title: Peaches (Justin Bieber song)

text: Ana Clara Ribeiro from "PopMatters" viewed Caesar and Giveon as "strong collaborators" who "steal the spotlight" on "Peaches". Alex Zidel of "HotNewHipHop" felt that the track "will be a lasting success well into the summer season", writing that its chorus "will leave you humming the melody for days on end". Gabriella Ferlita of "Gigwise" called it "effortlessly sumptuous" and "a deliciously fictitious musical affair between the sounds of Anderson Paak and Jack Johnson". "NME"s Will Lavin described the song as "the ultimate pick-me-up" that "invit[es] visions of beach drives with the top down". "Stereogum"s Chris DeVille felt that "the song's loose, easygoing neo-soul vibe is hard to deny". Bianca Gracie of "Uproxx" said that the song's breeziness "compliments Bieber's sonic effortlessness", but thought it might have worked better if Caesar and Giveon were substituted for other artists who are better representations of the song's mentioned locations and flow.


title: Peaches (Justin Bieber song)

text: In the United States, "Peaches" debuted atop the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated March 30, 2021, becoming the 50th song to debut at number one, and giving Bieber his seventh number-one single and 23rd top-ten hit. "Peaches" started with 30.6 million US streams, becoming his fifth number-one song on Streaming Songs chart, at the No. 3 on Digital Songs chart with sales of 16,000 units, and attracted 12.1 million radio airplay audience impressions. Due to the song reaching the summit, Bieber tied Canadian rapper and singer Drake as the only male artists with four number-one entrances on the chart. The song additionally became both Caesar and Giveon's first number-one single on the chart. With the song's parent album, "Justice", entering the "Billboard" 200 at the top position in the same week, Bieber became the third artist to debut at number one on both charts simultaneously, following BTS and Taylor Swift in 2020, as well as the first male soloist to do so. "Peaches" subsequently topped the Rhythmic Airplay and Pop Airplay charts, becoming Bieber's fifth and eighth leader, respectively.


title: Peaches (Justin Bieber song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Peaches" debuted at number one on the Official Trending Chart dated March 23, 2021. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number three, earning Bieber the week's highest new entry. The song rose to a new peak of number two on its third week on the chart, maintaining its position for four consecutive weeks. In Ireland, "Peaches" debuted atop the Irish Singles Chart and became Bieber's seventh number one single. Bieber also claimed the Official Irish Chart Double as "Justice" debuted at number one on the Irish Albums Chart. In Australia, "Peaches" debuted at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart. The song peaked at number one on its third week on the chart, becoming Bieber's fourth number one single and earning him a chart double with "Justice" spending a second non-consecutive week atop the national albums chart. The song stayed at the top position the following week. In New Zealand, "Peaches" entered the singles chart at number one and held the position for six consecutive weeks, earning Bieber his tenth number-one single in the country.


title: Peaches (Justin Bieber song)

text: Bieber performed a solo stripped-down version of "Peaches" at NPR's "Tiny Desk Concert" on March 17, 2021, two days before the song's official release. The song was performed alongside previously released singles "Holy", "Anyone", and "Hold On". On May 25, 2021, Bieber performed a medley of "Peaches" and "Hold On" on the twentieth-season finale of "The Voice". Bieber performed a stripped-back rendition of "Peaches" along with "Hold On", "Love You Different", and "Somebody" during the iHeartRadio Wango Tango on June 30, 2021. On April 3, 2022, Bieber performed a stripped back version of "Peaches" on his piano at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards, where the song was up for four nominations. He was later joined by collaborators Daniel Caesar and Giveon, as well as a full band, in the second half of the performance.


title: Peaches (Justin Bieber song)

text: The official music video for "Peaches", directed by Colin Tilley, was released alongside the song and album on March 19, 2021. Bieber teased the clip by sharing images of himself with Caesar and Giveon over social media days before its release. The video sees the three singing through various locations filled with technicolored visuals. It follows Bieber, Caesar, and Giveon driving a vintage car as they cruise down city streets illuminated by neon lights. The scene utilizes a projector and backdrop to make the stage look like a moving highway. While Bieber and Giveon sit in the car and take turns driving, Caesar appears relaxing on the hood or lying on the roof of the moving vehicle multiple times throughout the video. Bieber also dances through a hallway among large neon lettering that spells out the song's name. He wears a series of street-style outfits, including a puffer jacket, plaid shirt, baggy jeans, and knitted cap, before flaunting a peach-colored suit inside a dome structure with soft lighting and mirrors.


title: Peaches (Justin Bieber song)

text: A remix of the song, featuring American rappers Ludacris and Snoop Dogg, as well as American singer Usher, was released on June 7, 2021. The remix came hours after Bieber performed the "Justice" track "Somebody" at the 2021 Juno Awards. Snoop Dogg teased a part of his verse a day before release through a Twitter exchange, questioning Bieber "where [he]'s been" before the latter asked the rest of his collaborators if they were "around tonight". It marks Bieber's first collaboration with Snoop Dogg; he had previously collaborated with Ludacris on the songs "Baby" and "All Around the World" and with Usher on "Somebody to Love".


title: Peaches (Justin Bieber song)

text: Ludacris, Usher and Snoop Dogg take over most of the choruses and verses handled by Bieber, Caesar and Giveon in the original. Ludacris begins the remix with bars of adornment and love regarding his relationship: "I'm always gon' adore ya', kiss you and caress you / Anything just to spoil ya, gift ya', protect ya." Bieber slips in to sing the second verse and the chorus before handing it off to Usher, who "recounts an encounter with a woman from Decatur" and introduces "tight, breathy harmonies" into the third verse. As a resident of Atlanta, Usher also pays homage to his longtime home: "Wonder where she learn to bounce that booty / What's her secret? I bet her momma went to Freaknik." Snoop Dogg, who declares himself as the "ambassador of legalization", raps about the finest stuff coming out of California in the final verse: "Whole VIP smellin' like it's Christmas, you don't wanna miss this / California weed on 10, this hits different."


title: Peaches (Justin Bieber song)

text: "Rolling Stone"s Jon Blistein felt that the guest artists were "a perfect fit" for the song's "slick and breezy beat". Mitch Findlay of "HotNewHipHop" believed that Ludacris and Usher brought new energy into the remix, while Snoop Dogg's charisma kept him engaging throughout his rapping. Robert Rowat from CBC Music called the remix "marvelous" and gave it a recommendation if one is "tire[d] of the original version". "The Globe and Mail"s Brad Wheeler referred to it as "a pungent remix". Tom Breihan of "Stereogum" found the remix to be musically uninteresting, but commented that "there's something fun about seeing [the featured artists] showing up on this song together". Clover Hope wrote for "Pitchfork" that "[a] smooth-as-ever Usher salvages the remix from transient houseguests Ludacris and Snoop Dogg" as he "add[s] lived-in harmonies to an already suave song".


title: Continental System

text: The Continental Blockade (), or Continental System, was a large-scale embargo against British trade by Napoleon Bonaparte against the British Empire from 21 November 1806 until 11 April 1814, during the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree on 21 November 1806 in response to the naval blockade of the French coasts enacted by the British government on 16 May 1806. The embargo was applied intermittently, ending on 11 April 1814 after Napoleon's first abdication.


title: Continental System

text: Aside from subduing Britain, the blockade was also intended to establish French industrial and commercial hegemony in Europe. Within the French Empire, the newly acquired territories and client states were subordinate to France itself, as there was a unified market within France (no internal barriers or tariffs) while economic distortions were maintained on the borders of the new territories.


title: Continental System

text: The Berlin Decree forbade the import of British goods into any European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and it installed the Continental System in Europe. All connections with Britain were to be cut, even the mail. However there was extensive smuggling, which made the Continental System an ineffective weapon of economic war. There was some damage to British trade, especially in 1808 and 1812, but British control of the oceans led to replacement trade with North and South America, as well as large scale smuggling in Europe particularly from Malta which was used by the British to sell their goods to southern Italy.


title: Continental System

text: The loss of Britain as a trading partner also hit the economies of France and its allies. Angry governments gained an incentive to ignore the Continental System, which led to the weakening of Napoleon's coalition. As Napoleon realized that extensive trade was going through Spain and Russia, he invaded those two countries. His forces were tied down in Spain, in which the Spanish War of Independence occurred simultaneously, and suffered severely in, and ultimately retreated from, Russia in 1812.


title: Continental System

text: The British government was the central force in encouraging and financing alliances against Napoleonic France. Napoleon was frustrated in his repeated attempts to defeat Britain. Attacks that involved naval power had all failed, with the systematic defeats of the combined French and Spanish navies. After the decisive defeat at Trafalgar, Napoleon made no attempt to rebuild his Navy. He turned instead to economic warfare, planning to ruin the British economy. It was thought that Britain depended completely upon trade with Europe for its prosperity, so cutting off trade with continental Europe would ruin the British economy and force it to sue for peace. A blockade was impossible because the Royal Navy controlled the seas, but if Napoleon controlled the ports of Europe, he could prevent British products from landing.


title: Continental System

text: On 16 May 1806, the Royal Navy imposed a naval blockade of the French and French-allied coasts. In turn, Napoleon resorted to economic warfare. Britain was Europe's manufacturing and business center as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Napoleon believed it would be easy to take advantage of an embargo on trade with the European nations under his control, causing inflation and great debt to undermine the British strength. His position was strengthened by the Fall of Berlin in October 1806, bringing swathes of Prussia under his control.


title: Continental System

text: In November 1806, having recently conquered or allied with every major power on the European continent, Napoleon, in retaliation to the British Order-in-Council of 17 May 1806 blockading all ports from Brest to the Elbe, issued the Berlin Decree forbidding his allies and conquests from trading with the British. Britain responded with further Orders in Council issued on 10 January and 11 November 1807. These forbade French trade with Britain, its allies or neutrals, and instructed the Royal Navy to blockade all French and allied ports, and to prevent all shipping whether neutral or not. Napoleon responded again with the Milan Decree of 1807, declaring that all neutral shipping using British ports or paying British tariffs were to be regarded as British and seized.


title: Continental System

text: Napoleon's plan to defeat Britain was to destroy its ability to trade. As an island nation, trade was its most vital lifeline. Napoleon believed that if he could isolate Britain economically, he would be able to invade the nation after its economic collapse. Napoleon decreed that all commercial ships wishing to do business in Europe must first stop at a French port in order to ensure that there could be no trade with Britain. He also ordered all European nations and French allies to stop trading with Britain, and he threatened Russia with an invasion if they did not comply as well. His orders backfired in the Iberian Peninsula, especially in Portugal (being allied to Britain), setting off the Peninsular War. He pushed Russia too hard, both in terms of the Continental System, and in his demands for control over part of Poland. Napoleon's attempted 1812 invasion of Russia was a disaster which set the stage for his downfall.


title: Continental System

text: The System had mixed effects on British trade. The embargo encouraged British merchants to seek out new markets aggressively and to engage in smuggling with continental Europe. Napoleon's exclusively land-based customs enforcers could not stop British smugglers, especially as these operated with the connivance of Napoleon's chosen rulers of Spain, Westphalia, and other German states. British exports to the Continent fell between 25% to 55% compared to pre-1806 levels. However, trade sharply increased with the rest of the world, covering much of the decline.


title: Continental System

text: Britain, by Orders in Council, prohibited other countries (that is, its trade partners) from trading with France. The British countered the Continental system by threatening to sink any ship that did not come to a British port or chose to comply with France. This double threat created a difficult time for neutral nations like the United States. In response to this prohibition, the U.S. government adopted the Embargo Act of 1807 and eventually Macon's Bill No. 2. This embargo was designed as an economic counterattack to hurt Britain, but it proved even more damaging to American merchants. Together with the issues of the impressment of foreign seamen, and British support for Indian raids in the American west, tensions led to a declaration of war by the U.S. in the War of 1812. This war, not Napoleon's blockade, sharply reduced British trade with the United States. The blockade did not cause significant economic damage to the British, although British exports to the continent as a proportion of the country’s total trade dropped from 55% to 25% between 1802 and 1806.


title: Continental System

text: On the other hand, the British economy suffered greatly from 1810 to 1812, especially in terms of high unemployment and inflation. This led to widespread protest and violence, but the middle classes and upper classes strongly supported the government, which used the army to suppress the working class unrest, especially the Luddite movement.


title: Continental System

text: The episode seriously hurt France itself. Shipbuilding, and its trades such as rope-making, declined, as did many other industries that relied on overseas markets, such as the linen industries. With few exports and lost profits, many industries were closed down. Southern France, especially the port cities of Marseille and Bordeaux, as well as the city of La Rochelle, suffered from the reduction in trade. Moreover, the prices of staple foods rose in most of continental Europe.


title: Continental System

text: Napoleon's St. Cloud Decree in July 1810 opened the southwest of France and the Spanish frontier to limited British trade, and reopened French trade to the United States. It was an admission that his blockade had hurt his own economy more than the British. It had also failed to reduce British financial support for its allies. The industrialized north and east of France, and Wallonia (the south of today's Belgium) saw significantly increased profits due to the lack of competition from British goods (particularly textiles, which were produced much more cheaply in Britain).


title: Continental System

text: In Italy, the agricultural sector flourished; but the Dutch economy, predicated on trade, suffered greatly as a result of the embargo. Napoleon's economic warfare was much to the chagrin of his own brother, King Louis I of Holland.


title: Continental System

text: Britain's first response to the Continental system was to launch a major naval attack on the weakest link in Napoleon's coalition, Denmark. Although ostensibly neutral, Denmark was under heavy French and Russian pressure to pledge its fleet to Napoleon. London could not take the chance of ignoring the Danish threat. In the Second Battle of Copenhagen in August–September 1807, the Royal Navy bombarded Copenhagen, seized the Danish fleet, and assured control of the sea lanes in the North Sea and Baltic Sea for the British merchant fleet. The island of Heligoland off the west coast of Denmark was occupied in September 1807. This base made it easier for Britain to control trade to North Sea ports and to facilitate smuggling. The attacks against Copenhagen and Heligoland started the Gunboat War against Denmark, which lasted until 1814.


title: Continental System

text: Sweden, Britain's ally in the Third Coalition, refused to comply with French demands and was attacked by Russia in February and by Denmark/Norway in March 1808. At the same time, a French force threatened to invade southern Sweden, but the plan was stopped as the Royal Navy controlled the Danish straits. The Royal Navy set up a base outside the port of Gothenburg in 1808 to simplify operations into the Baltic Sea. The Baltic campaign was under the command of admiral James Saumarez. In November 1810 France demanded that Sweden should declare war upon the United Kingdom and stop all trade. The result was a phony war between Sweden and Britain. A second navy base was set up on the island of Hanö in the south of Sweden in 1810. These two bases were used to support convoys from Britain to Gothenburg, then through the Danish straits to Hanö. From Hanö the goods were smuggled to the many ports around the Baltic Sea. To further support the convoys, the small Danish island of Anholt was occupied in May 1809. A lighthouse on the island simplified navigation through the Danish straits.


title: Continental System

text: Russia also chafed under the embargo, and in 1810 reopened trade with Britain. Russia's withdrawal from the system was a motivating factor behind Napoleon's decision to invade Russia in 1812, which proved the turning point of the war and his regime.


title: Continental System

text: Portugal openly refused to join the Continental System. In 1793, Portugal signed a treaty of mutual assistance with Britain. After the Treaty of Tilsit of July 1807, Napoleon attempted to capture the Portuguese Fleet and the House of Braganza, and to occupy the Portuguese ports. He failed, as Queen Maria I of Portugal took her fleet and transferred the Portuguese court to Brazil with a Royal Navy escort. The Portuguese population rose in revolt against the French invaders, with the help of the British Army under Arthur Wellesley, later the Duke of Wellington. Napoleon intervened, and the Peninsular War began in 1808. Napoleon also forced the Spanish royal family to abdicate their throne in favor of Napoleon's brother, Joseph.


title: Panic (TV series)

text: Panic is an American teen drama streaming television series created and written by Lauren Oliver based on her 2014 novel of the same name. The series stars Olivia Welch, Mike Faist, and Jessica Sula. The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on May 28, 2021. In August 2021, the series was canceled after one season.


title: Panic (TV series)

text: In the summer after their senior year, 23 graduates participate in the annual Panic competition. Winning Panic with a cash prize of $50,000 will allow them to escape their small Texas town of Carp. After the rules change, however, they must decide what risks they will take in order to escape their home town.


title: Panic (TV series)

text: On June 28, 2018, it was announced that Amazon Studios had given the project a pilot order as part of their new young adult slate. Lauren Oliver was attached to create and write the adaptation of her own novel, as well as executive produce under her overall deal with Amazon Studios under her production company Glasstown Entertainment. Other executive producers included Joe Roth and Jeff Kirschenbaum of Roth/Kirschenbaum Films and Adam Schroeder. On August 8, 2018, Leigh Janiak was announced to be directing and executive producing the pilot. On May 16, 2019, it was announced that Amazon had given the project a series order. On August 6, 2021, Amazon canceled the series after one season.


title: Panic (TV series)

text: On August 28, 2018, Olivia Welch, Mike Faist, and Ashlei Sharpe Chestnut were cast in lead roles for the pilot. On October 4, 2018, Ray Nicholson, Will Chase, and Kevin Alves were cast as series regulars. On October 21, Jessica Sula, Enrique Murciano, Camron Jones were cast in main roles, replacing Sharpe Chestnut, Chase, and Alves respectively. Bonnie Bedelia, Moira Kelly, Nancy McKeon, and Rachel Bay Jones were also cast in recurring roles. Bryce Cass joined the recurring cast in November 2019, followed by Kerri Medders in January 2020.


title: Panic (TV series)

text: Filming on the original pilot took place throughout September 2018 in Los Angeles. The full series began filming in late October 2019 in the Austin, Texas area.


title: Panic (TV series)

text: On April 5, 2021, it was announced that all 10 episodes of the series are scheduled to premiere on Amazon Prime Video on May 28, 2021.


title: Panic (TV series)

text: On May 11, 2021, Audible announced that it would release an original three-part spin-off audio novella entitled "Panic: Ghosts and Legends", also written by series creator Lauren Oliver, on May 28, 2021, to coincide with the launch of the original television series on Prime Video. The audio series will feature the voices of cast members Olivia Welch, Camron Jones, and Ray Nicholson.


title: Panic (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 65% based on 26 critic reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It's completely preposterous and entirely too much, but "Panic" is never less than entertaining, no matter how far off the rails it flies." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: The Lviv pogroms were the consecutive pogroms and massacres of Jews in June and July 1941 in the city of Lwów in German-occupied Eastern Poland/Western Ukraine (now Lviv, Ukraine). The massacres were perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists (specifically, the OUN), German death squads (Einsatzgruppen), and urban population from 30 June to 2 July, and from 25 to 29 July, during the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Thousands of Jews were killed both in the pogroms and in the Einsatzgruppen killings.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: Ukrainian nationalists targeted Jews in the first pogrom on the pretext of their purported responsibility for the NKVD prisoner massacre in Lviv, which left behind thousands of corpses in three Lviv prisons. The subsequent massacres were directed by the Germans in the context of the Holocaust in Eastern Europe. The pogroms were ignored or obfuscated in Ukrainian historical memory, starting with OUN's actions to purge or whitewash its own record of anti-Jewish violence.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: Lwów (modern: Lviv) was a multicultural city just before World War II, with a population of 312,231. The city's 157,490 ethnic Poles constituted just over 50 per cent, with Jews at 32 per cent (99,595) and Ukrainians at 16 per cent (49,747). On 28 September 1939, after the joint Soviet-German invasion, the USSR and Germany signed the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty, which assigned about 200,000 km (77,000 sq mi) of Polish territory inhabited by 13.5 million people of all nationalities to the Soviet Union. Lviv was then annexed to the Soviet Union.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: According to Soviet Secret Police (NKVD) records, nearly 9,000 prisoners were murdered in the Ukrainian SSR in the NKVD prisoner massacres, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June 1941. Due to the confusion during the rapid Soviet retreat and incomplete records, the NKVD number is most likely an undercounting. According to estimates by contemporary historians, the number of victims in Western Ukraine was probably between 10,000 and 40,000. By ethnicity, Ukrainians comprised roughly 70 per cent of victims, with Poles at 20 per cent.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: Prior to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Ukrainian nationalists, specifically the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), had been working with the Germans for some time. The Lviv faction of OUN was under the control of Stepan Bandera. One of his lieutenants was Yaroslav Stetsko, a virulent antisemite. In 1939, he published an article in which he claimed that Jews were "nomads and parasites", a nation of "swindlers" and "egotists" whose aim was to "corrupt the heroic culture of warrior nations". Stetsko also railed against the supposed conspiracy between Jewish capitalists and Jewish Communists.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: At the time of the German attack on the Soviet Union, about 160,000 Jews lived in the city; the number had swelled by tens of thousands due to the arrival of Jewish refugees from German occupied Poland in late 1939. OUN's preparations for the anticipated German invasion included May 1941 instructions for ethnic cleansing to its planned militia units; the instructions specified that "Russians, Poles, Jews" were hostile to the Ukrainian nation and were to be "destroyed in battle". Flyers distributed by OUN in the first days of the German invasion instructed the population: "Don't throw away your weapons yet. Take them up. Destroy the enemy. ... Moscow, the Hungarians, the Jews—these are your enemies. Destroy them."


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: Lviv was occupied by the Wehrmacht in the early hours of 30 June 1941; German forces consisted of the 1st Mountain Division and the Abwehr-subordinated Nachtigall Battalion staffed by ethnic Ukrainians. That day, Jews were press-ganged by the Germans to remove bodies of NKVD's victims from the prisons and to perform other tasks, such as clearing bomb damage and cleaning buildings. Some Jews were abused by the Germans and even murdered, according to survivors. During the afternoon of the same day, the German military reported that the Lviv population was taking out its anger about the prison murders "on the Jews ... who had always collaborated with the Bolsheviks".


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: During the morning of 30 June, an "ad hoc" Ukrainian People's Militia was being formed in the city. It included OUN activists who had moved in from Krakow with the Germans, OUN members who lived in Lviv, and former Soviet policemen—who had either decided to switch sides or who were OUN members that had infiltrated the Soviet police. The OUN encouraged violence against Jews, which began in the afternoon of 30 June, with active participation from the Ukrainian militia who could be identified by armbands in national colours: yellow and blue. Former Soviet policemen wore their blue Soviet uniforms, but with a Ukrainian trident instead of a red star on their hats.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: During the evening of 30 June, Ukrainian nationalists proclaimed an independent Ukrainian state. Signed by Stetsko, the proclamation ("Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state") declared OUN's affinity and future collaboration with Nazi Germany which, according to OUN, was "helping the Ukrainian people liberate themselves from Muscovite occupation". At the same time, the news was spreading around the city about the discovery of thousands of corpses in three city prisons in the aftermath of the NKVD massacres.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: A full-blown pogrom began on the next day, 1 July. Jews were taken from their apartments, made to clean streets on their hands and knees, or perform rituals that identified them with Communism. Gentile residents assembled in the streets to watch. Jewish women were singled out for humiliation: they were stripped naked, beaten, and abused. On one such occasion, a German military propaganda company filmed the scene. Rapes were also reported. Jews continued to be brought to the three prisons, first to exhume the bodies and then to be killed. At least two members of the OUN-B, Ivan Kovalyshyn and Mykhaylo Pecharsʹkyy, have been identified by the historian John Paul Himka from photographs of the pogrom.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: Although Jews were not considered by the OUN to be their primary enemies (this role was reserved for Poles and Russians), they likely targeted Lviv Jews in an attempt to curry favour with the Germans, in the hopes of being allowed to establish a puppet Ukrainian state. The antisemitism of OUN's leaders, especially Stetsko's, was also a contributory factor.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: Sub-units of Einsatzgruppe C arrived on 2 July, at which point violence escalated further. More Jews were brought to the prisons where they were shot and buried in freshly dug pits. It was also at this point that the Ukrainian militia was subordinated to the SS. In addition to participation in the pogrom, Einsatzgruppe C conducted a series of mass-murder operations which continued for the next few days. Unlike the "prison actions", these shootings were marked by the absence of crowd participation. With assistance from Ukrainian militia, Jews were herded into a stadium, from where they were taken on trucks to the shooting site.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: The Ukrainian militia received assistance from the organisational structures of OUN, unorganized ethnic nationalists, as well as from ordinary crowds and underage youth. German military personnel were frequently on the scene as both onlookers and perpetrators, apparently approving of the anti-Jewish violence and humiliation. During the afternoon of 2 July, the Germans stopped the rioting, confirming that the situation was ultimately under their control from the beginning.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: A second pogrom took place in the last days of July 1941 and was called "Petliura Days" ("Aktion Petliura") after the assassinated Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura. The killings were organized with German encouragement, while Ukrainian militants from outside the city joined the fray with farm tools. In the morning of 25 July, militants began to assemble at the city's police stations. Accompanied by the Ukrainian auxiliary police, they assaulted Jews on the streets with clubs, axes and knives. In the afternoon, arrests and looting began. Consulting prepared lists, policemen arrested Jews in their homes, while civilians participated in acts of violence against Jews in the streets. Many were killed out of sight. According to Yad Vashem, about 2,000 people were murdered in approximately three days.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: The estimates for the total number of victims vary. A subsequent account by the Lviv Judenrat estimated that 2,000 Jews disappeared or were killed in the first days of July. A German security report of 16 July stated that 7,000 Jews were "captured and shot". The former is possibly an undercounting, while the German numbers are likely exaggerated, in order to impress higher command.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: According to the "Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945", the first pogrom resulted in 2,000 to 5,000 Jewish victims. An additional 2,500 to 3,000 Jews were shot in the Einsatzgruppen killings that immediately followed. During the so-called "Petliura Days" massacre of late July, more than 1,000 Jews were killed. According to the historian Peter Longerich, the first pogrom cost at least 4,000 lives. It was followed by the additional 2,500 to 3,000 arrests and executions in subsequent Einsatzgruppen killings, with "Petliura Days" resulting in more than 2,000 victims.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: The historian Dieter Pohl estimates that 4,000 of Lviv's Jews were killed in the pogroms between 1 and 25 July. According to the historian Richard Breitman, 5,000 Jews died as a result of the pogroms. In addition, some 3,000 mostly Jews were executed in the municipal stadium by the Germans.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: German propaganda passed off all victims of the NKVD killings in Lviv as Ukrainians, although about one-third of the names on the Soviet prisoner lists were distinctly Polish or Jewish. Over the next two years both German and pro-Nazi Ukrainian press—including "Ukrains'ki shchodenni visti" and "Krakivs'ki visti"—went on to describe horrific acts of "chekist" (Soviet secret police) torture, real or imagined. German propaganda newsreels implicated Soviet Jews in the killing of Ukrainians, and were broadcast across occupied Europe.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: In declaring the Ukrainian state, the OUN leadership hoped that the Nazi authorities would accept a fascist Ukraine as a puppet state. These hopes had been fueled by the circle around Alfred Rosenberg, who was subsequently appointed as head of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories and within Abwehr. Hitler, however, was adamantly opposed to Ukrainian statehood, having set his sights on the ruthless economic exploitation of the newly acquired colonial territories. Bandera was arrested on 5 July and placed under house arrest in Berlin. On 15 September, he was again arrested and spent the next three years as a privileged political prisoner in Germany. He was released in October 1944 to resume his cooperation with the Germans.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: The Nachtigall Battalion was not directly implicated in the Lviv pogrom as an organised formation. Survivors observed Ukrainians in Wehrmacht uniforms participating in the pogroms, but it remains unclear what role the battalion played. The Ukrainian speakers may have been translators attached to other units. Nevertheless, records show that the Nachtigall Battalion subsequently took part in the mass shootings of Jews near Vinnytsia in July 1941.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: The Lwów Ghetto was established in November 1941 on the orders of SS-"Brigadeführer" Fritz Katzmann, the SS and Police Leader (SSPF) of Lemberg. At its peak, the ghetto held some 120,000 Jews, most of whom were deported to the Belzec extermination camp or killed locally during the next two years. Following the 1941 pogroms and Einsatzgruppe killings, harsh conditions in the ghetto and deportations to Belzec and the Janowska concentration camp had resulted in the almost complete annihilation of the Jewish population. By the time Soviet forces reached Lviv on 21 July 1944, less than 1 per cent of Lviv's Jews had survived the occupation.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: For decades after the war, the pogroms in Western Ukraine received limited academic attention and were mostly discussed in the context of the series of photographs taken during the Lviv pogrom. The photographs have been variously described by historians as "infamous", "horrific", and "almost iconic". Some of the footage and photographs of the first pogrom were misinterpreted as showing NKVD's victims. In fact, these images showed Jewish victims killed after they had exhumed the bodies. They can be identified by white shirts and suspenders, which would have been prohibited in prisons, along with the haphazard body positions. In contrast, NKVD's victims were laid out neatly in rows and had dull-grey clothes.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: OUN's denials of its role in the Holocaust began in 1943 after it became obvious that Germany would lose the war. In October 1943, OUN issued instructions for preparation of materials that would suggest that Germans and Poles bore responsibility for anti-Jewish violence. Further, OUN wanted to spread disinformation that Lviv's Jewish council blamed Ukrainians for the pogroms only because it was under pressure from Germans to do so. The tone of OUN's leaflets and proclamations also changed, omitting the explicit anti-semitic references which they had previously contained.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: The whitewashing continued after the war, with OUN's propaganda describing its legacy as a "heroic Ukrainian resistance against the Nazis and the Communists". This was accompanied by a flood of memoirs from veterans of OUN, Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA, which became dominated by OUN members) and SS Division Galicia. OUN closely guarded its archives, limiting access to information and retyping, back-dating, and censoring its documents before releasing them to scholars. OUN also developed ties to Ukrainian diaspora across the Atlantic, including academics of Ukrainian descent, such as OUN veteran and historian Taras Hunczak and UPA veteran and historian Lev Shankovsky. These academics, in turn, produced accounts sympathetic to OUN. After the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s, it became possible to compare OUN's version of history to authentic documents.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: Modern Lviv is 90 per cent Ukrainian. In Soviet Ukraine, as elsewhere in the Soviet Union, Jews, the primary targets of the Nazi genocide, were subsumed into undifferentiated Soviet civilian victims of the war. In post-Soviet Ukraine, the new commemorative practices focused primarily on Lviv's Ukrainian past, while the lost Jewish and Polish populations were largely ignored. Some of these practices have been problematic. For example, the site of the Prison on Łącki Street, one of the several locations of the "prison action" in July 1941, is now a museum. Its permanent exhibition (as of 2014) did not mention the pogrom. No memorial to the Jewish victims of the pogrom existed in the same timeframe.


title: Lviv pogroms (1941)

text: In 2008, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) released documents which it stated indicated that the OUN may have been involved to a lesser degree than originally thought. According to scholars John-Paul Himka, Per Anders Rudling, and Marco Carynnyk, this collection of documents, titled "For the Beginning: Book of Facts" ("Do pochatku knyha faktiv"), was an attempt at manipulating and falsifying of World War II history. For example, one of the documents released was an allegedly contemporaneous chronicle of OUN's activities in 1941. In fact, it was clear from the document itself that it was a post-war production. According to Himka, all that this document proved was that OUN wanted to dissociate itself from anti-Jewish violence to aid in its goals of establishing a relationship with the West. The SBU also relied on the "memoirs" of a Stella Krenzbach, who was purportedly a Ukrainian Jew fighting in the ranks of the UPA. The memoirs and the figure of Krenzbach herself were likely post-war fabrications by the nationalist Ukrainian diaspora.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: Marcel Raymond Theroux (born 13 June 1968) is a British-American novelist and broadcaster. He wrote "A Stranger in The Earth" and "," for which he won the Somerset Maugham Award in 2002. His third novel, "A Blow to the Heart," was published by Faber in 2006. His fourth, "Far North," was published in June 2009. His fifth, "Strange Bodies," was published in May 2013. He has also worked in television news in New York City and in Boston.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: He is the elder son of the American travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux and his then-wife Anne Castle. His younger brother, Louis Theroux, is a journalist, documentarian, and television presenter.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: Marcel Theroux was born in 1968 in Kampala, Uganda, where his American father, Paul Theroux, was teaching at Makerere University. His mother is Anne Castle, an Englishwoman. The family spent the next two years in Singapore, where his father taught at the National University of Singapore. After their move to England, Theroux was brought up in Wandsworth, London. After attending a state primary school, he boarded at Westminster School where his best friend was Nick Clegg. He went on to study English literature at Clare College, Cambridge. He won a fellowship to study International Relations with a specialisation in Soviet and East European Studies at Yale University.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: He lives in Tooting, London, and is married. His paternal French surname originates from the region around Sarthe and Yonne in France. It is quite common in francophone countries and is originally spelled Théroux. His father, born and raised in the United States, is of half French Canadian and half Italian descent.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: In 2004 he presented "The End of the World as We Know It", part of the "War on Terra" television series about climate change on Channel 4. He was chosen as presenter because he originally knew nothing about the subject. He initially believed that all environmentalists were opposed to technological progress. But during his research, he became convinced that the world faced a global problem on a scale so serious that an expansion of nuclear energy is probably the best solution (choosing the lesser evil). He reached this conclusion partly in response to his interviews with several experts, such as Gerhard Bertz of the insurance agency Munich Re, who said that during the past 20 years, payments for natural disasters have increased by 500 percent. He also interviewed Royal Dutch Shell chairman Lord Ron Oxburgh. A PR assistant interrupted them. Oxburgh's negative views on the consequences of current oil consumption were likely considered detrimental to the corporation's image.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: In March 2006 Theroux presented "Death of a Nation" on More4, as part of "The State of Russia" series. In the programme he explored the country's post-Soviet problems, including population decline, the growing AIDS epidemic, and the persecution of the Meskhetian Turks. During interviews in the programme, he spoke simple Russian.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: On 28 September 2008 he presented "Oligart: The Great Russian Art Boom" on Channel 4, exploring the role of Russia's rich in keeping Russia's art history alive by buying and exhibiting domestic art.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: In March 2009, Faber and Faber published Theroux's "Far North", a future epic set in the Siberian taiga.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: On 16 March 2009, Theroux presented "In Search of Wabi-sabi" on BBC Four, as part of the channel's 'Hidden Japan' season of programming. Theroux travelled and reported from Japan to explore the aesthetic tastes of Japan and its people.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: In 2012, Theroux presented a documentary for "Unreported World" Series 23, on the subject of street children in Ukraine.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: In 2017, Theroux presented a documentary for "Unreported World" which explored the social and economic consequences of the recent rise in Orthodoxy and Russian nationalism under Vladimir Putin.


title: Marcel Theroux

text: In 2020, Theroux presented a documentary for "Unreported World" which explored middle-aged, single Japanese men's obsession with 'Junior Idols' and whether it was a quirk in Japanese culture or something more sinister.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Giancarlo Fisichella (; born 14 January 1973), also known as Fisico, Giano or Fisi, is an Italian professional racing driver, also captain of the official "Nazionale Piloti" association football team (composed of the racing drivers). He has driven in Formula One for Minardi, Jordan, Benetton, Sauber, Renault, Force India and Ferrari. Since then he has driven for AF Corse in their Ferrari 458 GTE at various sportscar events, becoming twice a Le Mans 24 Hour class winner, and a GT class winner of the Petit Le Mans at Road Atlanta. He was also Ferrari's F1 reserve driver for 2010.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella won three races in his Formula One career, the first of which was at the chaotic 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix, a race abandoned for safety reasons with 15 laps remaining. After several days of confusion regarding rules and technicalities, Fisichella was eventually declared the winner in the following week, and collected his trophy in an unofficial ceremony at the following race. He was brought into the Renault team to replace fellow Italian Jarno Trulli, and won his first race with the team in Australia in 2005. However, after that race it was his teammate, the Spanish driver Fernando Alonso, that would win the greater share of races for Renault. Although highly rated as a driver, Fisichella was unable to keep pace with eventual champion Alonso, managing just one further race win following his debut. However, his best finishes also helped Renault win back to back Constructors' titles from 2005 to 2006. Outside of driving, he has backed his own GP2 team, FMS International.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: On 17 June 2012 Fisichella won the GTE Pro division of the Le Mans 24hrs for AF Corse and followed this up with the Manufacturers' title in the WEC at the end of the season.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Like most current Formula One drivers, he began kart racing as a youngster in the Guidonia's Kart circuit. In 1992, he competed in the Italian Formula Three Championship, racing for the RC Motorsport team. He finished runner up in 1993, and in 1994 he won the championship, following race victories in Monaco and Macau. He left open-wheel racing briefly in 1995 and 1996, driving for Alfa Romeo in the International Touring Car Championship.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: In , he made the move to Formula One, making his debut for the Minardi team, after being the official test driver the previous season. However he did not complete the full season since Minardi required a driver who could bring funding to the team, and replaced Fisichella with Giovanni Lavaggi.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: For 1997 he made the move to Eddie Jordan's eponymous team, where he drove alongside former F1 champion Michael Schumacher's brother Ralf, himself a former Formula Nippon champion. Fisichella gained his first podium finish at the 1997 Canadian Grand Prix, and went on to finish higher in the points standings than his teammate. At Hockenheim a victory looked to be within reach for Fisichella, but a puncture and the performance of an on-form Gerhard Berger denied him the win. Fisichella was able to show his talent again at the rain-soaked Belgian Grand Prix in which he finished a commendable second behind Michael Schumacher. Following this race, the Benetton team signed him for 1998.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Following Renault's withdrawal from Formula One, Benetton would contest the 1998 season without factory-supplied engines, instead using rebranded development versions of 1997 Renault engines. Despite not having the latest engines, Fisichella still managed second places at Montreal and Monaco, and was in contention for a victory in Canada until gearbox problems slowed him down. In Austria, Fisichella scored his first pole position, although an on-track clash with Jean Alesi during the race cost him any chance of a good result. He was then able to add only two more points to his total in the second half of the year as Benetton lost ground on their competition.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: 1999 proved to be a similarly inconsistent season. He did score some points finishes, including second at Montreal, and again came close to a victory in the European Grand Prix, until he spun off whilst in the lead. This would prove to be his best chance of a victory for the next few seasons.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella's season was to follow a similar pattern in 2000. He again gained some surprise podium finishes early in the year, but Benetton's poor second half of the season meant that he failed to score any more points. After his first Benetton year, when he finished one point behind him, Fisichella had comprehensively outperformed his Austrian teammate Alexander Wurz, who would then leave the team to make way for British rookie Jenson Button in 2001. Renault had purchased the Benetton team after the start of the 2000 season, but their radical engine design meant Benetton had an uncompetitive 2001 car, and as a result, Fisichella was battling for much of the season with teams such as Minardi and Prost. However, the efforts of technical director Mike Gascoyne and his staff did result in improvements over the year, culminating in a 4–5 finish at the German Grand Prix and a third-place finish for Fisichella at the Belgian race. Although Fisichella had gained the team's best results that season and consistently outperformed Button, he was not retained by the team, so he rejoined Jordan for 2002.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella scored seven points in 2002, while comfortably outpacing new teammate Takuma Sato, although the Jordan-Honda car of that year was never truly competitive. After Honda withdrew their engine supply, Jordan switched to Ford engines for the 2003 season, but the team were still unable to compete with the top teams on the grid. Despite this lack of performance, Fisichella won his first race at the Brazilian Grand Prix. Battling with McLaren's Kimi Räikkönen amidst heavy rain and numerous crashes, Fisichella took the race lead on lap 54, just before the race was red-flagged. However, he was demoted to second place on the podium, because under the regulations, the race results were declared at two laps before the red flag, at which point Räikkönen was thought to have been the race leader. Several days later, though, the FIA determined that Fisichella had already begun his 56th lap before the red flag, meaning that he, and not Räikkönen, had been leading the race two laps before its premature end, awarding the Italian his first F1 victory. Fisichella was the only F1 driver to have won a race without having stood atop the podium. He collected the winner's trophy at the next race at Imola. Fisichella's only other points finish of 2003 was to be a seventh place at Indianapolis.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Unhappy with the Jordan team's performance, Fisichella moved to Sauber in 2004 in the hope of greater results, and of using the team as a way of gaining access to, and a drive for, 2003 World Champions Ferrari, who supplied re-badged engines to the Sauber team. Fisichella drove well all year, comfortably outpacing teammate Felipe Massa for much of the season (scoring 22 championship points vs Massa's 12).


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: His strong performances prompted his former Benetton-Renault team boss Flavio Briatore to re-sign him for the 2005 season as partner to the young Spanish driver Fernando Alonso. A win at the season opening race at Melbourne signalled the Formula One breakthrough that commentators had been predicting, but it proved to be something of a false dawn. A run of poor luck saw Fisichella fall behind his teammate in the championship standings, and at times the pair were achieving noticeably different lap times with the same equipment. It appeared that Fisichella simply did not have the pace to match Alonso.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: The difference in pace between Fisichella and Alonso was noticeable, and while Alonso's metronomic consistency helped him win the 2005 championship, Fisichella's general bad luck was to cost him points finishes. He was overtaken and lost the lead on the final lap of the Japanese Grand Prix by McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen, despite his race engineer urging him to avoid letting Räikkönen past, which earned him heavy criticism from the press. Nevertheless, his performances alongside Alonso throughout the season enabled Renault to win the World Constructors' Championship ahead of McLaren and Ferrari, the latter of which had won that title the previous six seasons.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: 2006 proved to be a similar season for Fisichella. Having won in Malaysia, putting in a strong performance to win from the pole position, he failed to maintain that pace for the upcoming races, and even failed to reach the top ten in qualifying for two races. This form, in addition to a penalty in Monaco for allegedly impeding David Coulthard, meant Fisichella was again unable to challenge his teammate Alonso for the Drivers' Championship. Some strong results in the second half of the 2006 season, including finishing ahead of Alonso at the US Grand Prix, enabled Fisichella to obtain his best ever results: Fourth in the World Drivers' Championship with 72 points, one win, and five podium finishes. After finishing third in the 2006 Japanese Grand Prix, Fisichella dedicated the result to his best friend, Tonino Visciani, who died of a heart attack on the Thursday before the race. Nevertheless, he was able to get 6th place in Brazil to secure the Constructors' title for Renault.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: In 2007 Giancarlo Fisichella became Renault's lead driver after the departure of Fernando Alonso. His teammate was the team's former test driver, the young Finn Heikki Kovalainen, who was replaced as test driver by Nelson Piquet Jr.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Renault did not demonstrate the same level of pace as in previous seasons, which had seen them win successive World Championships. It remains unclear whether the difference was due to the change of tyre supplier from Michelin to Bridgestone, the driving abilities of Fernando Alonso, or simply being outpaced in off-season development by the other top teams. Another possibility is that the team's wind tunnel was giving inaccurate data in late 2006 which affected the development of the 2007 car. This was cited by Pat Symonds in an issue of F1 Racing Magazine. In the early races, Fisichella obtained better results than rookie teammate Kovalainen, but in Canada and the USA it was the Finn who claimed the higher finishes. Fisichella was disqualified from the Canadian Grand Prix, along with Ferrari's Felipe Massa, for exiting the pit lane while the traffic light was showing red, the purpose of which is to prevent cars rejoining the race ahead of the safety car. He later stated that he had been busy avoiding other cars in the pit lane and had simply not noticed the red light. The Renault team seemed to have made significant progress in terms of pace by the Spanish Grand Prix, but a series of fuel rig problems meant that neither driver was able to capitalise on this apparent increase in performance. Fisichella crashed into the Super Aguri of Anthony Davidson at the 2007 Hungarian Grand Prix which broke his rear suspension and forced him to retire.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: With Renault signing Fernando Alonso and Nelson Piquet Jr. Fisichella was announced as the number one driver alongside Adrian Sutil for the Force India F1 team for the season (This was the third stint for Fisichella at the former Jordan team) on 10 January 2008. In the 2008 Monaco Grand Prix, he became the 9th driver to join the '200' club for drivers to have competed in at least 200 Grands Prix.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella finished the season pointless, as did the Force India team. However, there were a few moments when he found himself in a points position, such as the Brazilian Grand Prix, where an early change to soft compound tyres and his wet-weather ability saw him climb as high as 3rd. On 17 October, Force India announced they would keep Fisichella for the 2009 season.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: With the new Force India VJM02 powered by a Mercedes-Benz engine, Fisichella qualified 18th (promoted to 15th after both Toyotas and Lewis Hamilton were demoted) on the grid for the 2009 curtain-opener at Australia. He finished 11th in the race itself. In Malaysia, he qualified 18th, and was classified in the same position, having spun off in the torrential rain that stopped the race on lap 33.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: On 29 August 2009, making the most of some very effective technical upgrades from Force India, Fisichella recorded the team's first pole position at the Belgian Grand Prix. He went on to score Force India's first points in Formula One with a strong second-place finish behind Ferrari's Kimi Räikkönen.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: During that weekend, there were rumours that Fisichella might replace fellow Italian Luca Badoer (who was himself replacing the injured Felipe Massa) and become a Ferrari driver, something that he admitted he always wanted to do. On 3 September 2009, an official press statement confirmed Fisichella would be released from Force India to drive for Ferrari at the Italian Grand Prix, his home race.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella signed a contract as Ferrari's driver for the remainder of the 2009 season and reserve driver for 2010 on 3 September 2009. However, he had not ruled out continuing to race for another team in 2010, saying "if there is a good option to find another seat in another team it would be good". Beginning with the 2009 Italian Grand Prix, he replaced the injured Felipe Massa for the remainder of the 2009 season.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella remained Ferrari's reserve driver for but had been keen to keep racing for a different team. He admitted that Sauber was a strong option and was strongly linked to the team, however his hopes of driving for Sauber in 2010 were ended when Pedro de la Rosa was confirmed as the team's second driver. He was also linked to a possible return to Force India but the team confirmed former teammate Adrian Sutil and fellow Italian Vitantonio Liuzzi. As a result, he remained one of Ferrari's test drivers for along with fellow Italian Luca Badoer, Spaniard Marc Gené, Frenchman Jules Bianchi and Italian MotoGP rider Valentino Rossi.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: At the end of 2010, Fisichella along with Luca Badoer and Marc Gené was replaced by Jules Bianchi as Ferrari test driver ahead of the 2011 season. However he remains a part of the Italian team and attended their annual 'Wroom' media event at Madonna di Campiglio in January 2011.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella's helmet was white with two yellow and green lines with a blue diamond on the center of the lines running on each half of the helmet (forming a X in the sides) and around the visor; on the top there was a blue drop. In 2004, silver and chrome flames were incorporated in the design by Fisichella's then painter, Carsten Meurer of MRC Design. In 2007, Barney Stinton, part of Fisichella's management team incorporated the Italian colours into the design and the helmet was realised by Jens Munser of JMD, a design he uses to this day. Whilst at Renault it featured a light blue ring. Once at Ferrari, his helmet turned black and grey.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: In 2004, whilst racing for Sauber, Fisichella became the first driver in Formula 1 to have his HANS device painted in his colours, Massa followed soon after and then the rest of the grid had theirs painted.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella made his sports car racing debut in 2010 by driving for AF Corse in a Ferrari F430 in the Le Mans Series as well as briefly in the American Le Mans Series as part of the Ferrari deal he signed in mid-2009.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: In 2011, Fisichella, co-driver Gianmaria Bruni, and team AF Corse won both the driver's and team's championships in the LM GTE Pro class of the Le Mans Series, finished 2nd at the Le Mans 24hrs and won the 1000 miles of Petit Le Mans and helped AF Corse win the team's championship in the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: In 2012 Fisichella was again with AF Corse and took part in the 2012 World Endurance Championship He won the season opener and came 2nd in the 6hrs of Spa.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: In the 80th edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2012, Fisichella and the AF Corse Team scored first place in the GTE-Pro class along with his co-drivers Toni Vilander and Gianmaria Bruni; their Ferrari 458 Italia covered a total of 335 laps (2,845.53 miles), of the Circuit de la Sarthe. Fisichella had the honor of driving the last stage of the competition.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: After a difficult 2013 Fisichella moved to the TUSCC Series in America to race for Risi Competizione but returned to AF Corse and teammates Bruni and Vilander for the 2014 edition the Le Mans 24hrs. After a hard-fought race, they emerged victorious covering 339 laps, 4 more than their 2012 win tally. Fisichella then returned to America and won at Road America and Virginia International Raceway, he currently lies 8th in the GT Le Mans standings.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella in 2022 will compete in 1 round and 3 races at the 2022 Valo Adelaide 500 in the S5000 category. "I am thrilled to be coming back to Australia to race S5000 – at last,” he stated. "My Formula 1 career started literally a few weeks after the last F1 race in Adelaide. I have never driven on the circuit, which is now a slightly shorter version of the GP track. [I] am looking forward to it enormously. I expect the S5000 car will be fast there. I’m also thrilled to be driving with Team BRM, which has a great record in racing in Australia." The Adeliade 500 Chiefe Executive, Mark warren also stated “We are ecstatic to host ‘Fisi’ in Adelaide and have no doubt he’ll put on a show for all eventgoers, particularly the Formula 1 enthusiasts. "Fisichella brings quality experience from his driving pursuits in Formula 1, GT and sports car racing around the world and adds to the high calibre motorsport programme. We’re now just under a month to go until we hit the track and this latest signing kicks off a string of big announcements we expect to roll out in the coming weeks.”


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella married Luna Castellani on 10 October 2009. They have three children: Carlotta, Christopher and Carolina.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: He is a supporter of Italian Serie A side Roma, and captain of the official "Nazionale Piloti" association football team.


title: Giancarlo Fisichella

text: Fisichella has a cameo appearance in the 2019 film "The Art of Racing in the Rain", playing a Scuderia Ferrari crew member in the closing scenes.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: United Airlines Flight 173 was a scheduled flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City to Portland International Airport in Portland, Oregon, with a scheduled stop in Denver, Colorado. On December 28, 1978, the aircraft flying this route ran out of fuel while troubleshooting a landing gear problem and crashed in a suburban Portland neighborhood near NE 157th Avenue and East Burnside Street, killing 10 on board.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: The aircraft involved was a Douglas DC-8 60 series, powered by four Pratt & Whitney JT3D engines and delivered new to United Airlines in May 1968. The aircraft was registered N8082U and was the 357th DC-8 built at the Long Beach assembly plant. The 60 series was a stretched version of the DC-8 that was longer than the DC-8 series 10 through 50.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: Flight 173 was piloted by an experienced cockpit crew, consisting of Captain Malburn "Buddy" McBroom (age 52), First Officer Roderick "Rod" Beebe (45), and Flight Engineer Forrest "Frosty" Mendenhall (41). McBroom had been with United Airlines for 27 years; he was one of the airline's most senior pilots with more than 27,600 hours of flight time, of which about 5,500 hours had been as a DC-8 captain. Beebe had been with the airline for 13 years and had logged more than 5,200 flight hours. Mendenhall had close to 3,900 flight hours and had been with the airline for 11 years. The first officer and flight engineer had over 2,500 hours of flying experience between them in the DC-8.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: Flight 173 departed from Denver's Stapleton International Airport at 15:47 MST with 189 people on board, eight crew and 181 passengers. The estimated flight time was 2 hours and 26 minutes, and the planned arrival time in Portland was 17:13 PST, about 40 minutes after sunset. According to the automatic flight plan and monitoring system, the total amount of fuel required for the flight to Portland was . About of fuel were on board the aircraft when it departed the gate in Denver.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: As the landing gear was being lowered on approach to Portland International Airport, the crew felt an abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft and a lack of an indicator light showing the gear was lowered successfully. The crew requested a holding pattern to diagnose the problem, and for about the next hour, the crew flew over southeast Portland and worked to identify the status of the landing gear and prepare for a potential emergency landing. During this time, none of the three cockpit flight crew effectively monitored the fuel levels, which was exacerbated by the fact that the gear was down with the flaps at 15° during the entire hour-long holding maneuver, significantly increasing fuel burn rate. As a result, the number 3 and 4 engines flamed out.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: As the crew prepared for a final approach for an emergency landing on runway 28L, they lost the number one and number two engines to a flameout, at which point a mayday was declared. This was the last radio transmission from Flight 173 to air traffic control; it crashed into a wooded section of a populated area of suburban Portland, about southeast of the airport.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: Of the crew members, two were killed, flight engineer Mendenhall and lead flight attendant Joan Wheeler; two sustained injuries classified by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) as "serious", and four sustained injuries classified as "minor/none". Eight passengers died, and 21 had serious injuries.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: The 304th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron of the Air Force Reserve, based at Portland International Airport, was conducting routine training flights in the area that evening. Airborne aircraft from this unit (HH-1H Huey helicopters) were immediately diverted to the crash scene and proceeded to transport many of the survivors to local hospitals.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: The NTSB investigation revealed that, when the landing gear was lowered, a loud thump was heard. That unusual sound was accompanied by abnormal vibration and yaw of the aircraft. The right main landing gear retract cylinder assembly had failed due to corrosion, and that allowed the right gear to free fall. Although it was down and locked, the rapid and abnormal free fall of the gear damaged a microswitch so severely that it failed to complete the circuit to the cockpit green light that tells the pilots that gear is down and locked. Those unusual indications (loud noise, vibration, yaw, and no green light) led the captain to abort the landing, so they would have time to diagnose the problem and prepare the passengers for an emergency landing. While the decision to abort the landing was prudent, the accident occurred because the flight crew became so absorbed with diagnosing the problem that they failed to monitor their fuel state and calculate a time when they needed to return to land or risk fuel exhaustion.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: "The Safety Board believes that this accident exemplifies a recurring problem—a breakdown in cockpit management and teamwork during a situation involving malfunctions of aircraft systems in flight… Therefore, the Safety Board can only conclude that the flight crew failed to relate the fuel remaining and the rate of fuel flow to the time and distance from the airport, because their attention was directed almost entirely toward diagnosing the landing gear problem."


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: The failure of the captain to monitor properly the aircraft's fuel state and to properly respond to the low fuel state and the crewmember's advisories regarding fuel state. This resulted in fuel exhaustion to all engines. His inattention resulted from preoccupation with a landing gear malfunction and preparations for a possible landing emergency.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: The failure of the other two flight crewmembers either to fully comprehend the criticality of the fuel state or to successfully communicate their concern to the captain


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: The fuel situation was known to be on the minds of the pilot and crew to some degree. Transcripts of cockpit recordings confirm this. Media reports at the time suggested that a not widely known problem existed with fuel state gauges on that model aircraft. The problem was not widely known in part because commercial aircraft are expected to fly with no less than a 45-minute reserve of fuel at all times. The gauge problem is addressed, though obliquely, in one of the safety board's recommendations:


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: Issue an Operations Alert Bulletin to have FAA inspectors assure that crew training stresses differences in fuel-quantity measuring instruments and that crews flying with the new system are made aware of the possibility of misinterpretation of gauge readings. (Class II--Priority Action) (A-79-32)


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: While the totalizer fuel gauge issue might have contributed to the crew's confusion toward the end of the flight, the NTSB report emphasized that the captain should never have allowed such a situation to develop in the first place. The NTSB made the following recommendation to specifically address that concern:


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: Issue an operations bulletin to all air carrier operations inspectors directing them to urge their assigned operators to ensure that their flightcrews are indoctrinated in principles of flight deck resource management, with particular emphasis on the merits of participative management for captains and assertiveness training for other cockpit crewmembers. (Class II, Priority Action) (X-79-17)


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: This last NTSB recommendation following the incident, addressing flight deck resource management problems, was the genesis for major changes in the way airline crewmembers were trained. This new type of training addressed behavioral management challenges such as poor crew coordination, loss of situational awareness, and judgment errors frequently observed in aviation accidents. It is credited with launching the crew resource management (CRM) revolution in airline training. Within weeks of the NTSB recommendation, NASA held a conference to bring government and industry experts together to examine the potential merits of this training.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: United Airlines instituted the industry's first CRM for pilots in 1981. This program is now used throughout the world, prompting some to call the United 173 accident one of the most important in aviation history. The NTSB Air Safety Investigator who wrote the CRM recommendation was aviation psychologist Alan Diehl.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: Assigned to investigate this accident, Diehl realized it was similar to several other major airline accidents including United Airlines Flight 2860, which occurred a little over a year before Flight 173 and under near identical circumstances; Eastern Air Lines Flight 401; and the Tenerife airport disaster. Diehl was familiar with the research being conducted at NASA’s Ames Research Center and believed these training concepts could reduce the likelihood of human error.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: Held responsible for the accident, Captain McBroom lost his pilot's license and retired from United Airlines shortly afterwards. He spent his remaining years battling health problems related to injuries sustained in the crash, as well as lung and prostate cancers. Family members and passengers who spoke to McBroom at a 1998 reunion of crash survivors reported he was "a broken man" plagued by guilt over his role in the accident. He died on October 9, 2004 at age 77.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: One of the surviving passengers, an eight-year-old in 1978, was awarded US$900,000 in damages from the airline by a Portland jury in 1984. She was injured and both of her parents were killed.


title: United Airlines Flight 173

text: Published in February 2018, "Crash Course" by Julie Whipple focuses on the events of the night of the crash, the investigation, and aftermath of the crash.


title: United Talent Agency

text: United Talent Agency (UTA) is a global talent agency based in Beverly Hills, California. Established in 1991, it represents artists and other professionals across the entertainment industry. , the company has more than 1,400 global employees. UTA has divisions focused on film, television, music, sports, digital, books, video games, branding and licensing, speaking, marketing, fine arts, news, and broadcasting, among others. The agency also operates the non-profit UTA Foundation.


title: United Talent Agency

text: UTA, established in 1991, is a private company representing talent in a variety of industries, including film, television, digital media, publishing, music, and video games. It is one of the largest such agencies in the world, with approximately 300 agents representing actors, directors, producers, recording artists, writers, and other professionals. Its services also include brand management, film financing and packaging, licensing, marketing, strategic management, and venture capital financing for companies. In addition to Beverly Hills, UTA has offices in Atlanta, Chicago, London, Malmö, Miami, Nashville, and New York. UTA has over 1400 employees worldwide.


title: United Talent Agency

text: The company operates as a partnership. Co-founders Jim Berkus and Peter Benedek serve as chairman and director, respectively. Jeremy Zimmer, also a co-founder, serves as chief executive officer (CEO). David Kramer serves as president and Jay Sures is vice chairman. These executives serve on the board of directors along with Tracey Jacobs, Blair Kohan, Rich Paul and Matt Rice.


title: United Talent Agency

text: United Talent Agency was established in 1991 through the merger of the Bauer-Benedek Agency and Leading Artists Agency. Jim Berkus, Jeremy Zimmer, and Peter Benedek are UTA's co-founders.


title: United Talent Agency

text: UTA had 10 partners and 40 agents by mid-1994. The company began compiling a weekly list of mostly entry-level employment opportunities across the entertainment industry, which was described by the "Los Angeles Times" in 2001 as "among the most coveted documents in wannabe Hollywood". In mid 1996, the company had expanded to 45 agents and was described in the media as one of Hollywood's "big four" agencies.


title: United Talent Agency

text: By the early 2000s, the agency had become known for its roster of comedians including Jim Carrey, Dave Chappelle, Will Ferrell, and Ben Stiller, along with writers for popular comedy television programs. UTA was also known for its television talent, representing clients such as David Chase and Dick Wolf. In 2006, the "Los Angeles Times" described UTA as a "tastemaker" agency, noting clients such as Don Cheadle, Johnny Depp, and M. Night Shyamalan. The agency established "UTA U" in 2008 to provide skills training to interns by partners and other executives. The program also includes a community service component. UTA was inducted into "Vanity Fair"'s "New Establishment Hall of Fame" in 2010.


title: United Talent Agency

text: In 2011, UTA relocated its headquarters to a Civic Center Drive complex, which was renamed UTA Plaza. The company acquired N.S. Bienstock, one of the largest agencies for television news talent in the United States, in January 2014. N.S. Bienstock represented more than 600 television news anchors, reporters, and producers, including: Glenn Beck, Anderson Cooper, Megyn Kelly, Steve Kroft, Lara Logan, David Muir, Norah O'Donnell, Bill O'Reilly, Robin Roberts, Bob Schieffer, and Bob Simon. Richard Leibner and Carole Cooper continued to serve in their roles as co-presidents of N.S. Bienstock. The merger made UTA the largest company representing television news talent. In 2017, UTA did not renew O'Reilly's contract due to allegations of sexual harassment. The venture was rebranded UTA News & Broadcast in 2017.


title: United Talent Agency

text: The agency created a new publishing imprint called Keywords Press in May 2014, to publish books by internet entertainers. UTA partnered with Atria Publishing Group, a division of Simon & Schuster, to create the imprint. Keywords announced deals with Shane Dawson, Connor Franta, and Joey Graceffa.


title: United Talent Agency

text: In 2015, UTA hired a dozen agents from Creative Artists Agency in what was widely characterized in the media as a "midnight raid". Creative Artists Agency filed a lawsuit in response. Also in that year, the company took a minority investment from Jeffrey W. Ubben, founder and CEO of ValueAct Capital, who became a non-voting UTA board member. ValueAct also was invested in 21st Century Fox, Adobe Systems, CB Richard Ellis, and Microsoft at the time. UTA acquired The Agency Group (TAG), the world's largest independent music agency, in August 2015. TAG had approximately 95 agents working in cities including London, Los Angeles, and New York, and brought around 2,000 artists into UTA's client portfolio, including Muse, Paramore and The Black Keys. UTA expanded its New York City offices in 2016.


title: United Talent Agency

text: In early 2017, UTA held several events relating to political and social movements. In lieu of its annual Academy Awards party, UTA organized a "United Voices" rally outside the company's Beverly Hills headquarters two days before the 89th Academy Awards, in response to President Donald Trump's signing of Executive Order 13769, commonly referred to as the "Muslim travel ban". As many as 2,000 demonstrators attended in support of refugee relief and freedom of speech, including Michael J. Fox, Gavin Newsom, Bill Nye, Wilmer Valderrama, and Kristen Wiig. UTA also contributed $250,000, plus $70,000 collected via crowdfunding, to the American Civil Liberties Union and the International Rescue Committee. The company hosted events for female employees in Los Angeles, New York, and Toronto as part of the Day Without a Woman.


title: United Talent Agency

text: In March 2017, UTA acquired an equity stake in the investment banking firm AGM Partners to give the agency and its clients guidance on investments in the media and entertainment sector. UTA acquired Greater Talent Network (GTN), which focuses on public speaking engagements, in September 2017. Don Epstein, GTN's founder and CEO who represented clients like Louis Freeh, Michael Lewis, Alex Rodriguez, Mark Ruffalo, and Lesley Stahl, was named a partner at UTA. GTN continued to operate from its offices in Florida and New York City.


title: United Talent Agency

text: The "New York Observer" named UTA one of "Hollywood's 7 Most Powerful Talent Agencies" in November 2017. In December, the agency also hosted Anita Hill at its offices during the early days of the Me Too movement, and provided support to the industry's Commission on Sexual Harassment and Advancing Equality in the Workplace, which Hill went on to lead. UTA became a founding donor of Time's Up in early 2018, committing $1 million to the organization against sexual harassment in the workplace in response to the Weinstein effect and Me Too movement. UTA acquired Circle Talent Agency, which focuses on dance and electronic music, in April 2018. In November 2020 UTA signed improv artist Kitboga, a leading content creator in the scambaiting space.


title: United Talent Agency

text: In 2019, UTA partnered with NBA agent Rich Paul to start a sports division. The untraditional move puts UTA in direct competition with Creative Artists Agency and William Morris Endeavor and provides instant notoriety to the company. Paul expanded the sports clients from 4 to 23 and in 2020 was asked to be on the company's board of directors. He was later named "Power Broker of the Year" by GQ Magazine.


title: United Talent Agency

text: In 2021, UTA continued its growth and diversification by acquiring strategic advisory firm MediaLink, launching an NFT practice, announcing a $200-million Special purpose acquisition company, IPO and opened a full-service office in Atlanta.


title: United Talent Agency

text: The agency operates a non-profit organization called UTA Foundation. The foundation's annual week-long Project Impact has worked with various organizations and encourages employees to offer community service.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: The Films of Rick Dalton is an upcoming novel written by Quentin Tarantino. It details the life and film and television career of the fictional actor Rick Dalton. Dalton is the main protagonist in Tarantino's 2019 film "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" and 2021 novelization. In the film he is portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio. Tarantino has already completed the novel and plans to publish it as his third book.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: Originally from the Midwest, Rick Dalton is an actor who moved to Los Angeles and starred in the fictitious television Western series "Bounty Law" from 1959 to 1963, inspired by real-life series "Wanted Dead or Alive," starring Steve McQueen. Dalton's career was parallel to McQueen's for a couple of years. His series ran on NBC at the same time McQueen's ran on CBS. However, after McQueen starred in "The Magnificent Seven" their career paths took two very different trajectories. After "Bounty Law" Dalton began to appear in supporting film roles, leading to a four-picture-contract with Universal Pictures, ending in 1967. His film career never took off and in '67 he started to guest star on TV series as villains. While preparing to film his role in the 1966 movie "The 14 Fists of McClusky" Dalton would practice by using a flamethrower for three hours a day for two weeks.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: In February 1969 Dalton has no understanding of New Hollywood or the hippie generation and sees himself as not belonging. He guest stars on the TV western "Lancer" where he is challenged as an actor for the first time by both child actor Trudi Frazer and director Sam Wanamaker. Through this challenge Dalton is able to see a future for himself in the new generation of filmmaking. Tarantino said of Dalton, "his biggest enemy is himself... his bad guys are his own demons," and likens Dalton finally facing his demons on "Lancer" to "The Wild Bunch" facing the Mexican Army.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: Dalton's relationship with his stunt double and best friend Cliff Booth is based on Kurt Russell and his stunt double of many years, John Casino, and Burt Reynolds' with his longtime stunt double Hal Needham. Tarantino's inspiration for Dalton came from actors whose careers began in classical Hollywood but faltered in the 1960s, including Ty Hardin, who went from starring in a successful TV Western to making Spaghetti Westerns, and also Tab Hunter, George Maharis, Vince Edwards, Fabian Forte, William Shatner, and Edd Byrnes, whom Tarantino said DiCaprio responded to the most. In the film Leonardo DiCaprio based his performance on Ralph Meeker. After watching numerous performances on television and film, DiCaprio really connected with Meeker. He decided that was the guy closest to Dalton, stating "That was the soul of who Rick Dalton was for me." Dalton suffers from alcoholism and an undiagnosed bipolar disorder, inspired by Pete Duel.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: After creating the character of Dalton for the film "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood", Tarantino collaborated with DiCaprio to fully develop and craft the character. What attracted DiCaprio to Dalton was that he, along with Booth were telling a Hollywood story as outsiders. DiCaprio saw them as the Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway of Hollywood. They watch Sharon Tate's house as Gatsby and Carraway look at Daisy Buchanan's. DiCaprio described Tate's house as "this crystal castle next door... and they don't belong to it... That's the Hollywood they want to belong to, or at least Rick is desperately hoping to be a part of." DiCaprio and Tarantino studied the performances of Byrnes, Hardin, Meeker and others to find Dalton's identity. DiCaprio also really connected with Dalton's relationships with Trudi Frazer (who he saw as a young Meryl Streep) and Booth. To him Dalton was a template for Hollywood at the time, and for actor's self doubt which he related to on a personal level. Dalton has a stutter which DiCaprio based on a friend of his. He stated that it comes out when his friend is nervous and uncertain about his life. DiCaprio felt that it would help to represent Dalton's nervousness and anxiety.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: Not included the film or its novelization, before shooting Spaghetti Westerns in Italy, Dalton's agent Marvin Schwarz arranges for him to have dinner with Sergio Corbucci and his wife, costume designer Nori Bonicelli, during which Dalton confuses Corbucci with Sergio Leone and disparages the English-dubbed version of "Navajo Joe". Despite showing little respect or understanding for the genre and the Italian film industry, Dalton agrees to work with Corbucci because he believes he will suit the "Nebraska Jim" role well. Although Dalton comes to respect Corbucci's methods, his frequent outbursts over the Italian crew's methods of making the film, such as the use of multilingual actors speaking their own language (whose dialogue would later be replaced through dubbing), prompts Corbucci to turn down Dalton's offer to play Hud Dixon in "The Specialists" in favor of Johnny Hallyday.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: Tarantino revealed that Dalton finds more success after the events of the film. His killing of Manson Family member Susan "Sadie" Atkins with a flamethrower from his film "The 14 Fists of McClusky" attracts much of the media's attention, leading to offers for roles in feature films. He also gets bigger guest roles in TV series, including an episode of centered around his character.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: After Dalton's film in the early 1980s "The Fireman" he becomes a straight-to-video action star. He travels to Italy and the Philippines shooting B movie versions of top action films for Cannon Films and goes on to make two sequels to "The Fireman". He continues to guest star on television shows but he is in high demand and earns top rate for his appearances. In 1988, Dalton retires from acting and moves to Hawaii with his wife Francesca Capucci, eventually meeting Tarantino himself at the 1996 Hawaii International Film Festival.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: Meeker, the actor DiCaprio tapped into the most for his portrayal, served as an influence for a previous Tarantino character. Tarantino's vision for Butch Coolidge (Bruce Willis)'s demeanor in "Pulp Fiction" was that of Meeker's portrayal of Mike Hammer in Robert Aldrich's "Kiss Me Deadly".


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: In July 2021, Tarantino revealed that he had written most of a career book, recounting the filmography of Rick Dalton as if he had actually existed. It would include synopses, critical quotes from the time, and recounting of his film and television career until 1988. It details every one of Dalton's appearances on film and episodic television, with most of them being real programs and films with Dalton replacing the actual actor who starred in the project. However some of the films and shows are completely fictional.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: By December 2021, Tarantino expected the book to be released following his film criticism book titled "Cinema Speculation". Tarantino also added that within his "Once Upon a Time" universe a fictionalized version of himself writes the book after meeting Dalton and Roger Ebert and curating a Rick Dalton film retrospective.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: This is an incomplete filmography of Dalton. All information in the filmography can be found in the following sources unless otherwise cited within the filmography.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: Additionally Dalton was up for the part of Lover Boy in the 1959 film "Gidget". The role ultimately went to Tom Laughlin. He was also reportedly considered for the role of Virgil "The Cooler King" Hilts (Steve McQueen) in John Sturges' "The Great Escape".


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: (1966) Dalton replaced Fabian Forte who broke his shoulder shortly before shooting. Inspired by Roger Corman's 1964 film "The Secret Invasion" and Phil Karlson's "Hornets' Nest". "14 Fists" was filmed in Yugoslavia.


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: (1970) (Based on the novel "The Only Good Indian Is a Dead Indian" by Floyd Ray Wilson. Floyd Ray Wilson is the name of the boxer Butch Coolidge kills in the ring in "Pulp Fiction".) Inspired by "Land Raiders" (1970).


title: The Films of Rick Dalton

text: Sometime in the late 1980s Dalton appeared in the film "Coming Home In a Body Bag". The film is originally referred to in the Tarantino penned "True Romance". Within the Tarantino universe the film is a well known Vietnam War film, with its title alluding to Hal Ashby's real-life 1978 Vietnam film "Coming Home".


title: Vichy

text: Vichy (, ; ; , ) is a city in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais.


title: Vichy

text: It is a spa and resort town and in World War II was the capital of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944. The term "Vichyste" indicated collaboration with the Vichy regime, often carrying a pejorative connotation.


title: Vichy

text: In 2021, the town became part of the transnational UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name "Great Spa Towns of Europe" because of its famous baths and its architectural testimony to the popularity of spa towns in Europe from the 18th through 20th centuries.


title: Vichy

text: Vichy is the French form of the Occitan name of the town, ', of uncertain etymology. Dauzat & al. have proposed that it derived from an unattested Latin name (') referencing the most important regional landowner (presumably a "Vippius") during the time of the Roman emperor Diocletian's administrative reorganizations and land surveys at the end of the 3rd century AD.


title: Vichy

text: The name Vichy may be pronounced or in either American or British English; its usual French pronunciation is . The pronunciation of the Occitan name " is .


title: Vichy

text: In French, the present demonym for residents of Vichy is ' for women and ' for men or mixed groups. Until the 18th century, it was also common to use "("e"), which derived from the Occitan name of the town.


title: Vichy

text: Vichy lies on the banks of the river Allier. The source of the Allier is in the nearby Massif Central plateau which lies only a few miles to the south, near the region's capital, Clermont-Ferrand.


title: Vichy

text: The historical existence of volcanic activity in the Massif Central is somewhat visually evident. Volcanic eruptions have happened for at least 150,000 years, but all volcanoes there have been dormant for at least 112 years. Volcanic activity in the area is the direct cause of the many thermal springs that exist in and around Vichy.


title: Vichy

text: The famous mineral springs in Vichy are rich in trace elements such as lithium and fluorine, and high in sodium bicarbonate. The temperatures of the spring range from 73 degrees C at Antoine Spring to 14 degrees C at Lafayette Spring. In total, about 289 springs have been charted in Vichy and its surroundings. These springs are derived from infiltration through Oligocene-period sedimentary rocks, part of the Limagne Graben collapse basin.


title: Vichy

text: The city enjoys an oceanic climate. Heavy snows in the Massif Central often make roads impassable, but Vichy is low enough – about above sea level – that the climate is more continental than mountain. Rainfall is moderate around Vichy, averaging about annually.


title: Vichy

text: The first known settlement at Vichy was established by Roman legionaries in 52BC. Returning south from their defeat at the Battle of Gergovia by the Gauls under Vercingetorix, they found the hot mineral springs beside the "" ("River Allier") and established the township of Aquae Calidae (Latin for "Hot Waters"). During the first two centuries AD, Vichy became fairly prosperous because of the supposed medicinal value of the thermal springs.


title: Vichy

text: On 2 September 1344, John II of France ceded the noble fiefdom of Vichy to Peter I, Duke of Bourbon. On 6 December 1374, the last part of Vichy was acquired by Louis II, Duke of Bourbon. At that point Vichy was incorporated into the House of Bourbon. In 1410, a Celestinian monastery was founded with twelve monks. A building located above the Celestinian Spring is still visible.


title: Vichy

text: In 1527, the House of Bourbon was incorporated into the French Kingdom. By the end of the 16th century, the mineral baths had obtained a reputation for having quasi-miraculous curing powers and attracted patients from the noble and wealthy classes. Government officials, such as Fouet and Chomel, began to classify the curing properties of the mineral baths.


title: Vichy

text: Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné was a patient in 1676 and 1677 and would popularize Vichy's Thermal Baths through the written descriptions in her letters. The Vichy waters were said to have cured the paralysis in her hands, thus enabling her to take up letter-writing. In 1761 and 1762, Adélaïde and Victoire of France, the daughters of Louis XV, came to Vichy for the first time and returned in 1785. The bath facilities seemed extremely uncomfortable to them because of the muddy surroundings and insufficient access. When they returned to Versailles, they asked their nephew Louis XVI to build roomier and more luxurious thermal baths, which were subsequently completed in 1787.


title: Vichy

text: In 1799, Laetitia Bonaparte, mother of Napoleon, came to be cured with her son Louis. Under the Empire, "Le Parc des Sources", was created on the Emperor's orders. (Decree of Gumbinen of 1812).


title: Vichy

text: Under Charles X, the great increase in patients wishing to be healed at the springs led to an expansion of the hydrotherapeutic facilities. Princess Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte expanded the "Janson" buildings under the plan of "Rose – Beauvais" (work completed in 1830). From 1844 to 1853, theatrical and poetry recitals were performed for the wealthy in the comfort of their own homes by .


title: Vichy

text: By the 19th century Vichy was a "station à la mode", attended by many celebrities. However, it was the stays of Napoleon III between 1861 and 1866 that were to cause the most profound transformation of the city: dikes were built along the Allier, of landscaped gardens replaced the old marshes and, along the newly laid-out boulevards and the streets, chalets and pavilions were built for the Emperor and his court. Recreational pursuits were not spared; in view of the park, a large casino was built by the architect Badger in 1865. The Emperor would be the catalyst of the development of a small rail station, which increased the number of inhabitants and visitors tenfold in fifty years.


title: Vichy

text: After the Second French Empire, the Belle Époque marked the second large construction campaign in Vichy. In 1903, the Opera House (l'Opéra), the Hall of Springs and a large bath designed in the eastern style were inaugurated. In 1900, the "Parc des Sources" was enclosed by a metal gallery which came from the World Fair of 1889. long, it is decorated by a "frise de chardons" and was completed by the ironworker Emile Robert. Many private mansions with varied architectural styles were erected during the first half of the 20th century.


title: Vichy

text: Vichy welcomed 40,000 "curistes" in 1900, and that figure had risen to nearly 100,000 just before the onset of the First World War. "La vie thermale" had its heyday in the 1930s. The success in treating ailments that was attributed to the Vichy Baths led "la Compagnie Fermière" to enlarge the Baths again by creating the Callou and Lardy Baths. The Art Nouveau-style Opéra, inaugurated in 1903, accommodated all the great names on the international scene. Vichy became the summertime music capital of France, but the war of 1914 would put a brutal end to that development.


title: Vichy

text: Following the armistice signed on 22 June 1940, the zone which was not occupied by the Germans took the name of the French State "(État Français)" (as opposed to the traditional name, "République Française" or French Republic) and set up its capital in Vichy on 1 July, because of the town's relative proximity to Paris (4.5 hours by train) and because it was the city with the second largest hotel capacity at the time. Moreover, the existence of a modern telephone exchange made it possible to reach the whole world via phone.


title: Vichy

text: On 1 July, the government took possession of many hotels. Six hundred members of the French Parliament (Appointed Members and Senators) would come to Vichy for the meeting of the Chambers. On 9 and 10 July, in the main auditorium of the Opera House, the members of Parliament voted for the end of the Third Republic. The republican system was abolished, and the French State, with Philippe Pétain at its helm as Head of State, replaced it. Only 80 of the 600 members of Parliament voiced their opposition.


title: Vichy

text: Starting from this date, Vichy would be, for more than four years, the "de facto" capital of the French State. Paris was still the official capital, although the Vichy France government never operated from there. This government is often called the Vichy Regime. The term ""Vichyste"," which designates partisans of this regime, should not be confused with ""Vichyssois"" which designates the inhabitants of the city. The latter term is sometimes used erroneously to designate Pétain's supporters.