title: Springfield Three

text: Sherrill Levitt's son and Suzanne Streeter's brother Bartt Streeter has previously maintained a blog on the case titled Streeter Family . Mr. Streeter turned the blog over to his daughter, Dee Streeter, in 2013.


title: Kagney Linn Karter

text: Karter was born in Harris County, Texas and raised in Saint Joseph, Missouri and Ridgway, Pennsylvania.


title: Kagney Linn Karter

text: Karter began erotic dancing while in Missouri and was named the state's Déjà Vu Showgirl of the Year in 2007. She later moved to California to pursue an acting and singing career. Karter fell out with her manager when he discovered she had been working as an exotic dancer. While continuing to dance in California, she eventually moved into modeling and, after signing with the agency LA Direct Models, posed for shoots with erotic photographer Holly Randall.


title: Kagney Linn Karter

text: Karter entered the adult film industry in September 2008. Her first scene was with Johnny Sins for Naughty America. In 2009, she was chosen as the "Penthouse" Pet of the Month for June, and appeared on the covers of "Hustler" in April and "Adult Video News" in June.


title: Kagney Linn Karter

text: She also was featured on the cover of Holly Randall's photo book "Erotic Dream Girls", which was published in October 2009. In January 2010, she signed an exclusive performing contract with the production company Zero Tolerance Entertainment.


title: Kagney Linn Karter

text: In 2012, Karter took part in Louis Theroux's "Twilight of the Porn Stars", a BBC documentary about the porn industry, its struggle to compete with free internet alternatives, and the lives of famous porn stars.


title: Jamie Spears

text: James Parnell Spears (born c. 1953) is the father of American singers/actresses Britney and Jamie Lynn Spears and producer Bryan Spears.


title: Jamie Spears

text: James Parnell Spears was born in Kentwood, Louisiana, to June Austin Spears (1930–2012), and Emma Jean Spears (née Forbes; 1934–1966). When Spears was 13, his mother committed suicide on the grave of her infant son following a miscarriage. Spears also survived a car accident that killed a football teammate aged 17.


title: Jamie Spears

text: Spears's first wife was Debbie Sanders Cross, who remains his friend. In July 1976, he married his second wife, Lynne Irene Bridges. She filed for divorce in 1980, requesting a temporary restraining order, fearing that he would "become angry when he is served with these papers" and harass or harm her, "especially if he has been drinking alcoholic beverages, as he has done in the past." However, they reconciled and had Britney the following year. They divorced in May 2002 and reconciled without remarrying around 2010. They were seen still united in 2014, but were evidently completely separated by 2020. They have three children: son Bryan Spears (born 1977) and daughters Britney Spears (born 1981) and Jamie Lynn Spears (born 1991). They also have five grandchildren: grandsons Sean Preston Federline (born 2005) and Jayden James Federline (born 2006) from Britney, granddaughters Maddie Briann Aldridge (born 2008) and Ivey Joan Watson (born 2018) from Jamie Lynn, and Sophia Alexandra Spears (born 2011) from Bryan.


title: Jamie Spears

text: Spears struggled with alcohol later in life and eventually went to rehab in 2004. He later suffered a near-fatal colon rupture in 2019.


title: Jamie Spears

text: Spears came to prominence as a public figure in 2019 with the rise of a movement to terminate his daughter's conservatorship, dubbed #FreeBritney. This movement has garnered support from a number of celebrities, including Cher, Paris Hilton, and Miley Cyrus, as well as the nonprofit organization American Civil Liberties Union. On April 22, 2019, fans protested outside the West Hollywood City Hall to demand Britney's release from the psychiatric facility where she had been staying since Spears's illness in January.


title: Jamie Spears

text: During a May 2019 hearing, Judge Brenda Penny ordered "an expert evaluation" of the conservatorship. In September 2019, Britney's ex-husband Kevin Federline obtained a restraining order against him following an alleged physical altercation between Spears and one of Britney's sons. Britney's longtime care manager, Jodi Montgomery, temporarily replaced Spears as her conservator of the person on September 10, 2019. In the same month, a hearing resulted in "no decisions made" about the conservatorship arrangement.


title: Jamie Spears

text: In August 2020, Spears called the #FreeBritney movement "a joke" and its organizers "conspiracy theorists". On August 17, 2020, Britney's court-appointed lawyer submitted a court filing that documented her desire to have her conservatorship altered to reflect "her current lifestyle and her stated wishes", to instate Montgomery as her permanent conservator, and to replace Spears with "a qualified corporate fiduciary" as conservator of her estate. Four days later, Judge Penny extended the established arrangement until February 2021. In November 2020, Judge Penny approved Bessemer Trust as co-conservator with Spears of his daughter's estate. A documentary focusing over his daughter's career and Spears's conservatorship over her, "Framing Britney Spears", premiered on FX in February 2021.


title: Jamie Spears

text: On June 23, 2021, Britney gave testimony regarding her father, stating that he sent her to a rehab and mental facility against her will in January 2019. She also stated that she is afraid of him and that he has committed "conservatorship abuse". Britney said he should not be able to walk away and that he should go to jail for his actions.


title: Jamie Spears

text: On September 7, 2021, Spears filed a petition to end the conservatorship over his daughter. Judge Brenda Penny suspended Spears as conservator on September 29, 2021.


title: Jamie Spears

text: On November 12, 2021, the conservatorship was terminated by Judge Penny following Britney's public testimony in which she accused her management team and family of abuse.


title: Mithril

text: Mithril is a fictional metal found in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth writings. It appears in many derivative fantasy works by later authors. It is described as resembling silver, but being stronger and lighter than steel. Tolkien first wrote of it in "The Lord of the Rings", and it was retrospectively mentioned in the third, revised edition of "The Hobbit" in 1966. In the first 1937 edition, the mail shirt given to Bilbo Baggins is described as being made of "silvered steel".


title: Mithril

text: The name "mithril" comes from two words in Tolkien's Sindarin language—"mith", meaning "grey", and "ril", meaning "glitter".


title: Mithril

text: In "The Hobbit", Thorin Oakenshield described some Dwarven treasures as "coats of mail gilded and silvered and impenetrable" and "a coat of dwarf-linked rings the like of which had never been made before, for it was wrought of pure silver to the power and strength of triple steel." A little later the narrator describes "a small coat of mail, wrought for some young elf-prince long ago. It was of silver-steel which the elves call mithril".


title: Mithril

text: In "The Fellowship of the Ring", the wizard Gandalf explained mithril to the rest of the Fellowship in Moria:


title: Mithril

text: The Noldor of Eregion, the Elvish land to the west of Moria, made an alloy from it called "ithildin" ("star moon"), used to decorate gateways, portals and pathways. It was visible only by starlight or moonlight. The West Gate of Moria bore inlaid "ithildin" designs and runes. It is implied at one point that the "moon-letters" featured in "The Hobbit" were also composed of "ithildin".


title: Mithril

text: In Tolkien's Middle-earth, mithril is extremely rare by the end of the Third Age, as it was now found only in Khazad-dûm. Once the Balrog destroyed Khazad-dûm, the kingdom of the Dwarves in Moria, the only source of new mithril ore was cut off. Before Moria was abandoned by the Dwarves, while it was still being actively mined, mithril was worth ten times its weight in gold. After the Dwarves abandoned Moria and production of new mithril stopped entirely, it became priceless.


title: Mithril

text: The Tolkien critic Paul Kocher interprets the Dwarves' intense secrecy around mithril and their devotion to artistry in metal and stone as "a sublimation of their sexual frustration", given that they have very few dwarf-women and love beauty with a "jealous possessiveness", or (quoting Tolkien) "being engrossed in their crafts".


title: Mithril

text: The mining executive Danièle Barberis notes that Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa, in a busy mining region. She writes that it is "impossible ... not to make parallels" between Tolkien's descriptions of the deep mines of Moria and the exceptional depth of South African mines, some as much as deep.


title: Mithril

text: The most notable item made of mithril in the works of Tolkien is the "small shirt of mail" that Thorin Oakenshield gave to Bilbo Baggins after it had been retrieved from the hoard of Smaug the dragon. Gandalf stated that the value of this mithril-coat was "greater than the value of the whole Shire and everything in it".


title: Mithril

text: Bilbo wore the mithril shirt during the Battle of the Five Armies. He donated it to the Mathom-house, a museum in Michel Delving. However he later reclaimed it, and took it with him when he left the Shire for his journey to Rivendell. There, some years later, he gave the shirt to Frodo Baggins when the younger hobbit embarked on his quest in "The Lord of the Rings". Frodo wore the mail underneath his tunic and other shirt unbeknownst to the rest of the fellowship. The mail saved Frodo's life when he was struck by an orc chieftain's spear thrust during the battle in the Chamber of Mazarbul, and again when orc-arrows struck him while escaping Moria and while crossing the River Anduin.


title: Mithril

text: When Sam Gamgee believed Frodo to be dead outside Shelob's Lair, he left the shirt with Frodo. Frodo was taken by the orcs, who fought over the shirt. Frodo was saved, but one of the orcs escaped with the shirt. In both Tolkien's and versions, the shirt was, along with Frodo's other possessions, shown to Frodo's allies at the Battle of the Morannon to imply falsely that he was imprisoned in Barad-dûr. Gandalf took the shirt and other tokens, but refused any offer of parley.


title: Mithril

text: At the end of the story, Frodo wore the shirt at the celebrations and on the trip home. The shirt saved his life one last time when Saruman, who had taken over the Shire, tried to stab Frodo after Frodo spared his life.


title: Mithril

text: Searching through the closets of Orthanc, King Aragorn and his aides found the long-lost first "Elendilmir", a white star of Elvish crystal affixed to a fillet of mithril. Once owned by Elendil, the first King of Arnor, it was an emblem of royalty there. After Elendil fell in the War of the Last Alliance, his eldest son Isildur ascended to the throne. On his journey back to the northern capital of Arnor, his retinue was ambushed by orcs. Isildur tried to escape by jumping into the river Anduin, but was killed by arrows. Saruman may have found his body there, and taken the Elendilmir from it. A replica was made and used by Isildur's successors up to the re-establishment of the kingdom (reunited with Gondor) by Aragorn. He thus used both.


title: Mithril

text: The guards of the citadel of Minas Tirith wore helmets of mithril, "heirlooms from the glory of old days". As a result, the citadel guards were the only soldiers in Gondor who still bore the emblems of the lost kings during the days of the stewards.


title: Mithril

text: As Aragorn's ships sailed up the Anduin to relieve the besieged Minas Tirith during the War of the Ring, the standard flying on his ship showed a crown made of mithril and gold.


title: Mithril

text: After Gimli became lord of Aglarond, he and his Dwarves forged great gates of mithril and steel to replace the gates of Minas Tirith, which had been broken by the Witch-king of Angmar.


title: Mithril

text: Greatest of all, according to legend, was the ship of Eärendil, Vingilótë, which he sailed into the sky, making the gleam of "truesilver" visible to the world as the Evening and Morning Star. The "Song of Eärendil", written by Bilbo and Aragorn, contains the lines "A ship then new they built for him / of mithril and of elven-glass".


title: Mithril

text: The scholar of English literature Charles A. Huttar writes that "mithril" was the only mineral that Tolkien invented. He notes that in Tolkien's underworld, whether the caves at Helm's Deep or the mines of Moria, "beauty and terror [were] side by side". Greed for "mithril" could unleash the terror of the Balrog, by digging too far down into the dark realm, but at the same time, he writes, the metal was prized for both its beauty and its usefulness, yielding the best armour. He compares the Dwarves' greed for "mithril" with that of the Barrow-wights for treasure, and indeed that of the dragons in "The Hobbit" and "Beowulf" for gold. In his view, these symbolise the evil "inherent in the mineral treasures hidden in the womb of Earth", just as mining and metalwork are associated with Satan in John Milton's "Paradise Lost" (I, 670-751). Huttar sums up with a reflection on Tolkien's moral vision in the story: just as the characters at every point have to decide for good or ill, so objects have the potential to be both good and evil: "Mithril is both the greatest of treasures and a deadly bane."


title: Mithril

text: The name "mithril" (also spelt "mith", "mithral", or "mythril") is used in fictional contexts influenced by Tolkien. Mithral is mentioned in R. A. Salvatore's "Forgotten Realms" books on the world of Dark Elves, Dwarves, and other Underdark worlds. Mithril is a medium-tier metal in the online MMORPG "RuneScape" and its old school variant, as well as "World of Warcraft". Mithril armour is featured in the video game series "The Elder Scrolls IV Oblivion". A pastiche of the metal called "milrith" appears in the fantasy-parodying video game "Simon the Sorcerer" (1993), where a woodcutter is troubled by magically enchanted trees in his vicinity and needs an axehead of this supposedly hardest of all metals to practise his profession again.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Elpidia Carrillo (born August 16, 1961) is a Mexican actress and director. Her career includes roles in both Latin American and US film and television. She is best known in the United States for her supporting role in the iconic action film "Predator", "Bread and Roses," and "Nine Lives".


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: She was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead for her performance in "Salvador". She is known for the role Tecuichpo in the independent film "The Other Conquest".


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Carrillo was born in Santa Elena, Michoacán, Mexico, a rural mountain town. One of eight children in a family of farm laborers, her childhood was marked by violence and poverty. At the age of three, her father was murdered, forcing her eldest brother to assume control of the family. Wanting Carrillo to get an education, he forged a birth certificate so she could begin first grade at age four.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: When she was six, her brother was also gunned down outside a theater and the family faced constant threats to their lives. When she was ten, Carrillo moved to the town of Uruapan with an older sister where she dropped out of school as she began working alongside her sister at a Chinese restaurant.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Carrillo was discovered by a local photographer in Uruapan, Mexico and soon received a modeling contract. At 12 years old, director Rafael Corkidi cast Elpidia as Malinche in the surrealist Mexican feature film "Pafnucio Santo". The film was Mexico's official submission to the Academy Awards that year, but with its many esoteric elements, it failed to garner a nomination. Due to the role involving nudity and her being under age, Carrillo was credited under the fake name Piya. Corkidi cast Carrillo again for a larger role in his film "Deseos".


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: By the age of 16, she had shot her first lead role in the controversial Mexican feature "Nuevo Mundo", directed by Gabriel Retes. Having worked numerous films, she decided to enroll in the Bellas Arts School in Mexico City.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: After numerous Mexican and International film and television credits, Carrillo's US film career quickly emerged as she did a series of critically acclaimed roles in award nominated US projects. Her first US film came when Academy Award winning director Tony Richardson cast her in a co-starring role in the film "The Border" opposite Jack Nicholson and Harvey Keitel. That was soon followed by a co-starring role in the British drama "Beyond the Limit" opposite Richard Gere, Michael Caine, and Bob Hoskins, with the latter two British actors receiving BAFTA Nominations for their performances.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: For her third US film, Carrillo performed a small supporting role in another successful Academy Award nominated art film "Under Fire" for which Gene Hackman's performance received a Golden Globe nomination.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Next she made her US television debut in the role of Coana in the Primetime Emmy nominated mini-series "Christopher Columbus".


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Her first award nomination came when Oliver Stone cast her as the female lead of Maria in "Salvador" which earned Carrillo an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Female Lead, earned her co-star James Woods an Academy Award Nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role, and earned Oliver Stone an Academy Award nomination with co-writer Rick Boyle for Best Original Screenplay, which they would both lose to Stone's other nominated screenplay that year, "Platoon."


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: With awards and critical recognition all by the age of 25, Carrillo then accepted what would be one of the most recognizable and commercially successful roles of her career as only actress appearing in the 1987 action film "Predator" opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger, Carl Weathers, Shane Black, and Jesse Ventura. "Predator" is widely considered the most commercially successful film of Carrillo's career and her most recognizable role. Though initially weakly received by critics, the film has subsequently gone on to become an action film classic making numerous "best of" lists in later years. At the time of its release, the film received an Oscar nomination for Best Visual Effects.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Following the commercial success of "Predator," and performances in television guest starring roles on commercially successful shows like "Miami Vice" and "21 Jump Street", Carrillo increasingly focused her career once again on US critical appealing roles in film and television, as well as returning to Mexican independent cinema with roles in a number of international award winning films including Guldbagge Award winning "La Hija del Puma," "Una Cita con el Destino," Ariel Award winning "City of the Blind", and the Guillermo del Toro produced "Un Embrujo", a winner of 9 Ariel Awards.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Carrillo appeared in Gregory Nava's Mexican-American film "My Family" playing Isabel Magaña, the El Salvadorean refugee wife of Jimmy Smits, who won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead for the role. The film also won the Casting Society of America's Artios Award for Best Casting for a Drama Feature.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Johnny Depp cast her as the female lead of his only directorial effort, the controversial "The Brave", which he also starred in along with Marlon Brando. Despite the highly acclaimed cast and Palme d'Or nomination at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival, the dark subject and mixed reception resulted in the film only receiving an international theatrical release.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Despite the critical recognition and various nominations throughout her career, Carrillo's first US acting award win was for her performance as Rosa in the drama "Bread and Roses," which was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. Carrillo would go on to win the 2002 ALMA Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, but in an improbable twist, she tied with Elizabeth Peña for the award. During the telecast, both women came to the podium together and shared time in giving their acceptance speeches.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Carrillo would win the same award four years later, this time as sole recipient of the 2006 ALMA Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture for her performance as Sandra in "Nine Lives" written and directed by Rodrigo García. This was soon followed by a co-starring role in the commercially successful film "Seven Pounds" which starred Will Smith and went on to earn $165M at the box office.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Rodrigo García would then once again cast Carrillo, this time to co-star in the ensemble drama "Mother and Child", this time sharing the screen and not the podium with Elizabeth Peña as well as Annette Bening, with whom she shares the majority of her scenes. The ensemble film also featured her former "My Family" co-star Jimmy Smits and actors Naomi Watts, Kerry Washington, and Samuel L. Jackson. The film premiered at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival and Sundance Film Festival.


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: Carrillo returned to star in the Mexican family comedy "Familia Gang" and the independent features "Relentless" and "Foreign Land".


title: Elpidia Carrillo

text: She made her return to television with a major recurring arc as Linda Brenner on the highly decorated ABC series "Nashville" and a guest starring role as President Daphne Tejeda on "Madam Secretary".


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: Yoon Kye-sang (; born December 20, 1978) is a South Korean actor and singer. He began his career in 1999 as part of the K-pop boy band g.o.d, then left the group in 2004 and pursued an acting career. He made his acting debut in the film "Flying Boys" (2004), for which he won Best New Actor at the Baeksang Arts Awards. Yoon became active in both television and film, with leading roles in romantic comedies such as "My 19 Year Old Sister-in-Law" (2004) and "Who Are You?" (2008) and the melodrama "Crazy for You" (2007), as well as more serious fare in "The Moonlight of Seoul" (2008) and "The Executioner" (2009). After a supporting turn in the hit series "The Greatest Love" (2011), he returned to the big screen in the well-received indie "Poongsan" (2011).


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In 1997 Yoon answered an advertisement for Park Joon-hyung's project music group and had auditioned with aspirations of becoming a rock star. Along with Danny Ahn, Son Ho-young, Kim Sun-a and producer and singer-songwriter Park Jin-young, the group was initially called "GOT6". Kim Sun-a left to pursue acting and was replaced by Kim Tae-woo. The group became a five-member boy band called g.o.d, short for "Groove Over Dose", and debuted in January 1999. Despite the lukewarm response to their debut performance, the group would go on to establish themselves as one of the most popular boy bands of the early 2000s. However, Yoon left the band in 2004 and went into acting, making his film debut in "Flying Boys", directed by Byun Young-joo. He made his television debut that same year in "My 19 Year Old Sister-in-Law" with Jung Da-bin.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: The group would release their seventh and final album before going on indefinite hiatus in December 2005 and some of the group's fans called Yoon a "traitor" and blamed him for "breaking up the group". Various media outlets speculated that there was a rift amongst the members and that he had turned his back on them in favor of acting, rumors that Yoon and the other four members chose not to publicly confirm or deny. He has since clarified in his 2012 cooking show "Yoon Kye-sang's One Table" that he left the group with the intention of leaving the entertainment industry altogether as he had begun to detest the spotlight, but stumbled upon an opportunity to try acting and enjoyed it.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: Having just departed from g.o.d, Yoon was at the height of his popularity, but had to interrupt his nascent acting career due to mandatory military service. He enlisted in the Republic of Korea Army on December 7, 2004, and was assigned to the 102nd Reserves at Chuncheon, Gangwon Province, on the Korean Demilitarized Zone. After completing basic training and serving there for some time, Yoon was reassigned in 2006 to duties as an "entertainment soldier" in the newly formed group Korean Forces Network, which provides television and radio broadcasts to soldiers, and also allows celebrities to maintain a public profile while completing their military service. He was discharged from the army on December 6, 2006. In an interview that day, he said that he had not slept the night before and was very tired, but looked forward to seeing his fans; he further stated that he planned to resume his career in 2007.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: As late as June 2011, his military service still earned him public attention, when a round-cheeked photo of him in uniform "went viral" among South Korean internet users. The photos received many amused comments for his then-fat cheeks, forming a sharp contrast with his more recent appearance.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In January 2007, Yoon returned to show business in the television drama "Crazy in Love" (also known as "Crazy for You"); he portrayed a gangster who falls in love with the widow (Lee Mi-yeon) of a man he'd accidentally killed. The following year, he and Kim Ha-neul were cast in "Lovers of Six Years", playing a couple in a six-year relationship. According to Kim, her initial perception of Yoon was that he was very shy, whereas Yoon perceived Kim as snobby, so it took them some time to break the ice and establish a good working relationship. Later that year, he took a dual role in the comedy television series "Who Are You?", playing a cold-hearted corporate raider who, in the aftermath of a traffic accident, becomes possessed by the spirit of a cheerful deliveryman for a few hours each day. At the same time he took a starring role opposite Ha Jung-woo in "Beastie Boys" (also known as "The Moonlight of Seoul"), portraying a worker in a host club; "The Korea Times" movie review praised him for his "gripping performance."


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In 2009, he left his agency SidusHQ and joined My Name Is Entertainment. After doing a lighter role in the slice-of-life drama "Triple", Yoon starred in the movie "The Executioner", which examined capital punishment in South Korea; it debuted at the 14th Busan International Film Festival. Yoon played the role of a junior prison guard who takes up his post after failing an examination, and unluckily finds himself assigned to carry out executions after the only other guard in the prison with such experience quits. Just before the movie came out, he made controversial remarks in an interview with "GQ Korea" stating that the South Korean movie industry was dominated by leftists. As controversy rose among internet users over his remarks, he quickly made an apology for what he described as his "ignorance." He also became part of the ensemble cast in "Come, Closer", a 2010 omnibus feature that follows the broken relationships of five couples.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: After his highly anticipated big-budget Korean War drama "Road No. 1", tanked in the ratings, Yoon said he wanted to play a character "who gets loved by the public" and took on a supporting role as a sweet, kind doctor in romantic comedy "The Greatest Love".


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: The drama's success and Yoon's popularity in it helped bring attention to his next project, the low-budget, gritty indie "Poongsan". Director Juhn Jai-hong fought to cast Yoon against type as the titular taciturn messenger, saying that he'd been impressed by the piercing gaze Yoon had shown in previous films. Calling it "a meaningful project," Yoon enjoyed the difficult acting challenge of telling the story only through his eyes, facial expressions and body movements. He was recognized with Best Actor nominations from the 2011 Grand Bell Awards and Blue Dragon Film Awards.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: After starring in the third season of popular sitcom "High Kick!", he was cast in the action thriller "The Suspect", but withdrew when co-star Choi Min-sik backed out. He also pulled out from "Acting Class" when the big-screen comedy encountered pre-production delays.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In May 2012, he transferred to a new agency, A List Entertainment. Then Yoon and close friend, actor Kwon Se-in (who uses the stage name Kwon Yul) filmed the reality/travelogue program "Real Mate" in Sydney for seven days and six nights. Kwon also appeared on "Yoon Kye-sang's One Table", a reality show on cable channel O'live that helped fulfill Yoon's dream of owning a restaurant. After honing his cooking skills and learning culinary secrets, Yoon prepared a feast for his former band members g.o.d on the show's season finale; it was also the first time in eight years all five members of g.o.d appeared on television together.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: Yoon then appeared in Kim Jee-woon's short film "One Perfect Day" in 2013. He also starred in a Chinese film titled "Hello My Love", which premiered online and garnered over 100 million hits.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In early 2014 it was announced that g.o.d's original five members would be reuniting to celebrate the band's 15th anniversary. It also marked Yoon's return to the music industry after a decade. They released their eighth album in July and afterwards embarked on a successful nationwide concert tour. Yoon wrote the lyrics for the song "Wind" (바람), which was released after the conclusion of their nationwide tour as a gesture of gratitude to fans.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In 2014, Yoon starred in the melodrama series "The Full Sun", in which he played a con man who enters a complicated romance with a jewelry heiress. This was followed by the romantic comedy film "Red Carpet", in the role of an adult film director who dreams of making his first commercial feature.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: "Minority Opinion" (also known as "The Unfair"), Yoon's film where he played a public defender whose client is accused of killing a riot policeman during a forced demolition, which had wrapped filming in 2013, finally received a theatrical release in 2015. He next starred in "Last", a cable series based on Kang Hyung-kyu's webtoon about a fund manager whose financial ruin leads to life among the homeless living underground at Seoul Station, followed by "Love Guide for Dumpees" (titled "A Dramatic Night" in Korean), a play-turned-movie about a man and woman who agree to be casual lovers but end up finding something more.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In 2016, Yoon was cast in the Korean remake of American television series "The Good Wife". Yoon then played a disabled man in the film "The Bacchus Lady", a bittersweet drama about an elderly prostitute helmed by E J-yong.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: Yoon played a villain role in crime noir "The Outlaws", which premiered in late 2017. He next starred in the thriller "Golden Slumber", playing a friend of the protagonist tasked to chase him down.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In 2019, Yoon starred in "", which depicts two men who travel the country to collect Korean words in secret in 1910. The same year, he was cast in the fantasy action film "Fluid Renegade".


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: Yoon is the youngest of two siblings in his family. He describes having been very embarrassed as a young boy when he ran errands for his mother and elder sister, such as buying tampons for them at the store.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In December 2000, Yoon, then a member of g.o.d, received a poisoned drink from a supposed fan. Yoon's mother drank the drink and had to have her stomach pumped.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: Yoon and three friends opened the first cereal café bar in Seoul called Midnight in Seoul which has since become a franchise. The initially small venture became popular on social media within South Korea due to its popularity with K-pop idol singers who frequented the place and posted pictures online. Entertainer and 2AM member Jo Kwon became president of the franchise while Yoon and his friends remain the owners and still run the original café. Midnight in Seoul officially closed in October 2018.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In an interview with "GQ Korea" in April 2021, Yoon revealed that he had suffered a brain aneurysm and underwent urgent endovascular coiling surgery the year before in 2020.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In February 2013, Yoon's agency confirmed his relationship with Lee Ha-nui, a South Korean actress, model, classical musician, gayageum player and a beauty pageant titleholder. On June 11, 2020, it was confirmed that both have broken up.


title: Yoon Kye-sang

text: In June 2021, Yoon's agency confirmed that he was in a relationship with a non-celebrity. In August 2021, Yoon's agency stated that Yoon is going to marry his non-celebrity girlfriend. By registering the marriage first because it is difficult to arrange a wedding because of the Covid-19 situation. On August 13, 2021, Yoon registered his marriage with his girlfriend.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Vernon Davis (born January 31, 1984) is a former American football tight end. He played college football at Maryland, and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers sixth overall in the 2006 NFL Draft. In 2009, Davis co-led the NFL in touchdown receptions and consequently earned his first of two career Pro Bowl selections.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In the 2011–12 NFL playoffs with the 49ers, Davis caught the game-winning touchdown pass from Alex Smith against the New Orleans Saints, referred to as "The Catch III". In 2015, he was traded to the Denver Broncos, where he won Super Bowl 50 with the team over the Carolina Panthers. Davis then signed with the Washington Redskins in 2016, where he played until his retirement following the 2019 season.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis attended Truesdell Elementary in Washington, D.C., and later attended Paul Public Charter School for middle school. However, Paul did not have a football team, and thus Davis played for neighboring MacFarland Middle School. He went on to attend Dunbar High School in Washington. He was a letterman in football, basketball, and track & field. Rated as a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Davis was listed as the fourth-best tight end prospect of the class of 2003. At Dunbar, he was teammates with future Cleveland Browns kick return specialist and wide receiver, Josh Cribbs.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In track & field, Davis recorded a personal best of 10.7 seconds in the 100 meters, and was the DCIAA champion in the high jump with a jump of . He was also a member of the 4 × 100 m (43.68s) relay squad.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis played tight end and safety, but he also played wide receiver, kick returner, linebacker, and defensive end for Dunbar High School. In his senior season, he caught 21 passes for 511 yards and five touchdowns, despite missing three games with a deep bone bruise below his knee. He also caught three two-point conversions and returned two kick offs and two punts for touchdowns. As a junior, he had 35 receptions for 385 yards.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis enrolled in the University of Maryland, where he majored in studio art and played for the Maryland Terrapins football team. In 2003, Davis saw the most consistent action of any true freshman, playing in all thirteen contests. He had five receptions for 87 yards (11.8 avg) and led the kickoff coverage unit with eight solo tackles.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In 2004, he played in every game, starting at H-back against Northern Illinois, Duke, Georgia Tech, Clemson, Virginia Tech, and Wake Forest. He finished second on the team with 27 catches for 441 yards and had 16.3 avg and three touchdowns.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In 2005, Davis was a Consensus All-American and All-Atlantic Coast Conference first-team selection. He was a finalist for the Mackey Award, given to the nation's top tight end. He started every game, leading the team with 51 receptions and the conference with 871 receiving yards (17.1 avg). His six touchdown catches rank tenth on the school's season-record list. His 51 receptions also rank tenth on Maryland's annual record chart while his 871 yards rank fifth. He was graded 82.5% for blocking consistency as he registered 67 knockdowns, including 18 blocks down field and had eight touchdown-resulting blocks.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis was heavily involved with working out in college. He set school strength records (in spring of 2005) for a tight end in the bench press (460 pounds), power-clean (380 pounds), index (824 pounds) and squat (685 pounds). He finished his college career with 1,371 yards on 83 receptions for 16.5 yards per catch, the best average of any first round tight end ever and more yards than other previous high first round tight ends such as Tony Gonzalez, Jeremy Shockey, Kyle Brady, and Kellen Winslow II.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis was selected sixth overall in the first round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. He joined Kellen Winslow Jr. as the fourth highest tight end ever drafted after Ron Kramer, (Green Bay, fourth overall in 1957) Mike Ditka (Chicago, fifth overall in 1961), and Riley Odoms (Denver, fifth overall in 1972). He was the top tight end prospect in the 2006 NFL Draft, partially due to a strong performance at the scouting combine. He ran the 40-yard dash in 4.38 seconds. Davis also broad-jumped 10'08", nearly a foot farther than the next-best tight end, Marcedes Lewis.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Vernon's first reception in the NFL was a 31-yard touchdown catch from quarterback Alex Smith, against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 1 on September 10, 2006. He added a career-long 52-yard touchdown against the Green Bay Packers on December 10 with a short catch followed by a long run. Davis played in ten games in the 2006 season due an injury he suffered on September 24, 2006. He sustained a hairline fracture to his left fibula, on a non-contact play against the Philadelphia Eagles, but returned on November 19 against the Seattle Seahawks. For his rookie season, Davis had 265 yards receiving on 20 catches, averaging 13.2 yards per reception. He had three receiving touchdowns.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In Week 3 of the 2007 season, Davis was injured while attempting to catch a pass from Smith against the Pittsburgh Steelers. Davis sprained his right knee and missed the next two games. Despite his injury and the 49ers' offensive ineptitude, Davis bettered most of the numbers from his rookie season. Even though his yards per reception diminished, he finished the 2007 season with 52 receptions for 509 yards and four touchdowns.


title: Vernon Davis

text: During October 2008, after catching a seven-yard pass in the third quarter against the Seahawks, Davis slapped Seahawks safety Brian Russell in the facemask, resulting in a 15-yard penalty, causing head coach Mike Singletary to bench him and then send him to the locker room for the game's remainder. After the game, Singletary then spoke his famous "I want winners" rant. This resulted in Davis changing his attitude from himself, to the team. The following game against the Cardinals, Davis leaped over a Cardinal defender and caught a pass from quarterback Shaun Hill resulting in a touchdown, his first of the season. He started all 16 regular season games, and finished the season with 31 receptions for 358 yards and two touchdowns.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Through Week 11 of the 2009 season, Davis led the NFL with nine touchdown receptions, tied with wide receivers Larry Fitzgerald and Randy Moss. In the final game of the season, he tied the all-time record for most touchdown receptions for a tight end in a single season with 13, sharing the record set by Antonio Gates of the San Diego Chargers in 2004; that record stood until 2011, when it was broken by Rob Gronkowski of the New England Patriots. He was selected to appear in his first Pro Bowl.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Before the 2010 season, he was awarded a five-year contract extension for $37 million with $23 million guaranteed. The deal made Davis the league's highest paid tight end. Against the Oakland Raiders in Week 6, he recorded his third straight game with a touchdown. Davis finished the season with 56 catches and 914 yards, resulting in 16.3 yards per catch. He was ranked 88th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis had 67 receptions for 792 yards with six touchdowns during the 2011 season, helping the 49ers win the NFC West division and make the postseason for the first time since 2002. In the playoffs in the against the New Orleans Saints, he had seven receptions for 180 yards, breaking Kellen Winslow's record (166) for most yards by a tight end in a playoff game. He scored two touchdowns, and on the game-winning drive, he had a critical 47-yard reception that put the 49ers in a position to tie the game. With nine seconds remaining, Davis caught the game-winning touchdown pass from Alex Smith, now referred to as "Vernon Post". Davis caught three passes for 112 yards and another two touchdowns against the New York Giants in the , but the 49ers lost 20–17 in overtime. He was ranked 43rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In the , Davis had five receptions for 106 yards and a touchdown in the 28–24 victory over the Atlanta Falcons. In Super Bowl XLVII, Davis had six catches for 104 yards in the narrow 34-31 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. He was ranked 38th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis began the 2013 season much like the 2012 playoffs ended: as a trusted and reliable target for quarterback Colin Kaepernick, catching his first touchdown pass of the season in the first quarter of the first game, at Candlestick Park on September 8, 2013, against the Green Bay Packers. He finished the 2013 season with 52 receptions for 850 receiving yards and 13 receiving touchdowns.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis added two touchdown receptions in the Playoffs, one coming against the Green Bay Packers in a victory, and another in a victory against the Carolina Panthers. He was named to the Pro Bowl. He was ranked 51st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.


title: Vernon Davis

text: During the 2014 season, Davis had 26 receptions for 245 yards and two touchdowns, both of which occurred in Week 1 against the Dallas Cowboys. He was dealing with ankle and back issues, which hindered him most of the time during the season.


title: Vernon Davis

text: On November 2, 2015, Davis and a 2016 seventh-round draft pick were traded from the San Francisco 49ers to the Denver Broncos for sixth-round picks in 2016 and 2017. His first game as a member of the Broncos was against his brother Vontae and the Indianapolis Colts. With Brock Osweiler as the starting quarterback, he had four receptions for 69 yards in a 17–15 win over the Chicago Bears. He added a combined four receptions for 35 yards in wins against the New England Patriots and San Diego Chargers. Davis had a season-high seven catches for 74 yards in a 15–12 loss to the Oakland Raiders. On February 7, 2016, Davis won his first Super Bowl championship after the Broncos defeated the Carolina Panthers by a score of 24–10 in Super Bowl 50. Despite ending the Super Bowl with no receptions, Davis made a key block downfield during a crucial 34-yard run by teammate C. J. Anderson, the longest rush of the game.


title: Vernon Davis

text: On March 31, 2016, Davis signed a one-year contract with his hometown Washington Redskins. In a Week 6 game against the Philadelphia Eagles, Davis caught his first touchdown pass in over two years, helping the Redskins win their fourth straight game of the season. Davis had started the game in replacement of an injured Jordan Reed and finished with two receptions for 50 yards and a touchdown. The following week, he earned his third start in a row and finished with six receptions for 79 receiving yards in a 17–20 loss to the Detroit Lions. On October 30, 2016, Davis caught five passes for 93 yards in a 27–27 tie with the Cincinnati Bengals. During a Week 9 matchup with the Minnesota Vikings, he caught three passes for 66 yards and caught a 38-yard touchdown reception from quarterback Kirk Cousins during the Redskins' 26–20 victory. He finished the 2016 season with 44 receptions for 583 receivnig yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: Vernon Davis

text: On March 8, 2017, Davis signed a three-year contract extension with the Redskins. Overall, in the 2017 season, Davis finished with 43 receptions for 648 yards and three touchdowns.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis recorded his first touchdown reception of the 2018 season in Week 6 against the Carolina Panthers. He finished the 2018 season with 25 receptions for 367 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In the season-opener against the Philadelphia Eagles, Davis caught four passes for 59 yards including a 48-yard touchdown. He was placed on injured reserve on November 22, 2019, after missing most of the season with a concussion.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis has a fiancée named Kayla. Davis's younger brother, Vontae Davis, is a retired cornerback that played for the Miami Dolphins & Indianapolis Colts, and infamously retired during halftime as a member of the Buffalo Bills. Davis's brother, Michael Davis, was arrested in the Petworth area of Washington, D.C. on Thursday, April 27, 2012, for two counts of assault with intent to kill while armed. Michael is suspected of three similar attacks for which there is an investigation but no charge.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis is an avid curling fan. He hosted an event for his charity in San Jose, California in which the event was curling. Davis was named honorary captain of the Men's U.S. Olympic Curling team for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In late 2010, Davis founded Modern Class Design (MCD) with business partner Antone Barnes. Modern Class Design is a full-service fine arts and interior design company that offers comprehensive design services for homes and commercial spaces including interiors and landscape architecture. Davis also owns a chain of Jamba Juice franchises.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In December 2012, Davis opened Gallery 85 on Santana Row in San Jose, California. Gallery 85 is an art gallery for new and emerging artists giving them access to high-end exposure.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In October 2013, it was reported that Davis would be offering stock in his future earnings via a venture with Fantex as part of a new financial instrument being sold by Fantex. Davis planned to offer a 10% share of all future earnings from his brand marketing company to Fantex, which would then turn around and divide it into shares of a tracking stock that can be traded within their own exchange. In January 2014, the stock offering was confirmed. The proposed offering was 421,100 shares, valued at $10 per share, for a total proposed valuation worth $4.2 million.


title: Vernon Davis

text: In 2013, Davis made a cameo appearance in the music video for the song "Get Lo" by Ron Artest and Mike Jones.


title: Vernon Davis

text: Davis hosted the reunion and behind-the scenes special for MTV's "", both of which aired in July 2020. In September 2020, Davis was announced as one of the celebrities competing in the 29th season of "Dancing with the Stars". He partnered with Peta Murgatroyd and was the fifth couple eliminated from the competition, lasting six weeks.


title: Twin-turbo

text: Twin-turbo (not to be confused with a twincharger setup, which is a combination of a supercharger and a turbocharger) refers to an engine in which two turbochargers work in tandem to compress the intake fuel/air mixture (or intake air, in the case of a direct-injection engine). The most common layout features two identical or mirrored turbochargers in parallel, each processing half of a V engine's produced exhaust through independent piping. The two turbochargers can either be matching or different sizes.


title: Twin-turbo

text: These can be applied to any of the five types of compressor setups (which theoretically could have 15 different setups):


title: Twin-turbo

text: A parallel configuration refers to using two equally-sized turbochargers which each receive half of the exhaust gases. Some designs combine the intake charge from each turbocharger into a single intake manifold, while others use a separate intake manifold for each turbocharger.


title: Twin-turbo

text: Parallel configurations are well suited to V6 and V8 engines since each turbocharger can be assigned to one cylinder bank, reducing the amount of exhaust piping needed. In this case, each turbocharger is fed exhaust gases by a separate exhaust manifold. For four-cylinder engines and straight-six engines, both turbochargers can be mounted to a single exhaust manifold.


title: Twin-turbo

text: The aim of using parallel twin-turbos is to reduce turbo lag by being able to use smaller turbochargers than if a single turbocharger was used for the engine. On engines with multiple cylinder banks (e.g. V engines and flat engines) use of parallel twin-turbos can also simplify the exhaust system.


title: Twin-turbo

text: The 1981-1994 Maserati Biturbo was the first production car to use twin-turbochargers. The Biturbo used a 90-degree SOHC V6 engine with one turbocharger per cylinder bank.


title: Twin-turbo

text: Parallel configurations have also been used on engines with more than two turbochargers. One example is the 1991-1995 Bugatti EB110, which uses four turbochargers on its V12 engine. The 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron uses four turbochargers on its W16 engine.


title: Twin-turbo

text: In diesel powered applications, notable examples are Volkswagen's V10 TDI which uses two BorgWarner turbochargers in a parallel layout and BMW's inline 6 B57 engine (B57D30O0, B57D30T0, B57D30S0), which is available in configurations of up to 4 turbochargers that operate in a double-series layout.


title: Twin-turbo

text: Sequential turbocharging refer to a set-up in which the engine uses one turbocharger for lower engine speeds, and a second or both turbochargers at higher engine speeds. This system is intended to overcome the limitation of large turbochargers providing insufficient boost at low RPM. On the other hand, smaller turbos are effective at low RPM (when there is less kinetic energy present in the exhaust gases) but are unable to provide the quantity of compressed intake gases required at higher RPM. Therefore, sequential turbocharger systems provide a way to decrease turbo lag without compromising power output at high RPM.


title: Twin-turbo

text: The system is arranged so that a small ("primary") turbocharger is active while the engine is operating at low RPM, which reduces the boost threshold (RPM at which effective boost is provided) and turbo lag. As RPM increases, a small amount of exhaust gas is fed to the larger ("secondary") turbocharger, to bring it up to operating speed. Then at high RPM, all of the exhaust gases are directed to the secondary turbocharger, so that it can provide the boost required by the engine at high RPM.


title: Twin-turbo

text: The first production car to use sequential turbocharging was the 1986-1988 Porsche 959, which used sequential twin-turbos on its flat-six engine. Sequential turbocharging can also be used with more than two turbochargers, such as in the 2012-2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, which uses three sequential turbos.


title: Twin-turbo

text: Serial turbocharging is where the turbochargers are connected in series with the output of the first turbocharger then being further compressed by the second turbocharger and in some cases powering the larger turbine.


title: Twin-turbo

text: A sequential turbo can also be of use to a system where the output pressure must be greater than can be provided by a single turbo, commonly called a compound twin-turbo system. In this case, multiple similarly sized turbochargers are used in sequence, but constantly operating. The first turbo boosts provides the initial compression (for example to three times the intake pressure). Subsequent turbos take the charge from the previous stage and compress it further (for example to an additional three times intake pressure, for a total boost of nine times atmospheric pressure).


title: Twin-turbo

text: A downside of staged turbocharging is that it often leads to large amounts of turbo lag, therefore it is mostly used on piston engine aircraft which usually do not need to rapidly raise and lower engine speed. (and thus where turbo lag is not a primary design consideration), and where the intake pressure is quite low due to low atmospheric pressure at altitude, requiring a very high pressure ratio. High-performance diesel engines also sometimes use this configuration, since diesel engines do not suffer from pre-ignition issues and can therefore use high boost pressures.


title: Twin-turbo

text: Automobile manufacturers rarely use more than two turbochargers. Some exceptions are the triple-turbocharger system used by the 2012-2017 BMW N57S straight-six diesel engine, the quad-turbocharger system used by the V12 engine in the 1991-1995 Bugatti EB110 and the quad-turbocharger system used by the W16 engine in the 2005-2015 Bugatti Veyron and 2016-present Bugatti Chiron.


title: Santal people

text: Munda ethnic group in South Asia. Santals are the largest tribe in the Jharkhand and West Bengal state of India in terms of population and are also found in the states of Odisha, Bihar and Assam. They are the largest ethnic minority in northern Bangladesh's Rajshahi Division and Rangpur Division. They have a sizeable population in Nepal. The Santals speak Santali, the most widely spoken Munda languages of Austro-asiatic language family.


title: Santal people

text: Santal is most likely derived from an exonym. The term refers to inhabitants of in erstwhile Silda in Medinapore region in West Bengal. The sanskrit word "Samant" or Bengali "Saont" means plain land. Their ethnonym is ("sons of mankind").


title: Santal people

text: According to linguist Paul Sidwell, Austro-Asiatic language speakers probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4,000–3,500 years ago. The Austroasiatic speakers spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations. After arriving in India, Munda peoples extensively mixed with Dravidian tribal groups.


title: Santal people

text: Due to the lack of significant archaeological records, the original homeland of the Santals is not known with certainty. The folklore of the Santals claims they came from , which scholars have identified as Ahuri in Hazaribagh district. From there, they claim, they were pushed onto Chota Nagpur Plateau, then to Jhalda, Patkum and finally Saont, where they settled for good. This legend, which has been cited by several scholars, has been used as evidence that the Santals once had a significant presence in Hazaribagh. Colonial scholar Colonel Dalton claimed in Chai there was a fort formerly occupied by a Santal raja who was forced to flee when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the territory.


title: Santal people

text: In the latter half of the 18th century, the Santals entered the historical record in 1795 when they are recorded as "Soontars." During the Bengal Famine of 1770, the drier western and southwestern parts of Bengal, especially the Jungle Mahals region, were some of the worst-hit areas and were significantly depopulated. This depopulation resulted in a significant loss of revenue for the East India Company. Therefore, when the Permanent Settlement was enacted in 1790, the Company looked for agriculturalists to clear the lands. British officials turned their attention to Santals, who were ready to clear the forest for the practice of settled agriculture. In 1832, a large number of area of the Raj Mahal hills demarcated as Damin-i-koh. Santal from Cuttack, Dhalbhum, Birbhum, Manbhum, Hazaribagh migrated and started cultivating these lands as peasants sponsored by landowners and the British who were desperate for labour. Under British direction, Santals took loans from non-Santal moneylenders to buy iron tools, seed grain and oxen as individuals and families, rather than groups as was their custom for working the land.


title: Santal people

text: When they arrived in Damin-i-koh (present day Santal Pargana), the British provided no protection for the Santals against the preexisting Mal Paharias, who were against destruction of forest, were known raiders of the plains areas and had only recently been partially "pacified". Eventually, the Santals, with their better technology and ability to match the Paharia's guerrilla attacks, managed to drive them out. They clear the forest tracts and started cultivation in these areas. Their settlement took place between the 1830s and 1850s: in 1830, the area was home to only 3,000 Santals, but by the 1850s, 83,000 Santals had settled in the land and had turned it into paddy fields. This resulted in a 22 times increase in Company revenue from the area.


title: Santal people

text: However, as they became more agricultural, the Santals were exploited by the zamindars. Unlike the Santals, the British valued individual competition instead of cooperation, and had a rigid system of laws very different from the relatively relaxed norms of the village council, the highest form of government most Santals knew. Mahajans from Bengal and Baniyas from Bihar began selling goods from elsewhere, and many Santals, seeing them as exotic, were tricked into debt to buy them, usually with a mortgage on their land. When the Santals were unable to pay the moneylenders back, they became owners of the land and the Santals became dispossessed landless peasants. The Baniya merchants and other outsiders also began to treat Santals as outcastes in a Brahminical system.


title: Santal people

text: Eventually, these acts of exploitation, combined with British tax policies and corrupt tax collectors, deteriorated to the point where Santals grew discontented. In 1855, they revolted in the Santal rebellion, better known as the . 30,000 Santals, led by Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu, attacked the zamindars and other outsiders () who had made their lives so miserable, as well as the British authorities. Eventually, around 10,000 British troops managed to suppress the rebellion. Although the rebellion's impact was largely overshadowed by that of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the impact of the Santhal Rebellion lives on as a turning point in Santhal pride and identity. This was reaffirmed, over a century and a half later with the creation of the tribal province in the Republic of India, Jharkhand. Following the rebellion, the British satisfied all Santhal demands, due to their importance as a tax-paying group. The British created a 5000 km area, called Santal Parganas, where the normal procedures of British India did not apply. Administration of the community was primarily made the responsibility of the village headman, or pradhan, who was also given the power to collect taxes. It was made illegal for Santals to transfer land to non-Santals, allowing them to have legal rights over their land.


title: Santal people

text: After the British government formally took control over India in 1858, the Santals continued their system of government and traditions. Newly established Christian missions brought education, and many Santals moved to the tea plantations in Assam, North Bengal, where they still remain today. However, most continued with their old life, but were still not prosperous. In addition, secular education did not become widespread until after Indian independence.


title: Santal people

text: In the late 19th century, many Santals migrated from the Santal Parganas to the districts of Bihar and North Bengal such as Purnia, Malda and Dinajpur. The Santals still faced retaliation after the Santal Hul and were invited by zamindars to cultivate many parts of north Bengal, which had become scrubland, land which the Santals specialized in farming. By the 1930s, their numbers in this region the Santals had become two lakh. Most were settled on wasteland where the rent was cheaper than the more fertile wet lands. However they faced heavy taxation from the zamindars, and were oppressed by moneylenders, upper castes, and the bureaucracy in general. In 1924, several Santal sardars, influenced by Gandhian ideology and led by Jitu Sardar, began to lead agitations against the oppressive double system of elite Bengalis and British government. Santals stopped paying rent to the zamindars, beat up revenue inspectors, and led agitations against the moneylenders. In 1928, the Santals stopped paying the chaukidari tax and led protests in Thakurgaon in 1929. In 1932, several Santals attempted to organise their own state with Jitu Sardar as head, initially based on Gandhi's Ram Rajya but quickly criticised Gandhi when he did not help them. In 1933, a British commissioner was appointed to look into the grievances of Santals of North Bengal.


title: Santal people

text: The Santal community, like the others of the region, was split between West Bengal in India and East Bengal in Pakistan during Partition. After independence, the Santals were made one of the Scheduled Tribes in India. In East Pakistan, there were some regions in the west where Santals were still in significant numbers. There and in neighbouring West Bengal, the Santals provided significant support to the Tebhaga movement. After the Pakistani military crushed the uprising and burned many Santal homes, many fled across the border to Malda in India.


title: Santal people

text: In northern West Bengal, tribal peasants participated in Naxalbari uprising led by a Santal communist leader Jangal Santhal. The impoverishment has led to the Guevarist inspired Naxalite insurgency in what is often termed as the Red Corridor.


title: Santal people

text: After Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar in 2000, the Santal Parganas was made a separate division of the state. These Santals have also agitated for recognition of their traditions in the census as a separate religion, "sarna dharam", for which Jharkhand assembly passed a resolution in 2020. Many still face poverty and exploitation, and in Bangladesh, theft of their lands is common. Although spread out over a large area, they now consider the Santal Parganas as their cultural heartland.


title: Santal people

text: The base of Santal society is a division between "brother" () and "guest" (), a divide found in many other tribal societies of central and eastern India. Children of the same father (sometimes grandfather), known as , often live next to each other and own adjacent pieces of land. Those in the closest form of brotherhood, called ("people of one house") in Singhbhum, cannot marry each other and propitiate the same deity, since the house refers to a common ancestor from which all the families are believed to descend. Only marriages are severely stigmatised. Another brotherhood is membership of a clan, which are exogamous. The last form of brotherhood is , a ritual friendship with members of other ethnic groups. Children of brothers consider themselves as brothers, and they attend each other's main lifecycle events, such as weddings or funerals, as . They also give help in times of hardship.


title: Santal people

text: Those who do not have brotherhood are referred to as , or guests. Members of other communities, especially those not speaking Santali, are excluded from this grouping, except for communities such as the Karmakar, Mahali or Lohar, who are enmeshed in Santal society. Those with this relationship can marry, and attend major festivals as guests. People related by marriage, although , have special roles in life-cycle events. Women perform special welcome rituals for when they visit. Those related by marriage can have one of two relationships. They can be , a relationship exemplified by the couple's parents, or , between cross-siblings of a couple.


title: Santal people

text: Santal society has much less stratification and is more egalitarian than adjacent caste Hindu society, but still has some status differences. The most important marker of a person when interacting with others in Santal society is their standing as ("senior") or ("junior"). This standing is evaluated by relation: for example, is someone is greeting their father's elder brother's son, they would be the junior irrespective of age. Similarly, when someone greets their elder brother's wife, the wife would be . However, for strangers or guests with no clear kin connections, the question of or is decided by age. The ritual greeting ( in Santali) of someone is given much importance and is done in the courtyard of a house when a visits. The greeting differs by gender, and whether the person is junior or senior to the one being greeted. The greeting rituals given by a involve an "offering" () of respect, while a "receives" this respect. This greeting should not be done hastily, and correct practice of it is encouraged in children from a young age. However the - distinction does not apply to or , who instead greet each other as if greeting a .


title: Santal people

text: The Santals also have totemistic clans, known as . These 12 clans are divided into two ranks: 7 senior and 5 junior. The senior clans are believed to originate from the 7 sons and daughters of the first man and woman, and in order of seniority they are: (goose), (Nilgai), ("Ischaemum rugosum"), (kingfisher), (Pleiades), (betel palm) and (owl). The junior clans are (stale rice), (falcon), (lizard), (pigeon) and . Members of a senior clan do not marry members of a junior clan, and there are some forbidden marriages as well, such as between Marndi and Kisku. In addition, Besras are sometimes treated differently due to their perceived low status, but other than the context of marriage, they play no role in social life. The clans also avoid harming their clan totem, lest evil befall them.


title: Santal people

text: The Santals have another social organisation important for rituals, called , or in south Chota Nagpur. The term refers to descendants of a common ancestor, no more than a few generations back, that live nearby. The is identified by some distinguishing feature of the ancestor, such as , people who wear a thread on their chest in worship. In many cases, all the people of a live in their ancestral village, but some members may have migrated to neighbouring villages.


title: Santal people

text: Sohrai is the principal festival of Santal community. Besides that Baha, Karam, Dashain, Sakrat, Mahmore, Rundo and Magsim are important festivals. They traditionally accompany many of their dances during these festivals with two drums: the Tamak‘ and the Tumdak’.


title: Santal people

text: Chadar Badar, a form of puppetry known also as Santal puppetry, is a folk show involving wooden puppets placed in a small cage which acts as the stage.


title: Santal people

text: Decision-making matters is done through a village council which is headed by a person titled "Majhi" (local head of society). The is aided by other council members to carry out and deal with local affairs.


title: Santal people

text: Santal art is noticeable for its intricate carving style. The walls of traditional Santal homes are ornamented with carved designs of animals, hunting scenes, dancing scenes, geometric patterns, and more. Santal-styled palanquins were also finely carved and designed.


title: Santal people

text: There are seven kinds of marriage recognized in the Santal community, each with its own degree of social acceptance. The most elaborate kind of marriage is the , or ancestor's marriage, but the most widely practiced is . In this form of marriage, a boy and girl who wish to marry decide to go to the groom's house and stay there a while. When the girl's family are made aware of their situation, the of the girl's village arrives at the house of the headman of the boy's village to discover the couple's intentions. The couple are summoned to the village headman and the bride is asked whether she wishes to set a date for . If she replies 'no', the boy's family will have to pay a small fine to the of the girl's village, who would take the girl back to her father. If she assents, the boy's family is consulted for the best day for the . The bride and groom are not bound by any obligation to marry. During this time, the stays in the village to give all the information he can to the bride's father: both in determining what would be a good bride price to demand and whether the marriage might end in a short time.


title: Santal people

text: On the day of the ceremony, a group of men from the bride's village, including the , headman, village elders, and the bride's father and some relations, arrives at the bride's village. They are seated at the headman's house with respect and organized by or status. Meanwhile, the groom's family gathers to discuss the bride price the groom's father should pay. The two parties then meet and the fathers negotiate the bride price to be paid. The groom is first asked whether he wishes the marriage to continue. As a symbolic marriage contract, the groom's father gives a small amount of cash and gives (rice-beer) to the guests. The negotiations for bride-price continue between the fathers exclusively until an amount is reached. Although this is nowadays in cash, livestock or other goods are not uncommon. The bride price is generally light and it is seen wrong to stop two young people from marrying because of a disagreement about bride price. After an agreement is reached, celebrations ensue and festive drinking continues into the night.


title: Santal people

text: A short time afterwards, a relative of the groom along with the of the groom's village hand over the bride price to the bride's family. Afterwards the couple arrive in the bride's natal village. The bride arriving first carrying a pot with white clay, the symbol of a woman returning to her natal village as a guest. The bride greets her mother first and neighbours are invited to share reserved for (), while getting acquainted with the husband. When the couple leaves the bride's village, the bride pays her respects to the headman in his courtyard. At the , the bride thanks the headman for all he has done and gives a symbolic gift. The headman then blesses the couple and wishes the bride strength, good luck and many strong sons. The couple then leaves for the groom's village to start their new life.


title: Santal people

text: Marriages done by involve very little ritual: Santal society has clearly defined roles for marriage, and the choice of the couple is respected. Decisions by the families are done in a spirit of consensus rather than adversarially, and marriage is seen just as important for the entire village as for the couple.


title: Santal people

text: In the Santal religion, the majority of reverence falls on a court of spirits (), who handle different aspects of the world and who are placated with prayers and offerings. These benevolent spirits operate at the village, household, ancestor, and sub-clan level, along with evil spirits that cause disease and can inhabit village boundaries, mountains, water, tigers, and the forest. The are intermediaries between (visible world) and (the invisible reality), the abode of a Creator. This creator is variously called (Supreme Deity or literally The Great Mountain) or (life giver), and is the "cause of all causes," making the Santal religion, in a deep sense, monotheistic as well as pantheistic.


title: Santal people

text: There are several ranks of : the most important are associated intimately with Marang Buru and are worshipped by all Santals. These include , and . Other , who are held to be less powerful, are the spirits of important people of the village who have since been deified. There is also another class of who are feared as bringers of evil. These spirits are not placated by a priest but by a medicine-man called . In the present-day, belief in these malignant is eroding due to the penetration of modern medical science. The lack of a separate name for malignant caused many early colonial scholars to present Santal religion as wholly focused on the appeasement of evil spirits or as representing bongas as exclusively harmful. However in itself simply means a supernatural force in the world and has no specific connotation with good or evil. Moreover, these bongas do not refer to specific objects but to the invisible force that governs or is associated with those objects.


title: Santal people

text: The Santal creation story holds that originally the world was water, and Marang Buru and some lesser deities were the only inhabitants. When some spirits requested permission to make humans, Marang Buru asked to create the human bodies. When she had finally succeeded, she was told by Marang Buru to use the human spirits that were high on the rafters of his hut. She could not reach the human spirit, and took the bird spirit instead. When Marang Buru integrated the spirits with the bodies, they flew away and asked for a place to build a nest. Marang Buru could not get anyone else to bring land to the surface, and so the tortoise volunteered and pushed the Earth onto his back. The birds then gave birth to a boy and a girl called and . These two had seven sons and seven daughters, but the couple soon had a quarrel and separated. Pilchu Haram and his sons became great hunters, and on a time came upon the daughters, who had become maidens and were unrecognisable. They became introduced and made love. Looking for his sons, Pilchu Haram discovered an old woman and asked for fire, and upon talking to her more, he discovered his wife and reconciled with her. Another version tells how Pilchu Budhi was in fact in tears at her daughters' disappearance, but Marang Buru reassured her that they were all safe and brought her to reconcile with her husband. When their sons found out they had married their sisters, they were very angry and would have killed their parents if Marang Buru had not hidden them in a cave, where they stayed for the rest of their days. The children of these seven couples became the progenitors of the Santal clans.


title: Santal people

text: A characteristic feature of a Santal village is a sacred grove (known as the ) on the edge of the village where many spirits live and where a series of annual festivals take place. This grove is set aside in the founding of the village and left undisturbed except at times of festival. Inside is set a series of natural (uncut) stones which represent the bongas, but are not substitutes except during festival. The , a raised mound of earth covered with a thatched roof outside the headman's house, is where the Majhi's ancestors' spirits live. During the summer, a jug of water is placed there so the spirits can drink. Here the most important decisions of the village are made, including judgements.


title: Santal people

text: A yearly round of rituals connected with the agricultural cycle, along with life-cycle rituals for birth, marriage and burial at death, involves petitions to the spirits and offerings that include the sacrifice of animals, usually birds. Religious leaders are male specialists in medical cures who practice divination and witchcraft (the socio-historic meaning of the term, used here, refers to the ritual practice of magic and is not pejorative). Similar beliefs are common among other tribes on the Chota Nagpur Plateau like the Kharia, Munda, and Oraon.


title: Santal people

text: Smaller and more isolated tribes often demonstrate less articulated classification systems of the spiritual hierarchy described as animism or a generalised worship of spiritual energies connected with locations, activities, and social groups. Religious concepts are intricately entwined with ideas about nature and interaction with local ecological systems. As in Santal religion, religious specialists are drawn from the village or family and serve a wide range of spiritual functions that focus on placating potentially dangerous spirits and co-ordinating rituals. These rituals include animal sacrifice, including cows, very unlike Brahminical Hinduism.


title: Santal people

text: According to the 2011 Indian Census, for combined Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Bihar, 63% recorded their religion as 'Hinduism', while 31% practice other religions and persuasions (mainly Sarna dharam), and 5% practice Christianity. Islam, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism are followed by less than 1% of the population.


title: Santal people

text: The Santhal people are constitutionally designated Schedule tribe status only in Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha and Tripura state of India. And the remaining Santhal living in other administrative region, specifically North Eastern state, who migrated during British raj to work as Assam tea garden laborer are not listed as Scheduled Tribes in these states. The inclusion in Schedule Tribe list have been opposed by tribal activists organization, like Coordination Committee of Tribal Organizations of Assam (CCTOA). The organisation feared up that granting Scheduled Tribe status to the Santal and other 40 communities will squeeze up the benefits of natives, the "original tribal people" of the state.


title: Santal people

text: Santhal people believe in nature worship as well as sacrifices animals to their God, which are generally not permitted in Hinduism. Thus they consider themselves believers Sarna religion rather than Hinduism. Although there is overlap of ideology, belief, culture and practices in between Sarnasim and Hinduism.


title: Silent Hills

text: Series publisher Konami brought Kojima onto the project in September 2012. The game was announced via "P.T." (short for "Playable Teaser"), a critically acclaimed game demo released as a free download from the PlayStation Store in August 2014. "P.T." revealed the involvement of Del Toro, along with Norman Reedus as the voice and appearance of its protagonist.


title: Silent Hills

text: The game's development was questioned due to rumors surrounding Kojima's work with the completion of "", and his eventual exit from Konami. In April 2015, Konami announced that the game had been cancelled, a move that was criticized by journalists and fans of the franchise. Kojima, del Toro, and Reedus reunited for the 2019 game "Death Stranding".


title: Silent Hills

text: In September 2012, Konami's president asked Hideo Kojima to direct the next "Silent Hill" installment. He accepted the offer with enthusiasm, and development began shortly thereafter, using Kojima Productions' Fox Engine.


title: Silent Hills

text: An interactive teaser for "Silent Hills" was released on August 12, 2014, as "P.T." ("Playable Teaser"), marketed as a demo for a horror game by the non-existent 7780s Studio. Published on the PlayStation Network for the PlayStation 4 as a free download, "P.T." uses a first-person perspective, in contrast to the usual third-person perspective often found in the "Silent Hill" series, and centers on an unknown protagonist who awakens in a haunted house and experiences supernatural occurrences; the only actions available are walking and zooming as the player character explores the continuously looping corridor. After the player solves the final puzzle, a trailer reveals that it is a "playable teaser" for a new "Silent Hill" title being directed by Hideo Kojima and Guillermo del Toro, with the protagonist portrayed by Norman Reedus. On 1 September 2014, Sony revealed during its pre-Tokyo Game Show press conference that "P.T." has been downloaded over a million times.


title: Silent Hills

text: "P.T." received praise from video game journalists. GamesRadar's David Houghton praised it as immersive horror and wrote: "By spreading out into the real world, by forcing solutions by way of hearsay, internet whispers, and desperate, rumoured logic, it has become its own urban myth." "IGN"'s Marty Sliva ranked it as an honorable mention on his list of the best video game trailers for 2014, and another reviewer for IGN, Lucy O'Brien, described the game as "the most genuinely frightening interactive experience in recent years." Giant Bomb gave the Best Horror Game award to "P.T." in 2014. "P.T." won "Scariest Game" at "Bloody Disgusting"s FEAR Awards.


title: Silent Hills

text: In March 2015, sources reported that due to conflicts with Konami, Kojima and his senior staff planned to leave Konami following the completion of "". Concurrently, Konami announced a restructuring of its video game business, and removed references to Kojima and Kojima Productions from the promotional materials for its games. A Konami spokesperson initially denied that Kojima was leaving the company, and stated that he would still be involved with Konami and the "Metal Gear" franchise.


title: Silent Hills

text: At a San Francisco Film Society event on April 26, 2015, assistant director Guillermo del Toro reportedly told attendees that "Silent Hills" had been cancelled. The next day, Norman Reedus also made statements on Twitter stating that the game had been cancelled. The same day, Konami announced that "P.T." would be pulled from the PlayStation Store on April 29, 2015, and "Polygon" reported that an anonymous tip by a person familiar with the game's development had also confirmed the game's cancellation. On April 27, 2015, Konami issued a statement to Kotaku confirming that "Silent Hills" "would not be continued", but that they planned to continue the "Silent Hill" franchise. Fans upset by the cancellation later started a petition on Change.org asking for Konami to continue the project; , the petition has received 194,279 signatures. In a tweet from Guillermo del Toro, he revealed that horror manga artist Junji Ito would also have been involved with the project. Cliff Bleszinski was also asked to work on the project, but declined, later explaining on Twitter: "I don't like LA, I love new IP, and I woulda fucked up SH".


title: Silent Hills

text: During Sony Interactive Entertainment's E3 2016 press conference, the reformed Kojima Productions unveiled a new game, "Death Stranding", which also features Reedus and del Toro. In the years since, rumours of the series being revived by a third party or by Kojima himself have been a source of both frustration and interest throughout the horror community. In 2021, a game called "Abandoned" was heavily speculated to be a part of the franchise; however, the developers denied any connection. Bloober Team also denied online rumours about a possible revival of the project under their oversight.


title: Silent Hills

text: In 2017, series composer and producer Akira Yamaoka gave his own thoughts about the game's cancellation, "since everyone was saying: it's a shame, it's too bad — maybe it is a shame and it is too bad."


title: Silent Hills

text: In October 2022, Konami announced the ninth official installment in the series, effectively replacing "Silent Hills", titled "Silent Hill f". it will be developed by Neobards Entertainment and directed by Al Yang, and written by creator of the "When They Cry" visual novel series Ryukishi07. It is currently unknown when the game will officially release.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: , also known as Battle Vixens in North America, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yūji Shiozaki. Loosely based on the classic 14th century Chinese novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the series revolves around an all-out turf war in the Kantō region of Japan where fighters known as from seven schools battle for supremacy. The story centers on Hakufu Sonsaku, a fighter who transfers to Nanyo Academy, one of the seven schools involved in the turf war.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: The manga was serialized in the seinen manga magazine "Comic Gum" from April 2000 to August 2015, and the first "tankōbon" was released in October 2000, with a total of 24 volumes available as of September 2015. The manga was licensed in North America and the United Kingdom by Tokyopop with adaptation from Keith Giffen under the title "Battle Vixens", and in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment. A sequel manga titled "Shin Ikki Tousen" began serialization in Shōnen Gahōsha's "Young King OURs" magazine in November 2015.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: A 13-episode anime television series adaptation animated by J.C.Staff aired between July and October 2003, on AT-X and other channels. A second anime season animated by Arms aired on AT-X between February and May 2007, spanning twelve episodes. A third anime season, also animated by Arms, aired on AT-X between June and August 2008, spanning twelve episodes and featuring an original story and characters. A fourth anime season animated by TNK aired on AT-X and other channels between March and June 2010, spanning 12 episodes and introducing new schools and characters. An anime OVA was announced by Media Factory, and premiered in Japanese theaters on November 12, 2011. A three-episode anime television series adaptation of "Shin Ikki Tousen", once again animated by Arms, aired on AT-X in May 2022.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: The first anime season was licensed in North America by Geneon Entertainment, but it is now licensed by Funimation after Geneon withdrew from the anime market. The second anime season is licensed in North America by Media Blasters. The third anime season was also licensed by Media Blasters, but it is now licensed by Funimation. The fourth anime season is also licensed by Funimation.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: In the Kantō region of Japan, seven high schools compete in a turf war for territorial supremacy: Nanyo Academy, Kyosho Academy, Seito Academy, Yoshu Academy, Rakuyo High School, Gogun High School, and Yoshu Private School. The fighters of each school bear the sacred jewels called magatama, which contains the essence of warriors from the Three Kingdoms era of Ancient China 1800 years ago, as well as their fates.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: Hakufu Sonsaku, the descendant of legendary conqueror Sun Ce, is a highly skilled fighter with a strong sense of personality who goes to Nanyo Academy where her cousin Koukin Shuuyu attends under her mother's request. Her destiny, as with her predecessor, was to conquer all of the schools. But there is a darker and more dangerous side to her fate, one that may change the entire course of history forever.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: "Ikki Tousen" began serialization in the seinen manga magazine "Comic GUM". The first bound volume was published by Wani Books in October 2000, with a total of 24 volumes available as of September 25, 2015. The manga was licensed in North America and the United Kingdom by Tokyopop under the title of "Battle Vixens", and sold fifteen volumes between April 6, 2004 and April 27, 2010. The manga is also licensed in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment, in France by Panini Comics, in Argentina and Spain by Editorial Ivrea, in Germany by Carlsen Comics (under the title of "Dragon Girls"), in Taiwan by Sharp Point Press, in Brazil by Nova Sampa.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: In October 2015, Shōnen Gahōsha announced that the sequel "Shin Ikki Tousen" would be serialized in "Young King OURs" magazine starting in its January 2016 issue released on November 30, 2015.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: A 13-episode anime adaptation of "Ikki Tousen" animated by J.C.Staff and directed by Takashi Watanabe aired on AT-X from July 30, 2003 and October 22, 2003, with subsequent runs on TV Kanagawa, Mie TV, Chiba TV, TV Saitama, and Sun Television. Seven DVD volumes were released by Media Factory between November 22, 2003 and May 25, 2004. A DVD box set was later released on January 25, 2008, and a Blu-ray box set was later released on April 27, 2011. The series was licensed in North America by Geneon Entertainment, who released the series on four DVD volumes between August 10, 2004 and March 1, 2005. The English dub was produced by New Generation Pictures in Los Angeles, California. A box set was later released on July 19, 2005 by Geneon. The series is now licensed by Funimation after Geneon closed its doors to the North American market, and released a box set of the series on May 26, 2009. The series is also licensed in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment, and in the United Kingdom by MVM Films.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: A second season, called , animated by Arms and directed by Koichi Ohata, aired 12 episodes on AT-X from February 26, 2007 to May 14, 2007, with subsequent broadcasts on Chiba TV, KBS Kyoto, TV Kanagawa, Tokyo MX, Sun Television, TV Aichi, and TV Saitama. Six DVD volumes were released by Media Factory between July 25 and November 22, 2007, each volume containing an original video animation called , featuring the female cast in a hot spring setting. A DVD boxset was later released on December 22, 2009. The anime is licensed in North America by Media Blasters, who released the series on three DVD volumes between November 24, 2009 and April 20, 2010. Unlike the first season, the English dub for "Dragon Destiny" was recorded at Headline Studios in Irvington, New York. A box set was later released on August 31, 2010. The anime is also licensed in Australia by Madman Entertainment, as with the first season. However, due to the series' violent and sexual scenes, the Office of Film and Literature Classification banned "Ikki Tousen: Dragon Destiny" in New Zealand.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: A third season, , animated by Arms and directed by Koichi Ohata, aired 12 episodes on AT-X from June 11, 2008 to August 27, 2008, with subsequent broadcasts on Chiba TV, TV Saitama, TV Aichi, TV Kanagawa, Sun Television, and Tokyo MX. The series features an all-new storyline featuring Chokyo, Hakufu's younger sister and the Japanese counterpart of Xiao Qiao, introducing another Genpou Saji as an antagonist, and the return of a character who previously died in the first series. Six DVD compilation volumes were released by Media Factory between September 25, 2008 and February 25, 2009, each volume containing an original video animation called . A DVD box set was released on March 25, 2010. The series was also licensed by Media Blasters, as with the second season, and was scheduled to be released in a complete box set on March 31, 2012. The series was originally planned to be released in two half-series sets on August 30, 2011 and October 25, 2011, respectively, prior to its rescheduled date. Media Blasters later announced on February 3, 2012 that the North American release of "Great Guardians" was placed on an indefinite hold. At Anime Expo 2012, Funimation announced that they had acquired the licensing rights to "Great Guardians". Funimation released the DVD box-set of "Great Guardians" on December 31, 2013. The English dub for the third season was once again produced by New Generation Pictures whom not only recorded the original voice actors in California, but also managed to get several voice actors from "Dragon Destiny" to record in New York at DuArt Film and Video. On January 3, 2014, Madman Entertainment had release the series on Blu-ray on March 19, 2014.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: A fourth season, called , was announced. Animated by TNK and directed by Koichi Ohata, the series aired twelve episodes on AT-X between March 26 and June 11, 2010, with subsequent broadcasts on Chiba TV, TV Kanagawa, TV Saitama, Tokyo MX, TV Aichi, and Sun Television. The series introduces two new schools, Nanban High School and Ryoshu Academy, and introduces Kentei, the Japanese counterpart of Emperor Xian, as an antagonist. Six DVD and Blu-ray volumes were released by Media Factory between June 25 and November 25, 2010. The DVD/BDs contains an original video animation called . At Anime Expo 2012, Funimation announced that they had also acquired the licensing rights to "Xtreme Xecutor" alongside "Great Guardians". Funimation released the DVD box-set of Xtreme Xecutor on March 11, 2014 in North America. As with the third season, the English dub was produced by both New Generation Pictures and DuArt Film and Video in California and New York, respectively.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: An original video animation, called was announced by Media Factory, and a promotional video was posted on their YouTube channel. The OVA was released in Japanese theaters on November 12, 2011. It was later released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 22, 2012 by Media Factory. Funimation released the DVD box-set of Great Guardians on December 31, 2013. Funimation included the OVA as part of their Xtreme Xecutor DVD Box Set in North America.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: A 3-episode OVA titled "Ikki Tousen: Western Wolves" was released between January 3, 2019 to February 27, 2019. The anime's director is Takashi Watanabe, while Masaya Honda returns as series composition.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: An anime television series adaptation of "Shin Ikki Tousen" was announced on July 2, 2021. It is produced by Arms and directed by Rion Kujo, with scripts written by Masaya Honda, character designs handled by Rin-Sin and Tsutomu Miyazawa, and music composed by Yasuharu Takanashi. The series aired on AT-X from May 17 to 31, 2022, and ran for three episodes.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: The opening theme for the first season is "Drivin' Through The Night" by M.o.v.e, and there are two ending themes, "Let me be with you" by Shela from episodes 1–7, and "Fate" by Masumi Asano (the original voice of Hakufu Sonsaku) for episodes 8-13. The opening theme for "Dragon Destiny" is "HEART&SOUL" by Mai Kariyuki while the ending theme is by IORI. The opening theme for "Great Guardians" is "No x limit" by Ami, while the ending theme is by Rio Asaba. The opening theme for "Xtreme Xecutor" is "Stargazer" by Yuka Masuda of AKB48 while the ending theme is by Masumi Asano and Aya Endo, the voices of Hakufu Sonsaku and Bachou Mouki, respectively. The opening theme for the OVA is "FATE ～on the way～" by MAI & AMI. The theme song for "Shin Ikki Tousen" is "Proud Stars" by Konomi Suzuki.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: An internet radio show promoting the "Dragon Destiny" anime called was produced by Media Factory and aired on MediaFac Radio between November 25, 2006 and aired 31 episodes. The show was hosted by Masumi Asano and Hitomi Nabatame, the voices of Hakufu and Kanu, respectively. A CD of the radio show was released by Media Factory on June 27, 2007.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: Another radio show promoting "Great Guardians" called , also produced by Media Factory, aired on MediaFac Radio between March 26, 2008 and March 2009, spanning 23 episodes. Masumi Asano and Hitomi Nabatame reprise their host roles as Hakufu and Kanu. A CD of the show was released by Media Factory on March 25, 2009.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: A radio show promoting "Xtreme Xecutor" called aired on HiBiKi Radio Station between December 25, 2009 and December 3, 2010, spanning 41 episodes. Like the last two radio shows, the show was hosted by Masumi Asano and Hitomi Nabatame reprising their respective roles as Hakufu and Kanu.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: A video game of the series, , was developed by Idea Factory and released for the PlayStation 2 in Japan on July 26, 2007 by Marvelous Entertainment. The game has an original storyline with Hakufu, Ryomou, and Kanu as the main playable characters. The game introduces a new character named Chousen, the Japanese counterpart of Diao Chan. Along with Hakufu, Ryomou, and Kanu, Ryubi, Ukitsu, Chouhi, Choun, Ryofu, and Kakoen also appear as playable characters, with Shuyu appearing as an extra character in Hakufu and Ryomou's story arcs respectively.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: A second video game, , was developed by Tamsoft for the PlayStation Portable and released on October 2, 2008 by Marvelous Entertainment. The game is a hybrid between fighting and adventure, and it features 15 "Ikki Tousen" heroines and a new character named Kanpei, the Japanese counterpart of Guan Ping and the protagonist of the game. New characters include Sousou (Berserk Dragon Ruler Mode), Teni, Shokatsuryo, Ryubi, Saji, and Ouin, along with EX-Hakufu (Berserk Dragon Ruler Mode) and EX-Ryubi (whom technically is the non-Berserk Dragon Mode (as the Berserk Mode was a playable character in the first game)) ("Shining Dragon"). "Eloquent Fist" omits the presence of Ukitsu, and new finishing maneuvers and altered movesets have either been buffed, or have been nerfed.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: A third installment based on the "Xtreme Xecutor" anime, called , was developed by Tamsoft for the PlayStation Portable and released on April 28, 2010 in Japan. It features a new character named Ato, the Japanese counterpart of Liu Shan along with the return of Ukitsu as a playable character, and Chinkyu, Bashoku, Kyocho, and Shibai are added as playable characters. The game adds a "Super Arts" bar, tag-team battles and combos, and the addition of the alternate striker system. The gameplay was also revamped to include an aerial pursuit rave and a Finishing Screen.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: The characters Sonsaku, Kan'u and Ryofu made a DLC playable guest appearance in "". However, due to a temporary licensing issue, these characters did not appear in the Western version of the game, until it was announced to be released along with the PC version of the game in March 2017.


title: Ikki Tousen

text: The mobile game "Ikki Tousen: Extra Burst" was released in 2020 by Marvelous as a special project celebrating the 20th anniversary of the "Ikki Tousen" series.


title: The Lie (2018 film)

text: The Lie is a 2018 psychological horror film written and directed by Veena Sud. The film is a remake of the 2015 German film "We Monsters", and stars Mireille Enos, Peter Sarsgaard and Joey King. Jason Blum serves as a producer under his Blumhouse Television banner.


title: The Lie (2018 film)

text: "The Lie" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13, 2018. It was later released on October 6, 2020, by Amazon Studios, as the first installment in the anthological "Welcome to the Blumhouse" film series.