title: The Bonfire of the Vanities

text: Fallow hears a rumor that Maria Ruskin was at the wheel of McCoy's car when it struck Lamb but has fled the country. Trying to smoke out the truth, on the pretense of interviewing the rich and famous, Fallow meets with her husband, Arthur, at a pricey French restaurant. While recounting his life, Arthur has a fatal heart attack, as disturbed patrons and an annoyed maître d'hôtel look on. Maria is forced to return to the United States for his funeral, where McCoy confronts her about being "the only witness." Fallow overhears that she, not McCoy, was driving.


title: The Bonfire of the Vanities

text: Fallow's write-up of the association between Sherman McCoy and Maria Ruskin prompts Assistant D.A. Kramer to offer her a deal: corroborate the other witness and receive immunity, or be treated as an accomplice. Ruskin recounts this to McCoy while he is wearing a wire. When a private investigator employed by Killian discovers a recording of a conversation that contradicts Ruskin's statement to the grand jury - a recording that was obtained from an illegal voice-activated intercom device installed by the landlord of a rent-controlled apartment as a way to remove tenants - the judge assigned to the case declares her testimony "tainted" and dismisses the case.


title: The Bonfire of the Vanities

text: In the epilogue, a fictional "New York Times" article informs us that Fallow has won the Pulitzer Prize and married the daughter of "City Light" owner Sir Gerald Steiner, while Ruskin has escaped prosecution and remarried. McCoy's first trial ends in a hung jury, split along racial lines. Kramer is removed from the prosecution after it is revealed he was involved with Shelly Thomas in a sexual tryst at the apartment formerly used by Ruskin and McCoy. It is additionally revealed that McCoy has lost a civil trial to the Lamb family and, pending appeal, has a $12 million liability, which has resulted in the freezing of his assets. The all-but-forgotten Henry Lamb succumbs to his injuries from the accident; McCoy, penniless and estranged from his wife and daughter, awaits trial for vehicular manslaughter. In the novel's closing, Tommy Killian holds forth:


title: The Bonfire of the Vanities

text: "Bonfire" was Wolfe's first novel. Wolfe's prior works were mostly non-fiction journalistic articles and books. His earlier short stories appeared in his collection "Mauve Gloves & Madmen, Clutter & Vine".


title: The Bonfire of the Vanities

text: According to Wolfe, the characters are composites of many individuals and cultural observations. However, some characters were based on real people. Wolfe has acknowledged the character of Tommy Killian is based on New York lawyer Edward Hayes, to whom the book is dedicated. The character of the Reverend Bacon is considered by many to be based on the Reverends Al Sharpton and/or Jesse Jackson, who have both campaigned under the banner of eliminating racism.


title: The Bonfire of the Vanities

text: In 2007, on the book's 20th anniversary of publication, "The New York Times" published a retrospective on how the city had changed since Wolfe's novel.


title: The Bonfire of the Vanities

text: The book was a major bestseller, and also received strong reviews. "The New York Times" praised the book, saying it was "a big, bitter, funny, craftily plotted book that grabs you by the lapels and won't let go", but criticized its sometimes superficial characters, saying when "the book is over, there is an odd aftertaste, not entirely pleasant."


title: The Bonfire of the Vanities

text: In 1990, "Bonfire" was adapted into a film starring Tom Hanks as Sherman McCoy, Kim Cattrall as his wife Judy, Melanie Griffith as his mistress Maria, and Bruce Willis as journalist (and narrator of the film) Peter Fallow. The screenplay was written by Michael Cristofer. Wolfe was paid $750,000 for the rights. The film was a commercial and critical flop.


title: The Bonfire of the Vanities

text: An opera adaptation, with music by Stefania de Kenessey and libretto and direction by Michael Bergmann, premiered in New York on October 9, 2015.


title: The Bonfire of the Vanities

text: In 2016, Amazon Studios, in association with Warner Bros. TV, announced an eight-episode, one-hour drama series based on the book, produced by television sitcom creator, Chuck Lorre ("Two and a Half Men", "B Positive"), to be distributed through Amazon Video.


title: Isabel Sanford

text: Isabel Sanford (born Eloise Gwendolyn Sanford; August 29, 1917 – July 9, 2004) was an American stage, film, and television actress and comedian best known for her role as Louise "Weezy" Mills Jefferson on the CBS sitcoms "All in the Family" (1971–1975) and "The Jeffersons" (1975–1985). In 1981, she became the second African-American actress to win a Primetime Emmy Award after Gail Fisher, and so far, the only African-American actress to win for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series.


title: Isabel Sanford

text: Sanford was born Eloise Gwendolyn Sanford in Harlem, New York City, to Josephine (née Perry) and James Edward Sanford. She was the youngest of seven children and was the only child to survive beyond infancy. Sanford's mother Josephine was devoutly religious and insisted that her daughter attend church every Sunday, and occasionally made her attend on weeknights. As a teenager, Sanford aspired to be an actress, but her mother discouraged her dream, as she felt that show business was "the road to degradation." Sanford disobeyed her mother and began performing at local clubs. She also performed at amateur night at The Apollo Theater. After graduating high school, Sanford joined Harlem's American Negro Theater and The Star Players. She made her professional stage debut in 1946 in "On Strivers Row", and appeared in several off-Broadway productions while also working as a keypunch operator at IBM. Sanford married house painter William Edward "Sonny" Richmond, with whom she had three children. Their marriage was tumultuous, and they later separated.


title: Isabel Sanford

text: After separating from her husband, Sanford and her three children relocated to California in 1960. Soon after her arrival, she was asked to join the national production of "Here Today" by actress Tallulah Bankhead. In 1965, she made her Broadway debut in James Baldwin's "The Amen Corner". This role led to her being cast in the 1967 film "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". In the film, she was credited as Isabell Sanford, playing the role of the maid "Tillie Binks," and earned her good reviews. She caught the attention of major Hollywood players, including Norman Lear, who cast Sanford in the role of Louise Jefferson in "All in the Family". Sanford and her TV husband Sherman Hemsley were so popular that Norman Lear decided to spin off the characters into their own weekly series "The Jeffersons". Sanford was initially reluctant to commit to working on a weekly series, as she was already working steadily, but decided to accept the offer. "The Jeffersons" premiered in January 1975, and was an immediate hit with audiences, ultimately running for 11 seasons. For her role in the series, Sanford earned five Golden Globe Award nominations and seven Primetime Emmy Award nominations. She won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1981, making her the first African-American actress to win in that category.


title: Isabel Sanford

text: After "The Jeffersons"' cancellation in 1985, Sanford continued her career with guest-starring roles in television and film. In January 1987, she starred in her own sitcom, "Isabel's Honeymoon Hotel", which aired five days a week in syndication. The series was created to showcase Sanford's comedic skills, but it failed to attract an audience and was quickly cancelled. In the 1990s, Sanford mainly appeared in television guest appearances and cameo appearances in movies. She appeared on "Dream On", "Living Single", "Hangin' with Mr. Cooper", "In the House", "", "The Steve Harvey Show", and "Hearts Are Wild". In 1996, she played a supporting role in the action movie "Original Gangstas", starring blaxploitation film stars Fred Williamson, Pam Grier, Jim Brown, and Richard Roundtree.


title: Isabel Sanford

text: Sanford later reprised her role as Louise Jefferson in a touring company of "The Real Live Jeffersons" stage show in the mid-1990s alongside Sherman Hemsley. Hemsley and she also made a cameo appearance in the film "Sprung", and guest-starred in "The Parkers", "Mafia!", and two episodes of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". The two also appeared in a series of advertisements for Denny's and Old Navy. In January 2004, Sanford received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contribution to the television industry. She made her final television appearance the following month as an animated version of herself in "The Simpsons" episode "Milhouse Doesn't Live Here Anymore."


title: Isabel Sanford

text: Sanford was married to house painter William Edward "Sonny" Richmond. The couple had three children—two sons (including Sanford K. Richmond) and a daughter (Pamela Richmond Ruff) before separating. After their separation, Sanford and the children moved to California in 1960, while Richmond remained in New York. Shortly after their arrival, Richmond died after being involved in an altercation. Sanford was a Democrat who attended an event with Dennis Weaver for presidential candidate Jesse Jackson in 1988.


title: Isabel Sanford

text: In September 2003, Sanford underwent preventive surgery on her carotid artery. In the ensuing months, her health steadily declined. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on July 4, 2004, where she died five days later—a month before her 87th birthday. Her publicist attributed it to unspecified natural causes. She was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles. For her contribution to the television industry, Isabel Sanford has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 7080 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (), meaning "Afrikaner Resistance Movement", commonly known by its abbreviation AWB, is an Afrikaner nationalist paramilitary organisation in South Africa. Since its founding in 1973 by Eugène Terre'Blanche and six other far-right Afrikaners, it has been dedicated to secessionist Afrikaner nationalism and the creation of an independent Boer-Afrikaner republic or """" in part of South Africa.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: , it is reported that the organization has around 5,000 members, and uses social media for recruitment.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: On 7 July 1973, Eugène Terre'Blanche, a former police officer, called a meeting of several men in Heidelberg, Gauteng, in the then-Transvaal Province of South Africa. He was disillusioned by what he thought were Prime Minister B.J. Vorster's "liberal views" of racial issues in the White minority country, after a period in which Black majorities had ascended to power in many former colonies. Terre'Blanche also worried about what he characterised as communist influences in South African society. He decided to form a group with six other like-minded persons, which they named the "Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging" (Afrikaner Resistance Movement) (AWB), to promote Afrikaner and Christian nationalism. His associates elected him as head of the group, a position he held until he was murdered on his farm in April 2010.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: Their objective was to establish an independent "Boerestaat" ("Boer State") for Boer-Afrikaner people only. It was to be independent of apartheid South Africa, which they considered too left-wing and liberal. The AWB was formed to try to regain the ground they thought lost after the Second Boer War; the men intended to re-establish the independent Boer Republics of the past: the South African Republic ("Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek") and the Republic of the Orange Free State ("Oranje Vrystaat").


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, the AWB attracted several thousand White South Africans as members. They opposed the reform of apartheid laws during the 1980s, harassing liberal politicians and holding large (and often quite rowdy) political rallies. Terre'Blanche used his flamboyant oratorial skills and forceful personality to win converts. He railed against the lifting of many so-called "petty apartheid" laws, such as the law banning interracial sex and marriage (the Race Relations Act), mixing of the races (Group Areas Act), as well as the government providing limited political rights to Indians and Coloureds (mixed-race individuals). During the State of Emergency (1984-86), AWB violence and murders of unarmed non-Whites were reported. The AWB especially opposed the then-illegal African National Congress (ANC). The ruling National Party considered the AWB to be little more than a fringe group.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: The group operated relatively unhindered until 1986, when White South African Police (SAP) Police officers took the unprecedented step of using lachrymatory agent or tear gas against the AWB when they disrupted a National Party rally. In 1988, the organisation was estimated to have had support amongst 5-7% of the White South African population. In the Nick Broomfield documentary film, "His Big White Self" (2006), he claimed the organisation reached a peak of half a million supporters in its heyday.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: During the negotiations that led to South Africa's first multiracial election, the AWB engaged in violence and murder. During the Battle of Ventersdorp in August 1991, the AWB confronted police in front of the town hall where State President F. W. de Klerk was speaking, and "a number of people were killed or injured" in the conflict. Later in the negotiations, the AWB stormed the Kempton Park World Trade Centre where the negotiations were taking place, breaking through the glass front of the building with an armoured car. The police guarding the centre failed to prevent the invasion. The invaders then took over the main conference hall, threatening delegates and painting slogans on the walls, but left again after a short period. Six AWB members were sentenced to death for the murder of four black people at a fake roadblock they set up to terrorise black travellers.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: In 1988, the AWB was beset by scandal when claims that Terre'Blanche had had an affair with journalist Jani Allan surfaced. In July 1989, Cornelius Lottering, a member of a breakaway AWB group Orde van die Dood (Order of the Dead), attempted to assassinate Allan by placing a bomb outside her Sandton apartment. Nick Broomfield's 1991 documentary "The Leader, His Driver and the Driver's Wife" claimed that Terre'Blanche had sex with Allan, a claim she denied. This led to Allan taking libel proceedings against the documentary broadcaster Channel 4 in 1992 at the London High Court. During the trial, several transcripts of their alleged unconventional sexual positions appeared in the South African and British press. Terre'Blanche also submitted a sworn statement to the London court denying that he had had an affair with Allan. Although the judge found that Channel 4's allegations had not defamed Allan, he did not rule on whether or not there had been an affair.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: In 1994, before the advent of majority rule, the AWB gained international notoriety in its attempt to defend the dictatorial government of Lucas Mangope in the homeland of Bophuthatswana. The AWB, along with a contingent of about 90 Afrikaner Volksfront militiamen, entered the capital Mmabatho on 10 and 11 March. The black policemen and soldiers of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force who were out in force to support President Mangope disappeared from the streets in protest at the AWB's actions and later turned on the militiamen at the airport at Mafikeng. One AWB member was shot and killed when the convoy attempted to leave the airport and continue on to Mmabatho. When in Mmabatho, the AWB and the Afrikaner Volksfront found themselves under continuous siege from both the Bophuthatswana Defence Force and Mmabatho citizens. When attempting to retreat from Mmabatho on 11 March, three AWB members were summarily killed after they had been wounded in a firefight, by a rogue Bophuthatswana Defence Force member who defected to the ANC. Nearby photojournalists and television news crews recorded the incident, which proved to be a public relations disaster for the AWB, demoralising its White members. The AWB claimed that they were asked into the country and only entered trying to help the Bophuthatswana Government, but the Tebbutt Commission found the "evidence is overwhelming that they entered the area uninvited and that they were not welcome there".


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: On 17 June 2001, Terre'Blanche was sentenced to six years in prison for assaulting a petrol station employee, John Ndzima, to such an extent as to cause permanent brain damage, and the attempted murder of a security guard and former employee, Paul Motshabi. Terre'Blanche was released in June 2004 after serving three years in Rooigrond Prison near Mafikeng. During his time in prison, he became a born-again Christian and claimed he had moderated many of his more ethno-nationalist views and preached reconciliation as 'prescribed by God'.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: In April 2007, AWB posters appeared at the 13th Klein Karoo National Arts Festival in Oudtshoorn. Several posters made reference to the Bok van Blerk song "De la Rey", an Afrikaans hit record about the Boer General as well as to South Africa's former Coat of Arms. Organisers were quick to remove the posters.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: In March 2008, the AWB announced it was re-activating for 'populist' reasons, citing the encouragement of the public. Reasons for their return include: the electricity crisis, corruption across government departments and rampant crime. Plans include a demand for land that they claim is legally theirs in terms of the Sand River Convention of 1852 and other historical treaties, through the International Court of Justice in The Hague if necessary, and if that failed, taking up arms. In April 2008, Terre'Blanche was to be the speaker at several AWB rallies in Vryburg, Middelburg and Pretoria. Several areas in South Africa have been earmarked as part of a future Volkstaat according to three critical title deeds. The areas include Vryheid in KwaZulu-Natal, the old Republics of Stellaland and Goshen in the far North-West and sections of the Free State.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: The "Mail & Guardian" newspaper reported in 2008 that the AWB group has over 5,000 members, and appeals to 18- to 35-year-olds to join the organisation's youth wing. The South African press reported in 2016 that the AWB continue to use social media to recruit new members.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: In 2010, Terre'Blanche was killed by an employee on his farm, and Steyn van Ronge was announced as new leader of the organisation.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: The AWB flag is composed of three black sevens forming a triskelion in a white circle upon a red background, similar to the flag of Nazi Germany. According to AWB, the sevens, 'the number of final victory', 'stand to oppose the number 666, the number of the anti-Christ'. Red is considered to represent Jesus' blood and the struggle of the Christians, while black stands for bravery. The inner white circle symbolises the "purity" and "eternal life".


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: The AWB also uses the "Vierkleur", the original flag of the once independent South African Republic, the flag of the Orange Free State and the old flag of South Africa that was used from 1928 to 1994 but with the British flag replaced.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

text: The organisation is a popular antagonist amongst writers of alternate history literature. Several members of a fictionalised AWB are important characters in Harry Turtledove's American Civil War alternate history novel "The Guns of the South" (1992). The AWB also features prominently in Larry Bond's novel of a Cold War-era civil war/international conflict in South Africa, "Vortex" (1991). It also appears in Richard Herman Jr.'s novel, "Iron Gate" (1996).


title: Pasión de Gavilanes

text: Pasión de Gavilanes (international title: Hidden Passion) is a Colombian telenovela written by Julio Jiménez. It is produced by RTI Colombia in conjunction with the Telemundo network and with the participation of Caracol TV company. The telenovela is based on the 1994 telenovela "Las aguas mansas", also written by Jiménez and produced by RTI. It premiered on Telemundo on 21 October 2003, while in Colombia it premiered on Caracol TV.


title: Pasión de Gavilanes

text: On May 12, 2021, Telemundo announced a second season through its upfront for the 2021-2022 television season, taking place 20 years after the events of the original series. Production of the season began on 18 October 2021. The season premiered on 14 February 2022, and ended on 31 May 2022.


title: Pasión de Gavilanes

text: Bernardo Elizondo is the owner of a hacienda, where he lives with his wife, Doña Gabriela, their daughters: Norma, Jimena and Sara, Norma's husband: Fernando Escandón, and his father-in-law, Don Martín Acevedo, a retired military man who is paralyzed. Norma and Fernando's marriage was arranged by Doña Gabriela to hide that Norma had been the victim of a rape, but the marriage is in name only and has not been consummated, due to her trauma. Apart from that, Gabriela is in love with Fernando, so she forces her daughter to marry him to keep him close. Although Bernardo is in love with Libia Reyes, a humble young woman, he knows that he could not marry her, since Gabriela, a very despotic woman and very old-fashioned, would never give him a divorce. Bernardo is determined to break with everything in order to live out his love for Libia, and he decides to formally appear before the young woman's brothers; Juan, Óscar and Franco Reyes, who did not support the relationship but approve it, since the happiness of their sister depends on it. Unfortunately, Bernardo has a horse accident and dies. At the same time, Libia discovers that she is pregnant and finds out that Bernardo has died, so she decides to go to the Elizondo to claim the money, although she is scared and not convinced if she should go. When she arrives at the Elizondo house, Doña Gabriela humiliates and despises her family. Libia flees desperate and commits suicide by jumping off a bridge.


title: Pasión de Gavilanes

text: When the Reyes brothers find out everything, they swear to avenge the death of their sister and go to the Elizondo estate, posing as some bricklayers that Doña Gabriela has contracted to build a cabin for Norma and Fernando. This is achieved thanks to the Elizondo housekeeper, Eva Rodríguez, who also wants revenge on Gabriela for having forced her to give up her only daughter, Ruth, for having kept her single and having no resources to support her. By meeting the Elizondo sisters, Óscar Reyes intends to convince his brothers to change their revenge plans and seduce the Elizondo sisters, to pay them with the same price, although what he really intends is to get the Elizondo money to improve their situation. His brother Juan does not agree with their plans, but when he meets Norma Elizondo he changes his mind because they are instantly attracted to each other. This attraction makes Juan completely forget his revenge plans, but the couple will find many obstacles in the way that they must overcome.


title: Pasión de Gavilanes

text: Taking place 20 years after the first season, the Reyes and Elizondo family will face new challenges that threaten their family. The death of a teacher shakes the family as evidence points to one of the sons of one of the couples as the possible culprit, triggering a series of heartbreaking events that will, once again, put their love and loyalty to the test.


title: Pasión de Gavilanes

text: In the 2nd quarter of 2015, ABS-CBN announced RTI Producciones (in partnership with Caracol Televisión) and Telemundo have given to permit to do a Pinoy version of the series known as "Pasión de Amor" starring Jake Cuenca, Arci Muñoz, Ejay Falcon, Ellen Adarna, Joseph Marco and Coleen Garcia. Pasión de Amor premiered on June 1, 2015 and ended on February 26, 2016 with a total of 194 episodes in 3 seasons.


title: Chinook salmon

text: The Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the largest and most valuable species of Pacific salmon in North America, as well as the largest in the genus "Oncorhynchus". Its common name is derived from the Chinookan peoples. Other vernacular names for the species include king salmon, Quinnat salmon, Tsumen, spring salmon, chrome hog, Blackmouth, and Tyee salmon. The scientific species name is based on the Russian common name "chavycha" (чавыча).


title: Chinook salmon

text: Chinook are anadromous fish native to the North Pacific Ocean and the river systems of western North America, ranging from California to Alaska, as well as Asian rivers ranging from northern Japan to the Palyavaam River in the Arctic northeast Siberia. They have been introduced to other parts of the world, including New Zealand, thriving in Lake Michigan Great Lakes of North America and Michigan's western rivers, and Patagonia. A large Chinook is a prized and sought-after catch for a sporting angler. The flesh of the salmon is also highly valued for its dietary nutritional content, which includes high levels of important omega-3 fatty acids. Some populations are endangered; however, many are healthy. The Chinook salmon has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. According to NOAA the Chinook salmon population along the California coast is declining, from factors such as overfishing, loss of freshwater and estuarine habitat, hydropower development, poor ocean conditions, and hatchery practices.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Historically, the native distribution of Chinook salmon in North America ranged from the Ventura River in California in the south to Kotzebue Sound in Alaska in the north. Recent studies have shown that Chinook salmon are historically native to the Guadalupe River (California) watershed, the southernmost major metropolitan area hosting salmon runs in the United States. Populations have disappeared from large areas where they once flourished, however, shrinking by as much as 40 percent. In some regions, their inland range has been cut off, mainly by dams and habitat alterations: in Southern California, some areas east of the Coast Ranges of California and Oregon, and large areas in the Snake River and upper Columbia River drainage basins. In certain areas like California's Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, it was revealed that extremely low populations of juvenile Chinook salmon (less than 1%) were surviving.


title: Chinook salmon

text: In the western Pacific, the distribution ranges from northern Japan (Hokkaido) in the south to the Arctic Ocean as far as the East Siberian Sea and Palyavaam River in the north. Nevertheless, they are consistently present and the distribution is well known only in Kamchatka. Elsewhere, information is scarce, but they have a patchy presence in the Anadyr River basin and parts of the Chukchi Peninsula. Also in parts of the northern Magadan Oblast near the Shelikhov Gulf and Penzhina Bay stocks might persist, but remain poorly studied.


title: Chinook salmon

text: In 1967, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources planted Chinook in Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to control the alewife, an invasive species of nuisance fish from the Atlantic Ocean. In the 1960s, alewives constituted 90% of the biota in these lakes. Coho salmon had been introduced the year before, and the program was a success. Chinook and Coho salmon thrived on the alewives and spawned in the lakes' tributaries. After this success, Chinook were planted in the other Great Lakes, where sport fishermen prize them for their aggressive behaviour on the hook.


title: Chinook salmon

text: The species has also established itself in Patagonian waters in South America, where both introduced and escaped hatchery fish have colonized rivers and established stable spawning runs. Chinook salmon have been found spawning in headwater reaches of the Rio Santa Cruz, apparently having migrated over from the ocean. The population is thought to be derived from a single stocking of juveniles in the lower river around 1930.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Sporadic efforts to introduce the fish to New Zealand waters in the late 19th century were largely failures and led to no evident establishments. Early ova were imported from the Baird hatchery of the McCloud River in California. Further efforts in the early 20th century were more successful and subsequently led to the establishment of spawning runs in the rivers of Canterbury and North Otago; Rangitata River, the Ōpihi River, the Ashburton River / Hakatere, the Rakaia River, the Waimakariri River, the Hurunui River, and the Waiau Uwha River. The success of the latter introductions is thought to be partly attributable to the use of ova from autumn-run populations as opposed to ova from spring-run populations used in the first attempts. Whilst other salmon have also been introduced into New Zealand, only Chinook salmon (or King salmon as it is known locally in New Zealand) have established sizeable pelagic runs.


title: Chinook salmon

text: The Chinook is blue-green, red, or purple on the back and top of the head, with silvery sides and white ventral surfaces. It has black spots on its tail and the upper half of its body. Although spots are seen on the tail in pink salmon, and silver on the tail in coho and chum salmon, Chinook are unique among the Pacific salmon in combining black spots and silver on the tail. Another distinctive feature is a black gum line that is present in both salt and freshwater. Adult fish range in size from , but may be up to in length; they average , but may reach . The meat can be either pink or white in color, depending on what the salmon have been feeding on.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Chinook salmon are the largest of the Pacific salmon. In the Kenai River of Alaska, mature Chinook averaged . The current sport-caught world record, , was caught on May 17, 1985, in the Kenai River. The commercial catch world record is caught near Rivers Inlet, British Columbia, in the late 1970s.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Chinook may spend one to eight years in the ocean (averaging from three to four years) before returning to their home rivers to spawn. The salmon undergo radical morphological changes as they prepare for the spawning event ahead. Salmon lose the silvery blue they had as ocean fish, and their color darkens, sometimes with a radical change in hue. Salmon are sexually dimorphic, and the male salmon develop canine-like teeth and their jaws develop a pronounced curve or hook, called a "kype". Studies have shown that larger and more dominant male salmon have a reproductive advantage as female Chinook are often more aggressive toward smaller males.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Chinook spawn in larger and deeper waters than other salmon species and can be found on the spawning redds (nests) from September to December. The female salmon may lay her eggs in four to five nesting pockets within a redd. After laying eggs, females guard the redd from four to 25 days before dying, while males seek additional mates. Chinook eggs hatch 90 to 150 days after deposition, depending upon water temperature. Egg deposits are timed to ensure the young salmon fry emerge during an appropriate season for survival and growth. Fry and parr (young fish) usually stay in fresh water 12 to 18 months before traveling downstream to estuaries, where they remain as smolts for several months. Some Chinooks return to the fresh water one or two years earlier than their counterparts and are referred to as "jack" salmon. "Jack" salmon are typically less than long but are sexually mature.


title: Chinook salmon

text: The Yukon River has the longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over from its mouth in the Bering Sea to spawning grounds upstream of Whitehorse, Yukon. Since Chinook rely on fat reserves for energy upon entering fresh water, commercial fish caught here are highly prized for their unusually high levels of heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. However, the high cost of harvest and transport from this rural area limits its affordability. The highest in elevation Chinook migrate to spawn is in the Upper Salmon River and Middle Fork of the Salmon River in Idaho. These fish travel over in elevation, and over , in their migration through eight dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Lower Snake Rivers.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Chinook eat insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily other fish when older. Young salmon feed in streambeds for a short period until they are strong enough to journey out into the ocean and acquire more food. Chinook juveniles divide into two types: ocean-type and stream-type. Ocean-type Chinook migrate to salt water in their first year. Stream-type salmon spend one full year in fresh water before migrating to the ocean. After a few years in the ocean, adult salmon, then large enough to escape most predators, return to their original streambeds to mate. Chinook can have extended lifespans, where some fish spend one to five years in the ocean, reaching age eight. More northerly populations tend to have longer lives.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Salmon need adequate spawning habitat. Clean, cool, oxygenated, sediment-free fresh water is essential for egg development. Chinook use larger sediment (gravel) sizes for spawning than other Pacific salmon. Riparian vegetation and woody debris help juvenile salmon by providing cover and maintaining low water temperatures.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Chinook also need healthy ocean habitats. Juvenile salmon grow in clean, productive estuarine environments and gain the energy for migration. Later, they change physiologically to live in salt water. They rely on eelgrass and seaweeds for camouflage (protection from predators), shelter, and foraging habitat as they make their way to the open ocean. Adult fish need a rich, open ocean habitat to acquire the strength needed to travel back upstream, escape predators, and reproduce before dying. In his book "King of Fish", David Montgomery writes, "The reserves of fish at sea are important to restocking rivers disturbed by natural catastrophes." Thus, it is vitally important for the fish to be able to reach the oceans (without man-made obstructions such as dams), so they can grow into healthy adult fish to sustain the species.


title: Chinook salmon

text: The bodies of water for salmon habitat must be clean and oxygenated. One sign of high productivity and growth rate in the oceans is the level of algae. Increased algal levels lead to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the water, which transfers into living organisms, fostering underwater plants and small organisms, which salmon eat. Algae can filter high levels of toxins and pollutants. Thus, it is essential for algae and other water-filtering agents to not be destroyed in the oceans because they contribute to the well-being of the food chain.


title: Chinook salmon

text: With some populations endangered, precautions are necessary to prevent overfishing and habitat destruction, including appropriate management of hydroelectric and irrigation projects. If too few fish remain because of fishing and land management practices, salmon have more difficulty reproducing. When one of these factors is compromised, affected stock can decline. One "Seattle Times" article states, "Pacific salmon have disappeared from 40 percent of their historic range outside Alaska," and concludes it is imperative for people to realize the needs of salmon and to try not to contribute to destructive practices that harm salmon runs.


title: Chinook salmon

text: In the Pacific Northwest, the summer runs of especially large Chinook once common (before dams and overfishing led to declines) were known as June hogs.


title: Chinook salmon

text: A Chinook's birthplace and later evolution can be tracked by looking at its otolith (ear) bone. The bone can record the chemical composition of the water the fish had lived in just like a tree's growth rings provide hints on dry and wet years. The bone is built with the chemical signature of the environment that hosted the fish. Researchers were able to tell where different individuals of Chinook were born and lived in the first year of their lives. Testing was done by measuring the strontium in the bones. Strontium can accurately show researchers the exact location and time of a fish swimming in a river.


title: Chinook salmon

text: The total North Pacific fisheries harvest of the Chinook salmon in 2010 was some 1.4 million fish, corresponding to 7,000 tonnes; 1.1 million of the fish were captured in the United States, others were divided by Canada and Russia. The share of Chinook salmon from the total commercial Pacific salmon harvest was less than 1% by weight, and only some 0.3% of the number of fish. The trend has been down in the captures from the pre-1990 times, when the total harvest was around 25,000 tonnes. Global production has, however, remained at a stable level because of increased aquaculture.


title: Chinook salmon

text: The world's largest producer and market supplier of the Chinook salmon is New Zealand. Marketed as King salmon, in 2009, New Zealand exported of salmon equating to a value of NZ$61 million in export earnings. For the year ended March 2011, this amount had increased to NZ$85 million. New Zealand accounts for about half of the global production of Chinook salmon, and about half of New Zealand's production is exported. Japan is New Zealand's largest export market, with stock also being supplied to other countries of the Pacific Rim, including Australia.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Farming of the species in New Zealand began in the 1970s, when hatcheries were initially set up to enhance and support wild fish stocks with the first commercial operations initiating in 1976. After some opposition against their establishment by societal groups, including anglers, the first sea cage farm was established in 1983 at Big Glory Bay in Stewart Island by British Petroleum NZ Ltd.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Today, the salmon are hatched in land-based hatcheries (several of which exist) and transferred to sea cages or freshwater farms, where they are grown out to harvestable size of . The broodstock for the farms is usually selected from existing farm stock or sometimes sourced from wild populations. Eggs and milt are stripped manually from sexually mature salmon and incubated under conditions replicating the streams and rivers where the salmon would spawn naturally (around ). After hatching, the baby salmon are typically grown to smolt stage (around six-months of age) before they are transferred to the sea cages or ponds. Most sea cage farming occurs in the Marlborough Sounds, Stewart Island, and Akaroa Harbour, while freshwater operations in Canterbury, Otago, and Tasman use ponds, raceways, and hydrocanals for growout operations.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Low stocking densities, ranging between less than 1 kg/m and around 25 kg/m (depending on the life stage of the salmon) and the absence of disease in the fish means New Zealand farmers do not need to use antibiotics or vaccines to maintain the health of their salmon stocks. The salmon are fed food pellets of fish meal specially formulated for Chinook salmon (typical proportions of the feed are: 45% protein, 22% fat, and 14% carbohydrate plus ash and water) and contain no steroids or other growth enhancers.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Regulations and monitoring programmes ensure salmon are farmed in a sustainable manner. The planning and approval process for new salmon farms in New Zealand considers the farm's potential environmental effects, its effects on fishing activities (if it is a marine farm), and any possible cultural and social effects. In the interest of fish welfare, a number of New Zealand salmon farming operations anaesthetise salmon before slaughter using Aqui-S™, an organically based anaesthetic developed in New Zealand that is safe for use in food and that has been favourably reported on by the British Humane Slaughter Association. In recognition of the sustainable, environmentally conscious practices, the New Zealand salmon farming industry has been acknowledged as the world's greenest by the Global Aquaculture Performance Index.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Chile is the only country other than New Zealand currently producing significant quantities of farmed Chinook salmon. The United States has not produced farmed Chinook in commercial quantities since 1994. In Canada, most commercial Chinook salmon farming ceased by 2009.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Fisheries in the U.S. and Canada are limited by impacts to weak and endangered salmon runs. Nine populations of Chinook salmon are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) as either threatened or endangered. In the Snake River, Spring/Summer Chinook and Fall Chinook are ESA listed as Threatened. The fall and late-fall runs in the Central Valley population in California is a U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) species of concern.


title: Chinook salmon

text: In April 2008, commercial fisheries in both Oregon and California were closed because of the low population of Chinook salmon present. The low population is being blamed on the collapse of the Sacramento River run, one of the biggest south of the Columbia. In April 2009 California again canceled the season. The Pacific Fishery Management Council's goal for the Sacramento River run is an escapement total (fish that return to freshwater spawn areas and hatcheries) of 122,000–180,000 fish. The 2007 escapement was estimated at 88,000, and the 2008 estimate was 66,000 fish. Scientists from universities and federal, state, and tribal agencies concluded the 2004 and 2005 broods were harmed by poor ocean conditions in 2005 and 2006, in addition to "a long-term, steady degradation of the freshwater and estuarine environment." Such conditions included weak upwelling, warm sea surface temperatures, and low densities of food.


title: Chinook salmon

text: In Oregon, the 2010 spring Chinook run was forecast to increase by up to 150% over 2009 populations, growing from 200,000 to over 500,000, making this the largest run in recorded history. Lower temperatures in 2008 North Pacific waters brought in fatter plankton, which, along with greater outflows of Columbia River water, fed the resurgent populations. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife estimated 80% of them were hatchery-born. Chinook runs in other habitats have not recovered proportionately.


title: Chinook salmon

text: In April 2016 Coleman National Fish Hatchery outside of Red Bluff, California, released 12 million juvenile Chinook salmon, with many salmon being tagged in order to be monitored. The release was done in hopes to help restore the salmon population of Battle Creek.


title: Chinook salmon

text: In June 2021, the California State Water Resources Control Board approved a plan by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to release water from Lake Shasta for irrigation use, which "significantly" increased the risk of extinction of winter-run Chinook in the Sacramento River.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Chinook salmon in Lake Michigan are sought after by tourists enjoying chartered fishing trips. A 2016 survey of Wisconsin anglers found they would on average pay $140 for a trip to catch Chinook salmon, $90 for lake trout, and $180 for walleye. Should the Chinook salmon fishery collapse and be replaced with a native lake trout fishery, the economic value would decrease by 80%.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Since the later 1970s, the size and age range of Chinook salmon have been declining. Studies along the northwest Pacific coast from Alaska to California during the years of 1977 to 2015 have examined about 1.5 million Chinook salmon, and have seen declining trends in age and size. Ocean-5 Chinook (which means the fish has spent five years in the ocean) have declined from being up to 3-5% of the population, to being almost nothing. Ocean-4 chinook are also seeing a rapid decline in their population. What this means is that Chinook are not living as long as they used to. This trend has mostly been seen in Alaska, but also Oregon and Washington.


title: Chinook salmon

text: There are also new trends that have been seen regarding the size of Ocean-1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 from 1975 to 2015. The size of Chinook who have spent one and two years in the ocean has been rising, while the size of Chinook of three to five years has been declining. The size increase was seen mainly in hatchery fish, not wild, and hatchery fish were often larger than wild, but the decrease was seen in both types of populations. There are factors that have been discovered that have influenced the size of the Chinook. They include, but are not limited to, the years they spent in freshwater before migrating to the ocean, the time of year they were caught, which season run they participated in, and where they were caught. However, what is causing these negative trends is still not fully known or researched. Some possibilities can be climate change, pollution, and fishing practices.


title: Chinook salmon

text: In California specifically, Chinook populations in the rivers have been on a decline. Chinook that are migratory are already more vulnerable, and the California drought made them even more vulnerable. A study was done specifically on the California Delta over three years and it was discovered that the Chinook salmon had a low survival rate for different reasons, and as a result the Chinook salmon population here has been on a decline. Some of the factors affecting the populations include the route used during migration, drought conditions, the amount of snowmelt, and infrastructure that affects the flow of water (such as dams and levees). Each of these factors has had a significant impact on Chinook survival rates, as most have made it more challenging for Chinook to travel from their spawning grounds to the ocean and back. The fluctuation of water depth as well as temperature have made this more challenging, and as a result Chinook populations are declining. Which rivers or streams the Chinook are in highly impact their survival rates, as some like the Chinook in the Fraser River only have a 30% survival rate. More studies and actions are needed, in order to make an impact on the survival rates of the Chinook. Due to many of these reasons, the National Wildlife Federation has listed Chinook populations as endangered or threatened.


title: Chinook salmon

text: The Chinook salmon is spiritually and culturally prized among certain First Nations peoples. For tribes on the Northwest coast, Salmon were an important part of their culture, for spiritual reasons and for food. Many celebrate the first spring Chinook caught each year with "first-salmon ceremonies". While salmon fishing is still important economically for many tribal communities, the Chinook harvest is typically the most valuable. The relation to salmon for the tribes in this area are similar to how other tribes relied more on buffalo for food, and have many legends and a spiritual ties to them.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Chinook salmon were described and enthusiastically eaten by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Lewis wrote that, when fresh, they tasted better than any other fish he had ever eaten. They did not particularly like dried or "pounded" salmon. Lewis and Clark knew about Pacific salmon but had never seen one. The Western world had known about Pacific salmon since the late 18th century. Maritime fur traders and explorers, such as George Vancouver, frequently acquired salmon by trade with the indigenous people of the Northwest coast. Lewis and Clark first encountered Chinook salmon as a gift from Chief Cameahwait, on August 13, 1805, near Lemhi Pass. Tasting it convinced Lewis they had crossed the continental divide.


title: Chinook salmon

text: In Oregon, the Klamath tribes have lived along the Klamath river and the Chinook salmon have been a large part of their lives. An Indian legend of a tribe on the Klamath river describes how the construction of the dam has hurt the fish population and that the impact on them has gone unnoticed, and the destruction of the dam is what has brought back their food supply and made them happy again. The Klamath tribe had a similar legend that has illustrated the importance of not messing up the Chinook salmon migration. The legend described three Skookums which can be related to the three Dams on the Klamath river in California. It has been known that the creation of dams has negatively impacted the lives of many Native American Indians by disrupting their food supply and flow of water. The impact of the salmon migration has been seen by not only tribal members but others as well and as a result progress is slowly being made to help restore the salmon habitats along the river It has been known that for many tribes Chinook salmon have played an important role, spiritually and physically.


title: Chinook salmon

text: Other tribes including the Nuxalk, Kwakiutl, and Kyuquot relied primarily on Chinook to eat Known as the "king salmon" in Alaska for its large size and flavorful flesh, the Chinook is the state fish of this state and of Oregon.


title: Hungarian forint

text: The forint (sign Ft; code HUF) is the currency of Hungary. It was formerly divided into 100 fillér, but fillér coins are no longer in circulation. The introduction of the forint on 1 August 1946 was a crucial step in the post-World War II stabilisation of the Hungarian economy, and the currency remained relatively stable until the 1980s. Transition to a market economy in the early 1990s adversely affected the value of the forint; inflation peaked at 35% in 1991. Between 2001 and 2022, inflation was in single digits, and the forint has been declared fully convertible. In May 2022, inflation reached 10.7% amid the war in Ukraine and economic uncertainty. As a member of the European Union, the long-term aim of the Hungarian government may be to replace the forint with the euro, although under the current government there is no target date for adopting the euro.


title: Hungarian forint

text: The forint's name comes from the city of Florence, where gold coins called "fiorino d'oro" were minted from 1252. In Hungary, the "florentinus" (later "forint"), also a gold-based currency, was used from 1325 under Charles Robert, with several other countries following Hungary's example.


title: Hungarian forint

text: Between 1868 and 1892, the forint was the name used in Hungarian for the currency of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, known in German as the "Gulden". It was subdivided into 100 krajczár ("krajcár" in modern Hungarian orthography; cf German "Kreuzer").


title: Hungarian forint

text: The forint was reintroduced on 1 August 1946, after the pengő was rendered worthless by massive hyperinflation in 1945–46: the highest ever recorded. This was brought about by a mixture of the high demand for reparations from the USSR, Soviet plundering of Hungarian industries, and the holding of Hungary's gold reserves in the United States. The different parties in the government had different plans to solve this problem. To the Independent Smallholders' Party–which had won a large majority in the 1945 Hungarian parliamentary election–as well as the Social Democrats, outside support was essential. However, the Soviet Union and its local supporters in the Hungarian Communist Party were opposed to raising loans in the West, and thus the Communist Party masterminded the procedure using exclusively domestic resources. The Communist plan called for tight limits on personal spending, as well as the concentration of existing stocks in state hands.


title: Hungarian forint

text: The forint replaced the pengő at the theoretical rate of 1 forint = pengő, thus dropping 29 zeroes from the old currency. In reality, with the highest value note being 100 million B. pengő ( pengő), the total amount of pengő in circulation had a value of less than of a forint. (The "B" stood for a long scale "billion", i.e. a million million.) Of more significance was the exchange rate to the adópengő of 1 forint = 200 million adópengő.


title: Hungarian forint

text: Historically, the forint was subdivided into 100 "fillér" (comparable to a penny), although fillér coins have been rendered useless by inflation and have not been in circulation since 1999. (Since 2000, one forint has typically been worth about half a US cent or slightly less.) The Hungarian abbreviation for forint is "Ft", which is written after the number with a space between. The name fillér, the subdivision of all Hungarian currencies since 1925, comes from the German word "Vierer" which denoted a four-krajcár-piece. The abbreviation for the fillér was "f", also written after the number with a space in between.


title: Hungarian forint

text: When the forint was introduced, its value was defined on the basis of 1 kilogram of gold being 13,210 forints. Therefore, given that gold was fixed at US$35 per Troy ounce, one USD was at that time worth 11.74 forints.


title: Hungarian forint

text: After its 1946 introduction, the forint remained stable for the following two decades, but started to lose its purchasing power as the state-socialist economic system (planned economy) lost its competitiveness during the 1970s and 1980s. After the democratic change of 1989–90, the forint saw yearly inflation figures of about 35% for three years, but significant market economy reforms helped stabilize it.


title: Hungarian forint

text: In 1946, coins were introduced in denominations of 2, 10, 20 fillérs and 1, 2, 5 forints. The silver 5 forint coin was reissued only in the next year; later it was withdrawn from circulation. 5 and 50 fillérs coins were issued in 1948. In 1967, a 5 forint coin was reintroduced, followed by a 10 forint in 1971 and 20 forint in 1982.


title: Hungarian forint

text: In 1992, a new series of coins was introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and (a somewhat different, 500‰ silver) 200 forint. Production of the 2 and 5 fillér coins ceased in 1992, with all fillér coins withdrawn from circulation by 1999. From 1996, a bicolor 100 forint coin was minted to replace the 1992 version, since the latter was considered too big and ugly, and could easily be mistaken for the 20 forint coin.


title: Hungarian forint

text: Silver 200 forint coins were withdrawn in 1998 (as their nominal value was too low compared to their precious metal content); the 1 and 2 forint coins remained legal tender until 29 February 2008. For cash purchases, the total price is now rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 forint (to 0 or to 5). A new 200 forint coin made of base metal alloy was introduced in place of the 200 forint banknote on 15 June 2009.


title: Hungarian forint

text: In 1946, 10 and 100 forint notes were introduced by the Hungarian National Bank. A new series of higher quality banknotes (in denominations of 10, 20 and 100 forints) were introduced in 1947 and 1948. 50 forint notes were added in 1953, 500 forint notes were introduced in 1970, followed by 1,000 forints in 1983, and 5,000 forints in 1991.


title: Hungarian forint

text: A completely redesigned new series of banknotes in denominations of 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 20,000 forints was introduced gradually between 1997 and 2001. Each banknote depicts a famous Hungarian leader or politician on the obverse and a place or event related to him on the reverse. All of the banknotes are watermarked, contain an embedded vertical security strip and are suitable for visually impaired people. The 1,000 forints and higher denominations are protected by an interwoven holographic security strip. The notes share the common size of . The banknotes are printed by the Hungarian Banknote Printing Corp. in Budapest on paper manufactured by the Diósgyőr Papermill in Miskolc.


title: Hungarian forint

text: Commemorative banknotes have also been issued recently: 1,000 and 2,000 forint notes to commemorate the millennium (in 2000) and a 500-forint note to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 1956 revolution (in 2006).


title: Hungarian forint

text: The 200-forint banknote was withdrawn from circulation in 2009, as its value inflated over time. The banknote was replaced by a bicolor 200-forint coin featuring the iconic Széchenyi Chain Bridge.


title: Hungarian forint

text: Forgery of forint banknotes is not significant. However, forged 20,000 forint notes printed on the paper of 2,000 forint notes after dissolving the original ink might come up and are not easy to recognize. Another denomination preferred by counterfeiters was the 1,000 forint note until improved security features were added in 2006.


title: Hungarian forint

text: Worn banknotes no longer fit for circulation are withdrawn, destroyed and turned into briquettes which are donated to public benefit (charitable) organizations to be used as heating fuel.


title: Hungarian forint

text: In 2014, a new revised version of the 1997 banknote series was gradually put into circulation beginning with the 10,000 Ft banknote in 2014 and completed with the 500 Ft banknote in 2019.


title: Hungarian forint

text: In 2022 after Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the EUR-HUF exchange rate breached the 400 forint per 1 euro line for the first time. Some time later, the forint also depreciated against the US dollar, breaching the same line.


title: Drew Sidora

text: Drew Sidora Pittman (née Jordan; born May 1, 1985) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her recurring role as Chantel in the Disney Channel Original Series "That's So Raven", as Lucy Avila in the 2006 film "Step Up", as Tionne Watkins in the VH1 TLC biographical film "", and the BET comedy-drama television series "The Game". She joined the Bravo reality show "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" in 2020.


title: Drew Sidora

text: Sidora completed numerous industrial films and was the youngest member of the "Hook Players Theater Ensemble" in Hollywood, California, with residence at the Richard Pryor Theater. At age 9, she appeared in the Fox TV movie "Divas", acting alongside Khalil Kain, Lisa Nicole Carson and Nicole Ari Parker.


title: Drew Sidora

text: Besides her roles in "That's So Raven", "Step Up" and "Blessed & Cursed", Sidora has also guest starred in "Girlfriends " in 2006 as a High School Girl Group recruiter, as well as "Without a Trace", "The Game", and "What I Like About You". She has also appeared in the feature films "White Chicks" and "Never Die Alone", and made a cameo appearance in GLC's single "Honor Me".


title: Drew Sidora

text: In 2013, she was cast as a member Tionne Watkins of the girl group TLC in the group's biopic that aired on VH1. Sidora also starred as Genesis "Genny" Winters in the 2014 BounceTV original "One Love".


title: Drew Sidora

text: Sidora was added to the cast of the "Real Housewives of Atlanta" in season 13. She made her debut in December 2020.


title: Drew Sidora

text: Sidora featured on the Step Up (Original Soundtrack) with two songs entitled "For The Love" and "Til The Dawn" in 2006. In 2007, she featured on the Three Can Play That Game soundtrack with a song entitled "Three Can Play". In December 2008, Sidora signed a record deal with Slip-n-Slide Records. In 2010, the album's first single titled "Juke It" was released. She played Trey Songz's lover in the video for "Last Time" of the album Trey Day. She also appears in Yung Berg's "Sexy Lady" video as the girlfriend. She also danced in Sean Paul’s "Give It Up to Me" video.


title: Drew Sidora

text: Sidora has a son, Josiah, from a previous relationship. Sidora is married to Ralph Pittman and together have two children: a son, Machai, born in June 2015, and a daughter, Aniya, born in February 2018.


title: When You Finish Saving the World (film)

text: When You Finish Saving the World is a 2022 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film written and directed by Jesse Eisenberg in his feature directorial debut. The film is based on Eisenberg's 2020 audio drama of the same name. Julianne Moore and Finn Wolfhard star as a mother and son who navigate their contentious relationship.


title: When You Finish Saving the World (film)

text: The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2022, and is scheduled to be released by A24 in the United States on January 20, 2023. It received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for the performances of Moore and Wolfhard.


title: When You Finish Saving the World (film)

text: On April 9, 2020, Jesse Eisenberg, Finn Wolfhard, and Kaitlyn Dever were cast in the Audible Original "When You Finish Saving the World", written by Eisenberg. The story was told from the perspective of three family members, at different stages of their lives, with the audio drama released on August 4, 2020.


title: When You Finish Saving the World (film)

text: Additionally, the audiobook was planned to be adapted into a comedy-drama movie, "When You Finish Saving the World", with Julianne Moore and Wolfhard set to star as mother and son, directed and written by Eisenberg with Moore, Emma Stone and Dave McCary producing under their Fruit Tree production banner. The film adaptation was to take place in the present day and focus on the mother and son relationship, while keeping other details the same, such as Ziggy's mother running a shelter for victims of domestic violence, which she does in the audio version as well.


title: When You Finish Saving the World (film)

text: In August 2020, it was announced that A24 was set to finance, produce and distribute the film. It marks Eisenberg's feature film directorial debut. Moore and Wolfhard were confirmed as cast as mother and son, respectively, in April 2020. Billy Bryk, in December 2020, and Alisha Boe, in January 2021, joined the cast in undisclosed roles. In November 2020, pre-production took place in Albuquerque, New Mexico, while production began in January 2021, followed by principal photography in February 2021. Filming concluded in March 2021.


title: When You Finish Saving the World (film)

text: The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2022. Its first trailer was released on November 29, 2022. The film is scheduled to be released in the United States on January 20, 2023.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: A magician, also known as an enchanter/enchantress, mage, magic-user, archmage, sorcerer/sorceress, spell-caster, warlock, witch, or wizard, is someone who uses or practices magic derived from supernatural, occult, or arcane sources. Magicians are common figures in works of fantasy, such as fantasy literature and role-playing games, and enjoy a rich history in mythology, legends, fiction, and folklore.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: In medieval chivalric romance, the wizard often appears as a wise old man and acts as a mentor, with Merlin from the "King Arthur" stories being a prime example. Wizards such as Gandalf in "The Lord of the Rings" and Albus Dumbledore from "Harry Potter" are also featured as mentors, and Merlin remains prominent as both an educative force and mentor in modern works of Arthuriana. Other magicians, such as Saruman from "The Lord of the Rings" or Lord Voldemort from "Harry Potter", can appear as hostile villains. Villainous sorcerers were so crucial to pulp fantasy that the genre in which they appeared was dubbed "sword and sorcery".


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Ursula K. Le Guin's "A Wizard of Earthsea" explored the question of how wizards learned their art, introducing to modern fantasy the role of the wizard as protagonist. This theme has been further developed in modern fantasy, often leading to wizards as heroes on their own quests. Such heroes may have their own mentor, a wizard as well.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Wizards can be cast similarly to the absent-minded professor: being foolish and prone to misconjuring. They can also be capable of great magic, both good or evil. Even comical wizards are often capable of great feats, such as those of Miracle Max in "The Princess Bride"; although he is a washed-up wizard fired by the villain, he saves the dying hero.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Wizards are often depicted as old, white-haired, and with long white beards majestic enough to occasionally host lurking woodland creatures. This depiction predates the modern fantasy genre, being derived from the traditional image of wizards such as Merlin.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: In the "Dragonlance" campaign setting of the "Dungeons & Dragons" role-playing game, wizards show their moral alignment by their robes.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Terry Pratchett described robes as a magician's way of establishing to those they meet that they are capable of practicing magic.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: To introduce conflict, writers of fantasy fiction often place limits on the magical abilities of wizards to prevent them from solving problems too easily. In Larry Niven's "The Magic Goes Away", once an area's mana is exhausted, no one can use magic. A common limit invented by Jack Vance in his "The Dying Earth" series, and later popularized in role-playing games is that a wizard can only cast a specific number of spells in a day.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Magic can also require various sacrifices or the use of certain materials, such as gemstones, blood, or a live sacrifice. Even if the magician lacks scruples, obtaining the material may be difficult.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: The extent of a wizard's knowledge is limited to which spells a wizard knows and can cast. Magic may also be limited by its danger; if a powerful spell can cause grave harm if miscast, wizards are likely to be wary of using it. Other forms of magic are limited by consequences that, while not inherently dangerous, are at least undesirable. In "A Wizard of Earthsea", every act of magic distorts the equilibrium of the world, which in turn has far-reaching consequences that can affect the entire world and everything in it. As a result, competent wizards do not use their magic frivolously.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: In Terry Pratchett's "Discworld" series, the Law of Conservation of Reality is a principle imposed by forces wanting wizards to not destroy the world, and works to limit how much power it is humanly possible to wield. Whatever your means, the effort put into reaching the ends stays the same. For example, when the wizards of Unseen University are chasing the hapless wizard Rincewind in the forest of Skund, the wizards send out search teams to go and find him on foot. The Archchancellor beats them to it by using a powerful spell from his own office, and while he gets there first by clever use of his spell, he has used no less effort than the others.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: People who work magic are called by several names in fantasy works, and terminology differs widely from one fantasy world to another. While derived from real-world vocabulary, the terms "wizard", "witch", "warlock", "enchanter/enchantress", "sorcerer(ess)", "druid(ess)", "magician", "mage", and "magus" have different meanings depending upon context and the story in question.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: The term "archmage" is used in fantasy works as a title for a powerful magician or a leader of magicians.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: In the "Enchanted Forest Chronicles", Patricia Wrede depicts wizards who use magic based on their staves and magicians who practice several kinds of magic, including wizard magic; in the "Regency" fantasies, she and Caroline Stevermer depict magicians as identical to wizards, though inferior in skill and training.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Mike Resnick's "The Times & Life of Lucifer Jones" describes the distinction thus: "The difference between a wizard and a sorcerer is comparable to that between, say, a lion and a tiger, but wizards are acutely status-conscious, and to them, it's more like the difference between a lion and a dead kitten." In David Eddings's "The Belgariad" and "The Malloreon" series, several protagonists refer to their abilities powered by sheer will as "sorcery" and look down on the term "magician", which specifically refers to summoners of demonic agents.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: In role-playing games, the types of magic-users are more delineated and are named so that the players and game masters can know which rules apply. Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson introduced the term "magic-user" in the original "Dungeons & Dragons" as a generic term for a practitioner of magic (in order to avoid the connotations of terms such as "wizard" or "warlock"); this lasted until the second edition of "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons", where it was replaced with "mage" (later to become "wizard"). The exact rules vary from game to game. The wizard or mage, as a character class, is distinguished by the ability to cast certain kinds of magic but being weak in combat; subclasses are distinguished by strengths in some areas of magic and weakness in others. Sorcerers are distinguished from wizards as having an innate gift with magic, as well as having mystical or magical ancestry. Warlocks are distinguished from wizards as creating forbidden "pacts" with powerful creatures to harness their innate magical gifts.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: "Enchanters" often practice a type of magic that produces no physical effects on objects or people, but rather deceives the observer or target through the use of illusions. Enchantresses in particular practice this form of magic, often to seduce. For instance, the Lady of the Green Kirtle in C.S. Lewis's "The Silver Chair" enchants Rilian into forgetting his father and Narnia; when that enchantment is broken, she attempts further enchantments with a sweet-smelling smoke and a thrumming musical instrument to baffle him and his rescuers into forgetting them again.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: The term "sorcerer" is more frequently used when the magician in question is evil. This may derive from its use in sword and sorcery, where the hero would be the sword-wielder, leaving the sorcery for his opponent.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: "Witch" also carries evil connotations. L. Frank Baum named Glinda the "Good Witch of the South" in "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz". In "The Marvelous Land of Oz, "he dubbed her "Glinda the Good," and from that point forward and in subsequent books, Baum referred to her as a sorceress rather than a witch to avoid the term that was more regarded as evil.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: "Wizard" and "warlock" usually refer to a male, while "witch" can refer to any gender but is more often ascribed towards women. But not always, there are some cases of (especially wizard) being used as unisex titles.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: A common motif in fiction is that the ability to use magic is innate and often rare, or gained through a large amount of study and practice. In J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, it is mostly limited to non-humans, though some people gain small amounts and become known as sorcerers (wizards being powerful spirits). In many writers' works, it is reserved for a select group of humans, such as in Katherine Kurtz's "Deryni" novels, JK Rowling's "Harry Potter" novels or Randall Garrett's "Lord Darcy" universe.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Magicians normally learn spells by reading ancient tomes called grimoires, which may have magical properties of their own. Sorcerers in "Conan the Barbarian" often gained powers from such books, which are demarcated by their strange bindings. In worlds where magic is not an innate trait, the scarcity of these strange books may be a facet of the story; in Poul Anderson's "A Midsummer Tempest", Prince Rupert seeks out the books of the magician Prospero to learn magic. The same occurs in the "Dungeons and Dragons"-based novel series "Dragonlance Chronicles", wherein Raistlin Majere seeks out the books of the sorcerer Fistandantilus. In JK Rowling's "Harry Potter" series, wizards already have skills of magic but they need to practise magic in "Wizarding Schools" in order to be able to use it properly"."


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Some magicians, even after training, continue their education by learning more spells, inventing new ones (and new magical objects), or rediscovering ancient spells, beings, or objects. For example, Dr. Strange from the Marvel Universe continues to learn about magic even after being named Sorcerer Supreme. He often encounters creatures that haven't been seen for centuries or more. In the same universe, Dr. Doom continues to pursue magical knowledge after mastering it by combining magic with science. Fred and George Weasley from "Harry Potter" invent new magical items and sell them as legitimate defense items, new spells and potions can be made in the "Harry Potter Universe;" Severus Snape invented a variety of jinxes and hexes as well as substantial improvements in the process of making potions; Albus Dumbledore, along with Nicolas Flamel, is credited with discovering the twelve uses of dragon's blood.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Historically, many self-proclaimed magicians have required rare and precious materials, such as crystal balls, rare herbs (often picked by prescribed rituals), and elements such as mercury. This is less common in fantasy. Many magicians require no materials at all; those that do may require only simple and easily obtained materials. Role-playing games are more likely to require such materials for at least some spells to prevent characters from casting them too easily.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Wands and staves have long been used as requirements for the magician. Possibly derived from wand-like implements used in fertility rituals, such as apotropaic wands, the earliest known instance of the modern magical wand was featured in the "Odyssey," used by Circe to transform Odysseus's men into animals. Italian fairy tales put wands into the hands of powerful fairies by the late Middle Ages. Today, magical wands are widespread and are used from "Witch World" to "Harry Potter." In "The Lord of the Rings", Gandalf refuses to surrender his own staff, breaking Saruman's, which strips the latter of his power. This dependency on a particular magical item is common, and necessary to limit the magician's power for the story's sake – without it, the magician's powers may be weakened or absent entirely. In the "Harry Potter" universe, a wizard must expend much greater effort and concentration to use magic without a wand, and only a few can control magic without one; taking away a wizard's wand in battle essentially disarms them.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Nevertheless, many magicians live in pseudo-medieval settings in which their magic is not put to practical use in society; they may serve as mentors, act as quest companions, or even go on a quest themselves, but their magic does not build roads or buildings, provide immunizations, construct indoor plumbing, or do any of the other functions served by machinery; their worlds remain at a medieval level of technology.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: Sometimes this is justified by having the negative effects of magic outweigh the positive possibilities. In Barbara Hambley's "Windrose Chronicles", wizards are precisely pledged not to interfere because of the terrible damage they can do. In "Discworld", the importance of wizards is that they actively do not do magic, because when wizards have access to sufficient "thaumaturgic energy", they develop many psychotic attributes and may eventually destroy the world. This may be a direct effect or the result of a miscast spell wreaking terrible havoc.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: In other works, developing magic is difficult. In Rick Cook's "Wizardry" series, the extreme danger presented by magic and the difficulty of analyzing the magic have stymied magic and left humanity at the mercy of the dangerous elves until a wizard summons a computer programmer from a parallel world — ours — to apply the skills he learned in our world to magic.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: At other times, magic and technology do develop in tandem; this is most common in the alternate history genre. Patricia Wrede's "Regency" fantasies include a Royal Society of Wizards and a technological level equivalent to the actual Regency; Randall Garrett's "Lord Darcy" series, Robert A. Heinlein's "Magic, Incorporated", and Poul Anderson's "Operation Chaos" all depict modern societies with magic equivalent to twentieth-century technology. In "Harry Potter", wizards have magical equivalents to non-magical inventions; sometimes they duplicate them, as with the Hogwarts Express train.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: The powers ascribed to magicians often affect their roles in society. In practical terms, their powers may give them authority; magicians may advise kings, such as Gandalf in "The Lord of the Rings" and Belgarath and Polgara the Sorceress in David Eddings's "The Belgariad". They may be rulers themselves, as in E.R. Eddison's "The Worm Ouroboros", where both the heroes and the villains, although kings and lords, supplement their physical power with magical knowledge, or as in Jonathan Stroud's "Bartimaeus Trilogy", where magicians are the governing class. On the other hand, magicians often live like hermits, isolated in their towers and often in the wilderness, bringing no change to society. In some works, such as many of Barbara Hambly's, they are despised and outcast specifically because of their knowledge and powers.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: In the magic-noir world of the "Dresden Files", wizards generally keep a low profile, though there is no explicit prohibition against interacting openly with non-magical humanity. The protagonist of the series, Harry Dresden, openly advertises in the Yellow Pages under the heading "Wizard" and maintains a business office, though other wizards tend to resent him for practicing his craft openly. Dresden primarily uses his magic to make a living finding lost items and people, performing exorcisms, and providing protection against the supernatural.


title: Magician (fantasy)

text: In the series "Sorcerous Stabber Orphen" human forms of life should have only been capable of acquiring divine magic powers through individual spiritual development, whereas the race of human magicians with inborn magical ability ended in conflict with pureblood human society, because this race appeared as a result of an experiment of mixing humans with non-human sentient Heavenly Beings that acquired magic powers not through spiritual development, but through deep studying of laws of nature and by falsely causing the world’s laws to react to actions of the Heavenly Beings as to actions of Divinities. In the "Harry Potter series", the Wizarding World hides themselves from the rest of the non-magic world, because, as described by Hagrid simply, "Why? Blimey, Harry, everyone’d be wantin’ magic solutions to their problems. Nah, we’re best left alone.”


title: Centroid

text: In mathematics and physics, the centroid, also known as geometric center or center of figure, of a plane figure or solid figure is the arithmetic mean position of all the points in the surface of the figure. The same definition extends to any object in "n"-dimensional Euclidean space.


title: Centroid

text: In geometry, one often assumes uniform mass density, in which case the "barycenter" or "center of mass" coincides with the centroid. Informally, it can be understood as the point at which a cutout of the shape (with uniformly distributed mass) could be perfectly balanced on the tip of a pin.


title: Centroid

text: In physics, if variations in gravity are considered, then a "center of gravity" can be defined as the weighted mean of all points weighted by their specific weight.


title: Centroid

text: In geography, the centroid of a radial projection of a region of the Earth's surface to sea level is the region's geographical center.


title: Centroid

text: The term "centroid" is of recent coinage (1814). It is used as a substitute for the older terms "center of gravity" and "center of mass" when the purely geometrical aspects of that point are to be emphasized. The term is peculiar to the English language; the French, for instance, use "" on most occasions, and others use terms of similar meaning.


title: Centroid

text: The center of gravity, as the name indicates, is a notion that arose in mechanics, most likely in connection with building activities. It is uncertain when the idea first appeared, as the concept likely occurred to many people individually with minor differences. Nonetheless, the center of gravity of figures was studied extensively in Antiquity; Bossut credits Archimedes (287–212 BCE) with being the first to find the centroid of plane figures, although he never defines it. A treatment of centroids of solids by Archimedes have been lost.


title: Centroid

text: It is unlikely that Archimedes learned the theorem that the medians of a triangle meet in a point—the center of gravity of the triangle—directly from Euclid, as this proposition is not in the "Elements". The first explicit statement of this proposition is due to Heron of Alexandria (perhaps the first century CE) and occurs in his "Mechanics". It may be added, in passing, that the proposition did not become common in the textbooks on plane geometry until the nineteenth century.


title: Centroid

text: The geometric centroid of a convex object always lies in the object. A non-convex object might have a centroid that is outside the figure itself. The centroid of a ring or a bowl, for example, lies in the object's central void.


title: Centroid

text: If the centroid is defined, it is a fixed point of all isometries in its symmetry group. In particular, the geometric centroid of an object lies in the intersection of all its hyperplanes of symmetry. The centroid of many figures (regular polygon, regular polyhedron, cylinder, rectangle, rhombus, circle, sphere, ellipse, ellipsoid, superellipse, superellipsoid, etc.) can be determined by this principle alone.


title: Centroid

text: In particular, the centroid of a parallelogram is the meeting point of its two diagonals. This is not true of other quadrilaterals.


title: Centroid

text: For the same reason, the centroid of an object with translational symmetry is undefined (or lies outside the enclosing space), because a translation has no fixed point.


title: Centroid

text: The centroid of a triangle is the intersection of the three medians of the triangle (each median connecting a vertex with the midpoint of the opposite side).


title: Centroid

text: The centroid of a uniformly dense planar lamina, such as in figure (a) below, may be determined experimentally by using a plumbline and a pin to find the collocated center of mass of a thin body of uniform density having the same shape. The body is held by the pin, inserted at a point, off the presumed centroid in such a way that it can freely rotate around the pin; the plumb line is then dropped from the pin (figure b). The position of the plumbline is traced on the surface, and the procedure is repeated with the pin inserted at any different point (or a number of points) off the centroid of the object. The unique intersection point of these lines will be the centroid (figure c). Provided that the body is of uniform density, all lines made this way will include the centroid, and all lines will cross at exactly the same place.


title: Centroid

text: This method can be extended (in theory) to concave shapes where the centroid may lie outside the shape, and virtually to solids (again, of uniform density), where the centroid may lie within the body. The (virtual) positions of the plumb lines need to be recorded by means other than by drawing them along the shape.


title: Centroid

text: For convex two-dimensional shapes, the centroid can be found by balancing the shape on a smaller shape, such as the top of a narrow cylinder. The centroid occurs somewhere within the range of contact between the two shapes (and exactly at the point where the shape would balance on a pin). In principle, progressively narrower cylinders can be used to find the centroid to arbitrary precision. In practice air currents make this infeasible. However, by marking the overlap range from multiple balances, one can achieve a considerable level of accuracy.


title: Centroid

text: This point minimizes the sum of squared Euclidean distances between itself and each point in the set.


title: Centroid

text: The centroid of a plane figure formula_5 can be computed by dividing it into a finite number of simpler figures formula_6, computing the centroid formula_7 and area formula_8 of each part, and then computing


title: Centroid

text: Holes in the figure formula_5, overlaps between the parts, or parts that extend outside the figure can all be handled using negative areas formula_8. Namely, the measures formula_8 should be taken with positive and negative signs in such a way that the sum of the signs of formula_8 for all parts that enclose a given point formula_14 is 1 if formula_14 belongs to formula_5, and 0 otherwise.


title: Centroid

text: For example, the figure below (a) is easily divided into a square and a triangle, both with positive area; and a circular hole, with negative area (b).


title: Centroid

text: The centroid of each part can be found in any list of centroids of simple shapes (c). Then the centroid of the figure is the weighted average of the three points. The horizontal position of the centroid, from the left edge of the figure is


title: Centroid

text: The same formula holds for any three-dimensional objects, except that each formula_8 should be the volume of formula_19, rather than its area. It also holds for any subset of formula_20, for any dimension formula_21, with the areas replaced by the formula_21-dimensional measures of the parts.


title: Centroid

text: where the integrals are taken over the whole space formula_3, and "g" is the characteristic function of the subset, which is 1 inside "X" and 0 outside it. Note that the denominator is simply the measure of the set "X". This formula cannot be applied if the set "X" has zero measure, or if either integral diverges.


title: Centroid

text: where "C" is the "k"th coordinate of "C", and "S"("z") is the measure of the intersection of "X" with the hyperplane defined by the equation "x" = "z". Again, the denominator is simply the measure of "X".


title: Centroid

text: where "A" is the area of the figure "X"; "S"("x") is the length of the intersection of "X" with the vertical line at abscissa "x"; and "S"("y") is the analogous quantity for the swapped axes.


title: Centroid

text: The centroid formula_29 of a region bounded by the graphs of the continuous functions formula_30 and formula_31 such that formula_32 on the interval formula_33, formula_34, is given by


title: Centroid

text: An integraph (a relative of the planimeter) can be used to find the centroid of an object of irregular shape with smooth (or piecewise smooth) boundary. The mathematical principle involved is a special case of Green's theorem.


title: Centroid

text: The centroid of a triangle is the point of intersection of its medians (the lines joining each vertex with the midpoint of the opposite side). The centroid divides each of the medians in the ratio 2:1, which is to say it is located ⅓ of the distance from each side to the opposite vertex (see figures at right). Its Cartesian coordinates are the means of the coordinates of the three vertices. That is, if the three vertices are formula_39 formula_40 and formula_41 then the centroid (denoted "C" here but most commonly denoted "G" in triangle geometry) is


title: Centroid

text: In trilinear coordinates the centroid can be expressed in any of these equivalent ways in terms of the side lengths "a, b, c" and vertex angles "L, M, N":


title: Centroid

text: The centroid is also the physical center of mass if the triangle is made from a uniform sheet of material; or if all the mass is concentrated at the three vertices, and evenly divided among them. On the other hand, if the mass is distributed along the triangle's perimeter, with uniform linear density, then the center of mass lies at the Spieker center (the incenter of the medial triangle), which does not (in general) coincide with the geometric centroid of the full triangle.


title: Centroid

text: The area of the triangle is 1.5 times the length of any side times the perpendicular distance from the side to the centroid.


title: Centroid

text: A triangle's centroid lies on its Euler line between its orthocenter "H" and its circumcenter "O", exactly twice as close to the latter as to the former:


title: Centroid

text: Any of the three medians through the centroid divides the triangle's area in half. This is not true for other lines through the centroid; the greatest departure from the equal-area division occurs when a line through the centroid is parallel to a side of the triangle, creating a smaller triangle and a trapezoid; in this case the trapezoid's area is 5/9 that of the original triangle.


title: Centroid

text: Let "P" be any point in the plane of a triangle with vertices "A, B," and "C" and centroid "G". Then the sum of the squared distances of "P" from the three vertices exceeds the sum of the squared distances of the centroid "G" from the vertices by three times the squared distance between "P" and "G":


title: Centroid

text: The sum of the squares of the triangle's sides equals three times the sum of the squared distances of the centroid from the vertices:


title: Centroid

text: A triangle's centroid is the point that maximizes the product of the directed distances of a point from the triangle's sidelines.


title: Centroid

text: Let "ABC" be a triangle, let "G" be its centroid, and let "D", "E", and "F" be the midpoints of "BC", "CA", and "AB", respectively. For any point "P" in the plane of "ABC" then


title: Centroid

text: The centroid of a non-self-intersecting closed polygon defined by "n" vertices ("x","y"), ("x","y"), ..., ("x","y") is the point ("C", "C"), where


title: Centroid

text: In these formulae, the vertices are assumed to be numbered in order of their occurrence along the polygon's perimeter; furthermore, the vertex ( "x", "y" ) is assumed to be the same as ("x", "y"), meaning on the last case must loop around to . (If the points are numbered in clockwise order, the area "A", computed as above, will be negative; however, the centroid coordinates will be correct even in this case.)


title: Centroid

text: The centroid of a cone or pyramid is located on the line segment that connects the apex to the centroid of the base. For a solid cone or pyramid, the centroid is 1/4 the distance from the base to the apex. For a cone or pyramid that is just a shell (hollow) with no base, the centroid is 1/3 the distance from the base plane to the apex.


title: Centroid

text: A tetrahedron is an object in three-dimensional space having four triangles as its faces. A line segment joining a vertex of a tetrahedron with the centroid of the opposite face is called a "median", and a line segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian". Hence there are four medians and three bimedians. These seven line segments all meet at the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. The medians are divided by the centroid in the ratio 3:1. The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter (center of the circumscribed sphere). These three points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.


title: Centroid

text: These results generalize to any "n"-dimensional simplex in the following way. If the set of vertices of a simplex is formula_54, then considering the vertices as vectors, the centroid is


title: Centroid

text: The geometric centroid coincides with the center of mass if the mass is uniformly distributed over the whole simplex, or concentrated at the vertices as "n+1" equal masses.


title: Centroid

text: The centroid of a solid hemisphere (i.e. half of a solid ball) divides the line segment connecting the sphere's center to the hemisphere's pole in the ratio 3:5 (i.e. it lies 3/8 of the way from the center to the pole).


title: Centroid

text: The centroid of a hollow hemisphere (i.e. half of a hollow sphere) divides the line segment connecting the sphere's center to the hemisphere's pole in half.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: Memoirs of a Geisha is a historical fiction novel by American author Arthur Golden, published in 1997. The novel, told in first person perspective, tells the story of Nitta Sayuri and the many trials she faces on the path to becoming and working as a geisha in Kyoto, Japan, before, during and after World War II.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: In 2005, a film adaptation was released, directed by Rob Marshall and starring Zhang Ziyi in the lead role.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: In 1929, nine year-old Sakamoto Chiyo and her sister are sold by their father to work within the entertainment districts of Kyoto. They are taken from their home in a coastal fishing village known as Yoroido and travel to Kyoto by train. Chiyo is taken to the Nitta (geisha boarding house) in Gion, but her sister is taken to a brothel within Kyoto's pleasure district.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: Chiyo is introduced to Auntie, Mother, and Granny. Both Auntie and Mother are strict, though Auntie is kinder to Chiyo, whereas Mother is driven by money and business. Chiyo is also introduced to Hatsumomo, the premier geisha of the , its primary earner, and one of the most famous geisha of Gion. Hatsumomo dislikes Chiyo and goes out of her way to torment her.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: A few years later, Chiyo is given money and a handkerchief in the street by a kind stranger known to Chiyo as the Chairman. Soon afterwards, Pumpkin prepares to make her debut as a and the "younger sister" of Hatsumomo, whilst Chiyo remains a maid. Mameha, another famous geisha in Gion, persuades a reluctant Mother to reinvest in Chiyo's training, with Mameha acting as Chiyo's mentor and "older sister".


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: Chiyo becomes an apprentice geisha with the given name of Sayuri, and is reacquainted with Chairman Iwamura, his closest friend and business partner Nobu, and a number of other prominent men. As Sayuri gains popularity, Hatsumomo tries to hurt Sayuri's reputation and career in the hopes of Mother adopting Pumpkin instead.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: Mameha orchestrates a bidding war for Sayuri's and uses the record-breaking payment for Sayuri's to cover all of her debts. Mother adopts Sayuri, and Hatsumomo begins a downward spiral into alcoholism before being thrown out of the .


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: In 1944, geisha districts are ordered to close, and Sayuri desperately asks Nobu for help to avoid being conscripted into factory work. He sends Sayuri far north to live with his old friend, Arashino, where she stays for much of the war.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: At the end of the war, Nobu visits Sayuri, asking that she return to Gion. Sayuri finds Pumpkin working in a new ; despite hoping to rekindle their friendship, Pumpkin later sabotages Sayuri's plan to scare Nobu off from proposing to be her , as revenge for taking her place in the adoption so many years ago.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: A few days after her plan fails, Sayuri is summoned to meet the Chairman at a teahouse. She confesses that she has worked for years to become close to the Chairman. The Chairman admits that he has always known she was the girl he met on the street, and confesses his feelings for her as well, but felt he owed Nobu – his oldest and closest friend – the chance to be with Sayuri out of kindness. He also admits to having asked Mameha to train Sayuri.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: Sayuri peacefully retires from geisha work when the Chairman becomes her . Sayuri relocates to New York City and opens her own small tea house for entertaining Japanese men on business in the United States. The Chairman remains her until his death.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: Much of the novel is set in the popular geisha district of Gion in Kyoto, and contains references to actual places frequented by geisha and their patrons, such as the Ichiriki Ochaya. Part of the story is also set in the Amami Islands, and Sayuri narrates the story from her suite in the Waldorf towers in New York City.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: After the Japanese edition of the novel was published, Arthur Golden was sued for breach of contract and defamation of character by Mineko Iwasaki, a retired geisha he had interviewed for background information while writing the novel. The plaintiff asserted that Golden had agreed to protect her anonymity if she told him about her life as a geisha, due to the traditional code of silence about their clients. However, Golden listed Iwasaki as a source in his acknowledgments for the novel, causing her to face a serious backlash, to the point of death threats. In his defense, Arthur Golden countered that he had tapes of his conversations with Iwasaki. Eventually, in 2003, Golden's publisher settled with Iwasaki out of court for an undisclosed sum of money.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: Iwasaki later went on to write an autobiography, which shows a very different picture of 20th century geisha life than the one shown in Golden's novel. The book was published as "Geisha, A Life" in the US and "Geisha of Gion" in the UK.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: In 2005, film director Rob Marshall made a film version of the novel. It stars 2 Chinese actresses Zhang Ziyi as Sayuri and Gong Li as Hatsumomo; Malaysian actress Michelle Yeoh as Mameha; and 3 Japanese actors Ken Watanabe as the Chairman, Suzuka Ohgo as Sayuri's childhood incarnation Chiyo, and Youki Kudoh as the adult Pumpkin.


title: Memoirs of a Geisha

text: Filming was primarily done in California, and in some locations in Kyoto, including Kiyomizu-dera and Fushimi Inari-taisha. It was nominated for and won numerous awards, including nominations for six Academy Awards, three of which—Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design—it won.