title: Eric Stewart

text: "Because of the sort of records we'd had, everyone thought of us as a sort of ballads group, but we really weren't like that at all. I think we were probably the first of the three-piece heavy groups – but the sort of music we preferred to play was totally unacceptable to the sort of people who were prepared to book the Mindbenders", he said.


title: Eric Stewart

text: The band came to an ignominious end. "There were some pretty horrid gigs", Stewart later recalled. "One night we were booked to appear at a working men's club in Cardiff and when we arrived there we found that the posters outside the club said that starring that night was some Welsh tenor 'plus support group' – which meant us. That really choked me, the fact that we'd reached the stage where they didn't even bother to put our names up on the posters." The band accepted a booking playing cabaret shows for a week, wearing white suits and red silk shirts and telling jokes between the songs. After one particularly disastrous gig the band argued and Stewart angrily declared the Mindbenders were finished. He dropped the other members off at their homes after the gig and said, "That was the end of the Mindbenders. We never saw each other again after that."


title: Eric Stewart

text: According to Stewart, the flow of royalties and publishing income from his work with the Mindbenders had left him "fairly comfortable" financially. In July 1968 he was invited by former Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas road manager Peter Tattersall to become an investor in Inner City Studios, a small recording studio located above a music shop in Stockport. Stewart, who had been recording some demos of his own songs at the studio, invested £800. He explained: "I was infected with the idea of becoming a recording engineer and building a studio where I could develop my own ideas as to what a studio should be like." The pair moved to larger premises at no. 3 Waterloo Road in October and Stewart, who helped with renovations and painting, renamed the studio in honour of his favourite Beatles song, "Strawberry Fields Forever".


title: Eric Stewart

text: Within months the pair were joined by a further investor – songwriter and former Mindbenders bassist Graham Gouldman, who injected a further £2000. In mid-1969 Stewart and Gouldman began working with two other musicians, Lol Creme and Kevin Godley, on a project that rock manager and entrepreneur Giorgio Gomelsky was developing for his Marmalade Records label. Gomelsky was impressed with songs Godley and Creme had written and was planning to market them as a duo. Stewart was invited to play lead guitar at one session and he and Gouldman soon began offering the pair regular session work at Strawberry. (One single, "I'm Beside Myself" b/w "Animal Song" was issued under the name of "Frabjoy and Runcible Spoon", plus two tracks on the Marmalade LP sampler "100 Proof" issued under the names of Kevin & Lol and Graham Gouldman, before Marmalade closed its doors.)


title: Eric Stewart

text: In December 1969 a deal was struck with US producers Jerry Kasenetz and Jeffry Katz of Super K Productions to book the studios solidly for three months to record bubblegum songs, using the talents of Gouldman, Stewart, Godley and Creme. The income from the period of intense sessions allowed the owners to buy more equipment to turn it into "a real studio". "To begin with they were interested in Graham's songwriting and when they heard that he was involved in a studio I think they thought the most economical thing for them to do would be to book his studio and then put him to work there – but they ended up recording Graham's songs and then some of Kevin and Lol's songs, and we were all working together," Stewart said.


title: Eric Stewart

text: The trio of Stewart, Godley and Creme produced a song, "Neanderthal Man", which was released in June 1970 by Philips Records under the name of Hotlegs. The single became a worldwide hit, reaching No. 2 in Britain and No. 22 in the US, and was followed by an album, "" (1970), which Stewart later described as "a little ahead of its time". The trio released another single, "Umbopo", under the name of Doctor Father. The singles and album tracks were all engineered by Stewart.


title: Eric Stewart

text: Hotlegs embarked on a British tour supporting the Moody Blues in October 1970, with Gouldman playing bass. The tour was aborted after five nights when Moody Blues bassist and singer John Lodge became ill. When no further work for Hotlegs ensued, the band members agreed the band was defunct and resumed their session work.


title: Eric Stewart

text: American singer Neil Sedaka began recording his "Solitaire" album at Strawberry Studios in early 1972, using Stewart as recording engineer, and Gouldman, Godley and Creme as his backing band. The album's success galvanised the four musicians to work on their own material and release it as a band. They recorded a Stewart–Gouldman song, "Waterfall", and Stewart took a demo of it to the Apple Records cutting room in London, where Sedaka's album was being mastered, hoping Apple would release it. Months later Apple wrote back to reject the song, saying it lacked commercial appeal.


title: Eric Stewart

text: By then they had recorded another song, Godley and Creme's "Donna", and realised the song "had something". Stewart phoned entrepreneur and producer Jonathan King, whom he had known since the Mindbenders days, and invited him to hear it. King was excited about the song, sensing a potential hit, and signed the band to his UK Records label, naming them 10cc. The song, released weeks later in August 1972, became a UK No. 2.


title: Eric Stewart

text: The first of the band's albums, "10cc" (1973) contained four songs co-written by Stewart with various band members. His most productive writing partnership, however, was with Gouldman: the pair wrote some of the band's biggest-selling singles – including "Wall Street Shuffle", "I'm Not in Love" and "Art for Art's Sake" – and after the departure of Godley & Creme in 1976, Stewart and Gouldman settled into a strong songwriting partnership that lasted for the next six albums, though Stewart and Gouldman took a break from 10cc between 1984 and 1991.


title: Eric Stewart

text: By "Mirror Mirror" (1995) the team had dissolved as tensions between the pair grew. The album was an amalgam of solo material by Gouldman and Stewart, written and recorded separately, and was the final one for 10cc. After the tour for the album was done, Stewart announced he was officially done with 10cc, and has refused any offers and requests for a reunion.


title: Eric Stewart

text: The band had previously suffered a major setback in 1979 when Stewart was seriously injured in a car crash. He told the BBC:


title: Eric Stewart

text: Since 1975, Stewart has engineered and/or produced albums recorded in Strawberry Studios including artists like Ramases ("Space Hymns", 1971), Neil Sedaka ("Solitaire", 1972, "The Tra-La Days Are Over", 1973) and Justin Hayward and John Lodge ("Blue Jays", 1975).


title: Eric Stewart

text: Stewart released two solo albums sandwiched between 10cc's 1980s output – "Girls" (1980) and "Frooty Rooties" (1982).


title: Eric Stewart

text: After 10cc split Stewart continued his career as a producer and worked with Sad Café ("Facades", 1979, "Sad Café", 1980) and Agnetha Fältskog ("Eyes of a Woman", 1985).


title: Eric Stewart

text: Stewart became heavily involved with Paul McCartney from the early 1980s. He played on three McCartney's albums ("Tug of War", "Pipes of Peace" and "Give My Regards to Broad Street"), took part in "Take It Away" and "So Bad" music videos as well as "Give My Regards to Broad Street" film. Later Stewart started writing music together with McCartney which eventually led to Stewart co-writing more than half of Paul McCartney's "Press to Play". Stewart's original role was also planned as a producer but during the early stages of work on the album he was replaced by Hugh Padgham, the choice he would later criticise.


title: Eric Stewart

text: From 1990 Stewart began to participate as a guest vocalist on the last The Alan Parsons Project's album "Freudiana" (1990) and later on Alan Parsons' "Try Anything Once" (1993) and "On Air" (1996). Stewart reflected:


title: Eric Stewart

text: In 2000s Stewart returned to recording solo albums with "Do Not Bend" (2003), while his fourth solo album, "Viva la Difference", was originally planned to come out in 2007 but delayed until 2009.


title: Eric Stewart

text: In 2017 Stewart released his autobiography titled "The Things I Do for Love" as iOS ebook. The release was backed with a career spanning compilation album "Anthology" with remastered songs some of which were newly mixed and retitled. The compilation was also co-mastered by Stewart himself.


title: Kayseri

text: Kayseri (; ) is a large industrialised city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, if taken as the Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is composed of five urban districts: the two core districts of Kocasinan and Melikgazi, and since 2004, also Hacılar, İncesu and Talas.


title: Kayseri

text: As of 31 December 2021, the province had a population of 1,434,357 of whom 1,175,886 lived in this city's built-up area identified as four (out of five) urban districts, İncesu not being conurbated (not contiguous, having a largely non-protected buffer zone).


title: Kayseri

text: Kayseri is at the foot of the inactive volcano Mount Erciyes that reaches an altitude of , more than 1,500 metres over the city's mean altitude. The city is often cited in the first ranks among Turkey's Anatolian Tigers.


title: Kayseri

text: The city retains a number of historical monuments, including several from the Seljuk period. It is commonly visited en route to the international tourist attractions of once-surrounding Cappadocia, centred to the east as has Seljuk and Ottoman era monuments centrally, Mount Erciyes as a trekking and alpinism centre, Zamantı River as a rafting centre. The closest ruins and excavations, often with museums are those of Kültepe, Ağırnas, Talas and Develi as the locality was prosperous part of the Silk Road. Kayseri is served by Erkilet International Airport and is home to Erciyes University.


title: Kayseri

text: Kayseri was originally called "Mazaka" or "Mazaca" (; according to Armenian tradition, it was founded by and named after Mishak) and was known as such to Strabo, during whose time it was the capital of the Roman province of Cilicia, known also as "Eusebia at the Argaeus" ( in Greek), after Ariarathes V Eusebes, King of Cappadocia (163–130 BC).


title: Kayseri

text: The name was changed again by Archelaus (d. 17 AD), last King of Cappadocia (36 BC–14 AD) and a Roman vassal, to "Caesarea in Cappadocia" (to distinguish it from other cities with the name "Caesarea" in the Roman Empire) in honour of Caesar Augustus, upon his death in 14 AD. This name was rendered as ("Kaisáreia") in Koine Greek, which was the dialect of the later Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire, and that name remained in use by the natives (nowadays known as Cappadocian Greek, due to their spoken language, but then referred to as Rûm, due to their previous Roman citizenship) until their removal from modern Turkey in 1924. (Note that letter "C" in classical Latin was pronounced "K.") When the first Turks arrived in the region in 1080 AD, they adapted this pronunciation, which eventually became "Kayseri" in Turkish, remaining as such ever since.


title: Kayseri

text: Kanesh (at the modern archaeological site of Kültepe), one of the oldest cities in Asia Minor, lies 20 km away.


title: Kayseri

text: As Mazaca (), the city served as the residence of the kings of Cappadocia. In ancient times, it was on the crossroads of the trade routes from Sinope to the Euphrates and from the Persian Royal Road that extended from Sardis to Susa during the over 200 years of Achaemenid Persian rule. In Roman times, a similar route from Ephesus to the East also crossed the city.


title: Kayseri

text: The city stood on a low spur on the north side of Mount Erciyes ("Mount Argaeus" in ancient times). Only a few traces of the ancient site survive in the old town.


title: Kayseri

text: The Arab general (and later the first Umayyad Caliph) Muawiyah invaded Cappadocia and took Caesarea from the Byzantines temporarily in 647. The city was called "Kaisariyah" () by the Arabs, and later "Kayseri" () by Seljuk Turks, when it was captured by Alp Arslan in 1067. The forces of the latter demolished the city and massacred its population. The shrine of Saint Basil was also sacked after the fall of the city. As a result, the city remained uninhabited for the next half century. Later, during 1074–1178 the area came under the control of the Danishmendids and rebuilt the city in 1134. The Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate controlled the city during the period 1178–1243 and became one of their most prominent centers, until it fell to the Mongols in 1243. Within the walls lies the greater part of Kayseri, rebuilt between the 13th and 16th centuries. Kayseri was successively ruled by Eretnids. The city finally became Ottoman in 1515. It was sanjak center initially in Rum Eyalet (1515–1521), finally in Ankara Vilayet (Founded as Bozok Eyalet) (1839–1923).


title: Kayseri

text: Thus, there were three golden-age periods for Kayseri. The first, dating to 2000 BC, was when the city was a trade post between the Assyrians and the Hittites. The second golden age came during the Roman rule (1st to 11th centuries). The third golden age was during the reign of Seljuks (1178–1243), when the city was the second capital of the state. The short-lived Seljuk rule left a large number of historic landmarks; historic buildings such as the Hunat Hatun Complex, Kilij Arslan Mosque, The Grand Mosque and Gevher Nesibe Hospital.


title: Kayseri

text: The Grand Bazaar dates from the latter part of the 1800s, but the adjacent caravanserai (where merchant traders gathered before forming a caravan) dates from around 1500. The town's older districts (which were filled with ornate mansion-houses mostly dating from the 18th and 19th centuries) were subjected to wholesale demolitions starting in the 1970s.


title: Kayseri

text: The building that hosts the Kayseri lyceum was arranged to host the Turkish Grand National Assembly during the Turkish War of Independence when the Greek army had advanced very close to Ankara, the base of the Turkish National Movement. Today the city is famous for its carpet sellers.


title: Kayseri

text: Kayseri has a cold semi-arid climate in the Köppen climate classification ("BSk"), or a temperate continental climate in the Trewartha climate classification ("Dc"). It experiences cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers with cool nights. Precipitation occurs throughout the year, albeit with a marked decrease in late summer and early fall.


title: Kayseri

text: The city of Kayseri consists of sixteen metropolitan districts: Akkışla, Bünyan, Develi, Felâhiye, Hacılar, İncesu, Kocasinan, Melikgâzi, Özvatan, Pınarbaşı, Sarıoğlan, Sarız, Talas, Tomarza, Yahyâlı, and Yeşilhisar.


title: Kayseri

text: Kayseri received notable public investments in the 1920s and 1930s. Sumer Textile and Kayseri Tayyare Fabrikasi (airplane manufacturer) were set up here during the post Republican Era with the help of German and particularly Russian experts. The latter manufactured the first aircraft "made in Turkey" in the 1940s. After the 1950s, the city suffered from a decrease in the amount of public investment. It was, however, during the same years that Kayseri businessmen and merchants became transformed into countrywide capitalists. Families such as Sabancı, Has, Dedeman, Hattat, Kurmel, Özyeğin, Karamanlargil and Özilhan who started out as small-scale merchants in the city of Kayseri became prominent actors in the Turkish economy. These families set up their headquarters in cities such as Istanbul and Adana, nevertheless often coming back to Kayseri to invest.


title: Kayseri

text: Thanks to the economic liberalisation policies introduced in the 1980s, a new wave of merchants and industrialists from Kayseri joined their predecessors. Most of these new industrialists choose Kayseri as base of their operations. As a consequence of better infrastructures, the city achieved a remarkable industrial growth since 2000 and is one of the key cities that characterises the class of Anatolian Tigers, with a favourable environment present especially for small and medium enterprises.


title: Kayseri

text: The pace of growth of the city was so fast that in 2004 the city applied to the Guinness Book of World Records for the most new manufacturing industries started in a single day: 139 factories. Kayseri also has emerged as one of the most successful furniture-making hub in Turkey earned more than a billion dollars in export revenues in 2007.


title: Kayseri

text: Kayseri Free Zone established in 1998, today has more than 43 companies with an investment of 140 million dollars. The Zone's main business activities including; production, trading, warehouse management, mounting and demounting, assembly-disassembly, merchandising, maintenance and repair, engineering workshops, office and workplace rental, packing-repacking, banking and insurance, leasing, labelling and exhiption facilities. Kayseri FTZ with cost of $8 per square meter is one of the lowest cost land free zones in the world.


title: Kayseri

text: Some social scientists trace this economic success to a modernist Islamic outlook referred to as "Islamic Calvinism" which they say is taking root in Kayseri.


title: Kayseri

text: The city is served by Erkilet International Airport and the International Air Transport Association symbol for the airport is ASR. The airport is a short distance from the centre of Kayseri. There are several flights per day to Istanbul, Turkey's premium air transportation hub. Since the air transportation industry in Turkey is growing quickly, new flights from Kayseri to several other localities inside and outside Turkey are soon to be expected.


title: Kayseri

text: Kayseri is connected to the rest of country with railway service. There are four trains per day to Ankara. To the east there are two branches: one to Kars, and another to Tatvan on the west shore of Lake Van.


title: Kayseri

text: As the city is located in central Turkey, car and bus transportation are highly efficient. It takes approximately three hours to reach Ankara, approximately three hours to Mediterranean shores and 45 minutes to Cappadocia. The symbol of the city, Mount Erciyes, which is a notable ski centre in winters and accessible for trekking in summertime, is at only 30 minutes' drive from the city centre.


title: Kayseri

text: The transportation within the city relies mainly on buses, and personal vehicles. A light rail transit (LRT) system called Kayseray was constructed and completed by the end of 2009.


title: Kayseri

text: The city has two professional football teams competing in the top-flight of Turkish football: Kayserispor and Kayseri Erciyesspor, both playing in the Süper Lig, making Kayseri one of the only two cities having more than one team in Spor Toto Süper Lig 2013–14, the other being Istanbul. Kayserispor is the only Turkish team to have won the UEFA Intertoto Cup, in 2006.


title: Kayseri

text: The women's football club Kayseri Gençler Birliği was promoted to the Women's First League for the 2020-21 League season.


title: Kayseri

text: Kayseri High School (Kayseri Lisesi), established in 1893, is one of the oldest high schools in Turkey. Küçükçalık Anatolian High School (Nuh Mehmet Küçükçalık Anadolu Lisesi), established in 1984, which is providing education in English, is among the first ones in Turkey. Kılıçarslan is a private high school in Kayseri, In 2000, it became a sister school with Anatolia College in Thessaloniki. TED Kayseri College in Kocasinan district of the city a Private, non-profit, co-educational kindergarten, primary, junior high, and high school is the third largest school in TED, since its foundation in 1966 thousands of students have graduated from the school.


title: Kayseri

text: Kayseri is renowned for its culinary specialities such as mantı, pastırma and sucuk. Mantı is the most popular dish in Kayseri for the local people and tourists. Another speciality is stuffed zucchini flowers made with Köfte, garlic and spices. Nevzine is a traditional dessert.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: "Love Me like You Do" is a song recorded by English singer Ellie Goulding for the to the film "Fifty Shades of Grey" (2015). The song was written by Savan Kotecha, Ilya Salmanzadeh, Tove Lo, Max Martin and Ali Payami; the latter two also produced it. Goulding was selected to provide vocals to the track. It was released on 7 January 2015 as the second single from the soundtrack. The song was also included on Goulding's third studio album, "Delirium" (2015).


title: Love Me like You Do

text: "Love Me like You Do" is a mid-tempo electropop power ballad, with instrumentation consisting of massive synths and crushing drums. Lyrically, similar to the film's theme, the song talks about the uncontrollable feeling of falling in love and being seduced by someone whose touch leaves her begging for more, even when it hurts. It received acclaim from music critics, who praised Goulding's soft vocals and the song for being sultry and grandiose. The song earned Goulding her first Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Solo Performance, while the songwriters were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: "Love Me like You Do" topped the UK Singles Chart, a position it maintained for four weeks and held the record for the most-streamed track in a single week in the United Kingdom at the time. Outside the United Kingdom, "Love Me like You Do" became Goulding's most successful single as well as becoming her first chart-topper in various countries, going number one in over 30 official charts worldwide, including Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland and peaking within the top ten of the charts in various countries, including Belgium, Colombia and the United States. Its accompanying music video, which features scenes of the film and Goulding dancing with her partner in a ballroom, became the 21st video to receive one billion views on YouTube and received a nomination at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Female Video.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: While seeking material for the , Republic Records contacted various artists, managers and music publishers to create a compilation that would appropriately represent the film's tone. "Love Me like You Do" was the result of Republic executive Tom Mackay contacting Max Martin's manager about writing a song for the film. Ilya started writing the chorus, while Ali Payami and Martin came next, with Martin "tweaking" the song and Savan Kotecha and Tove Lo also contributing with lyrics. According to Kotecha, "Love Me like You Do" was already being developed by both him and Martin prior to "Fifty Shades of Grey", and he had considered giving the song to American singer Demi Lovato. However, after being shown a scene from the film during a meeting for the film's soundtrack, Martin thought "Love Me like You Do" could work, and began reworking the song for inclusion. After that, the film director Sam Taylor-Johnson asked Ellie Goulding to sing the song. Goulding, who previously contributed songs to the soundtracks to "", "" and "", initially thought about declining the invitation to record another song for a soundtrack to focus on her then-upcoming third studio album. However, after meeting the film crew and hearing the ballad she accepted. She commented:


title: Love Me like You Do

text: "I wasn't going to get involved in that soundtrack because I've done a lot of soundtracks and we kind of thought we've done a bit too much film stuff. So we should probably just chill and write that third album, which is what I should be focusing on. And then I met the director [Sam Taylor-Johnson] and everyone involved and I was like, 'This is a pretty cool thing to be involved in.' Then I heard the song and I was like, 'Woah, this is a pretty awesome song.' I didn't know that it was going to be this big, genuinely. I thought [maybe] it would do well."


title: Love Me like You Do

text: A slightly reworked version of the song was included on the soundtrack to the 2018 film "Fifty Shades Freed", the third and final installment in the series.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: "Love Me like You Do" was written by Max Martin, Savan Kotecha, Ilya Salmanzadeh, Ali Payami and Tove Lo, with production by Martin and Payami; they were also responsible for programming, drums, percussion, keys and bass. Strings were arranged by Mattias Bylund, violin was played by Mattias Johansson and cello by David Bukovinsky. Peter Carlsson was responsible for vocal editing, as well as background vocals, along with Martin, Payami, Ilya, Kotecha, Oscar Holter, Robin Fredriksson, Mattias Larsson, Oscar Görres and Ludvig Söderberg. It was recorded in Los Angeles and Stockholm. According to the sheet music published at MusicNotes.com by Kobalt Music Group, the song is written in the key of A major, with a moderate tempo of 95 beats per minute. Goulding's vocal range spans from the low note of Ab3 to the high note of Eb5.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: "Love Me like You Do" is a tender electropop power ballad, with a "synth-filled, '80s-sounding" production. Its instrumentation consists of massive synthesisers and crushing drums, while Goulding delivers a "soft, understated vocals". In the opening seconds she sings, "You're the cure/ you're the pain/ you're the only thing I want to touch/ Never knew that it/ could mean so much/ You're the fear/ I don't care/ 'Cause I've never been so high." Lyrically, "Love Me like You Do" contrasts "innocent romantic longing" and "brooding, addictive, pain-laced sensuality", which according to Plugged In's Adam R. Holz, "mirrors the story arc of Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey" in both the book and the film. He went on to explain its lyrical content: "[It] tells the tale of a woman entranced and seduced by someone whose touch leaves her begging for more, even when—or perhaps especially when—it hurts."


title: Love Me like You Do

text: "Love Me like You Do" was acclaimed by music critics. Samantha Grossman of "Time" called the song "sultry" and dubbed it a "solid addition to the "Fifty Shades" soundtrack." Christina Garibaldi of MTV News also called it "sultry" and "soft", adding that "we can totally picture it being played during any steamy scene." Ryan Reed of "Rolling Stone" opined that its "results are grandiose, considering the film's sensual subject matter." Jim Farber of the New York "Daily News" praised her "little-girl-lost voice", noting that "Goulding sounds sweet even when she's courting danger. The music, likewise, goes for a high gloss take on romance, recalling the heavily echoed beats and dense synthesizers of a Phil Collins ballad from the '80s." Robbie Daw of Idolator described "Love Me like You Do" as "a sweeping power ballad that finds Goulding delivering soft, understated vocals over producer Max Martin's swelling bed of synths." Lucas Villa of AXS commended Goulding for "masterfully tread[ing] between delicacy and power in her performance", calling the song "intimately magnificent". Glenn Gamboa of "Newsday" called it "sweet, catchy, near-perfect rom-com fare".


title: Love Me like You Do

text: Carolyn Menyes of "Music Times" complimented the song for being "sweet and dreamy, like the majority of Goulding's discography", also observing that "[t]he crawling pace works well as Goulding rolls her way through the melody, all at once being enchanting and loving. Her breathy vocals, as always, complete the atmospheric sensibility of the track." While reviewing the "", Dave Holmes wrote for "Esquire" that the song was "[t]he closest thing to a single we've heard so far", adding that the song has "a touch of longing, a little bit of a beat" and "Goulding's voice is the sound of heavy petting." Mikael Wood, writing for "Los Angeles Times", said that Goulding "put across a tender sensuality [...] even as super-producer Max Martin jacks the stadium-rave beat." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic, in his soundtrack analysis, wrote that "it moves into the area of background romantic music, a vibe that's sometimes pierced by those overly familiar oldies that surely play a bigger role onscreen than they do on album." In a less favourable review, Jason Lipshutz of "Billboard" gave the song two and a half stars out of five, complimenting Goulding's voice as "one of pop's more distinct voices" and the tune's "colossal chorus", but panning its "clichéd lyrics".


title: Love Me like You Do

text: "Love Me like You Do" was first nominated for a 2015 Teen Choice Award in the category "Song from a Movie or TV Show", but eventually lost to "Furious 7" "See You Again", performed by Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth. It was also nominated for a 2015 MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song, but lost to Taylor Swift's "Bad Blood". At the 2015 BBC Music Awards, the song was nominated for "Song of the Year", losing to Hozier's "Take Me to Church". It won the award for Best International Song at the 2015 Los Premios 40 Principales. The song was also nominated for "Favorite Song of the Year" at the 42nd People's Choice Awards, losing to Justin Bieber's "What Do You Mean?. It also received two nominations at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards: Best Pop Solo Performance (lost to Ed Sheeran's "Thinking Out Loud") and Best Song Written for Visual Media (losing to "Selma" "Glory", performed by Common and John Legend), becoming the first time Goulding was nominated. The song also received a Golden Globe nomination in its 73rd edition on the Best Original Song category, but lost to "Spectre"'s "Writing's on the Wall", performed by Sam Smith.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: "Love Me like You Do" entered at the top of the UK Singles Chart with first-week sales of 172,368 units, becoming Goulding's second number one on the chart after "Burn" (2013). The single remained at number one for a second week with chart sales of 118,225 copies and 2.25 million streams, and then a third consecutive week selling a further 118,000 copies. In its third week at number one, "Love Me like You Do" broke the streaming record in the United Kingdom at the time, with 2.58 million streams over seven days, surpassing Mark Ronson's "Uptown Funk" previous record. At the same time, the song was streamed almost 15.5 million times globally. It spent a total of four weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart, becoming her longest number-one single on the listing.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: Elsewhere in Europe, "Love Me like You Do" topped the charts in Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. In France, the song peaked at number five, Goulding's highest-charting single and second top-10 single on the French Singles Chart. In the Netherlands, the song became her first solo single to reach the top 10, peaking at number two on the Dutch Top 40.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: In the United States, "Love Me like You Do" debuted at number 45 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart dated 24 January 2015, with first-week sales of 79,000 copies. The following week, the song climbed to number 36, and then to number 20 in its third week. On the issue dated 14 February 2015, it rose to number 14. "Love Me like You Do" reached number nine the following week, becoming Goulding's second top-10 entry on the chart. In its seventh week, the song peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming her highest-charting single since "Lights" peaked at number two on the chart in July 2012. On the Pop Songs chart, it was her second single to top the charts, and on the Adult Top 40 chart, it was her first number-one. "Love Me like You Do" debuted at number 38 on the Canadian Hot 100 for the week ending 24 January 2015, later peaking at number three.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: In Australasia, track entered at number eight on the Australian Singles Chart and at number three on the New Zealand Singles Chart. In its fourth week, "Love Me like You Do" reached number one on both charts, becoming Goulding's first number-one single in both countries.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: The music video for "Love Me like You Do" was directed by Georgia Hudson and premiered on 22 January 2015. It stars Goulding and her on-screen partner ballroom dancing in a mansion, as well as scenes from "Fifty Shades of Grey". Regarding the dance in the video, she commented: "I am in it. That's me! I'm dancing in it!. [...] I basically have become fascinated with ballroom dancing so I was like, 'Can I please do some dancing in it?'. So they let me do that. There's a guy in it, Charlie, and there's some really sensual moments in it, and it's in a really beautiful house. I think it's one of my favorite videos." The video received a nomination for Best Female Video at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards. With over 2.1 billion views, the video is one of the 50 most viewed YouTube videos of all time; it surpassed one billion views on 29 February 2016, becoming the 21st video in the site's history to do so.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: Goulding performed "Love Me like You Do" in March 2015 at a Nike app launch. On 17 October 2015, Goulding was invited by Taylor Swift on her 1989 Tour as a surprise guest to sing a duet with her. On 25 October 2015, Goulding delivered a performance at the 2015 MTV Europe Music Awards, which "Billboard" called "sexy" and "straightforward". On 7 November 2015, she sang it at the NRJ Music Awards. In the same month, she was also part of the American Express Unstaged, directed by Scarlett Johansson. On 20 November 2015, Goulding's performance at "Idol Sweden" included the song. On 24 November 2015, she and James Corden sang it in several genres during "The Late Late Show with James Corden", including rock, hip hop, country, rave, reggae, folk, and gospel. Goulding performed it during Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, which aired on 8 December 2015. On 6 December 2015, she appeared at Capital FM's Jingle Bell Ball. On 10 December 2015, she gave another rendition of the song at the 2015 BBC Music Awards with the BBC Concert Orchestra. On 18 April 2020, Goulding performed the song's accoutic version at "".


title: Love Me like You Do

text: In March 2015, Circa Waves performed a rock cover at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. That same month, James Arthur covered the song for MTV. In May 2015, Ella Henderson delivered an acoustic cover at Spin 1038 Live Room. In September 2015, Rhodes covered the song at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.


title: Love Me like You Do

text: The song appears in the 2019 Max Martin jukebox musical "& Juliet" where it is performed by Romeo. Jordan Luke Gage, who originated the role on the West End, recorded the song for the official cast soundtrack.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: Joel Miller is a fictional character in the video games "The Last of Us" and "The Last of Us Part II" by Naughty Dog. In the games, he is portrayed by Troy Baker through motion capture and voice acting; in the upcoming television adaptation, he will be portrayed by Pedro Pascal. In the first game, Joel serves as the main protagonist and is tasked with escorting the young Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States in an attempt to create a potential cure for an infection to which Ellie is immune. He also appears briefly in the downloadable content campaign "". Joel is killed in "The Last of Us Part II" by a woman named Abby, whose father he had killed in the first game, prompting Ellie to seek revenge.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: Joel was created by Neil Druckmann, the creative director and writer of "The Last of Us". The character's casting was extensive, as his relationship with Ellie was imperative to the game; it was the central focus of the first game's development, with all other elements developed around it. Baker inspired aspects of Joel's personality, making the character more emotional than initially pitched. Druckmann wanted players, especially parents, to relate to Joel through his bonding with Ellie. He considered the character morally complex. For "Part II", Druckmann felt that Joel's character arc was complete after the original, and his death was a core part of the game's development.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: The character has been well-received by critics; his chemistry with Ellie is a frequent subject of praise. The likability and complexity of the character has also been commended. Baker's performance in both games was highly praised and received numerous awards and nominations.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: The development team of "The Last of Us" spent more time selecting the actor for Joel than Ellie, as the chemistry between the two characters was imperative to the game. After Troy Baker and Ellie actress Ashley Johnson played alongside each other, the team realized that the former perfectly fit the role of Joel, despite the actor's young age. Creative director Neil Druckmann attributed Baker's voice and movement to the team's choice of casting him. Baker contributed greatly to the development of the character; for example, he convinced Druckmann that Joel would care for Tess due to his loneliness. When designing Joel's physical appearance, the team tried to make him look "flexible enough" to allow for him to appear as both a "ruthless operator in the underground of a quarantined city" as well as a "caring father figure to Ellie". His appearance was aimed to evoke "rural Americana", referencing values of self-reliance and ingenuity when facing hardship and deprivation. The team experimented with his appearance to determine his age in the game.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: When writing Joel, Druckmann initially took inspiration from Josh Brolin's portrayal of Llewelyn Moss in "No Country for Old Men" (2007), which he saw as "very quiet, very cool under pressure". However, Baker's interpretation of Joel as a more emotional person evolved the character in a different way. Ultimately, the narrative became an exploration of how willing a father is to save a child; initially, Joel is willing to sacrifice himself, before evolving where he is willing to sacrifice his friends, until finally feeling that he would sacrifice all of humanity in order to save Ellie.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: Druckmann felt that players, specifically parents, would be able to relate to Joel's character and his bonding with Ellie. Baker believes that Joel discovers morality throughout the game's narrative, working out the difference between loss and sacrifice, and his true personality begins to show. Druckmann became intrigued by players who discussed Joel's morality, distinguishing him as a hero or villain; Druckmann felt that Joel was only "a complex person who's made good and bad decisions", but allowed it to be open to interpretation. When auditioning for the role, Baker read a phrase on the character sheet that stated Joel had "few moral lines left to cross", which became the "anchor point" to the character for him. Baker found great difficulty in filming the game's prologue, which features scenes with Joel and his daughter Sarah, portrayed by Hana Hayes. Upon later viewing of the first day of footage from the scene, Druckmann felt that it could still be improved. When filming the scene again, Druckmann explained to Baker how to perform it, and felt that it was the best take upon doing so. Though Baker initially found the take too "mechanical", he retroactively realized that he had been trying to impress audiences by his acting, and that it was "not what the scene needed".


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: Druckmann felt that Joel's character arc was complete after the first game. Joel's death was a core part of the narrative structure of "The Last of Us Part II" from early in development; Druckmann considered it one of the most difficult to write, rehearse, and shoot. Though it initially caused some internal resistance, the team felt compelled when more of the narrative was built out. An early version of Joel's death scene had him utter "Sarah", his daughter's name, until Baker suggested that he should remain silent. While Sarah's death in the first game intended to evoke sadness, Joel's death aims to elicit anger. Ellie was originally absent during the scene, and was to be informed by Joel's brother Tommy, but Druckmann felt that witnessing the death through Ellie's perspective emphasized the anger of the player. He wanted it to be portrayed as "gross, unceremonious, and humiliating" instead of heroic; it was originally more gruesome, but later toned down as the gore was not crucial to the scene. He predicted that it might lead to negative reactions, but felt it was necessary to tell the story; he particularly felt that Naughty Dog's notability in the industry gave it the opportunity to take risks that other developers can not. In an earlier version of the scene, Abby stabbed Joel in the back and twisted the knife to paralyze him; however, as knives are more closely associated with Ellie, the team replaced it with a golf club, partly inspired by an incident in Druckmann's youth.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: In February 2021, Pedro Pascal was cast as Joel in HBO's upcoming television adaptation of the video games.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: In the prologue of "The Last of Us", Joel, as a single parent, is depicted as sensitive and emotionally engaged with his daughter. After her death and the 20 years that follow, in which Joel witnessed more horrific events, he has significantly changed, using violence to solve issues and showing reluctance when asked to escort Ellie. Joel is often described as an antihero. He is a hardened survivor whose obsession with survival is fueled by his desensitization due to his daughter's death. Joel's years of survival have led him to become resourceful, practical, and emotionally impenetrable, though he is still traumatized and vulnerable. He avoids becoming attached to others as he would fear losing them. Each of his movements show his age and experience, carrying the weight of the lives lost. As the game progresses, Joel becomes more sensitive to Ellie, and speaks to her in a manner previously only reserved for his daughter. Joel's act of saving Ellie in the first game's conclusion shows that he has become too sentimental and attached to Ellie to "do the 'right thing'", a trope often demonstrated in male heroes. His act is seen by some as one of redemption, and by others as one of selfishness.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: Originally from Texas, Joel was a single father in his late 20s or early 30s when the initial "Cordyceps" outbreak occurred. Fleeing his home near Austin with his brother Tommy and his 12-year-old daughter Sarah, they got involved in a firefight with a soldier; Sarah was mortally wounded and died in his arms, leaving him traumatized. In the 20 years that followed, Joel did whatever he had to do to survive. In the time spent in the brutal post-apocalyptic world, still bitter from his daughter's death, Joel became a hardened survivor who was physically and mentally tough. He has a brutal fighting style and is capable of defeating much younger men in hand-to-hand combat.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: 20 years after Sarah's death, Joel works as a smuggler in the Boston quarantine zone, ruled by a military dictatorship, with his friend and partner Tess. While searching for a former accomplice who stole some of their merchandise, Joel and Tess are tasked by Marlene, an acquaintance and leader of a rebel militia called the Fireflies, to smuggle the 14-year-old Ellie to a rendezvous point. Making their way there, Joel discovers that Ellie is immune to the infection. Upon their arrival, Tess reveals that she has become infected and insists that Joel finds Tommy, a former Firefly, in order to continue the mission. Joel is initially surly and short towards Ellie, though he begins to warm up to her as their journey continues. This is compounded when Joel, having initially asked Tommy to carry on in his place after meeting up with him at Tommy's settlement in Jackson, changes his mind and carries on as planned. Their bond deepens when Ellie nearly loses Joel to a severe injury, and when he comes to her aid after she is nearly killed by a band of cannibals in Colorado. Ultimately, Joel shows his devotion to Ellie when he chooses to rescue her from the Firefly doctors who plan to remove and examine her brain, as opposed to allowing her to die. To ensure they are not pursued, Joel kills Marlene. Driving away, Ellie wakes up, and Joel tells her the doctors gave up on discovering a cure. Ellie soon confronts him about the events, and Joel swears to her that he is telling the truth.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: Joel and Ellie build a life in Jackson with Tommy. In the prologue of "The Last of Us Part II", Joel confesses his guilt to Tommy over lying to Ellie. Flashbacks in the game show Joel taking Ellie on a birthday trip to a museum, and later finally admitting the truth to her after she travels back to the hospital to find out for herself. Four years after the first game, Ellie promises to try and forgive Joel for stopping the Fireflies. While on patrol the following day, Joel and Tommy save a stranger named Abby from the infected and they escape a large horde, returning to a lookout run by Abby's group. After they exchange names, however, Joel and Tommy are swiftly attacked by Abby's group, revealed to be ex-Fireflies who are now part of the Washington Liberation Front (WLF), a militia based in Seattle. Ellie finds them but is assaulted and watches helplessly as Abby beats Joel to death with a golf club; it is later revealed that Abby's father was the lead Firefly surgeon killed by Joel while saving Ellie, and that Abby had sought revenge on him ever since.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: Joel's character received generally positive feedback. "IGN"s Colin Moriarty found that he cared about the character and considered him likable. Andy Kelly of "Computer and Video Games" wrote that Joel "has a likeable warmth in his laconic Texan drawl". Jim Sterling of "Destructoid" found Joel likable despite his impatience and harsh tone. "Eurogamer"s Oli Welsh felt that, by the game's end, Joel and Ellie had "matured from clichés into rounded characters". Conversely, Tom Mc Shea of "GameSpot" found Joel unlikable and unrelatable.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: Critics praised the relationship between Joel and Ellie. Matt Helgeson of "Game Informer" wrote that the relationship was "poignant" and "well-drawn", "Joystiq"s Richard Mitchell found it "genuine" and emotional, and "IGN"s Moriarty identified it as a highlight of the game. "Eurogamer"s Welsh felt the characters were developed with "real patience and skill". Philip Kollar of "Polygon" found the relationship was assisted by the game's optional conversations. Kimberly Wallace of "Game Informer" named Joel and Ellie one of the "best gaming duos of 2013", appreciating their interest in protecting each other. "Game Informer"s Kyle Hilliard compared Joel and Ellie's relationship to that of the Prince and Elika from "Prince of Persia" (2008), writing that both duos care deeply for one another, and praising the "emotional crescendo" in "The Last of Us", which he judged had not been achieved in "Prince of Persia". "PlayStation Official Magazine"s David Meikleham named Joel and Ellie the best characters in a PlayStation 3 game.


title: Joel (The Last of Us)

text: Baker's performance received praise. "Edge" wrote that, alongside Johnson's Ellie, Baker "breathe[s] poignancy into the grace notes of the script". Anthony Severino of "PlayStation LifeStyle" felt that felt that the performance made him care about the character, while Giancarlo Valdes of "VentureBeat" lauded Baker for adding "nuance and complexity" to the role. For his role in "The Last of Us", Baker won Best Voice Actor at the Spike VGX, and was nominated for Best Performer from "The Daily Telegraph", Outstanding Character Performance at the D.I.C.E. Awards and for Performer at the British Academy Video Games Awards. Baker's performance in "The Last of Us Part II" was similarly praised. "GamesRadar+"s Alex Avard found that Baker "steals some of [the game's] best scenes as Joel" by adding complexities that enrich the character and relationships. Evan Lewis of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that Baker "deserves every accolade possible for his heart-wrenching performance". "IGN"s Dornbush lauded Baker's performance for depicting the weariness of Joel. For his role, Baker won Outstanding Supporting Performance in a Drama at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards. He has been nominated for Performer in a Supporting Role at the 17th British Academy Games Awards.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: Félicien Kabuga (born 1 March 1933) is a Rwandan businessman and génocidaire who played a major role in the run-up to the Genocide of the Rwandan Tutsis. A multimillionaire, he was closely connected to dictator Juvénal Habyarimana's Hutu nationalist MRND party and the Akazu, an informal group of Hutu extremists who helped lead the Rwandan genocide.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: Kabuga is noted for his role as the primary financier of Hutu extremist media outlets, such as the RTLM radio station and "Kangura" magazine, which advocated for the killing of the Tutsi minority. Kabuga helped fund the mass importation of 500,000 machetes in preparation for genocide between January 1993 to March 1994.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: In 2020, Kabuga was arrested by the French police in Greater Paris at the age of 87 after 26 years as a fugitive. He is currently in custody of the IRMCT branch in The Hague and is awaiting trial for crimes against humanity.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: Kabuga was born in Munig, in the commune of Mukarange, prefecture of Byumba, present-day Rwanda. Kabuga amassed his wealth by owning tea farms in northern Rwanda, among other business ventures.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: In 1993, at an RTLM fundraising meeting organised by the MRND, Félicien Kabuga allegedly publicly defined the purpose of RTLM as the defence of Hutu Power. During the ICTR's so-called "media trial", former RTLM presenter Georges Ruggiu named Kabuga as the "Chairman Director-general" of the station, with duties such as "presiding over RTLM" and "representing RTLM."


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: From January 1993 to March 1994, a total of 500,000 machetes were imported into Rwanda, statistically one for every three adult Hutus in the country. Kabuga has been named as one of the main importers of these machetes.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: On 29 August 1998, the prosecutor of the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Carla Del Ponte, indicted Kabuga. In the amended indictment dated 1 October 2004, prosecutor Hassan Jallow charged Kabuga with:


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: Kabuga fled Rwanda in 1994 as it was being conquered by the Rwandan Patriotic Front. He first attempted to enter Switzerland, but was ordered to leave. He went to Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and was later believed to be residing in Nairobi, Kenya.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: In September 1995, before any indictment and before he was named as a suspected planner of the genocide, Kabuga registered and ran a business, Nshikabem Agency, in Nairobi.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: In 2003, a young Kenyan journalist helping American agents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation track down Kabuga was murdered.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: In a speech given on 28 August 2006 during his visit to Kenya, then-US Senator Barack Obama accused Kenya of "allowing [Kabuga] to purchase safe haven." The Kenyan government called the allegation "an insult to the people of this country."


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: According to June 2008 reports by a Norwegian-based blogger calling himself African Press International (API), Kabuga was in hiding in Oslo, and might be seeking to turn himself in. Authorities dismissed this claim as a hoax.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: The United States State Department offered a reward of $5 million for information leading to Kabuga's arrest. On June 14, 2008, Kenya's KTN News Network reported that Kabuga had been arrested the day before and was being held at Gigiri Police Station in Nairobi. Later the suspect was found to be a local university lecturer, not Kabuga, and released. It was earlier suspected that Kabuga resided in Kenya and was to be running businesses and enjoying protection from either the Kenyan government or some influential figures within the country.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: On 16 May 2020, police arrested Kabuga, now aged 87, in Asnières-sur-Seine, near Paris, France; he had spent 26 years as a fugitive. French authorities have expressed desire to see him tried for crimes against humanity committed against the Tutsis of Rwanda. He was arrested by French police as the result of a joint investigation with the IRMCT Office of the Prosecutor, assisted by Interpol and law enforcement agencies in Rwanda, Belgium, and the United States. On 27 May, Kabuga denied the charges, but was denied bail.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: On 3 June and then on 30 September 2020, French justice system approved the handover of Kabuga to the IRMCT. On 26 October 2020, he was transferred from France to the custody of the IRMCT branch in The Hague. He has pleaded not guilty.


title: Félicien Kabuga

text: Kabuga is married to Josephine Mukazitoni and has 11 children. Two of his daughters are married to two of Juvénal Habyarimana's sons.


title: Needle in a Timestack

text: Needle in a Timestack is a 2021 American romantic science fiction film written and directed by John Ridley, based on the short story of the same name by Robert Silverberg. The film stars Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, Orlando Bloom, and Jadyn Wong.


title: Needle in a Timestack

text: The movie is set in the near future where "time jaunting" (time travel) is possible for the very rich. Time shifts that result from these time jumps are commonplace, and whole industries have risen up to help people store their memories.


title: Needle in a Timestack

text: At the beginning of the movie Nick Mikkelsen, an architect, is married to Janine, a photographer. They seem happy, but after being struck by the third time shift in a year, Nick starts to feel something's off. He suspects they previously had a dog, whereas now they have a cat. He blames the shifting on Janine's ex-husband Tommy (also a college friend of Nick's) who he thinks is changing the past to get Janine back. Janine is no longer in love with Tommy but she is getting annoyed with Nick's obsession with him. Nick goes to see Tommy to "catch up" but also to find out if he's been messing with the past. Tommy doesn't reveal if he is, but says he wishes things had gone differently in his marriage. Nick starts to store his memories in one of the memory companies in preparation for future time shifts. Nick's sister Zoe tells Nick that her partner Sabila died in a rock climbing accident.


title: Needle in a Timestack

text: Nick tells Janine he's gone to see Tommy but then he discovers she also went to see him. After being mad at each other for a few days, Nick asks Janine to go away with him, to just keep traveling until there are no places left. She agrees, but as they are leaving, a huge time shift flows over them. Nick suddenly finds himself driving in a car, alone. He immediately tries to call Janine, who isn't in his contact list, and he can't find her by her maiden name either. A few minutes later, Janine calls Nick, and tells him they were married and had a cat, but can't remember where they lived. She says she's been with Tommy for nine years. So Tommy was successful in changing the past. Nick lets his car take him to his home, and he is now married to Alex. Alex can sense that Nick is different, but over time he seems to "remember" their life together, and we see him saying the same sweet things to Alex that he'd said to Janine. Zoe tells Nick that her partner Sabila is alive again, but later admits that she actually had died, but she paid all her money to time jaunt and change the past so Sabila wouldn't go rock climbing that day.


title: Needle in a Timestack

text: Nick decides to time jaunt to a time 13 years prior in an effort to make things right. In the past, he tells Tommy that he's breaking up with Alex, and persuades him to go after her. He leaves a note for himself in the past, saying Alex has fallen in love with Tommy, and not to worry but he'll find the person he's meant to be with, and he'll know her just by looking at her.


title: Needle in a Timestack

text: Nick comes back to the present to find he lives alone, and apparently he's been very withdrawn. Zoe calls Tommy, who calls Nick and convinces him to attend a party. Everyone there says they're happy at how everything has turned out for all of them, and that they've missed Nick. As Nick goes to leave, he sees Janine, there as a photographer for the party. Their eyes meet, and something inside of both of them knows: there is something between them. Nick turns to leave again, but he stops himself. The movie ends.


title: Needle in a Timestack

text: It was announced in April 2017 that John Ridley would write and direct a film based on Robert Silverberg's short story "Needle in a Timestack", with Miramax set to distribute. Miramax was no longer involved by June 2018, with Bron Studios taking over. Leslie Odom Jr., Freida Pinto, Cynthia Erivo, Orlando Bloom and Jadyn Wong were cast that same month.


title: Needle in a Timestack

text: Filming took place in Vancouver from June 18 to July 24, 2018. According to Silverberg, the film underwent more than a year of editing and re-editing.


title: Needle in a Timestack

text: The film was released in the United States on digital, video on demand, and in limited theaters by Lionsgate on October 15, 2021, and on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on October 19.


title: Needle in a Timestack

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 36%, based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10. The website's consensus reads, "Despite a nifty premise and some talented stars, "Needle in a Timestack" is too slack and diffuse to recommend searching for."


title: Political commissar

text: In the military, a political commissar or political officer (or , a portmanteau word from ; or political official) is a supervisory officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization of the unit to which they are assigned, with the intention of ensuring political control of the military.


title: Political commissar

text: The function first appeared as "commissaire politique" (political commissioner) or "représentant en mission" (representative on mission) in the French Revolutionary Army during the French Revolution (1789–99). Political commissars were heavily used within the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). They also existed, with interruptions, in the Soviet Red Army from 1918 to 1942, as well as in the armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1943 to 1945 as "Nationalsozialistische Führungsoffiziere" (national socialist leadership officers).


title: Political commissar

text: The function remains in use in China's People's Liberation Army and Taiwan's Republic of China Army and also Vietnam's People's Army.


title: Political commissar

text: The position of political commissar (,) also exists in the People's Liberation Army of China. Usually, the political commissar is a uniformed military officer and Chinese Communist Party cadre, although this position has been used to give civilian party officials some experience with the military. The political commissar was head of a party cell within the military; however, military membership in the party has been restricted to the lower ranks since the 1980s. Today the political commissar is largely responsible for administrative tasks such as public relations and counseling, and mainly serves as second-in-command. Chinese troops reportedly spend "20 to 30 percent of their time studying communist ideology".


title: Political commissar

text: The position of political commissar (, literal translation "Political Warfare Officer") also existed in the Republic of China Army of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Chiang Ching-kuo, appointed as Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) director of Secret Police in 1950, was educated in the Soviet Union, and initiated Soviet style military organization in the Republic of China Military, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and Kuomintang party activities were propagated throughout the military. Opposed to this was Sun Li-jen, who was educated at the American Virginia Military Institute. Chiang Ching-kuo then arrested Sun Li-jen, charging him of conspiring with the American Central Intelligence Agency of plotting to overthrow Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang. Sun was placed under house arrest in 1955.


title: Political commissar

text: Today, political commissars belongs to the Political Warfare Bureau (); and are still responsible for the planning and supervision of the political operations of the Republic of China Army where they are involved in psychological warfare, preparing propaganda for external consumption, along with providing counseling, psychological warfare training and processing news for the Taiwanese military.


title: Political commissar

text: From December 1943 until the defeat of Nazi Germany, the German armed forces created a network of political instructors to maintain National Socialist indoctrination of the "Wehrmacht". The officers, called "Nationalsozialistische Führungsoffiziere" (NSFO; "National Socialist Leadership Officers"), drawn from staunchly Nazi officers and approved by Martin Bormann, head of the Nazi Party Chancellery, to instill ideological conviction and reinforce combat morale through training lessons and teaching. Contrary to Soviet political commissars, NSFO united military command and political instruction, with company-level commanders also serving as their unit's NSFO. At the end of 1944 more than 1,100 full-time and about 47,000 part-time instructors had been trained under the overall control of General Hermann Reinecke, commander of the National Socialist leadership staff at the OKW.


title: Political commissar

text: An early kind of political commissar was established during the February Revolution 1917 as the Ispolkom issued the controversial Order no 1. As the Bolsheviks came to power through the October Revolution of November 1917, and as the Russian Civil War of 1917-1922 began, Leon Trotsky gradually established the Red Army and set up the role of political officers. They were tasked with making sure that communist parties could count on the loyalty of armed forces. Although there was a huge difference between the February Revolution and the October Revolution, their leaders in each case feared a counter-revolution, and both regarded the military officers as the most likely counter-revolutionary threat.


title: Political commissar

text: The office of political commissar is often associated with the Soviet Union (1922–91). At the start of the Soviet period in 1917, revolutionary military units had different, and often conflicting, political goals, and there were many marxist political parties and movements at that time who despite their differing doctrines supported the Bolsheviks' 1917 seizure of power. Each group had party members and sympathizers among the military, and tried to use that to benefit their goals. The Left SRs and the Anarchists were vicious competitors, less popular among the lower ranks than the Bolsheviks, and often contesting them. The Bolsheviks saw this as a matter of life and death during the ongoing civil war of 1917–1922 against the White movement. To strengthen their control over the entire military, they introduced the position of commissar. Another reason was the frequent appointment of ex-Tsarist officers to positions of command in the Red Army. The Bolsheviks worried about the influence of officers with potential White Army sympathies - the commissars helped to ensure that soldiers remained loyal to the Bolsheviks. After the Left SRs came under Bolshevik control (by 1921), the forces loyal to them split from the Red Army and often joined the Green armies, and guerrilla war soon erupted in the countryside along with civil war. The commissars had the task of preventing troops, both commanding officers and other soldiers, from leaning towards other forces. There were many examples of defiance and outspoken disobedience, with soldiers killing or exiling their commissars, and then switching sides to the Greens. After the Bolsheviks exterminated all rival armies, they became the sole official political party in Soviet Russia.


title: Political commissar

text: In the Red Army (1918-1946) and the Soviet Army (1946-1991), the "political commissar" () existed, by name, only during the 1918–24, 1937–40, and 1941–42 periods; not every Red Army political officer was a commissar. The political commissar held military rank equaling the unit commander to whom he was attached; moreover, the commissar also had the military authority to countermand the unit-commander's orders at any time. During the other periods of the Red Army's history political officers were militarily subordinate to unit commanders, and the position of political commissar did not exist.


title: Political commissar

text: The political supervision of the Russian military was effected by the political commissar, who was present in every unit and formation, from company- to division-level, including in the navy. Revolutionary Military Councils (or Revvoyensoviets, RVS) were established at army-, front-, fleet-, and flotilla-level, comprising at least three members—the commander and two political workers. The political workers were denominated "members of the RVS", not "commissars", despite their position as official political commissars.


title: Political commissar

text: In 1919, the title "politruk" () was assigned to political officers at company level. Despite their position as official political commissars, they were not addressed as "commissar". Beginning in 1925, the politico-military doctrinal course toward "edinonachalie" (, single command) was established, and the political commissar, as a military institution, faded. The introduction of "edinonachalie" was two-fold, either the military commander joined the Communist Party and became his own unit's political officer, or a "pompolit" (, assistant commander for political work) officer was commissioned sub-ordinate to him. Earlier, in 1924, the RVSs were renamed as Military Councils, such high-level political officers were known as ChVS ("Chlen Voennogo Soveta", Member of the Military Council); they were abolished in 1934.


title: Political commissar

text: On 10 May 1937, the role of political commissar was reinstated in the Red Army, and Military Councils were set up. These derived from the political purges in the Soviet armed forces. Again, in August 1940, the office of political commissars was abolished, yet the Military Councils continued throughout the German-Soviet War (1941–45), and after. Below army level, the "edinonachalie" (single-command) system was restored. In July 1941, consequent to the Red Army's defeats at the war's start, the position of political commissar reappeared. The commissars had an influential role as "second commanders" within the military units during this time. Their rank and insignia generally paralleled those of officers. Because this proved ineffective, General Konev asked Stalin to subordinate the political officer to commanding officers: the commissars' work was re-focused to morale-related functions. The term "commissar" was abolished in August 1942, and at the company- and regiment-level, the "pompolit" officer was replaced with the "zampolit" (deputy for political matters). Although no longer known by the original "commissar" title, political officers were retained by all the Soviet Armed Forces, e.g., Army, Navy, Air Force, Strategic Missile Troops, "et al", until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.


title: Political commissar

text: After World War II, other Eastern Bloc armies also used political officers patterned on the Soviet model. For example, East Germany's "Nationale Volksarmee" used "Politoffiziere" as the unit commander's deputy responsible for political education.


title: Political commissar

text: During the Korean War, the Korean People's Army commissars were known as "Cultural Sections" or "Political Sections".


title: Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty

text: Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty (born 26 September 1991) is an Indian film and television actress best known for portraying Kavya Shah in Star Plus's "Anupamaa".


title: Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty

text: Madalsa Sharma was born to actress Sheela Sharma and film producer and director Subhash Sharma on 26 September 1991. After completing her schooling from Marble Arch school, she studied English literature at the Mithibai College, mumbai.


title: Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty

text: She became interested in acting as a career at an early age. She attended the Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting Institute and took acting lessons and learned dancing under Ganesh Acharya and Shiamak Davar.


title: Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty

text: Chakraborty made her acting debut in the 2009 Telugu film "Fitting Master" by E.V.V. Satyanarayana. The film was a success and Madalsa's performance was appreciated. The next year she made her debut in the Kannada film industry with "Shourya", which gave a great boost to Madalsa's career. Also in 2010 she was seen in another Telugu film, "Aalasyam Amrutam", under the banner of Suresh Productions. D. Rama Naidu chose Madalsa as the leading lady for the film, not only did the film fare well, but this took Madalsa's career to another level. She received positive comments for her performance in the film.


title: Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty

text: Her maiden Bollywood film "Angel", by choreographer Ganesh Acharya released in February 2011. The film received great comments and Madalsa's performance was the talk of the town. Soon after was another Telugu release, "Mem Vayasuku Vacham" and her role was well received. The Times of India wrote that she "plays the eye candy very well"


title: Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty

text: Later in 2014, her second Hindi film, Sooraj Barjatya Rajshri Productions' "Samrat & Co." released. The film received very good reviews overall. "Samrat & Co". was a great relaunch for Madalsa in Bollywood. This was followed by "Chitram Cheppina Katha", Telugu actor Uday Kiran's last film. In April 2014, she had stated that she has been working on three Telugu projects.


title: Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty

text: In December 2021, Chakraborty made her digital debut through music video titled "Butterfly" opposite Namit Khanna, sung by Dev Negi and Swati Sharma.


title: Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty

text: In May 2022, Chakraborty reprised her role of Kavya Gandhi in "Anupamaa's" prequel web-series "'s" last episode.


title: Wicked problem

text: In planning and policy, a wicked problem is a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize. It refers to an idea or problem that cannot be fixed, where there is no single solution to the problem; and "wicked" denotes resistance to resolution, rather than evil. Another definition is "a problem whose social complexity means that it has no determinable stopping point". Moreover, because of complex interdependencies, the effort to solve one aspect of a wicked problem may reveal or create other problems. Due to their complexity, wicked problems are often characterized by organized irresponsibility.


title: Wicked problem

text: The phrase was originally used in social planning. Its modern sense was introduced in 1967 by C. West Churchman in a guest editorial Churchman wrote in the journal "Management Science", either repeating his own coinage or responding to a previous use of the term by Horst Rittel—the origin is uncertain. Churchman discussed the moral responsibility of operations research "to inform the manager in what respect our 'solutions' have failed to tame his wicked problems." Rittel and Melvin M. Webber formally described the concept of wicked problems in a 1973 treatise, contrasting "wicked" problems with relatively "tame", soluble problems in mathematics, chess, or puzzle solving.


title: Wicked problem

text: Rittel and Webber's 1973 formulation of wicked problems in social policy planning specified ten characteristics:


title: Wicked problem

text: Conklin later generalized the concept of problem wickedness to areas other than planning and policy; Conklin's defining characteristics are:


title: Wicked problem

text: Classic examples of wicked problems include economic, environmental, and political issues. A problem whose solution requires a great number of people to change their mindsets and behavior is likely to be a wicked problem. Therefore, many standard examples of wicked problems come from the areas of public planning and policy. These include global climate change, natural hazards, healthcare, the AIDS epidemic, pandemic influenza, international drug trafficking, nuclear weapons, homelessness, and social injustice.


title: Wicked problem

text: In recent years, problems in many areas have been identified as exhibiting elements of wickedness; examples range from aspects of design decision making and knowledge management to business strategy to space debris.


title: Wicked problem

text: Rittel and Webber coined the term in the context of problems of social policy, an arena in which a purely scientific-engineering approach cannot be applied because of the lack of a clear problem definition and differing perspectives of stakeholders. In their words,


title: Wicked problem

text: Although Rittel and Webber framed the concept in terms of social policy and planning, wicked problems occur in any domain involving stakeholders with differing perspectives. Recognising this, Rittel and Kunz developed a technique called Issue-Based Information System (IBIS), which facilitates documentation of the rationale behind a group decision in an objective manner.


title: Wicked problem

text: A recurring theme in research and industry literature is the connection between wicked problems and design. Design problems are typically wicked because they are often ill-defined (no prescribed way forward), involve stakeholders with different perspectives, and have no "right" or "optimal" solution. Thus wicked problems cannot be solved by the application of standard (or known) methods; they demand creative solutions.


title: Wicked problem

text: Wicked problems cannot be tackled by the traditional approach in which problems are defined, analysed and solved in sequential steps. The main reason for this is that there is no clear problem definition of wicked problems. In a paper published in 2000, Nancy Roberts identified the following strategies to cope with wicked problems:


title: Wicked problem

text: In his 1972 paper, Rittel hints at a collaborative approach; one which attempts "to make those people who are being affected into participants of the planning process. They are not merely asked but actively involved in the planning process." A disadvantage of this approach is that achieving a shared understanding and commitment to solving a wicked problem is a time-consuming process. Another difficulty is that, in some matters, at least one group of people may hold an absolute belief that necessarily contradicts other absolute beliefs held by other groups. Collaboration then becomes impossible until one set of beliefs is relativized or abandoned entirely.


title: Wicked problem

text: Research over the last two decades has shown the value of computer-assisted argumentation techniques in improving the effectiveness of cross-stakeholder communication. The technique of dialogue mapping has been used in tackling wicked problems in organizations using a collaborative approach. More recently, in a four-year study of interorganizational collaboration across public, private, and voluntary sectors, steering by government was found to perversely undermine a successful collaboration, producing an organizational crisis which led to the collapse of a national initiative.


title: Wicked problem

text: In "Wholesome Design for Wicked Problems", Robert Knapp stated that there are ways forward in dealing with wicked problems:


title: Wicked problem

text: Examining networks designed to tackle wicked problems in health care, such as caring for older people or reducing sexually transmitted infections, Ferlie and colleagues suggest that managed networks may be the "least bad" way of "making wicked problems governable".


title: Wicked problem

text: A range of approaches called "problem structuring methods" (PSMs) have been developed in operations research since the 1970s to address problems involving complexity, uncertainty and conflict. PSMs are usually used by a group of people in collaboration (rather than by a solitary individual) to create a consensus about, or at least to facilitate negotiations about, what needs to change. Some widely adopted PSMs include soft systems methodology, the strategic choice approach, and strategic options development and analysis (SODA).


title: Wicked problem

text: Russell L. Ackoff wrote about complex problems as messes: "Every problem interacts with other problems and is therefore part of a set of interrelated problems, a system of problems... I choose to call such a system a mess."


title: Wicked problem

text: Extending Ackoff, Robert Horn says that "a Social Mess is a set of interrelated problems and other messes. Complexity—systems of systems—is among the factors that makes Social Messes so resistant to analysis and, more importantly, to resolution."


title: Wicked problem

text: E. F. Schumacher distinguishes between "divergent and convergent problems" in his book "A Guide for the Perplexed". Convergent problems are those for which attempted solutions gradually converge on one solution or answer. Divergent problems are those for which different answers appear to increasingly contradict each other all the more they are elaborated, requiring a different approach involving faculties of a higher order like love and empathy.


title: Wicked problem

text: In 1990, DeGrace and Stahl introduced the concept of wicked problems to software development. In the last decade, other computer scientists have pointed out that software development shares many properties with other design practices (particularly that people-, process-, and technology-problems have to be considered equally), and have incorporated Rittel's concepts into their software design methodologies. The design and integration of complex software-defined services that use the Web (web services) can be construed as an evolution from previous models of software design, and therefore becomes a wicked problem also.


title: Wicked problem

text: Kelly Levin, Benjamin Cashore, Graeme Auld and Steven Bernstein introduced the distinction between "wicked problems" and "super wicked problems" in a 2007 conference paper, which was followed by a 2012 journal article in "Policy Sciences". In their discussion of global climate change, they define super wicked problems as having the following additional characteristics:


title: Wicked problem

text: While the items that define a wicked problem relate to the problem itself, the items that define a super wicked problem relate to the agent trying to solve it. Global warming as a super wicked problem, and the need to intervene to tend to our longer term interests has also been taken up by others, including Richard Lazarus.


title: Fair trade

text: Fair trade is an arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve sustainable and equitable trade relationships. The fair trade movement combines the payment of higher prices to exporters with improved social and environmental standards. The movement focuses in particular on commodities, or products that are typically exported from developing countries to developed countries but is also used in domestic markets (e.g., Brazil, the United Kingdom and Bangladesh), most notably for handicrafts, coffee, cocoa, wine, sugar, fruit, flowers and gold.


title: Fair trade

text: Fair trade labelling organizations commonly use a definition of "fair trade" developed by FINE, an informal association of four international fair trade networks: Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International, World Fair Trade Organization (WFTO), Network of European Worldshops and European Fair Trade Association (EFTA). Fair trade, by this definition, is a trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency and respect, that seeks greater equity in international trade. Fair trade organizations, backed by consumers, support producers, raise awareness and campaign for changes in the rules and practice of conventional international trade.


title: Fair trade

text: There are several recognized "fair trade certifiers", including Fairtrade International (formerly called FLO, Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International), IMO, Make Trade Fair, and Eco-Social. Additionally, Fair Trade USA, formerly a licensing agency for the Fairtrade International label, broke from the system and implemented its own fair trade labelling scheme, which expanded the scope of fair trade to include independent smallholders and estates for all crops. In 2008, Fairtrade International certified approximately (€3.4B) of products.


title: Fair trade

text: On 6 June 2008, Wales became the world's first ; they were followed by Scotland in February 2013. The fair trade movement is popular in the UK, where there are over 500 , 118 universities, over 6,000 churches, and over 4,000 UK schools registered in the . In 2011, more than 1.2 million farmers and workers in more than 60 countries participated in Fairtrade International's fair trade system, which included €65 million in fairtrade premium paid to producers for use developing their communities.


title: Fair trade

text: Some criticisms have been raised about fair trade systems. One 2015 study concluded that producer benefits were close to zero because there was an oversupply of certification, and only a fraction of produce classified as fair trade was actually sold on fair trade markets, just enough to recoup the costs of certification. A study published by the "Journal of Economic Perspectives" however suggests that Fair Trade does achieve many of its intended goals, although on a comparatively modest scale relative to the size of national economies. Some research indicates that the implementation of certain fair trade standards can cause greater inequalities in some markets where these rigid rules are inappropriate for the specific market. In the fair trade debate there are complaints of failure to enforce the fair trade standards, with producers, cooperatives, importers, and packers profiting by evading them. One proposed alternative to fair trade is direct trade, which eliminates the overhead of the fair trade certification and allows suppliers to receive higher prices much closer to the retail value of the end product. Some suppliers use relationships started in a fair trade system to autonomously springboard into direct sales relationships they negotiate themselves, whereas other direct trade systems are supplier-initiated for social responsibility reasons similar to a fair trade systems.


title: Fair trade

text: A large number of fair trade and ethical marketing organizations employ a variety of marketing strategies. Most fair trade marketers believe it is necessary to sell the products through supermarkets to get a sufficient volume of trade to affect the developing world. In 2018, nearly 700,000 metric tons of fair-trade bananas were sold worldwide, with the next largest fair-trade commodity being cocoa beans (260,000 tons) then coffee beans (207,000 tons). The biggest product in the market in terms of units was fair-trade flowers, with over 825 million units sold.


title: Fair trade

text: To gain a licence to use the FAIRTRADE mark, businesses need to apply for products to be certified by submitting information about their supply chain. Then they can have individual products certified depending on how these are sourced. Coffee packers in developed countries pay a fee to the Fairtrade Foundation for the right to use the brand and logo. Packers and retailers can charge as much as they want for the coffee. The coffee has to come from a certified fair trade cooperative, and there is a minimum price when the world market is oversupplied. Additionally, the cooperatives are paid an additional per pound premium by buyers for community development projects. The cooperatives can, on average, sell only a third of their output as fair trade, because of lack of demand, and sell the rest at world prices. The exporting cooperative can spend the money in several ways. Some go to meeting the costs of conformity and certification: as they have to meet fair trade standards on all their produce, they have to recover the costs from a small part of their turnover, sometimes as little as 8%, and may not make any profit. Some meet other costs. Some is spent on social projects such as building schools, health clinics and baseball pitches. Sometimes there is money left over for the farmers. The cooperatives sometimes pay farmers a higher price than farmers do, sometimes less, but on which is more common.


title: Fair trade

text: The marketing system for fair trade and non-fair trade coffee is identical in the consuming and developing countries, using mostly the same importing, packing, distributing, and retailing firms used worldwide. Some independent brands operate a "virtual company", paying importers, packers and distributors, and advertising agencies to handle their brand, for cost reasons. In the producing country, fair trade is marketed only by fair trade cooperatives, while other coffee is marketed by fair trade cooperatives (as uncertified coffee), by other cooperatives and by ordinary traders.


title: Fair trade

text: To become a "certified fair trade producer", the primary cooperative and its member farmers must operate to certain political standards, imposed from Europe. FLO-CERT, the for-profit side, handles producer certification, inspecting and certifying producer organizations in more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In the fair trade debate there are many complaints of failure to enforce these standards, with producers, cooperatives, importers, and packers profiting by evading them.


title: Fair trade

text: There remain many fair trade organizations that adhere more or less to the original objectives of fair trade and that market products through alternative channels where possible and through specialist fair trade shops, but they have a small proportion of the total market.


title: Fair trade

text: Fair trade benefits workers in developing countries, considerably or just a little. The nature of fair trade makes it a global phenomenon; therefore, there are diverse motives for group formation related to fair trade. The social transformation caused by the fair trade movement also varies around the world.


title: Fair trade

text: A study of coffee growers in Guatemala illustrates the effect of fair trade practices on growers. In this study, thirty-four farmers were interviewed. Of those thirty-four growers, twenty-two had an understanding of fair trade based on internationally recognized definitions, for example, describing fair trade in market and economical terms or knowing what the social premium is and how their cooperative has used it. Three growers explained a deep understanding of fair trade, showing a knowledge of both fair market principles and how fair trade affects them socially. Nine growers had erroneous or no knowledge of Fair Trade. The three growers who had a deeper knowledge of the social implications of fair trade all had responsibilities within their cooperatives. One was a manager, one was in charge of the wet mill, and one was his group's treasurer. These farmers did not have in terms of years of education, age, or years of membership in the cooperative; their answers to the questions, "Why did you join?" differentiate them from other members and explain why they have such an extensive knowledge of fair trade. These farmers cited switching to organic farming, wanting to raise money for social projects, and more training offered as reasons for joining the cooperative, other than receiving a better price for their coffee.


title: Fair trade

text: Many farmers around the world are unaware of fair trade practices that they could be implementing to earn a higher wage. Coffee is one of the most highly traded commodities in the world, yet the farmers who grow it typically earn less than $2 a day. When surveyed, farmers from Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera Pangoa (CAC Pangoa) in San Martín de Pangoa, Peru, could answer positively that they have heard about fair trade, but were not able to give a detailed description about what fair trade is. They could, however, identify fair trade based on some of its possible benefits to their community. When asked, farmers responded that fair trade has had a positive effect on their lives and communities. They also wanted consumers to know that fair trade is important for supporting their families and their cooperatives.


title: Fair trade

text: Some producers also profit from the indirect benefits of fair trade practices. Fair trade cooperatives create a space of solidarity and promote an entrepreneurial spirit among growers. When growers feel like they have control over their own lives within the network of their cooperative, it can be empowering. Operating a profitable business allows growers to think about their future, rather than worrying about how they are going to survive in poverty.


title: Fair trade

text: As far as farmers' satisfaction with the fair trade system, growers want consumers to know that fair trade has provided important support to their families and their cooperative. Overall, farmers are satisfied with the current fair trade system, but some farmers, such as the Mazaronquiari group from CAC Pangoa, desire yet a higher price for their products in order to live a higher quality of life.


title: Fair trade

text: A component of trade is the social premium that buyers of fair trade goods pay to the producers or producer-groups of such goods. An important factor of the fair trade social premium is that the producers or producer-groups decide where and how it is spent. These premiums usually go towards socioeconomic development, wherever the producers or producer-groups see fit. Within producer-groups, the decisions about how the social premium will be spent are handled democratically, with transparency and .


title: Fair trade

text: Producers and producer-groups spend this social premium to support socioeconomic development in a variety of ways. One common way to spend the social premium of fair trade is to privately invest in public goods that infrastructure and the government are lacking in. These include environmental initiatives, public schools, and water projects. At some point, all producer-groups re-invest their social premium back into their farms and businesses. They buy capital, like trucks and machinery, and education for their members, like organic farming education. Thirty-eight percent of producer-groups spend the social premium in its entirety on themselves, but the rest invest in public goods, like paying for teachers' salaries, providing a community health care clinic, and improving infrastructure, such as bringing in electricity and bettering roads.


title: Fair trade

text: Farmers' organisations that use their social premium for public goods often finance educational scholarships. For example, Costa Rican coffee cooperative Coocafé has supported hundreds of children and youth at school and university through the financing of scholarships from funding from their fair trade social premium. In terms of education, the social premium can be used to build and furnish schools too.


title: Fair trade

text: Most fair trade import organizations are members of, or certified by, one of several national or international federations. These federations coordinate, promote, and facilitate the work of fair trade organizations. The following are some of the largest:


title: Fair trade

text: In 1998, the four federations listed above joined together as FINE, an informal association whose goal is to harmonize fair trade standards and guidelines, increase the quality and efficiency of fair trade monitoring systems, and advocate fair trade politically.


title: Fair trade

text: Student groups have also been increasingly promoting fair trade products. Although hundreds of independent student organizations are active worldwide, most groups in North America are either affiliated with United Students for Fair Trade (USA), the Canadian Student Fair Trade Network (Canada), or Fair Trade Campaigns (USA), which also houses Fair Trade Universities and Fair Trade Schools.


title: Fair trade

text: The involvement of church organizations has been and continues to be an integral part of the fair trade movement:


title: Fair trade

text: The first attempts to commercialize fair trade goods in markets were initiated in the 1940s and 1950s by religious groups and various politically oriented non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Ten Thousand Villages, an NGO within the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC), and SERRV International were the first, in 1946 and 1949 respectively, to develop fair trade supply chains in developing countries. The products, almost exclusively handicrafts ranging from jute goods to cross-stitch work, were mostly sold in churches or fairs. The goods themselves had often no other function than to indicate that a donation had been made.


title: Fair trade

text: The current fair trade movement was shaped in Europe in the 1960s. Fair trade during that period was often seen as a political gesture against neo-imperialism: radical student movements began targeting multinational corporations, and concerns emerged that traditional business models were fundamentally flawed. The slogan at the time, "Trade not Aid", gained international recognition in 1968 when it was adopted by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) to put the emphasis on the establishment of fair trade relations with the developing world.


title: Fair trade

text: 1965 saw the creation of the first alternative trading organization (ATO): that year, British NGO Oxfam launched "Helping-by-Selling", a program that sold imported handicrafts in Oxfam stores in the UK and from mail-order catalogues.


title: Fair trade

text: By 1968, the Whole Earth Catalog was connecting thousands of specialized merchants, artisans, and scientists directly with consumers who were interested in supporting independent producers, with the goal of bypassing corporate retail and department stores. The Whole Earth Catalog sought to balance the international free market by allowing direct purchasing of goods produced primarily in the U.S. and Canada but also in Central and South America.


title: Fair trade

text: In 1969, the first worldshop opened its doors in the Netherlands. It aimed at bringing the principles of fair trade to the retail sector by selling almost exclusively goods produced under fair trade terms in "underdeveloped regions". The first shop was run by volunteers and was so successful that dozens of similar shops soon went into business in the Benelux countries, Germany, and other Western European countries.


title: Fair trade

text: Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, segments of the fair trade movement worked to find markets for products from countries that were excluded from the mainstream trading channels for political reasons. Thousands of volunteers sold coffee from Angola and Nicaragua in worldshops, in the back of churches, from their homes, and from stands in public places, using the products as a vehicle to deliver their message: give disadvantaged producers in developing countries a fair chance on the world's market.


title: Fair trade

text: In the early 1980s, alternative trading organizations faced challenges: the novelty of fair trade products began to wear off, demand reached a plateau and some handicrafts began to look "tired and old fashioned" in the marketplace. The decline of segments of the handicrafts market forced fair trade supporters to rethink their business model and their goals. Moreover, several fair trade supporters were worried by the effect on small farmers of structural reforms in the agricultural sector as well as the fall in commodity prices. Many came to believe it was the movement's responsibility to address the issue and remedies usable in the ongoing crisis in the industry.


title: Fair trade

text: In subsequent years, fair trade agricultural commodities played an important role in the growth of many ATOs: successful on the market, they offered a source of income for producers and provided alternative trading organizations a complement to the handicrafts market. The first fair trade agricultural products were tea and coffee, followed by: dried fruits, cocoa, sugar, fruit juices, rice, spices and nuts. While in 1992, a sales value ratio of 80% handcrafts to 20% agricultural goods was the norm, in 2002 handcrafts amounted to 25% of fair trade sales while commodity food was up at 69%.