title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: On October 2, 2007, Warner Bros. and CBS announced that the Kids' WB programming block on their co-owned network, The CW, would be ending in 2008, and no longer be marketed and produced in-house, due to factors including cable competition. Rights for the five-hour Saturday morning block were bought by 4Kids, and they began to program the time with their own programming (mixed in with three former Kids' WB originals) in September 2008. Because of this additional deal, 4Kids provided programming for both The CW and Fox in the 2008–09 season giving 4Kids nine hours of combined children's programming on two broadcast networks, as 4KidsTV ran until December 27, 2008. The new block, The CW4Kids, started May 24, 2008. The CW4Kids was renamed to Toonzai starting on August 14, 2010, featuring "Magical Do-Re-Mi!", "Cubix: Robots for Everyone", "Dinosaur King", "Yu-Gi-Oh!"," Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's", "Sonic X" and "Dragon Ball Z Kai". Even though 4Kids TV was discontinued as it was online only, this programming block continued to use the CW4Kids name, to reflect to the network it airs on. 4Kids also indicated that it retained "Yu-Gi-Oh!" and "Sonic X" in its lineup. In addition to that, Toonzai also aired "Dragon Ball Z Kai". The Toonzai block ended on August 18, 2012. A week later, the block was replaced by Vortexx, which ran as a final Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW from August 25, 2012, to September 27, 2014, before being replaced by One Magnificent Morning on October 4, 2014.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: On November 10, 2008, 4Kids Entertainment announced that it would exit its contract with Fox and terminate its Fox programming block by the end of 2008. The final broadcast of 4Kids TV on Fox was on December 27, 2008.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: On December 17, 2008, 4Kids Entertainment announced that it is laying off about 15% of its workforce due to the worsening economic environment, and financial situation at the company.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: On May 28, 2010, the company announced that New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) trading in its common stock would be suspended prior to the opening of trading on Tuesday, June 1, 2010, thus effectively delisting the company from the New York Stock Exchange. Beginning June 1, 2010, the company began trading under the new stock symbol "KIDE" on the OTC Bulletin Board (OTCBB) market.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: On January 11, 2011, the company announced that Alfred Kahn, the CEO and Chairman of the Company since March 1991, had left the company. Michael Goldstein, a member of the company's Board of Directors since March 2003, was appointed interim chairman, while the company was conducting a search for a new CEO.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: On March 29, 2011, TV Tokyo and Nihon Ad Systems (NAS) sued 4Kids Entertainment, alleging that the company entered into illegal agreements with other companies, including Funimation Entertainment and Majesco Entertainment, regarding the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" anime franchise. TV Tokyo claimed that those agreements allowed 4Kids to collect royalties without paying a portion of those royalties to TV Tokyo, which violates their original agreement. The companies are seeking almost $5 million in "underpayments, wrongful deductions, and unmet obligations." As part of the suit, the companies terminated the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" license from 4Kids. Neither Funimation nor Majesco are listed as defendants in the case.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: 4Kids Entertainment informed the licensors on March 27, 2011, that their termination letter was "wrongful and devoid of any factual and legal basis," and that they had not given 4Kids 10 days notice as required. 4Kids further revealed that they had made a good-faith payment of $1 million and agreed to a March 18 meeting in lieu of a lawsuit, which TV Tokyo and NAS nevertheless decided to go ahead with. The company also stated that even if the termination is found to be valid, the company is prepared to do whatever it takes to stay in business. 4Kids filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection as of April 6, 2011. 4Kids requested that the court suspend co-licensor Asatsu DK's attempts to exercise control of the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise in the United States, particularly in terms of selling the rights to the latest anime series, "Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal", which was due to be pitched at the Licensing International Expo on June 14. However, on June 2, 2011, bankruptcy judge Shelley Chapman issued a court order on TV Tokyo and NAS for an automatic stay on the U.S. "Yu-Gi-Oh!" license and said that the trial will proceed in two phases. The first phase is whether the contractual termination was valid, and the second is how much money 4Kids would owe the companies. The first phase of the trial began on August 29, 2011.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: On October 27, 2011, 4Kids and the executives of former financial company Lehman Brothers reached a deal, after Lehman had improperly invested most of 4Kids funds in auction rate securities. 4Kids received $500,000 from the deal. Chapman later ruled that the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" license is still in effect due to TV Tokyo, NAS and ADK not terminating the agreement properly. On February 29, 2012, there was an amicable settlement of the lawsuit between 4Kids Entertainment and Asatsu-DK (ADK) and TV Tokyo over the license of the Yu-Gi-Oh! property.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: On May 1, 2012, Kidsco Media Ventures LLC, an affiliate of Saban Capital Group, placed a bid to acquire some of 4Kids' assets, including the US rights to the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and The CW4Kids block, for $10 million. On June 5, 2012, 4Kids commenced an auction between Kidsco and 4K Acquisition which was then adjourned so 4Kids, Kidsco, and 4K Acquisition could consider an alternative transaction. On June 15, 2012, 4Kids filed a notice outlining a proposed deal in which its assets would be divided between Kidsco and 4K Acquisition which was finalised on June 26, 2012. The deal saw 4K Acquisition acquire the US rights to the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise and KidsCo acquire 4Kids' other assets including the agreements for "Dragon Ball Z", "Sonic X", "Cubix" and The CW Network's Toonzai Saturday morning programming block.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: On August 14, 2012, it was announced through a quarterly report that 4Kids Entertainment had discontinued operations of four operating divisions: 4Kids Ad Sales Inc., 4Kids Productions Inc., 4Kids Entertainment Music Inc., and 4Kids Entertainment Home Video, Inc. due to their continued lack of profitability. On September 13, 2012, it was revealed through a quarterly report that on August 16, 2012, the Board of Directors of 4Kids Entertainment determined to discontinue the operations of its UK subsidiary, 4Kids Entertainment International Ltd., which became effective on September 30, 2012. On December 5, 2012, 4Kids Entertainment announced that it had ended a dispute (over the so-called "Pokémon" agreement) with The Pokémon Company International under which TPCi will get a $1 million general unsecured claim against the debtor.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: A meeting was scheduled on December 13, 2012, to confirm 4Kids' plan to exit bankruptcy. The same day, the New York bankruptcy judge sent 4Kids Entertainment Inc. on its way out of Chapter 11 protection Thursday, overruling an objection by the American Kennel Club Inc. over a licensing agreement and approving its reorganization plan, which calls for the full payment of claims.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: On September 21, 2016, 4Licensing Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy; the bankruptcy plan became effective on February 7, 2017, and the company immediately ceased operations thereafter.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: 4Kids Entertainment licensed a wide variety of media products, ranging from video games and television programs to toy lines featuring the Royal Air Force. 4Kids focused on licensing content for the children's market. including content for both boys and girls. Many of its licenses came from dubs of Japanese anime, including "Fighting Foodons", and "Shaman King", while others are Western animations or properties like "Chaotic" or "Back to the Future: The Animated Series".


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: Most programs were either licensed out to local stations, or broadcast on their dedicated programming block 4Kids TV. Typically, 4Kids would retain several properties on hiatus (such as "Yu-Gi-Oh! GX"), or in production to allow for turnover of their existing products. 4Kids also licensed, and merchandised, a number of non-animation based products, such as calendars like "The Dog", and toys like "Cabbage Patch Kids".


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: During its operation as 4Kids Entertainment, the company faced intense criticism from viewers over the company's extensive editing and localization of the anime and other non-American series they licensed. Practices like censorship, story editing, music editing, and their "Americanization" of Japanese culture references, which were changed to be more American. One example included the alteration of rice balls to jelly donuts in their dub of the original "Pokémon" anime.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: At the 2019 Fan Expo Canada, Eric Stuart, who did the voice of Brock in the 4Kids dub of "Pokémon", and the voice of Seto Kaiba in the English dub of "Yu-Gi-Oh!", and who was also part of the production side, mentioned why 4Kids' dubs had this censorship. He explained that American culture has different sensitivity to certain content compared to Japanese culture, and networks on Saturday mornings had standards that would forbid certain inappropriate content like firearms, sexual references, religious references, display or mention of death, alcohol, cigarettes, and other content that is considered offensive to American audiences. As the censorship is dictated by the networks and not the production company itself, 4Kids would submit the scripts and footage of their dubs to the networks their dubs air on, and then the executives of those networks would review them. Then after they reviewed it, they would tell 4Kids to cut out certain scenes and edit inappropriate content to something particular like change a cigarette to a lollipop or change a stone that looks like a cross to something non-religious in order for their dubs to pass the network's standards. He also pointed out that "Pokémon", and anime as a whole, wouldn't be as wildly popular as it is today if companies like 4Kids didn't air it on network television instead of being in the back of a video store.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: At the 2016 Metrocon, Eric Stuart also explained the "Americanization" in 4Kids' dubs. He stated that those edits were actually international edits. When companies like 4Kids purchase the licensing to Japanese anime, the anime not only was redubbed into English but also redubbed into multiple languages because companies like 4Kids were used to distribute the anime to other countries by using their own dubs and licensing them to other countries to have their dubs be used to distribute the anime. The Japanese food products being changed and Japanese references being removed were requested by those Japanese anime companies because they wanted their anime to be distributed worldwide and wanted international audiences to relate to their products much easier. So while the Japanese anime companies remove the Japanese text on signs, 4Kids removed the scenes involving Japanese references and changed the names of the Japanese food products like rice balls to something more international like donuts while only occasionally changing the animation to the foods since making animation changes causes rise in production costs and they already have to make plenty of animation changes in their dubs.


title: 4Kids Entertainment

text: A March 2006 study by the Parents Television Council, a conservative advocacy group, on violence in children's television programs claimed that the 4Kids dub of "Shaman King" was still too violent for children.


title: Feather

text: Feathers are epidermal growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on both avian (bird) and some non-avian dinosaurs and other archosaurs. They are the most complex integumentary structures found in vertebrates and a premier example of a complex evolutionary novelty. They are among the characteristics that distinguish the extant birds from other living groups.


title: Feather

text: Although feathers cover most of the bird's body, they arise only from certain well-defined tracts on the skin. They aid in flight, thermal insulation, and waterproofing. In addition, coloration helps in communication and protection. Plumology (or plumage science) is the name for the science that is associated with the study of feathers.


title: Feather

text: Feathers have a number of utilitarian, cultural, and religious uses. Feathers are both soft and excellent at trapping heat; thus, they are sometimes used in high-class bedding, especially pillows, blankets, and mattresses. They are also used as filling for winter clothing and outdoor bedding, such as quilted coats and sleeping bags. Goose and eider down have great "loft", the ability to expand from a compressed, stored state to trap large amounts of compartmentalized, insulating air. Feathers of large birds (most often geese) have been and are used to make quill pens. Historically, the hunting of birds for decorative and ornamental feathers has endangered some species and helped to contribute to the extinction of others. Today, feathers used in fashion and in military headdresses and clothes are obtained as a waste product of poultry farming, including chickens, geese, turkeys, pheasants, and ostriches. These feathers are dyed and manipulated to enhance their appearance, as poultry feathers are naturally often dull in appearance compared to the feathers of wild birds.


title: Feather

text: Feather derives from the Old English "feþer", which is of Germanic origin; related to Dutch "veer" and German "Feder", from an Indo-European root shared by Sanskrit's "patra" meaning ‘wing’, Latin's "penna" meaning ‘feather’, and Greek's "pteron", "pterux" meaning ‘wing’.


title: Feather

text: Because of feathers being an integral part of quills, which were early pens used for writing, the word pen itself is derived from the Latin "penna", meaning feather. The French word "plume" can mean "feather", "quill", or "pen".


title: Feather

text: Feathers are among the most complex integumentary appendages found in vertebrates and are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. The β-keratins in feathers, beaks and claws – and the claws, scales and shells of reptiles – are composed of protein strands hydrogen-bonded into β-pleated sheets, which are then further twisted and crosslinked by disulfide bridges into structures even tougher than the α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hooves. The exact signals that induce the growth of feathers on the skin are not known, but it has been found that the transcription factor cDermo-1 induces the growth of feathers on skin and scales on the leg.


title: Feather

text: There are two basic types of feather: vaned feathers which cover the exterior of the body, and down feathers which are underneath the vaned feathers. The pennaceous feathers are vaned feathers. Also called contour feathers, pennaceous feathers arise from tracts and cover the entire body. A third rarer type of feather, the filoplume, is hairlike and are closely associated with pennaceous feathers and are often entirely hidden by them, with one or two filoplumes attached and sprouting from near the same point of the skin as each pennaceous feather, at least on a bird's head, neck and trunk. Filoplumes are entirely absent in ratites. In some passerines, filoplumes arise exposed beyond the pennaceous feathers on the neck. The remiges, or flight feathers of the wing, and rectrices, or flight feathers of the tail, are the most important feathers for flight. A typical vaned feather features a main shaft, called the rachis. Fused to the rachis are a series of branches, or barbs; the barbs themselves are also branched and form the barbules. These barbules have minute hooks called barbicels for cross-attachment. Down feathers are fluffy because they lack barbicels, so the barbules float free of each other, allowing the down to trap air and provide excellent thermal insulation. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular "calamus" (or quill) which inserts into a follicle in the skin. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes. This part is embedded within the skin follicle and has an opening at the base (proximal umbilicus) and a small opening on the side (distal umbilicus).


title: Feather

text: Hatchling birds of some species have a special kind of natal down feathers (neossoptiles) which are pushed out when the normal feathers (teleoptiles) emerge.


title: Feather

text: Flight feathers are stiffened so as to work against the air in the downstroke but yield in other directions. It has been observed that the orientation pattern of β-keratin fibers in the feathers of flying birds differs from that in flightless birds: the fibers are better aligned along the shaft axis direction towards the tip, and the lateral walls of rachis region show structure of crossed fibers.


title: Feather

text: Feathers insulate birds from water and cold temperatures. They may also be plucked to line the nest and provide insulation to the eggs and young. The individual feathers in the wings and tail play important roles in controlling flight. Some species have a crest of feathers on their heads. Although feathers are light, a bird's plumage weighs two or three times more than its skeleton, since many bones are hollow and contain air sacs. Color patterns serve as camouflage against predators for birds in their habitats, and serve as camouflage for predators looking for a meal. As with fish, the top and bottom colors may be different, in order to provide camouflage during flight. Striking differences in feather patterns and colors are part of the sexual dimorphism of many bird species and are particularly important in the selection of mating pairs. In some cases, there are differences in the UV reflectivity of feathers across sexes even though no differences in color are noted in the visible range. The wing feathers of male club-winged manakins "Machaeropterus deliciosus" have special structures that are used to produce sounds by stridulation.


title: Feather

text: Some birds have a supply of powder down feathers that grow continuously, with small particles regularly breaking off from the ends of the barbules. These particles produce a powder that sifts through the feathers on the bird's body and acts as a waterproofing agent and a feather conditioner. Powder down has evolved independently in several taxa and can be found in down as well as in pennaceous feathers. They may be scattered in plumage as in the pigeons and parrots or in localized patches on the breast, belly, or flanks, as in herons and frogmouths. Herons use their bill to break the powder down feathers and to spread them, while cockatoos may use their head as a powder puff to apply the powder. Waterproofing can be lost by exposure to emulsifying agents due to human pollution. Feathers can then become waterlogged, causing the bird to sink. It is also very difficult to clean and rescue birds whose feathers have been fouled by oil spills. The feathers of cormorants soak up water and help to reduce buoyancy, thereby allowing the birds to swim submerged.


title: Feather

text: Bristles are stiff, tapering feathers with a large rachis but few barbs. Rictal bristles are found around the eyes and bill. They may serve a similar purpose to eyelashes and vibrissae in mammals. Although there is as yet no clear evidence, it has been suggested that rictal bristles have sensory functions and may help insectivorous birds to capture prey. In one study, willow flycatchers ("Empidonax traillii") were found to catch insects equally well before and after removal of the rictal bristles.


title: Feather

text: Grebes are peculiar in their habit of ingesting their own feathers and feeding them to their young. Observations on their diet of fish and the frequency of feather eating suggest that ingesting feathers, particularly down from their flanks, aids in forming easily ejectable pellets.


title: Feather

text: Contour feathers are not uniformly distributed on the skin of the bird except in some groups such as the penguins, ratites and screamers. In most birds the feathers grow from specific tracts of skin called "pterylae"; between the pterylae there are regions which are free of feathers called "apterylae" (or "apteria"). Filoplumes and down may arise from the apterylae. The arrangement of these feather tracts, pterylosis or pterylography, varies across bird families and has been used in the past as a means for determining the evolutionary relationships of bird families. Species that incubate their own eggs often lose their feathers on a region of their belly, forming a brooding patch.


title: Feather

text: The colors of feathers are produced by pigments, by microscopic structures that can refract, reflect, or scatter selected wavelengths of light, or by a combination of both.


title: Feather

text: Most feather pigments are melanins (brown and beige pheomelanins, black and grey eumelanins) and carotenoids (red, yellow, orange); other pigments occur only in certain taxa – the yellow to red psittacofulvins (found in some parrots) and the red turacin and green turacoverdin (porphyrin pigments found only in turacos).


title: Feather

text: Structural coloration is involved in the production of blue colors, iridescence, most ultraviolet reflectance and in the enhancement of pigmentary colors. Structural iridescence has been reported in fossil feathers dating back 40 million years. White feathers lack pigment and scatter light diffusely; albinism in birds is caused by defective pigment production, though structural coloration will not be affected (as can be seen, for example, in blue-and-white budgerigars).


title: Feather

text: The blues and bright greens of many parrots are produced by constructive interference of light reflecting from different layers of structures in feathers. In the case of green plumage, in addition to yellow, the specific feather structure involved is called by some the Dyck texture. Melanin is often involved in the absorption of light; in combination with a yellow pigment, it produces a dull olive-green.


title: Feather

text: In some birds, feather colors may be created, or altered, by secretions from the uropygial gland, also called the preen gland. The yellow bill colors of many hornbills are produced by such secretions. It has been suggested that there are other color differences that may be visible only in the ultraviolet region, but studies have failed to find evidence. The oil secretion from the uropygial gland may also have an inhibitory effect on feather bacteria.


title: Feather

text: The reds, orange and yellow colors of many feathers are caused by various carotenoids. Carotenoid-based pigments might be honest signals of fitness because they are derived from special diets and hence might be difficult to obtain, and/or because carotenoids are required for immune function and hence sexual displays come at the expense of health.


title: Feather

text: A bird's feathers undergo wear and tear and are replaced periodically during the bird's life through molting. New feathers, known when developing as blood, or pin feathers, depending on the stage of growth, are formed through the same follicles from which the old ones were fledged. The presence of melanin in feathers increases their resistance to abrasion. One study notes that melanin based feathers were observed to degrade more quickly under bacterial action, even compared to unpigmented feathers from the same species, than those unpigmented or with carotenoid pigments. However, another study the same year compared the action of bacteria on pigmentations of two song sparrow species and observed that the darker pigmented feathers were more resistant; the authors cited other research also published in 2004 that stated increased melanin provided greater resistance. They observed that the greater resistance of the darker birds confirmed Gloger's rule.


title: Feather

text: Although sexual selection plays a major role in the development of feathers, in particular, the color of the feathers it is not the only conclusion available. New studies are suggesting that the unique feathers of birds are also a large influence on many important aspects of avian behavior, such as the height at which different species build their nests. Since females are the prime caregivers, evolution has helped select females to display duller colors down so that they may blend into the nesting environment. The position of the nest and whether it has a greater chance of being under predation has exerted constraints on female birds' plumage. A species of bird that nests on the ground, rather than the canopy of the trees, will need to have much duller colors in order not to attract attention to the nest. The height study found that birds that nest in the canopies of trees often have many more predator attacks due to the brighter color of feathers that the female displays. Another influence of evolution that could play a part in why feathers of birds are so colorful and display so many patterns could be due to that birds developed their bright colors from the vegetation and flowers that thrive around them. Birds develop their bright colors from living around certain colors. Most bird species often blend into their environment, due to some degree of camouflage, so if the species habitat is full of colors and patterns, the species would eventually evolve to blend in to avoid being eaten. Birds' feathers show a large range of colors, even exceeding the variety of many plants, leaf, and flower colors.


title: Feather

text: The feather surface is the home for some ectoparasites, notably feather lice (Phthiraptera) and feather mites. Feather lice typically live on a single host and can move only from parents to chicks, between mating birds, and, occasionally, by phoresy. This life history has resulted in most of the parasite species being specific to the host and coevolving with the host, making them of interest in phylogenetic studies.


title: Feather

text: Feather holes are chewing traces of lice (most probably "Brueelia" spp. lice) on the wing and tail feathers. They were described on barn swallows, and because of easy countability, many evolutionary, ecological, and behavioral publications use them to quantify the intensity of infestation.


title: Feather

text: Parasitic cuckoos which grow up in the nests of other species also have host-specific feather lice and these seem to be transmitted only after the young cuckoos leave the host nest.


title: Feather

text: Birds maintain their feather condition by preening and bathing in water or dust. It has been suggested that a peculiar behavior of birds, anting, in which ants are introduced into the plumage, helps to reduce parasites, but no supporting evidence has been found.


title: Feather

text: Bird feathers have long been used for fletching arrows. Colorful feathers such as those belonging to pheasants have been used to decorate fishing lures.


title: Feather

text: Feathers are also valuable in aiding the identification of species in forensic studies, particularly in bird strikes to aircraft. The ratios of hydrogen isotopes in feathers help in determining the geographic origins of birds. Feathers may also be useful in the non-destructive sampling of pollutants.


title: Feather

text: The poultry industry produces a large amount of feathers as waste, which, like other forms of keratin, are slow to decompose. Feather waste has been used in a number of industrial applications as a medium for culturing microbes, biodegradable polymers, and production of enzymes. Feather proteins have been tried as an adhesive for wood board.


title: Feather

text: Some groups of Native people in Alaska have used ptarmigan feathers as temper (non-plastic additives) in pottery manufacture since the first millennium BC in order to promote thermal shock resistance and strength.


title: Feather

text: Eagle feathers have great cultural and spiritual value to American Indians in the US and First Nations peoples in Canada as religious objects. In the United States, the religious use of eagle and hawk feathers is governed by the eagle feather law, a federal law limiting the possession of eagle feathers to certified and enrolled members of federally recognized Native American tribes.


title: Feather

text: In South America, brews made from the feathers of condors are used in traditional medications. In India, feathers of the Indian peacock have been used in traditional medicine for snakebite, infertility, and coughs.


title: Feather

text: Members of Scotland's Clan Campbell are known to wear feathers on their bonnets to signify authority within the clan. Clan chiefs wear three, chieftains wear two and an armiger wears one. Any member of the clan who does not meet the criteria is not authorized to wear feathers as part of traditional garb and doing so is considered presumptuous.


title: Feather

text: During the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, there was a booming international trade in plumes for extravagant women's hats and other headgear (including in Victorian fashion). Frank Chapman noted in 1886 that feathers of as many as 40 species of birds were used in about three-fourths of the 700 ladies' hats that he observed in New York City. For instance, South American hummingbird feathers were used in the past to dress some of the miniature birds featured in singing bird boxes. This trade caused severe losses to bird populations (for example, egrets and whooping cranes). Conservationists led a major campaign against the use of feathers in hats. This contributed to passage of the Lacey Act in 1900, and to changes in fashion. The ornamental feather market then largely collapsed.


title: Feather

text: More recently, rooster plumage has become a popular trend as a hairstyle accessory, with feathers formerly used as fishing lures now being used to provide color and style to hair.


title: Feather

text: Feather products manufacturing in Europe has declined in the last 60 years, mainly due to competition from Asia.


title: Feather

text: Feathers have adorned hats at many prestigious events such as weddings and Ladies Day at racecourses (Royal Ascot).


title: Feather

text: The functional view on the evolution of feathers has traditionally focused on insulation, flight and display. Discoveries of non-flying Late Cretaceous feathered dinosaurs in China, however, suggest that flight could not have been the original primary function as the feathers simply would not have been capable of providing any form of lift. There have been suggestions that feathers may have had their original function in thermoregulation, waterproofing, or even as sinks for metabolic wastes such as sulphur. Recent discoveries are argued to support a thermoregulatory function, at least in smaller dinosaurs. Some researchers even argue that thermoregulation arose from bristles on the face that were used as tactile sensors. While feathers have been suggested as having evolved from reptilian scales, there are numerous objections to that idea, and more recent explanations have arisen from the paradigm of evolutionary developmental biology. Theories of the scale-based origins of feathers suggest that the planar scale structure was modified for development into feathers by splitting to form the webbing; however, that developmental process involves a tubular structure arising from a follicle and the tube splitting longitudinally to form the webbing. The number of feathers per unit area of skin is higher in smaller birds than in larger birds, and this trend points to their important role in thermal insulation, since smaller birds lose more heat due to the relatively larger surface area in proportion to their body weight. The miniaturization of birds also played a role in the evolution of powered flight. The coloration of feathers is believed to have evolved primarily in response to sexual selection. In fossil specimens of the paravian "Anchiornis huxleyi" and the pterosaur "Tupandactylus imperator", the features are so well preserved that the melanosome (pigment cells) structure can be observed. By comparing the shape of the fossil melanosomes to melanosomes from extant birds, the color and pattern of the feathers on "Anchiornis" and "Tupandactylus" could be determined. "Anchiornis" was found to have black-and-white-patterned feathers on the forelimbs and hindlimbs, with a reddish-brown crest. This pattern is similar to the coloration of many extant bird species, which use plumage coloration for display and communication, including sexual selection and camouflage. It is likely that non-avian dinosaur species utilized plumage patterns for similar functions as modern birds before the origin of flight. In many cases, the physiological condition of the birds (especially males) is indicated by the quality of their feathers, and this is used (by the females) in mate choice. Additionally, when comparing different "Ornithomimus edmontonicus" specimens, older individuals were found to have a pennibrachium (a wing-like structure consisting of elongate feathers), while younger ones did not. This suggests that the pennibrachium was a secondary sex characteristic and likely had a sexual function.


title: Feather

text: Several genes have been found to determine feather development. They will be key to understand the evolution of feathers. For instance, some genes convert scales into feathers or feather-like structures when expressed or induced in bird feet, such as the scale-feather converters Sox2, Zic1, Grem1, Spry2, and Sox18.


title: Feather

text: Feathers and scales are made up of two distinct forms of keratin, and it was long thought that each type of keratin was exclusive to each skin structure (feathers and scales). However, feather keratin is also present in the early stages of development of American alligator scales. This type of keratin, previously thought to be specific to feathers, is suppressed during embryological development of the alligator and so is not present in the scales of mature alligators. The presence of this homologous keratin in both birds and crocodilians indicates that it was inherited from a common ancestor.


title: Feather

text: This may suggest that crocodilian scales, bird and dinosaur feathers, and pterosaur pycnofibres are all developmental expressions of the same primitive archosaur skin structures; suggesting that feathers and pycnofibers could be homologous. Molecular dating methods in 2011 show that the subfamily of feather β-keratins found in extant birds started to diverge 143 million years ago, suggesting the pennaceous feathers of "Anchiornis" were not made of the feather β-keratins present in extant birds. In 2019, scientists found that genes for the production of feathers evolved at the base of archosauria, supporting that feathers were present at early ornithodirans and is consistent with the fossil record.


title: Feather

text: Several non-avian dinosaurs had feathers on their limbs that would not have functioned for flight. One theory suggests that feathers originally evolved on dinosaurs due to their insulation properties; then, small dinosaur species which grew longer feathers may have found them helpful in gliding, leading to the evolution of proto-birds like "Archaeopteryx" and "Microraptor zhaoianus". Another theory posits that the original adaptive advantage of early feathers was their pigmentation or iridescence, contributing to sexual preference in mate selection. Dinosaurs that had feathers or protofeathers include "Pedopenna daohugouensis" and "Dilong paradoxus", a tyrannosauroid which is 60 to 70 million years older than "Tyrannosaurus rex."


title: Feather

text: The majority of dinosaurs known to have had feathers or protofeathers are theropods, however featherlike "filamentous integumentary structures" are also known from the ornithischian dinosaurs "Tianyulong" and "Psittacosaurus". The exact nature of these structures is still under study. However, it is believed that the stage-1 feathers (see Evolutionary stages section below) such as those seen in these two ornithischians likely functioned in display. In 2014, the ornithischian "Kulindadromeus" was reported as having structures resembling stage-3 feathers. The likelihood of scales evolving on early dinosaur ancestors are high. However, this was by assuming that primitive pterosaurs were scaly. A 2016 study analyzes the pulp morphology of the tail bristles of "Psittacosaurus" and finds they are similar to feathers but notes that they are also similar to the bristles on the head of the Congo peafowl, the beard of the turkey, and the spine on the head of the horned screamer. A reestimation of maximum likelihoods by paleontologist Thomas Holtz finds that filaments were more likely to be the ancestral state of dinosaurs.


title: Feather

text: In 2010, a carcharodontosaurid named "Concavenator corcovatus" was found to have remiges on the ulna suggesting it might have had quill-like structures on the ams. However, Foth et al. 2014 disagress with the publication where they point out that the bumps on the ulna of "Concavenator" are on the anterolateral which is unlike remiges which are in a posterolateral on the ulna of some birds, they consider it more likely that these are attachments for interosseous ligaments. This was refuted by Cuesta Fidalgo and her colleagues, they pointed out that these bumps on the ulna are posterolateral which is unlike that of interosseous ligaments.


title: Feather

text: Since the 1990s, dozens of feathered dinosaurs have been discovered in the clade Maniraptora, which includes the clade Avialae and the recent common ancestors of birds, Oviraptorosauria and Deinonychosauria. In 1998, the discovery of a feathered oviraptorosaurian, "Caudipteryx zoui", challenged the notion of feathers as a structure exclusive to Avialae. Buried in the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China, "C. zoui" lived during the Early Cretaceous Period. Present on the forelimbs and tails, their integumentary structure has been accepted as pennaceous vaned feathers based on the rachis and herringbone pattern of the barbs. In the clade Deinonychosauria, the continued divergence of feathers is also apparent in the families Troodontidae and Dromaeosauridae. Branched feathers with rachis, barbs, and barbules were discovered in many members including "Sinornithosaurus millenii", a dromaeosaurid found in the Yixian formation (124.6 MYA).


title: Feather

text: Previously, a temporal paradox existed in the evolution of feathers—theropods with highly derived bird-like characteristics occurred at a later time than "Archaeopteryx"—suggesting that the descendants of birds arose before the ancestor. However, the discovery of "Anchiornis huxleyi" in the Late Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation (160 MYA) in western Liaoning in 2009


title: Feather

text: resolved this paradox. By predating "Archaeopteryx", "Anchiornis" proves the existence of a modernly feathered theropod ancestor, providing insight into the dinosaur-bird transition. The specimen shows distribution of large pennaceous feathers on the forelimbs and tail, implying that pennaceous feathers spread to the rest of the body at an earlier stage in theropod evolution. The development of pennaceous feathers did not replace earlier filamentous feathers. Filamentous feathers are preserved alongside modern-looking flight feathers – including some with modifications found in the feathers of extant diving birds – in 80 million year old amber from Alberta.


title: Feather

text: Two small wings trapped in amber dating to 100 mya show plumage existed in some bird predecessors. The wings most probably belonged to enantiornithes, a diverse group of avian dinosaurs.


title: Feather

text: A large phylogenetic analysis of early dinosaurs by Matthew Baron, David B. Norman and Paul Barrett (2017) found that Theropoda is actually more closely related to Ornithischia, to which it formed the sister group within the clade Ornithoscelida. The study also suggested that if the feather-like structures of theropods and ornithischians are of common evolutionary origin then it would be possible that feathers were restricted to Ornithoscelida. If so, then the origin of feathers would have likely occurred as early as the Middle Triassic, though this has been disagreed upon. The lack of feathers present in large sauropods and ankylosaurs could be that feathers were suppressed by genomic regulators.


title: Feather

text: Several studies of feather development in the embryos of modern birds, coupled with the distribution of feather types among various prehistoric bird precursors, have allowed scientists to attempt a reconstruction of the sequence in which feathers first evolved and developed into the types found on modern birds.


title: Feather

text: However, Foth (2011) showed that some of these purported stages (stages 2 and 5 in particular) are likely simply artifacts of preservation caused by the way fossil feathers are crushed and the feather remains or imprints are preserved. Foth re-interpreted stage 2 feathers as crushed or misidentified feathers of at least stage 3, and stage 5 feathers as crushed stage 6 feathers.


title: Feather

text: The following simplified diagram of dinosaur relationships follows these results, and shows the likely distribution of plumaceous (downy) and pennaceous (vaned) feathers among dinosaurs and prehistoric birds. The diagram follows one presented by Xu and Guo (2009) modified with the findings of Foth (2011) The numbers accompanying each name refer to the presence of specific feather stages. Note that 's' indicates the known presence of scales on the body.


title: Feather

text: Pterosaurs were long known to have filamentous fur-like structures covering their body known as pycnofibres, which were generally considered distinct from the "true feathers" of birds and their dinosaur kin. However, a 2018 study of two small, well-preserved pterosaur fossils from the Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China indicated that pterosaurs were covered in an array of differently-structured pycnofibres (rather than just filamentous ones), with several of these structures displaying diagnostic features of feathers, such as non-veined grouped filaments and bilaterally branched filaments, both of which were originally thought to be exclusive to birds and other maniraptoran dinosaurs. Given these findings, it is possible that feathers have deep evolutionary origins in ancestral archosaurs, though there is also a possibility that these structures independently evolved to resemble bird feathers via convergent evolution. Mike Benton, the study's senior author, lent credence to the former theory, stating "We couldn’t find any anatomical evidence that the four pycnofiber types are in any way different from the feathers of birds and dinosaurs. Therefore, because they are the same, they must share an evolutionary origin, and that was about 250 million years ago, long before the origin of birds." But the integumentary structures of the anurognathid specimens is still based gross morphology as Liliana D’Alba pointed out. The pycnofibres of the two anurognathid specimens might not be homologous with the filamentous appendages on dinosaurs. Paul M. Barrett suspects that during the integumentary evolution of pterosaurs, pterosaurs primitively lost scales and pycnofibers started to appear.


title: Feather

text: "Cascocauda" was almost entirely covered in an extensive coat of pycnofibres, which appear to have come in two types. The first are simple, curved filaments that range in length from 3.5–12.8 mm long. These filaments cover most of the animal, including the head, neck, body, limbs and tail. The second type consists of tufts of filaments joined near the base, similar to the branching down feathers of birds and other coelurosaurian dinosaurs, around 2.5–8.0 mm long and only cover the wing membranes. Studies of sampled pycnofibres revealed the presence of microbodies within the filaments, resembling the melanosome pigments identified in other fossil integuments, specifically phaeomelanosomes. Furthermore, infrared spectral analysis of these pycnofibres show similar absorption spectra to red human hair. These pycnofibres likely provided both insulation and may have helped streamline the body and wings during flight.


title: Feather

text: The identity of these branching structures as pycnofibres or feathers was challenged by Unwin & Martill (2020), who interpreted them as bunched-up and degraded aktinofibrils–stiffening fibres found in the wing membrane of pterosaurs–and attributed the melanosomes and keratin to skin rather than filaments. These claims were refuted by Yang and colleagues, who argue that Unwin and Martill's interpretations are inconsistent with the specimen's preservation. Namely, they argue that the consistent structure, regular spacing, and extension of the filaments beyond the wing membrane support their identification as pycnofibres. Further, they argue that the restriction of melanosomes and keratin to the fibres, as occurs in fossil dinosaur feathers, supports the case they are filaments and is not consistent with contamination from preserved skin. Protofeathers likely evolved in early archosaurs, not long after the P-T extinction event during the time metabolic rates of early archosaurs and synapsids were increasing, postures becoming erect, and sustained activity.


title: Aoi Koga

text: Koga had an interest in anime since her childhood, watching series such as "Cardcaptor Sakura" and "Ojamajo Doremi". She first became interested in voice acting after watching the television program "Okaasan to Issho" and becoming fond of the puppet segments featured in the show. This made her want to "become friends with dolls" and, along with her interest in anime, helped her decide to pursue a career in entertainment.


title: Aoi Koga

text: In pursuit of becoming a voice actress, Koga would take acting lessons at a vocational school in Fukuoka. Following this, she enrolled in the training school of the agency 81 Produce, becoming affiliated with them upon her finishing her training. Her first credited role in an anime was a woman in "". In 2017, she was cast as the character Sora Kaneshiro in "Angel's 3Piece!"; she also became part of the band Baby's Breath along with Yuko Ono and Yurika Endō, her co-stars in the series. She was later cast as Yuri Miyata in "Two Car", where she performed the series' ending theme "Angelica Wind" together with her co-star Aimi Tanaka. In 2019, she played the role of Kaguya Shinomiya in "", for which she won Best Actress in a Leading Role at the 14th Seiyu Awards. She also made a cameo in the live-action film adaptation of "Kaguya-sama: Love is War".


title: Joe Gacy

text: Joseph Ruby (born August 8, 1987) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the NXT brand under the ring name Joe Gacy. He is the leader of The Schism.


title: Joe Gacy

text: Gacy is best known for his work in Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), where he was a three-time CZW World Heavyweight Champion and a three-time CZW Wired Champion. He also appeared for Evolve, where he was a one-time Evolve Tag Team Champion.


title: Joe Gacy

text: On August 5, 2017, at Once in a Lifetime, Gacy appeared at the event, while ring announcer Larry Legend was about to introduce the match between Lio Rush and Joey Janela. Gacy headbutted Legend, before criticising the direction CZW were going in, and then putting Legend through a barbed wire board. In response to this, D. J. Hyde (kayfabe) fired Gacy on his birthday over Twitter. On September 9, at Down with the Sickness, Gacy and his masked goons appeared after Strickland's title match with Jason Cade, but was chased off by the rest of the locker room. On October 14, at The Wolf of Wrestling, a masked man was seen in the crowd, and offered Kit Osbourne the chance to join him. Osbourne refused and was abducted by a group of masked men. They resurfaced later in the night, after Strickland's title match with Ethan Page. One of the masked men, purportedly Gacy, threatened to have Osbourne curbstomped onto a chair, unless Matt Tremont reinstated him and gave him a title shot at the next event. Strickland urged Tremont to do so, and Tremont accepted Gacy's proposal, but Osbourne was curbstomped anyway. This turned out to be a ruse, as Gacy ran out from the back to attack Tremont; the man initially thought to be Gacy was actually Dan Barry, and the man who curbstomped Osbourne was Matthew Palmer. With Barry and Palmer aligning themselves with Gacy, it led to the formation of F.E.A.R.


title: Joe Gacy

text: On November 11, at Night of Infamy, Gacy faced Strickland for the title. Towards the end, Strickland put Gacy's head in a chair, and was about to jump from the top rope, but was attacked by Barry and Gacy's masked goons. Some of the goons brought a guardrail out from under the ring which was propped up in the opposite corner, and as Gacy was about to powerbomb Strickland through the guardrail, Sami Callihan, Dezmond Xavier and John Silver came out to make the save. This resulted in Alex Reynolds being unmasked by Silver, who joined F.E.A.R., effectively breaking up the Beaver Boys. Reynolds and Barry held Strickland in place, as Gacy hit a big frogsplash on him to win the match. His second reign was short-lived as Rickey Shane Page cashed in his ultimate opportunity coin, and Larry Legend (disguised as a masked goon) struck Gacy in the back with a nightstick, allowing Page to hit a chokebreaker on him to win the match. Following a staredown with Strickland, Page offered a rematch to the former champions at Cage of Death 19. On December 9, Gacy faced Page and Strickland in the aforementioned stipulation match, in an attempt to win back the title. During the match, Gacy was chokeslammed through a pane of burning glass, which led to his masked goons to come out from the back to distract Page and Strickland. He got up and climbed the scaffolding to attack Page, but was thrown off the top by a masked man (revealed to be the debuting Anthony Gangone), onto a table with a pane of glass propped up on it, ending his involvement in the match.


title: Joe Gacy

text: On February 10, 2018 at Nineteen, Gacy, flanked by Reynolds and Barry, faced Gangone in his debut match for CZW. Towards the end, Gangone hit a bicycle kick, followed by an inverted "Go 2 Sleep" on Gacy to win the match. Afterwards, a masked man jumped Gangone, and revealed himself to be Eddy Blackwater. At the same event, Gacy was involved in the CZW World Heavyweight Title #1 contendership 30-man rumble match, eventually won by Maxwell Jacob Friedman, but was eliminated by Gangone, continuing the feud. On February 23, at Greetings from Asbury Park, Gacy, Barry and Blackwater interfered in the singles match in a singles match between John Silver and Reynolds, allowing Reynolds to hit his finisher on Silver and pick up the win. Immediately after that, F.E.A.R. faced off against The House of Gangone, which ended in defeat when Gangone pinned Blackwater.


title: Joe Gacy

text: On March 10, at Proving Grounds, Gacy faced Jonathan Gresham. Gresham had Gacy in a figure four leg lock, but F.E.A.R. came out to make the save. The stable started beating down on Gresham, and Silver ran in to break up the attack. In the resulting chaos, Barry accidentally hit Gacy in the head with a chair, allowing Gresham to perform a deadlift German suplex and pin Gacy for the win. Following the match, Barry offered his spot in the Best of the Best to Gacy, as a way to stay in his good graces. Gacy accepted the offer, but then kicked him out of the stable by superkicking, and then powerbombing him through a stack of chairs. On April 14, at Best of the Best, Gacy defeated Brandon Kirk, Joey Janela and Rich Swann in a four-way quarter-final match, defeating Swann with a "Ace Crusher", followed by a superkick. In the semi-final, he faced Zachary Wentz. Towards the end, Blackwater interfered by striking Wentz in the back with a kendo stick, but he kicked out at two. However, Gangone's music hit, which distracted Blackwater and allowed Wentz to get the pin on Gacy. On June 26, at Dark City, Gacy faced Maxwell Jacob Friedman for the World Heavyweight Championship. Friedman initially had Dezmond Xavier as his opponent for his first title defence, but got his legal team to change the match so Gacy was inserted instead. Earlier on in the match, Gacy was beaten down by Freidman's henchmen, "Smart" Mark Sterling and CPA, while he distracted the referee; when Blackwater came out to make the save, Friedman pointed in his direction and the referee sent Blackwater to the back. After that, Gacy struggled and was unable to cover Friedman due to his hurt left arm preventing him from making the cover. When he finally performed a superkick and a sit-down powerbomb on Friedman, the referee was down, and could not count the pin. Gacy had to break the pin up in order to get the referee's attention, and Gangone used this to his advantage, attacking Gacy with a running knee with the title belt in front of it, before shoving Friedman's limp body onto Gacy's and putting the referee in place to count the pin. Gangone further attacked Gacy after the match and retreated once Blackwater came out to make the save; an irate Gacy told D. J. Hyde to book the match for the next event.


title: Joe Gacy

text: On July 28, at New Heights, Gacy, working as a face, hit an Alabama slam onto a pile of thumbtacks on Gangone, followed by a buckle bomb into a Falcon arrow back onto the thumbtacks for the win, ending the feud. On September 8, at Down with the Sickness, Gacy faced Rickey Shane Page in a World Heavyweight Championship #1 contendership tournament match, dubbed a "opportunity for an opportunity match". In what was a very technical matchup, Page eventually put Gacy away with two successive chokebreakers. On October 13, at Better Than Our Best, Gacy faced Desean Pratt, but the match finished in a no-contest, when Reynolds, accompanied by his own masked goons, attacked Pratt and turned on Gacy. On November 10, at Night of Infamy, Gacy teamed with Pratt to face Reynolds and Tim Donst. Towards the end, Pratt uppercutted Reynolds, allowing Gacy to hit him with a "Liger Bomb". However, Gacy had to break up the pin as the referee was down. Donst then hit Gacy with a chair and almost won the match when he had Pratt submitted, until Pratt physically crawled over for a rope break. Gacy got back into the ring and hit Donst with a "Ace Crusher" for the win. Afterwards, Gacy and Pratt were jumped by Reynolds and his masked goons. Gacy returned with his masked goons, resulting in a brawl and was about to hit Reynolds with a chair, but Reynolds ducked and hit Blackwater instead, who had come out to assist Gacy. This allowed Reynolds to hit his finisher on Gacy, who then took the chair and sat on it, with Gacy underneath, taunting his former stablemate. On December 9, at Cage of Death XX, Gacy faced Reynolds in a singles match. They began the match by going back and forth with their offence; Gacy with quick strikes and Reynolds intentionally slowing everything down. Reynolds went to clothesline Gacy, but he ducked and the referee was hit, allowing Gacy to hit a "Liger Bomb" only to realise that the referee could not count the pin. Reynolds' masked goons came out to interfere, which Gacy dealt with quickly, but when he got back into the ring, he was hit with a low blow followed by a cutter. Gacy kicked out at two, and Reynolds in his frustration, attacked the referee. Gacy's masked goons came out to the ring, but they were taken out by Blackwater with his kendo stick. However, this turned out to be a swerve, as Blackwater struck Reynolds in the back just as he was about to put Gacy away. Gacy hit a "Liger Bomb" on Reynolds to win the match, ending the feud. After the match, Gacy left his trademark mask in the ring, signifying the disbandment of F.E.A.R.


title: Joe Gacy

text: On February 9, 2019, at Twenty, Gacy was involved in two matches on the card, both of which ended in defeat. Firstly, he lost a tag team match alongside former F.E.A.R. stablemate Blackwater, against The REP (Dave McCall and Nate Carter). After that, he lost a singles match against Leyla Hirsch, which was also her second match of the night. On August 10, at CZW vs. wXw, Gacy returned to the promotion by clotheslining then-champion John Silver, following his match against Anthony Greene. Gacy told the crowd that he was coming for the World Heavyweight Championship, despite the fact that he did not want it. On September 13, at Down with the Sickness, Gacy defeated Silver, in a three-way match also involving Conor Claxton, beginning his third reign. On November 30, in a backstage segment at Night of Infamy, D. J. Hyde offered to face Gacy at Cage of Death XXI, with his career on the line. Hyde's rival Maven Bentley disagreed, and told Hyde to find someone who would wrestle on his behalf to face Gacy instead. On December 14, Gacy faced Hyde's representative in Matt Tremont. Anthony Gangone and his valet Valentina interfered towards the end, with Valentina lowblowing Tremont, before Gangone speared him through a door, allowing Gacy to pin him to win the match. In the resulting aftermath, Gacy was embraced by Bentley, and was then challenged for a future title shot by Alex Shelley.


title: Joe Gacy

text: Gacy made his first appearance for Evolve in a tag team match on September 8, 2018, at "Evolve 112". He tagged alongside Steve Pena, in a defeat to Facade and Jason Kincaid. His first match as a singles competitor was in a defeat to Adrian Jaoude, on October 28, at "Evolve 114". His first win came against Colby Corino on January 18, 2019, at "Evolve 116".


title: Joe Gacy

text: On February 16, at "Evolve 122", following the title match between JD Drake and Montez Ford, Eddie Kingston jumped both wrestlers, and was joined in the post-match attack by Gacy, Corino and Shane Strickland, and in the process, forming The Unwanted. On 15 March, at "Evolve 123", Gacy and Kingston defeated the Street Profits for the Evolve Tag Team Championship, ending the NXT tag team's reign at 138 days. During WrestleMania weekend, on April 4, at "Evolve 125", Gacy and Kingston defeated the DDT pairing of Konosuke Takeshita and Mao. On May 10, at "Evolve 127", Gacy was defeated by Drake in a title match for the WWN Championship. The following day, at "Evolve 128", Gacy and Kingston defeated Drake and Anthony Henry, in which Drake took the pin after Henry walked out on him. On June 29, at "Evolve 129", Gacy and Kingston defeated the pairing of Anthony Greene and Curt Stallion, in which Gacy hit Stallion with a right hand, allowing Kingston to suplex him for the victory.


title: Joe Gacy

text: On June 20, at "Evolve 130", Gacy and Kingston interfered in the title match between Drake and Babatunde, resulting in a no-contest. They continued the beatdown, until Drake and Babatunde were able to separate them and give them a round of chops. Gacy and Kingston then ran to the back, while Babatunde chased after them. Later that night, Gacy and Kingston were involved in non-title four-way elimination tag team match, alongside A. R. Fox and Leon Ruff, The Beaver Boys (Alex Reynolds and John Silver) and Milk Chocolate (Brandon Watts and Randy Summers). The final two teams came down to The Unwanted and Fox and Ruff, and ended when Fox landed a coast-to-coast to Gacy, which led to Ruff hitting a "Ruff Ride", followed by a 450 splash by Fox on Kingston for the victory. Afterwards, Gacy and Kingston attacked Fox and Ruff from behind, and Babutunde came out from the back and was about to perform a double chokeslam on The Unwanted, until Corino and Sean Maluta came out to make the save, resulting in a beatdown. On July 13, at "Evolve 131", Fox and Ruff defeated Gacy and Kingston for the Evolve Tag Team Championship, ending The Unwanted's reign at 120 days.


title: Joe Gacy

text: On March 8, 2020, at the wXwNOW Showcase during wXw 16 Carat Gold, Gacy defeated Anthony Greene in a non-title match, with a discus lariat.


title: Joe Gacy

text: On August 31, 2020, it was reported that Gacy had signed a contract with WWE, following the company's purchase of Evolve in July. On October 7, WWE announced that he had reported for training at the Performance Center, alongside five other professional wrestlers from Evolve. On the July 2, 2021, episode of "205 Live", Gacy made his television debut, defeating Desmond Troy to qualify for the 2021 NXT Breakout Tournament. On the August 3 episode of "NXT", Gacy was eliminated in the first round by Trey Baxter. On the September 21 episode of "NXT", Gacy began a new gimmick, portraying a politically correct spokesperson who "wants to make NXT his safe space", therefore establishing himself as a heel. He was later defeated by Cameron Grimes. On the October 5 episode of NXT, he defeated Ikemen Jiro and proceeded to give him a hug afterwards. The following week, he fought Tommaso Ciampa in a match where had he won, he would've been added to the NXT Championship match between Ciampa and Bron Breakker at but he was unsuccessful. Around this time, Gacy formed an alliance with Harland who began accompanying him to the ring as his bodyguard. On the November 23 episode of "NXT 2.0", he convinced the Cruiserweight Champion Roderick Strong to grant him a match for the Cruiserweight Championship at NXT WarGames, despite not weighing 205 pounds or below. The following week, he welcomed everybody to his All-Inclusive Invitational, an open challenge for people of all shapes, sizes and genders, but was interrupted by Roderick Strong and Diamond Mine who attacked him. At War Games, Gacy was unsuccessful at capturing the title.


title: Joe Gacy

text: In April 2022, Gacy began feuding with the NXT Champion Bron Breakker after he and Harland kidnapped Breakker's father, Rick Steiner. Gacy's character began to morph into a dark and sadistic cult-like leader, who demanded Steiner's Hall of Fame ring in exchange for his safe return. On April 29th, 2022, Harland was released from his WWE contract, thus ending his and Gacy's partnership. A title match between Gacy and Breakker was later made official for NXT Spring Breakin' on May 3, 2022. Gacy would fail to capture the championship. After the match, Bron Breakker would be attacked and carried out of the arena by druids. These druids would accompany Gacy and would sometimes attack Breakker. Gacy eventually challenged Breakker for a rematch at NXT In Your House, with the stipulation that if Breakker gets disqualified, he loses the NXT Championship. Gacy would fail to capture the championship yet again.


title: Joe Gacy

text: On the July 19 episode of "NXT 2.0", Gacy revealed the druids' identities as the Dyad, consisting of Jagger Reed and Rip Fowler, formerly known as the Grizzled Young Veterans. Collectively, Gacy and the Dyad are known as the Schism, and they began a feud with Cameron Grimes. During this rivalry, the debuting Ava Raine would join Schism and cost Grimes in his final match with Gacy on the November 8th episode of "NXT", ending the feud. Gacy competed in the Men's Iron Survivor match at NXT Deadline, but was unsuccessful in becoming number one contender.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA), 1958 is an act of the Parliament of India that grants special powers to the Indian Armed Forces to maintain public order in "disturbed areas". According to the Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976 once declared 'disturbed', the area has to maintain status quo for a minimum of 3 months.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: One such act passed on 11 September 1958 was applicable to the Naga Hills, then part of Assam. In the following decades it spread, one by one, to the other Seven Sister States in India's northeast (at present, it is in force in the States of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur {excluding Imphal Municipal Council Area}, Changlang, Longding and Tirap districts of Arunachal Pradesh, and areas falling within the jurisdiction of the eight police stations of districts in Arunachal Pradesh bordering the State of Assam). Another one passed in 1983 and applicable to Punjab and Chandigarh was withdrawn in 1997, roughly 14 years after it came to force. An act passed in 1990 was applied to Jammu and Kashmir and has been in force since.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The acts have received criticism from several sections for alleged concerns about human rights violations in the regions of its enforcement alleged to have happened. National Politicians like P. Chidambaram and Saifuddin Soz of Congress have advocated revocation of AFSPA, while some like Amarinder Singh are against its revocation.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: 2022: Areas in the Northeast have seen scale down of forces. Since 1954, for the first time, no army unit of the size of brigade is being employed for the purpose of counter insurgency. Now, only one brigade looks after the same role. Though, some of the residual army units are moved to the border areas.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The Armed Forces Special Powers Ordinance of 1942 was promulgated by the British colonial government on 15 August 1942 to suppress the Quit India Movement. Modeled on these lines, four ordinances—the Bengal Disturbed Areas (Special Powers of Armed Forces) Ordinance; the Assam Disturbed Areas (Special Powers of Armed Forces) Ordinance; the East Bengal Disturbed Areas (Special Powers of Armed Forces) Ordinance; the United provinces Disturbed Areas (Special Powers of Armed Forces) Ordinance were invoked by the Indian government to deal with the internal security situation in the country in 1947 which emerged due to the Partition of India. Article 355 of the Constitution of India confers power to the Central Government to protect every state from internal disturbance.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: In 1951, the Naga National Council Nation'. There was a boycott of the first general election of 1952 which later extended to a boycott of government schools and officials. In order to deal with the situation, the Assam government imposed the Assam Maintenance of Public Order (Autonomous District) Act in the Naga Hills in 1953 and intensified police action against the rebels. When the situation worsened, Assam deployed the Assam Rifles in the Naga Hills and enacted the Assam Disturbed Areas Act of 1955, providing a legal framework for the paramilitary forces and the armed state police to combat insurgency in the region. But the Assam Rifles and the state armed police could not contain the Naga rebellion and the rebel Naga Nationalist Council (NNC) formed a parallel government "The Federal Government of Nagaland" on 23 March 1956. The Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers Ordinance 1958 was promulgated by the President Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 22 May 1958. It was replaced by the Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers Act, 1958 on 11 September 1958.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers Act, 1958 empowered only the Governors of the States and the Administrators of the Union Territories to declare areas in the concerned State or the Union Territory as 'disturbed'. The reason for conferring such a power as per "Objects and Reasons'" appended to the Bill was that "Keeping in view the duty of the Union under of the Constitution, "interalia", to protect every State against internal disturbance, it is considered desirable that the Central government should also have power to declare areas as 'disturbed', to enable its armed forces to exercise the special powers". The territorial scope of the act also expanded to the seven states of the North-East - Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram. In addition, the words "The Armed Forces (Assam and Manipur) Special Powers Act, 1958" were substituted by "Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958", getting the acronym of AFSPA, 1958.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: Recently the Tripura state government has decided to withdraw the controversial act, citing significant reduction in the extent of terrorist activities in the state. In June 2015, after review, the AFSPA in Nagaland state was extended by one more year.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: In November 2016, Government of India has extended AFSPA in three districts of Arunachal Pradesh- Tirap, Changlang and Longding. The period has further been extended by another 6 months in above three districts of Arunachal Pradesh in April, 2018. These have been declared as "disturbed area" under Section 3 of the AFSPA. In these districts, Naga underground factions including National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Isak-Muivah) and NSCN (Khaplang) are involved in extortion, recruitment of locals, and rivalry.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The central government enacted the Armed Forces (Punjab and Chandigarh) Special Powers Act on 6 October 1983, repealing the Armed Forces (Punjab and Chandigarh) Special Powers Ordinance, 1983 to enable the central armed forces to operate in the state of Punjab and the union territory of Chandigarh. The act was enforced in the whole of Punjab and Chandigarh on 15 October 1983. The terms of the act broadly remained the same as that of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (Assam and Manipur) of 1972 except for two sections, which provided additional powers to the armed forces.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The act was withdrawn in 1997, roughly 14 years after it came to force. However the Disturbed areas act was in force till 2012 in Chandigarh until the High Court struck it down.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: If the governor of Jammu and Kashmir or the Central Government, is of opinion that the whole or any part of the union territory is in such a disturbed and dangerous condition then this act can be imposed.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The Articles in the Constitution of India empower state governments to declare a state of emergency due to one or more of the following reasons:


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: In such cases, it is the prerogative of the state government to call for central help. In most cases, for example during elections, when the local police may be stretched too thin to simultaneously handle day-to-day tasks, the central government obliges by sending in the BSF and the CRPF. Such cases do not come under the purview of AFSPA. AFSPA is confined to be enacted only when a state, or part of it, is declared a 'disturbed area'. Continued unrest, like in the cases of militancy and insurgency, and especially when borders are threatened, are situations where AFSPA is resorted to.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: By Act 7 of 1972, the power to declare areas as being disturbed was extended to the central government.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: In a civilian setting, soldiers have no legal tender, and are still bound to the same command chain as they would be in a war theater. Neither the soldiers nor their superiors have any training in civilian law or policing procedures. This is where and why the AFSPA comes to bear - to legitimize the presence and acts of armed forces in emergency situations which have been deemed warlike.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: According to the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), in an area that is proclaimed as "disturbed", an officer of the armed forces has powers to:


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: On 8 July 2016, in a landmark ruling, the Supreme Court of India ended the immunity of the armed forces from prosecution under AFSPA, saying, in an 85-page judgement, "It does not matter whether the victim was a common person or a militant or a terrorist, nor does it matter whether the aggressor was a common person or the state. The law is the same for both and is equally applicable to both ... This is the requirement of a democracy and the requirement of preservation of the rule of law and the preservation of individual liberties."


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: When India presented its second periodic report to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in 1991, members of the UNHRC asked numerous questions about the validity of the AFSPA. They questioned the constitutionality of the AFSPA under Indian law and asked how it could be justified in light of Article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR. On 23 March 2009, UN Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay asked India to repeal the AFSPA. She termed the law as "dated and colonial-era law that breach contemporary international human rights standards."


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: On 31 March 2012, the UN asked India to revoke AFSPA saying it had no place in Indian democracy. Christof Heyns, UN's Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions said "During my visit to Kashmir, AFSPA was described to me as 'hated' and 'draconian'. It clearly violates International Law. A number of UN treaty bodies have pronounced it to be in violation of International Law as well."


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The act has been criticized by Human Rights Watch as a "tool of state abuse, oppression and discrimination".


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre argues that the governments' call for increased force is part of the problem.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: A report by the Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis points to multiple occurrences of violence by security forces against civilians in Manipur since the passage of the act. The report states that residents believe that the provision for immunity of security forces urge them to act more brutally. The article, however, goes on to say that repeal or withering away of the act will encourage insurgency. Irom Chanu Sharmila also known as the "Iron Lady of Manipur" or "Mengoubi" ("the fair one") is a civil rights activist, political activist, and poet from the Indian state of Manipur. On 2 November 2000, she began a hunger strike which ended on 9 August 2016 after 16 years. On 2 November 2000, in Malom, a town in the Imphal Valley of Manipur, ten civilians were shot and killed while waiting at a bus stop. The incident, known as the "Malom Massacre", was allegedly committed by the Assam Rifles, one of the Indian Paramilitary forces operating in the state.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: In addition to this, there have been claims of disappearances by the police or the army in Kashmir by several human rights organizations.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: Many human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch (HRW) have condemned human rights abuses in Kashmir by police such as "extra-judicial executions", "disappearances", and torture; the "Armed Forces Special Powers Act", which "provides impunity for human rights abuses and fuels cycles of violence. The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) grants the military wide powers of arrest, the right to shoot to kill, and to occupy or destroy property in counterinsurgency operations. Indian officials claim that troops need such powers because the army is only deployed when national security is at serious risk from armed combatants. Such circumstances, they say, call for extraordinary measures." Human rights organizations have also asked Indian government to repeal the Public Safety Act, since "a detainee may be held in administrative detention for a maximum of two years without a court order.".


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: Activists who are working in J&K for peace and human rights include names of Madhu Kishwar, Ashima Kaul, Ram Jethmalani, Faisal Khan, Ravi Nitesh (founder of Mission Bhartiyam), Swami Agnivesh, Dr. Sandeep Pandey and many others. They all accept that people to people communication and development of new avenues are the only way for peace, however laws like AFSPA are continuously violating human rights issues there." What [the Indian State] has failed to see is that such small, ethnic groups are resisting the Indian state for 55 years" says legal activist and scholar, Babloo Loitongbom


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The Wikileaks diplomatic cables has disclosed that Indian government employees agree to acts of human rights violations on part of the Indian armed forces and various paramilitary forces deployed in the north east parts of India especially Manipur. The violations have been carried out under the cover of this very act. Governor S .S. Sidhu admitted to the American Consul General in Kolkata, Henry Jardine, that the Assam Rifles in particular are perpetrators of violations in Manipur which the very same cables described as a state that appeared more of a colony and less of an Indian state.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: Earlier leaks had also stated that International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) had reported to the United States diplomats in Delhi about the "grave human rights situation" in Kashmir which included "the use of electrocution, beatings and sexual humiliation against hundreds of detainees".


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: A high-power commission headed by the retired Supreme Court judge, N. Santosh Hegde was constituted in January 2013 to probe six encounter deaths in Manipur. The committee, comprising former Supreme Court judge Santosh Hegde, ex-CEC J M Lyngdoh and a senior police officer, has said in its report that the probe showed that none of the victims had any criminal records. The judicial commission set up by the Supreme Court is trying to make the controversial Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) more humane, and the security forces more accountable. The committee has suggested fixing a time frame of three months for the central government to decide whether to prosecute security personnel engaged in extrajudicial killings or unruly behaviour in insurgency-hit regions. The commission noted that AFSPA was an impediment to achieving peace in regions such as Jammu and Kashmir and the North East. The commission also said the law needs to be reviewed every six months to see whether its implementation is actually necessary in states where it is being enforced. About Section 6 of the act, which guarantees protection against prosecution to the armed forces, the report said: "It is not that no action can be taken at all. Action can be taken but with prior sanction of the Central Government."


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The commission recommended repealing AFSPA as "the Act is a symbol of hate, oppression, and instrument of high-handedness". It had submitted its report on 06.06.2005. After 10 years, the government of India rejected the recommendation made by Justice Jeevan Reddy Commission to repeal the AFSPA.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: The second Administratively Reforms Commission (ARC) in its fifth report on "Public Order", recommended to repeal of Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 1958. It commented that its scrapping would remove sentiments of discrimination and alienation among the people of the North East India. The commission recommended to amend the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 inserting a new chapter to deploy the armed forces of the Union in the North eastern States. It supported a new doctrine of policing and criminal justice inherent in an inclusive approach to governance.


title: Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act

text: Supreme Court said that any encounter carried out by armed forces in the garb of AFSPA should be subjected to thorough inquiry. In the words of supreme court "It does not matter whether the victim was a common person or a militant or a terrorist, nor does it matter whether the aggressor was a common person or the state. The law is the same for both and is equally applicable to both. This is the requirement of a democracy and the requirement of preservation of the rule of law and the preservation of individual liberties."


title: Liz Torres

text: Elizabeth Larrieu Torres (born September 27, 1947) is an American actress, singer, and comedian. Torres is best known for her role as Mahalia Sanchez in the NBC comedy series "The John Larroquette Show" (1993–1996), for which she received two Primetime Emmy and Golden Globe Award nominations. She is also known for her role as Patricia "Miss Patty" LaCosta in The WB family comedic drama series Amy Sherman-Palladino's "Gilmore Girls" (2000–07) starring Lauren Graham and Alexis Bledel. In the 1970s, she played Julie Erskine on "Phyllis" and also had a recurring role as Teresa Betancourt on "All in the Family".


title: Liz Torres

text: Torres started her career as a comedian and singer working the city's night club circuit with her friend Bette Midler. In 1971, she was spotted doing one of her acts by the producer of Johnny Carson's "The Tonight Show" who invited her to do a stand-up comedy skit on the show. She made her film debut in 1969 playing a prostitute in a low-budget movie titled "Utterly Without Redeeming Social Value".


title: Liz Torres

text: In 1973, Torres played Morticia in "The Addams Family Fun House", which was a musical version of the original series. From 1975 to 1976, she was a regular cast member on the CBS sitcom, "Phyllis", Cloris Leachman's spin-off series from "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", succeeding the late Barbara Colby in the role of Julie Erskine.


title: Liz Torres

text: In 1975, she recorded a disco music single called "Hustle Latino" on RCA Records (RCA 10519) arranged, conducted and produced by Michael Zager and appeared on Dick Clark's "American Bandstand" to perform the number. In 1976, she played "Cat" in TV's musical special "Pinocchio" starring Sandy Duncan, as well as a semi-regular panelist on "Break the Bank". On Nov. 26 1976, she played Redd Foxx's ex maid, when he was roasted on the Dean Martin Celebrity Roast.


title: Liz Torres

text: In early 1981, she co-starred opposite Marla Gibbs in "Checking In", a short-lived spin-off of "The Jeffersons". She had the recurring role on "All in the Family" as Teresa Betancourt, a wise-cracking nurse who checked Archie into the hospital when he needed a gallbladder operation and then became a boarder at the Bunker house. She also guest starred on "Starsky & Hutch", "Love, American Style", "Hill Street Blues", "L.A. Law", "Knots Landing", "Mama's Family", "Tracey Takes On...", "Ally McBeal", and "The Nanny".


title: Liz Torres

text: In 1990, Torres was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her performance on "The Famous Teddy Z". In theater, she has appeared in "The Ritz" as Googie Gomez, "Man of La Mancha" as Aldonza, "The House of Blue Leaves" as Bunny, and "A Million To Juan" in 1994 as Mrs. Delgado. After a guest starring appearance as a deceased singer-turned-angel on the Donald P. Bellisario drama series "Quantum Leap", Torres had a recurring role on another Bellisario show, "Tequila and Bonetti", as a psychic who hears the dog Tequila's thoughts.


title: Liz Torres

text: From 1993 to 1996, she starred as Mahalia Sanchez in the NBC sitcom "The John Larroquette Show". For her role, she received two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Golden Globe Award nominations. Torres received two nominations for the American Comedy Award for Funniest Supporting Female Performer in a TV Series.


title: Liz Torres

text: In 1997, Torres co-starred alongside Annie Potts in the short-lived CBS sitcom, "Over the Top". She later co-starred on "First Monday" and "American Family". From 2000 until the series' end in 2007, she was a semi-regular cast member of "Gilmore Girls", on which she played Stars Hollow's resident dance teacher, Patty LaCosta. In 2008, she played the role of Juanita in the Polish film "Expecting Love".


title: Liz Torres

text: Torres later guest starred in "Ugly Betty", "Desperate Housewives", "Private Practice", "Scandal", "One Day at a Time", and "Devious Maids".


title: Liz Torres

text: Torres was born in the borough of The Bronx in New York City, where her parents had settled after moving from Puerto Rico. There she received her primary and secondary education.


title: Liz Torres

text: Torres resides in Los Angeles, where she is a member of the board of directors of Write Act Repertory. She is married to the movie producer and founder of The Kushner-Locke Company, Pete Locke.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: All I See Is You is a 2016 psychological drama film directed by Marc Forster and written by Forster and Sean Conway. The film stars Blake Lively and Jason Clarke. It was screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released by Open Road Films (the company's last film before 2020's "Honest Thief") in around 250 theaters in the United States on October 27, 2017.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: When a blind woman, Gina (Blake Lively), regains her sight after a corneal implant, she begins to discover the previously unseen and disturbing details about her life with her husband James (Jason Clarke).


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: Before the eye surgery, Gina and James have a happy marriage, despite Gina's dependence on James due to her disability. James appears to enjoy the dependence, saying that it makes him feel special. As they try for a baby, Gina prepares for a cornea transplant, which will restore the sight in one of her eyes. The surgery is a success, and Gina embraces her newfound independence. Immediately, her sex life with James suffers. To put the spark back into their marriage, James books them a holiday to Spain, promising Gina that he has reserved the same hotel room they had on their honeymoon. Upon their arrival, Gina claims the room is not the same, which James denies. Gina is later proven to be correct.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: During the trip, Gina is shown to be growing in independence and confidence while James is left behind, seemingly unable to connect to the version of her that no longer depends on him. Resentful of her diverted attention, James begins to show signs of possessiveness.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: On their way to Barcelona, they attempt to have sex on a sleeper train. James, blindfolded, demands to know who Gina fantasizes about when she masturbates, seemingly doubtful when she answers that she only thinks of him. Gina finally reveals that she does think of other men. James later rewatches a video of the encounter, obsessed with his helplessness and Gina's emotionless face.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: In Barcelona, Gina and James arrive at Gina's sister's house. One night, Gina visits a peep show with her sister and brother-in-law. James declines their invitation to join and appears uncomfortable when Gina's brother-in-law jokingly suggests that Gina may find someone better looking. While walking back to the house, Gina is groped by a stranger on the street, whom her brother-in-law punches. Back at her sister and brother-in-law's house, James is mad at Gina for embarrassing him in front of her sister when she got mad at him for not sticking up for her.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: Back home in Thailand, Gina begins to have trouble with her vision: her eyes water unusually and her vision worsens. It is heavily implied that James is diluting her eye drops with water (thus damaging the transplant) to make her return to being dependent on him. Confused and terrified by her returning blindness, Gina brings her eye drops to her doctor, who promises to test them for contamination. James learns that he is sterile but does not tell Gina.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: While James purchases a new house at Gina's insistence, Gina begins to flirt with Daniel, an attractive man she had met at the public pool. When her dog overheats during a walk, Daniel offers to take them back to his home for water. There, he and Gina have sex. Gina later reveals to James that she is pregnant, unintentionally confirming her affair as she is unaware of James's infertility. James does not confront her. Similarly, when Gina learns from her doctor that her eye drops have been tampered with, she does not confront James. Their home is broken into and their dog is stolen.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: Some time later, a visibly pregnant Gina is apparently having trouble with her vision, now in need of her old cane and aid from James. She and James move into their new house. At one point, James tests Gina's blindness, intentionally hiding from her in her blind spot. He makes plans to meet her at a local school for a talent show in which she is performing. While he is gone, Gina receives an anonymous letter, written in crayon, which reveals that James was the one who staged the home invasion and released their dog. The writer claims to have rescued the dog but refuses to return it because "when I look into her eyes, she looks back at me, and that is what love is."


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: James goes to their old apartment to collect the last of his and Gina's belongings. In the bathroom, he uncovers a stash of empty eye drop bottles. He realizes that Gina discovered his deception and secretly continued to obtain eye drops from the doctor, meaning that she has been faking her returning blindness. Gina confirms this when she looks directly at him during the talent show. Distraught, James drives home in tears, and seems to purposefully crash into an oncoming truck and dies.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: Some time later, Gina gives birth, and the final scene is Gina and her baby seeing each other for the first time.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: In February 2015, Blake Lively and Jason Clarke joined the cast of the film, with Marc Forster directing from the screenplay he co-wrote with Sean Conway. In June 2015, Yvonne Strahovski joined the cast of the film. The film was shot on location in Thailand (Bangkok and Phuket) and Spain (Barcelona and Bunol).


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: In October 2016, Open Road Films acquired U.S distribution rights to the film, and set it for a release on August 4, 2017. and then was pushed back again for a release date of October 27, 2017.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: "All I See Is You" grossed $217,644 in North America and $460,506 in other countries for a worldwide total of $678,150, against a production budget of $30 million.


title: All I See Is You (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a "Rotten" 29% rating based on 56 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""All I See Is You" hints at a number of intriguing questions with its premise, but they dissolve in a stylish yet empty psychodrama that fails to connect." On Metacritic, the film has a score 43 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Galvanometer

text: A galvanometer is an electromechanical measuring instrument for electric current. Early galvanometers were uncalibrated, but improved versions, called ammeters, were calibrated and could measure the flow of current more precisely.


title: Galvanometer

text: A galvanometer works by deflecting a pointer in response to an electric current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field. Galvanometers can be thought of as a kind of actuator.


title: Galvanometer

text: Galvanometers came from the observation, first noted by Hans Christian Ørsted in 1820, that a magnetic compass's needle deflects when near a wire having electric current. They were the first instruments used to detect and measure small amounts of current. André-Marie Ampère, who gave mathematical expression to Ørsted's discovery, named the instrument after the Italian electricity researcher Luigi Galvani, who in 1791 discovered the principle of the frog galvanoscope – that electric current would make the legs of a dead frog jerk.


title: Galvanometer

text: Galvanometers have been essential for the development of science and technology in many fields. For example, in the 1800s they enabled long-range communication through submarine cables, such as the earliest transatlantic telegraph cables, and were essential to discovering the electrical activity of the heart and brain, by their fine measurements of current.


title: Galvanometer

text: Galvanometers have also been used as the display components of other kinds of analog meters (e.g., light meters and VU meters), capturing the outputs of these meters' sensors. Today, the main type of galvanometer still in use is the D'Arsonval/Weston type.


title: Galvanometer

text: Modern galvanometers, of the D'Arsonval/Weston type, are constructed with a small pivoting coil of wire, called a spindle, in the field of a permanent magnet. The coil is attached to a thin pointer that traverses a calibrated scale. A tiny torsion spring pulls the coil and pointer to the zero position.


title: Galvanometer

text: When a direct current (DC) flows through the coil, the coil generates a magnetic field. This field acts against the permanent magnet. The coil twists, pushing against the spring, and moves the pointer. The hand points at a scale indicating the electric current. Careful design of the pole pieces ensures that the magnetic field is uniform so that the angular deflection of the pointer is proportional to the current. A useful meter generally contains a provision for damping the mechanical resonance of the moving coil and pointer, so that the pointer settles quickly to its position without oscillation.


title: Galvanometer

text: The basic sensitivity of a meter might be, for instance, 100 microamperes full scale (with a voltage drop of, say, 50 millivolts at full current). Such meters are often calibrated to read some other quantity that can be converted to a current of that magnitude. The use of current dividers, often called shunts, allows a meter to be calibrated to measure larger currents. A meter can be calibrated as a DC voltmeter if the resistance of the coil is known by calculating the voltage required to generate a full-scale current. A meter can be configured to read other voltages by putting it in a voltage divider circuit. This is generally done by placing a resistor in series with the meter coil. A meter can be used to read resistance by placing it in series with a known voltage (a battery) and an adjustable resistor. In a preparatory step, the circuit is completed and the resistor adjusted to produce full-scale deflection. When an unknown resistor is placed in series in the circuit the current will be less than full scale and an appropriately calibrated scale can display the value of the previously unknown resistor.


title: Galvanometer

text: These capabilities to translate different kinds of electric quantities into pointer movements make the galvanometer ideal for turning the output of other sensors that output electricity (in some form or another), into something that can be read by a human.


title: Galvanometer

text: Because the pointer of the meter is usually a small distance above the scale of the meter, parallax error can occur when the operator attempts to read the scale line that "lines up" with the pointer. To counter this, some meters include a mirror along with the markings of the principal scale. The accuracy of the reading from a mirrored scale is improved by positioning one's head while reading the scale so that the pointer and the reflection of the pointer are aligned; at this point, the operator's eye must be directly above the pointer and any parallax error has been minimized.


title: Galvanometer

text: Probably the largest use of galvanometers was of the D'Arsonval/Weston type used in analog meters in electronic equipment. Since the 1980s, galvanometer-type analog meter movements have been displaced by analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for many uses. A digital panel meter (DPM) contains an ADC and numeric display. The advantages of a digital instrument are higher precision and accuracy, but factors such as power consumption or cost may still favor the application of analog meter movements.


title: Galvanometer

text: Galvanometer mechanisms are divided into moving magnet and moving coil galvanometers; in addition, they are divided into "closed-loop" and "open-loop" - or "resonant" - types.


title: Galvanometer

text: "Mirror" galvanometer systems are used as beam positioning or beam steering elements in laser scanning systems. For example, for material processing with high-power lasers, closed loop mirror galvanometer mechanisms are used with servo control systems. These are typically high power galvanometers and the newest galvanometers designed for beam steering applications can have frequency responses over 10 kHz with appropriate servo technology. Closed-loop mirror galvanometers are also used in similar ways in stereolithography, laser sintering, laser engraving, laser beam welding, laser TVs, laser displays and in imaging applications such as retinal scanning with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (SLO). Almost all of these galvanometers are of the moving magnet type. The closed loop is obtained measuring the position of the rotating axis with an infrared emitter and 2 photodiodes. This feedback is an analog signal.


title: Galvanometer

text: Open loop, or resonant mirror galvanometers, are mainly used in some types of laser-based bar-code scanners, printing machines, imaging applications, military applications and space systems. Their non-lubricated bearings are especially of interest in applications that require functioning in a high vacuum.


title: Galvanometer

text: Moving coil type galvanometer mechanisms (called 'voice coils' by hard disk manufacturers) are used for controlling the "head positioning" servos in hard disk drives and CD/DVD players, in order to keep mass (and thus access times), as low as possible.


title: Galvanometer

text: A major early use for galvanometers was for finding faults in telecommunications cables. They were superseded in this application late in the 20th century by time-domain reflectometers.