title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 4, 2015, forty-nine members of the United States House of Representatives wrote a letter to U.S. President Barack Obama urging him to recognize the mass killings of the Armenians at the hands of the Ottomans in 1915 as genocide, claiming that the move will help improve Armenia–Turkey relations. The lawmakers said a clear recognition of the 1915 events as genocide, as Armenians mark its centennial this year, would affirm that it is not an allegation but a "widely documented fact supported by an overwhelming body of historical evidence."


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 6, 2015, Armenian-American reality stars Kim Kardashian and Khloé Kardashian traveled to Armenia. During their stay, the sisters visited the Tsitsernakaberd Genocide Memorial in Yerevan and in doing so, brought global media attention to the recognition of the Armenian genocide. Kim Kardashian's husband Kanye West also visited Armenia.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 7, 2015, Ngāpuhi leader David Rankin called for Māori people to boycott the centennial ANZAC commemorations because the Turkish Government was using the event to deflect attention from the Armenian genocide. Mr Rankin stated that "the Armenian population was slaughtered by the colonizing Turks and our involvement in the ANZAC centennial at Gallipoli is supporting the genocide of the colonizer." Mr Rankin called on Maori of New Zealand and other indigenous groups to boycott the ANZAC Day events and, as a sign of their solidarity with the Armenians, to stop wearing poppies. The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand also supported the move to recognize the Armenian genocide. Green Party human rights spokesperson Catherine Delahunty stated that New Zealand should be using its spot on the United Nations Security Council to advocate for genocide recognition.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 12, 2015, Pope Francis described the massacres of 1.5 million Armenians in Ottoman Turkey as "the first genocide of the 20th century" during an unprecedented Vatican Mass dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the tragedy. Francis remembered the victims of "that immense and senseless slaughter" at the start of the Mass at St. Peter's Basilica, which was attended by President Serzh Sarkisian, the supreme heads of the Armenian Apostolic Churches and hundreds of Armenian Catholics. Turkey responded by recalling its ambassador to the Holy See.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 14, 2015, the Parliament of Corsica adopted a resolution recognizing the fact of the Armenian genocide. With this resolution, the Corsican Assembly urged Turkey to recognize the Genocide and normalize relations with Armenia. The resolution was introduced by the Femu, a Corsican political coalition.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 15, 2015, the European Parliament adopted a resolution by a majority vote that called the massacre a century ago of up to 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman Turkish forces a genocide. The motion, which garnered support from all political groups, encouraged Turkey to "use the commemoration of the centenary of the Armenian genocide as an important opportunity" to open its archives, "come to terms with its past" as well as recognize the genocide. By doing so, Turkey would pave the way for a "genuine reconciliation between the Turkish and Armenian peoples". The document calls on Turkey to restore its diplomatic ties with Armenia, open the border and strive for economic integration. The European Parliament further called on all European Union member states to recognize the Armenian genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 17, 2015, Armenian religious and secular organizations in Georgia petitioned the country's parliament to begin formal debates on the recognition of the Armenian genocide. On April 24, 2015, thousands marched in the province of Javakheti demanding that Turkey recognize the genocide. Another rally took place near the Turkish embassy in Tbilisi.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 18, 2015, the Austrian People's Party and the Social Democratic Party of Austria presented a resolution that condemns the Armenian genocide to the Parliament of Austria. On April 21, 2015, the Austrian parliament officially adopted a statement condemning the Armenian genocide and called on Turkey to face its past. All six factions of the Austrian parliament signed up to the statement that also emphasizes the responsibility of Austria-Hungary, as an ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, in the Armenian genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 20, 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel's spokesman Steffen Seibert said the government of Germany would support a resolution in parliament on Friday declaring the Armenian genocide an example of genocide. Chancellor Angela Merkel and her coalition, including the Christian Democratic Union of Germany voted on April 24 to label the murders as genocide as defined by the United Nations in 1948. The lower house vote was, on the same day as leaders met in the Armenian capital of Yerevan, to commemorate the massacre that began in April 1915. Germany has been under pressure from some of its European partners to follow their example and more fully recognize the depth of the Armenian tragedy.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 21, 2015, members of the Serbian opposition political group New Party, submitted a draft resolution on the recognition and condemnation of genocide perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire to the Parliament of Serbia. New Party called on the Serbian government and citizens to observe April 24 as a day of remembrance of the victims of the Armenian genocide. The draft resolution also called on other countries, including Turkey, and international organizations to recognize and condemn the genocide against the Armenian people in the hopes of preventing such crimes from happening in the future.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 22, 2015, Israeli President Reuven Rivlin spoke out strongly on the question of the Armenian genocide in a closed session with journalists in Jerusalem. Rivlin drew a direct historical link between the world's failure to prevent the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust. "The Nazis," he said, "used the Armenian genocide as something that gave them permission to bring the Holocaust into reality."


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 22, 2015, the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan expressed his gratitude to the People's Council of Syria for its steps aimed at the recognition of the Armenian genocide. The speaker of the People's Council of the Syrian Arab Republic, Mohammad Jihad al-Laham, stated that Syria recognizes the Armenian genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 23, 2015, Russian President Vladimir Putin described the 1915 Armenian massacres in Ottoman Turkey as genocide ahead of his participation in upcoming official ceremonies in Yerevan to mark the 100th anniversary of the tragedy. "One century on, we bow our heads in memory of all victims of this tragedy which our country has always perceived as its own pain and calamity," he said.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 23, 2015, the Flemish Parliament of Belgium unanimously adopted a resolution to fully recognize the Armenian genocide. The motion was put forward by all political parties of Flanders including the Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams party. The motion further called on Turkey to recognize the massacres as a genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 24, 2015, the President of Serbia, Tomislav Nikolić, stated that the people of Serbia realize what happened to the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire and that a monstrous genocide did occur. The President, along with other world leaders, travelled to the Armenian capital of Yerevan to commemorate the centennial of the genocide. "The denial of historical truth adversely affects the level of awareness," the Serbian president stressed, and added: "We have not come here to be against or for someone, but to honor the memory of the victims of the people of Armenia."


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 24, 2015, in Los Angeles, more than 130,000 people took part in the March for Justice to mark the centennial of the Armenian genocide. Demonstrators started the march from the Little Armenia neighborhood and proceeded to walk to the Turkish consulate. Demonstrators demanded that the killing of around 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman Turks in 1915 be recognized as a genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 24, 2015, the lights of the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the Coliseum in Rome went dark in recognition and remembrance of the Armenian genocide. Several media outlets reported that Europe stood with Armenia at this time.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 25, 2015, the entire political elite of Uruguay participated in commemorating the centennial of the Armenian genocide in Montevideo. Among the participants were President Tabaré Vázquez and Vice-President Raúl Fernando Sendic Rodríguez. The high-ranking guests talked about the need for international recognition of the Armenian genocide and criticized Turkey's denial. Uruguay was the first country to recognize the Armenian genocide in 1965.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: Throughout April 2015, several American states adopted resolutions on the occasion of the Armenian genocide centennial. Wisconsin commemorated the "Day of Remembrance for the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian genocide of 1915 to 1923 with a joint resolution. Pennsylvania unanimously passed H.R. 265 designating April 24, 2015, as "Pennsylvania's Day of Remembrance of the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. Tennessee passed HR 100 designating April 24 as the official day of remembrance for the Armenian genocide. The New York State Assembly passed Res.374 "intended to counter the tide of revisionist history which purports that the Armenian Genocide never took place." The Georgia House of Representatives passed Resolution H.R. 904 which declares April 24 as Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day. As of April 2015, 44 out of 50 U.S. states have, by legislation or proclamation, recognized the Armenian genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 27, 2015, a call to recognize the killing of an estimated 1.5 million Armenians as "genocide" was supported by the leaders of the main Irish churches. Clergy from seven Christian denominations and a representative of the Jewish Community were among those calling on the Republic of Ireland to recognize the genocide. Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop of Dublin Raymond Field said to the Armenians "I stand in solidarity with you, and we share your pain and sadness." Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin Dr Michael Jackson also described the killing as a "genocide" which demanded "recognition and response". On the same day, Armenia called on Ireland to recognize the genocide, the call was made by the Armenian Consul to Ireland.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 29, 2015, members of the Kurdistan Parliament in Iraq submitted a legislative proposal to recognize the events of 1915 as the Armenian genocide. The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan extended its support of the proposal. The draft law also proposes to declare April 24 as an official non-working day in Iraqi Kurdistan.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On May 30, 2015, the Young European Socialists gathered in Riga, Latvia where a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide was passed. The group also condemned Turkey's denial of the crime and called on Turkey to begin a process of reparations for the genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On June 2, 2015, the Federal Senate of Brazil passed a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide. The resolution expresses its "solidarity with the Armenian people during the course of the centenary of the campaign of extermination of its population" and states that "the Senate recognizes the Armenian genocide, whose centenary was commemorated on April 24, 2015."


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On October 29, 2015, the Senate of the Republic of Paraguay unanimously approved an official recognition of the Armenian genocide. "The Senate of the Republic of Paraguay recognizes the genocide of the Armenian people in the period 1915-1923, committed by the Turkish-Ottoman Empire, when commemorating this year the centenary of that crime against humanity," reads Article 1 of the statement presented by the Progressive Democratic Party.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On November 30, 2015, the Parliament of South Ossetia considered the issue of recognition of the Armenian genocide, as announced by Speaker Anatoly Bibilov. "We regret that South Ossetia has not recognized the Armenian gGenocide until now. The issue is on the parliament agenda now, and will be put up for discussion. It's necessary to give a proper assessment of the crime committed in the Ottoman Empire and condemn the policy of denial of genocide," he said. He added that South Ossetia is not afraid of damaging ties with Turkey, as there are no relations as such.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On June 2, 2016, Germany's Bundestag passed a resolution recognizing the Armenian genocide and admitting its part of responsibility for it, as the main ally of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, which led to a furious reaction in Turkey. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said German lawmakers of Turkish origin who voted for the resolution have "tainted blood" and that their blood "must be tested in a lab." The president of Germany's parliament, Norbert Lammert said he was shocked that threats against the parliamentarians had been backed by high-ranking politicians, and said parliament would respond with all legal options. Also, Martin Schulz, a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and president of the European Parliament, condemned Erdoğan's comments. The German foreign ministry had warned lawmakers with Turkish origin against travel to Turkey because their safety could not be guaranteed and also they received increased police protection and further security measures for both their professional and private activities.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On June 24, 2016, Pope Francis in a speech described the killing of Armenians as a genocide. Also, the Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi, told the reporters that "There is no reason not to use this word in this case," "The reality is clear and we never denied what the reality is." Turkey condemned the declaration as "very unfortunate" and also said that it bore traces of "the mentality of the Crusades."


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On July 1, 2016, France's lower house of parliament unanimously voted to criminalize the denial of all crimes against humanity. The amendment covered all events which the French law defined as genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes or slavery, including the Armenian genocide. The law set out penalties of up to one year in prison and a 45,000 ($50,000) fine for those who contradicted it. It is yet to be passed by France's Senate. The Turkish Foreign Ministry said that this law is a risk to freedom of expression


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On August 1, 2016, the Knesset's Education, Culture and Sports Committee announced its recognition of the Armenian genocide and urged the Israeli government to formally acknowledge the 1915 mass slaughter of 1.5 million Armenians as such.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On September 17, 2016, the Andean Parliament, a legislative body composed of representatives of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile, approved a resolution recognizing the "Armenian Genocide perpetrated by the authorities of the Ottoman Empire between the years 1915–1923" and condemning "any policy of denial with respect to genocide and crimes against humanity suffered by the Armenian nation."


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On October 14, 2016, the French Senate — the upper house of the Parliament of France — approved a draft law criminalizing the denial of the Armenian genocide. The bill, which had been unanimously passed by the lower house of the French parliament on July 1, set out penalties of up to one year in prison and a 45,000 (US$50,000) fine for those who publicly deny the genocide. The law was later overturned by the Constitutional Council, which ruled that it represented an unconstitutional "blow to the freedom of expression which is neither necessary nor proportionate." As of 2021, Armenian genocide denial is not a criminal offence in France.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On January 26, 2017, the Parliament of Denmark approved a resolution that condemns Turkish legislation for banning citizens and mass media from using the term 'genocide' and that it is an unreasonable restriction on academic freedom and freedom of speech. The resolution also condemned the acts of violence committed against the Armenian people.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: In a letter dated April 21, 2017, and addressed to the Armenian National Committee of America Western Region (ANCA-WR), Wyoming Governor Matt Mead has recognized the Armenian genocide and praised the work of Armenian American grassroots. Wyoming became the 45th U.S. state to recognize the Armenian genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On May 19, 2017, the Texas House of Representatives unanimously passed House Resolution 191, titled “Recognizing the Armenian Genocide". Texas became the 46th U.S. state to recognize the Armenian genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On August 24, 2017, Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds signed a proclamation memorializing the Armenian Genocide and declaring October 2017 as "Armenia Awareness Month" in Iowa, making it the 47th U.S. state to officially recognize the Armenian genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On November 6, 2017, Indiana Governor Eric Holcomb issued a powerful proclamation memorializing the Ottoman Turkish Empire's centrally planned and executed annihilation of close to three million Armenians, Greeks, Assyrians, and Syriacs, making the Hoosier State the 48th U.S. state to properly recognize and condemn the Armenian genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On February 22, 2018, the parliament of the Netherlands adopted two resolutions on the Armenian genocide with an absolute majority of votes. The first resolution reaffirms the decision of the Netherlands in 2004 to recognize the Armenian genocide, while by the second resolution, the foreign minister of the Netherlands will be obliged to visit Armenia and pay tribute to the victims of the Armenian genocide at Tsitsernakaberd memorial complex every 5 years.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: Due to the ongoing deterioration of relations between Egypt and Turkey, the Government of Egypt, led by el-Sisi, has been receiving proposals to recognize the Armenian genocide, a sensitive subject which Turkey has many times denounced. Filmmaker Mohamed Hanafi had produced a movie, "Who Killed the Armenians?", in response to ongoing tensions between Turkey and Egypt, as an act of Egyptian solidarity to Armenia. In February 2019, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi announced it had implicitly recognized the Armenian genocide, further deteriorated the relationship between Turkey and Egypt.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On February 5, 2019, French President Emmanuel Macron declared April 24 as Armenian genocide commemoration day in France.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 10, 2019, the Executive Committee of the Centrist Democrat International political alliance met in Brussels where participants officially adopted the resolution recognizing and condemning the Armenian genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On October 29, 2019, the US House of Representatives passed a resolution on a 405–11 vote to recognize the Armenian genocide. Moreover, the House backed a legislation calling on President Donald Trump to impose sanctions on Turkey, following the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. On December 12, 2019, the US Senate passed unanimously a resolution to recognize the genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 16, 2021, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in Canada passed a law unanimously recognizing the Armenian genocide and other genocides, while the government declared the month of April as Genocide Remembrance, Condemnation and Prevention Month.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On April 24, 2021, President Joe Biden officially recognized the Armenian genocide, thus formalizing the United States' recognition, and making it clear the administrative branch was in agreement with Congress' recognition in late 2019. It was the first time an American President had used the term "Genocide" formally on April 24, the international day of remembrance for the Armenian Genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On November 11, 2021, the Regional Parliament of La Rioja in Spain adopted a motion recognizing the Armenian genocide.


title: Armenian genocide recognition

text: On May 6, 2022, Mississippi became the 50th US state to recognize the Armenian genocide, with Governor Tate Reeve's proclamation marking April as "Genocide Awareness and Prevention Month”.


title: Kronecker delta

text: In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise:


title: Kronecker delta

text: The Kronecker delta appears naturally in many areas of mathematics, physics and engineering, as a means of compactly expressing its definition above.


title: Kronecker delta

text: Here the Euclidean vectors are defined as -tuples: formula_5 and formula_6 and the last step is obtained by using the values of the Kronecker delta to reduce the summation over .


title: Kronecker delta

text: The restriction to positive or non-negative integers is common, but in fact, the Kronecker delta can be defined on an arbitrary set.


title: Kronecker delta

text: In linear algebra, it can be thought of as a tensor, and is written . Sometimes the Kronecker delta is called the substitution tensor.


title: Kronecker delta

text: In the study of digital signal processing (DSP), the unit sample function formula_12 represents a special case of a 2-dimensional Kronecker delta function formula_13 where the Kronecker indices include the number zero, and where one of the indices is zero. In this case:


title: Kronecker delta

text: However, this is only a special case. In tensor calculus, it is more common to number basis vectors in a particular dimension starting with index 1, rather than index 0. In this case, the relation formula_16 doesn't exist, and in fact, the Kronecker delta function and the unit sample function are different functions that overlap in the specific case where the indices include the number 0, the number of indices is 2, and one of the indices has the value of zero.


title: Kronecker delta

text: While the discrete unit sample function and the Kronecker delta function use the same letter, they differ in the following ways. For the discrete unit sample function, it is more conventional to place a single integer index in square braces; in contrast the Kronecker delta can have any number of indexes. Further, the purpose of the discrete unit sample function is different from the Kronecker delta function. In DSP, the discrete unit sample function is typically used as an input function to a discrete system for discovering the system function of the system which will be produced as an output of the system. In contrast, the typical purpose of the Kronecker delta function is for filtering terms from an Einstein summation convention.


title: Kronecker delta

text: In addition, the Dirac delta function is often confused for both the Kronecker delta function and the unit sample function. The Dirac delta is defined as:


title: Kronecker delta

text: Unlike the Kronecker delta function formula_13 and the unit sample function formula_12, the Dirac delta function formula_21 doesn't have a integer index, it has a single continuous non-integer value .


title: Kronecker delta

text: To confuse matters more, the unit impulse function is sometimes used to refer to either the Dirac delta function formula_21, or the unit sample function formula_12.


title: Kronecker delta

text: and if the integers are viewed as a measure space, endowed with the counting measure, then this property coincides with the defining property of the Dirac delta function


title: Kronecker delta

text: and in fact Dirac's delta was named after the Kronecker delta because of this analogous property. In signal processing it is usually the context (discrete or continuous time) that distinguishes the Kronecker and Dirac "functions". And by convention, generally indicates continuous time (Dirac), whereas arguments like , , , , , and are usually reserved for discrete time (Kronecker). Another common practice is to represent discrete sequences with square brackets; thus: . The Kronecker delta is not the result of directly sampling the Dirac delta function.


title: Kronecker delta

text: In probability theory and statistics, the Kronecker delta and Dirac delta function can both be used to represent a discrete distribution. If the support of a distribution consists of points , with corresponding probabilities , then the probability mass function of the distribution over can be written, using the Kronecker delta, as


title: Kronecker delta

text: Equivalently, the probability density function of the distribution can be written using the Dirac delta function as


title: Kronecker delta

text: Under certain conditions, the Kronecker delta can arise from sampling a Dirac delta function. For example, if a Dirac delta impulse occurs exactly at a sampling point and is ideally lowpass-filtered (with cutoff at the critical frequency) per the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, the resulting discrete-time signal will be a Kronecker delta function.


title: Kronecker delta

text: The or multi-index Kronecker delta of order is a type tensor that is completely antisymmetric in its upper indices, and also in its lower indices.


title: Kronecker delta

text: Two definitions that differ by a factor of are in use. Below, the version is presented has nonzero components scaled to be . The second version has nonzero components that are , with consequent changes scaling factors in formulae, such as the scaling factors of in "" below disappearing.


title: IAI Harop

text: The IAI Harop is a loitering munition developed by the MBT division of Israel Aerospace Industries. Loitering munitions are designed to loiter above the battlefield and attack targets by crashing into them and exploding.


title: IAI Harop

text: The IAI Harop has a loiter (flying) time of 6 hours and a range of 1,000 km both ways. It is a larger version of the IAI Harpy and is launched from ground or sea-based canisters, but can be adapted for air launch. The Harop uses a man-in-the-loop mode, being controlled by a remote operator. The Harop operator can select static or moving targets detected by the aircraft's electro-optical sensor.


title: IAI Harop

text: IAI developed a smaller version of the Harop for smaller applications called Mini-Harop or Green Dragon. The smaller Harop is one-fifth the size and has a lighter warhead. It has a shorter endurance of 2–3 hours and is used tactically against time-critical targets or ones that hide and re-appear.


title: IAI Harop

text: Turkey may have been the launch customer for the Harop in 2005. In October 2005, MBDA submitted the Harop (under the name "White Hawk") to the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence for consideration as the system for the Ministry's Loitering Munition Capability Demonstration (LMCD) program, otherwise known as "Fire Shadow". The Harop was selected as one of the finalists but was rejected when the MoD decided that the contract should go to a British team.


title: IAI Harop

text: In August 2007, the government of India was negotiating to purchase eight to ten Harop systems. In September 2009, the Indian Air Force announced that it will be inducting the Harop systems purchased for US$100 million "for up to 10 drones". The Harop was publicly unveiled to the world for the first time in India, in the lead-up to the Aero India 2009 show. In February 2019, the Indian Air Force decided to add another 54 Harop drones to its fleet of around 110 of these drones, which they had renamed P-4.


title: IAI Harop

text: It was first used in combat by Azerbaijan in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in April 2016. IAI Harop drones operated by Azerbaijan were used to destroy buses of Armenian soldiers being transported to the frontline. The loitering drones were also reportedly used to destroy an Armenian command post. In April 2018, IAI systems were observed in a film made by the Azerbaijan Army, specifically the IAI Harop loitering munition system, resulting in criticism from the Armenian government concerning the supply of Israeli arms to the Azerbaijan Army. The Israeli Defense Forces Harop was also credited for destroying a Syrian Air Defence SA-22 Greyhound on 10 May 2018. It was also used by the Azerbaijan Air Force in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. In 2020, Hikmet Hajiyev, an advisor to Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev, praised the effectiveness of the Harop in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.


title: The Way of the Wind

text: The Way of the Wind is an upcoming epic biblical drama film written and directed by Terrence Malick and produced by Josh Jeter. Starring Géza Röhrig as Jesus, the film retells his story. Alongside Rohrig, Mark Rylance stars as Satan, Matthias Schoenaerts as Saint Peter while Ben Kingsley, Joseph Fiennes, Tawfeek Barhom, Douglas Booth, and Aidan Turner star in supporting roles.


title: The Way of the Wind

text: Reports began circulating in June 2019 that Terrence Malick had begun filming his next project, known as "The Last Planet", near the town of Anzio, Italy. By July, filming was reportedly occurring in Iceland, with Ben Kingsley and Björn Thors reported to have been cast and present for filming. In September, Mark Rylance, Matthias Schoenaerts, Géza Röhrig, Joseph Fiennes, Douglas Booth, Lorenzo Gioielli, Sebastiano Filocamo and Aidan Turner were cast, with Rylance directly confirming the film and stating that he would be playing four versions of Satan. Joseph Mawle was added in October.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Shkodran Mustafi (; born 17 April 1992) is a German professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Segunda División club Levante.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Mustafi began his career in the youth ranks of Hamburger SV and English club Everton, where he made one substitute appearance for them before leaving to Sampdoria in January 2012. He signed a five-year deal at Valencia in August 2014, and moved to Arsenal for a reported £35 million two years later. He played 151 games for Arsenal. He later returned to the Bundesliga with Schalke 04 and La Liga with Levante.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Mustafi made his full international debut against Poland on 13 May 2014, and was part of the German teams that won the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, also competing at UEFA Euro 2016.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Mustafi was born in Bad Hersfeld, Hesse, to a Macedonian Albanian family originally from Gostivar in the former Yugoslavia. Mustafi started his career in the youth system of local 1. FC Bebra, and had a stint with SV Rotenburg, before joining Hamburger SV's youth setup in 2006.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: In May 2009, Mustafi joined Everton, initially assigned to the academy team. He later stated that "Goodison Park feels like home", after turning down offers from Manchester City and Newcastle United.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Mustafi made his competitive debut on 16 December 2009, replacing Tony Hibbert in the 75th minute of a 0–1 home loss against BATE Borisov, for the season's UEFA Europa League. He was also named on the bench for the Premier League matches against Arsenal and Manchester City in January. Mustafi only appeared on the bench nine times in the following two campaigns, but never played in any further matches.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: In January 2012, Mustafi moved to Italian Serie B side Sampdoria, on a free transfer. Mustafi was released by Everton after he asked manager David Moyes to allow him to move on for more game time.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Mustafi made his "Samp" debut on 26 May 2012, starting and playing the full 90 minutes of a 1–3 loss at Varese. It was his maiden appearance in the competition, as Sampdoria returned to Serie A at first attempt. He made his debut in the Italian top flight on 11 November 2012, starting in a 0–2 loss at Palermo.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: On 26 October of the following year he scored his first professional goal, netting the game's only against Atalanta at the Stadio Luigi Ferraris.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: On 7 August 2014, Mustafi signed a five-year deal with La Liga's Valencia CF, for an undisclosed fee, rumoured to be €8 million. He debuted for his new team on 25 September, against Córdoba in an eventual 3–0 home win. A month later, he scored his first goal for the team, opening a 3–1 home win over Elche. In Valencia's next match on 2 November, against another regional rival, Villarreal, Mustafi scored a brace in a 3–1 away win to put Valencia into second place in the league.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: On 3 March 2016, Mustafi received a straight red card in the first half of Valencia's 7–0 loss at Barcelona in the first leg of the Copa del Rey semi-final, after conceding a penalty with a foul on Lionel Messi. He then pleaded for the team's forgiveness by the "Che" supporters.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: On 30 August 2016, Mustafi joined English club Arsenal for an undisclosed fee, reported to be in excess of £35 million. He made his debut in Arsenal's 2–1 Premier League win over Southampton at the Emirates Stadium on 10 September. Mustafi beat Bacary Sagna's record unbeaten start of 17 games at the club in Arsenal's 3–3 draw against Bournemouth with his 18th game without defeat. On 22 January 2017, he scored his first goal for the club in a home 2–1 league win over Burnley. Because of illness, he missed Arsenal's 2–1 win over Chelsea in the 2017 FA Cup Final on 27 May.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Mustafi was in the starting 11 against Manchester City in the EFL Cup final on 25 February 2018. He made a mistake in the 18th minute that allowed Sergio Agüero to score the first goal of a 3–0 City win. On 29 May 2019, he was an unused substitute in the Europa League final against Chelsea, in which Arsenal were defeated 4–1. He missed the 2020 FA Cup Final against the same team due to a hamstring injury, and Arsenal won 2–1.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: On 29 August 2020, Mustafi missed Arsenal's victory over Liverpool in the 2020 FA Community Shield because of injury. The following 1 February, Arsenal and Mustafi reached a mutual agreement to terminate his contract. During his tenure at Arsenal, he developed a reputation for errors.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: On 1 February 2021, Mustafi joined German side Schalke 04 on a permanent transfer. He was reportedly signed as the replacement for Liverpool-bound Ozan Kabak on a six-month contract. He made his debut five days later in a 0–3 defeat against RB Leipzig in the Bundesliga. He played 13 games for the team from Gelsenkirchen, scoring in a 4–2 loss at Hoffenheim on 8 May.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: On 2 September 2021, Mustafi returned to the city of Valencia, joining La Liga club Levante on a two-year deal. He suffered from several injuries and made only 11 appearances as the team suffered relegation; this included three months with a knee injury from December to March 2022, followed by a quadriceps strain between April and July. His one goal was the early opener in a 3–1 loss at Real Betis on 28 November 2021.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Eligible to represent Germany, North Macedonia and Albania, Mustafi played for his country of birth at youth level; with the under-17 team he won the 2009 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Joachim Löw called up Mustafi to the German national squad for a friendly match against Chile in February 2014, he made his full international debut in a friendly match against Poland, playing the full 90 minutes of a goalless draw at the Volksparkstadion on 13 May 2014.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Mustafi was selected in Germany's 30-man provisional squad before the 2014 FIFA World Cup by Löw. After initially not making the squad for the finals, he was subsequently nominated as the replacement for the injured Marco Reus. He appeared as a substitute in Germany's opening World Cup game against Portugal, coming on in the 73rd minute in place of Mats Hummels to win his second cap.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: In the team's second match, he again came on as a substitute, replacing Jérôme Boateng at half time against Ghana. He was selected to start at right-back in Germany's round of 16 match against Algeria, but was substituted in the 70th minute for Sami Khedira due to an injury in his left thigh. It was later confirmed by the DFB that Mustafi would take no further part in the World Cup due to the torn fibre muscle.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Mustafi was also called up for UEFA Euro 2016. In Germany's opening match against Ukraine in Lille, he headed a delivery from Toni Kroos to open a 2–0 win. That was his first goal for Germany. He was also part of their squad that won the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia, but was omitted from the following year's World Cup in the same country due to a poor season with Arsenal.


title: Shkodran Mustafi

text: Mustafi is a practising Muslim. In July 2016, he married Albanian model Vjosa Kaba in Gostivar. The couple has a daughter, Noemi (born in July 2017), and a son, Amar (born in January 2019).


title: Deuteragonist

text: In literature, the deuteragonist ( ; ) or secondary main character is the second most important character of a narrative, after the protagonist and before the tritagonist. The deuteragonist often acts as a constant companion to the protagonist or someone who continues actively aiding a protagonist. The deuteragonist may switch between supporting and opposing the protagonist, depending on their own conflict or plot.


title: Deuteragonist

text: Greek drama began with simply one actor, the protagonist, and a chorus of dancers. The playwright Aeschylus introduced the deuteragonist; Aristotle says in his "Poetics":


title: Deuteragonist

text: Aeschylus' efforts brought the dialogue and interaction between characters to the forefront and set the stage for other playwrights of the era, like Sophocles and Euripides, to produce many iconic plays.


title: Deuteragonist

text: Because Ancient Greek drama involved only three actors (the protagonist, deuteragonist, and tritagonist) plus the chorus, each actor often played several parts. For instance, in Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex", the protagonist would be Oedipus, who is on stage in most acts, the deuteragonist would be Jocasta (Oedipus' mother and wife), and the tritagonist would play the Shepherd and Messenger.


title: Deuteragonist

text: This would be because Jocasta is certainly a major role—acting opposite Oedipus many times and occupying a central part of the story—and because the Shepherd and Messenger are onstage when Jocasta is offstage.


title: Dog Man

text: Dog Man is a comedic graphic novel series created by American author and cartoonist Dav Pilkey and published by Scholastic Corporation. The series is about a dog-headed cop protecting the city he resides in with his friends. The book series includes ten books, the first released in 2016 and the latest in 2021. The latest book is called "Dog Man: Mothering Heights" and it was released on March 23, 2021.


title: Dog Man

text: An in-universe comic series in the Captain Underpants fictional universe, George Beard and Harold Hutchins, the two protagonists of the "Captain Underpants" series, created Dog Man in kindergarten. At the end of the last Captain Underpants book, George and Harold find their old Dog Man comics. After reading them, they become inspired to rewrite them and make Dog Man comics again.


title: Dog Man

text: In 2020, ten "Dog Man" books (including one "Cat Kid Comic Club", a spin-off) sold a total of over 3.8 million copies, 13% of the total comics book sales, as charted by BookScan. This does not include digital copies or any copy sold by Scholastic through school book fairs.


title: Dog Man

text: On December 9, 2020, it was announced that a Dog Man feature film is in development at DreamWorks Animation with Peter Hastings directing in the helm after his experience with Dav Pilkey's works from "The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants".


title: Dog Man

text: "Dog Man" is the first book in the series, released on August 30, 2016. The book is about how Petey, the "World's Most Evilest Cat", accidentally creates Dog Man. Unlike the other books, the chapters are independent stories.


title: Dog Man

text: "Dog Man: Unleashed" is the second book in the series, released on December 27, 2016. It revolves around Dog Man facing off against Petey, his flat counterpart, and a mysterious stranger with telekinetic powers after a pet store robbery occurs on the chief's birthday.


title: Dog Man

text: "Dog Man: A Tale of Two Kitties" is the third book in the series, released on August 29, 2017. It revolves around Petey and his clone Lil’ Petey, who is pure-hearted compared to the self-proclaimed "world's most evilest cat". The title begins the trend of Dog Man graphic novels referencing classic literature in their titles and themes, in this case, "A Tale of Two Cities".


title: Dog Man

text: "Dog Man and Cat Kid" is the fourth book in the series, released on December 26, 2017. It revolves around Dog Man and Li'l Petey becoming super-heroes. Dog Man is the Bark Knight (referencing Batman), and Lil' Petey is Cat Kid. Some aspects of the book are a play on "East of Eden".


title: Dog Man

text: "Dog Man: Lord of the Fleas" is the fifth book in the series, released on August 28, 2018. It revolves around Dog Man and his new SUPA BUDDIES superhero team facing Piggy the evil pig, Crunky the dim-witted gorilla, and Bub the goofy dwarf crocodile, known as the F.L.E.A.S: the Fuzzy Little Evil Animal Squad.


title: Dog Man

text: "Dog Man: Brawl of the Wild" is the sixth book in the series, released on December 24, 2018. It revolves around Dog Man being framed by the Fleas for a bank robbery he did not commit, and his friends working together to prove his innocence. It was released with positive reviews. The name and some aspects of the book are a play on "The Call of the Wild".


title: Dog Man

text: "Dog Man: For Whom the Ball Rolls" is the seventh book in the series, released on August 13, 2019. The name and some aspects of the book are a play on "For Whom the Bell Tolls".


title: Dog Man

text: "Dog Man: Fetch-22" is the eighth book in the series, released on December 10, 2019. It revolves around Dog Man facing the Fair Fairy, their tree, Barky McTreeface, and 22 "supa-angry" psychokinetic tadpoles (the Fair Fairy's children who controlled Barky with their minds), not to mention Li'l Petey's greedy grampa.


title: Dog Man

text: "Dog Man: Grime and Punishment" is the ninth book in the series, released on September 1, 2020. It revolves around Dog Man getting fired by Mayor for digging up his roses, ripping his hat, destroying the city hall, and having to go undercover as Cat Man to get his job back. Since Chief cannot hire dogs per the mayor's orders, Dog Man disguises as a cat to continue his duties. Meanwhile, Grampa builds an invention called The Mighty Motor Brain and it made Grampa look tough. At the ending, Petey forgives Grampa with the latter demanding him to return for a fight.


title: Dog Man

text: Dog Man: Mothering Heights is the tenth book in the series, released on March 23, 2021. It involves Dog Man being down on his luck, Petey confronting his not-so-purr-fect past, and Grampa being up to no good. The world is spinning out of control as new villains spill into town. Everything seems dark and full of despair. But hope is not lost. Love can win.


title: Dog Man

text: Released on December 1, 2020, this is a new book series that follows Lil' Petey, along with flying tadpole Molly, and Flippy, a psychokinetic fish. Packed with more interactive activities and includes supporting roles from characters from the first nine "Dog Man" novels, Lil' Petey, Flippy, and Molly introduce twenty-one rambunctious, funny, and talented baby frogs to the art of comic-making. As the story unwinds with mishaps and hilarity, readers get to see the progress, mistakes, and improvements that come with practice and persistence.


title: Dog Man

text: A second book was announced and teased at the end of the first book. It was released on November 30, 2021, as revealed by Amazon and iBooks. It has been officially called "CKCC: Perspectives", as revealed in Woozles and Amazon.


title: Dog Man

text: Cat Kid Comic Club: On Purpose is the third book in the Cat Kid Comic Club series. It was released on April 12, 2022.


title: Beau Brummell

text: George Bryan "Beau" Brummell (7 June 1778 – 30 March 1840) was an important figure in Regency England and, for many years, the arbiter of men's fashion. At one time, he was a close friend of the Prince Regent, the future King George IV, but after the two quarrelled and Brummell got into debt, he had to take refuge in France. Eventually, he died shabby and insane in Caen.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell was remembered afterwards as the preeminent example of the dandy, and a whole literature was founded upon his manner and witty sayings, which have persisted until today. His name is still associated with style and good looks and has been given to a variety of modern products to suggest their high quality.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell was born in London, the younger son of Jane (née Richardson, daughter of the Keeper of the Lottery Office) and William Brummell (d. 1794), Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, Lord North. On his retirement from politics, William had bought Donnington Grove in Berkshire and served as High Sheriff of Berkshire in 1788. William was the son of another William Brummell (d. 1770), who had been valet to a Lincolnshire politician, Charles Monson, and, reckoned "an excellent servant", met with some success despite his modest origins through patronage and good fortune. He was in business as a confectioner in Bury Street, "in an area notorious for ... high-class brothels", letting some rooms in the family's house for boarding. The statesman Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool stayed there for a time and got the younger William a clerical position at the Treasury, which led to his successful career.


title: Beau Brummell

text: The family had achieved middle class status, but William Brummell was ambitious for his son George to become a gentleman, and he was raised with that understanding. It was suggested (possibly by the Brummells) that William Brummell was an illegitimate descendant of Frederick, Prince of Wales.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell was educated at Eton College and made his precocious mark on fashion when he not only modernised the white stock, or cravat, that was the mark of the "Eton boy", but added a gold buckle to it.


title: Beau Brummell

text: He progressed to Oxford University, where, by his own example, he made cotton stockings and dingy cravats fall out of favour. While an undergraduate at Oriel College in 1793, he competed for the Chancellor's Prize for Latin Verse, coming second to Edward Copleston, who later became provost of his college. He left the university after only a year at age sixteen.


title: Beau Brummell

text: In June 1794, Brummell joined the Tenth Royal Hussars as a cornet, the lowest rank of commissioned officer, and soon after had his nose broken by a kick from a horse. His father died in 1795, by which time Brummell had been promoted to lieutenant. His father had left an inheritance of £65,000, of which Brummell was entitled to a third. Ordinarily a considerable sum, it was inadequate for the expenses of an aspiring officer in the personal regiment of the Prince of Wales. The officers, many of whom were heirs to noble titles and lands, "wore their estates upon their backs – some of them before they had inherited the paternal acres." Officers in any military regiment were required to provide their own mounts and uniforms and to pay mess bills, but the 10th in particular had elaborate and nearly endless variations of uniform. Their mess expenses were unusually high because the regiment frequently enjoyed banquets and entertainment.


title: Beau Brummell

text: For such a junior officer, Brummell took the regiment by storm, fascinating the Prince, "the first gentleman of England", by the force of his personality. He was allowed to miss parade, shirk his duties and, in essence, do just as he pleased. Within three years, by 1796, he was made a captain, to the envy and disgust of older officers who felt that "our general’s friend was now the general." In 1797, when his regiment was sent from London to Manchester, he immediately resigned his commission, citing the city's poor reputation, undistinguished ambience and want of culture and civility.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Although he was now a civilian, Brummell's friendship with (and influence over) the Prince continued. He became the arbiter of fashion, establishing a mode of dress that rejected overly ornate clothes in favour of understated but perfectly fitted and tailored bespoke garments. This look was based on dark coats, full-length trousers (rather than knee breeches and stockings), and above all, immaculate shirt linen and an elaborately knotted cravat.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell took a house on Chesterfield Street in Mayfair and, for a time, managed to avoid the nightly gaming and other extravagances frequent in such elevated circles. Where he refused to economise was on his dress: when asked how much it would cost to keep a single man in clothes, he was said to have replied: "Why, with tolerable economy, I think it might be done with £800", at a time when the average annual wage for a craftsman was £52. Additionally, he claimed that he took five hours a day to dress and recommended that boots be polished with champagne. This preoccupation with dress, coupled with a nonchalant display of wit, was referred to as dandyism.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell put into practice the principles of harmony of shape and contrast of colours with such a pleasing result that men of superior rank sought his opinion on their own dress.


title: Beau Brummell

text: The Duke of Bedford once did this touching a coat. Brummell examined his Grace with the cool impertinence which was his Grace's due. He turned him about, scanned him with scrutinizing, contemptuous eye, and then taking the lapel between his dainty finger and thumb, he exclaimed in a tone of pitying wonder, "Bedford, do you call this thing a coat?"


title: Beau Brummell

text: His personal habits, such as a fastidious attention to cleaning his teeth, shaving, and daily bathing exerted an influence on the "ton"—the upper echelons of polite society—who began to do likewise. Enthralled, the Prince would spend hours in Brummell's dressing room, witnessing the progress of his friend's lengthy morning toilette.


title: Beau Brummell

text: While studying at Eton, Brummell played for the school's first eleven; although, he is said to have once terrified a master there by asserting that he thought cricket was "foolish". He did, however, play a single first-class match for Hampshire at Lord's Old Ground in 1807 against an early all-England cricket team. Brummell made scores of 23 and 3 on that occasion, leaving him with a career batting average of 13.00.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell's wealthier friends influenced him; he began spending and gambling as though his fortune was as ample as theirs. He found it increasingly difficult to maintain his lifestyle as his spending continued over time, but his prominent position in society allowed him to float a line of credit. This situation changed in July 1813 at a masquerade ball jointly hosted at Watier's private club by Brummell, Lord Alvanley, Henry Mildmay and Henry Pierrepont. The four were considered the prime movers of Watier's, dubbed "the Dandy Club" by Lord Byron. The Prince Regent greeted Alvanley and Pierrepont at the event, and then "cut" Brummell and Mildmay by staring at their faces without speaking. This provoked Brummell's remark, "Alvanley, who's your fat friend?".


title: Beau Brummell

text: This incident marked the final breach in a rift between Brummell and the Regent that had opened in 1811, when the Prince became Regent and began abandoning all his old Whig friends. Brummell became an anomalous favourite, flourishing without a patron, influencing fashion and courted by a large segment of society.


title: Beau Brummell

text: In 1816, Brummell, owing thousands of pounds, fled to France to escape debtor's prison. Some sources liberally estimate he owed up to £600,000 at the time. Usually, Brummell's gambling obligations, being "debts of honour", were paid immediately. The one exception to that was his final wager, dated March 1815 in White's betting book, which was marked "not paid, 20th January, 1816". Seemingly unable to quell his urge to spend and gamble, it became apparent his lifestyle could no longer be sustained. Brummell was ostracized from his social circle and soon found refuge in France.


title: Beau Brummell

text: He lived the remainder of his life in French exile, spending ten years in Calais without an official passport, before acquiring an appointment to the consulate at Caen in 1830 through the influence of Lord Alvanley and the Duke of Beaufort. This provided him with a small annuity to fuel his new life in France; however, this lasted only two years because the Foreign Office acted on Brummell's recommendation to abolish the consulate. He had made it in the hope of being appointed to a more remunerative position elsewhere to regain some influence, but no new position was forthcoming, much to his detriment.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Rapidly running out of money and growing increasingly slovenly in his dress, his long-unpaid Calais creditors forced him into debtors' prison in 1835. Only through the charitable intervention of his friends in England was he able to secure his release later that year. In 1840, Brummell died at the age of 61, penniless and insane from syphilis, at Le Bon Sauveur Asylum on the outskirts of Caen. He is buried at Cimetière Protestant, Caen, France.


title: Beau Brummell

text: A very early portrait of Brummell, along with his elder brother William, occurs in the Joshua Reynolds painting of the curly-headed Brummell children, dating from 1781 and now in the Kenwood House collection. The caricaturist Richard Dighton painted a watercolour of Brummell at the elegant height of his dandyism and used it as the basis for a popular print in 1805. Two centuries later, it served as model for a 2002 statue of Brummell by Irena Sedlecká, erected in Jermyn Street. A plaque on the front of this statue is inscribed with his own words: "to be truly elegant, one should not be noticed." On the other side of Piccadilly, a blue plaque has marked Brummell's former home in Chesterfield Street since 1984, while in 2013, another plaque commemorated his name as a member of the hunting and dining club in Melton Mowbray.


title: Beau Brummell

text: In literature, Brummell has been more extensively portrayed. Scarcely had he left England than he was satirised as the witty Bellair in the picaresque novel "Six Weeks at Long's, by a Late Resident" (1817), now ascribed to Eaton Stannard Barrett. Among his humorous remarks there, he is credited with denouncing the eating of vegetables and, when challenged whether he had ever tried it, replying, "Oh, yes, I remember I once ate a pea." A collection of the witticisms ascribed to him and of anecdotes about him followed under the title "Brummelliana" was republished many times in the following decades. This began with the story of him enquiring the identity of his companion's "fat friend", and also included his "I once ate a pea" remark. William Hazlitt borrowed the same title, "Brummelliana", for an unsympathetic essay published in 1828, referring to some of these stories and repeating others uncollected there. Dandyism also came under attack in George Robert Wythen Baxter's satirical essay "Kiddyism", published in humorous journals from 1832 onwards, which culminates in a set of satirical aphorisms purporting to be yet more Brummelliana. Further fictitious aphorisms were published in France by Honoré de Balzac in the course of a series of articles published under the title "Traité de la vie élégante" (1830). These sayings were supposed to have arisen during an interview with Brummell in Boulogne, rather than Calais, and epitomise his view of "the elegant life".


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell appears at length in "The Memoirs of Harriette Wilson, Written by Herself," (1825) as a former suitor of Harriette Wilson's friend Julia. "In short," she wrote, "his maxims on dress were excellent. Besides this, he was neither uneducated nor deficient. He possessed also a sort of quaint, dry humour, not amounting to anything like wit; indeed, he said nothing which would bear repetition; but his affected manners and little absurdities amused for the moment. Then it became the fashion to court Brummell's society, which was enough to make many seek it who cared not for it; and many more wished to be well with him through fear, for all knew him to be cold, heartless, and satirical."


title: Beau Brummell

text: Two more books were later dedicated to confirming Brummell as a cult figure. In England, there was Captain Jesse's two volume "Life of George Brummell" (1844), the first biography devoted to him. In France, there was the influential essay of Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly, "On Dandyism and George Brummell" (1845), which seeks to define the essence of dandyism through a study of his career and opinions. In the course of his essay, Barbey d'Aurevilly deprecates English attempts to portray Brummell in fiction: "Within Brummell's lifetime two well-known authors took up their pensharpened to exquisite points and dipped in musk-scented Chinese inkto cast on blue-tinted paper with silver borders a few facile lines where one catches a glimpse of Brummell." He was referring to two examples of the fashionable or silver fork novel, of which more than a thousand were to be written over the next two decades.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell's character also served as foundation for depiction of fictional dandies. One such is the character Trebeck in Thomas Henry Lister's "Granby" (1826), who abandons dandyism when he discovers a waistcoat of his devising worn by "a natty apprentice". In Bulwer Lytton's 1828 novel "Pelham", the hero of the title passes through Calais and meets the inspiration of his dandaical way of life in the character of Mr. Russelton. The latter is modeled on Brummell, and to him are attributed such stories from the Brummell apocrypha as his once needing three tailors to make his gloves and the sartorial insult, "Do you call this a coat?"


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell appeared under his own name as a character in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1896 historical novel "Rodney Stone". In this, the title character's uncle, Charles Tregellis, is the center of the London fashion world, until Brummell ultimately supplants him. Tregellis's subsequent death from mortification serves as a "deus ex machina," in that it resolves Rodney Stone's family poverty.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Georgette Heyer, author of a number of Regency romance novels, included Brummell as a character in her 1935 novel "Regency Buck". He is also referred to, or figures as a minor character, in the work of later writers of this genre. More recently, Brummell was made the detective-hero of a series of period mysteries by Californian novelist Rosemary Stevens, starting with "Death on a Silver Tray" in 2000. These are written as if related by their hero. Yet another American reinterpretation of his character appears in Cecilia Ryan's homoerotic novella "The Sartorialist" (2012).


title: Beau Brummell

text: In the United States, Brummell's life was dramatised in an 1890 stage play in four acts by Clyde Fitch with Richard Mansfield as Brummell. This in turn was adapted for the 1924 film "Beau Brummel", with John Barrymore and Mary Astor. Another play about him, authored by Bertram P Matthews, is only remembered because it had incidental music written for it by Edward Elgar. When it was staged at the Theatre Royal, Birmingham in November 1928, Elgar himself conducted the orchestra on its first night. With the exception of the minuet, Elgar's orchestral score subsequently disappeared and the manuscript has never been located. Brummell's later years were the setting for Ron Hutchinson's 2001 two-character play "The Beau" (originally "Beau Brummell"), which, following a UK national tour, played for one month at Theatre Royal Haymarket, starring Peter Bowles as Brummell.


title: Beau Brummell

text: Earlier movies included a 10-minute film by the Vitagraph Company of America (1913), based on a Booth Tarkington story, and "Beau Brummell and his Bride", a short comedy made by the Edison Company in the same year. In 1937, there was a radio drama on Lux Radio Theater with Robert Montgomery as Brummell. A further film, "Beau Brummell", was made in 1954 with Stewart Granger playing the title role, Peter Ustinov as the Prince of Wales, and Elizabeth Taylor as Lady Patricia Belham. There were also two television dramas: the sixty-minute "So war Herr Brummell" (Süddeutscher Rundfunk, 1967) and the UK's "" (2006).


title: Beau Brummell

text: In 1931, there was a French three-act operetta, "Brummell", composed by Reynaldo Hahn to a libretto by Rip and Robert Dieudonné. This featured Brummell as the main character in a fabricated story of a rural courtship which saw occasional performance in later years. This was later broadcast by Radio-Lille (1963).


title: Beau Brummell

text: Brummell's name became associated with style and good looks, and was therefore borrowed for a variety of products or alluded to in songs and poetry. One example was the paint colour Beau Brummel Brown, used exclusively on the 1931 Oldsmobile. In 1934, a rhododendron hybridised by Lionel de Rothschild was named after the dandy. In 1928, there were several Beau Brummel styles from the Illinois Watch Company and in 1948, LeCoultre marketed a Beau Brummel watch with a minimalist design and no numbers. In 2016, a men's skincare and shaving company launched using the name Beau Brummell for Men.


title: Beau Brummell

text: T. S. Eliot's poem about "Bustopher Jones: The Cat About Town" refers to him as the "Brummell of Cats", an allusion taken up in Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Cats", the 1981 musical based on Eliot's "Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats" (1939). Other allusions to Brummell appear in the lyrics of such songs as "All I Need Is The Girl" from the 1959 musical "Gypsy", "You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile" from the musical "Annie" (1977), and Billy Joel's 1980 hit "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me".


title: Beau Brummell

text: Various bands also adopted Brummell's name, beginning with Zack Whyte and His Chocolate Beau Brummels, a jazz-style dance band that toured between 1924 and 1935. During the 1960s, there were the rock bands such as The Beau Brummels from San Francisco and Beau Brummell Esquire and His Noble Men, the name used by South African born Michael Bush for his English group.


title: Socket AM5

text: Socket AM5 (LGA 1718) is a zero insertion force flip-chip land grid array (LGA) CPU socket designed by Advanced Micro Devices, that is used for AMD Ryzen microprocessors starting with the Zen 4 microarchitecture. AM5 replaces the Socket AM4 and is AMD's first LGA socket designed for mainstream, non-enthusiast CPUs.


title: Socket AM5

text: AMD officially confirmed details about the Ryzen 7000 series platform, including support for PCI Express 5.0 and DDR5 as part of their 2022 Product Premiere.


title: Socket AM5

text: In March 2017, with the launch of its new Zen processors, AMD introduced the AM4 socket, a pin grid array (PGA) socket that they promised to support until 2020. In April 2022, AMD released its final CPU for the AM4 socket, the 5800X3D, which featured 96MB of 3D-stacked L3 cache.


title: Socket AM5

text: At CES 2022, AMD CEO Lisa Su unveiled the AM5 socket and the integrated heat spreader design for the upcoming Ryzen 7000 processors due in late 2022.


title: Socket AM5

text: On May 23, 2022, AMD provided details about the AM5 socket, its corresponding motherboards, and Ryzen 7000 Series CPUs at Computex in Taipei, Taiwan. At Computex, motherboard vendors ASRock, Gigabyte and others debuted their new X670 motherboards featuring the AM5 socket.


title: Socket AM5

text: AMD stated that it plans to support the AM5 socket for a number of years as it did with the AM4 socket. During the Ryzen 7000 series reveal on August 29, 2022, AMD confirmed that it would support the AM5 socket until at least 2025.


title: Socket AM5

text: The AM5 socket specifies the 4 holes for fastening the heatsink to the motherboard to be placed in the corners of a rectangle with a lateral length of 54×90 mm, as well as UNC #6-32 screw threads for the backplate, identical to those of the preceding AM4 socket. Furthermore, the Z-height of the CPU package is kept the same as that of AM4, for backward compatibility of heatsinks.


title: Socket AM5

text: Unlike AM4, the backplate on AM5 is not removable, as it also serves the purpose of securing the CPU retention mechanism for the LGA socket.


title: Socket AM5

text: Not all existing CPU coolers from AM4 are compatible. In particular, coolers that use their own backplate mounting hardware, instead of the default motherboard-provided backplate, will not work. Some cooler manufacturers are offering upgrade kits to allow incompatible older coolers to be used on AM5.


title: Jaccard index

text: The Jaccard index, also known as the Jaccard similarity coefficient, is a statistic used for gauging the similarity and diversity of sample sets. It was developed by Grove Karl Gilbert in 1884 as his ratio of verification (v) and now is frequently referred to as the Critical Success Index in meteorology. It was later developed independently by Paul Jaccard, originally giving the French name "coefficient de communauté", and independently formulated again by T. Tanimoto. Thus, the Tanimoto index or Tanimoto coefficient are also used in some fields. However, they are identical in generally taking the ratio of Intersection over Union. The Jaccard coefficient measures similarity between finite sample sets, and is defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of the sample sets:


title: Jaccard index

text: Note that by design, formula_2 If "A" intersection "B" is empty, then "J"("A","B") = 0. The Jaccard coefficient is widely used in computer science, ecology, genomics, and other sciences, where binary or binarized data are used. Both the exact solution and approximation methods are available for hypothesis testing with the Jaccard coefficient.


title: Jaccard index

text: Jaccard similarity also applies to bags, i.e., Multisets. This has a similar formula, but the symbols mean


title: Jaccard index

text: The Jaccard distance, which measures "dis"similarity between sample sets, is complementary to the Jaccard coefficient and is obtained by subtracting the Jaccard coefficient from 1, or, equivalently, by dividing the difference of the sizes of the union and the intersection of two sets by the size of the union:


title: Jaccard index

text: An alternative interpretation of the Jaccard distance is as the ratio of the size of the symmetric difference formula_5 to the union.


title: Jaccard index

text: Jaccard distance is commonly used to calculate an "n" × "n" matrix for clustering and multidimensional scaling of "n" sample sets.


title: Jaccard index

text: There is also a version of the Jaccard distance for measures, including probability measures. If formula_6 is a measure on a measurable space formula_7, then we define the Jaccard coefficient by


title: Jaccard index

text: Care must be taken if formula_10 or formula_11, since these formulas are not well defined in these cases.


title: Jaccard index

text: The MinHash min-wise independent permutations locality sensitive hashing scheme may be used to efficiently compute an accurate estimate of the Jaccard similarity coefficient of pairs of sets, where each set is represented by a constant-sized signature derived from the minimum values of a hash function.


title: Jaccard index

text: Given two objects, "A" and "B", each with "n" binary attributes, the Jaccard coefficient is a useful measure of the overlap that "A" and "B" share with their attributes. Each attribute of "A" and "B" can either be 0 or 1. The total number of each combination of attributes for both "A" and "B" are specified as follows:


title: Jaccard index

text: Statistical inference can be made based on the Jaccard similarity coefficients, and consequently related metrics. Given two sample sets "A" and "B" with "n" attributes, a statistical test can be conducted to see if an overlap is statistically significant. The exact solution is available, although computation can be costly as "n" increases. Estimation methods are available either by approximating a multinomial distribution or by bootstrapping.


title: Jaccard index

text: When used for binary attributes, the Jaccard index is very similar to the simple matching coefficient. The main difference is that the SMC has the term formula_15 in its numerator and denominator, whereas the Jaccard index does not. Thus, the SMC counts both mutual presences (when an attribute is present in both sets) and mutual absence (when an attribute is absent in both sets) as matches and compares it to the total number of attributes in the universe, whereas the Jaccard index only counts mutual presence as matches and compares it to the number of attributes that have been chosen by at least one of the two sets.


title: Jaccard index

text: In market basket analysis, for example, the basket of two consumers who we wish to compare might only contain a small fraction of all the available products in the store, so the SMC will usually return very high values of similarities even when the baskets bear very little resemblance, thus making the Jaccard index a more appropriate measure of similarity in that context. For example, consider a supermarket with 1000 products and two customers. The basket of the first customer contains salt and pepper and the basket of the second contains salt and sugar. In this scenario, the similarity between the two baskets as measured by the Jaccard index would be 1/3, but the similarity becomes 0.998 using the SMC.


title: Jaccard index

text: In other contexts, where 0 and 1 carry equivalent information (symmetry), the SMC is a better measure of similarity. For example, vectors of demographic variables stored in dummy variables, such as gender, would be better compared with the SMC than with the Jaccard index since the impact of gender on similarity should be equal, independently of whether male is defined as a 0 and female as a 1 or the other way around. However, when we have symmetric dummy variables, one could replicate the behaviour of the SMC by splitting the dummies into two binary attributes (in this case, male and female), thus transforming them into asymmetric attributes, allowing the use of the Jaccard index without introducing any bias. The SMC remains, however, more computationally efficient in the case of symmetric dummy variables since it does not require adding extra dimensions.


title: Jaccard index

text: If formula_20 and formula_21 are two vectors with all real formula_22, then their Jaccard similarity coefficient (also known then as Ruzicka similarity) is defined as


title: Jaccard index

text: With even more generality, if formula_25 and formula_26 are two non-negative measurable functions on a measurable space formula_7 with measure formula_6, then we can define


title: Jaccard index

text: Then, for example, for two measurable sets formula_33, we have formula_34 where formula_35 and formula_36 are the characteristic functions of the corresponding set.


title: Jaccard index

text: The weighted Jaccard similarity described above generalizes the Jaccard Index to positive vectors, where a set corresponds to a binary vector given by the indicator function, i.e. formula_37. However, it does not generalize the Jaccard Index to probability distributions, where a set corresponds to a uniform probability distribution, i.e.


title: Jaccard index

text: Instead, a generalization that is continuous between probability distributions and their corresponding support sets is


title: Jaccard index

text: which is called the "Probability" Jaccard. It has the following bounds against the Weighted Jaccard on probability vectors.


title: Jaccard index

text: The corresponding distance, formula_44, is a metric over probability distributions, and a pseudo-metric over non-negative vectors.


title: Jaccard index

text: The Probability Jaccard Index has a geometric interpretation as the area of an intersection of simplices. Every point on a unit formula_45-simplex corresponds to a probability distribution on formula_46 elements, because the unit formula_45-simplex is the set of points in formula_46 dimensions that sum to 1. To derive the Probability Jaccard Index geometrically, represent a probability distribution as the unit simplex divided into sub simplices according to the mass of each item. If you overlay two distributions represented in this way on top of each other, and intersect the simplices corresponding to each item, the area that remains is equal to the Probability Jaccard Index of the distributions.


title: Jaccard index

text: Consider the problem of constructing random variables such that they collide with each other as much as possible. That is, if formula_49 and formula_50, we would like to construct formula_7 and formula_52 to maximize formula_53. If we look at just two distributions formula_54 in isolation, the highest formula_53 we can achieve is given by formula_56 where formula_57 is the Total Variation distance. However, suppose we weren't just concerned with maximizing that particular pair, suppose we would like to maximize the collision probability of any arbitrary pair. One could construct an infinite number of random variables one for each distribution formula_58, and seek to maximize formula_53 for all pairs formula_54. In a fairly strong sense described below, the Probability Jaccard Index is an optimal way to align these random variables.


title: Jaccard index

text: For any sampling method formula_61 and discrete distributions formula_54, if formula_63 then for some formula_64 where formula_65 and formula_66, either formula_67 or formula_68.


title: Jaccard index

text: That is, no sampling method can achieve more collisions than formula_69 on one pair without achieving fewer collisions than formula_69 on another pair, where the reduced pair is more similar under formula_69 than the increased pair. This theorem is true for the Jaccard Index of sets (if interpreted as uniform distributions) and the probability Jaccard, but not of the weighted Jaccard. (The theorem uses the word "sampling method" to describe a joint distribution over all distributions on a space, because it derives from the use of weighted minhashing algorithms that achieve this as their collision probability.)


title: Jaccard index

text: Various forms of functions described as Tanimoto similarity and Tanimoto distance occur in the literature and on the Internet. Most of these are synonyms for Jaccard similarity and Jaccard distance, but some are mathematically different. Many sources cite an IBM Technical Report as the seminal reference. The report is available from several libraries.


title: Jaccard index

text: In "A Computer Program for Classifying Plants", published in October 1960, a method of classification based on a similarity ratio, and a derived distance function, is given. It seems that this is the most authoritative source for the meaning of the terms "Tanimoto similarity" and "Tanimoto Distance". The similarity ratio is equivalent to Jaccard similarity, but the distance function is "not" the same as Jaccard distance.


title: Jaccard index

text: In that paper, a "similarity ratio" is given over bitmaps, where each bit of a fixed-size array represents the presence or absence of a characteristic in the plant being modelled. The definition of the ratio is the number of common bits, divided by the number of bits set ("i.e." nonzero) in either sample.


title: Jaccard index

text: Presented in mathematical terms, if samples "X" and "Y" are bitmaps, formula_72 is the "i"th bit of "X", and formula_73 are bitwise "and", "or" operators respectively, then the similarity ratio formula_74 is


title: Jaccard index

text: If each sample is modelled instead as a set of attributes, this value is equal to the Jaccard coefficient of the two sets. Jaccard is not cited in the paper, and it seems likely that the authors were not aware of it.


title: Jaccard index

text: Tanimoto goes on to define a "distance coefficient" based on this ratio, defined for bitmaps with non-zero similarity:


title: Jaccard index

text: This coefficient is, deliberately, not a distance metric. It is chosen to allow the possibility of two specimens, which are quite different from each other, to both be similar to a third. It is easy to construct an example which disproves the property of triangle inequality.


title: Jaccard index

text: Tanimoto distance is often referred to, erroneously, as a synonym for Jaccard distance formula_77. This function is a proper distance metric. "Tanimoto Distance" is often stated as being a proper distance metric, probably because of its confusion with Jaccard distance.


title: Jaccard index

text: where the same calculation is expressed in terms of vector scalar product and magnitude. This representation relies on the fact that, for a bit vector (where the value of each dimension is either 0 or 1) then


title: Jaccard index

text: This is a potentially confusing representation, because the function as expressed over vectors is more general, unless its domain is explicitly restricted. Properties of formula_81 do not necessarily extend to formula_25. In particular, the difference function formula_83 does not preserve triangle inequality, and is not therefore a proper distance metric, whereas formula_84 is.


title: Jaccard index

text: There is a real danger that the combination of "Tanimoto Distance" being defined using this formula, along with the statement "Tanimoto Distance is a proper distance metric" will lead to the false conclusion that the function formula_83 is in fact a distance metric over vectors or multisets in general, whereas its use in similarity search or clustering algorithms may fail to produce correct results.


title: Jaccard index

text: Lipkus uses a definition of Tanimoto similarity which is equivalent to formula_25, and refers to Tanimoto distance as the function formula_83. It is, however, made clear within the paper that the context is restricted by the use of a (positive) weighting vector formula_88 such that, for any vector "A" being considered, formula_89 Under these circumstances, the function is a proper distance metric, and so a set of vectors governed by such a weighting vector forms a metric space under this function.


title: Jaccard index

text: In confusion matrices employed for binary classification, the Jaccard index can be framed in the following formula:


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), is a rare long-term systemic disorder that involves the formation of granulomas and inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis). It is a form of vasculitis that affects small- and medium-size vessels in many organs but most commonly affects the upper respiratory tract, lungs and kidneys. The signs and symptoms of GPA are highly varied and reflect which organs are supplied by the affected blood vessels. Typical signs and symptoms include nosebleeds, stuffy nose and crustiness of nasal secretions, and inflammation of the uveal layer of the eye. Damage to the heart, lungs and kidneys can be fatal.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: The cause of GPA is unknown. Genetics have been found to play a role in GPA though the risk of inheritance appears to be low.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: GPA treatment depends on the severity of the disease. Severe disease is typically treated with a combination of immunosuppressive medications such as rituximab or cyclophosphamide and high-dose corticosteroids to control the symptoms of the disease and azathioprine, methotrexate, or rituximab to keep the disease under control. Plasma exchange is also used in severe cases with damage to the lungs, kidneys, or intestines.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: The number of new cases of GPA each year is estimated to be 2.1–14.4 new cases per million people in Europe. GPA is rare in Japanese and African-American populations but occurs more often in people of Northern European descent. GPA is estimated to affect 3 cases per 100,000 people in the United States and equally affects men and women.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Initial signs are highly variable, and diagnosis can be severely delayed due to the nonspecific nature of the symptoms. In general, irritation and inflammation of the nose is the first sign in most people. Involvement of the upper respiratory tract, such as the nose and sinuses, is seen in nearly all people with GPA. Typical signs and symptoms of nose or sinus involvement include crusting around the nose, stuffiness, nosebleeds, runny nose, and "saddle-nose" deformity due to a hole in the septum of the nose. Inflammation of the outer layers of the eye (scleritis and episcleritis) and conjunctivitis are the most common signs of GPA in the eye; involvement of the eyes is common and occurs in slightly more than half of people with the disease.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: The cause of GPA is unknown, although microbes, such as bacteria and viruses, as well as genetics have been implicated in its pathogenesis.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Classic microscopic features of GPA include inflammation of blood vessels associated with poorly formed granulomas, necrosis, and many giant cells. Bacterial colonization with "Staphylococcus aureus" has been hypothesized as an initiating factor of the autoimmunity seen in people with GPA. Several genes involved in the immune system including PTPN22, CTLA4, and human leukocyte antigen genes may influence the risk of developing GPA.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: It is now widely presumed that the anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are responsible for the inflammation in GPA. The typical ANCAs in GPA are those that react with proteinase 3, an enzyme prevalent in neutrophil granulocytes. "In vitro" studies have found that ANCAs can activate neutrophils, increase their adherence to endothelium, and induce their degranulation that can damage endothelial cells. In theory, this phenomenon could cause extensive damage to the vessel wall, in particular of arterioles.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is usually suspected only when a person has had unexplained symptoms for a long period of time. Determination of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) can aid in the diagnosis, but positivity is not conclusive and negative ANCAs are not sufficient to reject the diagnosis. More than 90% of people who have GPA test positive for ANCA. Cytoplasmic-staining ANCAs that react with the enzyme proteinase 3 (cANCA) in neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) are associated with GPA. Involvement of the ears, nose, and throat is more common in granulomatosis with polyangiitis than in the similar condition microscopic polyangiitis.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: If the person has signs of kidney involvement or cutaneous vasculitis, a biopsy is obtained from the kidneys. On rare occasions, thoracoscopic lung biopsy is required. On histopathological examination, a biopsy will show "leukocytoclastic vasculitis" with necrotic changes and granulomatous inflammation (clumps of typically arranged white blood cells) on microscopy. These granulomas are the main reason for the name granulomatosis with polyangiitis, although it is not an essential feature. Nevertheless, necrotizing granulomas are a hallmark of this disease. However, many biopsies can be nonspecific and 50% provide too little information for the diagnosis of GPA.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is part of a larger group of vasculitic syndromes called systemic vasculitides or necrotizing vasculopathies, all of which feature an autoimmune attack by an abnormal type of circulating antibody termed ANCAs (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) against small and medium-size blood vessels. Apart from GPA, this category includes eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) and microscopic polyangiitis. Although GPA affects small- and medium-size vessels, it is formally classified as one of the small vessel vasculitides in the Chapel Hill system.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: In 1990, the American College of Rheumatology accepted classification criteria for GPA. These criteria were not intended for diagnosis, but for inclusion in randomized controlled trials. Two or more positive criteria have a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 92.0% of describing GPA.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: According to the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) on the nomenclature of systemic vasculitis (1992), establishing the diagnosis of GPA demands:


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: The standard treatment for severe GPA is to induce remission with immunosuppressants such as rituximab or cyclophosphamide in combination with high-dose corticosteroids. Plasmapheresis is sometimes recommended for very severe manifestations of GPA, such as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (as seen in pulmonary-renal syndrome). The use of plasmapheresis in those with GPA and acute kidney failure (renal vasculitis) might reduce progression to end-stage kidney disease at three months.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Oral and intravenous cyclophosphamide are both effective for induction of GPA remission. Oral cyclophosphamide at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day was the standard treatment for many years; this regimen resulted in complete remission in more than 75% of people with GPA but is associated with significant toxicities including infertility, inflammation and bleeding from the bladder, and bladder cancer. In contrast, administering pulsed doses of intravenous cyclophosphamide is equally effective for inducing remission, results in a lower cumulative dose, and decreases the incidence of abnormally low white blood cell counts by one-third. However, pulsed intravenous cyclophosphamide may be associated with a higher risk of GPA relapse when compared to oral cyclophosphamide. Due to a high frequency of abnormally low white blood cell counts seen with cyclophosphamide treatment, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is a common complication and prophylaxis against this pathogen is recommended.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Rituximab may be substituted for cyclophosphamide to induce remission since it is similarly effective and has a comparable side effect profile. The dose of corticosteroids is generally tapered (decreased) very slowly over the course of several months to reduce the risk of another GPA flare. After a person with GPA has successfully undergone induction and gone into remission, the treatment goal then shifts to maintenance of remission and preventing subsequent GPA flares. Less toxic immunosuppressing medications such as rituximab, methotrexate, azathioprine, leflunomide, or mycophenolate mofetil are used. TNF inhibitors, such as etanercept, appear to be ineffective and are not recommended for routine use.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: In generalized non-organ-threatening disease, remission can be achieved with a combination of methotrexate and corticosteroids, where the steroid dose is reduced after a remission has been achieved and methotrexate is used as maintenance therapy. Treatment measures for localised GPA of the nose and sinuses includes nasal irrigation, nasal corticosteroids, and antibiotics if infection occurs. If perforation of the nasal septum occurs (or saddle nose deformity), then surgical repair is recommended.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole has been proposed to help prevent relapse though a 2015 Cochrane review did not confirm fewer relapses with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole treatment.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Before modern treatments, the 2-year survival was under 10% and average survival five months. Death usually resulted from uremia or respiratory failure. The revised Five-factor score is associated with 5-year mortality from GPA and is based on the following criteria: age greater than 65 years, cardiac symptoms, gastrointestinal involvement, chronic kidney disease, and the absence of ears, nose, and throat symptoms.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: With corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide, 5-year survival is over 80%. Long-term complications are common (86%), mainly chronic kidney failure, hearing loss, and deafness. The risk of relapse is increased in people with GPA who test positive for anti-PR3 ANCA antibodies and is higher than the relapse risk for microscopic polyangiitis.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Today, medication toxicity is managed more carefully and long-term remissions are possible. Some affected individuals are able to lead relatively normal lives and remain in remission for 20+ years after treatment.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: The incidence is 10–20 cases per million per year. It is exceedingly rare in Japan and in African Americans.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: Scottish otolaryngologist Peter McBride (1854–1946) first described the condition in 1897 in a BMJ article entitled "Photographs of a case of rapid destruction of the nose and face". Heinz Karl Ernst Klinger (born 1907) added information on the anatomical pathology. An early name for the disease was "pathergic granulomatosis". The disease is still sometimes confused with lethal midline granuloma and lymphomatoid granulomatosis, both malignant lymphomas.


title: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

text: The full clinical picture was first presented by Friedrich Wegener (1907–1990), a German pathologist, in two reports in 1936 and 1939, leading to the eponymous name "Wegener's granulomatosis" or "Wegener granulomatosis" (). In 2011, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), the American Society of Nephrology (ASN) and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) resolved to change the name to granulomatosis with polyangiitis, given Wegener's association with the Nazi Party.


title: Nextdoor

text: Nextdoor Holdings, Inc. is an American company which operates a hyperlocal social networking service for neighborhoods. The company was founded in 2008 and is based in San Francisco, California. Nextdoor launched in the United States in October 2011, and is currently available in 11 countries. Users of Nextdoor are required to submit their real names and addresses to the website. However, since 2022 the platform no longer verifies addresses in the United States. New users will only have to confirm their email address to join the platform.


title: Nextdoor

text: Nextdoor has been criticized on a variety of grounds, including for allegedly enabling its users to racially profile people of color. As a platform, it also has been accused of operating as fear-based media, serving interests of real estate, private security, and police; reaffirming social and racial biases, and spreading alleged conspiracy theories such as the stolen election conspiracy theory and COVID-19 misinformation. Nextdoor has always had rules governing what members can publish on the site but is dependent on local volunteers to enforce the guidelines without bias.


title: Nextdoor

text: Nirav Tolia, Sarah Leary, Prakash Janakiraman and David Wiesen co-founded Nextdoor in 2008. Tolia had previously helped start Epinions. Early investors included Benchmark Capital, Shasta Ventures, and Rich Barton. The concept and patents that Nextdoor is based on were invented by "FatDoor" CEO Raj Abhyanker in 2006. Abhyanker pitched Benchmark Capital on Nextdoor in 2007. Narav Tolia worked at Benchmark Capital as Entrepreneur in Residence at that time. Tolia later founded Nextdoor in 2010 and made a statement saying that "an entrepreneur like Abhyanker should go in and just expect a venture capitalist to take intellectual property from others and that it has happened so many times in the past."


title: Nextdoor

text: , Nextdoor had 80 to 100 employees. In July 2012, Nextdoor raised US$18.6 million in venture capital funding. Dan Clancy (formerly of Google) joined Nextdoor in February 2014.


title: Nextdoor

text: On May 14, 2014, Nirav Tolia, then-CEO of Nextdoor, was charged with felony hit-and-run for allegedly fleeing a crash on Highway 101 in Brisbane, California that left a woman injured. "It's ironic that the CEO of a company that is holding itself out as trying to promote neighborliness, crime watch and things like that flees the scene of an accident that he caused and doesn't bother to call 911 or stay around to exchange information or see if he caused any injuries," said the woman's attorney, Joseph Brent. On June 12, 2014, Tolia pled no contest and served 30 days of community service in lieu of jail time.


title: Nextdoor

text: In February 2017, Nextdoor acquired the UK local social network service Streetlife in a "multimillion pound deal". Nextdoor's less stringent privacy and safety policies provoked concerns among some users of Streetlife—for example, full names and street addresses are visible to all members of a Nextdoor, but not Streetlife, neighbourhood—some reporting ensuing harm, such as abusive former partner finding out a woman's current address.


title: Nextdoor

text: Advertising was added to the platform, including real estate advertising, in 2017. Advertising includes posts inside users' feeds about business services and products.


title: Nextdoor

text: In July 2018, then-CEO co-founder Tolia announced plans to retire as chief executive officer (CEO), stating that he intended to become chair of the company's board following the transition. In October 2018, Square's former chief financial officer Sarah Friar became CEO, succeeding Tolia. Tolia subsequently retained his seat as a member of the company board of directors.


title: Nextdoor

text: In 2019, Nextdoor acquired local news site Hoodline. Later that year, "HuffPost" and "Wired" reported that Nextdoor paid a firm to improve its reputation by lobbying for changes to the Wikipedia articles on Nextdoor, NBC, and several other websites.


title: Nextdoor

text: Typical platform uses include neighbors reporting on news and events in their "neighborhood" and members asking each other for local service-provider recommendations. "Neighborhood" borders were initially established with Maponics, a provider of geographical information. According to the platform's rules, members whose addresses fall outside the boundaries of existing neighborhoods can establish their own neighborhoods. "Founding" members of neighborhoods determine the name of the neighborhood and its boundaries, although Nextdoor retains the authority to change either of these. A member must attract a minimum of 10 households to establish a new "neighborhood", as of November 2016.


title: Nextdoor

text: While allowing for "civil debate", the platform prohibits canvassing for votes on forums. The service does, however allow separate forums just for political discussions. According to "The New York Times", these discussions are "separated from [a user's regular] neighborhood feeds". The company had established these separate forums in 12 markets by 2018. The company has stated it "has no plans" to accept political advertising.


title: Nextdoor

text: In a 2014 study of three neighborhoods in Atlanta, researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology found that Nextdoor users from the study tended to be highly engaged with their respective neighborhoods outside of their participation on Nextdoor. For these users, Nextdoor provided a means of communication with individuals in a geographic area, instead of the topic-specific focuses of mailing lists, Facebook groups, and Craigslist posts. Study participants described Nextdoor discussions as civil, and stated that the website's address verification requirement increases trust among users while also raising privacy concerns associated with disclosing one's location to the neighborhood.


title: Nextdoor

text: Nextdoor has a section called For Sale & Free for users to buy, sell, or give away items. The Marketplace is based on geographic location and no payments take place on the app. Since Nextdoor vets the identity of its users, facilitating pickup and payment of items has been considered more secure than platforms like Facebook Marketplace and Craigslist. In 2021, the network reported that one-fourth of items listed are free stuff.