the directional T is that traffic from the terminating road enters and leaves on the passing lane, so the semi-directional T interchange (see below) is preferred.


title: Interchange (road)

text: The interchange of Highway 416 and Highway 417 in Ontario, constructed in the early 1990s, is one of the few directional T interchanges, as most transportation departments had switched to the semi-directional T design.


title: Interchange (road)

text: As with a directional T interchange, a semi-directional T interchange uses flyover (overpass) or underpass ramps in all directions at a three-way interchange. However, in a semi-directional T, some of the splits and merges are switched to avoid ramps to and from the passing lane, eliminating the major disadvantage of the directional T. Semi-directional T interchanges are generally safe and efficient, though they do require more land and are costlier than trumpet interchanges.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Semi-directional T interchanges are built as two- or three-level junctions, with three-level interchanges typically used in urban or suburban areas where land is more expensive. In a three-level semi-directional T, the two semi-directional ramps from the terminating highway cross the surviving highway at or near a single point, which requires both an overpass and underpass. In a two-level semi-directional T, the two semi-directional ramps from the terminating highway cross each other at a different point than the surviving highway, necessitating longer ramps and often one ramp having two overpasses. Highway 412 has a three-level semi-directional T at Highway 407 and a two-level semi-directional T at Highway 401.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Service interchanges are used between a controlled-access route and a crossroad that is not controlled-access. A full cloverleaf may be used as a system or a service interchange.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A diamond interchange is an interchange involving four ramps where they enter and leave the freeway at a small angle and meet the non-freeway at almost right angles. These ramps at the non-freeway can be controlled through stop signs, traffic signals, or turn ramps.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Diamond interchanges are much more economical in use of materials and land than other interchange designs, as the junction does not normally require more than one bridge to be constructed. However, their capacity is lower than other interchanges and when traffic volumes are high they can easily become congested.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A double roundabout diamond interchange, also known as a dumbbell interchange or a dogbone interchange, is similar to the diamond interchange, but uses a pair of roundabouts in place of intersections to join the highway ramps with the crossroad. This typically increases the efficiency of the interchange when compared to a diamond, but is only ideal in light traffic conditions. In the dogbone variation, the roundabouts do not form a complete circle, instead having a teardrop shape, with the points facing towards the center of the interchange. Longer ramps are often required due to line-of-sight requirements at roundabouts.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A partial cloverleaf interchange (often shortened to the portmanteau, "parclo") is an interchange with loops ramps in one to three quadrants, and diamond interchange ramps in any number of quadrants. The various configurations are generally a safer modification of the cloverleaf design, due to a partial or complete reduction in weaving, but may require traffic lights on the lesser-travelled crossroad. Depending on the number of ramps used, they take up a moderate to large amount of land, and have varying capacity and efficiency.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Parclo configurations are given names based on the location of and number of quadrants with ramps. The letter "A" denotes that, for traffic on the controlled-access highway, the loop ramps are located in "advance" of (or "approaching") the crossroad, and thus provide an onramp to the highway. The letter "B" indicated that the loop ramps are "beyond" the crossroad, and thus provide an offramp from the highway. These letters can be used together when opposite directions of travel on the controlled-access highway are not symmetrical, thus a parclo AB features a loop ramp approaching the crossroad in one direction, and beyond the crossroad in the opposing direction, as in the example image.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A diverging diamond interchange (DDI) or double crossover diamond interchange (DCD) is similar to a traditional diamond interchange, except the opposing lanes on the crossroad cross each other twice, once on each side of the highway. This allows all highway entrances and exits to avoid crossing the opposite direction of travel and saves one signal phase of traffic lights each.


title: Interchange (road)

text: The first DDIs were constructed in the French communities of Versailles (A13 at D182), Le Perreux-sur-Marne (A4 at N486) and Seclin (A1 at D549), in the 1970s. Despite the fact that such interchanges already existed, the idea for the DDI was "reinvented" around 2000, inspired by the freeway-to-freeway interchange between Interstate 95 and I-695 north of Baltimore. The first DDI in the United States opened on July7, 2009, in Springfield, Missouri, at the junction of Interstate 44 and Missouri Route 13.


title: Interchange (road)

text: A single-point urban interchange (SPUI) or single-point diamond interchange (SPDI) is a modification of a diamond interchange in which all four ramps to and from a controlled-access highway converge at a single, three-phase traffic light in the middle of an overpass or underpass. While the compact design is safer, more efficient, and offers increased capacity—with three light phases as opposed to four in a traditional diamond, and two left turn queues on the arterial road instead of four—the significantly wider overpass or underpass structure makes them more costly than most service interchanges.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Since single-point "urban" interchanges can exist in "rural" areas, such as the interchange of U.S. Route 23 with M-59 in Michigan, and US-131 and M-179, the term single-point diamond interchange is considered the correct vernacular.


title: Interchange (road)

text: Single-point interchanges were first built in the early 1970s along U.S. Route 19 in the Tampa Bay area of Florida, including the SR 694 interchange in St. Petersburg and SR 60 in Clearwater.


title: Hypogonadism

text: Hypogonadism means diminished functional activity of the gonads—the testes or the ovaries—that may result in diminished production of sex hormones. Low androgen (e.g., testosterone) levels are referred to as hypoandrogenism and low estrogen (e.g., estradiol) as hypoestrogenism. These are responsible for the observed signs and symptoms in both males and females.


title: Hypogonadism

text: Hypogonadism, commonly referred to by the symptom "low testosterone" or "Low T", can also decrease other hormones secreted by the gonads including progesterone, DHEA, anti-Müllerian hormone, activin, and inhibin. Sperm development (spermatogenesis) and release of the egg from the ovaries (ovulation) may be impaired by hypogonadism, which, depending on the degree of severity, may result in partial or complete infertility.


title: Hypogonadism

text: In January 2020, the American College of Physicians issued clinical guidelines for testosterone treatment in adult men with age-related low levels of testosterone. The guidelines are supported by the American Academy of Family Physicians. The guidelines include patient discussions regarding testosterone treatment for sexual dysfunction; annual patient evaluation regarding possible notable improvement and, if none, to discontinue testosterone treatment; physicians should consider intramuscular treatments, rather than transdermal treatments, due to costs and since the effectiveness and harm of either method is similar; and, testosterone treatment for reasons other than possible improvement of sexual dysfunction may not be recommended.


title: Hypogonadism

text: Deficiency of sex hormones can result in defective primary or secondary sexual development, or withdrawal effects (e.g., premature menopause) in adults. Defective egg or sperm development results in infertility. The term hypogonadism usually means permanent rather than transient or reversible defects, and usually implies deficiency of reproductive hormones, with or without fertility defects. The term is less commonly used for infertility without hormone deficiency. There are many possible types of hypogonadism and several ways to categorize them. Hypogonadism is also categorized by endocrinologists by the level of the reproductive system that is defective. Physicians measure gonadotropins (LH and FSH) to distinguish primary from secondary hypogonadism. In primary hypogonadism the LH and/or FSH are usually elevated, meaning the problem is in the testicles (hyper-gonatropic hypogonadism); whereas in secondary hypogonadism, both are normal or low, suggesting the problem is in the brain (hypo-gonatropic hypogonadism).


title: Hypogonadism

text: Women with hypogonadism do not begin menstruating and it may affect their height and breast development. Onset in women after puberty causes cessation of menstruation, lowered libido, loss of body hair, and hot flashes. In men, it causes impaired muscle and body hair development, gynecomastia, decreased height, erectile dysfunction, and sexual difficulties. If hypogonadism is caused by a disorder of the central nervous system (e.g., a brain tumor), then this is known as central hypogonadism. Signs and symptoms of central hypogonadism may involve headaches, impaired vision, double vision, milky discharge from the breast, and symptoms caused by other hormone problems.


title: Hypogonadism

text: The symptoms of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, a subtype of hypogonadism, include late, incomplete or lack of development at puberty, and sometimes short stature or the inability to smell; in females, a lack of breasts and menstrual periods, and in males a lack of sexual development, e.g., facial hair, penis and testes enlargement, deepening voice.


title: Hypogonadism

text: Testing serum LH and FSH levels are often used to assess hypogonadism in women, particularly when menopause is believed to be happening. These levels change during a woman's normal menstrual cycle, so the history of having ceased menstruation coupled with high levels aids the diagnosis of being menopausal. Commonly, the post-menopausal woman is not called hypogonadal if she is of typical menopausal age. Contrast with a young woman or teen, who would have hypogonadism rather than menopause. This is because hypogonadism is an abnormality, whereas menopause is a normal change in hormone levels. In any case, the LH and FSH levels will rise in cases of primary hypogonadism or menopause, while they will be low in women with secondary or tertiary hypogonadism.


title: Hypogonadism

text: Hypogonadism is often discovered during evaluation of delayed puberty, but ordinary delay, which eventually results in normal pubertal development, wherein reproductive function is termed constitutional delay. It may be discovered during an infertility evaluation in either men or women.


title: Hypogonadism

text: Low testosterone can be identified through a simple blood test performed by a laboratory, ordered by a health care provider. Blood for the test must be taken in the morning hours, when levels are highest, as levels can drop by as much as 13% during the day and all normal reference ranges are based on morning levels. However, low testosterone in the absence of any symptoms does not clearly need to be treated.


title: Hypogonadism

text: Normal total testosterone levels depend on the man's age but generally range from 240 to 950 ng/dL (nanograms per deciliter) or 8.3-32.9 nmol/L (nanomoles per liter). According to American Urological Association, the diagnosis of low testosterone can be supported when the total testosterone level is below 300 ng/dl. Some men with normal total testosterone have low free or bioavailable testosterone levels which could still account for their symptoms. Men with low serum testosterone levels should have other hormones checked, particularly luteinizing hormone to help determine why their testosterone levels are low and help choose the most appropriate treatment (most notably, testosterone is usually not appropriate for secondary or tertiary forms of male hypogonadism, in which the LH levels are usually reduced).


title: Hypogonadism

text: Treatment is often prescribed for total testosterone levels below 230 ng/dL with symptoms. If the serum total testosterone level is between 230 and 350 ng/dL, free or bioavailable testosterone should be checked as they are frequently low when the total is marginal.


title: Hypogonadism

text: The standard range given is based on widely varying ages and, given that testosterone levels naturally decrease as humans age, age-group specific averages should be taken into consideration when discussing treatment between doctor and patient. In men, testosterone falls approximately 1 to 3 percent each year.


title: Hypogonadism

text: A position statement by the Endocrine Society expressed dissatisfaction with most assays for total, free, and bioavailable testosterone. In particular, research has questioned the validity of commonly administered assays of free testosterone by radioimmunoassay. The free androgen index, essentially a calculation based on total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels, has been found to be the worst predictor of free testosterone levels and should not be used. Measurement by equilibrium dialysis or mass spectroscopy is generally required for accurate results, particularly for free testosterone which is normally present in very small concentrations.


title: Hypogonadism

text: Male primary or hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is often treated with testosterone replacement therapy if they are not trying to conceive. Adverse effects of testosterone replacement therapy include increased cardiovascular events (including strokes and heart attacks) and death. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated in 2015 that neither the benefits nor the safety of testosterone have been established for low testosterone levels due to aging. The FDA has required that testosterone pharmaceutical labels include warning information about the possibility of an increased risk of heart attacks and stroke.


title: Hypogonadism

text: While historically, men with prostate cancer risk were warned against testosterone therapy, that has shown to be a myth.


title: Hypogonadism

text: Other side effects can include an elevation of hematocrit to levels that require blood withdrawal (phlebotomy) to prevent complications from excessively thick blood. Gynecomastia (growth of breasts in men) sometimes occurs. Finally, some physicians worry that obstructive sleep apnea may worsen with testosterone therapy, and should be monitored.


title: Hypogonadism

text: Another treatment for hypogonadism is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This stimulates the LH receptor, thereby promoting testosterone synthesis. This will not be effective in men whose testes simply cannot synthesize testosterone anymore (primary hypogonadism), and the failure of hCG therapy is further support for the existence of true testicular failure in a patient. It is particularly indicated in men with hypogonadism who wish to retain their fertility, as it does not suppress spermatogenesis (sperm production) as testosterone replacement therapy does.


title: Hypogonadism

text: For both men and women, an alternative to testosterone replacement is low-dose clomifene treatment, which can stimulate the body to naturally increase hormone levels while avoiding infertility and other side effects that can result from direct hormone replacement therapy. Clomifene blocks estrogen from binding to some estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus, thereby causing an increased release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and subsequently LH from the pituitary. Clomifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Generally, clomifene does not have adverse effects at the doses used for this purpose. Clomifene at much higher doses is used to induce ovulation and has significant adverse effects in such a setting.


title: Rob Knox

text: Robert Arthur Knox (21 August 1989 – 24 May 2008) was an English actor who portrayed the character of Marcus Belby in the film "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", and had signed to appear in the film "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows".


title: Rob Knox

text: Having studied at Beths Grammar School, Bexley, Knox began acting aged 11, gaining small roles in British television shows like "The Bill", "After You've Gone" and "Trust Me, I'm a Teenager". His first cinematic appearance was as an extra in "King Arthur" (2004).


title: Rob Knox

text: Knox died after being stabbed outside a bar in Sidcup, Southeast London, in May 2008, when he intervened in a fight to protect his brother. His murder attracted widespread attention in the British press, and his assailant, Karl Norman Bishop, was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum 20-year non-parole period. An annual film festival, the , was created in 2008 to commemorate him, by the Rob Knox Foundation which helps fund training for young local people in the arts.


title: Rob Knox

text: Knox was born to Colin and Sally Knox in 1989. He was a pupil at Beths Grammar School, Bexley. He had been acting since the age of 11, and his first credited role was a small part in an episode of the ITV police drama "The Bill" and he also appeared in the Channel 4 reality show "Trust Me, I'm a Teenager", and the BBC comedy "After You've Gone". He had previously appeared as an extra in a number of productions. The first film Knox appeared in was "King Arthur" in 2004. He also appeared on "Tonight with Trevor McDonald".


title: Rob Knox

text: In 2007, casting began for the role of Marcus Belby in "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", the film adaptation of British author J. K. Rowling's best-selling novel and the sixth installment of the "Harry Potter" film series.


title: Rob Knox

text: Although his character does not appear in the seventh novel, Knox had signed on to reprise his role as Marcus Belby in the final installment of the "Harry Potter" film series, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows". The film was divided into two parts for financial and scripting reasons; Part 1 was released in November 2010, with the second part in July 2011.


title: Rob Knox

text: Knox died at the age of 18 after he was stabbed outside the Metro Bar in Sidcup, Southeast London, on 24 May 2008. He had intervened in a fight to protect his 17-year-old brother Jamie, who was being threatened by a man armed with two kitchen knives. Warner Bros. released a statement concerning his death: "We are all shocked and saddened by this news and at this time our sympathies are with his family".


title: Rob Knox

text: Karl Norman Bishop (born 1987 in Lewisham, Southeast London), from Carlton Road, Sidcup, was charged with the murder. He was taken into custody, and remained there until his trial, which began in February 2009. Bishop was found guilty of murder on 4 March 2009, and received a life sentence with a minimum of 20 years before being considered for parole. Police reported that he showed no remorse for the crime and claimed he was being attacked because he was black.


title: Bongbong Marcos 2022 presidential campaign

text: The 2022 presidential campaign of Bongbong Marcos began on October 6, 2021, when he filed his candidacy for the 2022 Philippine presidential election under the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas. Bongbong Marcos, a former senator of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016, is the son of former president Ferdinand Marcos.


text: Despite losing in the 2016 Philippine vice presidential election and his subsequent electoral protest, Marcos expressed his interest in running again for a national position in 2022. After being nominated by several parties, Marcos officially announced his candidacy on October 5, 2021, and filed his candidacy a day later. Marcos later selected Duterte's daughter and incumbent mayor of Davao City since 2016, Sara Duterte, as his vice presidential running mate. An electoral alliance for their campaign, called the UniTeam Alliance, was formed on November 29, 2021. Their campaign was officially launched on February 8, 2022 at the Philippine Arena.


text: Marcos ran on a platform that promised broad continuity of incumbent president Rodrigo Duterte's policies, such as infrastructure development and his foreign policy, alongside some of Duterte's controversial programs. His campaign's messaging was also mainly focused on uniting the country. His candidacy faced staunch opposition from various groups, particularly due to his father's regime, marked by widespread corruption and human rights abuses. There were also several petitions against his bid, many of which are based on his 1995 conviction for failing to file tax returns. The petitions were denied by the Commission on Elections and the Supreme Court.


text: Marcos won the election in a landslide victory, garnering 58.77% of the vote with a margin of 30.83% over the second placer, Leni Robredo. Marcos became the first majority president since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1986, winning the largest majority since 1981 (although the opposition boycotted that election), and since 1969 for a competitive election. He is also the second president from Ilocos Norte after his father. Meanwhile, his running mate, Duterte, also became the first majority vice president of the Fifth Republic, winning the largest majority since 1969 and garnering the most votes for any office in a single-winner election in Philippine history. Together, they are the first presidential ticket to win together since 2004.


text: Marcos ran in the 2016 Philippine vice presidential election as the running mate of Miriam Defensor Santiago. A highly contested race, Marcos ultimately lost to then congresswoman Leni Robredo by 263,473 votes or by 0.64 percent, the narrowest margin since the 1965 vice presidential election. Marcos subsequently filed an electoral protest on June 29, 2016; this would be dismissed by the Presidential Electoral Tribunal on February 16, 2021.


text: By January 2020, Bongbong Marcos confirmed that he was running for a national position in 2022, although he did not specify a specific position. On September 21, 2021, the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP; ) nominated Marcos to run for president. During the national convention of the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL; ) in Binangonan, the party founded by his father, he was nominated as the party's candidate for president. Marcos, who remained a member of the Nacionalista Party, thanked KBL for the nomination, but said that he would announce his plans "when the time comes."


text: On October 5, Marcos announced his presidential candidacy. Marcos then resigned from the Nacionalistas and was sworn in at the PFP chairman. Marcos ultimately filed his presidential candidacy under the PFP on October 6. According to his wife, Liza, Marcos was watching Ant-Man, a movie about an ex-convict thief turned Avenger superhero, when he told her "Okay, we're gonna do this... run for the presidency".


text: Davao City mayor Sara Duterte was previously seen as President Duterte's successor, particularly after her role as a powerbroker in the midterms. On July 9, 2021, Duterte stated that she is open to running for president. However, despite being a frontrunner in early opinion polls, she did not file a candidacy for a national position; she instead ran for re-election in the Davao mayoral race. On November 9, Duterte withdrew her candidacy for re-election as Davao City mayor. Two days later, she resigned from her regional party and joined the Lakas–CMD, a national party. On November 13, she launched her run for the vice presidency under Lakas–CMD by substituting Lyle Uy, who withdrew from the race. Shortly after the announcement, Marcos' party adopted her as their candidate for vice president.


text: On November 16, Sara Duterte confirmed she had sought support from political parties for her and Marcos' bids in the 2022 elections. Hours later, Marcos said in a statement that, "Mayor Inday Sara Duterte and I have finished the process for the partnership that our supporters have been hoping for — BBM-Sara for 2022."


text: Formed on November 29, 2021, the UniTeam Alliance is a loose electoral coalition supporting the candidacies of Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte in the 2022 presidential elections. The alliance is composed of four political parties, the Hugpong ng Pagbabago, Lakas-CMD, Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino, and with Partido Federal ng Pilipinas as its convenor.


text: Marcos' messaging is centered on nationalism and uniting the country, emphasizing the need for unity to recover from the pandemic. His campaign slogan, ""Sama-sama tayong babangon muli"" (Together, we shall rise again), also reflects this message. The colors predominantly used by the campaign are red and green; red is associated with the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, the party of former president Ferdinand Marcos, his father, while green is the campaign color of Duterte. Supporters of the tandem also use the V sign, which symbolizes political victory and is associated with the Marcos family. Songs frequently used during the campaign include "Umagang Kay Ganda" by Butch Monserrat and the New Society era song "Bagong Pagsilang" by Levi Celerio.


text: On December 9, 2021, Marcos and his running mate, Sara Duterte, held a "grand caravan" across Metro Manila. Due to the influx of supporters, the motorcade caused heavy traffic along Commonwealth Avenue.


text: While most tickets had their proclamation rallies in the respective hometowns of the presidential candidate, the Marcos and Duterte tandem started their campaign at the Philippine Arena in Bulacan. The Marcos campaign explained that they chose the Philippine Arena so as to seat their thousands of supporters, of which 25,000 tickets were made available. On April 1, nine days before the start of overseas voting, the UniTeam tandem held a virtual miting de avance for Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). Marcos held his miting de avance in Parañaque in which 1,000,000 supporters showed up in support.


text: Some of Marcos' rallies have been controversial. A scheduled campaign rally was supposed to be held in Antique on February 24 but was postponed after residents reportedly protested against the rally. During a UniTeam rally in Nueva Ecija, reports emerged of people receiving envelopes of cash after the event. The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) stated they will launch an investigation if there are formal evidence and complainants. The local government later clarified that it was distributing cash aid and that it was scheduled after the rally on the same venue, while the PFP denied claims that it was engaging in vote buying. On April 2, Marcos held rallies in Tarlac; his rally in Tarlac City attracted controversy after a statue of Benigno Aquino Jr., one of the leaders against his father's regime, was blocked by a tent.


text: Before the filing of candidacies, Marcos mostly polled behind his running mate, Duterte. The earliest Pulse Asia survey, conducted on November 23 to December 2, 2020, showed Marcos garnering 14 percentage points, 12 points behind Duterte. After Duterte did not run for president, Marcos' numbers significantly increased. The October 2021 Social Weather Stations (SWS) opinion poll showed Marcos polling ahead of all presidential candidates, getting 47 percentage points of voting intentions. Another poll conducted on the same period by Publicus Asia showed Marcos polling at 49.3 percentage points. After Duterte announced her vice presidential bid and became his running mate, Marcos' numbers rose; the next Publicus Asia survey conducted immediately after the substitution period showed Marcos getting 56.7 percentage points. Polls conducted by Pulse Asia and OCTA Research in December 2021 showed Marcos at 53 and 54 percentage points respectively. According to Pulse Asia director Ana Maria Tabunda, this was the first time a presidential candidate held a majority preference in their polls.


text: By early 2022, Marcos emerged as a clear frontrunner in all major polls, leading by at least 30 percentage points ahead of the next candidate, Leni Robredo. Marcos' numbers were at its highest on the January 2021 Laylo survey, polling at 64 percentage points. This is the highest a presidential candidate has polled in recent history, since Benigno Aquino III's 60 percentage points in an SWS September 2009 opinion poll. Pulse Asia also recorded similar numbers; its January 2022 survey showed Marcos polling at 60 percent. By mid-March, despite his absence in major debates and forums, his numbers did not decrease. A survey conducted by Pulse Asia following the first "PiliPinas Debates 2022" showed Marcos' numbers decreasing marginally by four points; although his lead narrowed from 45 to 32 percentage points, after Robredo's numbers substantially increased by nine. By the end of the campaign period, Marcos consistently lead all opinion polls; a final poll by Publicus Asia showed Marcos leading 54%–22.


text: There were seven petitions against Marcos' presidential bid. Three petitions aimed to cancel Marcos' certificate of candidacy (COC), one petition aimed to declare Marcos a nuisance candidate, and three petitions aimed to disqualify him. Most petitions are based on Marcos' 1995 conviction for failing to file tax returns. Three disqualification petitions were consolidated and raffled to the commission's first division, while three other petitions were handed to the second division. The final petition was also handed to the first division. Marcos has dismissed the petitions as nuisance petitions with no legal basis and propaganda against him.


text: A petition to cancel Marcos’ COC was filed on November 2 by Christian Buenafe. The petition alleges that Marcos committed material misrepresentation in his COC when he stated that he was eligible to run for office despite his 1995 tax case and his failure to submit those documents is a crime of moral turpitude. According to the Omnibus Election Code, a person who committed a crime involving moral turpitude is barred from holding public office. A group composed of martial law victims represented by lawyer Howard Calleja filed a petition-in-intervention to join this petition against Marcos' candidacy on November 8. Two additional answers-in-intervention were filed by Marcos' camp. The commission rejected the three interventions on December 13 and stated that it will not entertain similar submissions in the future after causing "unduly delay" on the main petition's status.


text: The petition was raffled to the commission's first division. Marcos was granted an extension to respond to the petition, and a motion against the extension was filed and later denied. A preliminary conference was held on November 26. The two sides have submitted their final arguments to the Commission on Elections (COMELEC). On January 17, the COMELEC's second division dismissed the petition. In a ruling signed by commissioners Antonio Kho and Rey Bulay, the petition was denied due to lack of merit, stating that Marcos did not commit material misrepresentation in his COC and that he is not perpetually disqualified from seeking office. The petitioners have filed a motion for reconsideration, which was later denied by the COMELEC en banc on May 10, 2022, a day after the election was held. The petitioners have elevated the case to the Supreme Court.


text: On November 17, 2021, the Campaign Against the Return of the Marcoses and Martial Law (CARMMA) led by Bonifacio Ilagan filed the first disqualification plea against Marcos. The group initially petitioned to disqualify Marcos from the race and cancel his COC but withdrew that petition and refiled to plea for his disqualification instead. A second petition was filed by Akbayan on December 2, 2021, also citing Marcos' tax conviction. The third petition was made by Abubakar Mangelen, a commissioner for the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos. This petition also aims to nullify Marcos' Certificate of Nomination and Acceptance, with Mangelen maintaining that he is the PFP's chair and that Marcos did not follow the party's procedures. The COMELEC later consolidated the petitions of Ilagan, Akbayan, and Mangelen; a single ruling would be issued for the petitions.


text: The petition's preliminary conference was held on January 7. Marcos, while not required to attend, was not present at the conference. He was said to be in isolation after being exposed to his staff infected with COVID-19. His absence was criticized by Akbayan, seeking to hold him in contempt for allegedly lying about the reason for his absence. Commissioner Rowena Guanzon later asked for more evidence regarding his reason for skipping the hearing. According to Guanzon, the COMELEC's decision on the consolidated petition was to be made on or before January 17, 2022, but was delayed after the COMELEC's office was closed due to the commission's staff being infected with COVID-19.


text: On January 28, 2022, Guanzon disclosed that she voted to disqualify Marcos. She also alleged that the decision was being delayed by a senator from Davao. The case's ponente, Aimee Ferolino, criticized her for releasing her opinion before the final ruling. She also asserted that the preliminary conference was delayed to accommodate Guanzon's request to take part in the proceeding and broadcast the hearing, that there was no internal agreement on the January 17 deadline, and that she has allegedly tried to influence her decision on the case. The petitioners welcomed Guanzon's vote while Marcos' party denounced the disclosure and urged the COMELEC en banc to investigate and penalize her. According to election lawyers Romulo Macalintal and Manuelito Luna, Guanzon may have violated the COMELEC's rules in disclosing her opinion as the case is sub judice, while another lawyer has pointed out that there is no law prohibiting her to disclose her opinion ahead of the final decision. Guanzon's vote was not counted as she retired on February 2, 2022, before a promulgation could be made.


text: On February 10, 2022, the COMELEC's first division denied the consolidated petition due to lack of merit. The 44-page resolution cited the Supreme Court earlier pronouncement that failure to file tax returns is not a crime involving moral turpitude. The resolution also affirmed that the 1977 National Internal Revenue Code did not carry the penalty of perpetual disqualification; this would only take effect under Presidential Decree 1994 on January 1, 1986. The petitioners have criticized the ruling and vowed to appeal it to the COMELEC en banc, while former commissioner Guanzon also condemned the ruling, asserting that Marcos was convicted for not filing his income tax returns. A motion for reconsideration was filed by Akbayan on February 15, 2022, which was denied by the COMELEC en banc on May 10, 2022. On May 18, CARMMA elevated the case to the Supreme Court, stating that Marcos should be disqualified and votes for him should be considered stray votes. The petitioners also asserted that if Marcos is disqualified, Leni Robredo, who placed second, should be declared the winner instead. The group also sought to stop the congressional canvassing of votes, although this was unsuccessful as the canvassing continued as planned.


text: Danilo Lihaylihay, a presidential aspirant, filed the first petition against Marcos' bid on October 11. The petition calls on the COMELEC to declare Marcos a nuisance candidate, alleging that Marcos has no genuine intention to run for the office. The electoral commission junked the petition on December 18, 2021, citing insufficient evidence and that Marcos has established his bonafide intention to run.


text: Tiburcio Marcos, another presidential aspirant, filed a petition to cancel Marcos’ COC, claiming that Marcos was an impostor. Tiburcio, who claims to be "the royal king of the Philippine Islands," alleges that he is the only legitimate son of Ferdinand Marcos and that Bongbong Marcos died in 1975. Marcos has debunked the claim and filed a counter-petition to declare Tiburcio a nuisance candidate. According to the commission's spokesman, the petition was denied before January 2022.


text: The fourth petition, also based on his tax conviction, was filed by Pudno Nga Ilokano on December 7, 2021. The preliminary conference for the plea was held on January 14, 2022. On April 20, 2022, the COMELEC first division dismissed the petition for lack of merit. A motion for reconsideration was filed by the petitioners and later rejected by the COMELEC en banc on May 10, 2022.


text: As the son of the late former president Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos' candidacy has been controversial, garnering criticism from several groups due to his father's regime, a period characterized by violence and oppression against those opposed to his regime, political turmoil, and widespread corruption. In addition, some scholars have noted that his campaign is driven by a massive misinformation campaign aimed at revamping the Marcos brand and smearing his rivals.


text: Rallies have been held to protest Bongbong Marcos's candidacy. In October 2021, more than 100 activists burned effigies of Marcos's father at a protest at the Commission on Human Rights. Protesters recalled the massive human rights violations under Ferdinand Marcos and held up placards with the words "never again".


text: In November 2021, the Cordillera Peoples Alliance and the Campaign Against the Return of the Marcoses and Martial Law gathered around the bust of Ferdinand Marcos in Benguet and unveiled banners bearing the words "Marcos No Hero", "The North Resists", and "No to Duterte Marcos 2022".


text: On February 25, 2022, several groups protested against Marcos' candidacy and commemorated the anniversary of the People Power Revolution in EDSA.


text: Marcos and Duterte have endorsed the following candidates for the 2022 Philippine Senate election, thus who are part of their "senatorial slate":


text: Bongbong Marcos, alongside his running mate Sara Duterte, has received several endorsements for their campaign. Since the position of president and vice president are elected separately, some personalities endorsed either Marcos or Duterte only; a notable example was President Rodrigo Duterte's endorsement of Sara, his daughter and Marcos' running mate, but not Marcos himself. According to Duterte, the tandem will still accept an endorsement even if the endorsement does not extend to the two of them.


text: Marcos is in favor of decriminalizing abortion in severe cases of rape and incest. He has stated that women should be able to have an abortion in these circumstances "because it is her body".


text: Marcos is opposed to lowering the minimum age of criminal liability to the age of 12, saying that the government should strive for the rehabilitation of juvenile offenders, whom he believes lack discernment as they are "still too young, not fully mature" to be criminally responsible.


text: Marcos does not support reinstating the death penalty for heinous crimes, believing it to be ineffective in curbing criminality. In 2016, he had expressed support for the penalty for criminals convicted of drug trafficking.


text: Marcos is open to legalizing divorce in the country, noting that other countries allow divorce despite being predominantly Catholic, but asserts that divorce should not be an "easy option" for couples.


text: If elected, Marcos plans to prioritize the industrial, agricultural, and tourism sectors to create more jobs. In agriculture, he plans to invest in research, establish programs to assist farmers such as reviving KADIWA stores, and digitalize crop planning and supply chain management. Marcos also plans to prioritize micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). To support small businesses, he plans to impose amnesties, lower taxes, and tax holidays.


text: Marcos proposes the establishment of a "national education portal" which will be developed by the government and hasten the education system's digital shift. This proposed online platform aims to allow students and teachers to access digital learning materials and communicate securely. He also plans to seek the support of internet and telecom companies to help digitalize schools.


text: Marcos vows to pursue an independent foreign policy and plans to treat other countries as "friends and hopefully allies." Regarding the territorial disputes in the South China Sea, he will continue President Duterte's non-confrontational stance against China and continue diplomatic talks, emphasizing that the country cannot go to war.


text: Marcos' plan to address the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines is described in his "Tawid-COVID, Beyond COVID" platform. This includes increasing the budget for healthcare and medical research, strengthening research centers, establishing more public hospitals and specialty hospitals in provinces, and improving the conditions of medical workers by increasing wages and benefits. He also supports boosting vaccinations and the production of vaccines in the country.


text: Marcos plans to expand the current administration's Build! Build! Build! infrastructure program for job creation. In a statement, he vowed to turn the country into a "logistics hub" in Asia by modernizing, expanding, and digitalizing seaports, airports, and railways, citing the country's location in the Pacific Ocean. He also plans to develop renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, alongside nuclear power. After the onslaught of Typhoon Rai, he stated that he aims to intensify urban planning in the country and the cleanup and development of floodways.


text: He and his running mate Sara Duterte also pledged to finish the planned improvements of the Duterte administration's nationwide bike lane network to increase public confidence in using bicycles as a preferred mode of transportation. The UniTeam has also mentioned plans to offer zero-interest loans to make bicycles more affordable for Filipinos and roll out similar bike lane networks in other urban centers as part of their vision for a seamless intermodal transportation system in the country.


text: In an interview, Marcos said that LGBT people should not be discriminated upon, stating that all forms of discrimination were corrosive. In a townhall meeting on March 28, 2022, he stated that he will support laws protecting LGBT rights, and also sign a same-sex union bill if it were to be passed by Congress.


title: Mike Tyson Mysteries

text: Mike Tyson Mysteries is an American adult animated television series, and is the first collaboration between Warner Bros. Animation and Williams Street. It premiered October 27, 2014 on Adult Swim. The series features Mike Tyson solving mysteries, in the style of "", "Scooby-Doo", "Jonny Quest", and "Mister T". On December 10, 2014, Adult Swim renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on November 1, 2015. A third season premiered on May 14, 2017, and the remaining Season 3 episodes aired from March 4, 2018, to May 13, 2018. A fourth season aired in Summer 2019 and early 2020.


title: Mike Tyson Mysteries

text: During a May 2020 interview, writer Larry Dorf revealed the show had not been renewed and the fourth season would be its last. Adult Swim has aired reruns as of 2022.


title: Mike Tyson Mysteries

text: The show follows the fictional misadventures of boxer/actor Mike Tyson, the ghost of the Marquess of Queensberry, Tyson's adopted daughter, and an alcoholic talking pigeon, as they solve mysteries around the world. The style of the show borrows heavily from the 1983–86 "Ruby-Spears" produced "Mister T" featuring actor/wrestler Laurence Tureaud as himself as well as 1970's Hanna-Barbera productions such as "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" and "The Funky Phantom". Targeted at a much older demographic than those children-oriented cartoons, the show contains adult language and concepts in the manner of "Family Guy", "South Park", and many other Adult Swim shows. While each episode involves a mystery as a framing device, they are often ignored entirely while the plot takes a completely different (and often oddball) direction as the mysteries are rarely solved and episodes sometimes end on cliffhangers that are never resolved.


title: Mike Tyson Mysteries

text: The first season was released on DVD on October 20, 2015, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment. The second season was released on DVD on September 27, 2016, exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com.


title: Mike Tyson Mysteries

text: The series has received mostly positive reviews from critics. The show currently holds an 82% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 11 reviews, with its consensus being: "A dizzying whirl of lowbrow and high-concept, "Mike Tyson Mysteries" should more than satisfy fans of Adult Swim's signature blend of animated silliness." On Metacritic, the show has a score of 75 out of 100 based on 6 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.


title: Mike Tyson Mysteries

text: In a May 2020 podcast interview, writer Larry Dorf confirmed that the fourth season would be its last, although Davidson, Ramras, and Dorf would continue working together on a new project for Warner Bros.


title: Bubblegum music

text: Bubblegum (also called bubblegum pop) is pop music in a catchy and upbeat style that is considered disposable, contrived, or marketed for children and adolescents. The term also refers to a rock and pop subgenre, originating in the United States in the late 1960s, that evolved from garage rock, novelty songs, and the Brill Building sound, and which was also defined by its target demographic of preteens and young teenagers. The Archies' 1969 hit "Sugar, Sugar" was a representative example that led to cartoon rock, a short-lived trend of Saturday-morning cartoon series that heavily featured pop rock songs in the bubblegum vein.