title: Lu Xun

text: Lu was a heavy smoker, which may have contributed to the deterioration of his health throughout his last year. By 1936 he had developed chronic tuberculosis, and in March of that year he was stricken with bronchitic asthma and a fever. The treatment for this involved draining 300 grams of fluid in the lungs through a puncture.


title: Lu Xun

text: From June to August, he was again sick, and his weight dropped to only 83 pounds. He recovered somewhat, and wrote two essays in the fall reflecting on mortality. These included "Death", and "This Too Is Life". A month before his death, he wrote: "Hold the funeral quickly... do not stage any memorial services. Forget about me, and care about your own life – you're a fool if you don't." Regarding his son, he wrote: "On no account let him become a good-for-nothing writer or artist."


title: Lu Xun

text: At 3:30 am on the morning of 18 October, the author woke with great difficulty breathing. Dr. Sudo, his physician, was summoned, and Lu Xun took injections to relieve the pain. His wife was with him throughout that night, but Lu Xun was found without a pulse at 5:11 am the next morning, 19 October. Lu's remains were interred in a mausoleum within Lu Xun Park in Shanghai. Mao Zedong later made the calligraphic inscription above his tomb.


title: Lu Xun

text: He was survived by his son, Zhou Haiying. He was posthumously made a member of the Communist Party for his contributions to the May Fourth Movement.


title: Lu Xun

text: Lu Xun has been described by Nobel laureate Kenzaburō Ōe as "The greatest writer Asia produced in the 20th century." Shortly after Lu Xun's death, Mao Zedong called him "the saint of modern China", but used his legacy selectively to promote his own political goals. In 1942, he quoted Lu out of context to tell his audience to be "a willing ox" like Lu Xun was, but told writers and artists who believed in freedom of expression that, because Communist areas were already liberated, they did not need to be like Lu Xun. After the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, Communist Party literary theorists portrayed his work as orthodox examples of communist literature, yet every one of Lu's close disciples from the 1930s was purged. Mao admitted that, had Lu survived until the 1950s, he would "either have gone silent or gone to prison".


title: Lu Xun

text: Party leaders depicted him as "drawing the blueprint of the communist future" and Mao Zedong defined him as the "chief commander of China's Cultural Revolution," although Lu did not join the party. During the 1920s and 1930s Lu Xun and his contemporaries often met informally for freewheeling intellectual discussions, but after the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 the Party sought more control over intellectual life in China, and this type of intellectual independence was suppressed, often violently.


title: Lu Xun

text: Finally, Lu Xun's satirical and ironic writing style itself was discouraged, ridiculed, then as often as possible destroyed. In 1942, Mao wrote that "the style of the essay should not simply be like Lu Xun's. [In a Communist society] we can shout at the top of our voices and have no need for veiled and round-about expressions, which are hard for the people to understand." In 2007, some of his bleaker works were removed from school textbooks. Julia Lovell, who has translated Lu Xun's writing, speculated that "perhaps also it was an attempt to discourage the youth of today from Lu Xun's inconveniently fault-finding habits."


title: Lu Xun

text: During the Cultural Revolution, the Communist Party both hailed Lu Xun as one of the fathers of communism in China, yet ironically suppressed the very intellectual culture and style of writing that he represented. Some of his essays and writings are now part of the primary school and middle school compulsory curriculum in China.


title: Lu Xun

text: Lu completed volumes of translations, notably from Russian. He particularly admired Nikolai Gogol and made a translation of "Dead Souls". His own first story's title, "Diary of a Madman", was inspired by Gogol's story of the same name. As a left-wing writer, Lu played an important role in the development of modern Chinese literature. His books were and remain highly influential and popular today, both in China and internationally. Lu Xun's works appear in high school textbooks in both China and Japan. He is known to Japanese by the name Rojin (ロジン in Katakana or in Kanji).


title: Lu Xun

text: Because of his leftist political involvement and of the role his works played in the subsequent history of the People's Republic of China, Lu Xun's works were banned in Taiwan until the late 1980s. He was among the early supporters of the Esperanto movement in China.


title: Lu Xun

text: Lu Xun's importance to modern Chinese literature lies in the fact that he contributed significantly to nearly every modern literary medium during his lifetime. He wrote in a clear lucid style which was to influence many generations, in stories, prose poems and essays. Lu Xun's two short story collections, "Nahan" ("Call to Arms") and "Panghuang" ("Wandering"), are often acclaimed as classics of modern Chinese literature. Lu Xun's translations were important in a time when Western literature was seldom read, and his literary criticisms remain acute and persuasively argued.


title: Lu Xun

text: The work of Lu Xun has also received attention outside of China. In 1986, Fredric Jameson cited "Diary of a Madman" as the "supreme example" of the "national allegory" form that all Third World literature takes. Gloria Davies compares Lu Xun to Nietzsche, saying that both were "trapped in the construction of a modernity which is fundamentally problematic". According to Leonardo Vittorio Arena, Lu Xun cultivates an ambiguous standpoint towards Nietzsche, a mixture of attraction and repulsion, the latter because of Nietzsche's excesses in style and content.


title: Lu Xun

text: Lu Xun was a versatile writer. He wrote using both traditional Chinese conventions and 19th century European literary forms. His style has been described in equally broad terms, conveying both "sympathetic engagement" and "ironic detachment" at different moments. His essays are often very incisive in his societal commentary, and in his stories his mastery of the vernacular language and tone make some of his literary works (like "The True Story of Ah Q") hard to convey through translation. In them, he frequently treads a fine line between criticizing the follies of his characters and sympathizing with those very follies. Lu Xun was a master of irony and satire (as can be seen in "The True Story of Ah Q") and yet could also write impressively direct prose ("My Old Home", "A Little Incident").


title: Lu Xun

text: Lu Xun is typically regarded by Mao Zedong as the most influential Chinese writer who was associated with the May Fourth Movement. He produced harsh criticism of social problems in China, particularly in his analysis of the "Chinese national character". He was sometimes called a "champion of common humanity".


title: Lu Xun

text: Lu Xun felt that the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 had been a failure. In 1925 he opined, "I feel the so-called Republic of China has ceased to exist. I feel that, before the revolution, I was a slave, but shortly after the revolution, I have been cheated by slaves and have become their slave." He even recommended that his readers heed the critique of Chinese culture in "Chinese Characteristics" by the missionary writer Arthur Smith. His disillusionment with politics led him to conclude in 1927 that "revolutionary literature" alone could not bring about radical change. Rather, "revolutionary men" needed to lead a revolution using force. In the end, he experienced profound disappointment with the new Nationalist government, which he viewed as ineffective and even harmful to China.


title: Lu Xun

text: Lu Xun's works became known to English readers as early as 1926 with the publication in Shanghai of "The True Story of Ah Q", translated by George Kin Leung, and more widely beginning in 1936 with an anthology edited by Edgar Snow and Nym Wales "Living China, Modern Chinese Short Stories," in which Part One included seven of Lu Xun's stories and a short biography based on Snow's talks with Lu Xun. However, there was not a complete translation of the fiction until the four-volume set of his writings, which included "Selected Stories of Lu Hsun" translated by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang. Another full selection was William A. Lyell's "Diary of a Madman and Other Stories" (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990). In 2009, Penguin Classics published a complete translation by Julia Lovell of his fiction, "The Real Story of Ah-Q and Other Tales of China: The Complete Fiction of Lu Xun", which the scholar Jeffrey Wasserstrom said "could be considered the most significant Penguin Classic ever published."


title: Lu Xun

text: "The Lyrical Lu Xun: a Study of his Classical-style Verse"—a book by Jon Eugene von Kowallis (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996) – includes a complete introduction to Lu Xun's poetry in the classical style, with Chinese characters, literal and verse translations, and a biographical introduction which summarizes his life in relation to his poetry.


title: Lu Xun

text: "Capturing Chinese: Short Stories from Lu Xun's Nahan", edited by Kevin Nadolny, includes short summaries to Lu Xun's stories, the Chinese text in simplified characters, pinyin, and definitions for difficult vocabulary.


title: Lu Xun

text: (1923), translated as "Call to Arms" (Yang and Yang), "Cheering from the Sidelines" (Lyell) and "Outcry" (Lovell):


title: Lu Xun

text: (1926), translated as "Wandering" (Yang and Yang), "Wondering Where to Turn" (Lyell) and "Hesitation" (Lovell):


title: Chinese astrology

text: Chinese astrology is based on the traditional astronomy and calendars. Chinese astrology came to flourish during the Han Dynasty (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD).


title: Chinese astrology

text: Chinese astrology has a close relation with Chinese philosophy (theory of the three harmonies: heaven, earth, and human), and uses the principles of yin and yang and concepts that are not found in Western astrology, such as the "wuxing" (five phases), the ten Heavenly Stems, the twelve Earthly Branches, the lunisolar calendar (moon calendar and sun calendar), and the time calculation after year, month, day, and "shichen" (, double hour).


title: Chinese astrology

text: Chinese astrology was elaborated during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) and flourished during the Han dynasty (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD). During the Han period, the familiar elements of traditional Chinese culture—the yin-yang philosophy, the theory of the five elements, the concepts of heaven and earth, and Confucian morality—were brought together to formalize the philosophical principles of Chinese medicine and divination, astrology and alchemy.


title: Chinese astrology

text: According to Chinese astrology, a person's destiny can be determined by the position of the major planets at the person's birth along with the positions of the sun, moon, comets, the person's time of birth, and zodiac sign. The system of the twelve-year cycle of animal signs was built from observations of the orbit of Jupiter (the Year Star; ). Following the orbit of Jupiter around the sun, Chinese astronomers divided the celestial circle into 12 sections, and rounded it to 12 years (from 11.86). Jupiter is associated with the constellation "Sheti" (- Boötes) and is sometimes called Sheti.


title: Chinese astrology

text: A system of computing one's fate and destiny based on one's birthday, birth season, and birth hours, known as "zi wei dou shu" (), or Purple Star Astrology, is still used regularly in modern-day Chinese astrology to divine one's fortune. The 28 Chinese constellations, "Xiu" (), are quite different from Western constellations. For example, the Big Bear (Ursa Major) is known as "Dou" (); the belt of Orion is known as "Shen" (), or the "Happiness, Fortune, Longevity" trio of demigods. The seven northern constellations are referred to as "Xuan Wu" (). Xuan Wu is also known as the spirit of the northern sky or the spirit of Water in Taoism belief.


title: Chinese astrology

text: In addition to astrological readings of the heavenly bodies, the stars in the sky form the basis of many fairy tales. For example, the Summer Triangle is the trio of the cowherd (Altair), the weaving maiden fairy (Vega), and the "tai bai" fairy (Deneb). The two forbidden lovers were separated by the silvery river (the Milky Way). Each year on the seventh day of the seventh month in the Chinese calendar, the birds form a bridge across the Milky Way. The cowherd carries their two sons (the two stars on each side of Altair) across the bridge to reunite with their fairy mother. The tai bai fairy acts as the chaperone of these two immortal lovers.


title: Chinese astrology

text: Chinese astrology has a close relation with Chinese philosophy which the core values and concepts are originated from Taoism or "Tao".


title: Chinese astrology

text: The 60-year cycle consists of two separate cycles interacting with each other. The first is the cycle of ten heavenly stems, namely the five elements (in order Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water) in their yin and yang forms.


title: Chinese astrology

text: The second is the cycle of the twelve zodiac animal signs ( "shēngxiào") or Earthly Branches. They are in order as follows: the Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig. In Vietnam the Rabbit is replaced by the cat.


title: Chinese astrology

text: This combination creates the 60-year cycle due to the fewest years (least common multiple) it would take to get from "Yang Wood Rat" to its next iteration, which always starts with "Yang Wood Rat" and ends with "Yin Water Pig". Since the zodiac animal cycle of 12 is divisible by two, every zodiac sign can occur only as either yin or yang: the Dragon is always yang, the Snake is always yin, etc. The current cycle began in 1984 (as shown in "Table of the sixty-year calendar" below).


title: Chinese astrology

text: When trying to traverse the lunisolar calendar, an easy rule to follow is that years that end in an even number are yang, those that end with an odd number are yin. The cycle proceeds as follows:


title: Chinese astrology

text: However, since the (traditional) Chinese zodiac follows the (lunisolar) Chinese calendar, the switch-over date is the Chinese New Year, not January 1 as in the Gregorian calendar. Therefore, a person who was born in January or early February may have the sign of the previous year. For example, if a person was born in January 1970, his or her element would still be Yin Earth, not Yang Metal. Similarly, although 1990 was called the year of the Horse, anyone born from January 1 to January 26, 1990, was in fact born in the Year of the Snake (the sign of the previous year), because the 1990 Year of the Horse did not begin until January 27, 1990. For this reason, many online sign calculators (and Chinese restaurant place mats) may give a person the wrong sign if he/she was born in January or early February.


title: Chinese astrology

text: The following table shows the 60-year cycle matched up to the Western calendar for the years 1924–2043 (see sexagenary cycle article for years 1924–1983). This is only applied to Chinese Lunar calendar. The sexagenary cycle begins at lichun. Each of the Chinese lunar years are associated with a combination of the ten Heavenly Stems () and the twelve Earthly Branches () which make up the 60 Stem-Branches () in a sexagenary cycle.


title: Chinese astrology

text: Although it is usually translated as 'element' the Chinese word "xing" literally means something like 'changing states of being', 'permutations' or 'metamorphoses of being'. In fact, Sinologists cannot agree on one single translation. The Chinese conception of 'element' is therefore quite different from the Western one. The Western elements were seen as the basic building blocks of matter. The Chinese 'elements', by contrast, were seen as ever changing and translation of "xing" is simply 'the five changes'.


title: Chinese astrology

text: Generating: Wood makes Fire burn; Fire creates Earth; Earth bears Metal; Off of Metal runs the Water; Water makes Wood grow.


title: Chinese astrology

text: Fire melts Metal; Metal chops down Wood; Wood breaks the Earth; Earth soaks up Water and blocks its flow; Water controls Fire.


title: Vitamin K2

text: Vitamin K or menaquinone (MK) () is one of three types of vitamin K, the other two being vitamin K (phylloquinone) and K (menadione). K is both a tissue and bacterial product (derived from vitamin K in both cases) and is usually found in animal products or fermented foods.


title: Vitamin K2

text: The number "n" of isoprenyl units in their side chain differs and ranges from 4 to 13, hence Vitamin K consists of various forms. It is indicated as a suffix (-n), e. g. MK-7 or MK-9. The most common in the human diet is the short-chain, water-soluble menatetrenone (MK-4), which is usually produced by tissue and/or bacterial conversion of vitamin K, and is commonly found in animal products. It is known that production of MK-4 from dietary plant vitamin K can be accomplished by animal tissues alone, as it proceeds in germ-free rodents.


title: Vitamin K2

text: However, at least one published study concluded that "MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels. MK-7, however significantly increases serum MK-7 levels and therefore may be of particular importance for extrahepatic tissues."


title: Vitamin K2

text: Long-chain menaquinones (longer than MK-4) include MK-7, MK-8 and MK-9 and are more predominant in fermented foods such as natto. Longer-chain menaquinones (MK-10 to MK-13) are produced by anaerobic bacteria in the colon, but they are not well absorbed at this level and have little physiological impact.


title: Vitamin K2

text: When there are no isoprenyl side chain units, the remaining molecule is vitamin K. This can only be manufactured synthetically, and is used in animal feed. It was formerly given to premature infants, but due to inadvertent toxicity in the form of hemolytic anemia and jaundice, it is no longer used for this purpose.


title: Vitamin K2

text: Vitamin K, the main storage form in animals, has several subtypes, which differ in isoprenoid chain length. These vitamin K homologues are called menaquinones, and are characterized by the number of isoprenoid residues in their side chains. Menaquinones are abbreviated MK-"n, where M stands for menaquinone, the K stands for vitamin K, and the n" represents the number of isoprenoid side chain residues. For example, menaquinone-4 (abbreviated MK-4) has four isoprene residues in its side chain. Menaquinone-4 (also known as menatetrenone from its four isoprene residues) is the most common type of vitamin K in animal products since MK-4 is normally synthesized from vitamin K in certain animal tissues (arterial walls, pancreas, and testes) by replacement of the phytyl tail with an unsaturated geranylgeranyl tail containing four isoprene units, thus yielding menaquinone-4 which is Water Soluble in nature. This homolog of vitamin K may have enzyme functions distinct from those of vitamin K.


title: Vitamin K2

text: MK-7 and other long-chain menaquinones are different from MK-4 in that they are not produced by human tissue. MK-7 may be converted from phylloquinone (K) in the colon by "Escherichia coli" bacteria. However, these menaquinones synthesized by bacteria in the gut appear to contribute minimally to overall vitamin K status. MK-4 and MK-7 are both found in the United States in dietary supplements for bone health.


title: Vitamin K2

text: All K vitamins are similar in structure: they share a "quinone" ring, but differ in the length and degree of saturation of the carbon tail and the number of repeating isoprene units in the "side chain". The number of repeating units is indicated in the name of the particular menaquinone (e.g., MK-4 means that four isoprene units are repeated in the carbon tail). The chain length influences lipid solubility and thus transport to different target tissues.


title: Vitamin K2

text: The mechanism of action of vitamin K is similar to vitamin K. K vitamins were first recognized as a factor required for coagulation, but the functions performed by this vitamin group were revealed to be much more complex. K vitamins play an essential role as cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which is involved in vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of the gla domain in "Gla proteins" (i.e., in conversion of peptide-bound glutamic acid (Glu) to γ-carboxy glutamic acid (Gla) in these proteins).


title: Vitamin K2

text: Carboxylation of these vitamin K-dependent Gla-proteins, besides being essential for the function of the protein, is also an important vitamin recovery mechanism since it serves as a recycling pathway to recover vitamin K from its epoxide metabolite (KO) for reuse in carboxylation.


title: Vitamin K2

text: Several human Gla-containing proteins synthesized in several different types of tissues have been discovered:


title: Vitamin K2

text: MK-4 or MK-7 has a protective effect on bone mineral density and reduced risk of hip, vertebral and non-vertebral fractures. These effects appear to be accentuated when combined with vitamin D and in the setting of osteoporosis.


title: Vitamin K2

text: With regard to utilisation, reports suggest that Vitamin K is preferred by the extrahepatic tissues (bone, cartilage, vasculature), which may be produced as MK-4 by the animal from K, or it may be of bacterial origin (from MK-7, MK-9, and other MKs).


title: Vitamin K2

text: Vitamin K is absorbed along with dietary fat from the small intestine and transported by chylomicrons in the circulation. Most of vitamin K is carried by triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRL) and rapidly cleared by the liver; only a small amount is released into the circulation and carried by LDL and HDL. MK-4 is carried by the same lipoproteins (TRL, LDL, and HDL) and cleared fast as well. The long-chain menaquinones are absorbed in the same way as vitamin K and MK-4, but are efficiently redistributed by the liver in predominantly LDL (VLDL). Since LDL has a long half life in the circulation, these menaquinones can circulate for extended times resulting in higher bioavailability for extra-hepatic tissues as compared to vitamin K and MK-4. Accumulation of vitamin K in extra-hepatic tissues has direct relevance to vitamin K functions not related to hemostasis.


title: Vitamin K2

text: The European Food Safety Authority (EU) and the US Institute of Medicine, on reviewing existing evidence, have decided there is insufficient evidence to publish a dietary reference value for vitamin K or for K. They have, however, published an adequate intake (AI) for vitamin K, but no value specifically for K.


title: Vitamin K2

text: Parts of the scientific literature, dating back to 1998, suggest that the AI values are based only on the hepatic requirements (i.e. related to the liver). This hypothesis is supported by the fact that Thus, complete activation of coagulation factors is satisfied, but there does not seem to be enough vitamin K for the carboxylation of osteocalcin in bone and MGP in the vascular system.


title: Vitamin K2

text: There is no known toxicity associated with high doses of menaquinones (vitamin K). Unlike the other fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin K is not stored in any significant quantity in the liver. All data available demonstrate that vitamin K has no adverse effects in healthy subjects. The recommendations for the daily intake of vitamin K, as issued recently by the US Institute of Medicine, also acknowledge the wide safety margin of vitamin K: "a search of the literature revealed no evidence of toxicity associated with the intake of either K or K". Animal models involving rats, if generalisable to humans, show that MK-7 is well tolerated.


title: Vitamin K2

text: Apart from animal livers, the richest dietary source of menaquinones are fermented foods (from bacteria, not molds or yeasts); sources include cheeses consumed in Western diets (e.g., containing MK-8 and MK-9) and fermented soybean products (e.g., in traditional "nattō" consumed in Japan, containing MK-7). (Here and following it is noteworthy that most food assays measure only fully unsaturated menaquinones.)


title: Vitamin K2

text: MK-4 is synthesized by animal tissues and is found in meat, eggs, and dairy products. Cheeses have been found to contain MK-8 at 10–20 μg per 100 g and MK-9 at 35–55 μg per 100 g. In one report, no substantial differences in MK-4 levels were observed between wild game, free-range animals, and factory farm animals.


title: Vitamin K2

text: In addition to its animal origins, menaquinones are synthesized by bacteria during fermentation and so, as stated, are found in most fermented cheese and soybean products. As of 2001, the richest known source of natural K was nattō fermented using the nattō strain of "Bacillus subtilis", which is reportedly a good source of long-chain MK-7. In nattō, MK-4 is absent as a form of vitamin K, and in cheeses it is present among the vitamins K only in low proportions. As of this date, it is unknown whether "B. subtilis" will produce K using other legumes (e.g., chickpeas, or lentils).


title: Vitamin K2

text: Food frequency questionnaire-derived estimates of relative intakes of Vitamins K in one northern European country suggest that for that population, about 90% of total vitamin K intakes are provided by K, about 7.5% by MK-5 through MK-9 and about 2.5% by MK-4; the intense smell and strong taste of nattō appear to make this soya food a less attractive source of K for Western tastes.


title: Vitamin K2

text: Supplement companies sell nattō extract reportedly standardized with regards to K content, in capsule form.


title: Vitamin K2

text: Recent studies found a clear association between long-term oral (or intravenous) anticoagulant treatment (OAC) and reduced bone quality due to reduction of active osteocalcin. OAC might lead to an increased incidence of fractures, reduced bone mineral density or content, osteopenia, and increased serum levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin.


title: Vitamin K2

text: Furthermore, OAC is often linked to undesired soft-tissue calcification in both children and adults. This process has been shown to be dependent upon the action of K vitamins. Vitamin K deficiency results in undercarboxylation of MGP. Also in humans on OAC treatment, two-fold more arterial calcification was found as compared to patients not receiving vitamin K antagonists. Among consequences of anticoagulant treatment: increased aortic wall stiffness, coronary insufficiency, ischemia, and even heart failure. Arterial calcification might also contribute to systolic hypertension and ventricular hypertrophy. Anticoagulant therapy is usually instituted to avoid life-threatening diseases, and high vitamin K intake interferes with anticoagulant effects. Patients on warfarin (Coumadin) or being treated with other vitamin K antagonists are therefore advised not to consume diets rich in K vitamins.


title: Vitamin K2

text: Many bacteria synthesize menaquinones from chorismic acid. They use it as a part of the electron transport chain, playing a similar role as other quinones such as ubiquinone. Oxygen, heme, and menaquinones are needed for many species of lactic acid bacteria to conduct respiration.


title: Thea Sofie Loch Næss

text: She started acting at the age of eight. She played a leading role in Eirik Svensson’s coming-of-age film 'One Night in Oslo' in 2013, which premiered in April 2014. In 2014 Næss was studying drama at the Hartvig Nissens school in Oslo. She played the role of Thea in "Dryads" in 2015. She played the role of the king's daughter Christina of Norway in "The Last King" which premiered in 2016. In 2016 she was cast in a pilot for a new HBO series ("Mogadishu, Minnesota") that ultimately wasn't picked up. In 2018 she took the role of villain Skade in the third series of "The Last Kingdom" on Netflix, and played Bergliot in Episode Six of "Saving the Human Race" on CW Seed.


title: Will Fuller

text: William Vincent Fuller V (born April 16, 1994) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He was drafted by the Houston Texans in the first round of the 2016 NFL Draft. He played college football at Notre Dame.


title: Will Fuller

text: One of five siblings (he has four sisters), Fuller attended Roman Catholic High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he played high school football for the Cahillites. As a senior in 2012, he was named the MVP of the Philadelphia Catholic League 4A.


title: Will Fuller

text: Considered a four-star recruit by "Rivals.com", he was rated as the 19th best wide receiver prospect of his class. He originally committed to play college football at Penn State on June 3, 2012, after receiving a scholarship offer while on a visit at the school. However, Fuller would go on to switch his commitment to Notre Dame on August 5, 2012.


title: Will Fuller

text: Fuller played sparingly as a freshman at Notre Dame, catching only six passes. He scored his first touchdown on a 47-yard pass from Tommy Rees against Air Force on October 26, 2013. He recorded 160 receiving yards in that game, averaging 26.6 yards per catch, which led the team.


title: Will Fuller

text: Fuller emerged as a starter his sophomore year following an impressive off-season, following that up by having a breakout season for the Irish. He recorded 76 receptions for 1,094 yards with 15 touchdowns, tying Golden Tate for the school single season record. His 15 touchdowns were tied for 3rd in FBS, behind Colorado State's Rashard Higgins and Alabama's Amari Cooper. In a game against Northwestern, he caught nine passes for 159 yards and three touchdowns, all career highs. He was recognized as an honorable mention All-American by "Sports Illustrated" following the season.


title: Will Fuller

text: Fuller started off his junior season with two touchdowns on seven receptions for 142 yards against Texas. The following week against the Virginia Cavaliers, Fuller caught five passes for 124 yards and two touchdowns, including the game-winning touchdown pass with 12 seconds left from DeShone Kizer. He had six receptions for 131 yards and a touchdown against Georgia Tech in Notre Dame's third game of the season, a 30–22 victory. Against USC, he recorded 3 receptions for 131 yards, including a 75-yard touchdown to beat USC, 41–31. At Pitt, Fuller caught seven passes for 152 yards and three touchdowns leading to 42–30 victory. His three touchdowns allowed him to surpass both Golden Tate and Jeff Samardzija on the career touchdown list with 28, leaving him only second behind Michael Floyd's 37. Fuller caught six passes for 113 yards, including an 81-yard touchdown, in a losing effort against Ohio State in the Fiesta Bowl. Fuller finished the season with 62 catches and a career-high 1,258 yards with 14 touchdowns. He was named a second-team All-American by the Associated Press.


title: Will Fuller

text: On January 3, 2016, Fuller announced he would forgo his senior year and enter the 2016 NFL Draft. He finished his Notre Dame career with 144 receptions for 2,512 yards (17.4 avg) and 30 touchdowns.


title: Will Fuller

text: At the 2016 NFL Scouting Combine, Fuller ran the 40-yard dash in an official time of 4.32 seconds, which was the best time among wide receivers.


title: Will Fuller

text: Fuller was drafted by the Houston Texans in the first round with the 21st overall pick in the 2016 NFL Draft. He was the second wide receiver taken in the 2016 NFL Draft, only behind Baylor's Corey Coleman, who went to the Cleveland Browns with the 15th overall pick.


title: Will Fuller

text: In his first NFL game against the Chicago Bears on September 11, 2016, Fuller had five receptions (on 11 targets from quarterback Brock Osweiler) for 107 yards and a touchdown as the Texans won by a score of 23–14. In the next game against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had 104 receiving yards on four receptions, including a juggled catch for 53 yards. The Texans won by a score of 19–12. Two weeks later, Fuller returned a punt 67 yards for a touchdown against the Tennessee Titans. In doing so, he became the first player in franchise history to record a punt return touchdown and a receiving touchdown in the same game (as he had a touchdown reception earlier in the game). The Texans won 27–20.


title: Will Fuller

text: On January 7, 2017, Fuller made his postseason debut against the Oakland Raiders in the . He had four receptions for 37 yards in a 27–14 victory. His postseason would end the following week in the against the eventual Super Bowl LI Champion New England Patriots. In the 34–16 road loss, Fuller had three receptions for 16 yards.


title: Will Fuller

text: In his rookie season, Fuller had 47 receptions for 635 yards, 196 return yards, two receiving touchdowns, and a return touchdown in 14 games and 13 starts.


title: Will Fuller

text: On August 2, 2017, during training camp, Fuller suffered a broken collarbone and was expected to be out 2–3 months. On September 27, 2017, Fuller was upgraded to full participation in the Texans' practice.


title: Will Fuller

text: He made his season debut for the Texans in a 57–14 win against the Tennessee Titans in Week 4, catching four passes for 35 yards and two touchdowns along with a four-yard rush. In the next game against the Kansas City Chiefs, Fuller caught two passes for 57 yards and a touchdown and rushed for five yards in the 43–24 loss. The following week, he caught two passes for 62 yards and a touchdown as the Texans defeated the Cleveland Browns by a score of 33–17. After a Week 7 bye, the Texans went on the road to face the Seattle Seahawks. In that game, Fuller caught five passes for 125 yards and two touchdowns as the Texans lost 41–38.


title: Will Fuller

text: Fuller finished the 2017 season with 28 receptions for 423 yards, 135 return yards, and seven receiving touchdowns in 10 games (all starts).


title: Will Fuller

text: Fuller missed the season opener at the New England Patriots with a hamstring injury, which the Texans lost 27–20. He made his season debut in Week 2 against the Tennessee Titans as the second receiver on the Texans' depth chart. He had eight receptions for 113 yards and a touchdown in the 20–17 road loss. In the following game, a 27–22 loss to the New York Giants, Fuller had another solid outing with five receptions for 101 receiving yards and a touchdown. During Week 4, he notched his third consecutive game with a touchdown in a 37–34 overtime victory over the Indianapolis Colts. During a Week 8 42–23 home victory against the Miami Dolphins, Fuller tore his ACL, prematurely ending his season. In seven games and starts, he finished the season with 32 receptions for 503 yards and four touchdowns. Without Fuller, the Texans finished atop the AFC South with an 11–5 record and lost to the Colts in the by a score of 21–7.


title: Will Fuller

text: Fuller returned from his injury in time for the Texans' season opener on the road against the New Orleans Saints. He recorded two receptions for 69 yards in the 30–28 loss. During a 53–32 victory against the Atlanta Falcons in Week 5, Fuller finished with 217 receiving yards, marking the first time in his NFL career with 200+ yards in a game. During Week 12 against the Indianapolis Colts, he racked up 140 yards on seven receptions in the 20–17 victory.


title: Will Fuller

text: Fuller finished the 2019 season with 49 receptions for 670 yards and three touchdowns in 11 games and starts. The Texans finished atop the AFC South with a 10–6 record and were the #4 seed in the playoffs. In the against the Kansas City Chiefs, Fuller caught five passes for 89 yards as the Texans lost on the road by a score of 51–31 despite having a 24–0 lead in the second quarter.


title: Will Fuller

text: In the offseason, Fuller's teammate DeAndre Hopkins was traded to the Arizona Cardinals, making Fuller the Texans' number-one wide receiver. In Week 1 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Fuller recorded eight receptions for 112 yards in the 34–20 loss. In Week 4 against the Minnesota Vikings, Fuller caught six passes for 108 yards and a touchdown during the 31–23 loss. Late in the fourth quarter on a fourth down play, Fuller appeared to catch a touchdown pass to potentially tie the game that was reversed upon further review. In Week 6, against the Tennessee Titans, he had six receptions for 123 receiving yards and a touchdown in the 42–36 overtime loss. In Week 9 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Fuller caught 5 passes for 100 yards, including a 77 yard touchdown, during the 27–25 win. In Week 12 against the Detroit Lions, Fuller caught six passes for 171 yards and two touchdowns in a 41–25 victory. On November 30, Fuller was suspended six games for violating the league's policy on performance-enhancing drugs. He missed the last five games of the 2020 season and missed the first game of the 2021 NFL season. In 11 games, Fuller finished the season with 53 catches for 879 yards and eight touchdowns, which were all career highs.


title: Will Fuller

text: On March 20, 2021, Fuller signed a one-year contract with the Miami Dolphins. He suffered a broken thumb in Week 4 and was placed on injured reserve on October 6, 2021.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: Aeroméxico Flight 498 was a scheduled commercial flight from Mexico City, Mexico to Los Angeles, California, United States, with several intermediate stops. On Sunday, August 31, 1986, the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 operating the flight was clipped in the tail section by N4891F, a Piper PA-28-181 Cherokee owned by the Kramer family, and crashed into the Los Angeles suburb of Cerritos, killing all 64 on the DC-9, all three on the Piper and an additional 15 on the ground. Eight on the ground also sustained minor injuries. Blame was assessed equally on the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the pilot of the Cherokee. No fault was found with the DC-9 or the actions of its crew.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: The larger aircraft involved, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 with tail number XA-JED named "Hermosillo", was delivered in April 1969 to Delta Air Lines as N1277L before entering into service with Aeroméxico in November 1979. It was flying from Mexico City to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), with intermediate stops in Guadalajara, Loreto and Tijuana.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: N4891F was a privately operated Piper PA-28-181 Archer owned by the Kramer family, which was flying from Torrance to Big Bear City, California. The Piper aircraft was piloted by William Kramer, 53. His wife Kathleen, 51, and daughter Caroline, 26, were also aboard. Their plane had departed Torrance at approximately Kramer had 231 flight hours of experience and had moved to Southern California within the last year from Spokane, Washington.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: The cockpit crew of Flight 498 consisted of Captain Arturo Valdes Prom (46) and First Officer Jose Hector Valencia (26). The captain had 4,632 hours of flying experience in the DC-9 and a total of 10,641 flight hours. The first officer had flown 1,463 hours, of which 1,245 hours had been accumulated in the DC-9.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: On Sunday, August 31, 1986, at approximately 11:46 a.m. PDT, Flight 498 began its descent into Los Angeles with 58 passengers and six crew members on board. At 11:52 a.m., the Piper's engine collided with the left horizontal stabilizer of the DC-9, shearing off the top of the Piper's cockpit and decapitating Kramer and both of his passengers. The heavily damaged Piper fell onto an empty playground at


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: The DC-9, with all of its horizontal stabilizer and most of its vertical stabilizer separated, inverted and immediately entered a dive. It slammed into a residential neighborhood at Holmes Avenue and Reva Circle in Cerritos, crashing into the backyard of a house at 13426 Ashworth Place, where it exploded on impact. The explosion scattered the DC-9's wreckage across Holmes Avenue and onto Carmenita Road, destroying four other houses and damaging seven more. All 64 passengers and crew on board the DC-9 and 15 people on the ground were killed, and a fire added to the damage.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: Thirty-six of the passengers were citizens of the United States. Of the 20 Mexican citizens, 11 lived in the U.S. and nine lived in Mexico. One Salvadoran citizen lived in Islip, New York. Ten of the passengers were children.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation found that the Piper had entered the Los Angeles Terminal Control Area (TCA) airspace without the required clearance. The TCA included a triangular slab of airspace from of altitude, reaching south to across the Piper's intended flight path. The Piper could legally fly beneath this airspace without contacting air traffic control (ATC), but instead climbed into the TCA. The ATC had been distracted by another unauthorized private flight, a Grumman AA-5B Tiger, entering the TCA directly north of the airfield, which also did not have clearance.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: The Piper was not equipped with a Mode C transponder, nor was one required, which would have indicated its altitude, and LAX was not equipped with automatic warning systems. Neither pilot appeared to have attempted any evasive maneuvers because neither pilot sighted the other aircraft, although they were in visual range. When an autopsy revealed significant arterial blockage in Kramer's heart, public speculation arose suggesting that he had experienced a heart attack that incapacitated him and led to the collision, but further forensic evidence discounted the theory and Kramer's error was determined to be the main contributing factor to the collision.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: As a result of this accident and other near midair collisions in terminal control areas, the FAA required that all jets in U.S. airspace be equipped with a traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) and required that light aircraft operating in dense airspaces be equipped with Mode C transponders, which can report their altitude.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: A jury ruled that the DC-9 bore no fault, instead deciding that Kramer and the FAA each acted equally negligently and bore equal responsibility. Federal Air Regulations 14 CFR 91.113 (b) require pilots of all aircraft to maintain vigilance to "see and avoid" other aircraft that might be on conflicting flight paths.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit applied the Supreme Court of California's ruling in "Thing v. La Chusa" to extend recovery for negligent infliction of emotional distress to Theresa Estrada, whose husband and two of four children were killed in the crash on the ground. In the television documentary "Mayday", Estrada reported that she saw the explosion from a distance; "Thing" requires that the person be at the scene and aware of the injury being caused to the victim. She arrived minutes later with her home consumed by fire and surrounded by burning homes, cars and aircraft debris. In a separate trial on damages, the Estrada family was awarded a total of $868,263 in economic damages and $4.7 million in noneconomic damages, including $1 million for the negligent infliction of emotional distress.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: Flight number 498 was put back into service as a flight from Mexico City International Airport to McCarran International Airport via Monterrey International Airport, using an Embraer 190 operated by Aeroméxico's subsidiary Aeroméxico Connect. As of February 2018, flight number 498 is no longer used. Aeroméxico still continues fly to Los Angeles, but now today as Flight 646, using a Boeing 737 Next Generation or Boeing 787 Dreamliner.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: The Discovery Channel Canada/National Geographic television series "Mayday" featured the accident in a Season 4 episode titled "Out of Sight". The accident was featured again during Season 8 in a compilation episode titled "System Breakdown".


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: A similar accident is depicted in the "Breaking Bad" episode "ABQ". The show's main character has the same name as the air-traffic controller in the real-life accident, Walter White.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: It is featured in season 1, episode 5, of the TV show "Why Planes Crash", in an episode called "Collision Course".


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: In August 2022, KNBC produced "The Nightmare of Flight 498", led by reporter Hetty Chang, who had been a 7-year-old child residing in the neighborhood where the DC-9 crashed and a student at the school where the Piper Cherokee crashed. Interspersed with news reports from the crash, Chang interviewed her parents, neighbors (including one who resided at 13426 Ashworth Place where the DC-9 exploded), and first responders about their recollections of the crash.


title: Aeroméxico Flight 498

text: On March 11, 2006, the city of Cerritos dedicated a new sculpture garden featuring a memorial to the victims of the accident. The sculpture, designed by Kathleen Caricof, consists of three pieces. One piece resembling a wing commemorates the victims aboard the Aeroméxico jet and the Piper. A similar but smaller and darker wing commemorates the victims who were killed on the ground. Each wing rests on a pedestal that lists victims in alphabetical order. A bench for reflection is situated in front of the two wings.


title: Methylcobalamin

text: Methylcobalamin (mecobalamin, MeCbl, or MeB) is a cobalamin, a form of vitamin B. It differs from cyanocobalamin in that the cyano group at the cobalt is replaced with a methyl group. Methylcobalamin features an octahedral cobalt(III) centre and can be obtained as bright red crystals. From the perspective of coordination chemistry, methylcobalamin is notable as a rare example of a compound that contains metal–alkyl bonds. Nickel–methyl intermediates have been proposed for the final step of methanogenesis.


title: Methylcobalamin

text: Methylcobalamin is equivalent physiologically to vitamin B, and can be used to prevent or treat pathology arising from a lack of vitamin B intake (vitamin B deficiency).


title: Methylcobalamin

text: Methylcobalamin is also used in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and as a preliminary treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.


title: Methylcobalamin

text: Methylcobalamin that is ingested is not used directly as a cofactor, but is first converted by MMACHC into cob(II)alamin. Cob(II)alamin is then later converted into the other two forms, adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin for use as cofactors. That is, methylcobalamin is first dealkylated and then regenerated.


title: Methylcobalamin

text: According to one author, it is important to treat vitamin B deficiency with hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin or a combination of adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin, and not methylcobalamin alone.


title: Methylcobalamin

text: Methylcobalamin can be produced in the laboratory by reducing cyanocobalamin with sodium borohydride in alkaline solution, followed by the addition of methyl iodide.


title: Methylcobalamin

text: This vitamer, along with adenosylcobalamin, is one of two active coenzymes used by vitamin B-dependent enzymes and is the specific vitamin B form used by 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), also known as methionine synthase.


title: Methylcobalamin

text: Methylcobalamin participates in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, which is a pathway by which some organisms utilize carbon dioxide as their source of organic compounds. In this pathway, methylcobalamin provides the methyl group that couples to carbon monoxide (derived from CO) to afford acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is a derivative of acetic acid that is converted to more complex molecules as required by the organism.


title: Methylcobalamin

text: Methylcobalamin is produced by some bacteria. It plays an important role in the environment. In the environment, it is responsible for the biomethylation of certain heavy metals. For example, the highly toxic methylmercury is produced by the action of methylcobalamin. In this role, methylcobalamin serves as a source of "CH".


title: Methylcobalamin

text: A lack of cobalamin can lead to megaloblastic anemia and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.


title: Don Winslow

text: Don Winslow (born October 31, 1953) is an American retired author best known for his award-winning and internationally bestselling crime novels, including "Savages", "The Force" and the Cartel Trilogy.


title: Don Winslow

text: Winslow was born on October 31, 1953, in New York City. He grew up in Perryville, a beach town near the village of Matunuck, Rhode Island. He credits his parents for preparing him to become a writer: his mother was a librarian and his father was a non-commissioned officer in the United States Navy who told stories and invited Navy friends around who told more. They inspired Winslow to become a storyteller himself. He majored in African history at the University of Nebraska. While in college, he traveled to southern Africa, sparking a lifelong involvement with that continent.


title: Don Winslow

text: Winslow's travels took him to California, Idaho and Montana before he moved to New York City to become a writer, making his living as a movie theater manager and later a private investigator in Times Square – ‘before Mickey Mouse took it over’. He left to get a master's degree in military history and intended to go into the Foreign Service but instead joined a friend's photographic safari firm in Kenya. He led trips there as well as hiking expeditions in southwestern China, and later directed Shakespeare productions during summers in Oxford, England.


title: Don Winslow

text: While traveling between Asia, Africa, Europe and America, Winslow wrote his first novel, "A Cool Breeze On The Underground", which was nominated for an Edgar Award and a Shamus Award for Best First Novel. With a wife and young son, Winslow went back to investigative work, mostly in California, where he and his family lived in hotels for almost three years as he worked cases and became a trial consultant.


title: Don Winslow

text: Winslow's second book, "The Trail to Buddha’s Mirror", continued the Neal Carey saga. He followed that up with three more Neal Carey novels, "Way Down on the High Lonely", for which he was a Dilys Award finalist, "A Long Walk Up the Water Slide", and "While Drowning in the Desert".


title: Don Winslow

text: For his next novel, Winslow broke from the Neal Carey character to write the standalone "Isle of Joy", about an ex-CIA agent who is pulled back into the world of espionage, this time as the target of his former agency and the FBI.


title: Don Winslow

text: A film and publishing deal for his novel "The Death and Life of Bobby Z", also a Barry Award finalist, for Best Novel, allowed Winslow to become a full-time writer and settle in his beloved California, the setting for many of his books.


title: Don Winslow

text: Branching into television, Winslow, with his friend and agent Shane Salerno, co-created the NBC television series "". The series ran one season and aired 13 episodes.


title: Don Winslow

text: Winslow then published the Shamus Award finalist "California Fire and Life", and "Looking for a Hero".


title: Don Winslow

text: In 2005, Winslow published what would become the first book in his epic “Cartel Trilogy,” "The Power of the Dog", about obsessive DEA Agent Art Keller's quest to take down an El Chapo-esque Sinaloan cartel. The book earned rave reviews around the world and was a finalist for the Barry, Macavity, Hammett, and Dilys awards.


title: Don Winslow

text: Winslow then wrote "The Winter of Frankie Machine", which garnered interest all over Hollywood and was eventually bought by Paramount Pictures for Robert De Niro to star in and Martin Scorsese to direct. During the development phase, screenwriter Eric Roth gave De Niro a book to read as research for the role. De Niro became so enthralled with that book – "I Heard You Paint Houses" – that he and Scorsese ended up adapting it into "The Irishman". Winslow took it all in stride, even penning a humorous article on Deadline Hollywood jokingly titled “I Blame Eric Roth.”


title: Don Winslow

text: Winslow followed "Frankie Machine" with the first of his two Boone Daniels books, "Dawn Patrol". Winslow was yet again a finalist for the Barry and Dilys Awards.


title: Don Winslow

text: In 2010, Winslow published "Savages", which was voted a top-10 book of the year by "The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Entertainment Weekly, The Chicago Sun Times," and author Stephen King, and was a Barry, Dilys, and Steel Dagger Award finalist. The rights were quickly scooped up by award-winning filmmaker Oliver Stone. Winslow and Shane Salerno adapted the screenplay, and the film went on to star Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Taylor Kitsch, Blake Lively, Benecio Del Toro, Salma Hayek, and John Travolta.


title: Don Winslow

text: After "Savages", Winslow returned to the world of ultra-California cool cop-turned-PI Boone Daniels in "The Gentlemen’s Hour". The book was a 2010 finalist for the Gold Dagger Award.


title: Don Winslow

text: In 2011, Winslow wrote another standalone, "Satori", a prequel to Trevanian’s 1979 novel "Shibumi". Winslow again earned rave reviews from critics and colleagues alike. "Satori" was purchased by Warner Brothers and Leonardo DiCaprio’s Appian Way for DiCaprio to produce and star.


title: Don Winslow

text: The following year, Winslow returned to the world of "Savages", writing the prequel "The Kings of Cool". Yet again, his book was a Gold Dagger finalist for Best Crime Novel of the Year.


title: Don Winslow

text: 2012 also saw Winslow given the prestigious Raymond Chandler Award, Italy's top lifetime achievement honor for masters of the thriller and noir literary genre. Past recipients have included Stephen King, John Le Carré, John Grisham, and Elmore Leonard.


title: Don Winslow

text: In 2015, Winslow published the second book in his Cartel Trilogy, "The Cartel". The book was an international success, earning starred reviews from "Publishers Weekly", "Booklist", and "Library Journal", landing on Best Books of the Year lists for over sixty publications, including "The New York Times", "The Washington Post, The Seattle Times, Publishers Weekly, The Guardian, The Sunday Times, The Daily Mail," and many others. Fellow novelists Stephen King, Michael Connelly, James Ellroy, and Harlan Coben also raved about "The Cartel", naming it one of Winslow's best. The book went on to win the Ian Fleming Steel Dagger Award, the RBA International Prize for Crime Writing, and "Los Angeles Times" Book Prize.


title: Don Winslow

text: For his follow up the smash hit "The Cartel", Winslow wrote another standalone, "The Force", tackling corruption in the deepest recesses of the NYPD. "The Force" was another smashing success and named one of the Best Books of the Year by "The New York Times", NPR, Barnes & Noble, "Publishers Weekly", "The Financial Times", "The Daily Mail", Booklist, and LitHub. In a seven-figure deal, Fox purchased the film rights for James Mangold to direct Matt Damon in a script adapted by award-winning screenwriter Scott Frank.


title: Don Winslow

text: In 2019, Winslow published the third and final installment of his epic Cartel Trilogy, "The Border." Critics raved about the conclusion to the sprawling saga and it was named one of the Best Books of the Year by "The Washington Post, NPR, The Guardian, The Financial Times, The New York Post, The Dallas Morning News," "The Irish Times," Booklist, and many others. The film rights to the trilogy had originally been purchased by 20th Century Fox but in 2019, due to the sprawling nature of the story and world therein, FX Networks acquired the rights from their sister studio to turn the novels into a TV series. Filming on the pilot is set to being in late-2022.


title: Don Winslow

text: After concluding his Cartel Trilogy, Winslow published "Broken", a collection of six short novellas all centered around the themes of crime, corruption, vengeance, justice, loss, and betrayal. "Broken" also earned starred reviews from "Publishers Weekly" and "Kirkus Reviews".


title: Don Winslow

text: Winslow's next novel, "City on Fire", is the first book in a planned trilogy about the feuding Moretti and Murphy crime families in Providence, Rhode Island, in the 1980s and 1990s. The novel received critical acclaim and its screen rights were acquired by Sony to be adapted into a television series.


title: Don Winslow

text: In addition to his novels, Winslow has published numerous short stories in anthologies and magazines such as "Esquire", "The" "Los Angeles Times Magazine" and "Playboy". His columns have appeared in the "Vanity Fair", "Vulture, Huffington Post", CNN Online, and other outlets.


title: Don Winslow

text: In April 2022, Winslow announced his retirement from writing, in order to focus on his political video-making and activism. His "City on Fire" sequels will be his final books.


title: Don Winslow

text: During the 2020 presidential election, Winslow became politically active online, using his own money to champion liberal causes and criticize Donald Trump and his agenda. Winslow and Shane Salerno began creating political videos critical of the Trump administration for social media. On October 13, 2020, Don Winslow Films released a video critical of Trump prior to his campaign event in Pennsylvania. The video features Bruce Springsteen's song "Streets of Philadelphia" and has been viewed almost 10 million times. As of January 4, 2021, Winslow's videos had garnered over 135 million views. As of April 2022, the total view count was over 250 million.


title: Don Winslow

text: A libel lawsuit was filed against Winslow on the basis of comments Winslow made in 2020 about an Irwin County Detention Center contractor, who Winslow had claimed performed illegal hysterectomies purportedly done at the direction of Donald Trump. In 2022 a district court ruled that the libel claims could go forward.


title: Don Winslow

text: Winslow said he writes from 5:30 a.m. to 10 a.m. and then hikes six or seven miles before returning to work. He typically works on two books at a time, moving to the other when work on the first stalls. He said the longest he has gone without writing after a book is completed was five days. He has described writing as "an addiction".


title: Don Winslow

text: The time it takes him to write a book varies. "The Death and Life of Bobby Z" was written on the train between Dana Point, California and Los Angeles, one chapter per trip. "The Power of the Dog" took six years to research and write, including a trip to Mexico to interview people with similar experiences as the book's characters.


title: Don Winslow

text: Winslow's career as an investigator often took him to California to look into arson cases, as his storytelling skills helped explain cases to juries. In the mid-1990s, he moved to California with his wife, Jean, and their infant son, Thomas, and continued writing. They currently split their time between Julian, California, and Rhode Island.


title: Don Winslow

text: Winslow won the 2012 Raymond Chandler Award at the Courmayeur Noir Festival. Previous winners include John le Carré, John Grisham and Michael Connelly.


title: Steve Whitmire

text: Steven Lawrence Whitmire (born September 24, 1959) is an American puppeteer, known primarily for his work on "The Muppets" and "Sesame Street". Beginning his involvement with the Muppets in 1978, Whitmire inherited the roles of Ernie and Kermit the Frog after Jim Henson's death in 1990; he performed the characters until 2014 and 2016, respectively. As part of the Muppet cast, he has appeared in multiple feature films and television series, performing a variety of characters on "The Muppet Show", "Sesame Street", and "Fraggle Rock" and during such occupations has been employed by The Jim Henson Company, Sesame Workshop, and The Muppets Studio.


title: Steve Whitmire

text: Whitmire first appeared (unpaid) at a pre-show event at Six Flags Over Georgia. He performed with his then alter-ego puppet Otis for the children waiting to see a multimedia show.


title: Steve Whitmire

text: Before graduating high school, Whitmire had his first "professional" puppeteering job using Otis at "The World of Sid & Marty Krofft" in Atlanta, the first indoor theme park. From there Whitmire appeared on local Atlanta TV live for 2 1/2 hours every day on "The Kids Show with Otis" taking telephone calls from children and adults. The show received more than 2000 calls per hour. WATL was owned at that time by former Atlanta children's television host "Officer Don" Kennedy. Otis made appearances on various WATL 36 shows with Atlanta's Ludlow Porch, performing with the Georgia Bulldogs' Larry Munson, Don Kennedy, and Entertainment Page host Artie Goodman. As Otis, Whitmire interviewed Olivia Newton-John during a tour promoting an album.


title: Steve Whitmire

text: He worked with puppets after graduating high school, and eventually got a job working on "The Muppet Show" in 1978. Since then, Whitmire performed in almost every major Henson company project, including non-Muppet projects such as "The Dark Crystal", "Labyrinth", and "Dinosaurs".


title: Steve Whitmire

text: Whitmire was the second performer of two signature Muppets—Kermit the Frog and Ernie—after the death of their creator and original performer Jim Henson (with whom he shared a birthday) in 1990. Whitmire was personally asked by Brian Henson and Jane Henson to be Kermit's performer a few weeks after Jim Henson's death. Heather Henson arranged for a Kermit puppet to be sent to Whitmire's residence; however, Whitmire hid the puppet away for weeks before deciding on taking on the role. Following the death of Richard Hunt and the retirement of Jerry Nelson, Whitmire took over the roles of Beaker and Statler, respectively. In 2014, Billy Barkhurst took over the role of Ernie, with Peter Linz taking over that role in 2017.


title: Steve Whitmire

text: Muppet characters original to Whitmire include Rizzo the Rat, Lips (the trumpet player from Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem), Foo-Foo (Miss Piggy's dog), Wembley Fraggle and Sprocket the Dog on "Fraggle Rock", and Bean Bunny, a character that originated in "The Tale of the Bunny Picnic" (1986).


title: Steve Whitmire

text: Whitmire voiced Link Hogthrob in the "Muppet RaceMania" and "Muppets Party Cruise" video games. He also performed Link for the 2011 film "The Muppets". This was the first speaking appearance of the character since the death of Jim Henson, the original performer of Link. He also performed him in "Muppets Most Wanted". In 2008, Whitmire took over another of Jim Henson's roles, The Muppet Newsman.


title: Steve Whitmire

text: In July 2017, The Muppets Studio announced that Whitmire was no longer involved with the Muppets and that fellow Muppet performer Matt Vogel was cast as Kermit's new performer. Whitmire revealed that he was dismissed from his roles in October 2016 because of undisclosed issues that he said had not been discussed before his dismissal. In their decision-making, The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) consulted the Henson family, who supported the recasting of Kermit and Whitmire's dismissal.


title: Steve Whitmire

text: Brian Henson stated that issues with Whitmire began in the mid-1990s, and said that Whitmire would make "outrageous demands and often played brinkmanship", and additionally stated that Whitmire would "send emails and letters attacking everyone, attacking the writing and attacking the director". He also expressed guilt for not dismissing Whitmire and recasting Kermit before selling the Muppets to Disney in 2004, "because I knew that it was going to be a real problem". Lisa Henson stated that Whitmire was opposed to having an understudy for Kermit and refused to train one, which became problematic when it came to "B-level performances, such as a ribbon-cutting," at some of which she said he was unwilling to appear. She also stated that he "blackballed young performers" by refusing to appear in shows with them.


title: Steve Whitmire

text: In an interview with "The Hollywood Reporter" that same month, Whitmire stated he was dismissed for disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions. Whitmire alleged that Disney offered him what he called "consolation prizes" if he voluntarily left, including honoring him as a Disney Legend, under the public pretense that he would be retiring from performing. In a statement released to "The New York Times", Debbie McClellan, then-head of The Muppets Studio, said that they "raised concerns about Steve’s repeated unacceptable business conduct over a period of many years, and he consistently failed to address the feedback". Whitmire has expressed an interest in making amends and resuming his role with the Muppets in the future if possible.


title: Steve Whitmire

text: Steve Whitmire has been married to Melissa Whitmire, whom he met during his senior year of attending Berkmar High School in Lilburn, Georgia, since June 1978. They live in Atlanta, Georgia.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: Aviva Stadium (also known as Lansdowne Road) is a sports stadium located in Dublin, Ireland, with a capacity for 51,700 spectators (all seated). It is built on the site of the former Lansdowne Road Stadium, which was demolished in 2007, and replaced it as home to its chief tenants: the Irish rugby union team and the Republic of Ireland football team. The decision to redevelop the stadium came after plans for both Stadium Ireland and Eircom Park fell through. Aviva Group Ireland signed a 10-year deal for the naming rights in 2009.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The stadium, located beside Lansdowne Road railway station, officially opened on 14 May 2010. The stadium is Ireland's first, and only, UEFA Category 4 Stadium and in 2011, it hosted the Europa League final. It also hosted the inaugural Nations Cup, as well as the regular home fixtures of the national rugby team, national football team and some home fixtures for Leinster Rugby from August 2010 onwards.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: Unlike its predecessor, which was solely owned by the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), the current stadium is controlled by the IRFU and the Football Association of Ireland (FAI) through a 50:50 joint venture known as the Lansdowne Road Stadium Development Company (LRSDC). The joint venture has a 60-year lease on the stadium; on expiry the stadium will return to the exclusive ownership of the IRFU.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The stadium was officially opened on 14 May 2010 by then Taoiseach Brian Cowen. In 2011, the stadium won a British Construction Industry Award.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Irish Army (operating under Operation Fortitude) used the stadium for testing from 14 May onwards, following the handover from the Naval Service (which had been conducting tests under Operation Fortitude at Sir John Rogerson's Quay until that time).


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The Ireland national rugby union team plays its home games at the stadium, as it did previously at Lansdowne Road, taking over from their temporary home, Croke Park, where games were played during Aviva's construction. Ireland's first international game was on 6 November 2010 against South Africa, with the Springboks winning 23–21. The game drew a crowd of 35,515, mainly due to a backlash by Ireland supporters over the IRFU's controversial ticketing strategy for the November Test series. Initially, the IRFU announced that tickets to the November Tests would only be sold as packages for all four matches. Later, it announced that the tickets would instead be split into two packages, with the South Africa Test bundled with the following week's match with Samoa for a minimum of €150, and the New Zealand and Argentina Tests bundled for a minimum of €190. single-game tickets were to be available only for the Samoa and Argentina Tests. On 1 November, the IRFU backed away from this plan amid heavy criticism from member clubs that had problems selling the packages in a difficult economy.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The first rugby union game at the Aviva was an exhibition game on 31 July 2010, billed as the O Challenge, involving under-18 and under-20 players from all four of Ireland's provincial sides, with a Leinster/Ulster side defeating a Munster/Connacht combination 68–0. As part of the run-up to the event, O ran a promotion which gave the winner the opportunity to attempt to score the ceremonial first points at the Aviva via a simulated conversion kick on the day before the match. The winner of the promotion, John Baker of Ennis, was successful. The first official points at the Aviva were scored by Ulster's Craig Gilroy with a try in the O Challenge.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The stadium also hosts some home games for Leinster when the RDS Arena's smaller capacity does not satisfy demand. Leinster won their opening home game in the Aviva against Munster 13–9, in the Celtic League (now United Rugby Championship) season, in front of a then record league attendance of 50,645. This league record was exceeded on 29 March 2014 when Leinster again beat Munster, 22–18, in front of 51,700 people.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: Leinster won their first Heineken Cup game in the stadium 24–8, against Clermont Auvergne in a pool game during the 2010–11 season. During Leinster's successful run to the Heineken Cup title that season, they took their quarter-final and semi-final matches to the stadium, defeating Leicester Tigers and Toulouse respectively. Ulster took their 2012 Heineken Cup semi-final to the stadium as well, defeating Edinburgh.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The 2013 Heineken Cup Final took place in the stadium on 18 May 2013 where Toulon beat Clermont Auvergne 16–15. The Heineken Cup final had last been held in Dublin in 2003 when Toulouse beat Perpignan 22–17 at Lansdowne Road.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The stadium also hosts the home games of the Republic of Ireland national football team, as did Lansdowne Road. The team had played most home games at Croke Park during the construction of the Aviva Stadium. The first soccer match in the Aviva Stadium was Manchester United against a League of Ireland XI side, managed by Damien Richardson, on 4 August 2010. Manchester United won the game 7–1, with Park Ji-Sung scoring the first ever goal in the Aviva Stadium. The first international game for Ireland in the Aviva Stadium was a 1–0 friendly loss against Argentina on 11 August 2010. The first competitive goal was scored by Kevin Kilbane in a Euro 2012 qualifying game on 7 September 2010 against Andorra.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The Aviva has annually hosted the FAI Cup Final since 2010. While the Aviva Stadium was under construction the cup final hosting was shared between the RDS Arena and Tallaght Stadium. The first Cup Final at the new stadium was the 2010 FAI Cup Final, held on Sunday 14 November 2010. Sligo Rovers beat Shamrock Rovers 2–0 on penalties after the game finished 0–0 after extra time. A total of 36,101 attended the game making it the biggest attendance at an FAI Cup Final since 1968. A total of 37,126 spectators were in attendance for the 2021 final in which St. Patrick's defeated Bohemians F.C. on penalties.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The 2011 Nations Cup took place in the Aviva Stadium. The tournament featured national football teams from Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In the opening round of fixtures, the Republic of Ireland beat Wales 3–0 while Scotland beat Northern Ireland 3–0. The remaining four fixtures took place in May, with the Republic of Ireland winning the tournament after beating Scotland 1–0 on 29 May, with Keane scoring the only goal.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The 2011 UEFA Europa League Final between Portuguese sides Porto and Braga took place in the Aviva Stadium. Due to UEFA rules against corporate sponsorship outside the federation, the stadium was referred to as the "Dublin Arena" for this final, that ended with a 1–0 victory for Porto.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The Dublin Super Cup was a pre-season football tournament which was held at the Aviva. Celtic, Manchester City, Inter Milan and a League of Ireland XI competed in the 2011 edition, with Manchester City winning the tournament.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The 'Dublin Decider' was a game which took place on 10 August 2013. The match was played between Celtic and Liverpool, with both teams having large support in Ireland. Celtic won the match 1-0 thanks to a goal from Amido Balde.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: There were talks ongoing about a return of the 'Dublin Decider' in the summer of 2014 with clubs such as Barcelona, Manchester United and Celtic being mentioned as potential visitors to the Aviva Stadium. It was confirmed in March 2016 that Celtic would face Barcelona in the stadium on 30 July 2016, however, this was as part of the annual International Champions Cup pre-season tournament, and not any sort of independent 'Dublin Decider' fixture. Barcelona won the game 3–1.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: On 19 September 2014, UEFA announced that the stadium would host four fixtures in the Euro 2020 finals tournament, three of which would be group games and, the fourth, a round of 16 matches. Had Ireland qualified they would have been guaranteed two home group games. As Aviva was not a commercial partner of the Euro 2020 tournament, the stadium would have been referred to as the Dublin Arena throughout. However, the COVID-19 pandemic intervened and UEFA postponed the tournament until 2021 (though UEFA retained the tournament's original name). Restrictions still in force after the pandemic's Third Wave struck the Republic of Ireland, killing thousands in the early part of 2021, meant that Dublin and the Aviva Stadium were unable to fulfil their hosting duties to UEFA's satisfaction and, therefore, the stadium lost its Euro 2020 host rights. The announcement, which came on 23 April 2021, allocated Dublin's three group games to the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and Dublin's originally scheduled last 16 tie to Wembley Stadium in London, England.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: On 16 July 2021, the UEFA Executive Committee announced that due to the withdrawal of hosting rights for Euro 2020, the Aviva Stadium was given hosting rights for the 2024 UEFA Europa League Final. This was part of a settlement agreement by UEFA to recognise the efforts and financial investment made to host UEFA Euro 2020.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: On 1 September 2012, the stadium hosted an American college football game billed as the Emerald Isle Classic between the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Navy Midshipmen. Notre Dame won 50–10.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The 2016 Aer Lingus College Football Classic was announced as a matchup between the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and the Boston College Eagles to be played on 3 September 2016. The result was a 17–14 win by the Yellow Jackets.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The Nebraska Cornhuskers and the Northwestern Wildcats kicked off their 2022 seasons at the Aviva Stadium with Northwestern winning 31–28. It was also confirmed that Notre Dame would once again play Navy in the Aer Lingus College Football Classic at the Aviva Stadium on 26 August 2023.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The stadium is a bowl shape with four tiers on three sides of the ground; the lower and upper tiers are for general access, the second and third levels feed the second tier for premium tickets and the fourth tier for corporate boxes. The northern end of the stadium, due to its proximity to local housing, incorporates only the lower tier of the bowl. This end of the stadium is to be the away stand for football internationals. There is one basement level and seven storeys of floors including ground level. The premium level holds 10,000 spectators, while the box level holds 1,300. The remaining 38,700 seats are shared between the top and bottom tiers. The capacity of the stadium was criticised even before its opening for being too small, particularly in light of the large supporter attendance figures for Irish rugby internationals and football internationals at Croke Park since 2007. The stadium's roof undulates in a wave-like manner so as to avoid blocking light to local residences.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The children's writer Gerard Siggins has based much of his 'Rugby Spirit' series in the Aviva Stadium. His hero, Eoin Madden, is on a school tour to the ground when he meets Brian Hanrahan, a true-life figure who was the only man ever to die playing sport in Lansdowne Road. Hanrahan, a Lansdowne FC rugby player, died when a scrum collapsed during a Leinster Senior Cup game against Trinity in 1928.


title: Aviva Stadium

text: The stadium is served by public transport with Bus and DART. More remotely, it may also be reached, following by the Luas and on foot. The stadium is inaccessible by car on match days due to a 1 km car-free exclusion zone in operation.


title: Dinesh Vijan

text: Dinesh Vijan is an Indian film producer and director who works in Hindi films. He is the founder of Maddock Films. He gave up his banking job in 2004 to pursue films. He has produced critically and commercially acclaimed films such as "Stree", "Hindi Medium", "Luka Chuppi", "Badlapur", "Love Aaj Kal," "Cocktail" and "Bhediya".


title: Californication (song)

text: "Californication" is a song by American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers from their seventh album, "Californication" (1999). Released as a single in June 2000, it reached number 69 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, number 16 on the UK Singles Chart, and number one on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks charts. It was the third number-one "Californication" single in Iceland.


title: Californication (song)

text: "Californication" has remained one of the band's most popular and most performed live songs, appearing in almost every setlist since its live debut and making it the band's third-most performed song, with over 500 performances.


title: Californication (song)

text: In Kiedis's book, "Scar Tissue", the author reveals that the band had enormous difficulty in putting the song together. Kiedis had written the lyrics, which he felt were some of the best he had written, but the band could not decide how the song should sound musically.


title: Californication (song)

text: As they struggled with the song it seemed like they would not be able to finish it in time to include it on the album, until one day Frusciante walked into the studio and exclaimed that he had "figured it out." He played the song as he visualised it, and it went from being a song that could have been an afterthought to becoming one of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' greatest hits, similar to the way "Under the Bridge" was conceived.


title: Californication (song)

text: In Rick Rubin's podcast "Broken Record", Chad Smith revealed that for quite some time, the song was "like reggae, like Bad Brigade" and "that the melody was there, but the music..." After a while, everybody thought it was not coming together and the song was nearly thrown out before John came in with a new arrangement.


title: Californication (song)

text: The song explores the dark side of Hollywood and the export of culture through the movie industry. The song begins "Psychic spies from China try to steal your mind's elation." Kiedis says in his book "Scar Tissue" that he took the inspiration for the line from hearing a woman on a New Zealand street ranting about "psychic spies in China".


title: Californication (song)

text: The track also makes references to topics such as pornography ("hardcore soft porn") and plastic surgery ("pay your surgeon very well to break the spell of aging") and even some pop culture references including Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain and David Bowie. The "spheres" are a reference to Music of the Spheres, an ancient philosophical concept that regards proportions in the movements of celestial bodies as a form of music ("Cobain, can you hear the spheres singing songs off "Station to Station"?"). Other cultural references include the Beach Boys ("They're just another Good Vibration"), "Star Wars" ("and Alderaan's not far away") and "Star Trek" ("Space may be the final frontier but it's made in a Hollywood basement"). The phrase "First-born Unicorn" refers to Dorothy Stratten, whose life was covered in the book "The Killing of the Unicorn".


title: Californication (song)

text: The song begins in the key of A minor with Frusciante picking the chords of Am and F for twelve measures, before picking the chords of C-G-F-Dm then going back and picking Am and F for 8 more measures before picking C-G-F-Dm again. For the pre-chorus Frusciante then strums a combination of Am and Fmaj7 chords for twelve measures, until the chorus when he strums the chords C-Gmaj7-Dm9-Am, then C-G-Dm9. It is notable for its sparse combination of guitar and bass notes in the main riff; Frusciante drew inspiration from "Carnage Visors" by The Cure.


title: Californication (song)

text: After the second chorus, a 16-measure guitar solo is played by Frusciante, along with a modulation to A major. After the solo, the key returns to the original A minor, and a third verse and final chorus is played.


title: Californication (song)

text: The video, directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris, takes the form of a fictional open world video game that depicts each of the band members on some sort of adventure in a California setting, particularly San Francisco, which ends when the world is ravaged by an earthquake and the avatars are replaced by the live action band members. The music video for "Californication" is the group's most watched video on YouTube, having officially reached a billion views on December 5, 2022.


title: Californication (song)

text: On March 1, 2022, Spanish game developer Miquel Camps Orteza created a video game based on the song's music video. The player plays as one of the four band members. The game has seven different levels, each based on a scene from the music video. Orteza wrote, “I wanted to play that game so bad! It’s 2022 and I haven’t seen anyone made the game so I challenged myself to create it. I have selected some epic moments from the video and turned into 7 levels each one with different game mechanics, I hope you like this game."


title: Californication (song)

text: "Californication" is the band's third-most performed song and has been performed at almost every show since 1999.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: The Battle of Monmouth, also known as the Battle of Monmouth Court House, was fought near Monmouth Court House in modern-day Freehold Borough, New Jersey on June 28, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It pitted the Continental Army, commanded by General George Washington, against the British Army in North America, commanded by General Sir Henry Clinton.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: It was the last battle of the Philadelphia campaign, begun the previous year, during which the British had inflicted two major defeats on Washington and occupied Philadelphia. Washington had spent the winter at Valley Forge rebuilding his army and defending his position against political enemies who favored his replacement as commander-in-chief. In February 1778, the French-American Treaty of Alliance tilted the strategic balance in favor of the Americans, forcing the British to abandon hopes of a military victory and adopt a defensive strategy. Clinton was ordered to evacuate Philadelphia and consolidate his army. The Continental Army shadowed the British as they marched across New Jersey to Sandy Hook, from where the Royal Navy would ferry them to New York. Washington's senior officers urged varying degrees of caution, but it was politically important for him not to allow the British to withdraw unscathed. Washington detached around a third of his army and sent it ahead under the command of Major General Charles Lee, hoping to land a heavy blow on the British without becoming embroiled in a major engagement.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: The battle began badly for the Americans when Lee botched an attack on the British rearguard at Monmouth Court House. A counter-attack by the main British column forced Lee to retreat until Washington arrived with the main body. Clinton disengaged when he found Washington in an unassailable defensive position and resumed the march to Sandy Hook.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: Clinton had divided his army into two divisions for the march from Philadelphia; most of the combat troops were concentrated in the first division, while the second comprised most of the heavy transport of a 1,500-wagon baggage train. The British were harassed by increasingly strong American forces as they traversed New Jersey, and by June 27, 1778, Lee's vanguard was within striking distance. When the British left Monmouth Court House the next day, Lee attempted to isolate and defeat their rearguard. The attack was poorly coordinated, and the Americans were quickly outnumbered when the British first division returned. Some of Lee's units began to withdraw, leading to a breakdown in command and control and forcing Lee to order a general retreat. A fiercely fought rearguard action by the vanguard gave Washington enough time to deploy the main body in a strong defensive position, against which British efforts to press the vanguard foundered. The infantry battle gave way to a two-hour artillery duel, during which Clinton began to disengage. The duel ended when a Continental brigade established artillery on a hill overlooking the British lines, forcing Clinton to withdraw his guns. Washington launched two small-unit attacks on Clinton's infantry as they withdrew, inflicting heavy casualties on the British during the second. An attempt by Washington to probe the British flanks was halted by sunset, and the two armies settled down within of each other. The British slipped away unnoticed during the night to link up with the baggage train. The rest of the march to Sandy Hook was completed without further incident, and Clinton's army was ferried to New York in early July.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: The battle was tactically inconclusive and strategically irrelevant; neither side landed the blow they hoped to on the other, Washington's army remained an effective force in the field, and the British redeployed successfully to New York. Both sides sustained considerable casualties, though the majority were from heat-related illness and exhaustion rather than combat. The Continental Army is estimated to have inflicted more losses than it received, and it was one of the rare occasions on which it retained possession of a battlefield. It had proven itself to be much improved after the training it underwent over the winter, and the professional conduct of the American troops during the battle was widely noted by the British. Washington was able to present the battle as a triumph, and he was voted a formal thanks by Congress to honor "the important victory of Monmouth over the British grand army." His position as commander-in-chief became unassailable. He was lauded for the first time as the father of his country, and his detractors were silenced. Lee was vilified for his failure to press home the attack on the British rearguard. Because of his tactless efforts to argue his case in the days after the battle, Washington had him arrested and court-martialed on charges of disobeying orders, conducting an "unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat" and disrespect towards the commander-in-chief. Lee made the fatal mistake of turning the proceedings into a contest between himself and Washington. He was found guilty on all counts, although his culpability on the first two charges was debatable.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: Today, the site of the battle is a New Jersey State Park that preserves the land for the public, called Monmouth Battlefield State Park.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: In 1777, some two years into the American Revolutionary War, the British commander-in-chief General Sir William Howe launched the Philadelphia campaign to capture the rebels' capital and persuade them to sue for peace. In the fall of that year, Howe inflicted two significant defeats on General George Washington and his Continental Army, at Brandywine and Germantown, and occupied Philadelphia, forcing the Second Continental Congress to hurriedly decamp to York, Pennsylvania. Washington avoided battle for the rest of the year, and in December he withdrew to winter quarters at Valley Forge, despite the desire of Congress that he continue campaigning. In comparison, his subordinate General Horatio Gates had won major victories in September and October at the Battles of Saratoga. Washington was criticized in some quarters within the army and Congress for relying on a Fabian strategy to wear the British down in a long war of attrition instead of defeating it decisively in a pitched battle.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: In November, Washington was hearing rumors of a "Strong Faction" within Congress that favored replacing him with Gates as commander-in-chief. The congressional appointments of the known critic General Thomas Conway as Inspector General of the Army and of Gates to the Board of War and Ordnance in December convinced Washington there was a conspiracy to take command of the army from him. Over a winter in which supplies were scarce and deaths from disease accounted for 15 per cent of his force, he battled to keep both the army from dissolution and his position as its commander-in-chief. He successfully waged a "clever campaign of political infighting" in which he presented a public image of disinterest, a man without guile or ambition, while working through his allies in Congress and the army to silence his critics. Nevertheless, the doubts about his leadership remained, and he needed success on the battlefield if he was to be sure of his position.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: The British, meanwhile, had failed to eliminate the Continental Army and force a decisive end to the American rebellion, despite investing significant resources in North America to the detriment of defenses elsewhere in the empire. In Europe, France was maneuvering to exploit the opportunity to weaken a long-term rival. Following the Franco-American alliance of February 1778, French forces were sent to North America to support the revolutionaries. This led to the Anglo-French War (1778–1783), which Spain joined on the French side in 1779. With the rest of Europe moving towards a hostile neutrality, Great Britain would come under further pressure in 1780 when the Dutch allied with France, leading to the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War. Faced with military escalation, increasing diplomatic isolation and limited resources, the British were forced to prioritize the defense of the homeland and more valuable colonial possessions in the Caribbean and India above their North American colonies. They abandoned their efforts to win a decisive military victory, repealed the Intolerable Acts that had precipitated the rebellion and, in April 1778, sent the Carlisle Peace Commission in an attempt to reach a negotiated settlement. In Philadelphia, the newly installed commander-in-chief General Sir Henry Clinton was ordered to redeploy 8,000 troops, a third of his army, to the West Indies and Florida, consolidate the rest of his army in New York and adopt a defensive posture.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: Washington's preference for a professional standing army rather than a militia had been another source of criticism. He had seen his army dissolve in the fall of 1775 as short-term enlistments expired, and blamed his defeat in the Battle of Long Island in August 1776 in part on a poorly performing militia. At his urging, Congress passed legislation between September and December 1776 to create an army in which troops would enlist for the duration. Recruitment failed to raise sufficient numbers, and the harsh discipline implemented by Washington, the long periods away from home and the defeats of 1777 further weakened the army through desertions and frequent officer resignations.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: Although the army that went into Valley Forge contained the kernel of regimental organization and a core of experienced officers and men, no-one was under any illusion that it was a match for the tactical skill of the British Army. The situation improved measurably with the arrival in March 1778 of Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, to whom Washington gave the responsibility for training the army. With the commander-in-chief's enthusiastic support, Steuben implemented a uniform standard of drill where none had previously existed and worked the army hard, transforming it into a more professional force that might compete on equal terms with the British Army.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: On May 21, Major General Charles Lee rejoined the Continental Army. Lee was a former British Army officer who had retired to Virginia before the revolution and had been touted as a potential commander of the army alongside Washington when war broke out. He had been captured in December 1776 following Washington's defeat at New York, and had been released in April in a prisoner exchange. He had been critical of Washington's indecisiveness at New York and insubordinate during the retreat from the city. But Washington had regarded him as his most trusted adviser and the best officer in the Continental Army, and he eagerly welcomed Lee back as his second-in-command.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: Sixteen months in captivity had not mellowed Lee. He remained respectful to Washington's face but continued to be critical about the commander-in-chief's abilities to others, and it is likely that Washington's friends reported this back to Washington. Lee was dismissive of the Continental Army, denigrated Steuben's efforts to improve it and went over Washington's head to submit to Congress a plan to reorganize it on a militia basis, prompting Washington to reprove him. Nevertheless, Lee was respected by many of Washington's officers and held in high esteem by Congress, and Washington gave him command of the division that would soon lead the Continental Army out of Valley Forge.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: In April, before news of the French alliance reached him, Washington issued a memorandum to his generals seeking their opinions on three possible alternatives for the upcoming campaign: attack the British in Philadelphia, shift operations to New York or remain on the defensive at Valley Forge and continue to build up the army. Of the twelve responses, all agreed it was vital that, whatever course was chosen, the army had to perform well if public support for the revolution was to be maintained after the disappointments of the previous year. Most generals supported one or other of the offensive options, but Washington sided with the minority, among them Steuben, who argued the Continental Army still needed improvement at Valley Forge before it was ready to take on the British. After news of the Franco-American alliance arrived and as British activity in and around Philadelphia increased, Washington met with ten of his generals on May 8 to further discuss plans. This time they unanimously favored the defensive option and waiting until the British intentions became clearer.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: In May, it became evident that the British were preparing to evacuate Philadelphia, but Washington still had no detailed knowledge of Clinton's intentions and was concerned that the British would slip away overland through New Jersey. The 2nd New Jersey Regiment, which had been conducting operations against British foragers and sympathizers in New Jersey since March, was a valuable source of intelligence, and by the end of the month a British evacuation by land looked increasingly likely. Washington reinforced the regiment with the rest of the New Jersey Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General William Maxwell, with orders to obstruct and harry British activities. The Continentals were to co-operate with the experienced New Jersey militia, commanded by Major General Philemon Dickinson, one of the most capable militia commanders of the war and Washington's single best source of intelligence on British activities. On May 18, Washington sent the inexperienced, 20-year-old Major General Lafayette with 2,200 men to establish an observation post at Barren Hill, from Philadelphia. The Frenchman's first significant independent command almost ended in disaster for him two days later in the Battle of Barren Hill, and only the discipline of his men prevented his entrapment by the British.


title: Battle of Monmouth

text: On June 15, the British began to withdraw from Philadelphia, crossing the River Delaware into New Jersey. The last troops crossed three days later, and the army consolidated around Haddonfield. Clinton, who had not yet decided on the exact route to New York approximately away, divided his army into two divisions and set out for Allentown, some to the northeast. He accompanied the first division, which comprised some 10,000 troops under the command of Lieutenant General Charles Lord Cornwallis. The second division, commanded by Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen, comprised just over 9,000 personnel, of which over 7,500 were combatants. This division contained the bulk of the slow-moving heavy transport of the 1,500-wagon baggage train.