title: Pedro Porro

text: On 16 August 2020, Porro joined Sporting CP on a two-year loan deal until 30 June 2022 with the option of making the move permanent for €8.5 million (£7 million). On 1 October 2020, he made his debut for the club in a 1–0 home win against Aberdeen in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League. After arriving in Lisbon at the "Estádio José Alvalade" under some suspicion for young age, Porro immediately established himself as starter in the right side of the defence, making his league debut in a 2–0 away win against Paços de Ferreira. He scored his first goal for the "Leões" on 1 November in a 4–0 win over Tondela. For his outstanding performances for the club, Porro was named the Primeira Liga's Defender of the Month for three consecutive months, between November and January 2021. On 23 January, Porro scored the only goal in the defeat of Braga to help his club win the Taça da Liga. Three days later, Porro scored a shot outside the box, in a 2–0 away victory against Boavista. His strike was later voted as the Primeira Liga's Goal of the Month. He played 30 games for the eventual champions, ending a 19-year drought, while also being named in the Team of the Year.


title: Pedro Porro

text: At the beginning of the following season, Porro continued with outstanding performances, providing an assist for Nuno Santos in a 1–1 home draw against Sporting's rivals Porto, and scored two goals from the penalty spot on two consecutive league games, in a 1–0 win over Estoril on 19 September and a 1–0 win over Marítimo on 24 September, which earned him the Primeira Liga's Defender of the Month award for two consecutive months in August and September. On 24 November, Porro scored the third goal against Borussia Dortmund in a 3–1 home win at a group stage match of the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League, by converting the rebound after Gregor Kobel saved a penalty from Pedro Gonçalves, to ensure his team qualification to the round of sixteen, for the first time since the 2008–09 season.


title: Pedro Porro

text: Shortly after, Porro began suffering from recurring hamstring injuries, which sidelined him for two months of the season. He made his return from injury on 29 January 2022, with his crucial assist to Pablo Sarabia, helping his team come from behind to defeat crosstown rivals Benfica 2–1 in the Taça da Liga final.


title: Pedro Porro

text: On 16 May 2022, Sporting triggered Porro's buyout clause of €8.5m (£7.2m) million, signing Porro on a permanent three-year deal, with a reported €20m (£17.6m) million buy-back clause. Following a successful season, where he helped Sporting a runner-up finish behind rivals Porto, which scored five goals and provided seven assists, he was named in the Team of the Year for a second consecutive season.


title: Pedro Porro

text: Porro earned his first cap for Spain at under-21 level making his debut on 29 March, starting in a friendly against Romania, which Spain won 1–0 win. In March 2021, Porro received his first call-up to the Spain national football team for the group stage of the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification. He made his debut on 28 March 2021 2–1 win against Georgia. Porro was named in Spain's final squad that finished as runner-up in the 2021 UEFA Nations League Finals in Italy in October, but did not make an appearance.


title: Jackson Robert Scott

text: Jackson Robert Scott (born September 18, 2008) is an American child actor known for playing Bode Locke in the Netflix series "Locke & Key" (2020–2022) and Georgie Denbrough in the films "It Chapter One" (2017) and "It Chapter Two" (2019).


title: Jackson Robert Scott

text: Scott was born and raised in Phoenix, Arizona. He enrolled in his school's Mandarin Immersion Program, in which he learned to speak Mandarin Chinese. He is also a boy scout.


title: Jackson Robert Scott

text: He was a part of the CGTV acting program where he learned many of his acting techniques. While at the CGTV program, he worked with actors from Nickelodeon and Disney, as well as Adrian R'Mante, the founder of CGTV. His favorite class was Improvisational Workshop.


title: Jackson Robert Scott

text: He was discovered by a top agency some time after his time with CGTV and began his start in auditioning and self-taping for top-tier television shows.


title: Jackson Robert Scott

text: Scott got his first role in 2015 on "Criminal Minds", a prime time American TV series. Scott was cast in Season 11’s fourth episode, titled "Outlaw", as Cole Vasquez. The episode aired on October 21, 2015. He also played a minor character in an episode of "Fear the Walking Dead" titled "TEOTWAWKI", playing the child version of the character Troy Otto.


title: Jackson Robert Scott

text: In 2016, Scott was cast to play Georgie Denbrough in the 2017 film adaptation of Stephen King's novel "It". Georgie is a character that Pennywise the Dancing Clown haunts at the start of the film. Scott had said that he did not feel intimidated or scared of Bill Skarsgård, who played Pennywise, as Skarsgård was a nice person in real life. Scott attended the premiere for the film at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. He reprised his role of Georgie in the sequel, "It Chapter Two", which was released on September 6, 2019.


title: Jackson Robert Scott

text: Scott was cast in the role of Troy for the short film "Skin" (2018), directed by Guy Nattiv, which would go on to win the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film at the 91st Academy Awards.


title: Jackson Robert Scott

text: Continuing in the horror genre, Scott played the title role of Miles Blume in the 2019 film "The Prodigy", directed by Nicholas McCarthy. This marked his first starring role in a feature film, co-starring alongside Taylor Schilling.


title: Jackson Robert Scott

text: Andrés Muschietti had recruited Scott to be a part of his one-hour series pilot of "Locke & Key" for Hulu as one of the leading young actors opposite Frances O'Connor. He played the part of Bode Locke, the youngest of the siblings. Hulu passed on the pilot and declined to order it to series. However, Netflix later redeveloped the series with a new cast, only keeping Scott as Bode from the Hulu cast. The first season was released on Netflix on February 7, 2020. Scott stated in an interview for AZCentral that Bode has been his favorite character to play, because he shares a lot of qualities with that character, such as his fun-loving personality and his love of bacon. The writers of the series met Jackson while filming so they could incorporate aspects from his real life personality into the character of Bode. Scott also said in the same interview that he grew very close to the other actors of "Locke & Key" while they were filming the series. Scott continued the role of Bode in the second and third seasons, which were filmed back-to-back so that he did not grow up too much in the series. The second season was released on Netflix on October 22, 2021, and the third season was released on August 10, 2022. Scott enjoyed playing the demonic Dodge who possesses Bode's body in the third season of the series, of which he said, "I think that's probably one of the most fun times I've had playing a role."


title: Jackson Robert Scott

text: In 2018, Scott was cast in the role of Tate Millikin for the independent film "Gossamer Folds," directed by Lisa Donato. He co-starred with Alexandra Grey and Shane West. The film was produced by Yeardley Smith.


title: Dan the Automator

text: Daniel M. Nakamura better known by his stage name Dan the Automator, is an American record producer from San Francisco, California. He is the founder of the publishing company Sharkman Music and the record label 75 Ark.


title: Dan the Automator

text: Nakamura was born in San Francisco, California on 20 December 1968. His parents spent time in Japanese internment camps as children. His father worked for the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency and his mother taught at City College of San Francisco. As a child, he learned to play violin. While in high school, he became immersed in hip hop culture. He graduated from San Francisco State University.


title: Dan the Automator

text: Nakamura started his career as a DJ when he was a teenager. After seeing the younger DJs DJ Qbert and Mix Master Mike performing live, he decided to focus on producing tracks.


title: Dan the Automator

text: His debut EP, "Music to Be Murdered By", was released in 1989. He first gained national attention for his work on Kool Keith's 1996 album "Dr. Octagonecologyst".


title: Dan the Automator

text: In 1999, Nakamura and Prince Paul formed the collaborative project Handsome Boy Modeling School, assuming the alter egos Nathaniel Merriweather and Chest Rockwell, respectively. In that year, he joined with Del the Funky Homosapien and Kid Koala to form Deltron 3030. In 2000, he released "A Much Better Tomorrow". He produced Gorillaz's 2001 debut album, "Gorillaz".


title: Dan the Automator

text: He is one half of Got a Girl, along with actress Mary Elizabeth Winstead. The duo's debut album, "I Love You but I Must Drive Off This Cliff Now", was released in 2014.


title: Dan the Automator

text: He composed the score for the 2019 comedy film "Booksmart". The soundtrack album was released in 2019.


title: Gus Johnson (comedian)

text: Gustav Emil Johnson (born June 20, 1995) is an American comedian, filmmaker and musician known for sketch comedy on YouTube.


title: Gus Johnson (comedian)

text: Gus Johnson was born to Debra Johnson (née Allaman), a volleyball coach and former English teacher, and Pete Johnson. Johnson grew up in Grantsburg, Wisconsin, with three younger siblings: Sven, Thor, and Hanne, with whom he frequently collaborates. His family is of Norwegian and Swedish descent.


title: Gus Johnson (comedian)

text: In middle school, Johnson filmed "stupid sketches that kids would think are funny". He was elected governor of Badger Boys State in 2013 and graduated from Grantsburg High School in 2014. He graduated from University of Wisconsin–Stout with a degree in entertainment design concentrated on digital cinema. He later moved to Los Angeles with fellow YouTuber Eddy Burback.


title: Gus Johnson (comedian)

text: Johnson started his YouTube channel in 2010 with his first video, "Ian's Song". He then went on to create meme videos starring himself and friends, which gradually became more popular. His first viral video was "How To Get Free Food From Subway", which has 2.4 million views as of January 2021.


title: Gus Johnson (comedian)

text: Johnson has also released music on YouTube since the beginning of his career. He released the album "Lighting Rods and Leaky Roofs" with hometown friend Joe Dumas in 2015, and the album "Champagne Seats" in 2016. In 2017, Johnson made a podcast with his friend and fellow YouTuber Eddy Burback titled "OK I'll Talk". The two later moved from the Midwest to Los Angeles and created a new show, "The Gus & Eddy Podcast"; Johnson stepped away from the podcast in October 2021. This podcast is similar to "OK I'll Talk", and occasionally features guests. In late 2017, Johnson also branched into longform comedy, using Kickstarter to raise funds for a comedy series on a run-down golf course called "Par 9".


title: Gus Johnson (comedian)

text: In January 2019, Johnson received a nomination at the 11th Shorty Awards for Best YouTube Comedian. On April 10, 2019, Johnson's channel hit 1 million subscribers on YouTube during his appearance on the "H3 Podcast". He celebrated with a video titled "Thank you for 1 million", in which he thanked everyone who had helped him along the way. In 2019, he signed a talent deal with Viacom to create content for Comedy Central.


title: Gus Johnson (comedian)

text: In October 2021, Johnson's ex-girlfriend and fellow Youtuber Abelina Sabrina Rios released a video describing her ectopic pregnancy and the lack of support she felt she received from the medical system and her boyfriend throughout. Although she did not name the boyfriend in the video, it was soon confirmed to be Johnson. Following Rios's video, Johnson and his main collaborator, Eddy Burback, announced the cancellation of their podcast and their comedy tour. Johnson later issued an apology for his behavior.


title: Collective consciousness

text: Collective consciousness, collective conscience, or collective conscious () is the set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society. In general, it does not refer to the specifically moral conscience, but to a shared understanding of social norms.


title: Collective consciousness

text: The modern concept of what can be considered collective consciousness includes solidarity attitudes, memes, extreme behaviors like group-think and herd behavior, and collectively shared experiences during collective rituals and dance parties. Rather than existing as separate individuals, people come together as dynamic groups to share resources and knowledge. It has also developed as a way of describing how an entire community comes together to share similar values. This has also been termed "hive mind", "group mind", "mass mind", and "social mind".


title: Collective consciousness

text: The term was introduced by the French sociologist Émile Durkheim in his "The Division of Labour in Society" in 1893. The French word "conscience" generally means "conscience", "consciousness", "awareness", or "perception". Commentators and translators of Durkheim disagree on which is most appropriate, or whether the translation should depend on the context. Some prefer to treat the word 'conscience' as an untranslatable foreign word or technical term, without its normal English meaning. As for "collective", Durkheim makes clear that he is not reifying or hypostasizing this concept; for him, it is "collective" simply in the sense that it is common to many individuals; "cf." social fact.


title: Collective consciousness

text: Scipio Sighele published ‘La Foule Criminele’ one year before Durkheim, in which he describes emergent characteristics of crowds that don’t appear in the individuals that form the crowd. He doesn’t call this collective consciousness, but ‘âme de la foule’ (soul of the crowd). This term returns in Sigmund Freud’s book about mass psychology and essentially overlaps with Durkheims concept of collective consciousness.


title: Collective consciousness

text: Durkheim used the term in his books "The Division of Labour in Society" (1893), "The Rules of the Sociological Method" (1895), "Suicide" (1897), and "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life" (1912). In "The Division of Labour", Durkheim argued that in traditional/primitive societies (those based around clan, family or tribal relationships), totemic religion played an important role in uniting members through the creation of a common consciousness ("conscience collective" in the original French). In societies of this type, the contents of an individual's consciousness are largely shared in common with all other members of their society, creating a mechanical solidarity through mutual likeness.


title: Collective consciousness

text: In "Suicide", Durkheim developed the concept of anomie to refer to the social rather than individual causes of suicide. This relates to the concept of collective consciousness, as if there is a lack of integration or solidarity in society then suicide rates will be higher.


title: Collective consciousness

text: Antonio Gramsci states, “A collective consciousness, which is to say a living organism, is formed only after the unification of the multiplicity through friction on the part of the individuals; nor can one say that ‘silence’ is not a multiplicity.” A form of collective consciousness can be formed from Gramsci's conception that the presence of a hegemony can mobilize the collective consciousness of those oppressed by the ruling ideas of society, or the ruling hegemony. Collective consciousness can refer to a multitude of different individual forms of consciousness coalescing into a greater whole. In Gramsci's view, a unified whole is composed of solidarity among its different constituent parts, and therefore, this whole cannot be uniformly the same. The unified whole can embrace different forms of consciousness (or individual experiences of social reality), which coexist to reflect the different experiences of the marginalized peoples in a given society. This agrees with Gramsci's theory of Marxism and class struggle applied to cultural contexts. Cultural Marxism (as distinguished from the right-wing use of the term) embodies the concept of collective consciousness. It incorporates social movements that are based on some sort of collective identity; these identities can include, for instance, gender, sexual orientation, race, and ability, and can be incorporated by collective-based movements into a broader historical material analysis of class struggle.


title: Collective consciousness

text: According to Michelle Filippini, “The nature and workings of collective organisms – not only parties, but also trade unions, associations and intermediate bodies in general – represent a specific sphere of reflection in the Prison Notebooks, particularly in regard to the new relationship between State and society that in Gramsci's view emerged during the age of mass politics.” Collective organisms can express collective consciousness. Whether this form of expression finds itself in the realm of the state or the realm of society is up to the direction that the subjects take in expressing their collective consciousness. In Gramsci's Prison Notebooks, the ongoing conflict between civil society, the bureaucracy, and the state necessitates the emergence of a collective consciousness that can often act as an intermediary between these different realms. The public organizations of protest, such as labor unions and anti-war organizations, are vehicles that can unite multiple types of collective consciousness. Although identity-based movements are necessary for the progress of democracy and can generate collective consciousness, they cannot completely do so without a unifying framework. This is why anti-war and labor movements provide an avenue that has united various social movements under the banner of a multiple collective consciousness. This is also why future social movements need to have an ethos of collective consciousness if they are to succeed in the long-term.


title: Collective consciousness

text: Zukerfield states that “The different disciplines that have studied knowledge share an understanding of it as a product of human subjects – individual, collective, etc.” Knowledge in a sociological sense is derived from social conditions and social realities. Collective consciousness also reflects social realities, and sociological knowledge can be gained through the adoption of a collective consciousness. Many different disciplines such as philosophy and literature examine collective consciousness from different lenses. These different disciplines reach a similar understanding of a collective consciousness despite their different approaches to the subject. The inherent humanness in the idea of collective consciousness refers to a shared way of thinking among human beings in the pursuit of knowledge.


title: Collective consciousness

text: Collective consciousness can provide an understanding of the relationship between self and society. As Zukerfeld states, “Even though it impels us, as a first customary gesture, to analyse the subjective (such as individual consciousness) or intersubjective bearers (such as the values of a given society), in other words those which Marxism and sociology examine, now we can approach them in an entirely different light.” “Cognitive materialism” is presented in the work by Zukerfeld as a sort of ‘third way’ between sociological knowledge and Marxism. Cognitive materialism is based on a kind of collective consciousness of the mind. This consciousness can be used, with cognitive materialism as a guiding force, by human beings in order to critically analyze society and social conditions.


title: Collective consciousness

text: Society is made up of various collective groups, such as the family, community, organizations, regions, nations which as Burns and Egdahl state ""can be considered to possess agential capabilities": to think, judge, decide, act, reform; to conceptualize self and others as well as self's actions and interactions; and to reflect.". It is suggested that these different national behaviors vary according to the different collective consciousness between nations. This illustrates that differences in collective consciousness can have practical significance.


title: Collective consciousness

text: According to a theory, the character of collective consciousness depends on the type of mnemonic encoding used within a group (Tsoukalas, 2007). The specific type of encoding used has a predictable influence on the group's behavior and collective ideology. Informal groups, that meet infrequently and spontaneously, have a tendency to represent significant aspects of their community as episodic memories. This usually leads to strong social cohesion and solidarity, an indulgent atmosphere, an exclusive ethos and a restriction of social networks. Formal groups, that have scheduled and anonymous meetings, tend to represent significant aspects of their community as semantic memories which usually leads to weak social cohesion and solidarity, a more moderate atmosphere, an inclusive ethos and an expansion of social networks.


title: Collective consciousness

text: In a case study of a Serbian folk story, Wolfgang Ernst examines collective consciousness in terms of forms of media, specifically collective oral and literary traditions. "Current discourse analysis drifts away from the 'culturalist turn' of the last two or three decades and its concern with individual and collective memory as an extended target of historical research". There is still a collective consciousness present in terms of the shared appreciation of folk stories and oral traditions. Folk stories enable the subject and the audiences to come together around a common experience and a shared heritage. In the case of the Serbian folk “gusle”, the Serbian people take pride in this musical instrument of epic poetry and oral tradition and play it at social gatherings. Expressions of art and culture are expressions of a collective consciousness or expressions of multiple social realities.


title: Collective consciousness

text: Edmans, Garcia, and Norlia examined national sporting defeats and correlated them with decreases in the value of stocks. They examined 1,162 football matches in thirty-nine countries and discovered that stock markets of those countries dropped on average forty-nine points after being eliminated from the World Cup, and thirty-one points after being eliminated in other tournaments. Edmans, Garcia, and Norli found similar but smaller effects with international cricket, rugby, ice hockey, and basketball games.


title: Collective consciousness

text: Various websites are known to search or represent Collective consciousness eg. wikipedia.org, twitter.com and makingpaisa.com/chc


title: Central African CFA franc

text: The Central African CFA franc (French: "franc CFA" or simply "franc"; ISO code: XAF; abbreviation: F.CFA) is the currency of six independent states in Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. These six countries have a combined population of 55.2 million people (as of 2020), and a combined GDP of US$113.322 billion (as of 2020).


title: Central African CFA franc

text: CFA stands for "Coopération financière en Afrique centrale" ("Financial Cooperation in Central Africa"). It is issued by the Bank of Central African States (BEAC; "Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale"), located in Yaoundé, Cameroon, for the members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC; "Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale"). The franc is nominally subdivided into 100 "centimes" but no centime denominations have been issued.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: In several west African states, the West African CFA franc, which is of equal value to the Central African CFA franc, is in circulation.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: The CFA franc was introduced to the French colonies in Equatorial Africa in 1945, replacing the French Equatorial African franc. The Equatorial African colonies and territories using the CFA franc were Chad, French Cameroun, French Congo, Gabon and Ubangi-Shari.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: The currency remained in use when these colonies gained their independence. Equatorial Guinea, the only former Spanish colony in the zone, adopted the CFA franc in 1984, replacing the Equatorial Guinean ekwele at a rate of 1 franc = 4 bipkwele.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: The currency was pegged to the French franc (F) at F.CFA 1 = 2 French francs from 1948, becoming F.CFA 1 = NF 0.02 after introduction of the new franc at 1 new franc = 100 old francs. In 1994 the currency was devalued by half to F.CFA 1 = F 0.01. From 1999 it has since been pegged to the euro at €1 = F 6.55957 = F.CFA 655.957.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: According to the BBC, "critics, such as those leading the anti-CFA movement, say true economic development for the 14 African countries can only be achieved if they get rid of the currency. They argue that in exchange for the guarantees provided by the French treasury, African countries channel more money to France than they receive in aid. They also argue that they have no say in deciding key monetary policies agreed to by European countries, which are members of the Eurozone."


title: Central African CFA franc

text: In 1948, coins were issued for use in all the colonies (not including French Cameroun) in denominations of 1 and 2 francs. This was the last issue of a 2 franc coin for nearly 50 years. In 1958, 5, 10, and 25 franc coins were added, which were also used in French Cameroun. These bore the name "Cameroun" in addition to "États de l'Afrique Equatoriale". In 1961, nickel 50 franc coins were introduced, followed by nickel 100 franc pieces in 1966.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: From 1971, the 100 franc coins were issued for each of the individual member states, depicting the state name in which they were issued. 50 franc coins were also issued in this manner between 1976 and 1996, after being reduced in size. However instead of depicting the state name each was given an identification letter on the top reverse. 50 franc coins with the letter "A" were issued for Chad, "B" for Central African Republic, "C" for Congo, "D" for Gabon, and "E" for Cameroon. In 1976, cupro-nickel 500 franc coins were introduced. From 1985, these were also issued by the individual states. That year also saw the introduction of 5, 25, 50 and 100 franc coins for use in Equatorial Guinea, which had recently joined the monetary union, depicting all titles and information in Spanish instead of the usual French, most notably the denomination as "franco" instead of "franc". Despite titular differences in some of the coinage, all were legal and exchangeable tender in all member nations.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: In 1996, centralized production of the 100 franc coin was resumed, with a single 500 franc coin reintroduced in 1998. Despite dropping state names and code letters, the overall design of the coins remained relatively unchanged.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: 2006 saw a redesign of all denominations of coins for the CFA franc, along with the introduction of a 2 franc piece. The 1, 5, 10, and 25 franc coins were reduced in size, while a new bi-metallic 100 franc coin was introduced, along with a new and reduced size 500 franc coin with heightened security features, including laser marking. All newer coins depict the acronym "CEMAC" for "Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale". Older sized coins continue to remain legal tender alongside the newly configured coins.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: All CFA coins depict both a mint mark, along with an engraver's privy mark. The mint mark is located on the reverse on the left side of the denomination while the engraver's mark is located on the right.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: When the CFA franc was introduced, notes issued by the "Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer" ("Central Cashier of Overseas France") in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 100, and 1,000 francs were in circulation. In 1947, a new series of notes was introduced for use in French Equatorial Africa, although the notes did not bear the name of the colonies. Notes were issued in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 1,000 francs, followed by those of 500 francs in 1949, and 5,000 francs in 1952. In 1957, the "Institut d'Émission de l'Afrique Équatoriale Française et du Cameroun" took over paper money production, issuing all of the earlier denominations except for the 500 -franc bill.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: In 1961, the "Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Équatoriale et du Cameroun" took over banknote production, with notes below 100 francs ceasing to be issued. The name of the bank changed to "Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Équatoriale" in 1963. 10,000 franc notes were introduced in 1968, whilst the 10 franc notes were replaced by coins in 1971.


title: Central African CFA franc

text: In 1975, the bank name changed again to the "Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale" and the individual states began issuing notes in their own names, in denominations of 500, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 francs. This practice ended in 1993. Since then, the banknotes have been issued with only a letter prominently displayed to distinguish between the issues of the different states. 2,000 franc notes were introduced in 1993. The country letter codes are as follows:


title: Law of demand

text: In microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words, "conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases (↑), quantity demanded will decrease (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded will increase (↑)". Alfred Marshall worded this as: "When we say that a person's demand for anything increases, we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price, and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price". The law of demand, however, only makes a qualitative statement in the sense that it describes the direction of change in the amount of quantity demanded but not the magnitude of change.


title: Law of demand

text: The law of demand is represented by a graph called the demand curve, with quantity demanded on the x-axis and price on the y-axis. Demand curves are downward sloping by definition of the law of demand. The law of demand also works together with the law of supply to determine the efficient allocation of resources in an economy through the equilibrium price and quantity.


title: Law of demand

text: It is important to note that the relationship between price and quantity demanded holds true so long as it is complied with the "ceteris paribus" condition "all else remain equal" quantity demanded varies inversely with price when income and the prices of other goods remain constant. If all else are not held equal, the law of demand may not necessarily hold. In the real world, there are many determinants of demand other than price, such as the prices of other goods, the consumer's income, preferences etc. There are also exceptions to the law of demand such as Giffen goods and perfectly inelastic goods.


title: Law of demand

text: Economist Alfred Marshall provided the graphical illustration of the law of demand. This graphical illustration is still used today to define and explain a variety of other concepts and theories in economics. A simple explanation of the law of demand is that all else equal, at a higher price, consumer will demand less quantity of a good and vice versa. The law of demand applies to a variety of organisational and business situations. Price determination, government policy formation etc are examples. Together with the law of supply, the law of demand provides to us the equilibrium price and quantity. Moreover, the law of demand and supply explains why goods are priced at the level that they are. They also help us identify opportunities to buy what are perceived to be underpriced (or sell overpriced) goods or assets.


title: Law of demand

text: An important concept to apprehend from the law of demand is the difference between demand and quantity demanded. Demand refers to the demand curve. A change in demand is indicated by a shift in the demand curve. Quantity demanded, on the other hand refers to a specific point on the demand curve which corresponds to a specific price. A change in quantity demanded therefore refers to a movement along the existing demand curve. However, there are some exceptions to the law of demand. For instance, if the price of cigarettes goes up, its demand does not decrease. The exceptions to the law of demand typically suit the Giffen commodities and Veblen goods which is further explained below.


title: Law of demand

text: The four main types of elasticity of demand are price elasticity of demand, cross elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and advertising elasticity of demand.


title: Law of demand

text: The famous law of demand was first stated by Charles Davenant (1656-1714) in his essay, "Probable Methods of Making People Gainers in the Balance of Trade (1699)". However, there were instances of its understanding and use much earlier when Gregory King (1648-1712) made a demonstration of the law of demand. He represented a relationship between the price of wheat and the harvest where the results suggested that if the harvest falls by 50%, the price would rise by 500%. This demonstration illustrated the law of demand as well as its elasticity.


title: Law of demand

text: Skipping forward to 1890, economist Alfred Marshall documented the graphical illustration of the law of demand. In "Principles of Economics" (1890), Alfred Marshall reconciled the demand and supply into a single analytical framework. The formulation of the demand curve was provided by the utility theory while supply curve was determined by the cost. This idea of demand and supply curve is what we still use today to develop the market equilibrium and to support a variety of other economic theories and concepts. Due to general agreement with the observation, economists have come to accept the validity of the law under most situations. Economist also see Alfred Marshall as the pioneer of the standard demand and supply diagrams and their use in economic analysis including welfare applications and consumer surplus.


title: Law of demand

text: Consider the function formula_1, where formula_2 is the quantity demanded of good "formula_3", formula_4 is the demand function, formula_5 is the price of the good and formula_6 is the list of parameters other than the price.


title: Law of demand

text: The above equation, when plotted with quantity demanded (formula_2) on the "formula_3"-axis and price (formula_5) on the formula_12-axis, gives the demand curve, which is also known as the demand schedule. The demand curve is downward sloping illustrating the inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price. Therefore, a downward sloping demand curve embeds the law of demand.


title: Law of demand

text: Which is a functional relationship where the quantity demanded by the consumer formula_14 depends on the price of the good formula_5, the monetary income of the consumer formula_16, the prices of other goods formula_17, and the taste of the consumer formula_18.


title: Law of demand

text: This formula states that, for all possible prices p' and p, and corresponding demands x' and x, prices and demand must move in opposite directions, i.e. as price increases, demand must decrease and vice versa. Note that demands are demand "bundles", not individual demands. Demand for a single good can still increase even though its price also increased, if there is another good whose price increased and which is sufficiently substituted away from. If good i is a Giffen good whose price increases while other goods' prices are held fixed (so that formula_20), the law of demand is clearly violated, as we have both formula_21 (as price increased) and formula_22 (as we consider a Giffen good), so that formula_23.


title: Law of demand

text: It is very important to apprehend the difference between demand and quantity demanded as they are used to mean different things in the economic jargon.


title: Law of demand

text: On the one hand, demand refers to the demand curve. Changes in demand are depicted graphically by a shift in the demand curve to the left or right. Changes in the demand curve are usually caused by 5 major factors, namely: number of buyers, consumer income, tastes or preferences, price of related goods and future expectations.


title: Law of demand

text: On the other hand, quantity demanded refers to a specific point located on the demand curve which corresponds to a specific price. Therefore, quantity demanded represents the exact quantity of a good or service demanded by a consumer at a particular price, conditional on the other determinants. A change in quantity demanded can be indicated by a movement along the existing demand curve that is caused only by a change in price.


title: Law of demand

text: For instance, let's take the example of a housing market. An increase or decrease in price of housing will not shift the demand curve rather it will cause a movement along the demand curve for housing i.e. change in quantity demanded. But if we look at mortgage rates (a factor other than price), even if housing prices remain unchanged, an increased mortgage rate leads to a lower willingness to buy at all prices, shifting the demand curve to the left. Consumers will buy less, even though the price is the same. On the other hand, lower mortgage rate leads to a higher willingness to buy at all prices, and eventually shifting the demand curve to the right. Consumers will now buy more, even though the price has not changed at all. Such variation in demand can be explained by demand elasticity.


title: Law of demand

text: The elasticity of demand refers to the sensitivity of a goods demand as compared to the fluctuation of other economic factors, such as price, income, etc. The law of demand explains that the relationship between Demand and Price is directly inverse. However, the demand for some goods are more receptive to a change in price than others. There are four major elasticities of demand, these being the price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, cross elasticity of demand, and advertising elasticity of demand.


title: Law of demand

text: The variation in demand with regards to a change in price is known as the price elasticity of demand. The formula to solve for the coefficient of price elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in Price.


title: Law of demand

text: An elastic demand is one in which the elasticity is greater than one, and thus a change in price has substantial effect on the demand of that good.


title: Law of demand

text: A good is inelastic if the change in price does not directly cause a fluctuation in demand, and therefore an inelastic demand is one in which elasticity is less than one.


title: Law of demand

text: The cross elasticity of demand is an economic concept that measures the relative change in demand of a good when another good varies in price. The formula to solve for the coefficient of cross elasticity of demand is calculated by dividing the percentage change in quantity demanded of good A by the percentage change in price of good B.


title: Law of demand

text: The Cross elasticity of demand, also commonly referred to as the Cross-price elasticity of demand, allows companies to establish competitive prices against substitute goods and complementary goods. The metric figure produced by the equation thus determines the strength of both the relationship and competition between the two goods.


title: Law of demand

text: Income elasticity of demand is an economic measurement tool developed to measure the sensitivity of a goods quantity demanded when there is a change in the real income of a consumer. To calculate the income elasticity of demand, the percentage change in quantity demanded is divided by the percentage change in the consumers income.


title: Law of demand

text: The Income elasticity of demand allows businesses to analyse and further predict the impact of business cycles on total sales. The Income elastitcty of demand thus allows goods to be broadly categorised as Normal goods and Inferior goods. A positive measurement suggests that the good is a normal good, and a negative measurement suggests an inferior good. The Income elasticity of demand effectively represents a consumers idea as to whether a good is a luxury or a necessity.


title: Law of demand

text: Advertising elasticity of demand measures the effectiveness of an advertising campaign as to generate new sales. To calculate the Advertising elasticity of demand, the percentage change in quantity demanded is divided by the percentage change in advertising expenditures.


title: Law of demand

text: A business utilises the advertising elasticity of demand to measure the effectiveness of advertising on generating new sales. A positive elasticity indicates success for the advertisement as demand for the goods has increased. However, this measurement is also subject to the availability of substitutes, consumer behaviours and price points of the good being advertised.


title: Law of demand

text: The elasticity of demand follows the law of demand and its definition. However, there are goods and specific situations that defy the law of demand. Generally, the amount demanded of a good increases with a decrease in price of the good and vice versa. In some cases this may not be true. There are certain goods which do not follow the law of demand. These include Giffen goods, Veblen goods, basic or necessary goods and expectations of future price changes. Further exception and details are given in the sections below:


title: Law of demand

text: Initially proposed by Sir Robert Giffen, economists disagree on the existence of Giffen goods in the market. A Giffen good describes an inferior good that, as the price increases, demand for the product increases. As an example, during the Great Famine of Ireland of the 19th century, potatoes were considered a Giffen good. Potatoes were the largest staple in the Irish diet, so as the price rose it had a large impact on income. People responded by cutting out on luxury goods such as meat and vegetables, and instead bought more potatoes. Therefore, as the price of potatoes increased, so did the quantity demanded.This results in an upward sloping demand curve contrary to the fundamental law of demand.


title: Law of demand

text: Giffen goods violate the law of demand due to the income effect dominating the substitution effect. This can be illustrated with the Slutsky equation for a change in a good's own price:


title: Law of demand

text: The first term on the right-hand side is the substitution effect, which is always negative. The second term on the right side is the income effect, which can be positive or negative. For inferior goods, this is negative, so subtracting this means adding its positive absolute value. The non-derivative component of the income effect is a measure of a consumer's existing demand for the good, meaning that if a consumer spends a large amount of his income on an inferior good, then a price increase could cause the income effect to dominate the substitution effect. This leads to a positive partial derivative of the good's demand with regards to its price, which violates the law of demand.


title: Law of demand

text: If an increase in the price of a commodity causes households to expect the price of a commodity to increase further, they may start purchasing a greater amount of the commodity even at the presently increased price. Similarly, if the household expects the price of the commodity to decrease, it may postpone its purchases. Thus, some argue that the law of demand is violated in such cases. In this case, the demand curve does not slope down from left to right; instead, it presents a backward slope from the top right to down left. This curve is known as an exceptional demand curve.


title: Law of demand

text: The goods which people need no matter how high the price is are basic or necessary goods. Medicines covered by insurance are a good example. An increase or decrease in the price of such a good does not affect its quantity demanded.


title: Law of demand

text: Stock buyers acting in accord with the hot-hand fallacy will increase buying when stock prices are trending upward. Other rationales for buying a high-priced stock are that previous buyers who bid up the price are proof of the issue's quality, or conversely, that an issue's low price may be evidence of viability problems. Likewise, demand among short traders during a short squeeze can increase as price increases.


title: Law of demand

text: Unlike Giffen goods, which are inferior items, Veblen goods are generally high quality goods. The demand for Veblen goods increases with the increase in price. Examples of Veblen goods are mostly luxurious items such as diamond, gold, precious stones, world-famous paintings, antiques etc. Veblen goods appear to go against the law of demand because of their exclusivity appeal, in the sense that if a price of a luxurious and expensive product is increased, it may attract the status-conscious group more, since it will be further out of reach for an average consumer. Thorstein Veblen referred to this sort of consumption as the purchase of goods that do not exhibit additional utility or functionality but offer status and reveal socioeconomic position. In simple words, these goods are not bought for their satisfaction but for their "snob appeal" or "ostentation". Accordingly, all these factors also lead to an upward sloping demand curve for Veblen goods along a certain price range.


title: Law of demand

text: However, despite appearing to break the law of demand, the upward-sloping demand curve for a Veblen good does not actually violate the law. This is because the social value of the good is itself dependent on the price; in other words, the good itself changes as the price changes. This is illustrated when looking at the derivative of societal demand for a social good (goods whose value depends on others' consumption of it) with respect to price:


title: Law of demand

text: In other words, the rise in price increases the societal demand for the good, and because an individual demands less of this good the more others have, the entire left-hand side is positive, meaning the right-hand side is positive. The RHS means that in general, people will demand more of the social good the higher price goes (though not necessarily every individual will do so). Because of the price itself leading to a change in the social good's value, as opposed to a pure price effect leading to an increase in demand, this does not constitute a law of demand violation.


title: Beorhtric of Wessex

text: Beorhtric (meaning "magnificent ruler"; also spelled Brihtric) (died 802) was the King of Wessex from 786 to 802, succeeding Cynewulf. During his rule, however, his wife and father-in-law had most of the power.


title: Beorhtric of Wessex

text: The names of his parents are unknown but the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" claims that he was descended from Cerdic.


title: Beorhtric of Wessex

text: In 786, Cynewulf, the King of Wessex, was killed by Cyneheard, brother of the former King Sigeberht. Cyneheard died soon after.


title: Beorhtric of Wessex

text: Either with help of his close ally Offa, the King of Mercia, or quickly coming under his influence, Beorhtric became King of Wessex in 786, but he had to still contend the throne with Ecgberht whom Beorhtric and Offa drove to exile.


title: Beorhtric of Wessex

text: In 787, Beorhtric held the Synod of Chelsea jointly with Offa, and in 789, he married one of Offa's daughters, Eadburh.


title: Beorhtric of Wessex

text: Also in 789, it was during Beorhtric's reign that the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" recorded the first Viking raids in England. The Vikings landed on the Dorset coast, near the Isle of Portland, where they killed a royal official, Beaduheard, the shire reeve, as he is said to have thought that they were traders.


title: Beorhtric of Wessex

text: Land that had traditionally been on the borders of Mercia and Wessex were administered by the Mercian court, as is seen in Charters of Offa, and his son Ecgfrith. West Saxons seem to have used Offa's currency: a recent survey of early medieval single coin finds reveals a trail of Offa pennies running from the Upper Thames to Wareham, a site connected with Beorhtric.


title: Beorhtric of Wessex

text: After Offa's death in 796, Mercian power over England was weakened, and Beorhtric may have exercised more independence during this period. The only two West Saxon coins to have survived from Beorhtric's reign were produced at this time, suggesting that he had established a new mint. One of these coins was found in 1854, two miles outside of Andover. Within a few years, Offa's successor, Coenwulf, had restored Mercia's position. After 799, Beorhtric's relationship with the Mercians seems to have been similar to the situation before Offa's death.


title: Beorhtric of Wessex

text: In later years Asser, a scholar at Alfred the Great's court, recorded the story that Beorhtric had died from being accidentally poisoned by his wife, Eadburh. She fled to a nunnery in Francia, from which she was later ejected after being found with a man. The provenance of this story is dubious. The "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" records that Beorhtric was buried at Wareham in 802, possibly at the church of Lady St. Mary. Beorhtric was succeeded by Ecgberht who was recalled from exile.


title: Pictogram

text: A pictogram, also called a pictogramme, pictograph, or simply picto, and in computer usage an icon, is a graphic symbol that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object. Pictographs are often used in writing and graphic systems in which the characters are to a considerable extent pictorial in appearance. A pictogram may also be used in subjects such as leisure, tourism, and geography.


title: Pictogram

text: Pictography is a form of writing which uses representational, pictorial drawings, similarly to cuneiform and, to some extent, hieroglyphic writing, which also uses drawings as phonetic letters or determinative rhymes. Some pictograms, such as Hazards pictograms, are elements of formal languages.


title: Pictogram

text: "Pictograph" has a different definition in the field of prehistoric art (which includes recent art by traditional societies), where it means art painted on rock surfaces. This is in comparison to petroglyphs, where the images are carved or incised. Such images may or may not be considered pictograms in the general sense.


title: Pictogram

text: Early written symbols were based on pictographs (pictures which resemble what they signify) and ideograms (symbols which represent ideas). Ancient Sumerian, Egyptian, and Chinese civilizations began to adapt such symbols to represent concepts, developing them into logographic writing systems. Pictographs are still in use as the main medium of written communication in some non-literate cultures in Africa, the Americas, and Oceania. Pictographs are often used as simple, pictorial, representational symbols by most contemporary cultures.


title: Pictogram

text: Pictographs can be considered an art form, or can be considered a written language and are designated as such in Pre-Columbian art, Native American art, Ancient Mesopotamia and Painting in the Americas before Colonization. One example of many is the Rock art of the Chumash people, part of the .


title: Pictogram

text: In 2011, UNESCO's World Heritage List added "Petroglyph Complexes of the Mongolian Altai, Mongolia" to celebrate the importance of the pictograms engraved in rocks.


title: Pictogram

text: Some scientists in the field of neuropsychiatry and neuropsychology, such as Mario Christian Meyer, are studying the symbolic meaning of indigenous pictograms and petroglyphs, aiming to create new ways of communication between native people and modern scientists to safeguard and valorize their cultural diversity.


title: Pictogram

text: An early modern example of the extensive use of pictographs may be seen in the map in the London suburban timetables of the London and North Eastern Railway, 1936–1947, designed by George Dow, in which a variety of pictographs was used to indicate facilities available at or near each station. Pictographs remain in common use today, serving as pictorial, representational signs, instructions, or statistical diagrams. Because of their graphical nature and fairly realistic style, they are widely used to indicate public toilets, or places such as airports and train stations. Because they are a concise way to communicate a concept to people who speak many different languages, pictograms have also been used extensively at the Olympics since 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics, designed by Masaru Katsumi, and are redesigned for each set of games.


title: Pictogram

text: Pictographic writing as a modernist poetic technique is credited to Ezra Pound, though French surrealists credit the Pacific Northwest American Indians of Alaska who introduced writing, via totem poles, to North America.


title: Pictogram

text: Contemporary artist Xu Bing created Book from the Ground, a universal language made up of pictograms collected from around the world. A Book from the Ground chat program has been exhibited in museums and galleries internationally.


title: Pictogram

text: Pictograms are used in many areas of modern life for commodity purposes, often as a formal language (see the In mathematics section).


title: Pictogram

text: In statistics, pictograms are charts in which icons represent numbers to make it more interesting and easier to understand. A key is often included to indicate what each icon represents. All icons must be of the same size, but a fraction of an icon can be used to show the respective fraction of that amount.


title: Pictogram

text: As the values are rounded to the nearest 5 letters, the second icon on Tuesday is the left half of the original.


title: Pictogram

text: Pictographs can often transcend languages in that they can communicate to speakers of a number of tongues and language families equally effectively, even if the languages and cultures are completely different. This is why road signs and similar pictographic material are often applied as global standards expected to be understood by nearly all.


title: Pictogram

text: A standard set of pictographs was defined in the international standard "ISO 7001: Public Information Symbols". Other common sets of pictographs are the laundry symbols used on clothing tags and the chemical hazard symbols as standardized by the GHS system.


title: Pictogram

text: Pictograms have been popularized in use on the web and in software, better known as "icons" displayed on a computer screen in order to help user navigate a computer system or mobile device.


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire, or simply Interview with the Vampire, is an American gothic horror and vampire television series created by Rolin Jones, based on the 1976 novel of the same name by Anne Rice. It stars Jacob Anderson as Louis de Pointe du Lac, Sam Reid as the vampire Lestat de Lioncourt, Bailey Bass as teenage vampire Claudia, Assad Zaman as ancient vampire Armand and Eric Bogosian as journalist Daniel Molloy. The series embraces the homosexual elements of Rice's work, which are only insinuated in the 1994 film adaptation of the novel. It is the first television series in Rice's Immortal Universe.


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: AMC Networks announced in May 2020 that it had purchased the rights to intellectual property encompassing 18 of Rice's novels, primarily "The Vampire Chronicles", and the possibility to develop feature films and television series from the deal. AMC gave an eight episode order for "Interview with the Vampire" in June 2021. Reid and Anderson were cast in the lead roles of Lestat and Louis in August 2021, followed by Bass as Claudia in October 2021. Bogosian's casting was announced in March 2022.


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: "Interview with the Vampire" was renewed for an eight-episode second season in September 2022, ahead of its October 2, 2022, premiere on AMC. It has received critical acclaim, with praise going towards the writing, tone, costumes, soundtrack, production values, performances (particularly that of Anderson and Reid), and chemistry between the two actors.


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: Adapted from Anne Rice's 1976 gothic horror novel "Interview with the Vampire", the series centers on the life story of vampire Louis de Pointe du Lac (Jacob Anderson), as told to journalist Daniel Molloy (Eric Bogosian). An affluent black man in 1910s New Orleans, Louis is befriended and later made a vampire by the charismatic Lestat de Lioncourt (Sam Reid). But the price of immortality is steep, and the relationship between Louis and Lestat is further complicated by the introduction of Lestat's newest fledgling, the teenage vampire Claudia (Bailey Bass).


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: In the original novel, Louis owns a plantation in the Antebellum South and the African slaves that work the land. Unlike the 1994 film adaptation, the series embraces the homosexual relationship of Rice's work explicitly. In the series, Louis is a closeted Creole black man whose wealth comes from a chain of brothels in Storyville, a red light district in early 20th century New Orleans. Jenna Scherer of "The A.V. Club" wrote that "this reversal adds fascinating depths to Louis and allows "Interview" to grapple with prickly questions of race, sexuality, and history." Writer Rolin Jones said that the changes were made to place the story in a "time period that was as exciting aesthetically as the 18th century was without digging into a plantation story that nobody really wanted to hear now".


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: A new franchise adaptation of Anne Rice's "The Vampire Chronicles" was initially in development as a film series at Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment. The novel series had previously been adapted into "Interview with the Vampire", starring Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt, in 1994 and the less commercially successful 2002 sequel, "Queen of the Damned". Rice's son Christopher Rice had adapted the screenplay and Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci were set as producers. The project paused until November 26, 2016, when Anne Rice had regained the rights to the franchise, with the intention to develop the novels into a television series, with Anne and Christopher Rice serving as executive producers of the potential series. Upon this announcement, Rice stated, "A television series of the highest quality is now my dream for Lestat, Louis, Armand, Marius, and the entire tribe. Though we had the pleasure of working with many fine people in connection with this plan, it did not work out. It is, more than ever, abundantly clear that television is where the vampires belong."


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: On April 28, 2017, it was announced that Paramount Television Studios and Anonymous Content had optioned the rights after a competitive month-long bidding war. Christopher Rice was attached to rewrite the screenplay, with Anonymous Content's David Kanter and Steve Golin joining as executive producers. On January 11, 2018, Bryan Fuller became showrunner, but quit later that month to not interfere with what the Rices were planning. In a competitive situation, Hulu put the project in development on July 17, 2018, with Dee Johnson replacing Fuller as showrunner on February 19, 2019. It was later announced on December 19, 2019, that Hulu had decided not to move forward with the project, with Rice adding her trilogy "Lives of the Mayfair Witches", the rights to which were still owned by Warner Bros. Pictures, to the larger, complete rights package. Paramount Television was in a position to regain the rights to the novels as it was reported the studio was among the four bidders seeking the property.


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: On May 13, 2020, it was announced that AMC Networks had purchased the rights to the intellectual property encompassing 18 novels and the possibility to develop feature films and television series from the deal. On June 24, 2021, AMC gave an adaptation of the first novel in the series, "Interview with the Vampire", a series order consisting of eight episodes, with the series scheduled to premiere in 2022. Rolin Jones was attached as creator, showrunner, and writer. Mark Johnson was named executive producer alongside Jones under their overall deals with AMC Studios, and oversee the universe for AMC. On July 19, 2021, it was announced that Alan Taylor was attached to direct the first two episodes of the first season and to executive produce. On September 28, 2022, ahead of the series premiere, AMC renewed "Interview with the Vampire" for a second season which will cover the second half of the novel, bringing the series to a total of fifteen episodes.


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: In July 2022, Jones said that the series would embrace the gay subtext of Rice's original novel, in particular the sexuality and intimate relationship of Lestat and Louis. The 1994 film adaptation was criticized for excluding this element.


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: In August 2021, it was announced that Sam Reid and Jacob Anderson were cast in the lead roles of Lestat de Lioncourt and Louis de Pointe du Lac. In October 2021, it was reported that Bailey Bass joined cast in a starring role as Claudia, and Kalyne Coleman would recur as Grace, Louis's sister. In March 2022, it was announced that Assad Zaman was cast in a starring role as Rashid, while Eric Bogosian was cast as Daniel Molloy in an undisclosed capacity. In April 2022, AMC announced the casting of Maura Grace Athari as Antoinette, a blues singer "whose relationship with Lestat disrupts our two vampires' domestic tranquility."


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: The series premiered on AMC on October 2, 2022, but was available three days earlier on AMC's sister streaming service AMC+. Subsequent episodes are released on AMC+ one week prior to their cable premieres.


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: On September 6, 2022, Daniel Hart has been confirmed as composer of the original music for "Interview with the Vampire". On October 1, 2022, a preview of the soundtrack was released with the musical "Overture" track. On October 20, 2022, it was announced that the first season music score entitled "Interview with the Vampire (Original Television Series Soundtrack)" would be released by Milan Records digitally on October 21, 2022.


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: The album of music from the series contains 18 instrumental tracks and the original vocal song "Come to Me" composed by Hart and performed by actor Sam Reid, available to stream, download and purchase on Amazon, Apple Music, Spotify and any other major digital music services. In its release day, the album was met with praise, saying that "the soundtrack finds Hart fully embracing the complexity of Anne Rice's classic novel with a soaring, orchestral score befitting the lush, gothic tale of love and immortality." The work and use of music in the series was also praised, saying that "At times delicately romantic and others hauntingly dramatic, Hart's score coalesces into a musical collection as opulent and timeless as its source material."


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: On working on the series, Hart says it was "an honor been to play a small part in the telling of these beautifully complex, resonant stories." On working with showrunner Rolin Jones, he says that they "spoke at length about what kind of music Louis, Lestat, and Claudia should have this time around: from what instrumentation, melodies, and rhythms would suit them best to how we could best capture their love, their misery, their anger and more." On the characters' relationship with the music, he says that "from every joy to every cruelty and every heartbeat, I found their stories to be full of endless melodies. Music is such a huge part of these characters' lives and journeys, and I feel lucky to have accompanied them in this way." Hart also praises Reid in the original track sung by the actor: "I think the response to the song that Sam sang is the most gratifying thing for me. I think it sounds amazing. I think his voice sounds like a singer's voice, and that it's quite powerful performance."


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: The first season of "Interview with the Vampire" has received critical acclaim, with praise going towards the writing, tone, costumes, soundtrack, production values, chemistry between the two lead actors, and performances of the cast. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 99% approval rating with an average rating of 8.2/10, based on 66 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "With a playful tone and an expansive sweep that allows Anne Rice's gothic opus to mull like a chalice of blood, "Interview with the Vampire" puts a stake through concerns that this story couldn't be successfully resurrected." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 81 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: "Variety" included Anderson and Reid in its list of "Best TV Performances" of 2022 and wrote, "Jacob Anderson and Sam Reid rose to the occasion with unforgettable style. Reid unleashed hell as the perpetually hungry Lestat, Anderson gave one of the year's point-blank best performances [...] it's all too easy to understand why millions remain so invested in this romance, vicious and doomed though it is." "TV Guide" also listed both Anderson and Reid as one of the 20 best TV performances of the year, placing them at number five, and wrote, "Their sizzling chemistry and wholehearted commitment to making Louis and Lestat's hell marriage as toxic as possible is what makes Interview with the Vampire work. Separately, Anderson and Reid are exemplary. Together, they're lightning in a bottle." "IndieWire" included Reid in its list of "28 Best Film and TV Performances" of the year and wrote, "Reid took on the role with all the force, charm, and horror that [Anne] Rice dished out in her 1976 book. [...] Every minute of Reid's performance here is a master class in manipulation." Additionally, the website also named the series' poster one of the "33 Best Film and TV Posters of 2022". "The A.V. Club" also listed Anderson as one of the 16 best TV performances of 2022, placing him at number fourteen, and wrote, "Anderson is equal parts charming and heartbreaking as Louis de Pointe du Lac. The show delves into queer elements far more than the film did (sold thoroughly thanks to Anderson and Sam Reid’s chemistry). With his invigorating work, Anderson doesn’t just live up to the film’s take on Louis, previously played by Brad Pitt, but he arguably exceeds it."


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: Especially for the chemistry between the two actors, "TVLine" included a scene between Anderson and Reid's characters from the first episode in its list of "17 Sexiest Scenes" in 2022 and wrote, "It was love at first bite for Louis and Lestat, whose off-the-charts chemistry was undeniable in the show’s premiere as temptation gave way to seduction." "Decider" also named Anderson and Reid as the co-stars who "oozed the most incandescent chemistry with each other this year" and wrote, "Together these two actors vibe on a wavelength that is nothing short of magical. [...] Reid and Anderson let their bodies expose their characters' emotions. They have an electric connection and the kind of chemistry that becomes legendary." "Vanity Fair" praises the relationship between Louis and Lestat in the series and wrote, "Anderson and Reid’s chemistry is unrivaled. To watch them on screen together is to watch a master class in charm and manipulation, in lust and anguish. Anderson conveys unimaginable depth [...] Reid, a storm of intoxicating fury, is magnetic."


title: Interview with the Vampire (TV series)

text: For individual episodes, the season finale "The Thing Lay Still" was named the best TV episode of 2022 by "Mashable". "Slashfilm" ranked the first episode "In Throes of Increasing Wonder…" as the tenth best TV episode of the year and wrote, "The series' first episode is a variety pack of indelibly dark and entertaining moments, from Louis and Lestat's naked, hovering consummation to the gory finale that sees Lestat punch a hole through a priest's head to show his new lover he means business." "TV Guide" placed the sixth episode "Like Angels Put in Hell by God" as the eleventh best TV episode of the year in its "20 Best TV Episodes" list. Meanwhile, "Entertainment Weekly" included the fourth episode "The Ruthless Pursuit of Blood with All a Child's Demanding" in its unranked list of "33 best TV episodes of 2022".


title: Slugterra

text: Slugterra is an animated television series created by Asaph Fipke. The series was produced by the Canadian animation studio Nerd Corps Entertainment, a subsidiary of DHX Media (now WildBrain). It premiered on Disney XD Canada on September 3, 2012 and began broadcasts in the United States the following month. The series was streamed on Netflix from 2016 to 2018, and is currently available on other platforms.


title: Slugterra

text: Several products tied to the series have been released, including both action figures and video games like the mobile game.


title: Slugterra

text: Deep inside the earth exists the vast underground world of Slugterra, named for the tiny slugs who live there. The Shane family are the traditional guardians of Slugterra and have kept its existence secret from the world as they train the slugs for use as living amunition. A threat appears in the form of Dr. Thaddius Blakk, who wants to transform the Slugs into evil weapons he calls "ghouls." Fifteen-year-old Eli Shane must take his place as the new guardian of Slugterra and, with the help of the slugs and his gang, stop Dr. Blakk.


title: Slugterra

text: "The new animated action-comedy ‘Slugisodes’ (20 x 5’) is currently in development with WildBrain. The 2D animated shorts are targeted to launch in 2020, including on YouTube, managed by DHX's WildBrain. Through a non-dialogue serialized arc, the ‘Slugisodes’ will feature the Slugs from the hit international show, as well as introducing new Slugs and locations". After a four year hiatus, a Slugisode, “Joules VS. Blusgeon battle”, was released on September 12, 2020.


title: Slugterra

text: It was announced that a new spin-off Slugterra series, Slugterra: Ascension, would be released, with a sneak peek premiere on September 5, 2022 . The series, consisting of 20 four-minute-long shorts, explores the adventure of Eli and Trixie against Locke and Lode.


title: Slugterra

text: Shout! Factory released "Slugterra: Return Of The Shane Gang," the first DVD collection of the show, on February 12, 2013. The second collection, "Slugterra: Slugs Unleashed," was released on June 18, 2013, with "Slugterra: Slug Power!" following on September 17, in the UK Platform Entertainment Ltd. released episodes on DVD.


title: Guinness family

text: The Guinness family is an extensive Irish family known for its accomplishments in brewing, banking, politics, and religious ministry. The brewing branch is particularly well known among the general public for producing the dry stout Guinness Beer. The founder of the dynasty, Arthur Guinness, is confirmed to have had McCartan origins. Beginning in the late 18th century, they became a prominent part of what is known in Ireland as 'the Ascendancy'.


title: Guinness family

text: Four members of the family in succession held the UK Parliament constituency of Southend, which became popularly known as "Guinness-on-Sea".


title: Guinness family

text: The "banking line" Guinnesses all descend from Arthur's brother Samuel (1727–1795) who set up as a goldbeater in Dublin in 1750; his son Richard (1755–1830), a Dublin barrister; and Richard's son Robert Rundell Guinness who founded Guinness Mahon in 1836.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy (titled Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy: Mission Breakout for the final season) is an American animated television series based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name. It is produced by Marvel Animation. The series airs on Disney XD. It premiered on September 5, 2015, as part of the Marvel Universe on Disney XD.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: While the series features the same main characters as the film of the same name, it is not a part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe nor is it set in the same continuity as the film. Seth Green was the only actor from the film to return, reprising his voice role as Howard the Duck.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: The Guardians of the Galaxy team consists of Star-Lord, Gamora, Drax the Destroyer, Rocket Raccoon, and Groot. They have obtained an artifact called the Spartaxian CryptoCube that is tied to the Spartax race. Inside is a map leading to the Cosmic Seed. The Cosmic Seed is a powerful weapon that is capable of creating a new universe. The Guardians of the Galaxy must find and destroy the Cosmic Seed before it can wind up in the hands of Thanos, his minions Ronan the Accuser, Nebula, Korath the Pursuer, and his ally J'son (who is Star-Lord's long-lost father), the Ravagers led by Yondu, and anyone else who would abuse its power to threaten the entire universe.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: Marvel Entertainment announced on their Twitter feed that the Avengers will team up with the Guardians of the Galaxy in Season 2 for an episode where they fight the High Evolutionary.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: Following Thanos's defeat, the Guardians of the Galaxy get their hands on a strange sarcophagus that was found on Thanos's asteroid base that has strange abilities and later stolen by Yondu. The Guardians of the Galaxy work to find the sarcophagus while competing against Mantis and the Universal Believers. This sarcophagus later hatches into Adam Warlock where the Guardians of the Galaxy were able to get him to follow his own destiny on the right path.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: After escaping from his prison and stealing the Nova Centurion helmets with the unwitting help of Sam Alexander, J'son makes plans to use them and gain control of Adam Warlock which leads to an event that turns Adam Warlock into the Magus after he absorbs J'son into his crystal where he attacks the planets associated with each of the Guardians of the Galaxy members. The Guardians of the Galaxy managed to break J'son out of Magus restoring him back to Adam Warlock. After J'son goes supernova with the Nova Centurian helmet that he steals from Peter, Adam Warlock takes the brunt of it and is cocooned by Groot until the day for his re-emergence occurs.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: A third season was announced at the D23 Expo, which is based on the Disney Parks attraction . In the final season, the Guardians of the Galaxy go on the run when they are framed by Collector who has Howard the Duck set them up for the theft of a Kree item after they broke some items in their last encounter at his special prison which leads to them evading the Kree Accuser Phyla-Vell. After Howard the Duck admitted being threatened by Collector into double-crossing the Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Collector's ship shrinking Hala by converting the black hole generator into a molecular compression engine, Phyla-Vell works with the Guardians of the Galaxy to save Hala and defeat Collector who gets away after setting his ship to self-destruct.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: After traversing through the Black Vortex, the Guardians of the Galaxy discover that the Asgardians' old enemies the Darkhawks have been replacing Nova Prime and members of the Galactic Council. The Darkhawks are made by Odin's brother Serpent who plans to reclaim Asgard. Using the reforged sword Dragonfang after claiming its pieces from two different area's and Hela's domain of Niffleheim, the Guardians of the Galaxy with the aid of Thanos and Loki were able to defeat Serpent and save the galaxy.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: This season included Marvel characters Spider-Man, Max Modell, Venom, and Carnage in a crossover with the television series "Spider-Man", with Stan Lee having a voice role to go with his cameo.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: Marvel was rumored to be considering a new animated series with another "Spider-Man" show or a "Guardians of the Galaxy" show. The appearances of the "Guardians of the Galaxy" in "Avengers Assemble" and "Ultimate Spider-Man" were supposed to be test runs for their own show. Screenrant.com.com indicated in January 2014 that the "Guardians of the Galaxy" series was selected for development.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: On July 26, 2014, at San Diego Comic-Con, a week before the release of the "Guardians of the Galaxy" film, Marvel Animation announced the Guardians of the Galaxy animated TV series with a trailer featuring Rocket Raccoon and Star-Lord. With the success of the live action film, Marvel and Disney XD announced that they were moving forward with the animated series at New York Comic Con. They showed some test footage to the audience. It is intended to air in 2015 as a part of the Marvel Universe on Disney XD.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: Advanced previews of the show started airing on Disney XD on August 1, 2015. A full preview of the series aired on Disney XD on September 5, 2015. The official one-hour premiere aired on September 26, 2015.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: At New York Comic Con 2015, it was announced the series had been renewed for a second season, which Disney XD premiered on March 11, 2017.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: "Guardians of the Galaxy" aired on Disney XD in the United States and Disney Channel in Canada on September 5, 2015, as a preview. It officially debuted on September 26, 2015. The series premiered on Disney XD in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 7, 2015. It also premiered on Disney XD in Australia and New Zealand on November 8, 2015. In India, from March 8, 2019, it is being aired on Marvel HQ, an Indian version of Disney XD.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: Nerdist gave the show a positive review stating "this was a pretty solid introduction to the "Guardians of the Galaxy" animated series". ToonZone said "the premiere was pretty good, but the episodes that followed have shown real promise". Screenrant wrote "Disney XD's "Guardians of the Galaxy" delivers an exhilarating action-packed adventure." The Nerd Repository praised the series and stated "Marvel's "Guardians of the Galaxy" is an absolute blast and probably the best thing Marvel Animation has done in a long while."


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: IGN gave the episodes a mixed review (6.6/10) and said "the show seems too concerned with adhering to the style, tone and look of the movie and not with leaving its own mark on the characters." The A.V. Club gave the premiere a "B−" ranking. They wrote that "Disney XD has a very specific demographic that they are aiming for, which leaves "Road to Knowhere/Knowhere to Run" somewhat clunky and awkward." The Solute stated "There is certainly potential for interesting stories to be told within Marvel's cosmic realm, especially when told in the medium of animation, but "Guardians Of The Galaxy" is far from realizing that potential right now."


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: In late August, it was revealed that licensed songs from the 1970s would be used to augment the tone and soundtrack of the series.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: In September, "Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Mix Vol. 1 (Music from the Animated Television Series)" was announced. It is a collection of 12 songs featured in the show's first season.


title: Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series)

text: The animated series is adapted into a comic book series known as "Marvel Universe: Guardians of the Galaxy". It uses the episode's art work with writing and letter by Joe Caramagna.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Sir Henry Cooper (3 May 19341 May 2011) was a British heavyweight boxer, best remembered internationally for a 1963 fight in which he knocked down a young Cassius Clay before the fight was stopped because of a cut eye from Clay's punches. Cooper was undefeated in British and Commonwealth heavyweight championship contests for twelve years, and held the European heavyweight title for three years. In 1966 he fought Clay again, by then world heavyweight champion, and again lost with an eye injury. Henry was twice voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year, and after retiring in 1971 following a controversial loss remained a popular public figure. He is the only boxer in the UK to have been awarded a knighthood.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Cooper was born on 3 May 1934 in Lambeth, London to Henry and Lily Cooper. With identical twin brother, George (1934–2010), and elder brother Bern, he grew up in a council house on Farmstead Road on the Bellingham Estate in South East London. During the Second World War they were evacuated to Lancing on the Sussex coast.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Life was tough in the latter years of the Second World War, and London life especially brought many dangers during the blackout. Henry took up many jobs, including a paper round before school and made money out of recycling golf balls to the clubhouse on the Beckenham course. All three of the Cooper brothers excelled in sport, with George and Henry exercising talents particularly in football and also cricket. Cooper started his boxing career in 1949, as an amateur with the Bellingham Boxing Club based at Athelney St School in Bellingham which was run and founded by Albert Colley and won seventy-three of eighty-four contests. At the age of seventeen, he won the first of two ABA light-heavyweight titles before National Service in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps as Private Service Number 22486464,


title: Henry Cooper

text: Cooper represented Great Britain as a light heavyweight boxer at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. His results were: Round of 32-bye, Round of 16-lost to Anatoly Perov (Soviet Union) by decision, 1-2.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Although Cooper was left-handed, he used the "orthodox" stance, with his strongest (left) hand and foot forward, rather than the reversed "southpaw" stance more usually adopted by a left-handed boxer. Opponents were thus hit hardest with punches which Cooper could throw from his front hand, closest to the opponent. At its most effective, his hook had an upward uppercut-like trajectory. A formidable left jab, from which he could hook quickly, completed his offensive repertoire. While cut-prone and no great defensive technician, Cooper compensated by forcing the action in his bouts. After developing a left shoulder problem in the latter half of his career, he adjusted to put more stress on right-handed punches.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Henry and his identical twin brother, George (boxing under the name Jim) turned professional together under the management of Jim Wicks. Wicks had a reputation for not overmatching his boxers and looking out for their interests, however the very cut-prone Cooper was slow to fulfil his potential and early title challenges were unsuccessful, with losses to West Indian Joe Bygraves for the Commonwealth belt (KO 9), Ingemar Johansson for the European belt (KO 5), and the undersized but highly skilled Joe Erskine (PTS 15) for the British and Commonwealth. An impressive points win over top American heavyweight Zora Folley was followed by a second-round KO loss to Folley.


title: Henry Cooper

text: For Cooper 1959 was a banner year: he took the British and Commonwealth titles from Brian London in 15 rounds and received the last 9-carat gold Lonsdale Belt after successful defences against Dick Richardson (KO 5), Joe Erskine (TKO 5 and TKO 12), and Johnny Prescott (TKO 10). Another points win over London brought an offer to fight Floyd Patterson for his world heavyweight title, but this was turned down by Cooper (or Wicks).


title: Henry Cooper

text: In 1963 Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay and a contender for the world heavyweight title) created a great deal of ticket-selling publicity before his London bout with Cooper, who many British fans hoped would be able to humble the brash young American. In the boxing world, however, Ali was considered a future world champion and Cooper the underdog. The contest took place at Wembley Stadium, Wembley Park. According to the official weigh-in, Ali outweighed Cooper by 21 pounds, Cooper said he wore weighted clothing and was near the light heavyweight limit. Cooper had devised his own training regimen and felt that though lighter he was in the best condition of his career. Ali's size, mobility, fast reflexes, and unorthodox defensive tactic of pulling back from punches made him a frustratingly elusive opponent, and Cooper was later accused by Ali's camp of hitting on the break.


title: Henry Cooper

text: With hardly any attempt at effective aggression by Ali, Cooper was leading on points, but during the fourth round had connected with a solitary left hook to the body; in the fourth's final seconds, Cooper felled Ali with an upward angled version of his trademark left hook to the jaw, "Enry's 'Ammer". Ali partly landed on the ropes, preventing his head hitting the canvas covered boards, but though up at the count of 3 he seemed hurt.In the corner Dundee was angry and slapped Ali's legs. Ali misunderstood and tried to get off the stool. It has been claimed that Dundee may have used smelling salts to revive Ali. This has never been confirmed and the film is unclear if this happened. The use of smelling salts was prohibited in British boxing, and their use would have led to Ali losing by disqualification if the offence was proved. Dundee later said that he put his finger in a small tear in one of Ali's gloves to demonstrate to the referee and told the referee that his fighter needed replacements, but none were available. Cooper insisted that resulted in a delay of a minute or more in addition to the regulation time between rounds, and denied him a chance to finish off Ali while he was still dazed. A tape of the fight showed an interval extension of only an extra six seconds.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Cooper was the only person present who recalled a longer delay and because the surviving BBC tape of the bout is only of what was actually broadcast, it has been claimed a longer delay may have been edited out for transmission. Study of the tape shows no break and the commentary is also unbroken so the 6 second interval extension is correct. Ali started the 5th round aggressively, attempting to make good his prediction of a 5th round knockout and opened a severe cut under Cooper's eye. Ali hit Cooper with a succession of hard rights knocking out his gumshield and Cooper's corner threw in the towel. Referee Tommy Little stopped the fight, and thus Ali defeated Cooper by technical knockout.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Subsequently a spare pair of gloves was always required at ringside. On the 40th anniversary of the fight, Ali telephoned Cooper to reminisce. In 1966 Cooper fought Ali for the heavyweight championship, for a second time at Arsenal Stadium, Highbury. However, Ali was now alert to the danger posed by Cooper's left and more cautious than he had been in the previous contest; he held Cooper in a vice-like grip during clinches, and when told to break leapt backward several feet. Accumulated scar tissue around Cooper's eyes made him more vulnerable than in the previous meeting and a serious cut was opened by Ali, which led to the fight being stopped, Cooper again losing to Ali via technical knockout.


title: Henry Cooper

text: After a fourth round knockout loss to former world heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson in 1966, Cooper went undefeated until the final contest of his career. The successful defences of his British and Commonwealth titles against the likes of uniquely awkward Jack Bodell (TKO 2 and PTS 15) and media-savvy Billy Walker (TKO 6) made Cooper the only man to win three Lonsdale Belts. With a win over Karl Mildenberger in 1968 Cooper added the European crown and made two successful defences.


title: Henry Cooper

text: In May 1971, a 36-year-old Cooper faced 21-year-old Joe Bugner, one of the biggest heavyweights in the world for the British, European, and Commonwealth belts. Referee Harry Gibbs awarded the fight to Bugner by a quarter of a point score (which was subsequently abolished partly because of the controversy that followed). An audience mainly composed of Cooper fans did not appreciate the innately cautious Bugner, and the decision was booed with commentator Harry Carpenter asking, "And how, in the world, can you take away the man's three titles, like that?" Cooper announced his retirement shortly afterwards. Cooper refused to speak to Gibbs for many years, but eventually agreed to shake his hand while they were at a charity event.


title: Henry Cooper

text: In Cooper's later years, he retired from commentary on the sport as he became "disillusioned with boxing", wanting "straight, hard and fast boxing that he was used to from his times." While acknowledging that he was from a different era and would not be fighting as a heavyweight today, Cooper was nonetheless critical of the trend for heavyweights to bulk up as he thought it made for one-paced and less entertaining contests. In his final year, he said that he did not think boxing was "as good as it was", naming Joe Calzaghe, Ricky Hatton, and Amir Khan as "the best of their era", but asserting that "if you match them up with the champions of thirty or forty years ago I don't think they're as good".


title: Henry Cooper

text: In the 1960s Cooper appeared in several public information films concerning road safety, promoting the use of zebra crossings: such as "The Story of Elsie Billing". After his retirement from boxing, he maintained a public profile with appearances in the BBC quiz show "A Question of Sport" and various advertisements, most famously in those for Brut aftershave. He was also a frequent guest speaker for charity fund-raising events. He appeared as boxer John Gully in the 1975 film "Royal Flash" and in his latter years featured in a series of UK public service announcements urging vulnerable groups to go to their doctors for vaccination against influenza called "Get your Jab in First!"


title: Henry Cooper

text: Cooper became a "Name" at Lloyd's of London, which was a supposedly safe investment, but in the 1990s he was reportedly one of those who suffered enormous personal losses because of the unlimited liability which a "Name" was then responsible for, being forced to sell his Lonsdale belts. Subsequently, Cooper's popularity as an after dinner speaker provided a source of income, and he was in most respects a picture of contentment although becoming more subdued in the years following his wife's sudden death aged 71.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Considering his long career, Cooper had suffered relatively little boxing-related damage to his health, and apart from "a bit of arthritis" remained an imposing figure: in the words of one journalist, "the living manifestation of an age of tuxedos in ringside seats, Harry Carpenter commentaries, sponge buckets and 'seconds out'". He lived in Hildenborough, Kent, where he was the president of Nizels Golf Club.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Cooper was married to Albina Genepri from 1960 until 2008 (her death). He converted to her Catholic faith and described Albina, who "hated" his sport, as "an ideal wife for a boxer", never grumbling about his long absences before big fights and inviting journalists in for tea while they waited for Cooper to get out of bed the morning after bouts. He was survived by their sons and two grandchildren.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Cooper was the first to win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year award twice, in 1967 for going unbeaten and in 1970, when Cooper had become the British, Commonwealth, and European heavyweight champion. He is the only British boxer to win three Lonsdale Belts outright.


title: Henry Cooper

text: Cooper was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1969, awarded a Papal Knighthood in 1978, and was knighted in 2000. He is also celebrated as one of the great Londoners in the "London Song" by Ray Davies on his 1998 album "The Storyteller". He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1970 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at Thames Television's Euston Road Studios.


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: The Quinque viæ (Latin for "Five Ways") (sometimes called "five proofs") are five logical arguments for the existence of God summarized by the 13th-century Catholic philosopher and theologian St. Thomas Aquinas in his book "Summa Theologica". Five ways of St. Thomas Aquinas for the existence of God managed to prove the existence of God through nature. They are:


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: Aquinas did not think the finite human mind could know what God is directly, therefore God's existence is not self-evident to us. So instead the proposition "God exists" must be "demonstrated" from God's effects, which are more known to us. However, Aquinas did not hold that what could be demonstrated philosophically (i.e. as general revelation) would necessarily provide any of the vital details revealed in Christ and through the Church (i.e. as special revelation), quite the reverse. For example, while he would allow that "in all creatures there is found the trace of the Trinity", yet "a trace shows that someone has passed by but not who it is."


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: All five ways are generally considered to be cosmological arguments. Aquinas omitted various arguments he believed to be insufficient or unsuited, such as the ontological argument made by St. Anselm of Canterbury.


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: A summary version of the Five Ways is given in the "Summa theologiae". The "Summa" uses the form of scholastic disputation (i.e. a literary form based on a lecturing method: a question is raised, then the most serious objections are summarized, then a correct answer is provided in that context, then the objections are answered).


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: A subsequent, more detailed, treatment of the Five Ways can be found in the "Summa contra gentiles". Aquinas further elaborated each of the Five Ways in more detail in passing in multiple books.


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: The first two Ways relate to causation. When Aquinas argues that a causal chain cannot be infinitely long, he does not have in mind a chain where each element is a prior event that causes the next event; in other words, he is not arguing for a first event in a sequence. Rather, his argument is that a chain of "concurrent" or "simultaneous" effects must be rooted ultimately in a cause capable of generating these effects, and hence for a cause that is first in the hierarchical sense, not the temporal sense.


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: Aquinas follows the distinction found in Aristotle's "Physics" 8.5, and developed by Simplicius, Maimonides, and Avicenna that a causal chain may be either accidental (Socrates' father caused Socrates, Socrates' grandfather caused Socrates' father, but Socrates' grandfather only accidentally caused Socrates) or essential (a stick is moving a stone, because a hand is simultaneously moving the stick, and thus transitively the hand is moving the stone.)


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: His thinking here relies on what would later be labelled "essentially ordered causal series" by John Duns Scotus. (In Duns Scotus, it is a causal series in which the immediately observable elements are not capable of generating the effect in question, and a cause capable of doing so is inferred at the far end of the chain. "Ordinatio" I.2.43)


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: This is also why Aquinas rejected that reason can prove the universe must have had a beginning in time; for all he knows and can demonstrate the universe could have been 'created from eternity' by the eternal God. He accepts the biblical


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: For a discussion of a causal chain argument that is based on a created beginning, see Kalam cosmological argument.


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: In the world, we can see that at least some things are changing. Whatever is changing is being changed by something else. If that by which it is changing is itself changed, then it too is being changed by something else. But this chain cannot be infinitely long, so there must be something that causes change without itself changing. This everyone understands to be God.


title: Five Ways (Aquinas)

text: Aquinas uses the term "motion" in his argument, but by this he understands any kind of "change", more specifically a transit from potentiality to actuality. (For example, a puddle growing to be larger would be counted inside the boundaries of Aquinas' usage.) Since a potential does not yet exist, it cannot cause itself to exist and can therefore only be brought into existence by something already existing.