title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: The first conviction of flag desecration occurred in 1999. Protesters Ng Kung Siu and Lee Kin Yun wrote the word "Shame" on both the national PRC flag and the Hong Kong flag, and were convicted of violating the National Flag and National Emblem Ordinance and the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance. The Court of Appeal overturned the verdict, ruling that the ordinances were unnecessary restrictions on the freedom of expression and in violation of both the Basic Law and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Upon further appeal, however, the Court of Final Appeal maintained the original guilty verdict, holding that this restriction on the freedom of expression was justifiable in that the protection of the flags played a role in national unity and territorial integrity and constituted a restriction on the mode of expressing one's message but did not interfere with one's freedom to express the same message in other ways.<ref name="FACC000004/1999"></ref>


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: Leung Kwok-hung, a former member of the Legislative Council and a political activist in Hong Kong, was penalised in February 2001, before he became a member of the Legislative Council, for defiling the flag. He was convicted of three counts of desecrating the flag—for two incidents on 1 July 2000 during the third anniversary of Hong Kong's handover to China and for one incident on 9 July of the same year during a protest against elections to choose the Election Committee, the electoral college which chooses the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. Leung was placed on a good-behaviour bond for 12 months in the sum of HK$3,000.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: Zhu Rongchang, a mainland Chinese farmer has been jailed for three weeks after setting fire to a Chinese flag in Hong Kong. Zhu was charged for "publicly and wilfully" burning the Chinese flag at Golden Bauhinia Square in central Hong Kong. The 74-year-old man is reportedly the third person charged for desecrating the Chinese national flag, but he is first to be jailed under the law.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: In early 2013, protestors went to the streets flying the old colonial flag demanding more democracy and resignation of Chief Executive Leung Chun Ying. The use of the flag has created concerns from Chinese authorities and request from Leung to stop flying the flag. Despite the calls from Leung the old flags are not subject to use restrictions beyond not being allowed to be placed on flagpoles and are freely sold and manufactured in the territory.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: Prior to the secession of Hong Kong to the United Kingdom following the First Opium War via the Treaty of Nanking, Hong Kong fell under the jurisdiction of the government of China and flew the flag and ensign of the Chinese government of the time. Prior to the establishment of the crown colony of Hong Kong, the ruling dynasty in China was the Qing dynasty. Despite being established in 1644, the Qing Empire had no official flags until 1862. Prior to 1898, when the Second Convention of Peking was signed between the Qing Court and the government of the United Kingdom, the New Territories was still Qing land. The flag itself features the "Azure Dragon" on a plain yellow field with the red flaming pearl of the three-legged crow in the upper left corner.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: Prior to Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty, the flag of Hong Kong was a colonial Blue Ensign flag. The flag of colonial Hong Kong underwent several changes from then until 1997.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: In 1843, a seal representing Hong Kong was instituted. The design was based on a local waterfront scene; three local merchants with their commercial goods are shown on the foreground, a square-rigged ship and a junk occupy the middle ground, while the background consists of conical hills and clouds. In 1868, a Hong Kong flag was produced, a Blue Ensign flag with a badge based on this "local scene", but the design was rejected by Hong Kong Governor Richard Graves MacDonnell.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: On 3 July 1869, a new design for the Hong Kong flag was commissioned at a cost of £3, which featured a "gentleman in an evening coat who is purchasing tea on the beach at Kowloon". After a brief discussion in the executive council, it was determined that the new design was very problematic and it was not adopted.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: In 1870, a "white crown over HK" badge for the Blue Ensign flag was proposed by the Colonial Secretary. The letters "HK" were omitted and the crown became full-colour three years later. It is unclear exactly what the badge looked like during that period of time, but it was unlikely to be the "local scene". It should have been a crown of some sort, which may, or may not, have had the letters "HK" below it. In 1876, the "local scene" badge ( "Picture of "Ar Kwan" Guiding the British soldier") was re-adopted to the Blue Ensign flag with the Admiralty's approval.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: During a government meeting, held in 1911, it was suggested that the name of the colony appear on the flag in both Latin and Chinese scripts. However, this was dismissed as it would "look absurd" to both Chinese and Europeans. The flag which was eventually adopted featured the Blue Ensign together with a "local scene" of traders in the foreground and both European-style and Chinese-style trading ships in the background.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: During the Second World War, Hong Kong was seized and occupied by the Empire of Japan from 1941 to 1945. During the occupation, the Japanese military government used the flag of Japan in its official works in Hong Kong.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: The flag was similar in design to that previously used. It featured a British Blue Ensign with a local waterfront scene.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: A coat of arms for Hong Kong was granted on 21 January 1959 by the College of Arms in London. The Hong Kong flag was revised in the same year to feature the coat of arms in the Blue Ensign flag. This design was used officially from 1959 until Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty in 1997. Since then, the colonial flag has been appropriated by protestors, such as on the annual 1 July marches for universal suffrage, as a "symbol of antagonism towards the mainland", along with a blue flag featuring the coat of arms, used by those advocating independence. The flag features a British Blue Ensign with the coat of arms of Hong Kong (1959–1997).


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: The flag of the Regional Council represented the governmental body which oversaw matters related to the outlying areas of the territory during the colonial period. The flag itself featured a stylised white R at a 45-degree angle on a dark green background.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: The flag of the Urban Council represented the governmental body which was responsible for matters pertaining to the urban areas of the territory during the colonial period. The flag itself features a simplified white Bauhinia blakeana on a magenta background.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: Before Hong Kong's transfer of sovereignty, between 20 May 1987 and 31 March 1988, a contest was held amongst Hong Kong residents to help choose a flag for post-colonial Hong Kong, with 7,147 design submissions, in which 4,489 submissions were about flag designs. Architect Tao Ho was chosen as one of the panel judges to pick Hong Kong's new flag. He recalled that some of the designs had been rather funny and with political twists: "One had a hammer and sickle on one side and a dollar sign on the other." Some designs were rejected because they contained copyrighted materials, for example, the emblem of Urban Council, Hong Kong Arts Festival and Hong Kong Tourism Board. Six designs were chosen as finalists by the judges, but were all later rejected by the PRC. Ho and two others were then asked by the PRC to submit new proposals.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: Looking for inspiration, Ho wandered into a garden and picked up a "Bauhinia blakeana" flower. He observed the symmetry of the five petals, and how their winding pattern conveyed to him a dynamic feeling. This led him to incorporate the flower into the flag to represent Hong Kong. The design was adopted on 4 April 1990 at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress, and the flag was first officially hoisted seconds after midnight on 1 July 1997 in the handover ceremony marking the transfer of sovereignty. It was hoisted together with the national PRC flag, while the Chinese national anthem, "March of the Volunteers", was played. The Union Flag and the colonial Hong Kong flag were lowered seconds before midnight.


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: In 2019, in conjunction with the anti-extradition bill protests, a variation of the flag, in which the flower appears on a black background and, in some versions, with wilted and blood-stained petals, emerged as a symbol of rebellion and protest. It was widely identified as the "Black Bauhinia".


title: Flag of Hong Kong

text: Badiucao, a Chinese cartoonist and political dissident, designed the "Lennon Wall Flag", a symbol of Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement. According to Badiucao, the flag was inspired directly by the Lennon Wall in Hong Kong. It consists of 96 coloured squares arranged in an 8 × 12 grid, which symbolise the post-it notes on the walls. He claims, "Every colour on the flag is a different voice. And every individual voice deserves its place in Hong Kong." The number 96 represents the year 1996, the year before the handover of Hong Kong.


title: Eight Immortals

text: The Eight Immortals () are a group of legendary "xian" ("immortals") in Chinese mythology. Each immortal's power can be transferred to a vessel () that can bestow life or destroy evil. Together, these eight vessels are called the "Covert Eight Immortals" (). Most of them are said to have been born in the Tang or Song Dynasty. They are revered by the Taoists and are also a popular element in secular Chinese culture. They are said to live on a group of five islands in the Bohai Sea, which includes Mount Penglai.


title: Eight Immortals

text: In literature before the 1970s, they were sometimes translated as the Eight Genies. First described in the Yuan Dynasty, they were probably named after the Eight Immortal Scholars of the Han.


title: Eight Immortals

text: The tradition of depicting humans who have become immortals is an ancient practice in Chinese art, and when religious Taoism gained popularity, it quickly picked up this tradition with its own immortals. While cults dedicated to various Taoist immortals date back to the Han dynasty, the popular and well-known Eight Immortals first appeared in the Jin dynasty. The art of the Jin tombs of the 12th and 13th centuries depicts a group of eight Taoist immortals in wall murals and sculptures. They officially became known as the Eight Immortals in the writings and works of art of the Taoist group known as the Complete Realization (Quanshen). The most famous art depiction of the Eight Immortals from this period is a mural of them in the Eternal Joy Temple (Yongle Gong) at Ruicheng.


title: Eight Immortals

text: The Eight Immortals are considered to be signs of prosperity and longevity, so they are popular themes in ancient and medieval art. They were frequent adornments on celadon vases. They were also common in sculptures owned by the nobility. Their most common appearance, however, was in paintings. Many silk paintings, wall murals, and wood block prints remain of the Eight Immortals. They were often depicted either together in one group, or alone to give more homage to that specific immortal.


title: Eight Immortals

text: An interesting feature of early Eight Immortal artwork is that they are often accompanied by jade hand maidens, commonly depicted servants of the higher ranked deities, or other images showing great spiritual power. This shows that early on, the Eight Immortals quickly became eminent figures of the Taoist religion and had great importance. We can see this importance is only heightened in the Ming and Qing dynasties. During these dynasties, the Eight Immortals were very frequently associated with other prominent spiritual deities in artwork. There are numerous paintings with them and the Three Stars (the gods of longevity, prosperity, and good fortune) together. Also, other deities of importance, such as the Queen Mother of the West, are commonly seen in the company of the Eight Immortals.


title: Eight Immortals

text: The artwork of the Eight Immortals is not limited to paintings or other visual arts. They are quite prominent in written works too. Authors and playwrights wrote numerous stories and plays on the Eight Immortals. One famous story that has been rewritten many times and turned into several plays (the most famous written by Mu Zhiyuan in the Yuan Dynasty) is The Yellow-Millet Dream, which is the story of how Lǚ Dòngbīn met Zhongli Quan and began his path to immortality.


title: Eight Immortals

text: The Immortals are the subject of many artistic creations, such as paintings and sculptures. Examples of writings about them include:


title: Eight Immortals

text: Furthermore, they have been linked to the initial development of qigong exercises such as the Eight Piece Brocade. There are some Chinese martial arts styles named after them, which use fighting techniques that are attributed to the characteristics of each immortal. Some drunken boxing styles make extensive use of the Eight Immortals archetypes for conditioning, qigong/meditation and combat training. One subsection of BaYingQuan drunken fist training includes methodologies for each of the eight immortals.


title: Eight Immortals

text: Established in the Song Dynasty, the Xi'an temple Eight Immortals Palace (), formerly Eight Immortals Nunnery (), is where statues of the Immortals can be found in the Hall of Eight Immortals (). There are many other shrines dedicated to them throughout China and Taiwan. In Singapore, the Xian'gu Temple () is dedicated to the Immortal Lady He from the group as its focus of devotion.


title: Eight Immortals

text: In modern China, the Eight Immortals are still a popular theme in artwork. Paintings, pottery, and statues are still common in households across China and are even gaining some popularity worldwide.


title: Eight Immortals

text: In Jackie Chan's films "Drunken Master" and "Drunken Master II", there are eight "drunken" Chinese martial arts forms that are said to be originated from the Eight Immortals. At first, the protagonist did not want to learn the Immortal Lady He form because he saw it as feminine, but he eventually created his own version of it.


title: Eight Immortals

text: The 1998–99 Singaporean television series "Legend of the Eight Immortals" was based on stories of the Eight Immortals and adapted from the novel "Dong You Ji".


title: Eight Immortals

text: In the Andy Seto graphic novel series "Saint Legend", the Eight Immortals reappear to protect the Buddhist faith from evil spirits set on destroying it.


title: Eight Immortals

text: In the "X-Men" comic book, the Eight Immortals appear to protect China along with the Collective Man when the mutant Xorn caused a massacre in one small village.


title: Eight Immortals

text: In the "Immortal Iron Fist" comic book, there are seven supreme kung fu practitioners, called the Seven Immortal Weapons. They each hail from other-dimensional cities and must fight for their city's chance to appear on Earth. Aside from being named the "Immortal" Weapons, the most overt reference to the Eight Immortals is that one Immortal Weapon, Fat Cobra, hails from and represents a city called "Peng Lai Island".


title: Eight Immortals

text: In the roleplaying game "Feng Shui", the Eight Immortals appear in the sourcebook "Thorns of the Lotus".


title: Eight Immortals

text: The Eight Immortals played a role in the animated show "Jackie Chan Adventures". In the show, the Immortals were said to be the ones who defeated the Eight Demon Sorcerers and sealed them away in the netherworld using items that symbolized their powers. They then crafted the Pan'ku box as a key to opening the portals that lead into the demons' prison. Later on in the series, the items the Immortals used to seal away the demons the first time are revealed to have absorbed some of the demons' chi and become the targets of Drago, the son of Shendu (one of the Demon Sorcerers), to enhance his own powers.


title: Eight Immortals

text: In "The Forbidden Kingdom", Jackie Chan plays the character Lu Yan, who is supposed to be one of the Eight Immortals, as revealed by the director in the movie's special feature, "The Monkey King and The Eight Immortals".


title: Eight Immortals

text: In the Tales of the Dragon expansion for "Age of Mythology", the Eight Immortals are hero units for the Chinese.


title: Eight Immortals

text: In "The Iron Druid Chronicles," Zhang Guolao joins the party journeying to Asgard to slay Thor in vengeance for the Norse gods crimes. Zhang Guolao's grudge stems from Thor killing his donkey in a trick.


title: Eight Immortals

text: Asian-American death metal band Ripped to Shreds' second album, "亂 (Luan)" (2020), features a song about the Eight Immortals called "Eight Immortals Feast"


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: Calcio Fiorentino (also known as calcio storico "historic football") is an early form of football (soccer and rugby) that originated during the Middle Ages in Italy. Once widely played, the sport is thought to have started in the "Piazza Santa Croce" in Florence. There it became known as the "giuoco del calcio fiorentino" ("Florentine kick game") or simply "calcio", which is now also the name for association football in the Italian language. The game may have started as a revival of the Roman sport of harpastum.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: Calcio was reserved for rich aristocrats who played every night between Epiphany and Lent. Even popes, such as Clement VII, Leo XI and Urban VIII, played the sport in Vatican City. The games could get violent as teams vied to score goals. A variation of Calcio Fiorentino was most likely played in the 15th century as well, as a match was organized on the Arno river in 1490, notable as a day so cold the waters were completely frozen.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: On another famous occasion, the city of Florence held a match on February 17, 1530, in defiance of the imperial troops sent by Charles V, as the city was under siege. The "noble game" was played in Piazza Santa Croce, only by distinguished soldiers, lords, noblemen and princes.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: In 1574 Henry III of France attended a game of "bridge fighting" – put on in his honor during a visit to Venice. The King is recorded as saying: "Too small to be a real war and too cruel to be a game".


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: Interest in "Calcio" waned in the early 17th century. However, in 1930 it was reorganized as a game in Kingdom of Italy, under Benito Mussolini. It was widely played by amateurs in streets and squares using handmade balls of cloth or animal skin. Today, three matches are played each year in "Piazza Santa Croce" in Florence in the third week of June. A team from each "quartiere" of the city is represented:


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: After playing each other in two opening games, the two overall winners go into the yearly final on June 24, the feast of San Giovanni (St. John), the Patron Saint of Florence. For decades, this violent match has resulted in severe injuries, including death. During the early decades, in order to encourage wagering and achieve a bettable winner, there were times when bulls would be ushered into the ring in hopes of adding confusion and inciting victory. The modern version of "calcio" has not changed much from its historical roots, which allow tactics such as head-butting, punching, elbowing, and choking. However, due to often fatal injuries, sucker punches and kicks to the head are currently banned. It is also prohibited for more than one player to attack an opponent. Any violation leads to being expelled from the game.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: The most successful team since regular records have been kept is Santa Croce / Azzurri (Blues) with 20 tournament wins. Tournaments have been cancelled on several occasions due to violence or foul play. These incidents have lead to major rule changes such as ensuring players are born in Florence (or have resident for at least ten years) and excluding players that have criminal convictions.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: .*Exhibition match between a Rossi & Azzurri team consisting of players from multiple districts. A full tournament was not held this year.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: Matches last 50 minutes and are played on a field covered in sand, twice as long as it is wide (approximately ). A white line divides the field into two identical squares, and a goal net runs the width of each end.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: Each team has 27 players and no substitutions are allowed for injured or expelled players. The teams are made up of four "datori indietro" (goalkeepers), three "datori innanzi" (fullbacks), five "sconciatori" (halfbacks), 15 "innanzi" or "corridori" (forwards). The captain and standard bearer's tent sits at the center of the goal net. They do not actively participate in the game, but can organize their teams and occasionally act as "caccas" (referees), mainly to calm down their players or to stop fights.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: The referee and the six linesmen officiate the match in collaboration with the judge commissioner, who remains off the field. The referee, above everyone else, is the master of the field, and is responsible for making sure the game runs smoothly, stepping into the field only to maintain discipline and reestablish order when fights occur.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: Shots from a small cannon or "colubrine" announces the beginning of the event. The game starts when the "pallaio" throws and kicks the ball toward the center line, then at the first whistle as the ball first rests on field, 15 forwards or "corridori", begin fighting in a wild mixed martial arts match- punching, kicking, tripping, hacking, tackling, and wrestling with each other in an effort designed to tire opponents' defenses, but which often descends into an all-out brawl. They try to pin and force into submission as many players possible. Once there are enough incapacitated players, the other teammates come and swoop up the ball and head to the goal.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: From this moment on, the players try by any means necessary to get the ball into the opponents' goal, also called "caccia". The teams change sides with every "caccia" or goal scored. It is important to shoot with precision, because every time a player throws or kicks the ball above the net, the opposing team is awarded with a half "caccia". The game ends after 50 minutes and the team which scored the most "cacce" wins.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: Along with the "palio", the winning team used to receive a Chianina, a type of pure-bred cow. However, this has been reduced to a free dinner for the winning team; the players earn no other compensation.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: The comic book series "Bitch Planet" includes an event titled "Duemila" or "Megaton"; in issue #4 the event is described: "Megaton is one of many modern descendants of Calcio Fiorentino, a 16th century Italian sport... Teams may have any number of players, but their combined weight can be no more than !"


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: In the 2017 film "Lost In Florence", Brett Dalton plays a former college football star who travels to Italy and becomes involved in playing Calcio Fiorentino.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: In episode 4, "Judgement Day" of the TV series, "Medici: Masters of Florence", the main characters engage in a game of Calcio Fiorentino in the main square of Florence during a flashback sequence.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: In the sixth episode from the second season of Syfy Channel's HAPPY! (titled "Pervapalooza"), the demon Orcus references Calcio Storico while trapped inside Blue Scaramucci's body. (Original airdate 5/1/2019)


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: "The Mirror and the Light", Hilary Mantel's novel about Thomas Cromwell, contains a description of an early 16th-century game of , emphasising its brutality.


title: Calcio Fiorentino

text: Episode 1 of the 2020 Netflix series "Home Game" is dedicated to Calcio Storico, featuring behind-the-scenes player vignettes contemporary to the 2019 Reds-versus-Whites final match. In addition to providing historical information, the episode depicts interviews with players from both teams.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Pope Sixtus IV (: 21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484), born Francesco della Rovere, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 August 1471 to his death in August 1484. His accomplishments as pope included the construction of the Sistine Chapel and the creation of the Vatican Library. A patron of the arts, he brought together the group of artists who ushered the Early Renaissance into Rome with the first masterpieces of the city's new artistic age.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Sixtus founded the Spanish Inquisition through the bull "Exigit sincerae devotionis affectus" (1478), and he annulled the decrees of the Council of Constance. He was noted for his nepotism and was personally involved in the infamous Pazzi conspiracy.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Francesco was born to a family of modest means from Liguria, Italy, the son of Leonardo della Rovere and Luchina Monleoni. He was born in Celle Ligure, a town near Savona.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: As a young man, Della Rovere joined the Franciscan Order, an unlikely choice for a political career, and his intellectual qualities were revealed while he was studying philosophy and theology at the University of Pavia. He went on to lecture at Padua and many other Italian universities.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: In 1464, Della Rovere was elected Minister General of the Franciscan order at the age of 50. In 1467, he was appointed Cardinal by Pope Paul II with the titular church being the Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Before his papal election, Cardinal della Rovere was renowned for his unworldliness and had written learned treatises, including "On the Blood of Christ" and "On the Power of God".


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: His reputation for piety was one of the deciding factors that prompted the College of Cardinals to elect him Pope upon the unexpected death of Paul II at the age of fifty-four.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Upon being elected Pope, Della Rovere adopted the name Sixtus, which had not been used since the 5th century. One of his first acts was to declare a renewed crusade against the Ottoman Turks in Smyrna. However, after the conquest of Smyrna, the fleet disbanded. Some fruitless attempts were made towards unification with the Greek Church. For the remainder of his pontificate, Sixtus turned to temporal issues and dynastic considerations.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Sixtus IV sought to strengthen his position by surrounding himself with relatives and friends. In the fresco by Melozzo da Forlì, he is accompanied by his Della Rovere and Riario nephews, not all of whom were made cardinals; the protonotary apostolic Pietro Riario (on his right), the future Pope Julius II/ Giuliano Della Rovere standing before him; and Girolamo Riario and Giovanni della Rovere, behind the kneeling Platina, author of the first humanist history of the popes.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: His nephew, Pietro Riario, also benefited from his nepotism. Pietro became one of the richest men in Rome and was entrusted with Pope Sixtus' foreign policy. However, Pietro died prematurely in 1474, and his role passed to Giuliano Della Rovere.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: The secular fortunes of the Della Rovere family began when Sixtus invested his nephew Giovanni with the lordship of Senigallia and arranged his marriage to the daughter of Federico III da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino; from that union came a line of Della Rovere dukes of Urbino that lasted until the line expired, in 1631. Six of the thirty-four cardinals that he created were his nephews.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: In his territorial aggrandizement of the Papal States, his niece's son, Cardinal Raffaele Riario (for whom the Palazzo della Cancelleria was constructed) was suspected of colluding in the failed Pazzi conspiracy of 1478 to assassinate both Lorenzo de' Medici and his brother Giuliano and replace them in Florence with Sixtus IV's other nephew, Girolamo Riario. Francesco Salviati, Archbishop of Pisa and a main organizer of the plot, was hanged on the walls of the Florentine Palazzo della Signoria. Sixtus IV replied with an interdict and two years of war with Florence.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: According to the later published chronicle of the Italian historian Stefano Infessura, "Diary of the City of Rome", Sixtus was a "lover of boys and sodomites", awarding benefices and bishoprics in return for sexual favours and nominating a number of young men as cardinals, some of whom were celebrated for their good looks.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: However, Infessura had partisan allegiances to the Colonna and so is not considered to be always reliable or impartial. The English churchman and Protestant polemicist John Bale, writing a century later, attributed to Sixtus "the authorisation to practice sodomy during periods of warm weather" to the "Cardinal of Santa Lucia". This prompted the noted historian of the Catholic Church, Ludwig von Pastor, to issue a firm rebuttal.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Sixtus continued a dispute with King Louis XI of France, who upheld the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438), which held that papal decrees needed royal assent before they could be promulgated in France. That was a cornerstone of the privileges claimed for the Gallican Church and could never be shifted as long as Louis XI manoeuvred to replace King Ferdinand I of Naples with a French prince. Louis was thus in conflict with the papacy, and Sixtus could not permit it.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: On 1 November 1478, Sixtus published the papal bull "Exigit Sincerae Devotionis Affectus" through which the Spanish Inquisition was established in the Kingdom of Castile. Sixtus consented under political pressure from Ferdinand of Aragon, who threatened to withhold military support from his kingdom of Sicily. Nevertheless, Sixtus IV quarrelled over protocol and prerogatives of jurisdiction; he was unhappy with the excesses of the Inquisition and condemned the most flagrant abuses in 1482.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: As a temporal prince who constructed stout fortresses in the Papal States, he encouraged the Venetians to attack Ferrara, which he wished to obtain for another nephew. Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, was allied with the Sforzas of Milan, the Medicis of Florence along with the King of Naples, normally a hereditary ally and champion of the papacy. The angered Italian princes allied to force Sixtus IV to make peace to his great annoyance.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: For refusing to desist from the very hostilities that he himself had instigated and for being a dangerous rival to Della Rovere dynastic ambitions in the Marche, Sixtus placed Venice under interdict in 1483. He also lined the coffers of the state by unscrupulously selling high offices and privileges.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: In ecclesiastical affairs, Sixtus promoted the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, which had been confirmed at the Council of Basle in 1439, and he designated 8 December as its feastday. In 1476, he issued the apostolic constitution "Cum Praeexcelsa", establishing a Mass and Office for the feast. He formally annulled the decrees of the Council of Constance in 1478.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: The two papal bulls issued by Pope Nicholas V, "Dum Diversas" of 1452 and "Romanus Pontifex" of 1455, had effectively given the Portuguese the rights to acquire slaves along the African Coast by force or trade. Those concessions were confirmed by Sixtus in his own bull, "Aeterni regis", of 21 June 1481. Arguably the "ideology of conquest" expounded in those texts became the means by which commerce and conversion were facilitated.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: In November 1476, Isabel and Fernando ordered an investigation into rights of conquest in the Canary Islands, and in the spring of 1478, they sent Juan Rejon with sixty soldiers and thirty cavalry to the Grand Canary, where the natives retreated inland. Sixtus's earlier threats to excommunicate all captains or pirates who enslaved Christians in the bull "Regimini Gregis" of 1476 could have been intended to emphasise the need to convert the natives of the Canary Islands and Guinea and establish a clear difference in status between those who had converted and those who resisted. The ecclesiastical penalties were directed towards those who were enslaving the recent converts.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: As a civic patron in Rome, even the anti-papal chronicler Stefano Infessura agreed that Sixtus should be admired. The dedicatory inscription in the fresco by Melozzo da Forlì in the Vatican Palace records: "You gave your city temples, streets, squares, fortifications, bridges and restored the Acqua Vergine as far as the Trevi..."


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: In addition to restoring the aqueduct that provided Rome an alternative to the river water, which had made the city famously unhealthy, he restored or rebuilt over 30 of Rome's dilapidated churches such as San Vitale (1475) and Santa Maria del Popolo, and he added seven new ones. The Sistine Chapel was sponsored by Sixtus IV, as was the "Ponte Sisto", the Sistine Bridge (the first new bridge across the Tiber since Antiquity), and the building of "Via Sistina" (later named "Borgo Sant'Angelo"), a road leading from Castel Sant'Angelo to Saint Peter.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: All of that was done to facilitate the integration of the Vatican Hill and Borgo with the heart of Old Rome. That was part of a broader scheme of urbanization carried out under Sixtus IV, who swept the long-established markets from the Campidoglio in 1477 and decreed in a bull of 1480 the widening of streets and the first post-Roman paving, the removal of porticoes and other post-classical impediments to free public passage.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: At the beginning of his papacy, in 1471, Sixtus had donated several historically important Roman sculptures that founded a papal collection of art, which would eventually develop into the collections of the Capitoline Museums. He also refounded, enriched and enlarged the Vatican Library. He had Regiomontanus attempt the first sanctioned reorganisation of the Julian calendar and increased the size and prestige of the papal chapel choir, bringing singers and some prominent composers (Gaspar van Weerbeke, Marbrianus de Orto and Bertrandus Vaqueras) to Rome from the north.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: In addition to being a patron of the arts, Sixtus was a patron of the sciences. Before he became pope, he had spent time at the very liberal and cosmopolitan University of Padua, which maintained considerable independence from the Church and had a very international character.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: As Pope, he issued a papal bull allowing local bishops to give the bodies of executed criminals and unidentified corpses to physicians and artists for dissection. It was that access to corpses which allowed the anatomist Vesalius, along with Titian's pupil Jan Stephen van Calcar, to complete the revolutionary medical/anatomical text "De humani corporis fabrica".


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: The Pope created 34 cardinals in eight consistories held during his reign, among them three nephews, one grandnephew and one other relative, thus continuing the practice of nepotism that he and his successors would engage in during this period.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Sixtus IV named seven new saints, with the most notable being Bonaventure (1482); he also beatified one person, John Buoni (1483).


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: In 1477, Sixtus IV issued a papal bull authorizing the creation of Uppsala University – the first university in Sweden and in the whole of Scandinavia. The choice of this location for the university derived from the fact that the archbishopric of Uppsala had been one of the most important sees in Sweden proper since Christianity first spread to this region in the ninth century, as well as Uppsala being long-standing hub for regional trade. Uppsala's bull, which granted the university its corporate rights, established a number of provisions. Among the most important of these was that the university was officially given the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna. This included the right to establish the four traditional faculties of theology, law (Canon Law and Roman law), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees. The archbishop of Uppsala was also named as the university's Chancellor, and was charged with maintaining the rights and privileges of the university and its members. This act of Sixtus IV had a profound long-term effect on the society and culture of Sweden, an effect which continues up to the present.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Sixtus IV became ill on 8 August 1484; this illness worsened on 10 August while the pope was attending an event in Rome. He felt unwell that evening and was forced to cancel a meeting he was to hold with his cardinals the following morning. The Pope grew weaker during the night of 11 August and he was unable to sleep. Sixtus IV died the following evening – 12 August.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: The envoy of the Medici family summed up Sixtus' reign in the announcement to his master, "Today at 5 o'clock His Holiness Sixtus IV departed this life – may God forgive him!"


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Pope Sixtus's tomb was destroyed in the Sack of Rome in 1527. Today, his remains, along with the remains of his nephew Pope Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere), are interred in St. Peter's Basilica, in the floor in front of the monument to Pope Clement X. A marble tombstone marks the site.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: His bronze funerary monument, now in the basement Treasury of St. Peter's Basilica, made like a giant casket of goldsmith's work, is by Antonio del Pollaiuolo. The top of the casket is a lifelike depiction of the Pope lying in state. Around the sides are bas-relief panels depicting allegorical female figures representing Grammar, Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, Painting, Astronomy, Philosophy and Theology—the classical liberal arts, with the addition of painting and theology. Each figure incorporates the oak tree ("rovere" in Italian), symbol of Sixtus IV. The overall program of the panels, their beauty, complex symbolism, classical references and their relative arrangement are compelling and comprehensive illustrations of the Renaissance worldview. None of them actually states how he died.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Sixtus created an unusually large number of cardinals during his pontificate (23) who were drawn from the roster of the princely houses of Italy, France and Spain, thus ensuring that many of his policies continued after his death:


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Pope Sixtus is portrayed by Arthur Grosser in the short film "", a prequel to the video game "Assassin's Creed II".


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Pope Sixtus is portrayed by James Faulkner in the historical fantasy "Da Vinci's Demons" as having an identical twin, Alessandro. Shortly after the true Pope Sixtus, Francesco, was elected on conclave, Alessandro usurped the Holy See and had his brother locked up in Castel Sant'Angelo. The series implies that many of the more unsavoury parts of Sixtus' reign were really the work of his evil twin, who was out to gain power for himself.


title: Pope Sixtus IV

text: Pope Sixtus is portrayed by Raul Bova in the second season, and John Lynch in the third season of the TV series "".


title: Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan is a 2022 Indian television series produced by Dipti Kalwani, Karishma Jain and Gul Khan. The third installment of "Ishq Mein Marjawan" franchise, it stars Zain Imam, Reem Shaikh and Akshit Sukhija.


title: Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: From 8 August 2022, the series is streaming on Voot under the name Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan - Aakhri Imtihaan.


title: Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Agastya is a suave businessman and tech-genius, who unconditionally loves Paakhi, so much so that his feelings for her gradually turn into an obsession. Paakhi, on the other hand, is optimistic and carefree and runs an event management company. They are best friends and share their lives with each other. Paakhi likes to live in her fairytale world and believes that she is the universe's favourite child. However, she is oblivious to the fact that Agastya, whom she so adores and blindly trusts, is the one who has been pulling the strings of her life creating an illusion for her. As the story unfolds, Paakhi falls in love with a virtuous oncologist, Dr Ishaan Tandon, so Agastya, plans and plots to shake every pillar of her existence. Agastya's strong affection for Paakhi leads to many complexities and a whirlwind of emotions.


title: Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Paakhi discovers the truth about Agastya. Distraught by what Agastya did, Paakhi collaborates with Ishaan to make Agastya confess his crime. On the other hand, Agastya's step-mother Meera returns to snatch Agastya's property and wealth. Paakhi finally manages to expose Agastya. But before Paakhi could punish him, Agastya kidnaps her. On the other hand, Virat meets with an accident and the case is handed to his brother Karanjit. Paakhi manages to flee from Agastya but meets with an accident. When doctors lose hope on Paakhi, Agastya walks on coal to save her. After knowing all this Paakhi develops a soft corner for Agastya. Agastya and Paakhi celebrate their three-month anniversary. Paakhi mixes sleeping pills in Agastya's drink and flees, however, she is kidnapped by Meera. Meera calls Agastya into the forest where Agastya learns that his henchmen Yug is actually Meera's biological son and his half-brother. Agastya tries to save Paakhi but she takes a bullet for him. Paakhi falls down a cliff, Agastya goes mad, and Meera along with Yug frame Agastya for Paakhi's death. Agastya is sent to a mental asylum, where he is given shocks, which makes him lose his sanity and revert to the mental age of a child.


title: Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Meera made all the members of Raichand family and Srivastav family her servants. She even uses Agastya's mental condition for her pleasure. Neelima's finds a lookalike of Paakhi, Bulbul, who is a dancer by profession. Bulbul becomes best friend with the mentally disabled Agastya and even gets a job by blackmailing Meera. It is then revealed that Bulbul is in fact Paakhi in reality who is pretending to be Bulbul to take revenge from Meera. Agastya also recovers and they expose Meera. Pakhi and Agastya reunite and live happily but Ishaan returns to take revenge and creates misunderstandings between the two leading Pakhi to believe that Agastya never changed and was only pretending. Pakhi is pregnant with Agastya's child but due to the misunderstandings, she doesn't tell him and leaves the city forever to raise the child on her own. She leaves letters behind for her own family and Agastya.


title: Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Pakhi lives in Shimla with her and Agastya's daughter Tara while Agastya lives with his family in Delhi. Tara insists Pakhi to take her to Delhi so that she can participate in a competition for kids which was organised by Agastya. Unaware of the fact that Agastya is organizing the competition, Pakhi and Tara come to Delhi so that Tara can take part in it. Eventually Pakhi and Agastya meet.Meera returns to destroy Tara, Agastya and Pakhi. Agastya and Pakhi clear their misunderstandings and save Tara from Meera.Meera ends up burnt to death. The show ends with the family happy and united with the birth of Pakhi and Agastya's second child.


title: Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: The show was initially titled as "Fanaa - Tere Ishq Mein", but was later retitled "Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan". From August 8, 2022, the series is streaming on Voot under the name "Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan Aakhri Imtihaan" which went off air on 2 September 2022.


title: Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan

text: Reem Shaikh was cast to play Paakhi Srivastava. Akshit Sukhija was chosen to play Dr. Ishaan Tandon while Zain Imam was selected to play Agastya Raichand. Aakash Talwar bagged a special appearance as Rajeev. Later, Ayaz Ahmed and Krip Suri joined in February 2022. In April 2022, Manoj Chandila and Kishwer Merchant were introduced.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: Microsoft Office 2016 (First perpetual release of Office 16) is a version of the Microsoft Office productivity suite, succeeding both Office 2013 and Office for Mac 2011 and preceding Office 2019, which in turn was succeeded by Office 2021 for both platforms. It was released on macOS on July 9, 2015, and on Microsoft Windows on September 22, 2015, for Office 365 subscribers. Mainstream support ended on October 13, 2020, and extended support for most editions of Office 2016 will end on October 14, 2025, the same day as Windows 10. The perpetually licensed version on macOS and Windows was released on September 22, 2015. Office 2016 requires Windows 7 SP1, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 or OS X Yosemite at the minimum. It is the last version of Microsoft Office to support Windows 7 SP1, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows 10 RTM–1803 and Windows Server 2016; as the following version, Microsoft Office 2019 only supports Windows 10 version 1809, Windows Server 2019 or later.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: New features in the Windows release include the ability to create, open, edit, save, and share files in the cloud straight from the desktop, a new search tool for commands available in Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Outlook, Access, Visio and Project named "Tell Me", more "Send As" options in Word and PowerPoint, and co-authoring in real time with users connected to Office Online. Other smaller features include insights, a feature powered by Bing to provide contextual information from the web, a Designer sidebar in PowerPoint to optimize the layout of slides, more new chart types and templates in Excel (such as treemap, sunburst chart (also known as a ring chart), waterfall chart, box plot and histogram, and financial and calendar templates), new animations in PowerPoint (such as the Morph transition), the ability to insert online video in OneNote, enhanced support for attachments for emails in Outlook (supporting both locally-stored files and files on OneDrive or SharePoint), a Groups feature for Outlook, and a data loss prevention feature in Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: Microsoft Office 2016 cannot coexist with Microsoft Office 2013 apps if both editions use Click-To-Run installer, but it can coexist with earlier versions of Microsoft Office, such as 2003, 2007, and 2010 since they use Windows Installer (MSI) technology. Microsoft requires that any 2013 versions be uninstalled, which it will offer to do automatically, before the 2016 versions can be installed.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: Despite not supporting Windows XP anymore, tooltips for various ribbon items (e.g. Paragraph, Font, Footnotes or Page Setup) still show screenshots of Office on Windows XP.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: New features in the Mac release include an updated user interface that uses ribbons, full support for Retina Display, and new sharing features for Office documents.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: In Word, there is a new Design tab, an Insights feature, which is powered by Bing, and real-time co-authoring. In Excel, there is a Recommended Charts feature, and PivotTable Slicers. In PowerPoint, there are theme variants, which provide different color schemes for a theme. In Outlook, there is a Propose New Time feature, the ability to see calendars side by side, and a weather forecast in the calendar view.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: Outlook 2016 for Mac has very limited support for synchronization of collaboration services outside basic email.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: With version 15.25, Office for Mac transitioned from 32-bit to 64-bit by default. Users that require a 32-bit version for compatibility reasons will be able to download the 15.25 version as a manual, one-time update from the Microsoft Office website. All versions following 15.25 will be 64-bit only. Office for Mac received Touch Bar support in an update on February 16, 2017, following the launch of the 2016 MacBook Pro models. 32-bit versions of Office for Mac won't run on macOS Catalina; therefore, version 15.25 is the earliest version of Office for Mac that will run on the latest version of macOS.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: Support ended for this version on October 13, 2020 as Office for Mac doesn't have extended support unlike its Windows counterparts.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: As with previous versions, Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets. All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2016 contain Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one computer.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: Retail versions of Office 2016 for Windows use the Click-to-Run installer. Volume-licensed versions of Office 2016 use Windows Installer (MSI) technology. Some editions like Professional Plus are available in both retail (C2R) and volume (MSI) channels.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: The Office 365 subscription services, which were previously aimed towards business and enterprise users, were expanded for Office 2016 to include new plans aimed at home use. The subscriptions allow use of the Office 2016 applications by multiple users using a software as a service model. Different plans are available for Office 365, some of which also include value-added services, such as 1 TB of OneDrive storage and 60 Skype minutes per month on the Home Premium plan.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: The user interface design of Office 2016 for Windows is relatively unchanged from its predecessor, Microsoft Office 2013. It retains the flat design that was introduced along with the Metro design language, albeit with a few modifications to the layout, in order to conform with the design of Microsoft Office Mobile. When Office 2016 was released, it came with three themes. The default theme, known as "colorful", features a solid color on the top band of the ribbon, corresponding to the color of the Office application being used, for example, a solid dark blue is featured prominently in Microsoft Word. The theme had been described as useful in making the tab headings more distinct. In addition, both the "white" and "dark grey" themes from Office 2013 are available as well, though no new backgrounds have been added, nor have any existing backgrounds been removed. A fourth "black" theme was added as part of an update in January 2016. The update was not released to users of the traditional editions.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: On November 13, 2018, a report initiated by the Government of the Netherlands showed that Microsoft Office 2016 and Office 365 do not comply with the GDPR, the European statute on privacy.


title: Microsoft Office 2016

text: OneNote 2016 and Publisher 2016 do not include the Tell Me search feature that was added to all other Office apps. In response to feedback, Microsoft later added the Tell Me box to the Universal Windows Platform (UWP) version of OneNote.


title: Cathay Pacific fleet

text: Cathay Pacific operates a fleet of narrow-body and wide-body passenger aircraft composed of the Airbus A321, Airbus A321neo, Airbus A330, Airbus A350 XWB, and Boeing 777 aircraft. The airline also operates a fleet of 20 Boeing 747 freighters.


title: Cathay Pacific fleet

text: On 23 April 1996, an Airbus A330-300 (registered as VR-HYD) was painted and delivered in the special 50th Anniversary livery, in celebration of the airline's 50th Anniversary. The aircraft had a special decal placed at the vertical stabilizer. The sticker features a stylized "50". The green band around the nose is removed as well. However, the "Cathay Pacific" wordmark is retained. The aircraft was short-lived with Cathay Pacific, causing it to transfer to Dragonair in July 1996. This is possibly a concept of the new livery of Cathay Pacific, which was not yet released until November 2015.


title: Cathay Pacific fleet

text: In 1997, a Boeing 747-200 (B-HIB) named "Spirit of Hong Kong", was painted with a special livery, a big traditional Chinese brushstroke character "" (means family/home), a slogan in traditional Chinese "" painted on the left side of the aircraft and a slogan, "The Spirit of Hong Kong 97," painted on the right side of the aircraft, to commemorate the handover of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China. The aircraft was retired in December 1999. On 17 January 2000, "Spirit of Hong Kong" made a return on a Boeing 747-400 (B-HOX) to celebrate the legendary resilience of Hong Kong, with a new special livery depicting a young athlete overcoming a series of challenges to reach his goal. A special motto — "Same Team. Same Dream." — was painted on the left side of the aircraft, and a motto in traditional Chinese ("") was painted on the right side of the aircraft. The aircraft was repainted to the standard livery in December 2003. On 30 July 2013, "Spirit of Hong Kong" made another return, this time, on a Boeing 777-300ER (B-KPB). The livery features 110 people who represent the extraordinary spirit of Hong Kong people. The livery also bears the slogan "The Spirit of Hong Kong ". The livery is the result of an online contest held by Cathay Pacific to call on Hong Kong people to submit creative entries that illustrate the true spirit of the city, along with a full-body photograph of themselves. The judging panel then chose 100 winners and 10 champions, and their silhouettes were painted on the aircraft. The aircraft was withdrawn from service in October 2018 at the expiration of its lease. In celebration of Hong Kong's 20th anniversary of handover, "Spirit of Hong Kong" is also painted on a Boeing 777-300 (B-HNK) in June 2017, but instead of the original Spirit of Hong Kong livery, it is blended with clouds and flowers on the grey band on the fuselage and near the tail under the revised Cathay Pacific livery. It is also the sister aircraft to Cathay Dragon's Airbus A330-300 (B-HYB), which is also painted in the similar livery.


title: Cathay Pacific fleet

text: On 5 July 2002, a Boeing 747-400 (B-HOY) - named "Asia's World City" - carried a special livery, the "Asia's world city" brandline, the Brand Hong Kong logotype and the dragon symbol, to promote Hong Kong around the world. The aircraft was repainted to the standard Cathay Pacific livery in December 2008. In January 2008, it was also painted and delivered on the same livery, this time on a Boeing 777-300ER (B-KPF), until it was repainted into the standard Cathay Pacific livery in March 2014.


title: Cathay Pacific fleet

text: On 29 August 2006, the airline took delivery of its 100th aircraft, an Airbus A330-300 (B-LAD). For the aircraft acceptance ceremony in Toulouse, the aircraft was painted in a "100th aircraft" livery with the slogan "100th aircraft," and the slogan in traditional Chinese "" painted on the rear of the aircraft. The aircraft was repainted into the standard Cathay Pacific livery in September 2012. The aircraft was named "Progress Hong Kong", a name that was chosen as the result of a competition among the staff.


title: Cathay Pacific fleet

text: In November 2011, Cathay Pacific received its second 747-8 freighter (B-LJA), which was painted in the "Hong Kong Trader" livery. The livery was designed to commemorate the topping out of the new Cathay Pacific Cargo Terminal. The name of the livery was taken from Cathay Pacific's very first 747 freighter, which entered the fleet in 1982. The aircraft was eventually repainted into the revised Cathay Pacific livery in August 2018.


title: Cathay Pacific fleet

text: Several Cathay Pacific aircraft have been painted in the Oneworld livery, the first to commemorate the alliance's 10th anniversary. On 12 March 2009, Cathay Pacific's first Oneworld aircraft, an Airbus A340-300 (B-HXG), was painted in the new, standard Oneworld livery, and was retired in March 2017. A second aircraft, an Airbus A330-300 (B-HLU), was painted in the Oneworld livery from September 2009, while a Boeing 777-300ER (B-KPL) was painted and delivered in the Oneworld livery on 17 October 2009, until it was repainted into the revised Cathay Pacific livery from October 2017. The latter aircraft was withdrawn from service in June 2020 amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and returned to its lessor in August 2021 at the expiration of its lease. Five Boeing 777-300ERs (B-KPD, B-KQI, B-KQL, B-KQM & B-KQN) then received the Oneworld livery under the revised Cathay Pacific livery in March, April, September, December 2019 and January 2020 respectively in celebration of the alliance's 20th anniversary in March 2019. However, the Oneworld logo beside the cockpit windows was replaced by the Cathay Pacific logo, as well as the grey band retaining on the fuselage.


title: Cathay Pacific fleet

text: Since its inception in 1946, the Cathay Pacific fleet has operated many types of aircraft. The first two aircraft were two World War II surplus Douglas DC-3s, named "Betsy" and "Niki". "Betsy" (registration VR-HDB), the first aircraft for Cathay Pacific, is now a permanent exhibit in the Hong Kong Science Museum. "Niki" was lost, but a similar DC-3 was purchased as a replacement. It was refurbished and repainted by the airline's engineering department and maintenance provider, Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company, and it now wears the second Cathay Pacific livery from the late 1940s. This aircraft is now on public view in the car park outside the Flight Training Center of Cathay City. Cathay Pacific was at one time, the largest operator of the Lockheed L-1011 outside of the United States with a fleet of 19 (Delta Air Lines in the U.S was the largest with 71) before being replaced by the Airbus A330-342s in 1996.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: The Toyota Camry (XV70) is a mid-size car that has been produced by Toyota as the eighth-generation of the global Camry model, and was introduced at the January 2017 North American International Auto Show. It is built on the GA-K platform.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: The XV70 Camry was first launched in Japan on 10 July 2017. North American production started in June 2017 and sales began in late July 2017.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: For the North American market, due to the need to equip Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky with new equipment for the Toyota New Global Architecture, a small portion of the initial batch of the XV70-series Camry was sourced from the Tsutsumi plant in Japan. For the Australian market, the XV70 Camry was imported from Japan and launched on 21 November 2017. This followed the termination of 55 years of Toyota production in Australia, including the closure of the Camry plant at Altona, Victoria.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: It was also revealed for the Malaysian market on 1 November 2018 and launched on 22 November 2018 at the Kuala Lumpur International Motor Show. In the Philippines, it was launched on 10 December 2018.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: It was also launched in Indonesia on 8 January 2019, in Singapore on 10 January 2019 at the Singapore Motorshow, in India and Brunei on 18 January 2019, and in Vietnam on 23 April 2019. It has been available in Western Europe since April 2019, replacing the Avensis, returning to this market after 14 years of absence.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: Trim Levels for the Japanese Camry include X, G, WS, G Leather Package and WS Leather Package with the fuel system only being Hybrid. Trim levels for the North American Camry include L, LE, SE, XLE, XSE, XLE V6 and XSE V6, as well as LE, SE and XLE versions of the Camry Hybrid. In 2019, for the 2020 model year, the TRD Camry trim level was introduced. It was based on the SE trim and only available with a V6; it comes with sportier suspension, sports exhaust, body kit, trunk spoiler, special TRD-badged interior and red seat belts.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: In Puerto Rico, it is available with both petrol and hybrid engines, in contrast to the mainland United States where it is sold as a hybrid only; the TRD sports sedan versions are not available there.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: Trim levels for the Australian Camry include Ascent, Ascent Sport, SX and SL, as well as Ascent, Ascent Sport and SL versions of the Camry Hybrid.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: Trim levels for the Thai market Camry include 2.0 G, 2.5 G, 2.5 HV and 2.5 HV Premium, while the Malaysian Camry is only available in 2.5 V trim. Trim levels for the Philippine Camry include 2.5 G and 2.5 V. Trim levels for the Indonesian Camry include 2.5 G and 2.5 V, as well as the Camry Hybrid. Trim levels for the Vietnamese Camry include 2.0 G and 2.5 Q. In Singapore, the Camry is offered in 2.0-litre and 2.5-litre engine options. Only the Camry Hybrid is offered in India. In Brunei, the Camry is only offered in 2.5-litre engine option. For the Chinese market, trim levels consist of 2.0 G, 2.0 E, 2.0 S, 2.5 G, 2.5 Q, 2.5 S, 2.5 HG and 2.5 HQ. Engine choice consisted of the 6AR-FSE, the A25A and the A25B. The 6AR-FSE engine was replaced for the 2019 model year with the 2 litre M20A-FKS, which also powers the Toyota Corolla (E210). Gearbox choices are a 6-speed automatic for 2.0-litre models (6AR-FSE only), an 8-speed automatic for the 2.5G, Q and S and the CVT gearbox for the 2.0 E, 2.0 G, 2.0 S, 2.5HG and 2.5HQ. In Germany, the Camry Hybrid is offered in Business Edition and Executive trim levels. In the United Kingdom, the Camry Hybrid is offered in Design and Excel trim levels.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: Engine choices include a base 2.5 L inline four-cylinder (I4) that now produces in base form ( when equipped with the optional quad exhaust), the same 2.5 L inline four-cylinder (I4) engine with an electric motor (Hybrid) that produces , or the top-of-the-line 3.5 L V6 that produces . In some markets the old 2.5 L 2AR-FE engine is carried over from the previous generation which produces .


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: The only major component that is shared with the previous-generation is the Toyota emblem on the front grille and rear trunk lid.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: The Camry would be the first Toyota vehicle to introduce the Entune 3.0 System, which, powered by Linux, would be an "Open-Source" operating system (OS), providing for developers to develop different applications that would work with the infotainment system.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: Transmission choices include a simulated six-speed sequential shift automatic (CVT) for Hybrid models, six-speed automatic for the 2.5L "2AR-FE" engine or an eight-speed automatic for the 2.5L "A25A-FKS"/"A25A-FKB" and V6 powered Camrys.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: As with all Toyota vehicles, "Toyota Safety Sense" would come as standard equipment on all Camry models, bringing standard a pre-collision system with pedestrian detection, a full-speed radar cruise control, lane departure warning with steering assist, and automatic high beam assist. Optional safety features would include active blind spot monitoring with rear cross-traffic alert, intelligent clearance sonar, and rear cross-traffic braking.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: In 2019, for the 2020 model year, the Camry became available in North America with AWD for the first time since 1991. AWD is only available on the four-cylinder 2.5L engine mated to an 8-speed automatic transmission.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: Like previous generations, the XV70 Camry is available with a hybrid variant. The hybrid variant combines the 2.5L I4 engine with electric motors. The transmission used is a Sequential Shiftmatic CVT that can simulate the feeling of shifting gears. Combined output of the combustion engine and electric motor is . Different to previous generations, Toyota moved the battery pack from the trunk to below the rear seats, improving cargo space and creating a lower centre-of-gravity. In the US, the LE used a 1.0 kWh lithium-ion battery pack, while the SE and XLE used a 1.6 kWh nickel-metal hydride pack. The fuel economy for the LE Hybrid is for city driving, for highway driving, and combined, a 30 percent increase compared to the standard model. On the exterior, the Hybrid model has a unique blue tint around the Toyota badge.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: In 2020, for the 2021 model year, when the Camry received its facelift, the L was dropped and the XSE Hybrid was added. Also, the Android Auto was added, a new 7- and 9-inch floating multimedia displays and also one of the first Toyotas to debut new Toyota Safety Sense 2.5+. It consists of an updated Pre-Collision System (PCS) with Pedestrian Detection, which now enhanced with intersection support and emergency steering assist, as well an updated Dynamic Radar Cruise Control, which now improved with Curve Speed Management.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: The facelifted North American Camry was unveiled on 15 July 2020 and went on sale in October 2020. The facelifted Camry was also released in Japan on 1 February 2021, in Australia on 15 April 2021, in Indonesia on 29 October 2021, in Thailand on 3 November 2021, in the Philippines on 9 December 2021, in Vietnam on 17 December 2021, and in Malaysia on 17 February 2022.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: For the Indonesian market, the 2.5 G trim was removed from the lineup, leaving only the 2.5 V and 2.5 Hybrid trim levels.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: For the Thai market, the 2.0 G trim was removed from the lineup, leaving only the 2.5 Sport, 2.5 Premium, 2.5 Hybrid Premium and 2.5 Hybrid Premium Luxury trim levels.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: For the Philippine market, the 2.5 G and 2.5 V trims were removed from the lineup and was replaced by the 2.5 V Hybrid trim.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: For the Vietnamese market, the 2.0 Q and 2.5 Hybrid trims were added to the lineup alongside the 2.0 G and 2.5 Q grades, making the Camry available in four models.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: In the United States in 2021, for the 2022 model year, the Nightshade package became available on the hybrid as well as a new exclusive colour for the TRD trim level.


title: Toyota Camry (XV70)

text: In the United States in 2022, for the 2023 model year, adds a new colour Reservoir Blue for the Nightshade package and Ice Cap replaces Super White. Calvary Blue becomes available for the SE & XSE trims.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: The Thin Blue Line is a 1988 American documentary film by Errol Morris, about the trial and conviction of Randall Dale Adams for the 1976 shooting of Dallas police officer Robert W. Wood. Morris became interested in the case while doing research for a film about Dr. James Grigson, a psychiatrist known in Texas as "Dr. Death" for testifying with "100 percent certainty" of a defendant's recidivism in many trials, including that of Randall Adams. The film centered around the "inconsistencies, incongruities and loose ends" of the case, and through his investigation, not only comes to a different conclusion, actually obtained an admission of Adams' innocence by the original suspect of the case, David Harris. The "thin blue line" in the title "refers to what Mr. Morris feels is an ironic, mythical image of a protective policeman on the other side of anarchy".


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: The film won many awards, but was a controversial film among documentary film critics, who felt the use of reenactment had no place in the documentary format. For this reason, the film was not nominated for an Academy Award, though it won several other awards for best documentary. Roger Ebert "attributed its rejection to the inability of academy voters to appreciate innovative film making."


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: In 2001, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Prior to the conception of "The Thin Blue Line", Morris originally planned to film a documentary about prosecution psychiatrist Dr. James Grigson, known as Doctor Death, who testified in more than 100 trials that resulted in death sentences. As an expert psychiatrist, Dr. Grigson made a name for himself by giving testimony in capital cases for the prosecution. Under the law in Texas, the death penalty can only be issued if the jury is convinced that the defendant is not just guilty, but will commit violent crimes in the future if not put to death. In almost every instance, Dr. Grigson would, after examining a defendant, testify that he had found the individual in question to be an incurable sociopath, who he was "one hundred percent certain" would kill again.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: In pursuit of creating this idea, Morris sought and received funding for the initial project from the Public Broadcasting Service. Using this grant, Morris was able to initially interview Grigson. During this meeting, Grigson suggested to Morris that his research should begin with all the inmates he had testified against in court. It was during this preliminary research that Morris met Randall Dale Adams, and learned of his case. Grigson had told the jury that Adams would be an ongoing menace if kept alive, but Morris, after meeting Adams, became skeptical that he committed the crime.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Morris later chose to refocus his research efforts into an investigation on the circumstances of Randall Dale Adams' conviction. Grigson does not appear once in the final cut of the film.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: The film presents a series of interviews about the investigation of the shooting of Dallas police officer Robert Wood and a re-enactment of the crime based on the testimony and recollections of Adams, Harris (the actual murderer), the judge presiding over the case (Donald J. Metcalfe), and several witnesses (including Emily Miller and R. L. Miller), as well as detectives (including Gus Rose, Jackie Johnson, and Marshall Touchton). Two attorneys (Edith James and Dennis White) who represented Adams at the trial where he was convicted also appear; they suggest that Adams was charged with the crime despite the evidence against Harris because Harris was a juvenile at the time, whereas Adams, as an adult, could be sentenced to death under Texas law. The prosecutor (Douglas D. Mulder) does not appear in the film.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: The film's title comes from prosecutor Doug Mulder's phrase during his closing argument that the police are the "thin blue line" separating society from "anarchy". This is a re-working of a line from Rudyard Kipling's poem "Tommy" in which he describes British soldiers (nicknamed "Tommy Atkins") as the "thin red line", from the color of their uniforms and their formation.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: The film makes use of dramatic re-enactments, a composed score, and interview testimony that takes the place of a narrator.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Morris is often credited with re-purposing "film noir" aesthetic to the documentary format. Film scholar Charles Musser has credited Morris for using 'fiction film' techniques in "The Thin Blue Line." Morris himself has claimed all of his films are brazenly "anti-vérité" in style.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: The film's re-enactment scenes were built carefully from witnesses' statements. Morris is commonly credited with the invention of re-enactment scenes in documentary format, though this is untrue. Although the film recreates several versions of the shooting, it does not recreate one in which David Harris shoots the officer, the interpretation which it argues is true.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Prior to working on this film, Morris worked for several years as a private detective. Once fascinated by the Adams/Harris case, he applied those skills to his research on the film.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Harris was later tried, convicted, and executed for committing the unrelated murder of Mark Walker Mays on September 1, 1985. On the weekend of that murder, Morris had an interview scheduled with Harris. Morris remarked in an interview with James Hughes: "I often say it's my favorite excuse for missing an appointment: 'I'm sorry, I was off killing someone.'"


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Morris' interview style (that of the subject staring directly into the camera) led to a later invention that his wife termed "the Interrotron". It was first used in "Fast, Cheap & Out of Control" (1997), and places Morris behind a curtain staring into one camera, which feeds into a teleprompter-like device on the camera in front of the interviewee, which causes the interviewee to look at and talk to the image of Morris, and, therefore, the camera directly, rather than to a person sitting off to one side.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: The final scene, in which Morris and Harris are only heard, while shots of a tape recorder appear from various angles, was not originally planned. Morris' camera broke down on the day of the interview, forcing Morris to use a tape recorder to document the dialogue.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: The Corporation for Public Broadcasting, National Endowment for the Arts, Program Development Company Productions Inc., public television stations, and The Chubb Group of Insurance Companies funded the documentary.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: The film was scored by composer Philip Glass. The original film soundtrack was published by Dunvagen Music Publishers, Inc. The music for the original film was produced by Kurt Munkasci, and the performing orchestra conducted by Michael Riesman.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Morris has claimed that prior to Glass' involvement in the project, he personally edited "The Thin Blue Line" to a mix-tape of Glass' earlier works, including selections from "Mishima" and "In the Upper Room and Glassworks." In an interview with Marc Glassman of "POV magazine", Morris explained his rationale for seeking Glass to compose the score:I had the good fortune of actually convincing him [Philip Glass] to write the soundtrack himself. Someone asked me, ‘Why Philip Glass?’ And I said, ‘because he does existential dread better than anybody. He’s the master of existential dread.’


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Marketing the film was not an easy task, as Morris wished to avoid having the label of documentary attached to his film. Miramax, the film's distributor, had originally picked it up for its unconventional look, and used marketing hooks to make the film "transition from the arthouse to the multiplex". Harvey Weinstein, the former head of Miramax, declared: "Never has Miramax had a movie where a man's life hangs in the balance". The poster for the film gave it the feel of a whodunit, with the tagline: "A softcore movie, Dr. Death, a chocolate milkshake, a nosy blonde and "The Carol Burnett Show". Solving this mystery is going to be murder."


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Weinstein even sent a note to Errol Morris pushing him to promote the film better during interviews. The note read, in part, "Heard your NPR interview and you were boring," and recommended the director sell the movie as a highly thrilling and emotional experience similar to watching thrillers or horror movies and that he adopt the usage of shorter and clearer sentences.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: "The Thin Blue Line" grossed $1,209,846 in the US and Canada. On its opening weekend, in only one theatre, it took in $17,814. Although the film is the 95th highest grossing documentary film released since 1982, Morris says he lost money on the production.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: "The Thin Blue Line" made its DVD premiere in July 2005 from MGM. In Australia, the film was released on DVD by Umbrella Entertainment in June 2007. The DVD includes Umbrella Entertainment trailers as special features. A special edition Blu-ray of the film was released in North America by the Criterion Collection in March 2015. New features include interviews with Morris and filmmaker Joshua Oppenheimer.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: "The Thin Blue Line" was assigned a 100% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and an average score of 79 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 12 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Gene Siskel, writing for the "Chicago Tribune", named it the 7th best film of 1988. The film won several smaller awards. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences refused to consider it for Best Documentary because of its use of reenactments. Kim Newman from "Empire" called the film "riveting and terrifying. Highly recommended testimony to the dangers of shoddy investigations." Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, and wrote that "Morris' visual style in The Thin Blue Line is unlike any conventional documentary approach. Although his interviews are shot straight on, head and shoulders, there is a way his camera has of framing his subjects so that we look at them very carefully, learning as much by what we see as by what we hear." Desson Thomson gave the film a perfect score, saying the film was "more like a waking nightmare than a docudrama. A true story of murder and justice evidently miscarried, wrapped in the fictional haze of a surrealistic whodunit, it will leave you in a trance for days."


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: "The Thin Blue Line" was placed on more critics' top ten lists than any other film of 1988, edging out "Bull Durham" by one vote.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Since the film was marketed as "nonfiction" rather than as a documentary, it was disqualified from being considered in the documentary category for an Academy Award.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: In a 2008 retrospective of documentaries, "Variety" credited the film as "the most political work of cinema in the last 20 years". The film has had a considerable influence on later television and documentary film, often credited with pioneering the style of modern crime-scene reenactments. In 2001, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Current TV placed the film 2nd on their list of 50 Documentaries to See Before You Die in 2011. In a 2014 "Sight and Sound" poll, film critics voted "The Thin Blue Line" the fifth best documentary film of all time.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Morris' investigation suggested that five witnesses committed perjury. As a result of publicity around the film, Adams (whose death sentence had been overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1980 and subsequently commuted to life in prison by the Governor of Texas, Bill Clements) had his conviction overturned by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, and the case was returned to Dallas County for a retrial. The district attorney's office declined to prosecute the case again, and Adams was subsequently ordered released as a result of a "habeas corpus" hearing in 1989.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: After Adams' release from prison, he ended up in a legal battle with Morris concerning the rights to his story. The matter was settled out of court after Adams was granted sole use of anything written or made on the subject of his life. Adams himself said of the matter: "Mr. Morris felt he had the exclusive rights to my life story. I did not sue Errol Morris for any money or any percentages of "The Thin Blue Line", though the media portrayed it that way."


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Morris, for his part, recalled: "When [Adams] got out, he became very angry at the fact that he had signed a release giving me rights to his life story. And he felt as though I had stolen something from him. Maybe I had, maybe I just don't understand what it's like to be in prison for that long, for a crime you hadn't committed. In a certain sense, the whole crazy deal with the release was fueled by my relationship with his attorney. And it's a long, complicated story, but I guess when people are involved, there's always a mess somewhere."


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Despite being wrongly imprisoned for twelve years, Adams received no payment from the state of Texas. Had Adams been found to be wrongly convicted under today's law in Texas, he would get $80,000 for each year of incarceration. However, since Adams was released because his case was dismissed, and not because he was pardoned, he received no payment from the state after his release for his wrongful conviction. Adams later worked as an anti-death penalty activist. He died of brain cancer in October 2010 at the age of 61, but lived in such anonymity that his death was not discovered by the media until June 2011.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Some scholars believe that by calling the certainty of events surrounding the murder case into question, Morris positions the film as a postmodern text.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Referring to theorist Fredric Jameson's framework, film critic Linda Williams writes that documentaries that seek only to reveal the past support the notion of an "intensified nostalgia for a past that is already lost". Conversely, "The Thin Blue Line" suggests Adams' innocence by clouding a previously established history.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: "Stanford Law Review" author Richard Sherwin believes "The Thin Blue Line" actually presents two plots. He says Morris presents one plot through the construction and ordering of the non-linear story, revealing an easy-to-follow narrative implicating Harris instead of Adams, not unlike the story that implicated Adams in the first place, because it presents an easy-to-believe retelling of history. The other plot, Sherwin says, is an example of "postmodern skepticism". Within this notion Sherwin notes sociologist Jean Baudrillard's interpretation of the postmodern media landscape as "flattening" meaning as well as the impossibility of the existence of "truth, authority, and history".


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: Sherwin criticizes "The Thin Blue Line" for failing to resolve what he calls an "acausal" plot, referring to certain details about the case that were presented but remain unanswered, such as where Adams actually was the night of the crime (Adams himself answers this question by stating that he was watching TV in his motel room and fell asleep, but this is left without conclusive explanation, with Adams' brother, who was in the motel room at the time, not appearing in the movie to corroborate the explanation). Instead, the end of the film abandons the "acausal" plot by returning to the easy-to-believe narrative, that which paints Harris as the perpetrator. Sherwin argues that for the film to succeed as an affirmative postmodern work, it must contextualize the past events within a present narrative. He argues that it should take on the challenge, through the clouding of history, of resisting the lure of a narrative and fulfilling "their sworn duty to convict only in the absence of reasonable doubt."


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: In an interview at the Museum of Modern Art, Morris denied being postmodern in any way, and quipped: "I am no post-modernist. I live in Cambridge, Massachusetts. And one of the nice things about Cambridge, Massachusetts is that "Baudrillard" isn't in the phone book.


title: The Thin Blue Line (1988 film)

text: To me, there's a physical world out there, pure and simple. There's a world where things actually happen. In "The Thin Blue Line," it was of all-consuming importance to figure out who was driving that car; who pulled the gun out from underneath the seat, who shot the cop. Questions like these are not up for grabs." In a video interview for the "Columbia Journalism Review", Morris reiterates his view of an inherent value in truth, acknowledging that our view of history will always be flawed, but that truth should still be sought.


title: David Neeleman

text: David G. Neeleman (born October 16, 1959) is a Brazilian-American businessman and entrepreneur. He has founded five commercial airlines: Morris Air, WestJet, JetBlue Airways, Azul Brazilian Airlines, and Breeze Airways. Along with Humberto Pedrosa and Aigle Azur, he owned 45% of another commercial airline in Europe, TAP Air Portugal. In 2017 he became a citizen of Cyprus.


title: David Neeleman

text: Neeleman was born in São Paulo, Brazil and raised in Utah, U.S. of partial Dutch descent. He lived in Brazil until he was five.


title: David Neeleman

text: He co-founded (with June Morris) Morris Air, a low-fare charter airline, and from 1984 to 1988, he was the executive vice president of the company.


title: David Neeleman

text: In 1988, Neeleman assumed the helm of Morris Air as its president. In 1993, when Morris Air was acquired by Southwest Airlines for $130 million (Neeleman received $25 million from the sale), he worked for five months on their Executive Planning Committee.


title: David Neeleman

text: After leaving Southwest, Neeleman became the CEO of Open Skies, a touch screen airline reservation and check-in systems company, later acquired by HP in 1999. At the same time, he helped with another upstart airline, WestJet. JetBlue was incorporated in Delaware in August 1998 and officially founded in February 1999, under the name "NewAir" by Neeleman.


title: David Neeleman

text: As the CEO of JetBlue Airways, his 2002 salary was $200,000 with a bonus of $90,000. Neeleman donated his entire salary to the JetBlue Crewmember Crisis Fund, which was established for JetBlue employees who had fallen on hard times.


title: David Neeleman

text: On May 10, 2007, Neeleman was replaced by David Barger as CEO of JetBlue and, on May 21, 2008, he was replaced as chairman of the board by Joel Peterson.


title: David Neeleman

text: On March 27, 2008, Neeleman officially announced plans to launch a new airline, Azul (Portuguese for "blue"), a domestic carrier in Brazil. Azul will complete 2013 with over 5 Billion (BRL) in sales and is currently Brazil's third-largest airline.


title: David Neeleman

text: On October 30, 2013, Neeleman and his youngest brother, Mark James Neeleman, a co-founder of Azul, announced the launch of a new company, Vigzul, a home security and monitoring company. Vigzul came from an idea of Mark Neeleman and was founded by David Allred, Brett Chambers and Neeleman serves as chairman of the board and principal investor.


title: David Neeleman

text: In June 2015, the Portuguese Government decided to sell the TAP Air Portugal Group, owner of the national air carrier, TAP Air Portugal, to the Gateway consortium with David Neeleman in partnership with Humberto Pedrosa who take control of 61% of the capital of the Portuguese carrier. TAP Air Portugal will maintain the country as the airline's main hub for a minimum of 30 years. In July 2020 the Portuguese state increased its stake to 72,5 %. It acquired this stake from Atlantic Gateway Consortium, which now holds 22.5%.


title: David Neeleman

text: In June 2018, he announced plans for a new US airline called Breeze Airways for which he raised $100m capital.


title: David Neeleman

text: On July 17, 2018, Breeze Airways signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Airbus for 60 A220-300 aircraft to be delivered beginning in 2021.


title: David Neeleman

text: In 2020, it was revealed that Dr John Ioannidis had not disclosed that Neeleman had funded his estimation of the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Santa Clara County, California.


title: David Neeleman

text: Neeleman, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, served a two-year mission in Brazil when he was 19.


title: David Neeleman

text: He has been diagnosed with ADHD. He is the father of nine children with his former wife, Vicki Vranes. The couple have since divorced.


title: David Neeleman

text: His brother Stephen was one of the founders of the American health care company HealthEquity, while his nephew is New York Jets quarterback Zach Wilson.


title: David Neeleman

text: Neeleman was the 2005 recipient of the Tony Jannus Award for his contributions in the commercial aviation industry. He speaks fluent Portuguese and holds citizenships of Brazil, U.S. and Cyprus.


title: Satellite imagery

text: Satellite images (also Earth observation imagery, spaceborne photography, or simply satellite photo) are images of Earth collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world. Satellite imaging companies sell images by licensing them to governments and businesses such as Apple Maps and Google Maps.


title: Satellite imagery

text: The first images from space were taken on sub-orbital flights. The U.S-launched V-2 flight on October 24, 1946, took one image every 1.5 seconds. With an apogee of 65 miles (105 km), these photos were from five times higher than the previous record, the 13.7 miles (22 km) by the Explorer II balloon mission in 1935. The first satellite (orbital) photographs of Earth were made on August 14, 1959, by the U.S. Explorer 6. The first satellite photographs of the Moon might have been made on October 6, 1959, by the Soviet satellite Luna 3, on a mission to photograph the far side of the Moon. The Blue Marble photograph was taken from space in 1972, and has become very popular in the media and among the public. Also in 1972 the United States started the Landsat program, the largest program for acquisition of imagery of Earth from space. In 1977, the first real time satellite imagery was acquired by the United States's KH-11 satellite system. The most recent Landsat satellite, Landsat 9, was launched on 27 September 2021.


title: Satellite imagery

text: All satellite images produced by NASA are published by NASA Earth Observatory and are freely available to the public. Several other countries have satellite imaging programs, and a collaborative European effort launched the ERS and Envisat satellites carrying various sensors. There are also private companies that provide commercial satellite imagery. In the early 21st century satellite imagery became widely available when affordable, easy to use software with access to satellite imagery databases was offered by several companies and organizations.


title: Satellite imagery

text: Satellite images have many applications in meteorology, oceanography, fishing, agriculture, biodiversity conservation, forestry, landscape, geology, cartography, regional planning, education, intelligence and warfare. Less mainstream uses include anomaly hunting, a criticized investigation technique involving the search of satellite images for unexplained phenomena. Images can be in visible colors and in other spectra. There are also elevation maps, usually made by radar images. Image interpretation and analysis of satellite imagery is conducted using specialized remote sensing software.


title: Satellite imagery

text: There are five types of resolution when discussing satellite imagery in remote sensing: spatial, spectral, temporal, radiometric and geometric. Campbell (2002) defines these as follows:


title: Satellite imagery

text: The resolution of satellite images varies depending on the instrument used and the altitude of the satellite's orbit. For example, the Landsat archive offers repeated imagery at 30 meter resolution for the planet, but most of it has not been processed from the raw data. Landsat 7 has an average return period of 16 days. For many smaller areas, images with resolution as fine as 41 cm can be available.


title: Satellite imagery

text: Satellite imagery is sometimes supplemented with aerial photography, which has higher resolution, but is more expensive per square meter. Satellite imagery can be combined with vector or raster data in a GIS provided that the imagery has been spatially rectified so that it will properly align with other data sets.


title: Satellite imagery

text: Satellite imaging of the Earth surface is of sufficient public utility that many countries maintain satellite imaging programs. The United States has led the way in making these data freely available for scientific use. Some of the more popular programs are listed below, recently followed by the European Union's Sentinel constellation.


title: Satellite imagery

text: The "CORONA" program was a series of American strategic reconnaissance satellites produced and operated by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Directorate of Science & Technology with substantial assistance from the U.S. Air Force. type of imagery is wet film Panoramic and it used two cameras (AFT&FWD) For capturing stereo-graphic imagery.


title: Satellite imagery

text: "Landsat" is the oldest continuous Earth-observing satellite imaging program. Optical Landsat imagery has been collected at 30 m resolution since the early 1980s. Beginning with Landsat 5, thermal infrared imagery was also collected (at coarser spatial resolution than the optical data). The Landsat 7, Landsat 8, and Landsat 9 satellites are currently in orbit.


title: Satellite imagery

text: "MODIS" has collected near-daily satellite imagery of the earth in 36 spectral bands since 2000. MODIS is on board the NASA Terra and Aqua satellites.


title: Satellite imagery

text: The ESA is currently developing the "Sentinel" constellation of satellites. Currently, 7 missions are planned, each for a different application. Sentinel-1 (SAR imaging), Sentinel-2 (decameter optical imaging for land surfaces), and Sentinel-3 (hectometer optical and thermal imaging for land and water) have already been launched.


title: Satellite imagery

text: The "ASTER" is an imaging instrument onboard Terra, the flagship satellite of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) launched in December 1999. ASTER is a cooperative effort between NASA, Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), and Japan Space Systems (J-spacesystems). ASTER data is used to create detailed maps of land surface temperature, reflectance, and elevation. The coordinated system of EOS satellites, including Terra, is a major component of NASA's Science Mission Directorate and the Earth Science Division. The goal of NASA Earth Science is to develop a scientific understanding of the Earth as an integrated system, its response to change, and to better predict variability and trends in climate, weather, and natural hazards.


title: Satellite imagery

text: The "Meteosat"-2 geostationary weather satellite began operationally to supply imagery data on 16 August 1981. Eumetsat has operated the Meteosats since 1987.


title: Satellite imagery

text: GeoEye's GeoEye-1 satellite was launched on September 6, 2008. The GeoEye-1 satellite has high resolution imaging system and is able to collect images with a ground resolution of 0.41 meters (16 inches) in panchromatic or black and white mode. It collects multispectral or color imagery at 1.65-meter resolution or about 64 inches.


title: Satellite imagery

text: Maxar's WorldView-2 satellite provides high resolution commercial satellite imagery with 0.46 m spatial resolution (panchromatic only). The 0.46 meters resolution of WorldView-2's panchromatic images allows the satellite to distinguish between objects on the ground that are at least 46 cm apart. Similarly Maxar's QuickBird satellite provides 0.6 meter resolution (at nadir) panchromatic images.


title: Satellite imagery

text: Maxar's WorldView-3 satellite provides high resolution commercial satellite imagery with 0.31 m spatial resolution. WVIII also carries a short wave infrared sensor and an atmospheric sensor


title: Satellite imagery

text: "Pléiades" constellation is composed of two very-high-resolution (50 centimeters pan & 2.1 meter spectral) optical Earth-imaging satellites. "Pléiades-HR 1A" and "Pléiades-HR 1B" provide the coverage of Earth's surface with a repeat cycle of 26 days. Designed as a dual civil/military system, Pléiades will meet the space imagery requirements of European defence as well as civil and commercial needs.


title: Satellite imagery

text: The 3 SPOT satellites in orbit (Spot 5, 6, 7) provide very high resolution images – 1.5 m for Panchromatic channel, 6m for Multi-spectral (R,G,B,NIR). Spot Image also distributes multiresolution data from other optical satellites, in particular from Formosat-2 (Taiwan) and Kompsat-2 (South Korea) and from radar satellites (TerraSar-X, ERS, Envisat, Radarsat). Spot Image is also the exclusive distributor of data from the high resolution Pleiades satellites with a resolution of 0.50 meter or about 20 inches. The launches occurred in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The company also offers infrastructures for receiving and processing, as well as added value options.


title: Satellite imagery

text: In 2015, Planet acquired BlackBridge, and its constellation of five RapidEye satellites, launched in August 2008. The RapidEye constellation contains identical multispectral sensors which are equally calibrated. Therefore, an image from one satellite will be equivalent to an image from any of the other four, allowing for a large amount of imagery to be collected (4 million km per day), and daily revisit to an area. Each travel on the same orbital plane at 630 km, and deliver images in 5 meter pixel size. RapidEye satellite imagery is especially suited for agricultural, environmental, cartographic and disaster management applications. The company not only offers their imagery, but consults their customers to create services and solutions based on analysis of this imagery. The RapidEye constellation was retired by Planet in April 2020.