title: Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor

text: α selective blockers include JP-1302 and spiroxatrine, the latter also being a serotonin 5-HT antagonist.


title: 24: Legacy

text: 24: Legacy is an American television series created by Manny Coto and Evan Katz that aired on Fox network from February 5 to April 17, 2017. The series is a spin-off of "24" which was created by Joel Surnow and Robert Cochran and its premiere served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LI before moving to its regular time slot of Monday at 8:00 p.m. The series' premiere was watched by 17.6 million people, the lowest post-Super Bowl program viewership since 2003's "Alias" but the most viewed episode in the franchise's history.


title: 24: Legacy

text: Consisting of 12 episodes, the show follows the life of war hero Eric Carter (Corey Hawkins) using real time method of narration. Miranda Otto plays Rebecca Ingram, the former head of the now revived Counter Terrorist Unit in Washington, D.C. Set three years after the events of "", it adheres to the real time concept of covering the events of a 24-hour period and begins and ends at 12:00 pm. However, like "Live Another Day", there is a 12-hour time jump within the final episode.


title: 24: Legacy

text: In June 2017, Fox announced that the series was canceled. At the time, Fox had plans to develop a new incarnation of the "24" franchise. Those plans were later cancelled.


title: 24: Legacy

text: After leading a mission to eliminate terrorist leader Sheikh Ibrahim bin-Khalid, Eric Carter (Corey Hawkins), an ex–Army Ranger who returns to the U.S. and finds out that he and his squad mates are being hunted down and killed because one of his team unwittingly stole a flash drive containing a list of US-based terror cells and the codes to activate them for future attacks. With nowhere else to turn, Carter asks CTU to help him save his life while also stopping a series of devastating terrorist attacks on American soil. The series takes place three years after the events of "" and is set in Washington, D.C.


title: 24: Legacy

text: In January 2015, another installment of the "24" franchise was pitched by executive producers Howard Gordon, Evan Katz, Manny Coto and Brian Grazer. It revolves around a stable of supporting characters rather than Kiefer Sutherland as Jack Bauer in the lead role. In May 2015, Fox announced the continued development of a new version of "24". In June 2015, Howard Gordon stated that a spin-off would feature a new young male lead, alongside a slightly older, more experienced, female agent. Evan Katz and Manny Coto are confirmed to return as writers and executive producers. It is confirmed that this spin-off includes the "real time" feature as Gordon says it is the tradition of the show.


title: 24: Legacy

text: In January 2016, Fox announced it had ordered a pilot for a spin-off series entitled "24: Legacy", featuring a new cast with no returning characters. Although the series retains the real-time format, it consists of only 12 episodes, using time jumps to cover the events of a single day. The two lead characters are a male military hero returning home and a female who is a former head of CTU. Stephen Hopkins, who directed the original "24" pilot and several first-season episodes, directed the "Legacy" pilot. In April 2016, Fox officially greenlit the series with a 12-episode order. Frequent episode director Jon Cassar also returned as director and producer for "Legacy", directing 6 of the 12 episodes. Sean Callery is set to return as composer for the series. "Deadline" reported on May 5, 2016, that Nikki Toscano had inked a deal with 20th Century Fox, and would serve as co-producer on the show. Although previously reported that no former characters would appear on the show, producers hinted at the possibility that Mary Lynn Rajskub would appear on the show as Chloe O'Brian. In an interview with "Digital Spy", Katz revealed that the script for the first episode took eight months to write.


title: 24: Legacy

text: In June 2015, Sutherland said, when asked about the future of Jack Bauer, "I am not coming back to do "24". Sutherland said that "24" is such a great idea, that this could go on forever". Sutherland said he felt it was important to have a new cast to refresh the series, and he hopes to maybe have a cameo in the future. In September 2015, Sutherland seemingly ruled out any further involvement with the show, stating that he would "definitely not return in any way". In February 2016, Sutherland said regarding about possibly returning to "24": "I've learned enough over the last few years to not say never. We were never going to do a season nine when we finished after the eighth season. I said we were done. So I'm going to just say we'll see." He also said regarding the "Legacy" pilot script that it is "really cool" and that he would be the "first person to watch it".


title: 24: Legacy

text: Katz stated in an interview that it took eight months to write the first script for the first episode. He stated that one of the difficulties was that "It had to meet people's expectations, which were high and should have been high." He also revealed that the show begins three years after the events in "" and is set in Washington, D.C. The series introduces CTU's national headquarters located in Washington, D.C. CTU offices located in Los Angeles and New York City have previously been shown on "24".


title: 24: Legacy

text: In an interview with "Newsday", showrunner Howard Gordon talked about the conception of the show as he said:


title: 24: Legacy

text: During the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con, the producers called the series "an expansion of the "24" universe," rather than a reboot of the original series. The producers revealed that they had chosen a new main character rather than Jack Bauer for the series as they felt they "had exhausted the former CTU agent's story". Executive producer Gordon commented that "The groundwork that started the series is that we all felt Jack Bauer told his story with "Live Another Day". Kiefer read the script after it was written and saw the pilot after it was shot and loved it." With a presidential election plot, the producers decided to be neutral in referencing real-life presidential candidates. Evan Katz explained that "You never know who's affiliated with what. We started writing it before it was clear who the frontrunners would be, so it's really neutral in that way."


title: 24: Legacy

text: The role of Eric Carter, the male lead, was announced to be portrayed by Corey Hawkins on January 25, 2016, following lengthy negotiations. Hawkins was the only actor considered for the role, after casting director Lisa Miller Katz watched his performance in "Straight Outta Compton". On the same day, Miranda Otto was announced to have landed the female lead as Rebecca Ingram, the former CTU-Director. Otto immediately accepted the role when she was offered the part, stating that her reason was that she wanted a role involving "that world of CIA and terrorism," similar to her role on "Homeland".


title: 24: Legacy

text: In February 2016, several castings were announced. On February 16, 2016, "Deadline" announced that Anna Diop had joined the show as Nicole Carter, Eric's wife. A week later, Teddy Sears was announced to have been cast as Keith Mullins, the head of CTU. Several days later, "TVLine" reported that Jimmy Smits had landed the role as John Donovan, the husband of Rebecca Ingram and a powerful U.S. Senator with higher political aspirations. In March 2016, it was announced that Dan Bucatinsky, Coral Pena and Charlie Hofheimer had been cast for the show. Bucatinsky and Pena were cast as Andy and Gia, two communication analysts at CTU, while Hofheimer was cast as Marcus, Eric's former partner in the Army Ranger unit, now suffering PTSD. A few days later, Ashley Thomas was announced to have been cast as Isaac Carter, Eric's older brother.


title: 24: Legacy

text: "The Hollywood Reporter" announced on March 9, 2016, that Zayne Emory had been cast as Drew Phelps, a junior at Marshall High School, who has a crush on Amira. Sheila Vand was cast as Nilaa Mizrani, the campaign director of Sen. Donovan. It was reported on June 4, 2016, that Kathryn Prescott had been added as Amira Dudayev, and appear in a recurring role. On September 29, 2016, it was announced that Tiffany Hines and Bailey Chase had been cast in recurring roles for the series. Hines plays Aisha, Isaac Carter's girlfriend, while Chase plays Locke, the head of field operations at CTU Washington, D.C.


title: 24: Legacy

text: "Variety" announced on October 5, 2016, that Veronica Cartwright and Laith Nakli had been cast in a series regular and recurring role, respectively. Cartwright plays Margaret Donovan, Senator John Donovan's mother, while Nakli portrays Kusuma, a battle-hardened jihadist and fighter who is on the hunt for Eric Carter. During the press tour at New York Comic Con, the producers of the show announced that "24"-alum Carlos Bernard would return as Tony Almeida in a recurring role for "24: Legacy". On October 24, 2016, "Deadline" announced that the show had cast Raphael Acloque and Themo Melikidze in a series regular and a recurring role, respectively. Aclogue plays Jadalla bin-Khalid, who embraces his jihadist campaign after his father's death. Melikidze plays Khasan Dudayev, the brother of Amira. On November 4, 2016, it was announced that Moran Atias had joined the show as Sidra, Tony Almeida's associate who instigates feelings of distrust between Tony and Rebecca Ingram.


title: 24: Legacy

text: It was announced that "24: Legacy" is scheduled to premiere on February 5, 2017, serving as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LI. Fox released a trailer for the series on May 16, 2016, showing footage from the first episode. A promotional poster was released on July 15, 2016. "24: Legacy" appeared at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con on July 24, 2016, with a panel featuring Corey Hawkins, Miranda Otto, Jimmy Smits, Howard Gordon, Manny Coto, and Evan Katz, where fans were among the first to view scenes from the pilot episode. The cast promoted the show and talked about what would be happening on the show. It was announced on August 8, 2016, that Fox, in partnership with Samsung, would release a virtual reality tie-in experience, written by Howard Gordon, to precede the series' February 2017 debut. On August 10, 2016, a new behind-the-scenes video was released on the show's official YouTube account.


title: 24: Legacy

text: During Fox's TCA Press Tour, the producers revealed tidbits about the show, and its future seasons, to which executive producer Evan Katz revealed that the show would only have 12 episodes per season. The cast and crew of the show promoted the show at the 2016 New York Comic Con, where they showed the first half of the premiere episode. An extended trailer for the show was released by Fox during the first game of the World Series. Fox released several new promos on October 29, 2016, showcasing new clips from the series premiere.


title: 24: Legacy

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 60% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""24: Legacy" offers well-acted escapism, yet this spin-off also inherits many of its predecessor's flaws, and an early narrative rut signals a missed opportunity for reinvention." On Metacritic the series has a score of 49 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: A'Lelia Walker (born Lelia McWilliams; June 6, 1885 – August 17, 1931) was an American businesswoman and patron of the arts. She was the only surviving child of Madam C. J. Walker, popularly credited as being the first self-made female millionaire in the United States and one of the first African American millionaires.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: A'Lelia Walker was born Lelia McWilliams in Vicksburg, Mississippi, in 1885, the daughter of Moses and Sarah (née Breedlove) McWilliams. Her father died when she was two years old, and she moved with her mother to St. Louis, Missouri to live with her mother's three brothers. Her mother married John Davis in 1894 and divorced in 1903. In 1906, her mother married Charles Joseph Walker, a newspaper advertising salesman, and became an independent hairdresser and retailer of cosmetic creams. A'Lelia grew up in St. Louis and attended Knoxville College in Tennessee before entering the family business, having taken the Walker name.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: A'Lelia Walker ran the East Coast operations of her mother's company. Her mother purchased two brownstones in New York City at 108-110 West 136th Street near Lenox Avenue in Harlem, and combined them together. The first floor housed the Walker Hair Parlor, and the second the Lelia College of Beauty Culture, where new cosmeticians were trained to work in the company's shops. A'Lelia lived and entertained in the top three floors. She became president of the company in 1919, upon her mother's death, and remained in that position until her own death in August 1931. She initiated a number of marketing campaigns to promote the company—including a competition among prominent ministers for a Trip to the Holy Land in 1924—and remained the face of the Walker Company, but day-to-day operations were overseen by attorney F. B. Ransom and factory manager Alice Kelly at the Indianapolis headquarters. During the 1920s, A'Lelia Walker immersed herself in Harlem's dynamic social life as a patron of the arts and hostess of some of the era's most notable social gatherings.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: Walker Company sales began to suffer in 1929, with the beginning of the Great Depression. A new million-dollar headquarters and manufacturing facility, opened in late 1927 in Indianapolis, placed additional expenses and financial pressure on the operation, and she was forced to sell a great deal of valuable art and antiques. Her adopted daughter Mae Walker became company president from 1931 until her death in 1945. In a fourth-generation succession, Mae's daughter A'Lelia Mae Perry Bundles (b. 1928– d. 1976) succeeded her mother at the head of the company. Today the company's building is known as the Madam Walker Theatre Center and is a National Historic Landmark.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: A'Lelia Walker counted among her friends many accomplished African American musicians. She developed an early love of classical music and opera in part because the choir director at the AME church she and her mother attended in St. Louis was a classically trained opera singer and organist. She grew up in the neighborhood where Scott Joplin and other ragtime musicians gathered at Tom Turpin's Rosebud Cafe on St. Louis's Market Street.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: During the 1920s she hosted many musicians, actors, writers, artists, political figures and socialites in her Manhattan townhouse. The elegant brick and limestone building had been designed by Vertner Tandy, a founder of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity and the first black architect licensed in New York State. Almost from the time of her arrival in Harlem in 1913, her dinner parties, dances and soirees included well known Harlem figures like James Reese Europe, J. Rosamand Johnson, Bert Williams and Florence Mills, as well as members of the Harlem Renaissance such as Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Carl Van Vechten. Live music – from classical and ragtime to jazz and blues – was a regular feature with entertainment provided by her musician friends. According to NPR: They provided a safe, welcoming environment for queer people at a time when there were few other social options available. While she herself was not known to be lesbian or bisexual, Walker's parties were places where anyone could express their sexuality however they pleased. Mabel Hampton, the lesbian activist, attended some of Walker's parties, which would sometimes last for several days, with some party-goers naked or openly having sex.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: In October 1927, she converted a floor of the home into The Dark Tower, a cultural salon that became legendary as one of the gathering places of the era, a place where Harlem's talented artists socialized with their Greenwich Village counterparts as well as European and African royalty. She commissioned Austrian designer Paul Frankl to create the interior. She also entertained at her pied-à-terre at 80 Edgecombe Avenue in Harlem, and at Villa Lewaro, her country house in Irvington, New York in Westchester County – a Italianate mansion which she had built for her mother in 1916 to 1918, again designed by Tandy. Villa Lewaro was named for Walker (Lelia Walker Robinson) after Italian tenor Enrico Caruso told her after a visit to the property that the newly built Irvington-on-Hudson mansion reminded him of the houses of his native country.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: Walker also founded the Harlem Debutantes Club. She supported local missionary work among Baptist women in New York City. She attended a Baptist church and served on various committees, occasionally speaking for women's days and professional events.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: Walker was married three times: to John Robinson, a hotel waiter, from whom she separated about 1911 and divorced in 1914; to Dr. Wiley Wilson in 1919; and to Dr. James Arthur Kennedy, in 1926, whom she divorced just a few months before her death in 1931.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: In the 1920s, Walker spent four months travelling throughout Europe and elsewhere, visiting Paris, Nice, Monte Carlo, Naples, Rome, Cairo, Jerusalem, Djibouti, Addis Ababa, and London. In Paris she spent time with dancer Josephine Baker, courtier Paul Poiret, actress Mistinguett, and actor Dooley Wilson. She also visited Zewditu, the Empress of Ethiopia while on her way to Addis Ababa.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: Her adoptive daughter Fairy Mae Bryant, was born in November 1898 and was adopted in 1912. She was known as "Mae Walker" and traveled with Madam C. J. Walker as a model and assistant. In November 1923, A'Lelia Walker orchestrated an elaborate "Million Dollar Wedding" (actually closer to $40,000) for Mae's marriage to Dr. Gordon Jackson. Mae, a graduate of Spelman Seminary in Atlanta, divorced Jackson in 1926 and married Attorney Marion R. Perry in September 1927. When Walker died in 1931, Mae took over the company until her death in 1945, when she was succeeded by her daughter, A'Lelia Mae Perry Bundles.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: A'Lelia Walker died on August 17, 1931, of a cerebral hemorrhage brought on by hypertension, the same ailment that led to her mother's death in 1919. She was surrounded by friends who had traveled to Long Branch, New Jersey to celebrate a birthday party with lobster and champagne in the midst of the Great Depression and Prohibition. Thousands of Harlemites lined up to view her body. She was eulogized by Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr. at the funeral parlor on Seventh Avenue. Mary McLeod Bethune, the civil rights activist, also spoke at the funeral. As her casket was lowered into the ground next to her mother's grave at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, Hubert Julian —the celebrated "Black Eagle"— flew over in a small plane and dropped dahlias and gladioluses onto the site.


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: Langston Hughes called her death "The end of the gay times of the New Negro era in Harlem." He later wrote in his book, "The Big Sea", that, fittingly, the funeral resembled a big party, "with hundreds of friends outside, waving their white, engraved invitations aloft in the vain hope of entering."


title: A'Lelia Walker

text: Actress Tiffany Haddish portrayed Walker in the Netflix miniseries "Self Made: Inspired by the Life of Madam C. J. Walker" which premiered on March 20, 2020.


title: Yemen Arab Republic

text: The Yemen Arab Republic (YAR; '), also known simply as North Yemen or Yemen (Sanaʽa)"', was a country from 1962 to 1990 in the northwestern part of what is now Yemen. Its capital was at Sanaa. It united with the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (commonly known as South Yemen) on 22 May 1990 to form the current Republic of Yemen.


title: Yemen Arab Republic

text: Following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1918 after the Great War, northern Yemen became an independent state as the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. On 27 September 1962, revolutionaries inspired by the Arab nationalist ideology of United Arab Republic (Egyptian) President Gamal Abdel Nasser deposed the newly crowned King Muhammad al-Badr, took control of Sanaʽa, and established the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR). This coup d'état marked the beginning of the North Yemen Civil War that pitted YAR troops, assisted by the United Arab Republic (Egypt), against Badr's royalist forces, supported by Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Conflict continued periodically until 1967, when Egyptian troops were withdrawn to join the conflict of the Six-Day War. By 1968, following a final royalist siege of Sanaa, most of the opposing leaders reached a reconciliation. Saudi Arabia recognized the Republic in 1970.


title: Yemen Arab Republic

text: Unlike East and West Germany or North and South Korea, the YAR and its southeastern neighbor, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY), also known as South Yemen, remained relatively cordial, though relations were often strained. Following the Yemenite War of 1972, the two nations declared that unification would eventually occur. However, these plans were put on hold due to the Yemenite War of 1979, and war was stopped only by an Arab League intervention. The goal of unity was reaffirmed by the northern and southern heads of state during a summit meeting in Kuwait in March 1979.


title: Yemen Arab Republic

text: In May 1988, the YAR and PDRY governments came to an understanding that considerably reduced tensions. They agreed to renew discussions concerning unification, to establish a joint oil exploration area along their undefined border, to demilitarize the border, and to allow Yemenis unrestricted border passage on the basis of a national identification card.


title: Yemen Arab Republic

text: Official Yemeni unification took place on 22 May 1990, with a planned, 30-month process, scheduled for completion in November 1992. The first stamp bearing the inscription "Yemen Republic" was issued in October 1990. While government ministries proceeded to merge, both currencies remained valid until 11 June 1996. A civil war in 1994 delayed the completion of the final merger.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Abortion in Texas is illegal in most cases. A trigger law has been in effect since August 25, 2022, which bans abortion in all cases except to save the life of the mother.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: On September 1, 2021, abortion became illegal in Texas in cases where embryonic cardiac activity can be detected. Before this, elective abortions were allowed up to 20 weeks post-fertilization. In addition to measures passed by the Texas Legislature, there have been anti-abortion efforts at the local level, with 30 Texas cities banning abortion.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: When the abortion legislation was introduced as Senate Bill 8, abortion providers described it as a "de facto" ban on abortions, as it covers abortion once "cardiac activity" in the embryo can be detected, which is earlier than when most women know that they are pregnant.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The only exception for abortions past six weeks is in response to medical emergencies. The law makes no exception for pregnancies resulting from rape or incest. The law can only be enforced through private lawsuits.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The constitutionality of SB 8 is a matter of intense legal controversy. As of September 2021, several legal challenges were pending in state and federal courts.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: As of December 2021, medication abortions are permitted only up to seven weeks and the patient must be examined and receive the medication in-person.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Effective July 24, 2022, abortion was outlawed in Texas following the Supreme Court decision "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization", which overturned the landmark ruling, "Roe v. Wade" and gave the states the option to outlaw abortion. The State of Texas had a trigger law in place that would automatically ban all abortions in Texas 30 days after "Roe v. Wade" was overturned.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The only scenario where abortion is permitted is to save the life of a pregnant woman. The state however decided to enforce pre-"Roe" statutes instead. As of August 25, 2022, the trigger law is in effect as well.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Reflecting its nature and legislative intent, the Texas Heartbeat Act uses the term "unborn child" for the fetus or embryo irrespective of the gestational phase in the definition section: "'Unborn child' means a human fetus or embryo in any stage of gestation from fertilization until birth." Texas Health and Safety Code Sec. 171.201(7).


title: Abortion in Texas

text: One of the largest groups of women opposing legal abortion in the United States is southern white evangelical Christians. A 2019 study found that the implementation of restrictive abortion laws in 2014 increased the number of second-trimester abortions by restricting women's access to abortion services.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: By the end of the 1800s, every state in the Union except Louisiana had therapeutic exceptions in their legislative bans on abortions. In the 19th century, bans on abortion by state legislatures were concerned with protecting the life of the mother, given the number of deaths caused by abortions. State governments saw themselves as looking out for the lives of their citizens. In 1854, Texas passed an abortion law that made performing an abortion, except in the case of preserving the life of the mother, a criminal offense punishable by two to five years in prison. The law, found in Articles 4512.1 to 4512.4, had a provision stipulating that anyone who provided medication or other means to assist in performing an abortion was an accomplice who could also be charged.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Following the US Supreme Court ruling in "Roe v. Wade" in 1973, the State of Texas decided not to repeal abortion laws on the books that had become unconstitutional and unenforceable. A law passed in 1992 said that only Texas-licensed physicians could perform an abortion in the state. A law passed in 1997 gave physicians, nurses, health care provider employees and hospital employees who objected to abortions the ability to refuse to participate directly or indirectly in the procedure. Private hospitals were allowed to refuse the use of their facilities to provide abortion services unless a physician determined that the pregnant woman's life was in immediate danger.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Twenty-one abortion-related bills were introduced in the Texas legislature in 1997. Five were eventually enacted: TX SB 407 (1997), TX SB 1534 (1997), TX HB 1 (1997), YX HB 39 (1997), and TX HB 2856 (1997). TX SB 86 (1997) reached a floor vote but did not pass. TX SB 407 allowed for the Texas Department of Health to suspend the license of an abortion facility if the health and safety of people using the facility were threatened. This bill was introduced by Senator Chris Harris on February 5, 1997, and passed on February 18, 1997, by a voice vote. It then continued to the House, where it passed by a voice vote on April 18, 1997, before being signed into law by Governor George W. Bush on May 1, 1997. TX SB 1534 dealt with funding, stating that no state funding could be used to support, either directly or indirectly, abortion or abortion-related issues. Introduced by Democratic Senator Gonzalo Barrientos on March 20, 1997, the wording about abortion was only added to the legislation during negotiations between the House and the Senate, with the amended version passing both houses in mid-May 1997. TX HB1 said that funds allocated for the Department of Health for family planning services could not be used by the Department of Health or any organizations it provides money to in support of abortion services, either directly or indirectly. This included a proviso that said this was organization-wide, not just as it relates to specific facilities. Representatives Republican McCall, Democrat Leticia Van de Putte, Democrat Gray, Democrat Greenberg and Republican Solomons introduced TX HB39 on January 28, 1997. Originally only about genetic testing with no mention of abortion, the legislation was amended by the Senate, stating that genetic testing of a fetus could not be done on the fetus without the consent of the mother and that the results of any subsequent genetic testing could not be used to compel or coerce a woman into getting an abortion, including having an insurance company threaten the eligibility of health care coverage. These changes were then passed by the House and the bill was signed into law by Governor Bush on June 20, 1997.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: TX HB 2856 put in new requirements for abortion clinics, inspection procedures of clinics and a clinic's ability to advertise. It said the Texas Department of Health had to assign each licensed abortion clinic a unique number, clinics needed to have this number in any advertising materials and created a toll-free number people could call to check the status of a clinic's license. Information on the toll-free number had to be provided to women seeking abortion services by the facility offering them at the time of appointment. This law underwent some changes before being passed by voice vote in the House on May 13, 1997, and by a vote of 31 - 0 in the Senate on May 26, 1997. It was signed into law by Governor Bush on June 19, 1997. TX SB 96 reached a floor vote but was eventually removed from consideration following a point of order on May 27, 1997. It would have required minors seeking abortions without parental consent to have the procedure first approved by a physician not located at an abortion clinic certifying the need for the abortion because of physical, sexual or emotional harm caused by continuing the pregnancy. It would have also required minors to wait 48 hours before being able to have an abortion after their physician contacts their parents to notify the parents of approval for the procedure.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Texas passed a statute requiring parental notification in the early 2000s. This law resulted in a 21% increase in 17-year-old girls seeking abortions in the second trimester. In 2003, the legislature passed a law that required all abortions after 16 weeks take place in an outpatient surgery center and required a 24-hour waiting period before women could get an abortion. Clinics were also required to give women a "Woman's Right to Know" pamphlet which included factually incorrect medical information. In 2005, the 79th Legislature enacted several laws related to abortion. One was a parental consent law. They also passed a "late-term" abortion ban. Other laws dealt with the funding aspects of abortion and family planning, trying to prevent funds for women's reproductive health from going to organizations that provided information about abortions or provided abortion services.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Texas was one of 23 states in 2007 to have detailed abortion-specific informed consent requirements. Statute-required informed consent materials given to women in Texas used graphic and inflammatory language. The law also required the woman to be told how far advanced her pregnancy was. Texas was among states to have passed laws requiring abortion providers to warn patients of a link between abortion and breast cancer and to issue other scientifically unsupported warnings. Informed consent materials given to women seeking abortions in Texas include counseling materials claiming women who have abortions may have suicidal thoughts or experience "post-abortion traumatic stress syndrome." The latter syndrome is not recognized by American Psychological Association or the American Psychiatric Association. Informed consent materials about fetal pain in Texas say the ability of the fetus to feel pain does not exist until 20 weeks, before concluding that it is unknown if a fetus can feel pain at 12 weeks. The legislature tried to pass a "mandatory ultrasound" bill but it failed to pass in 2007.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: As of March 2012, 20 states required women seeking an abortion to have an ultrasound before being allowed to have the procedure. Mandatory transvaginal ultrasounds have been particularly controversial. In Texas, for instance, even if previous ultrasounds had indicated severe birth defects, a woman seeking an abortion was required under a 2012 law to have another ultrasound done, "administered by her abortion doctor, and [she had to] listen to a state-mandated description of the fetus she was about to abort", though state-issued guidelines later eliminated the ultrasound requirement if the fetus had an "irreversible medical condition". In 2013, a state Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law was applied to medication-induced abortions and private doctor offices.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: An early pregnancy abortion bill was previously introduced in Texas by Representative Phil King on July 18, 2013, in the wake of Rick Perry signing Texas Senate Bill 5 into law. The bill was not passed. Supporters of Texas Senate Bill 5, which included requirements for abortion clinics to meet ambulatory surgical center regulations and for abortion clinic doctors to have hospital admitting privileges, said the bill improved health care for women and babies. Opponents of the bill said it created unnecessary regulations for the purpose of reducing access to abortions. At the time of the bill's signing into law in 2013, only five of the state's forty-two abortion clinics met the law's requirements. Courts had blocked the enforcement of similar laws in some other states, pending lawsuits challenging their constitutionality. A federal district judge determined this law to be unconstitutional, finding that the admitting privileges requirement placed an undue burden on a person seeking to have an abortion; however, this decision was reversed by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, resulting in the immediate closure of all but seven abortion clinics in the state, all of these in urban areas. For patients in Texas's Rio Grande Valley, the nearest clinic was 300 miles away.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: While cities like Austin passed legislation to require Crisis Pregnancy Centers (CPCs) to disclose their status and that they did not offer abortion services, organizations representing the CPCs have been successful in courts challenging these laws, principally on the argument that forcing the CPCs to post such language violated their First Amendment rights and constituted compelled speech. While previous attempts at regulating CPCs in Baltimore and other cities were based on having signage that informed the patient that the CPC did not offer abortion-related services, the FACT Act instead makes the patient aware of state-sponsored services that are available rather than what the CPCs did or did not offer. The law went into effect January 1, 2016.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In 2017, Texas was one of six states where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass. Among those who believe that abortion is murder, some believe it may be appropriate to punish it with death. While attempts to criminalize abortion generally focus on the doctor, Texas state Rep. Tony Tinderholt (R) introduced a bill in 2017 and 2019 that may enable the death penalty in Texas for women who have abortions, and the Ohio legislature considered a similar bill in 2018. On February 7, 2019, Briscoe Cain, a member of the Texas House of Representatives, introduced an early pregnancy abortion bill entitled the Texas Heartbeat Bill. The bill (HB 1500) was joint authored by Representatives Phil King, Dan Flynn, Tan Parker, and Rick Miller. As of February 26, 2019, HB 1500 had 57 sponsors or cosponsors of the 150 members of the Texas House of Representatives. Former State Senator Wendy Davis said HB 1500 is "the most dangerous I've ever seen." In 2019, Texas had some of the most restrictive abortion laws in the country. In mid-May 2019, because of judicial rulings, abortion was effectively banned after week 22.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: On June 7, 2019, Texas Governor Greg Abbott signed abortion legislation that was set to go into effect on September 1. This legislation said that local governments could not do business with any organization that provided abortion services, including through the offering of tax breaks or by leasing municipal-owned buildings to such organizations. The legislation also prevents local governments from "advocacy or lobbying on behalf of the interests of an abortion provider or affiliate." An exception was provided for non-abortion clinics that perform fewer than 50 abortions a year, such as doctor offices, hospitals or ambulatory services.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In May 2021, Texas lawmakers passed the Texas Heartbeat Act, banning abortions as soon as fetal cardiac activity can be detected, typically as early as six weeks into pregnancy and often before women know they are pregnant. In order to avoid traditional constitutional challenges based on "Roe v. Wade", the law provides that any person, with or without any vested interest, may sue anyone that performs or induces abortion in violation of the statute, as well as anyone who "aids or abets the performance or inducement of an abortion, including paying for or reimbursing the costs of an abortion through insurance or otherwise." It was signed into law by Governor Greg Abbott on May 15, 2021.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The Heartbeat Act authorizes lawsuits not only against abortion providers, but also against abortion funders, employers, and insurance companies that defray the costs of abortion, along with anyone else who "aids or abets" an unlawful abortion by providing referrals, transportation, or any type of logistical support. Anyone who is successfully sued for violating the Act can be found liable for a minimum of $10,000 for each abortion performed (or assisted) in violation of the Act, plus costs and attorneys' fees.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: At the same time, the Act specifically prohibits state officials from enforcing the Act, leaving enforcement entirely in the hands of private litigants who will sue those who violate the statute. The law was written this way to prevent abortion providers from challenging the constitutionality of the statute before it takes effect in the ordinary manner, which involves injunction suits against state officials charged with enforcement in federal court. Instead, abortion providers must wait until someone sues them for violating the statute, and then assert their constitutional claims defensively.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The Act was challenged in courts, but the U.S. Supreme Court declined to enjoin it and no full formal hearing took place before it took effect on September 1, 2021. Whole Woman's Health and other abortion providers sought an emergency injunction from the U.S. Supreme Court to stop the law from coming into effect, but the Court denied the application. Although the order itself was unsigned, Chief Justice John Roberts wrote a dissenting opinion, joined by Justices Stephen Breyer and Elena Kagan, indicating that he would "preclude enforcement of S. B. 8 by the respondents to afford the District Court and the Court of Appeals the opportunity to consider the propriety of judicial action and preliminary relief pending consideration of the plaintiffs' claims." Justice Sonia Sotomayor also wrote a stinging dissent of her own.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: On October 6, 2021, U.S. District Judge Robert L. Pitman enjoined Texas courts from participating in the enforcement of the law through private civil litigation on the theory that judges are agents of the state. However, on October 8, 2021, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit put the law in effect again.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: On December 2, 2021, a new law against medication abortions took effect. The law requires doctors to examine the patient in person before prescribing the pills and makes it a felony for doctors to send the pills to the patient by a delivery service. It also prohibits doctors from prescribing the abortion pill after seven weeks of pregnancy (whereas the U.S. Food and Drug Administration allows it up to 10 weeks). The bill had been previously signed by Governor Greg Abbott.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In 1971, Norma McCorvey, then an unmarried pregnant woman who would later be known as Jane Roe, decided to challenge the Texas law that said it was a crime for doctors to perform elective abortions and that women could only have abortions if their lives were at stake. The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's "Roe v. Wade" ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester. The Supreme Court overturned "Roe v. Wade" in "Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization", in 2022.)


title: Abortion in Texas

text: On February 19, 1975, the Texas Supreme Court's ruling in the case "Jacobs v. Theimer" made Texas the first state to declare a woman could sue her doctor for wrongful birth. That case involved Dortha Jean Jacobs (later Dortha Biggs), who caught rubella while pregnant and gave birth to Lesli, who was severely disabled. Dortha and her husband sued her doctor, saying he did not diagnose the rubella or warn them how it would affect the pregnancy.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: "Low-Income Women of Texas v. Raiford" was filed in the Texas District Court on March 10, 1993, to challenge the Texas state constitutionality of denying state funding for abortions when a physician deems the abortion medically necessary.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In 2003, Norma McCorvey filed suit in the U.S. District Court in Dallas with the goal of overturning the "Roe v. Wade" decision in which she was a participant. In September 2004, a federal appeals court ruled on a Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (TRAP) law put into place in Texas law, which ultimately resulted in many abortion clinics in the state being forced to shut down.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: On August 29, 2014, US District Judge Lee Yeakel struck down as unconstitutional two provisions of Texas' omnibus anti-abortion bill, House Bill 2 that was to come into effect on September 1. The regulation would have closed about a dozen abortion clinics, leaving only eight places in Texas to get a legal abortion, all located in major cities. Judge Yeakel ruled that the state's regulation was unconstitutional and would have placed an undue burden on women, particularly on poor and rural women living in west Texas and the Rio Grande Valley.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In the case of "Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt", , the US Supreme Court in a 5-3 decision on June 27, 2016, swept away forms of state restrictions on the way abortion clinics can function. In 2013 the Texas legislature enacted restrictions on the delivery of abortion services, creating an undue burden for women seeking an abortion by requiring abortion doctors to have difficult-to-obtain "admitting privileges" at a local hospital and by requiring clinics to have costly hospital-grade facilities. The Court struck down these two provisions "facially" from the law at issue—that is, the very words of the provisions were invalid, no matter how they might be applied in any practical situation. According to the Supreme Court, the task of judging whether a law puts an unconstitutional burden on a woman's right to abortion belongs with the courts, and not the legislatures.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In August 2018, dilation & evacuation (D & E) legislation passed by Texas and Alabama was working its way through the federal courts' appeal process.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: As a result of Administrative Code tit. 25, § 29,1121 from January 1997, women in Texas cannot use any state funds for abortion services unless their life is in danger or the pregnancy is a result of rape. The US 1998 Department of Labor Appropriations Act Pub. L. No 105.78, Title V, §§ 509, 510 was a federal law that barred states who participated in Medicaid from refusing to use federal funds to pay abortions in cases of pregnancy as a result of rape or incest, or when continuing the pregnancy would harm a woman's health.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In 2005 the 79th Legislature enacted several laws related to abortion. One put funding restrictions on family planning clinics as part of legislative efforts to force Planned Parenthood clinics in the state to close. Texas created a state-funded program Alternatives to Abortion Program. Funds for the program came from existing programs designed to support family planning. Additional funding was allocated for the Alternatives to Abortion Program in 2007.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The state legislature continued in its effort to deny funding to Planned Parenthood in 2009. These efforts failed. Another attempt to pass mandatory ultrasounds before women could get abortions also failed. Efforts by lawmakers to try to get Planned Parenthood out of the state continued in 2010. These efforts were successful in defining all Planned Parenthood clinics as abortion clinics, even if a clinic did not perform abortions and only offered family planning services. This was intended to deny Planned Parenthood funding to clinics that didn't provide abortion services. In 2010, the state had three publicly-funded abortion clinics, none of which were state-funded.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In 2011, Texas was one of six states where the legislature introduced a bill that would have banned abortion in almost all cases. It did not pass. In 2011, the state legislature voted to defund family planning funding, including for the Women's Health Program; these programs were replaced by state-funded abortion alternative programs that only provided limited contraceptive supplies. That year, the state also successfully passed a law requiring mandatory ultrasound screenings before women could get abortions. In practice, this led to Planned Parenthood being unable to receive any Title X funding.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The Alternatives to Abortion-supported clinics, many of which have religious affiliations, have not always fared well despite receiving hundreds of thousands of dollars in grants from the state of Texas. Heidi Clinic, run by the Heidi Group, is one such clinic. It opened in April 2018, and staff members engaged in daily prayers while materials around the facility encouraged people to read the Bible and to pray more. It was closed in September 2018 as the clinic served only 5% of the total number of patients they had predicted they would serve. The Heidi Clinic had promised the state they could serve 69,000 people, including men and undocumented immigrants, with their reproductive health services. This was more than the local Planned Parenthood clinic served. The state had several years of documentation showing that the Heidi Group violated contracts and misused taxpayer dollars during a period when the state was funding them and similar organizations. Despite these problems, the State of Texas renewed the contract with the Heidi Group for two additional years. The state was only able to recover a portion of the funding it had allocated to the group for services it failed to provide.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In September 2019, the City of Austin amended its 2020 budget to include $150,000 in funds to support logistical and support services for abortion access. These services could include child care, case management, and transportation needs. The amendment passed with a 10-1 majority supporting the measure, including Mayor Pro Tem Delia Garza who introduced the measure. This was the first measure passed in any U.S. city offering practical support for abortion. A legal challenge to the local policy made its way to the Texas Supreme Court.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in Texas declined by 49, going from 128 in 1982 to 79 in 1992. During a six-year stretch in the 1980s, Carol Everett ran a number of abortion clinics in Austin; she later shuttered these after she had a "come to Jesus" moment.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The state ranked sixth in the total number of abortion clinics lost between 1992 and 1996, dropping by 15 to 64 total clinics. The rate of closures of abortion clinics in Texas increased as more clinics were forced to close because of increased regulatory requirements. In a one-year period, in 2011, 85 abortion clinics closed. Between 2012 and 2016 the number of abortion clinics in Texas dropped from 40 to 19 as a result of the state's House Bill 2, which was struck down by the US Supreme Court in June 2016. After TRAP laws came into effect in Missouri and Texas, women had to travel even greater distances to be able to visit an abortion clinic.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: By 2014, there were 28 abortion clinics in the state and 96% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic. That year, 43% of women in the state aged 15 – 44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic. As a result of TRAP legislation passed in 2014, several more abortion clinics in Texas were forced to close. In 2017, there were 35 Planned Parenthood clinics, six of which offered abortion services, in a state with a population of 6,621,207 women aged 15–49. Southwestern Women's Options was one of the abortion clinics open in 2019. A 2019 study found that TRAP laws increased the number of second-trimester abortions by restricting women's access to abortion services.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The passage of legislation regarding local government's ability to do business with abortion service providers on June 7, 2019, impacted Planned Parenthood in East Austin. This was because East Austin had signed a 20-year lease agreement in November 2018 with Planned Parenthood, with the rent being $1 a month. The East Austin clinic was impacted even though it provided no abortion services because its parent organization, Planned Parenthood, did offer such services.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In the period between 1972 and 1974, Texas had the highest illegal abortion death rate in the United States with a rate of 62 deaths per million live births. In the same period, Texas and New York State had the largest number of illegal abortion deaths. Texas recorded 14 deaths in this period while New York had 11 in a period where 63 deaths from illegal abortions were reported nationwide. In 1972, Texas had eight illegal abortion deaths. In 1973, it had five. In 1974, the state recorded one illegal abortion death. In 1990, 2,041,000 women in Texas faced the risk of unintended pregnancy.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The highest number of legal induced abortions by the state in 2000 occurred in New York City with 94,466, while Florida was second with 88,563, and Texas was third with 76,121. In 2001, New York City had the highest number of induced abortions with 91,792, while Florida was second with 85,589, and Texas was third with 77,409. In 2003, the state of New York had the highest number of legal induced abortions with 90,820. Florida was second with 88,247, while Texas was third with 79,166.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In 2012, 73.2% of all abortions were performed in the first trimester, at or before eight weeks. 12.2% of all abortions were performed during week 9 or 10. 1.2% of all abortions occurred between week 17 and week 21. Only 0.5% of abortions occurred after week 21. Most abortions performed in 2012 were done at abortion clinics, accounting for 78.4% of all abortions. The rest were performed either at out-of-state facilities, by physician officers, hospitals or ambulatory surgery centers. The majority of abortions performed in 2012 on Texas residents used the suction aspiration method, accounting for 65.6% of all abortions. The next most common procedure was a medical-non-surgical procedure, accounting for 27.7% of all abortions for Texas residents. The third most common procedure was dilation and evacuation, accounting for 6.6% of abortion procedures.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In 2013, among white women aged 15–19, there were 2,020 abortions, 1,810 abortions for black women aged 15–19, 3,150 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15–19, and 400 abortions for women of all other races.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Public opinion on abortion is divided. In 2014, a poll by the Pew Research Center found that 50% of adults said abortion should be illegal in all or most cases while 45% said it should be legal. In 2017, the state had an infant mortality rate of 5.9 deaths per 1,000 live births.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Texas resident Rosie Jimenez is the first woman known to have died due to an illegal abortion after the Hyde Amendment was passed in 1977. Jimenez died at age 27 in 1977 following an illegal abortion in McAllen, Texas. At the time she was a single mother of a five-year-old daughter as well as a student who would have earned a teaching credential in six months.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Jane's Due Process is a Texas-based organization to assist minors going through the judicial-bypass process to secure an abortion without parental consent.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Since 1995, the Abortion Access Project has organized Rosie Jimenez Day every October 3. They also sponsor yearly speak-outs and other events in October in memory of Rosie Jimenez.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: People from Texas participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019. On May 23, 2019, women gathered at the Texas State Capitol Rotunda in Austin to express opposition to SB8. They dressed in red, referencing "The Handmaid's Tale".


title: Abortion in Texas

text: Human Coalition is a Texas anti-abortion organization that operates women's reproductive health clinics that do not provide abortions and try to actively dissuade women from having them.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: There was an arson attack in 1980 at an abortion clinic in Texas. It caused around US$320,000 in damage. 1998 saw six arson attacks, four bombings, one murder and 19 acid attacks take place at abortion clinics across the United States. Butyric acid attacks took place between May and July in Florida, Louisiana and Texas.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: In 2000, an act of violence took place at an abortion clinic in Eastland County, Texas. Harris County, which includes Houston, has been home to the most anti-abortion violence in the United States as of 2000 with 10 acts of violence being experienced by clinics. A package left at a women's health clinic in Austin, Texas, on April 25, 2007, contained an explosive device capable of inflicting serious injury or death. A bomb squad detonated the device after evacuating the building. Paul Ross Evans (who had a criminal record for armed robbery and theft) was found guilty of the crime.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: As of December 14, 2021, 39 cities in Texas had outlawed abortion within their city boundaries and declared themselves "sanctuary cities for the unborn." The first city to do so was the city of Waskom, Texas, which enacted its local abortion ban on June 13, 2019.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: The city of Lubbock enacted its local abortion ban through a referendum on May 1, 2021. Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas was performing abortions in Lubbock when the ordinance was adopted and sued the city in an attempt to block the ordinance from taking effect. A federal district court dismissed the lawsuit on June 1, 2021, ruling that Planned Parenthood lacked standing to sue the city because the ordinance would be enforced solely through private civil lawsuits rather than by city officials. In response to this ruling, Planned Parenthood ceased performing abortions in Lubbock and complied with the ordinance.


title: Abortion in Texas

text: As of September 27, 2022, at least five cities in Texas have decriminalized abortion within their city limits. The first city to do so was Houston, which enacted its decriminalization ordinance on May 10, 2022. The Denton City Council decriminalized abortion a week after the "Dobbs vs. Jackson" decision, on June 29, 2022. On July 21, 2022, the state capital of Austin followed suit. On August 3, 2022, the cities of Dallas and El Paso also decriminalized abortion.


title: Casey Deidrick

text: Casey Jon Deidrick ( ; born April 25, 1987) is an American actor and singer. Deidrick is best known for originating the role of Chad DiMera on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives".


title: Casey Deidrick

text: Deidrick was born in Santa Clara, California to parents Barry Jon Deidrick, an IBEW 332 Union electrician, and Denise Deck, a nurse. At the age of 3 years old, his parents divorced. When Deidrick was 7 years old, his mother moved to Arizona and Deidrick resided with his father in Hollister, California. He later took up skateboarding. After his first year in high school, Deidrick moved to Highlands Ranch, Colorado with his mother. Deidrick continued skateboarding and was eventually sponsored. In 2004, Deidrick competed in the Vans World Amateur Competition. He was also featured in a photo-spread for "Transworld Skateboarding". Deidrick was commonly injured during his skateboarding career. However, one accident left him with a severe concussion; and Deidrick decided to give up skateboarding to focus on acting. Deidrick has four younger half-siblings; Amy and Jake from his father and stepmother, and two half-sisters, Micayla and Nikole from his mother and stepfather. Deidrick attended Metropolitan State College in Denver for a year where he majored in theater and psychology. In 2012, Deidrick adopted a Siberian husky dog which he named Nanuk. Deidrick was also the Unclean Vocalist in the heavy metal band called "And Still I Rise".


title: Casey Deidrick

text: Deidrick had his first experience as an actor in high school when he and a friend auditioned for the school's production of "Carousel" with a rock song. Deidrick attended the AMTC (Actors, Models & Talent Competition) Convention in Orlando, Florida, where he met his agent. Deidrick made the decision to go into acting at the age of 15 when he saw "The Lord of the Rings" for the first time. At the age of 19, Deidrick relocated to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career. He found a manager and enrolled in acting classes. Deidrick supported himself working as a waiter and eventually booked guest spots on "Wizards of Waverly Place" and "90210" before booking "Days". In February 2012, Deidrick made a guest appearance on the ABC prime time series "Body of Proof". In April 2013, Deidrick made guest appearances on "Glee" and NBC's "Revolution". On June 20, 2013, Deidrick announced his departure from "Days of our Lives" on his "Twitter" account. Deidrick's last appearance on "Days" was on October 30, 2013.


title: Casey Deidrick

text: In September 2014, Deidrick was cast in MTV's thriller series "Eye Candy". He played the main role of Tommy, a detective, who worked with Lindy (Victoria Justice). The series is about a genius who realizes that her online suitor is a dangerous cyber stalker. The show was cancelled after one season. In November 2016, Casey appeared in The Chainsmokers' music video for the song "All We Know."


title: Casey Deidrick

text: On July 7, 2017, Deidrick had been cast on the MTV teen drama series "Teen Wolf" where he portrayed Halwyn, a former resident of Eichen House who also happens to be a hundred-year-old Hellhound with mysterious ties to an ancient evil now threatening Beacon Hills in the aftermath of the Ghost Riders and the Wild Hunt.


title: Casey Deidrick

text: From 2019-2022, Deidrick starred in "In The Dark". He played Max Parish, a food truck owner and associate of Darnell who becomes attracted to Murphy.


title: Casey Deidrick

text: In February 2021, Deidrick starred in a feature-length episode of the horror TV anthology "Into the Dark" titled "Tentacles" as Sam Anselm. In December of the same year, he was cast alongside Emily Osment in Hallmark's A Very Merry Bridesmaid.


title: Larry McDonald

text: Lawrence Patton McDonald (April 1, 1935 – September 1, 1983) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Georgia's 7th congressional district as a Democrat from 1975 until he was killed while a passenger on board Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by Soviet interceptors.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald maintained one of the most conservative voting records in Congress and crusaded against communism. He became chairman of the John Birch Society in 1983, months before his death. He was remembered as a martyr by American conservatives.


title: Larry McDonald

text: Larry McDonald was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia, in the eastern part of the city that is in DeKalb County. General George S. Patton was a distant relation. As a child, he attended several private and parochial schools before attending a non-denominational high school. He spent two years at high school before graduating in 1951. He studied at Davidson College from 1951 to 1953, studying history. He entered the Emory University School of Medicine at the age of 17, graduating in 1957. He interned at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta. He trained as a urologist at the University of Michigan Hospital under Reed M. Nesbit. Following completion in 1966 he returned to Atlanta and entered practice with his father.


title: Larry McDonald

text: From 1959 to 1961, McDonald served as a flight surgeon in the United States Navy stationed at the Keflavík naval base in Iceland. He married an Icelandic national, Anna Tryggvadottir, with whom he would eventually have three children: Tryggvi Paul, Callie Grace, and Mary Elizabeth. In Iceland, McDonald asserted to his commanding officer that the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik was doing things advantageous to communists, but was told he did not understand the big picture.


title: Larry McDonald

text: After his tour of service he practiced medicine at the McDonald Urology Clinic in Atlanta. He joined the anti-communist John Birch Society in 1966 or 1967. He hosted thousands of people in his living room for Bircher-inspired lectures and documentaries, according to his first wife. His preoccupation with politics led to a divorce. He became known as an anti-abortion activist. He made one unsuccessful run for Congress in 1972 before being elected in 1974. In 1975, he married Kathryn Jackson, whom he met while giving a speech in California.


title: Larry McDonald

text: He served as a member on the Georgia State Medical Education Board and as chairman from 1969 to 1974.


title: Larry McDonald

text: In 1974, McDonald ran for Congress against incumbent John W. Davis in the Democratic primary. McDonald opposed mandatory federal school integration programs, and criticized Davis for being one of two Georgia congressmen to vote in favor of school busing. He also attacked Davis for receiving political donations from out-of-state groups which he said favored busing.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald won the primary election in a surprise upset and was elected in November 1974 to the 94th United States Congress, serving Georgia's 7th congressional district, which included most of Atlanta's northwestern suburbs (including Marietta), where opposition to school busing was especially high. However, during the general election, J. Quincy Collins Jr., an Air Force prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, running as a Republican, nearly defeated him, despite the poor performance of Republicans nationally that year due to the aftereffects of the Watergate scandal. However, McDonald would never face another contest nearly that close.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald, who considered himself a traditional Democrat "cut from the cloth of Jefferson and Jackson", was known for his conservative views, even by Southern Democratic standards of the time. In fact, one scoring method published in the "American Journal of Political Science" named him the second most conservative member of either chamber of Congress between 1937 and 2002 (behind only Ron Paul, who was his closest confidant in Congress). Even though many of McDonald's constituents had begun splitting their tickets and voting Republican at the federal level as early as the 1960s, the GOP was still well behind the Democrats at the local level, and conservative Democrats like McDonald continued to hold most state and local offices well into the 1990s.


title: Larry McDonald

text: The American Conservative Union gave him a perfect score of 100 every year he was in the House of Representatives, except in 1978, when he scored a 95. He also scored "perfect or near perfect ratings" on the congressional scorecards of the National Right to Life Committee, Gun Owners of America, and the American Security Council.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald admired Senator Joseph McCarthy and was a member of the Joseph McCarthy Foundation. He hired former staffers of the House Committee on Un-American Activities to work in his own congressional office to continue their research on left-wing groups, which was shared with law enforcement. He considered communism an international conspiracy. An admirer of Austrian economics and a member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute, he advocated tight monetary policy in the late 1970s against stagflation, and advocated returning to the gold standard. He displayed a portrait of Francisco Franco, the Spanish dictator, in his office.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald called the welfare state a "disaster" and favored phasing control of the Great Society programs over to the states. He also favored cuts to foreign aid, which he said "you could take a chainsaw to". McDonald co-sponsored a resolution "expressing the sense of the Congress that homosexual acts and the class of individuals who advocate such conduct shall never receive special consideration or a protected status under law".


title: Larry McDonald

text: He advocated the use of the non-approved drug laetrile to treat patients in advanced stages of cancer despite medical opinion that such use was quackery. He was ordered to pay thousands of dollars in a laetrile malpractice lawsuit in 1976. An investigation by the "Atlanta Constitution" later that year found that his friend, a Georgia doctor, was asking patients seeking laetrile treatment to make their checks out to the Larry McDonald for Congress campaign.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald opposed the establishment of a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, saying the FBI had evidence that King "was associated with and being manipulated by communists and secret communist agents".


title: Larry McDonald

text: A firearms enthusiast and game hunter, McDonald reportedly had "about 200" guns at his official district residence.


title: Larry McDonald

text: In 1979, with John Rees and Major General John K. Singlaub, McDonald founded the Western Goals Foundation. According to "The Spokesman-Review", it was intended to "blunt subversion, terrorism, and communism" by filling the gap "created by the disbanding of the House Un-American Activities Committee and what [McDonald] considered to be the crippling of the FBI during the 1970s". McDonald became the chairman of the John Birch Society in 1983, succeeding Robert Welch. At the time of his death, Western Goals was being sued by the ACLU for obtaining illegal Los Angeles Police Department Intelligence Files from 1975 that had been ordered destroyed and computerizing them in a database on a $100,000 computer in Long Beach at the house of an attorney connected to the U.S. intelligence community. Many of these files concerned individuals from Ronald Reagan's term as Governor of California, and it was speculated that Western Goals was using these files to blackmail figures in the Reagan Presidential Administration.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald opposed the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area in his own district because he did not believe the federal government could constitutionally own national parks.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald rarely spoke on the House floor, preferring to insert material into the "Congressional Record". These insertions typically dealt with foreign policy issues relating to the Soviet Union and domestic issues centered on the growth of non-Soviet and Soviet sponsored leftist subversion. A number of McDonald's insertions relating to the Socialist Workers Party were collected into a book, "Trotskyism and Terror: The Strategy of Revolution", published in 1977.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald was invited to South Korea to attend a celebration of the 30th anniversary of the United States–South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty with three fellow members of Congress, Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, Senator Steve Symms of Idaho, and Representative Carroll Hubbard of Kentucky. Due to bad weather on Sunday, August 28, 1983, McDonald's flight from Atlanta was diverted to Baltimore and when he finally arrived at JFK Airport in New York, he had missed his connection to South Korea by two or three minutes.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald could have boarded a Pan Am Boeing 747 flight to Seoul, but he preferred the lower fares of Korean Air Lines and chose to wait for the next KAL flight two days later. Simultaneously, Hubbard and Helms planned to meet with McDonald to discuss how to join McDonald on the KAL 007 flight. As the delays mounted, instead of joining McDonald, Hubbard at the last minute gave up on the trip, canceled his reservations, and accepted a Kentucky speaking engagement. Helms attempted to join McDonald but was also delayed.


title: Larry McDonald

text: McDonald occupied an aisle seat, 02B in the first class section, when KAL 007 took off on August 31 at 12:24 AM local time, on a trip to Anchorage, Alaska for a scheduled stopover seven hours later. The plane remained on the ground for an hour and a half during which it was refueled, reprovisioned, cleaned, and serviced. The passengers were given the option of leaving the aircraft but McDonald remained on the plane, catching up on his sleep. Helms meanwhile had managed to arrive and invited McDonald to move onto his flight, KAL 015, but McDonald did not wish to be disturbed.


title: Larry McDonald

text: With a fresh flight crew, KAL 007 took off at 4 AM local time for its scheduled non-stop flight over the Pacific to Seoul's Kimpo International Airport, a nearly flight that would take approximately eight hours. On September 1, 1983, McDonald and the rest of the passengers and crew of KAL 007 were killed when Soviet fighters, under the command of Gen. Anatoly Kornukov, shot down KAL 007 near Moneron Island after the plane entered Soviet airspace.


title: Larry McDonald

text: After McDonald's death, a special election was held to fill his seat in the House. Former Governor Lester Maddox stated his intention to run for the seat if McDonald's widow, Kathy McDonald, did not.


title: Larry McDonald

text: On March 18, 1998, the Georgia House of Representatives, "to preserve the memory of the sacrifice and service of this able and outstanding Georgian and recognize his service to the people of his district", named the portion of Interstate 75, which runs from the Chattahoochee River northward to the Tennessee state line in his honor, the Larry McDonald Memorial Highway.


title: Honda Passport

text: The Honda Passport is a line of sport utility vehicles (SUV) from the Japanese automaker Honda. Originally, it was a badge engineered version of the Isuzu Rodeo, a mid-size SUV sold between 1993 and 2002. It was introduced in 1993 for the 1994 model year as Honda's first entry into the growing SUV market of the 1990s in the United States. The first and second generation Passport was manufactured by Subaru Isuzu Automotive in Lafayette, Indiana. Like various other Honda models, it re-used a name from their motorcycle division, the Honda C75 Passport. The other two name candidates were Elsinore and Odyssey, the latter would be re-used a year later on a minivan.


title: Honda Passport

text: The Passport was a part of a partnership between Isuzu and Honda in the 1990s, which saw an exchange of passenger vehicles from Honda to Isuzu, such as the Isuzu Oasis, and trucks from Isuzu to Honda, such as the Passport and Acura SLX. This arrangement was convenient for both companies, as Isuzu discontinued passenger car production in 1993 after a corporate restructuring, and Honda was in desperate need of an SUV, a segment that was growing in popularity in North America as well as Japan during the 1990s. The partnership ended in 2002 with the discontinuation of the Passport in favor of the Honda-engineered Pilot.


title: Honda Passport

text: In November 2018, Honda announced that the Passport nameplate would return as a two-row mid-size crossover SUV slotted between the CR-V and Pilot. The third-generation Passport was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show on November 27, 2018. It is built at Honda's factory in Lincoln, Alabama, and available for the 2019 model year.


title: Honda Passport

text: The first generation Passport was offered in three trims, the base model DX, mid-range LX, and upscale EX. DX models had a 5-speed manual transmission, rear-wheel-drive (RWD) layout and a 2.6 L four-cylinder engine producing . LX models could be had with an optional 4-speed automatic transmission, optional four-wheel-drive (4WD) and a 3.2 L V6 engine producing as standard. The upscale EX offered the 3.2 L V6 engine and four-wheel-drive as standard. Some first generation Passports were equipped with a rear axle built by General Motors. Others had a Dana built "Spicer 44" rear axle.


title: Honda Passport

text: For the second generation model, two trim levels were offered: LX and upscale EX. EX had the spare tire below the cargo area and LX mounted in a swing carrier at rear. Minor changes for the 2000 model year included the introduction of an even more upscale EX-L trim which added leather seats, 2-tone exterior colors, and a CD changer. The LX trim received an optional set of wheels.


title: Honda Passport

text: In 2010, a recall was issued for affected 1998-2002 Rodeo and Passport for frames with severe rust issues. On September 22, 2010, NHTSA campaign number 10V436000 was issued to recall 149,992 vehicles because of excessive corrosion near the forward bracket for the left or right rear suspension lower link. If the rust damage was severe, Honda bought back the vehicles from their owners. Under U.S. federal regulations, automakers are not required to correct problems on vehicles that are ten or more years old.


title: Honda Passport

text: The third generation Passport was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show on November 27, 2018, with retail sales starting in February 2019. Unlike previous generations, it was designed in the United States and is manufactured in Lincoln, Alabama alongside the Honda Pilot. It is based on the third-generation Honda Pilot, although the Passport is shorter and loses the third row seating. The Passport slots between the smaller CR-V and longer Pilot, filling the gap left when the Honda Crosstour was discontinued after the 2015 model year. The Passport competes against 2-row five-seater midsize crossovers like the Chevrolet Blazer, Ford Edge, Nissan Murano, and Subaru Outback.


title: Honda Passport

text: Trim levels include the base "Sport", mid-level "EX-L", "Touring", and top-of-the-line "Elite”. Unlike other most of Honda nameplates like the CR-V and Pilot, the Passport does not have an LX trim, consequently the starting price of a Passport (Sport trim) costs more than that of the Pilot (LX trim). All trim levels include Front Wheel Drive (FWD) as standard equipment, with All-Wheel-Drive (AWD) as an option, except for the "Elite", where it is standard equipment.


title: Honda Passport

text: All Passport models are equipped with a 3.5L J35Y6 V6 producing and ; paired with a nine-speed, pushbutton-controlled automatic transmission as found in the Pilot. Front-wheel drive is standard; Honda's all-wheel-drive system, dubbed i-VTM4 (Intelligent Variable Torque Management), is optional, and features drive settings for Normal, Sand, Snow, and Mud. A two-speed transfer case is not available. Ground clearance is ( for all-wheel-drive models) and the Passport can tow up to .


title: Honda Passport

text: Two rows of seats provide room for five passengers. There is of storage behind the rear seat, which increases to with the rear seat folded.


title: Honda Passport

text: For the 2021 model year, all trims received the 8-inch touchscreen and Apple CarPlay and Android Auto as standard equipment.


title: Honda Passport

text: On April 1, 2019, Honda released a YouTube advertisement for the all-new 2019 Passport. The advertisement featured a 2019 Passport, called the "Past-Port", with a first-generation Passport's interior, touting features that were popular in the mid-to-late-1990s, including automatic power windows, an audio system with cassette player and cassette adapter and pager holder. The advertisement features an actor wearing 1990s-era clothing, and holding a Motorola cellular phone. Viewers of the advertisement could also call a special toll free number, 1-833-PAST-PORT (1-833-727-8767), where they would be greeted by a voice message from Fred Savage, and could then leave a voicemail on Honda's microcassette answering machine explaining why they would like to own a 2019 Past-Port. The advertisement is no longer viewable on Honda's YouTube channel as of May 2019, and the toll free number is no longer in service.


title: Honda Passport

text: The Passport was facelifted for the 2022 model year which gave it a new front end as well as the addition of a new TrailSport trim level that offers a more aggressive off-road-oriented appearance package. The TrailSport model receives model specific bumpers, cosmetic skid plate inserts, all-weather Trailsport logoed floormats, as well as tires with a more aggressive shoulder tread.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, which proclaimed the Republic of Kosovo to be a state independent from Serbia, was adopted at a meeting held on 17 February 2008 by 109 out of the 120 members of the Assembly of Kosovo, including the Prime Minister of Kosovo, Hashim Thaçi, and by the President of Kosovo, Fatmir Sejdiu (who was not a member of the Assembly). It was the second declaration of independence by Kosovo's Albanian-majority political institutions; the first was proclaimed on 7 September 1990.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The legality of the declaration has been disputed. Serbia sought international validation and support for its stance that the declaration was illegal, and in October 2008 requested an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice. The Court determined that the declaration did not violate international law, because a group of people declared independence called the representatives of the people of Kosovo (), opposed to UNSCR 1244 in which is stated that Kosovo is a province of Serbia.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: However, the declaration violates the eighth article of the Constitution of Serbia. Hence, it is illegal in Serbian constitutional law.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: As a result of the ICJ decision, a joint Serbia–EU resolution was passed in the United Nations General Assembly which called for an EU-facilitated dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina to "promote cooperation, achieve progress on the path to the European Union and improve the lives of the people." The dialogue resulted in the 2013 Brussels deal between Belgrade and Pristina which abolished all of the Republic of Serbia's institutions in Kosovo. Dejan Pavićević is the official representative of Government of Serbia in Pristina. Valdet Sadiku is the official representative of Kosovo to Serbia.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The Province of Kosovo took shape in 1945 as the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija within Socialist Yugoslavia, as an autonomous region within the People's Republic of Serbia. Initially a ceremonial entity, more power was devolved to Kosovan authorities with each constitutional reform. In 1968 it became the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo and in 1974 new constitution enabled the province to function at every administrative level independently of its host republic within Yugoslavia. Increasing ethnic tension throughout Yugoslavia in the late 1980s amid rising nationalism among its nations eventually led to a decentralised state: this facilitated Serbian President Slobodan Milošević in effectively terminating the privileges awarded to the Kosovar assembly in 1974. The move attracted criticism from the leaderships of the other Yugoslav republics but no higher authority was in place to reverse the measure. In response to the action, the Kosovo Assembly voted on 2 July 1990 to declare Kosovo an independent state, and this received recognition from Albania. A state of emergency and harsh security rules were subsequently imposed against Kosovo's Albanians following mass protests. The Albanians established a "parallel state" to provide education and social services while boycotting or being excluded from Yugoslav institutions.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: Kosovo remained largely quiet through the Yugoslav wars. The severity of the Yugoslav government in Kosovo was internationally criticised. In 1996, the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) began attacking federal security forces. The conflict escalated until Kosovo was on the verge of all-out war by the end of 1998. In January 1999, NATO warned that it would intervene militarily against Yugoslavia if it did not agree to the introduction of an international peacekeeping force and the establishment of local government in Kosovo. Subsequent peace talks failed and from 24 March to 11 June 1999, NATO carried out an extensive bombing campaign against FR Yugoslavia including targets in Kosovo itself. The war ended with Milošević agreeing to allow peacekeepers into Kosovo and withdrawing all security forces so as to transfer governance to the United Nations.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: A NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR) entered the province following the Kosovo War, tasked with providing security to the UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). Before and during the handover of power, an estimated 100,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians, mostly Gypsies, fled the province for fear of reprisals. In the case of the non-Albanians, the Gypsies in particular were regarded by many Albanians as having assisted federal forces during the war. Many left along with the withdrawing security forces, expressing fears that they would be targeted by returning Albanian refugees and KLA fighters who blamed them for wartime acts of violence. Thousands more were driven out by intimidation, attacks and a wave of crime after the war.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: Large numbers of refugees from Kosovo still live in temporary camps and shelters in Serbia proper. In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro reported hosting 277,000 internally displaced people (the vast majority being Serbs and Roma from Kosovo), which included 201,641 persons displaced from Kosovo into Serbia proper, 29,451 displaced from Kosovo into Montenegro, and about 46,000 displaced within Kosovo itself, including 16,000 returning refugees unable to inhabit their original homes.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: Some sources put the figure far lower. In 2004 the European Stability Initiative estimated the number of displaced people as being only 65,000, with 130,000 Serbs remaining in Kosovo, though this would leave a significant proportion of the pre-1999 ethnic Serb population unaccounted-for. The largest concentration of ethnic Serbs in Kosovo is in the north of the province above the Ibar river, but an estimated two-thirds (75,000) of the Serbian population in Kosovo continue to live in the Albanian-dominated south of the province.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: In March 2004, there was a serious inter-ethnic clash between Kosovo Albanians and Kosovo Serbs that led to 27 deaths and significant property destruction. The unrest was precipitated by misleading reports in the Kosovo Albanian media which falsely claimed that three Kosovo Albanian boys had drowned after being chased into the Ibar River by a group of Kosovo Serbs. UNMIK peacekeepers and KFOR troops failed to contain a raging gun battle between Serbs and Albanians. The Serbian Government called the events "the March Pogrom".


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: International negotiations began in 2006 to determine the final status of Kosovo, as envisaged under UN Security Council Resolution 1244 which ended the Kosovo conflict of 1999. Serbia's continued sovereignty over Kosovo was recognised internationally. The vast majority of the province's population sought independence.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The 2008 declaration was a product of failed negotiations concerning the adoption of the Ahtisaari plan, which broke down in the fall of 2007. The plan, prepared by the UN Special Envoy and former President of Finland, Martti Ahtisaari, stipulated a sort of supervised independence for Kosovo, without expressly using the word "independence" among its proposals. Under the plan, Kosovo would gain self-governance under the supervision of the European Union, and become obligated to expressly protect its minorities' rights by means of a constitution and a representative government. Kosovo would be accorded its own national symbols such as a flag and a coat of arms, and be obligated to carry out border demarcation on the Kosovo-Republic of North Macedonia border. The Albanian negotiators supported the Ahtisaari plan essentially in whole, and the plan gained the backing of the European Union and of the United States. However, Serbia and Russia rejected it outright, and no progress was possible on the United Nations front.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: Faced with no progress on negotiations in sight, the Kosovars decided to unilaterally proclaim the Republic of Kosovo, obligating themselves in the process to follow the Ahtisaari plan's provisions in full. As of mid-April 2008, this has largely been the case, with the new Republic adopting a constitution written by local and international scholars protecting minority rights and providing for a representative government with guaranteed ethnic representation, which law is to take effect on 15 June 2008. It also adopted some of its national symbols already, including the flag and coat of arms, while work continues on defining the anthem. It has also engaged, albeit with a delay, in the border demarcation talks with North Macedonia, initially insisting on being recognised first, but dropping this condition later on.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence elicited mixed reaction internationally and a polarised one domestically, the latter along the division of Kosovo Serbs vs. the Kosovo Albanians. Accordingly, effective control in Kosovo has also fractured along these lines.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: After 13 years of international oversight, Kosovo's authorities formally obtained full unsupervised control of the region (less only North Kosovo) on 10 September 2012 when Western Powers terminated their oversight. The International Steering Group, in its final meeting with the authorities in Pristina, declared that the Comprehensive Proposal for the Kosovo Status Settlement, known as the Ahtisaari plan after its Finnish UN creator, had been substantially implemented. Nonetheless, as of November 2015, United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo still functions, albeit at a greatly reduced capacity.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: After the end of the Kosovo War in 1999, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1244 to provide a framework for Kosovo's interim status. It placed Kosovo under transitional UN administration, demanded a withdrawal of Serbian security forces from Kosovo and envisioned an eventual UN-facilitated political process to resolve the status of Kosovo.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: In February 2007, Martti Ahtisaari delivered a draft status settlement proposal to leaders in Belgrade and Pristina, the basis for a draft UN Security Council Resolution which proposed 'supervised independence' for the province. By early July 2007 a draft resolution, backed by the United States and the European Union members of the Security Council, had been rewritten four times to try to accommodate Russian concerns that such a resolution would undermine the principle of state sovereignty. However, it had still not found agreement. Russia, which holds a veto in the Security Council as one of five permanent members, stated that it would not support any resolution which was not acceptable to both Serbia and the Kosovo Albanians. While most observers had, at the beginning of the talks, anticipated independence as the most likely outcome, others suggested that a rapid resolution might not be preferable.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The talks finally broke down, late 2007 with the two sides remaining far apart, with the minimum demands of each side being more than the other was willing to accept.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: At the turn of 2008, the media started reporting that the Kosovo Albanians were determined to proclaim independence. This came at the time when the ten-year anniversary of the Kosovo War was looming (with the five-year anniversary being marked by violent unrest); the U.S. President George W. Bush was in his last year in power and not able to seek re-election; and two nations which had previously seceded from Yugoslavia were in important political positions (Slovenia presiding over the EU and Croatia an elected member of the UN Security Council). The proclamation was widely reported to have been postponed until after the 2008 Serbian presidential election, held on 20 January and 3 February, given that Kosovo was an important topic of the election campaign.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The text declaration of independence is shown in the Albanian language with an English translation below:


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The declaration of independence was made by members of the Kosovo Assembly as well as by the President of Kosovo meeting in Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, on 17 February 2008. It was approved by a unanimous quorum, numbering 109 members. Eleven deputies representing the Serbian national minority boycotted the proceedings. All nine other ethnic minority representatives were part of the quorum. The terms of the declaration state that Kosovo's independence is limited to the principles outlined by the Ahtisaari plan. It prohibits Kosovo from joining any other country, provides for only a limited military capability, states that Kosovo will be under international supervision and provides for the protection of minority ethnic communities. The original papyrus version of the declaration signed that day is in the Albanian language. The Albanian text of the declaration is the sole authentic text.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: On 18 February 2008 the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia declared Kosovo's declaration of independence as null and void per the suggestion of the Government of the Republic of Serbia, after the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Serbia deemed the act illegal arguing it was not in coordination with the UN Charter, the Constitution of Serbia, the Helsinki Final Act, UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (including the previous resolutions) and the Badinter Commission.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: According to writer Noel Malcolm, the 1903 constitution was still in force at the time that Serbia annexed Kosovo during the First Balkan War. He elaborates that this constitution required a Grand National Assembly before Serbia's borders could be expanded to include Kosovo; but no such Grand National Assembly was ever held. Constitutionally, he argues, Kosovo should not have become part of the Kingdom of Serbia. It was initially ruled by decree.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The Contact Group had issued in 2005 the Guiding Principles upon which the final status of Kosovo shall be decided.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: Recognition of Kosovo's independence is controversial. A number of countries fear that it is a precedent, affecting other contested territories in Europe and non-European parts of the former Soviet Union, such as Abkhazia and South Ossetia.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The text of Kosovo's declaration of independence addressed this issue by stating "...Observing that Kosovo is a special case arising from Yugoslavia's non-consensual breakup and is not a precedent for any other situation, Recalling the years of strife and violence in Kosovo, that disturbed the conscience of "all civilized people"..." However, Ted Galen Carpenter of the Cato Institute stated the view of Kosovo being "sui generis" and setting no precedent is "extraordinarily naïve".


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The newly proclaimed republic has not been seated at the United Nations, as it is generally believed that any application for UN membership would be vetoed by Russia. Russia vowed to oppose Kosovo's independence with a "plan of retaliation". Serbia has likewise proactively declared the annulment of Kosovo's independence and vowed to oppose Kosovo's independence with a package of measures intended to discourage the international recognition of the republic.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: On 8 October 2008, the UN General Assembly voted to refer Kosovo's independence declaration to the International Court of Justice; 77 countries voted in favour, 6 against and 74 abstained. The ICJ was asked to give an advisory opinion on the legality of Kosovo's declaration of independence from Serbia in February. The court delivered its advisory opinion on 2010; by a vote of 10 to 4, it declared that "the declaration of independence of the 17th of February 2008 did not violate general international law because international law contains no 'prohibition on declarations of independence'."


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The bishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Kosovo, Artemije Radosavljević, reacted in anger, stating that Kosovo's independence was a "temporary state of occupation", and that "Serbia should buy state of the art weapons from Russia and other countries and call on Russia to send volunteers and establish a military presence in Serbia."


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: In North Kosovo, a UN building housing a courthouse and jail was attacked by a hand grenade, causing slight damage but no casualties. An unexploded grenade was found across the street, near a hotel that houses EU officials.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: An explosive device was detonated in Mitrovica, damaging two vehicles. No casualties or injuries were reported.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: Serb protestors in Kosovo set fire to two border crossings on Kosovo's northern border. Both crossings are staffed by Kosovar and UNMIK police. No injuries were reported in the attacks, but the police withdrew until KFOR soldiers arrived.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: Hundreds of Serbs protested in the Kosovo town of Mitrovica on 22 February, which was somewhat peaceful aside from some stone-throwing and a little fighting.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: On 14 March 2008 Serb protesters forcibly occupied the UN courthouse in the northern part of Kosovska Mitrovica. On 17 March, UNMIK peacekeepers and KFOR troops entered the courthouse to end the occupation. In the following clashes with several hundred protesters one Ukrainian UNMIK police officer was killed, over 50 persons on each side were wounded and one UNMIK and one KFOR vehicle were torched. The UNMIK police withdrew from northern Mitrovica leaving KFOR troops to maintain order.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The Community Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija first met on 28 June 2008, to coordinate Serb responses to the new government.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: Official reaction by the Government of Serbia included instituting pre-emptively on 12 February 2008 an Action Plan, which stipulated, among other things, recalling the Serbian ambassadors for consultations in protest from any state recognising Kosovo, issuing arrest warrants for Kosovo leaders for high treason, and even dissolving the government on grounds of lack of consensus to deal with Kosovo, with new elections scheduled for 11 May 2008, as well as a rogue minister proposing partitioning Kosovo along ethnic lines, which initiative was shortly thereafter disavowed by the full Government, as well as the President. Late in March the government disclosed its intent to litigate the issue at the International Court of Justice and seek support at the United Nations General Assembly in September 2008.


title: 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

text: The Prime Minister of Serbia, Vojislav Koštunica, has blamed the United States for being "ready to violate the international order for its own military interests" and stated that "Today, this policy of force thinks that it has triumphed by establishing a false state. [...] As long as the Serb people exist, Kosovo will be Serbia." Slobodan Samardžić, the Serb minister for Kosovo, stated that, "A new country is being established by breach of international law [...] It's better to call it a fake country." However, the Serbian government says they will not respond with violence.