title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: In Mitakihara city, a girl named Madoka Kaname meets a new transfer student, Homura Akemi, who coldly warns her to remain as she is lest she risk losing everything. Later that day, Madoka and her friend Sayaka Miki are shopping when they find themselves protecting a strange cat-like creature named Kyubey from Homura. They are caught in a mystical barrier and approached by strange monsters, but are rescued by Mami Tomoe. Madoka and Sayaka learn Mami is a magical girl who fights demonic beings called witches, who spread curses and despair on human beings. Kyubey offers the two girls the opportunity to also become magical girls: in return for forging a contract and having a wish granted, they gain a Soul Gem—the source of their magic—and are tasked with hunting down witches. Killing a witch leaves behind Grief Seeds, which they may use to replenish and purify their Soul Gems. Homura, a magical girl herself with the ability to seemingly appear out of nowhere, is strongly against Madoka making a contract, but Madoka, wanting to help others, almost does so after being inspired by Mami. However, Madoka reconsiders after witnessing Mami's brutal death while fighting a witch named Charlotte. Sayaka becomes a magical girl to heal the debilitating injury afflicting her childhood friend, Kyosuke Kamijo. Sayaka soon comes into conflict with another magical girl named Kyoko Sakura, whom Homura recruits to deal with a powerful witch named Walpurgisnacht, who will appear and devastate Mitakihara in two weeks.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: When Madoka learns that Sayaka and Kyoko are fighting on a highway bridge, she intervenes by throwing Sayaka's Soul Gem onto a passing truck, which carries it away and causes Sayaka to immediately fall dead. This reveals the horrifying truth: the Soul Gems used by magical girls are their actual souls, extracted from their bodies by Kyubey after forging the contract. Kyubey describes the process as turning their bodies into mere "hardware" controlled by their Soul Gems, which are usually kept close to them at all times, and allows their bodies to better endure the hardship of battle. The destruction of the Soul Gem also means permanent death for a magical girl, and they must locate Grief Seeds from defeated witches or risk running out of magic and being unable to maintain their bodies. When her Soul Gem is recovered, Sayaka revives and is horrified. Kyubey expresses flat confusion at their reactions, reasoning that the contract is fair and the process is logically sound. Kyoko later tries to help Sayaka cope by telling her of her own experience, in which her wish inadvertently destroyed her family. However, Sayaka falls deeper into despair after learning that her classmate and friend, Hitomi Shizuki, plans to confess her own love to Kyosuke. After Kyubey tells her that she has more magical potential than any girl it has ever seen, Madoka nearly forges a contract to restore Sayaka to normal, but is stopped seconds before when Homura manages to kill Kyubey. The close call causes Homura to break down, tearfully begging Madoka not to be so foolishly selfless, before Madoka runs off to find Sayaka. As Madoka leaves, another Kyubey appears and Homura calls it by its true name: Incubator. Elsewhere, Kyoko finds Sayaka, now fully sunken in despair. Sayaka's Soul Gem completely darkens and explodes into a Grief Seed. As darkness flows out of the Grief Seed, Kyubey muses how a "magical girl" is what they call the juvenile form of a "witch".


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: Homura saves Kyoko and Sayaka's lifeless body from the newly emerged witch Oktavia von Seckendorff, revealing that the witch is Sayaka herself: magical girls whose Soul Gems become fully tainted and succumb to despair become converted into witches, and their Soul Gems becoming Grief Seeds. Kyubey explains that he is part of an emotionless alien species called "Incubators" who have long used human teenage girls in this manner because the transformation into witches produces massive amounts of energy, which they collect to ward against the inevitable heat death of the universe. Kyoko, spurred on by Kyubey and hoping for a chance to restore Sayaka, takes Madoka with her to try and reach Oktavia. The attempt ultimately fails, with Kyoko sacrificing herself to end Sayaka's suffering. Kyubey, having known that reversing the process was impossible, taunts Homura, saying that without Sayaka and Kyoko she has no chance of stopping Walpurgisnacht without Madoka also becoming a magical girl, something Kyubey wishes to happen in order to harness Madoka's mysteriously enormous potential energy. It is then revealed that Homura's true ability is time manipulation, and that she is from another timeline: Initially a shy student who was rescued by Madoka in magical girl form, and witnessing her demise, Homura forged a contract with Kyubey with the intention of redoing the past to prevent Madoka from becoming a magical girl and save her from her fate. She has relived the one-month period leading up to Walpurgisnacht numerous times in the hopes of saving Madoka, with each attempt ending in failure. With this new information, Kyubey deduces that it is Homura's actions that have caused Madoka to possess the massive potential energy from multiple reset timelines to become the greatest of all magical girls and subsequently a witch whose power dwarfs Walpurgisnacht.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: Determined to save Madoka, Homura faces Walpurgisnacht alone, but is ultimately defeated and pushed to the brink of despair, reasoning that resetting time any further will only make Madoka's fate worse. Madoka arrives and comforts Homura, becoming a magical girl with the wish to have the ability to save magical girls across all time from their despair before they can become witches. The paradoxical nature of her wish causes her to transcend into a godlike psychopomp, and establishes a new "Law of Cycles" in which magical girls are purified and disappear into a higher plane instead of becoming witches. The result of the wish causes Madoka's human existence to become erased from reality, with only Homura remembering her. Madoka assures Homura that this is for the best and thanks her, now knowing the full extent of their friendship across numerous timelines. Homura awakens to find herself in a reality where Mami and Kyoko are still alive, as the three of them now hunt new monsters called "Wraiths", and no one else remembers Madoka. Homura describes the previous reality to Kyubey and vows to continue protecting the world Madoka cherished.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: In the seemingly carefree city of Mitakihara, a shy Homura transfers into school and joins Madoka, Sayaka, Mami, and Kyoko, along with Mami's familiar, Bebe, as they become magical girls and fight against creatures known as . After they defeat a Nightmare embodiment of Hitomi's frustrations over her relationship with Kyosuke, Homura realizes something is amiss in their memories. She and Kyoko realize they are trapped in a fake Mitakihara, which Homura recognizes as a witch's labyrinth. Homura proceeds to interrogate Bebe, remembering her to be the witch Charlotte, only to end up fighting Mami, who eventually also remembers they fought Wraiths, not Nightmares.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: Homura is spirited away by Sayaka, while Mami is kept from pursuing them by Bebe, now taking her original form as a magical girl named Nagissa Momoe. Sayaka, revealing she possesses her full memories, warns Homura to reconsider uncovering the truth. Homura realizes that after Madoka's wish rewrote the universe, the only one who should remember the existence of witches and their labyrinths is herself. She reasons that she had fallen into despair over previously allowing Madoka to be erased from reality and has become a witch, generating the labyrinth around them. Kyubey confirms that after hearing Homura speaking of a reality predating the Law of Cycles timeline, it and the other Incubators isolated her Soul Gem from the rest of the universe in order to observe the Law of Cycles come into effect. As she fell into despair, a labyrinth in the form of a fake Mitakihara was created within Homura's Soul Gem, and subconsciously populated with people from Madoka's original life. While Kyubey admits that Madoka did appear, and was pulled into the isolated labyrinth, she seemed to be no more than a regular girl, and they decided to observe her until they devised the means to contain her. They wish to do away with the Law of Cycles so they can better amass energy from magical girls transforming into witches again.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: Kyubey's intentions to control Madoka provoke Homura into fully transforming into the witch, Homulilly. Homulilly directs her familiars to kill every Incubator within the labyrinth, while resolving to destroy herself rather than be saved and expose Madoka to the Incubators. Sayaka and Nagissa are both revealed to be reborn guardians who serve Madoka as part of the Law of Cycles. They rally the others to help save Homura from herself, and help destroy the barrier imprisoning Homura's Soul Gem. Madoka reaches Homura and together they destroy the barrier, freeing Homura's Soul Gem and destroying the remaining Incubators. Now reconnected to the universe and to her powers and memories as the Law of Cycles, Madoka moves to cleanse Homura of her curse and bring her into the higher plane.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: However, before Madoka can cleanse Homura, Homura suddenly grabs her, trapping her. Homura separates Madoka into two forms, severing Madoka's humanity from her divinity. Homura reveals that what corrupted her Soul Gem wasn’t a curse of despair, but rather a curse of love. She unleashes this power across the universe and rewrites the cosmos into a reality where her beloved Madoka—and Madoka and Homura's friends—will forget what has happened and return to the lives they led before the events of the series, while Homura herself will assume control over the design of their universe. Homura then transcends her own mortal existence and announces herself as a "demon", a winged figure dressed in black. She gloats to Kyubey that this new reality will force the Incubators to bear the weight of the collective curses of the world. Homura revels in her creation, but she accepts that she may become Madoka's enemy if the latter should regain her memories and godly powers and oppose what Homura has done.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: A post-credits scene shows Homura seated in a chair while watching over Mitakihara, with a badly-beaten and mentally scarred Kyubey nearby. Homura dances, as Kyubey lies, unmoving, at her feet. Homura leans over a cliff and falls. Within the dark pupil of Kyubey's eye, the phrase "The End" appears in multiple languages in succession. The final image shown is of a pair of doors or window shutters outlined against the darkness, bound shut by a bow.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: The original anime television series of "Puella Magi Madoka Magica" was a collaboration between Aniplex, Shaft and MBS. The series was written by Gen Urobuchi and directed by Akiyuki Shinbo with original character designs by Ume Aoki and music by Yuki Kajiura. In November 2011, it was announced in the December issue of Kadokawa Shoten's "Newtype" magazine that a three-part theatrical film project was in development by Shaft. The first film, , covers the first eight episodes of the anime series. The film was released in Japanese theaters on October 6, 2012. The second film, , covers the final four episodes of the anime series. The film was released in Japanese theaters on October 13, 2012. The first two films feature redone voices and some scenes with new animation. They were screened in selected locations in the United States and seven other countries between October 2012 and February 2013, as well as screened at Anime Festival Asia between November 10–11, 2012 in Singapore. The first two films were released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on July 30, 2013 in standard and collector's edition sets and is available for import by Aniplex of America. The films were re-released by Aniplex USA with an English dub on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on July 15, 2014.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: The third film, , is an original story which takes place following the events of the previous films. The film was released in Japanese theaters by Warner Bros. Pictures on October 26, 2013. Special skits featuring characters from the "Monogatari" series aired prior to the film, with a different skit shown during each week of its screening. The film was screened in North America by Aniplex of America in December 2013. The film was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD with English subtitles on April 2, 2014 in Japan and was released by Aniplex of America as an import title in North America on April 8, 2014. Madman Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on April 8, 2014. A re-release with an English dub was released in North America on April 7, 2015.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: The opening theme for the first two films is by ClariS, which was released on October 10, 2012. The ending theme for the first film is "Magia (quattro)" by Kalafina, and the second film's ending theme is by Kalafina, which was released on October 24, 2012. For the third film, the opening theme is by ClariS, which was released on October 30, 2013, and the ending theme is by Kalafina, which was released on November 6, 2013.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: At the 10th anniversary event held on April 25, 2021, a sequel movie to "Rebellion" was announced, titled .


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: A film comic adaptation of the first two films, titled "Puella Magi Madoka Magica: Film Memories", went on sale on May 26, 2012. A manga adaptation of "Rebellion" illustrated by Hanokage, who previously did the television series' manga adaptation and "The Different Story" spin-off manga, was published by Houbunsha in three "tankōbon" volumes between November 12, 2013 and January 10, 2014. Yen Press began releasing the series in English starting December 15, 2015.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: An action-adventure video game based on the films, "Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Battle Pentagram", was released in Japan on December 12, 2013 for the PlayStation Vita. The game follows an alternate plotline to the first two films, in which Madoka makes a wish that all the magical girls could work together and defeat Walpurgisnacht.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: "Beginnings" grossed more than ¥500 million at the Japanese box office. The Blu-ray Disc edition of the first two films sold over 80,000 in its first week. "Rebellion" was one of 19 animated films submitted for Best Animated Feature for the 86th Academy Awards, but was not nominated. The film has earned 2.08 billion yen in the Japanese box office, breaking the previous record of 1.93 billion yen, held by "K-On! the Movie" for a film based on a late-night anime television series. The first week sales of the "Rebellion" limited and regular edition Blu-rays placed first and second in the weekly Oricon chart, having reached 127,501 and 9,872 units, respectively. "Rebellion" was nominated for the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year at the 37th Japan Academy Prize; and won the Best Theatrical Film Award at the 19th Animation Kobe Awards. The film also received a Notable Entry Award at the 2014 Tokyo Anime Award Festival.


title: Puella Magi Madoka Magica: The Movie

text: Jacob Hope Chapman of "Anime News Network" gave "Rebellion" a B rating, praising its gorgeous visuals and creativity, but citing the film's last-minute twist as "mean-spirited and ludicrously out-of-character." Richard Eisenbeis and Toshi Nakamura at "Kotaku" reviewed the film positively. Toshi's final thoughts being, "Aside from my aforementioned problems with the pace of the initial mystery, I loved everything else about the movie. It plays with your emotions like crazy, but at the same time, it’s emotionally fluid. While you might not agree with characters' choices and actions, they all make sense and are never forced." Richard's final thoughts were, "Personally, I loved it. It's a great character piece and a worthy addition to the franchise, but it is far from an uplifting cap to the series." Geoff Berkshire of "Variety" gave a good review, stating ""Rebellion" delivers a convoluted conclusion sure to prove beyond baffling to any franchise newcomers." Berkshire praised other aspects such as the visuals of Gekidan Inu Curry.


title: Event-driven programming

text: In computer programming, event-driven programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events such as user actions (mouse clicks, key presses), sensor outputs, or message passing from other programs or threads. Event-driven programming is the dominant paradigm used in graphical user interfaces and other applications (e.g., JavaScript web applications) that are centered on performing certain actions in response to user input. This is also true of programming for device drivers (e.g., P in USB device driver stacks).


title: Event-driven programming

text: In an event-driven application, there is generally a main loop that listens for events and then triggers a callback function when one of those events is detected. In embedded systems, the same may be achieved using hardware interrupts instead of a constantly running main loop. Event-driven programs can be written in any programming language, although the task is easier in languages that provide high-level abstractions, such as await and closures.


title: Event-driven programming

text: Because the code for checking of events and the main loop are common amongst applications, many programming frameworks take care of their implementation and expect the user to provide only the code for the event handlers. In this simple example, there may be a call to an event handler called that includes an argument with a string of characters, corresponding to what the user typed before hitting the ENTER key. To add two numbers, storage outside the event handler must be used. The implementation might look like below.


title: Event-driven programming

text: While keeping track of history is normally trivial in a sequential program because event handlers execute in response to external events, correctly structuring the handlers to work when called in any order can require special attention and planning in an event-driven program.


title: Event-driven programming

text: The first step in developing an event-driven program is to write a series of subroutines, or methods, called event-handler routines. These routines handle the events to which the main program will respond. For example, a single left-button mouse-click on a command button in a GUI program may trigger a routine that will open another window, save data to a database or exit the application. Many modern-day programming environments provide the programmer with event templates, allowing the programmer to focus on writing the event code.


title: Event-driven programming

text: The second step is to bind event handlers to events so that the correct function is called when the event takes place. Graphical editors combine the first two steps: double-click on a button, and the editor creates an (empty) event handler associated with the user clicking the button and opens a text window so you can edit the event handler.


title: Event-driven programming

text: The third step in developing an event-driven program is to write the main loop. This is a function that checks for the occurrence of events, and then calls the matching event handler to process it. Most event-driven programming environments already provide this main loop, so it need not be specifically provided by the application programmer. RPG, an early programming language from IBM, whose 1960s design concept was similar to event-driven programming discussed above, provided a built-in main I/O loop (known as the "program cycle") where the calculations responded in accordance to 'indicators' (flags) that were set earlier in the cycle.


title: Event-driven programming

text: In PL/I, even though a program itself may not be predominantly event-driven, certain abnormal events such as a hardware error, overflow or "program checks" may occur that possibly prevent further processing. Exception handlers may be provided by "ON statements" in (unseen) callers to provide cleaning routines to clean up afterwards before termination, or to perform recovery operations and return to the interrupted procedure.


title: Event-driven programming

text: Most existing GUI development tools and architectures rely on event-driven programming. The Java AWT framework processes all UI changes on a single thread, called the Event dispatching thread. Similarly, all UI updates in the Java framework JavaFX occur on the JavaFX Application Thread.


title: Event-driven programming

text: The design of those programs which rely on event-action model has been criticised, and it has been suggested that the event-action model leads programmers to create error-prone, difficult to extend and excessively complex application code. Table-driven state machines have been advocated as a viable alternative. On the other hand, table-driven state machines themselves suffer from significant weaknesses including the state explosion phenomenon. A solution for this is to use Petri nets.


title: Event-driven programming

text: An event-driven approach is used in hardware description languages. A thread context only needs a CPU stack while actively processing an event; once done, the CPU can move on to process other event-driven threads, which allows an extremely large number of threads to be handled. This is essentially a finite-state machine approach.


title: Burn (Deep Purple album)

text: Burn is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Deep Purple, released in February 1974, and the first to feature then-unknown David Coverdale on vocals and Glenn Hughes, from Trapeze, on bass and vocals.


title: Burn (Deep Purple album)

text: The album was recorded in Montreux, Switzerland, in November 1973, with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio. With the addition of David Coverdale and Glenn Hughes, Purple's hard rock sound became more boogie-oriented, incorporating elements of soul and funk, which would become much more prominent on the follow-up album, "Stormbringer".


title: Burn (Deep Purple album)

text: Hughes participated in song-writing, but was not given credit due to unexpired contractual obligations. However, the 30th anniversary edition of the album included Hughes in the credits for all the tracks except "Sail Away", "Mistreated", "'A' 200" and the bonus track "Coronarias Redig".


title: Burn (Deep Purple album)

text: "Burn" hit number 3 on the UK Albums Chart, number 9 on the US "Billboard" 200, and number one in four European countries.


title: Burn (Deep Purple album)

text: In 2004 "Burn" was remastered and released with bonus tracks. "Coronarias Redig" was recorded during the "Burn" recording sessions, used only as a B-side for the "Might Just Take Your Life" single in 1974. It appears as a bonus track (in remixed form) on the anniversary edition re-release. The 2004 remix version of "Burn" was later used in "".


title: Burn (Deep Purple album)

text: In 2005 an unauthorised documentary about the album was produced as part of "The Ultimate Critical Review" series. It featured brand new interview with the original Deep Purple Mk III bassist/vocalist Glenn Hughes.


title: Burn (Deep Purple album)

text: Lead single "Might Just Take Your Life", released 4 March, was Deep Purple's first UK single in two years.


title: Lo Bosworth

text: Lauren Ogilvie "Lo" Bosworth (born September 29, 1986) is an American former reality television personality, founder and CEO of Love Wellness, and author. Bosworth rose to prominence as a cast member of "" and "The Hills", which documented the lives of her and her friends.


title: Lo Bosworth

text: Bosworth was born on September 29, 1986 and grew up in Laguna Beach, CA, before moving to Los Angeles, CA.


title: Lo Bosworth

text: Bosworth appeared on MTV's "" in 2004, which followed her during her senior year of high school during the first season. She was featured alongside best friend Lauren Conrad and former classmates Kristin Cavallari and Stephen Colletti. She made few appearances during the second season.


title: Lo Bosworth

text: After the success of "", MTV developed "The Hills", a spin-off series documenting the lives of Conrad and her friends (Heidi Montag, Audrina Patridge, and Whitney Port) in Los Angeles, California. During production of the first season, Bosworth and Conrad were not on speaking terms, which was briefly mentioned on the series as a fight caused by their mutual friend Jen Bunney that lasted nearly two years. After the two reconciled, Bosworth became a supporting cast member during "The Hills"' second season, first appearing on the series on March 12, 2007.


title: Lo Bosworth

text: The third season premiered on August 13, 2007. The season saw Bosworth become housemates with Conrad, and Audrina Patridge as the three moved into a new home, though Patridge eventually moved into her own apartment. The fourth season premiered on August 18, 2008, during which Conrad and Bosworth adopted a dog that they named Chloe. The season also saw Bosworth reveal more of her personal life, also allowing cameras into her workplace. The first half of the fifth season premiered on April 6, 2009. Conrad made her final appearance on the series on May 31, 2009, at Heidi Montag and Spencer Pratt's wedding. The second half of the season premiered on September 29, 2009, with former "Laguna Beach" castmate Kristin Cavallari hired as Conrad's replacement.


title: Lo Bosworth

text: The sixth and final season premiered on April 27, 2010. Despite rumors of not returning after the fifth season, Bosworth became a main cast member for the season. She was shown to be dealing with workplace drama, as well as moving in with her boyfriend, Scott. The series concluded on July 13, 2010.


title: Lo Bosworth

text: In 2010, Bosworth launched a website, The Lo Down by Lo Bosworth. She also wrote a book of the same name; it was released in January 2011. In late 2013, Bosworth started her own beauty channel on YouTube, which has grown rapidly since it was created.


title: Lo Bosworth

text: Bosworth attended the University of California, Santa Barbara and later transferred to UCLA where she graduated in June 2008 with a bachelor's degree in art history. While in college, she joined the Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority. Additionally, she graduated with a culinary degree from the International Culinary Center in New York City, after expressing her passion for studying farm-to-table cuisine.


title: Aerobics

text: Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretching and strength training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness (flexibility, muscular strength, and cardio-vascular fitness). It is usually performed to music and may be practiced in a group setting led by an instructor (fitness professional), although it can be done solo and without musical accompaniment. With the goal of preventing illness and promoting physical fitness, practitioners perform various routines comprising a number of different dance-like exercises. Formal aerobics classes are divided into different levels of intensity and complexity and will have five components: warm-up (5–10 minutes), cardiovascular conditioning (25–30 minutes), muscular strength and conditioning (10–15 minutes), cool-down (5–8 minutes) and stretching and flexibility (5–8 minutes). Aerobics classes may allow participants to select their level of participation according to their fitness level. Many gyms offer different types of aerobic classes. Each class is designed for a certain level of experience and taught by a certified instructor with a specialty area related to their particular class.


title: Aerobics

text: Both the term and the specific exercise method were developed by Dr Kenneth H. Cooper, an exercise physiologist, and Col. Pauline Potts, a physical therapist, both of the United States Air Force. Cooper, an exercise enthusiast, was puzzled about why some people with good muscular strength were prone to perform poorly at activities such as long-distance running, swimming, and bicycling. He began using a bicycle ergometer to measure sustained performance in terms of a person's ability to use oxygen. In 1968, he published "Aerobics", which included. exercise programs using running, walking, swimming and bicycling. At the time the book was published there was increasing awareness of the need for increased exercise due to widespread weakness and inactivity. Cooper published a mass-market version "The New Aerobics" in 1979.


title: Aerobics

text: Aerobic dancing was invented by Jacki Sorensen in 1969, inspired by Cooper's book. Sorensen began teaching her method and spreading it throughout the U.S. in the hands of hundreds of instructors in the 1970s. At the same time, Judi Missett's Jazzercise was taking off in the form of dance studio franchises in the U.S. Aerobics gained greater popularity, spreading worldwide after the release of "Jane Fonda's Workout" video in 1982, sparking an industry boom.


title: Aerobics

text: Step aerobics is a form of aerobic exercise that uses a low elevated platform, the step, of height tailored to individual needs by inserting risers. Step aerobics classes are offered at many gyms.


title: Aerobics

text: Step aerobics was developed by Gin Miller around 1989. After a knee injury, Miller consulted an orthopedic doctor, who recommended she strengthen the muscles supporting the knee by stepping up and down on a milk crate; from this she developed the step regimen.


title: Aerobics

text: Step aerobics can also be involved in dancing games, such as "Dance Dance Revolution", "In the Groove", or the Wii Fit.


title: Aerobics

text: Often moves are referred to as Reebok step moves in reference to one of the first makers of the plastic step commonly used in gyms.


title: Aerobics

text: The "basic" step involves raising one foot onto the step, then the other so that they are both on the step, then stepping the first foot back, followed by the second. A "right basic" would involve stepping right foot up, then the left, then returning to the floor alternating right then left.


title: Aerobics

text: Some instructors switch immediately between different moves, for example between a right basic and a left basic without any intervening moves, effectively "tapping" the foot without shifting weight; tap-free or smooth stepping alternates the feet without "taps"


title: Aerobics

text: Many instructors will prepare a set of moves that will be executed together to form the choreography of the class. Usually, the choreography will be timed to 32 beats in a set, ideally switching legs so that the set can be repeated in a mirrored fashion. A set may consist of many different moves and the different moves may have different durations. For example, a basic step as described above takes 4 beats (for the 4 steps the person takes). Similarly, the "knee up" move also takes 4 beats. Another common move, the repeater knee, is an 8-beat move.


title: Aerobics

text: Classes vary in the level of choreography. Basic level classes will tend to have a series of relatively basic moves strung together into a sequence. More advanced classes incorporate dance elements such as turns, mambos, and stomps. These elements are put together into 2–3 routines in each class. One learns the routines during the class and then all are performed at the end of the class. Regardless of the complexity of the choreography, most instructors offer various options for different levels of intensity/dance ability while teaching the routines.


title: Aerobics

text: Dance aerobics is an aerobics style in which a group instructor choreographs several short dance combinations and teaches them to the class. This is usually achieved by teaching the class one to two movements at a time and repeating the movements until the class is able to join the whole choreography together. Aerobic music is used throughout the class. This is sometimes followed by a strength section which uses body weight exercises to strengthen muscles and a stretch routine to cool down and improve flexibility. Classes are usually 30–60 minutes in length and may include the use of equipment such as a barbell, aerobic step, or small weights.


title: Aerobics

text: In freestyle aerobics, the instructor choreographs the routine and adjusts it to the needs and wants of her/his class. There is often no difference between base movements in freestyle and pre-choreographed programs.


title: Aerobics

text: Aerobic gymnastics, also known as sport aerobics and competitive aerobics, may combine complicated choreography, rhythmic and acrobatic gymnastics with elements of aerobics. Performance is divided into categories by age, sex and groups (individual, mixed pairs and trios) and are judged on the following elements: dynamic and static strength, jumps and leaps, kicks, balance and flexibility. Ten exercises are mandatory: four consecutive high leg kicks, patterns. A maximum of ten elements from following families are allowed: push-ups, supports and balances, kicks and splits, jumps and leaps. Elements of tumbling such as handsprings, handstands, back flips, and aerial somersaults are prohibited. Scoring is by judging of artistic quality, creativity, execution, and difficulty of routines. Sport aerobics has state, national, and international competitions, but is not an olympic sport.


title: Sunday Times Rich List

text: The Sunday Times Rich List is a list of the 1,000 wealthiest people or families resident in the United Kingdom ranked by net wealth. The list is updated annually in April and published as a magazine supplement by British national Sunday newspaper "The Sunday Times" since 1989. The editorial decisions governing the compilation of the "Rich List" are published in the newspaper and online as its "Rules of engagement".


title: Sunday Times Rich List

text: The "Rich List" is not limited to British citizens and it includes individuals and families born overseas but who predominantly work and/or live in Britain. This excludes some individuals with prominent financial assets in Britain.


title: Sunday Times Rich List

text: The editors estimate subjects' wealth from a range of public information, based on values in January each year. They typically explain their actions by stating: "We measure identifiable wealth, whether land, property, racehorses, art or significant shares in publicly quoted companies. We exclude bank accounts—to which we have no access... We try to give due consideration to liabilities."


title: Sunday Times Rich List

text: The 2015 list marked the first year Queen Elizabeth II was not among the list's top 300 most wealthy since the list began in 1989. She was number one on the inaugural "Sunday Times Rich List 1989".


title: Sunday Times Rich List

text: The Sunday Times Tax List was inaugurated on 27 January 2019 in the "Sunday Times Magazine", using data collected for the Rich List and edited by Robert Watts.


title: Sunday Times Rich List

text: Since 2005, as part of the "Rich List", The Sunday Times has produced an annual "Giving List", which tracks the most generous philanthropists in the UK as a proportion of their wealth. In 2018, it was reported that, of the 300 philanthropists listed in the "Giving List", a total of £3.207 billion was given away.


title: Sunday Times Rich List

text: Jamie Cooper, the former wife of hedge fund manager Sir Christopher Anthony Hohn, was ranked in first place with a giving index of 88.89%, which amounted to donations in 2018 of £299.6 million.


title: Sunday Times Rich List

text: A fuller version of the "Rich List" is also published in a reference book edition, edited by Philip Beresford. This list covers the top 5,000 richest people, rather than the top 1,000, and includes their business addresses:


title: Charles Lamb

text: Charles Lamb (10 February 1775 – 27 December 1834) was an English essayist, poet, and antiquarian, best known for his "Essays of Elia" and for the children's book "Tales from Shakespeare", co-authored with his sister, Mary Lamb (1764–1847).


title: Charles Lamb

text: Friends with such literary luminaries as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, William Wordsworth, and William Hazlitt, Lamb was at the centre of a major literary circle in England. He has been referred to by E. V. Lucas, his principal biographer, as "the most lovable figure in English literature".


title: Charles Lamb

text: Lamb was born in London, the son of John Lamb (–1799) and Elizabeth (died 1796), née Field. Lamb had an elder brother and sister; four other siblings did not survive infancy. John Lamb was a lawyer's clerk and spent most of his professional life as the assistant to a barrister named Samuel Salt, who lived in the Inner Temple in the legal district of London; it was there, in Crown Office Row, that Charles Lamb was born and spent his youth. Lamb created a portrait of his father in his "Elia on the Old Benchers" under the name Lovel. Lamb's older brother was too much his senior to be a youthful companion to the boy but his sister Mary, being born eleven years before him, was probably his closest playmate. Lamb was also cared for by his paternal aunt Hetty, who seems to have had a particular fondness for him. A number of writings by both Charles and Mary suggest that the conflict between Aunt Hetty and her sister-in-law created a certain degree of tension in the Lamb household. However, Charles speaks fondly of her and her presence in the house seems to have brought a great deal of comfort to him.


title: Charles Lamb

text: Some of Lamb's fondest childhood memories were of time spent with Mrs Field, his maternal grandmother, who was for many years a servant to the Plumer family, who owned a large country house called Blakesware, near Widford, Hertfordshire. After the death of Mrs Plumer, Lamb's grandmother was in sole charge of the large home and, as William Plumer was often absent, Charles had free rein of the place during his visits. A picture of these visits can be glimpsed in the Elia essay "Blakesmoor in H—shire".


title: Charles Lamb

text: Little is known about Charles's life before he was seven other than that Mary taught him to read at a very early age and he read voraciously. It is believed that he had smallpox during his early years, which forced him into a long period of convalescence. After this period of recovery Lamb began to take lessons from Mrs Reynolds, a woman who lived in the Temple and is believed to have been the former wife of a lawyer. Mrs Reynolds must have been a sympathetic schoolmistress because Lamb maintained a relationship with her throughout his life and she is known to have attended dinner parties held by Mary and Charles in the 1820s. E. V. Lucas suggests that sometime in 1781 Charles left Mrs Reynolds and began to study at the Academy of William Bird.


title: Charles Lamb

text: His time with William Bird did not last long, however, because by October 1782 Lamb was enrolled in Christ's Hospital, a charity boarding school chartered by King Edward VI in 1553. A thorough record of Christ's Hospital is to be found in several essays by Lamb as well as "The Autobiography of Leigh Hunt" and the "Biographia Literaria" of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, with whom Charles developed a friendship that would last for their entire lives. Despite the school's brutality, Lamb got along well there, due in part, perhaps, to the fact that his home was not far distant, thus enabling him, unlike many other boys, to return often to its safety. Years later, in his essay "Christ's Hospital Five and Thirty Years Ago", Lamb described these events, speaking of himself in the third person as "L".


title: Charles Lamb

text: Christ's Hospital was a typical English boarding school and many students later wrote of the terrible violence they suffered there. The upper master (i.e. principal or headteacher) of the school from 1778 to 1799 was Reverend James Boyer, a man renowned for his unpredictable and capricious temper. In one famous story Boyer was said to have knocked one of Leigh Hunt's teeth out by throwing a copy of Homer at him from across the room. Lamb seemed to have escaped much of this brutality, in part because of his amiable personality and in part because Samuel Salt, his father's employer and Lamb's sponsor at the school, was one of the institute's governors.


title: Charles Lamb

text: Charles Lamb had a stutter and this "inconquerable impediment" in his speech deprived him of Grecian status at Christ's Hospital, thus disqualifying him for a clerical career. While Coleridge and other scholarly boys were able to go on to Cambridge, Lamb left school at fourteen and was forced to find a more prosaic career. For a short time he worked in the office of Joseph Paice, a London merchant, and then, for 23 weeks, until 8 February 1792, held a small post in the Examiner's Office of the South Sea House. Its subsequent downfall in a pyramid scheme after Lamb left would be contrasted to the company's prosperity in the first Elia essay. On 5 April 1792 he went to work in the Accountant's Office for the British East India Company, the death of his father's employer having ruined the family's fortunes. Charles would continue to work there for 25 years, until his retirement with pension (the "superannuation" he refers to in the title of one essay).


title: Charles Lamb

text: In 1792 while tending to his grandmother, Mary Field, in Hertfordshire, Charles Lamb fell in love with a young woman named Ann Simmons. Although no epistolary record exists of the relationship between the two, Lamb seems to have spent years wooing her. The record of the love exists in several accounts of Lamb's writing. "Rosamund Gray" is a story of a young man named Allen Clare who loves Rosamund Gray but their relationship comes to nothing because of her sudden death. Miss Simmons also appears in several Elia essays under the name "Alice M". The essays "Dream Children", "New Year's Eve", and several others, speak of the many years that Lamb spent pursuing his love that ultimately failed. Miss Simmons eventually went on to marry a silversmith and Lamb called the failure of the affair his "great disappointment".


title: Charles Lamb

text: Both Charles and his sister Mary had a period of mental illness. As he himself confessed in a letter, Charles spent six weeks in a mental facility during 1795:


title: Charles Lamb

text: Mary Lamb's illness was more severe than her brother's, and it led her to become aggressive on a fatal occasion. On 22 September 1796, while preparing dinner, Mary became angry with her apprentice, roughly shoving the little girl out of her way and pushing her into another room. Her mother, Elizabeth, began admonishing her for this, and Mary had a mental breakdown. She took the kitchen knife she had been holding, unsheathed it, and approached her mother, who was sitting down. Mary, "worn down to a state of extreme nervous misery by attention to needlework by day and to her mother at night", was seized with acute mania and stabbed her mother in the heart with a table knife. Charles ran into the house soon after the murder and took the knife out of Mary's hand.


title: Charles Lamb

text: Later in the evening, Charles found a local place for Mary in a private mental facility called Fisher House, which had been found with the help of a doctor friend of his. While reports were published by the media, Charles wrote a letter to Samuel Taylor Coleridge in connection to the matricide:


title: Charles Lamb

text: Charles took over responsibility for Mary after refusing his brother John's suggestion that they have her committed to a public lunatic asylum. Lamb used a large part of his relatively meagre income to keep his beloved sister in the private "madhouse" in Islington. With the help of friends, Lamb succeeded in obtaining his sister's release from what would otherwise have been lifelong imprisonment. Although there was no legal status of "insanity" at the time, the jury returned the verdict of "lunacy" which was how she was freed from guilt of willful murder, on the condition that Charles take personal responsibility for her safekeeping.


title: Charles Lamb

text: The 1799 death of John Lamb was something of a relief to Charles because his father had been mentally incapacitated for a number of years since having a stroke. The death of his father also meant that Mary could come to live again with him in Pentonville, and in 1800 they set up a shared home at Mitre Court Buildings in the Temple, where they would live until 1809.


title: Charles Lamb

text: In 1800, Mary's illness came back and Charles had to take her back again to the asylum. In those days, Charles sent a letter to Coleridge, in which he admitted he felt melancholic and lonely, adding "I almost wish that Mary were dead."


title: Charles Lamb

text: Later she would come back, and both he and his sister would enjoy an active and rich social life. Their London quarters became a kind of weekly salon for many of the most outstanding theatrical and literary figures of the day. In 1869, a club, The Lambs, was formed in London to carry on their salon tradition. The actor Henry James Montague founded the club's New York counterpart in 1874.


title: Charles Lamb

text: Charles Lamb, having been to school with Samuel Coleridge, counted Coleridge as perhaps his closest, and certainly his oldest, friend. On his deathbed, Coleridge had a mourning ring sent to Lamb and his sister. Fortuitously, Lamb's first publication was in 1796, when four sonnets by "Mr Charles Lamb of the India House" appeared in Coleridge's "Poems on Various Subjects". In 1797 he contributed additional blank verse to the second edition, and met the Wordsworths, William and Dorothy, on his short summer holiday with Coleridge at Nether Stowey, thereby also striking up a lifelong friendship with William. In London, Lamb became familiar with a group of young writers who favoured political reform, including Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt and William Hone.


title: Charles Lamb

text: Lamb continued to clerk for the East India Company and doubled as a writer in various genres, his tragedy, "John Woodvil", being published in 1802. His farce, "Mr H", was performed at Drury Lane in 1807, where it was roundly booed. In the same year, "Tales from Shakespeare" (Charles handled the tragedies; his sister Mary, the comedies) was published, and became a best seller for William Godwin's "Children's Library".


title: Charles Lamb

text: On 20 July 1819, at age 44, Lamb, who, because of family commitments, had never married, fell in love with an actress, Fanny Kelly, of Covent Garden, and besides writing her a sonnet he also proposed marriage. She refused him, and he died a bachelor.


title: Charles Lamb

text: His collected essays, under the title "Essays of Elia", were published in 1823 ("Elia" being the pen name Lamb used as a contributor to "The London Magazine").


title: Charles Lamb

text: The "Essays of Elia" would be criticised in the "Quarterly Review" (January 1823) by Robert Southey, who thought its author to be irreligious. When Charles read the review, entitled "The Progress of Infidelity", he was filled with indignation, and wrote a letter to his friend Bernard Barton, where Lamb declared he hated the review, and emphasised that his words "meant no harm to religion". First, Lamb did not want to retort, since he actually admired Southey; but later he felt the need to write a letter "Elia to Southey", in which he complained and expressed that the fact that he was a dissenter of the Church, did not make him an irreligious man. The letter would be published in "The London Magazine", in October 1823:


title: Charles Lamb

text: A further collection called "The Last Essays of Elia" was published in 1833, shortly before Lamb's death. Also, in 1834, Samuel Coleridge died. The funeral was confined only to the family of the writer, so Lamb was prevented from attending and only wrote a letter to Rev. James Gilman, a very close [word missing], expressing his condolences.


title: Charles Lamb

text: On 27 December 1834, Lamb died of a streptococcal infection, erysipelas, contracted from a minor graze on his face sustained after slipping in the street; he was 59. From 1833 until their deaths, Charles and Mary lived at Bay Cottage, Church Street, Edmonton, north of London (now part of the London Borough of Enfield). Lamb is buried in All Saints' Churchyard, Edmonton. His sister, who was ten years his senior, survived him by more than a dozen years. She is buried beside him.


title: Charles Lamb

text: Lamb's first publication was the inclusion of four sonnets in Coleridge's "Poems on Various Subjects", published in 1796 by Joseph Cottle. The sonnets were significantly influenced by the poems of Burns and the sonnets of William Bowles, a largely forgotten poet of the late 18th century. Lamb's poems garnered little attention and are seldom read today. As he himself came to realise, he was a much more talented prose stylist than poet. Indeed, one of the most celebrated poets of the day—William Wordsworth—wrote to John Scott as early as 1815 that Lamb "writes prose exquisitely"—and this was five years before Lamb began "The" "Essays of Elia" for which he is now most famous.


title: Charles Lamb

text: Notwithstanding, Lamb's contributions to Coleridge's second edition of the "Poems on Various Subjects" showed significant growth as a poet. These poems included "The Tomb of Douglas" and "A Vision of Repentance". Because of a temporary falling out with Coleridge, Lamb's poems were to be excluded in the third edition of the "Poems "though as it turned out a third edition never emerged. Instead, Coleridge's next publication was the monumentally influential "Lyrical Ballads" co-published with Wordsworth. Lamb, on the other hand, published a book entitled Blank Verse with Charles Lloyd, the mentally unstable son of the founder of Lloyds Bank. Lamb's most famous poem was written at this time and entitled "The Old Familiar Faces". Like most of Lamb's poems, it is unabashedly sentimental, and perhaps for this reason it is still remembered and widely read today, being often included in anthologies of British and Romantic period poetry. Of particular interest to Lambarians is the opening verse of the original version of "The Old Familiar Faces", which is concerned with Lamb's mother, whom Mary Lamb killed. It was a verse that Lamb chose to remove from the edition of his Collected Work published in 1818:


title: Charles Lamb

text: In the final years of the 18th century, Lamb began to work on prose, first in a novella entitled "Rosamund Gray", which tells the story of a young girl whose character is thought to be based on Ann Simmons, an early love interest. Although the story is not particularly successful as a narrative because of Lamb's poor sense of plot, it was well thought of by Lamb's contemporaries and led Shelley to observe, "what a lovely thing is "Rosamund Gray"! How much knowledge of the sweetest part of our nature in it!" (Quoted in Barnett, page 50)


title: Charles Lamb

text: In the first years of the 19th century, Lamb began a fruitful literary cooperation with his sister Mary. Together they wrote at least three books for William Godwin's Juvenile Library. The most successful of these was "Tales From Shakespeare", which ran through two editions for Godwin and has been published dozens of times in countless editions ever since. The book contains artful prose summaries of some of Shakespeare's most well-loved works. According to Lamb, he worked primarily on Shakespeare's tragedies, while Mary focused mainly on the comedies.


title: Charles Lamb

text: Lamb's essay "On the Tragedies of Shakespeare Considered with Reference to their Fitness for Stage Representation", which was originally published in the "Reflector" in 1811 with the title "On Garrick, and Acting; and the Plays of Shakspeare, considered with reference to their fitness for Stage Representation", has often been taken as the ultimate Romantic dismissal of the theatre. In the essay, Lamb argues that Shakespeare should be read, rather than performed, in order to protect Shakespeare from butchering by mass commercial performances. While the essay certainly criticises contemporary stage practice, it also develops a more complex reflection on the possibility of representing Shakespearean dramas:


title: Charles Lamb

text: Besides contributing to Shakespeare's reception with his and his sister's book "Tales From Shakespeare", Lamb also contributed to the recovery of acquaintance with Shakespeare's contemporaries. Accelerating the increasing interest of the time in the older writers, and building for himself a reputation as an antiquarian, in 1808 Lamb compiled a collection of extracts from the old dramatists, "Specimens of the English Dramatic Poets Who Lived About the Time of Shakespeare". This also contained critical "characters" of the old writers, which added to the flow of significant literary criticism, primarily of Shakespeare and his contemporaries, from Lamb's pen. Immersion in seventeenth-century authors, such as Robert Burton and Sir Thomas Browne, also changed the way Lamb wrote, adding a distinct flavour to his writing style. Lamb's friend the essayist William Hazlitt thus characterised him: "Mr. Lamb ... does not march boldly along with the crowd ... He prefers "bye-ways" to "highways". When the full tide of human life pours along to some festive show, to some pageant of a day, Elia would stand on one side to look over an old book-stall, or stroll down some deserted pathway in search of a pensive description over a tottering doorway, or some quaint device in architecture, illustrative of embryo art and ancient manners. Mr. Lamb has the very soul of an antiquarian ..."


title: Charles Lamb

text: Although he did not write his first Elia essay until 1820, Lamb's gradual perfection of the essay form for which he eventually became famous began as early as 1811 in a series of open letters to Leigh Hunt's "Reflector". The most famous of these early essays is "The Londoner", in which Lamb famously derides the contemporary fascination with nature and the countryside. He would continue to fine-tune his craft, experimenting with different essayistic voices and personae, for the better part of the next quarter century.


title: Charles Lamb

text: Christianity played an important role in Lamb's personal life: although he was not a churchman he "sought consolation in religion," as shown in letters he wrote to Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Bernard Barton in which he describes the New Testament as his ""best guide"" for life and recalls how he used to read the Psalms for one or two hours without getting tired. Other writings also deal with his Christian beliefs. Like his friend Coleridge, Lamb was sympathetic to Priestleyan Unitarianism and was a Dissenter, and he was described by Coleridge himself as one whose "faith in Jesus ha[d] been preserved" even after the family tragedy. Wordsworth also described him as a firm Christian in the poem "Written After the Death of Charles Lamb", Alfred Ainger, in his work "Charles Lamb", writes that Lamb's religion had become "an habit".


title: Charles Lamb

text: Lamb's own poems "On The Lord's Prayer", "A Vision of Repentance", "The Young Catechist", "Composed at Midnight", "Suffer Little Children, and Forbid Them Not to Come Unto Me", "Written a Twelvemonth After the Events", "Charity", "Sonnet to a Friend" and "David" express his religious faith, while his poem "Living Without God in the World" has been called a "poetic attack" on unbelief, in which Lamb expresses his disgust at atheism, attributing it to pride.


title: Charles Lamb

text: There has always been a small but enduring following for Lamb's works, as the long-running and still-active "Charles Lamb Bulletin" demonstrates. Because of his quirky, even bizarre, style, he has been more of a "cult favourite" than an author with mass popular or scholarly appeal. Anne Fadiman notes regretfully that Lamb is not widely read in modern times: "I do not understand why so few other readers are clamoring for his company... [He] is kept alive largely through the tenuous resuscitations of university English departments.".


title: Charles Lamb

text: Two of the houses at Christ's Hospital (Lamb A and Lamb B) are named in his honour. and he is also honoured by The Latymer School, a grammar school in Edmonton, a suburb of London where he lived for a time: it has six houses, one of which, Lamb, is named after him. A major academic prize awarded each year at Christ's Hospital School's speech day is "The Lamb Prize for Independent Study".


title: Charles Lamb

text: A quotation from Lamb, "Lawyers, I suppose, were children once",' serves as the epigraph to Harper Lee's novel "To Kill a Mockingbird".


title: Charles Lamb

text: Henry James Montague, founder of The Lambs Club, named it after the salon of Charles and his sister Mary.


title: Charles Lamb

text: Charles Lamb plays an important role in the plot of Mary Ann Shaffer and Annie Barrows's novel, "The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society."


title: Aurora Snow

text: Snow entered the pornographic entertainment industry when she was 18 years old, planning to work in porn for only a year.


title: Aurora Snow

text: One of her first professionally made and distributed movies was "More Dirty Debutantes 152", produced by Ed Powers.


title: Aurora Snow

text: Snow was a contract performer and director for Sin City between May 2003 and May 2005. She made her directorial debut for the company with the film "Assploitations". Snow hosted "Private Calls" on Playboy TV.


title: Aurora Snow

text: Despite not using condoms during most of her scenes, she came out as one of the few performers in favor of the 2012 Measure B vote in Los Angeles, mandating the use of condoms for all pornographic movie scenes.


title: Aurora Snow

text: Snow left the pornographic film industry after ten years in 2011 and moved from Los Angeles to Macon, Missouri.


title: Aurora Snow

text: Snow appeared in a cameo in the Judd Apatow film "Superbad". On January 6, 2010, Snow appeared in an episode of "1000 Ways to Die" titled "" to discuss edible underwear during the "Way to Die #444: Deadliest Munch" segment of the episode.


title: Aurora Snow

text: On March 12, 2013, Snow appeared on "The Young Turks" to discuss racism in pornography and the reasons why some Caucasian pornographic actresses refuse to do interracial sex scenes.


title: Aurora Snow

text: Snow has been a contributor for "The Daily Beast" and "Glammonitor", writing articles about the porn industry and women's issues.


title: Aurora Snow

text: On March 6, 2014, Snow spoke at Harvard Law School on the topic of "Sex, Drugs, and Rolling Dice: The Regulation of Vice." On March 19, 2015, Snow spoke at the University of South Carolina School of Law on "Vice, Porn and American Culture."


title: Aurora Snow

text: In September 2013, Snow wrote an article for "The Daily Beast" titled "A Porn Star's Letter to Her Unborn Son" in which she announced she was pregnant with her first child and stated how she would explain her choice to work in the porn industry to her son once he is older. The letter quickly went viral on the Internet. She gave birth to her son in December 2013. Her father stated that he was proud upon finding out about her occupation.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Bruce Wayne, also known by his superhero vigilante alias Batman, is a fictional character in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), based on the DC Comics character of the same name. The character was portrayed by Ben Affleck in Zack Snyder's 2016 superhero film "", the 2017 film "Justice League" (as well as its 2021 director's cut), and a cameo appearance in "Suicide Squad" (2016). He will reprise the role in the upcoming films "The Flash" (2023) and "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom" (2023). Fans nicknamed this iteration of the character "Batfleck", a portmanteau of "Batman" and "Affleck". In the films' universe, Bruce had already been active as Batman for twenty years before the emergence of Superman, and despite being initially at odds with him to the point of paranoia and anger, Batman comes to appreciate the former, starting the Justice League in his honor after Superman's sacrifice to stop Doomsday. The Justice League, under Wayne's leadership, fights to prevent Steppenwolf from collecting the three Mother Boxes and destroying Earth alongside his master Darkseid, eventually resurrecting Superman to aid in their collective efforts.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: The DCEU marks the fifth time Batman was portrayed in film, but the first to share a film series with other DC superheroes such as Superman and Wonder Woman. Although the announcement of Affleck's casting in "Batman v Superman" was initially met with intense fan backlash, his performance received positive reviews despite the film's generally unfavorable reception. Affleck was later hired to write, direct, and star in his own standalone Batman film entitled "The Batman" before stepping down from both roles. The project would be realized as another reboot by Matt Reeves, with Robert Pattinson succeeding Affleck in the role, although Affleck would nonetheless return for "The Flash" and "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom", alongside Michael Keaton as his iteration of the character.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice" was Affleck's second film as a comic book superhero; he played Daredevil in the 2003 film of the same name, and was initially reluctant to accept playing Batman, citing that he "felt [he] didn't fit the traditional mold. But once Zack [Snyder] showed [him] the concept, and that it would be both different from the great movies that Chris[topher Nolan] and Christian [Bale] made, but still in keeping with tradition, [he] was excited." Affleck previously stated in 2006 that "Daredevil" had "inoculated [him] from ever playing another superhero".


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Snyder cast an older Batman to be a layered juxtaposition against a younger Superman; while "bear[ing] the scars of a seasoned crime fighter, but retain[ing] the charm that the world sees in billionaire Bruce Wayne." Nolan was involved with the casting of Affleck and he was the first actor Snyder approached for the part. The director had also discussed the part with Josh Brolin, even offering him the role prior to casting Affleck, though Brolin turned the role down due to creative differences. It was initially claimed that Bale wanted to play Batman again after "The Dark Knight Rises", though he stated that his Batman does not belong in any other film and he was never approached by Warner Bros. to play the role again. Bale ultimately decided not to reprise the role out of respect for Christopher Nolan's creative direction and the fact that the "Dark Knight" trilogy provided a full arc for the character. Other actors considered to play the role included Jeffrey Dean Morgan, who would be cast as Thomas Wayne for the film, Jon Hamm, and Scott Adkins.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Following "Justice League", Affleck stepped away from the role and English actor Robert Pattinson was cast to replace him in "The Batman", beating out other actors such as Nicholas Hoult, Aaron Taylor-Johnson, and Armie Hammer, who was previously cast as the character in George Millers cancelled "". Affleck left the role due to fatigue and a myriad of events in his personal life, though it was also alleged to be due to Snyder's departure from the DCEU and subsequent creative differences with other directors and writers. With Snyder's return to the franchise with the announcement of "Zack Snyder's Justice League", a director's cut of the prior film, rumored reports of Affleck's own return to the DCEU surfaced prior to confirmation of his return in "The Flash", though Pattinson will continue to star in "The Batman", which was confirmed as being a self-contained movie and not part of the DCEU's main timeline. Any future Batman-related project in the DCEU that Affleck takes a part of would likely serve to create a multiverse within the franchise.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Compared to the difficult experience filming "Justice League", Affleck stated that doing reshoots for "Zack Snyder's Justice League" and filming his scenes for "The Flash" "put a really nice finish on my experience with that character". Some industry analysts interpreted Affleck's quote as alluding to the latter film being his final appearance as Batman, as "The Flash" will also feature Michael Keaton's iteration of the character from Tim Burton's film series. It has also been rumored that Keaton's version of the character will replace Affleck's in the DCEU after "The Flash", with Keaton originally reprising the role in "Batgirl" prior to that film's cancellation.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: James Gunn had cast a stand-in double as Affleck's version of Batman in "Peacemaker" during a scene where the Justice League appears, though he stated that Warner Bros. had him remove Batman and Cyborg from the episode due to "upcoming DCEU projects". Despite the rumors of Affleck's Batman being written out of the franchise in favor of Keaton's version, Jason Momoa confirmed in 2022 that Affleck had filmed some scenes for "Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom" as part of reshoots for that film.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: According to the September 2015 issue of "Empire Magazine", which promoted "Batman v Superman", Ben Affleck chose to wear a wig to match Bruce Wayne's widow's peak as commonly depicted in the comics, a decision that was initially met with skepticism by producer Deborah Snyder. Affleck also bulked up to 231 pounds with 7.7 percent bodyfat for the role before "dialing back" to 225 in order to portray Batman as a physically imposing figure, as his personal trainer Walter Norton Jr. wanted the character to look like a "heavyweight MMA fighter" who had trained daily for the past 20 years. In contrast, Affleck weighed just 198 pounds for his role in "The Town."


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: The DCEU version of Batman has been noted to be more brooding and jaded than previous cinematic iterations of the character, with "ScreenRant" calling this iteration "the angriest we'd ever seen" in 2019, and was influenced by Frank Miller's "The Dark Knight Returns", which shows Batman in his 50s. He is noticeably older than Clark Kent when first meeting him in "Batman v Superman" and has witnessed not only the murders of his parents at a young age, but also that of his protégé Dick Grayson, who served as Robin until his capture and death at the hands of the Joker. Affleck said this Batman "is a little older, he's a little more world-weary. He's been around the block once or twice so he's a little wiser but he's definitely more cynical and a little darker and more jaded", adding that Batman has gotten "more exposed to the violence and the criminal element of that world over time." However, like previous iterations of the character, including that of Michael Keaton's and Christian Bale's portrayals, Affleck's Batman has also become the CEO of Wayne Enterprises and taken on protecting Gotham City from a wide variety of criminals, ranging from Floyd Lawton, Killer Croc and Digger Harkness, to The Joker and Harley Quinn. Affleck's Batman shares a similarity with Bale's in that both fell into a well and were swarmed by bats, developing a phobia of the creatures that he later incorporates into his Batman persona.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Bruce is serious, calculating, and tactical, and is known to be dedicated and determined as a crime-fighter. He possesses genius-level intellect and peak physical conditioning. He is brave, bold, and willing to risk his own life for the sake of others, as demonstrated in "Justice League". Despite being described as caring and selfless, he is often ruthless and violent in his war on crime, incorporating intimidation tactics into his persona and fighting style, and his inner demons sometimes overwhelm his better judgement. Unlike some interpretations of the character such as Bale's interpretation, this version, like Keaton's Batman, is willing to kill his adversaries, as seen in "Batman v Superman", when he apathetically dispatches down several of Lex Luthor's minions, guns down numerous soldiers in the Apocalyptic Knightmare Reality, and even attempts to kill Superman. However, after seeing Superman's selflessness and humanity, Batman feels remorseful of his actions and affiliates with Superman, going as far as to saving Martha Kent from Luthor's henchmen.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Bruce's characterization in the theatrical cut of "Justice League" is noticeably different from in the director's cut, as Joss Whedon's version suddenly made Batman sarcastic, bumbling, and indecisive while Snyder's version fleshes out how Superman's sacrifice restored his faith in humanity and gives him newfound resolve, going as far as to leave behind the isolation that has defined him in favor of taking a leadership role amongst the Justice League's "wildly different" members. Snyder notes that in his original vision for the character's arc, Batman would begin a period of redemption starting in "Justice League", resulting in his sacrifice in future sequels.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: In an analysis of Batman's infamous ""Why did you say that name?!"" line after hearing Superman utter the name "Martha" in "Batman v Superman", comic book artist Jay Oliva notes that the scene depicts Bruce Wayne having an episode of post-traumatic stress disorder, as he suffers flashbacks of the night his parents were killed upon being triggered by the name.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Like previous iterations of Batman, the DCEU Batman utilizes a different voice than the unmasked Bruce Wayne, but instead of manually altering his voice, he relies on a voice modulator to digitally alter it. Affleck notes that a world-famous billionaire such as Bruce Wayne would likely have his voice recognized. Zack Snyder also decided to give Batman a cloth-based Batsuit with exception to his powered exoskeleton in "Batman v Superman", commenting "I had a really strong idea about what I wanted to do – I really wanted to do sort of a fabric-based Batman; not what's become the more normal, armored Batman. That's how we evolved it." A bright mind, Bruce continues to adjust his suit for certain needs, but will even look elsewhere for inspiration, as the heat-dissipating gauntlets that he and his butler Alfred Pennyworth create in "Zack Snyder's Justice League" are implicitly inspired by Diana Prince / Wonder Woman's metal bracelets.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: According to the Warner Bros. Studios lot, the "" Batmobile combined inspiration from both the sleek, streamlined design of classic Batmobiles, including the 1989 Batmobile, and the high-suspension, military build from the more recent Tumbler from "The Dark Knight Trilogy". Bruce has also built several other vehicles capable of switching to remote control by Alfred, including a fighter jet used in "Batman v Superman" and several others in both versions of "Justice League", namely the "Knightcrawler", a new four-legged tank-vehicle which was designed by his father during World War II. He also utilizes a portable troop carrier called the "Flying Fox" carrying the new armored Batmobile, which the new team boards to battle Steppenwolf in Russia.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: In "Batman v Superman", Richard Brody of "The New Yorker" notices an allegory to American politics; Superman, according to Brody, represents the Republican Party, whereas Batman represents the Democratic Party. Brody feels this notion is supported by the fact that Batman's eyes glow blue when he is wearing the exoskeleton and Superman's glow red when he uses his heat vision. Brody notes:


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: However, Kofi Outlaw of "ComicBook.com" interpreted the allegory the other way around: that Batman represents "the right-wing hawk reaction to 9/11... an America that prefers security over civil liberties; the Bush-era mentality of stopping threats pro-actively before they can threaten close to home". He also compares the "Black Zero" event portrayed in "Man of Steel" – in which General Zod attacks Metropolis, killing hundreds of people – to 9/11. Meanwhile, Superman, Outlaw writes, represents "the more left-wing, liberal, American ideal", while Lex Luthor represents "insidious opportunists who exploited (and still exploit) the turmoil of a post-9/11, war-torn, world for personal gain." Outlaw suggests that the scene where Batman and Superman find common ground in their mothers is parallel to the notion that conflicting political ideologies still have similarities.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Richard Newby of "The Hollywood Reporter" adds that the Martha scene "is Bruce’s opportunity to reconnect with his own humanity and the humanity of Superman. Batman doesn’t end the fight because their mothers have the same name, but because he recognizes Superman as someone with a mother, and thus a human, despite his alien origins. The battle against Superman is ultimately Bruce’s realization that he can be better and reconnect with humanity again. It’s not a redemption, or a full change, as he does kill mercenaries at the warehouse in the following scene, but it is a start."


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: In addition, Ben Affleck said he liked the "idea of showing accountability and the consequences of violence and seeing that there are real people in those buildings," with the scene of Bruce Wayne at the battle of Metropolis.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: As Bruce is seen assembling the eponymous team in "Zack Snyder's Justice League", Snyder describes Batman's arc as being one of redemption and doing the right thing, with Bruce also feeling out of place, being "just a guy" amongst the others with god-like powers. Nonetheless, Snyder says that his "job of bringing [the Justice League] together" is "also one of the most important jobs because there would be no Justice League without Bruce."


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Wayne was born on February 19, 1972 to Martha and Thomas Wayne. In 1981, after watching "Excalibur" with his parents, a mugger holds his parents at gunpoint, shooting both dead after a struggle in front of Bruce.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: During the funeral, Wayne runs off, only to fall a dry well, and get attacked by a swarm of bats. This would later inspire him to use that fear to battle the criminal element that took his parents' lives. Years later, Wayne becomes the CEO of his father's company, Wayne Enterprises, while also becoming Batman, defending Gotham City from danger.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: At some point, Wayne recruited Robin who was then killed by Joker and Harley Quinn, with Wayne later keeping his vandalized suit to commemorate him.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Batman gets into an entanglement with Deadshot after being tipped off by Amanda Waller. While he gets the best of Deadshot, the latter pulls out his rifle and is prepared to kill Batman, but his daughter Zoe gets in the way and persuades her father to surrender. Sometime later, Batman chases down Joker and Quinn, resulting in Quinn's capture and incarceration.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: In 2013, Wayne happens to be in Metropolis during the "Black Zero" event, which results in the destruction of several skyscrapers, including the Wayne Financial Tower, as the Kryptonians throw each other across the city.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Enraged at Superman's apparent lack of concern for innocent bystanders, Wayne devotes his life to taking Superman down, deeming him a threat to humanity. Eighteen months later at a gala held by Lex Luthor, Wayne encounters Clark Kent (Superman's secret identity), a young reporter who attempts to question the billionaire's position on Batman, whom he views as a brutal criminal.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Wayne mockingly counters that Superman is dangerous but hypocrites defend him, attempting to brush him off after noticing the mysterious Diana Prince. As he plants a device to steal and decrypt information from Luthor's servers, Prince takes notice and steals the device before Wayne can get back to it, though she returns it to him at a museum gala after he tracks her down, as she is unable to bypass the military-grade encryption on the device. Wayne returns home and falls asleep decrypting the drive. Waking up from a nightmarish dream, he encounters The Flash, who tells him that Lois Lane "is the key" and to "find the others" before vanishing. Looking at Luthor's files, he finds that not only was Luthor after kryptonite, but was also researching metahumans around the world, one of which includes Prince, also known as Wonder Woman.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: While attempting to intercept Luthor's men during a kryptonite shipment, Batman is stopped by Superman himself, who gives him a warning while Batman voices his desire to take him down. After seeing the explosion at the U.S. Capitol during Superman's televised public trial, Bruce becomes ever more convinced to take down the Man of Steel. He successfully steals the kryptonite on his second attempt and prepares relentlessly to fight Superman. Luthor eventually blackmails Superman into fighting Batman, finally pitting them against each other in combat. Although Superman has realized the situation and attempts to talk Batman out of it, the latter is ready to fight, subduing Superman with two kryptonite smoke grenades after a lengthy struggle. As Batman prepares to move in for the kill using the spear, Superman pleads with him to "save Martha", causing Batman to pause in confusion. When Lane intervenes and explains that Superman meant his own mother, Batman relents and sets out to rescue Martha Kent, killing mobster Anatoli Knyazev in the process, while Superman regains his strength and confronts Luthor. Luthor executes his backup plan, unleashing a monster genetically engineered from DNA from both Zod's body and his own.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Having heard of the mayhem, Wonder Woman arrives in her armor with her metahuman powers on display, joining forces with Batman and Superman against the creature. Unfortunately, while the monster is mortally wounded, an enraged dying Doomsday manages to impale Superman's chest with his huge arm-protrusion, mortally wounding him as well. Batman and Wonder Woman promptly retrieve Superman's lifeless body, seconds before the arrival of a devastated Lane. Batman confronts Luthor in prison, warning him that he will always be watching. Wayne and Prince attend Kent's funeral, and Bruce later delivers Diana a photograph of her from 1918.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: One year later, he meets with Amanda Waller to negotiate about her involvement with the Suicide Squad. In exchange for Wayne protecting her reputation and working to hide her involvement with Task Force X, Waller provides him classified government documents on metahumans such as Arthur Curry and Barry Allen.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: In 2017, Wayne and Prince follow on their plans to locate more metahumans in the wake of Superman's death. A global threat has arisen with the emergence of the New God Steppenwolf, who has sent his Parademons from Apokolips to plague Gotham. Wayne easily manages to persuade Allen, also known as "The Flash", to join, but faces difficulty in recruiting Curry, also known as "Aquaman", until Steppenwolf attacks Curry's home of Atlantis.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Wayne and Allen join up with Prince and Victor Stone, also known as "Cyborg", as they receive intel from Gotham City Police commissioner James Gordon. The team sets out to an underwater facility between Metropolis and Gotham City in order to rescue Stone's father Silas and other employees of S.T.A.R. Labs, whom Steppenwolf and his forces had kidnapped in an attempt to locate the last Mother Box, one of three devices sought to reshape the world. After the group rescues the employees and seizes the Mother Box to analyze it following a skirmish, Wayne decides to use the device to resurrect Superman after hearing from Stone that Silas had used it to revive him after a horrific accident. Diana and Curry are hesitant about this idea, but Wayne forms a secret contingency plan in case Superman returns as hostile.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: After exhuming Kent's body, the team successfully revives Superman using the Mother Box and amniotic fluid in the Kryptonian scout ship that was used to create Doomsday. However, Superman has lost his memory, and he attacks the group after Stone accidentally launches a projectile at him. Superman remembers Batman's aggression towards him, grabbing Batman off the ground and nearly killing him, but Batman enacts his contingency plan: Lois Lane. Superman calms down and leaves with Lane to his family home in Smallville, where he reflects, and his memories slowly come back. In the turmoil, the Mother Box is left unguarded, allowing Steppenwolf to retrieve it with ease.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Without Superman, the five heroes travel to a village in Russia, where Steppenwolf aims to unite the Mother Boxes once again to remake Earth. Batman risks his own life to distract Steppenwolf while the other members separate the Mother Boxes, though the plan is unsuccessful. Superman, having regained his memories, arrives and assists Allen in evacuating the city, as well as Stone, in separating the Mother Boxes. The team defeats Steppenwolf, who, overcome with fear, is attacked by his own Parademons before they all teleport away.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: After the battle, Wayne and Prince agree to set up a base of operations for the team, with room for more members, and Bruce begins rebuilding the destroyed Wayne Manor for this purpose. Wayne then makes amends with Kent, buying out the bank trying to foreclose Martha Kent's farm in Smallville and offering Superman the mantle of leadership for the newly minted Justice League.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Wayne is unable to get a military jet for transporting the team to fly until Stone discovers and fixes a software bug in its firmware. During the final battle in Russia, Batman utilizes his weaponry and vehicles to break through the radioactive fortification Steppenwolf builds around the Mother Boxes, single-handedly annihilates much of the parademon army, and is joined by the rest of the team in fighting their way to the boxes. As Stone, Wonder Woman, Aquaman and later Superman confront Steppenwolf inside the cooling tower and attack the Unity, Batman eliminates the remaining parademons on the tower, killing one in particular that had shot Allen, giving the latter time to heal and undo the Unity of the boxes by entering the Speed Force and thus indirectly playing a major role in Steppenwolf's defeat.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Sometime after, Wayne and Prince agree to set up a base of operations for the team, with room for more members, and Bruce begins rebuilding the destroyed Wayne Manor for this purpose. Wayne then makes amends with Kent, buying out the bank trying to foreclose Martha Kent's farm in Smallville Wayne has another dream. After waking up, he is met by Martian Manhunter, who thanks him for forming the Justice League and promises to be in touch to plan for Darkseid's inevitable return.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: In "Zack Snyder's Justice League" Wayne, alongside the rest of the Justice League, is destroyed by a blast when the Mother Boxes are united and Steppenwolf successfully communicates to Darkseid and his army. Wayne's death is erased when Barry Allen enters the speed force and reverses time to the moment before the blast.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Wayne experiences his first "Knightmare" dream in 2015; the reality depicts an evil Superman spearheading a regime to take over the world. Wayne is betrayed by some of his insurgent allies and fights alone against Superman's soldiers in a war before being captured and killed by the Kryptonian for taking "her from [him]".


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: In 2017, Wayne, having stopped Steppenwolf, has another "Knightmare" in the world ruled by Darkseid, joining forces with Stone, Allen, Mera, Deathstroke, and Joker, before confronting a brainwashed Superman.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: An alternate counterpart to the DC Extended Universe's Bruce Wayne is set to be depicted in the upcoming 2023 film, "The Flash". This version has previously appeared in Tim Burton's "Batman" and "Batman Returns" and Michael Keaton is set to reprise the role.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Ben Affleck appeared in-character as Bruce Wayne in a Turkish Airlines advertising campaign aired during Super Bowl 50, in which he promotes flying to Gotham City in a tie-in to "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice". A counterpart with Jesse Eisenberg's Lex Luthor promoting Metropolis was also aired during the game.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Upon the release of "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice", Affleck received considerable praise for his performance, despite the overall mixed reception of the film itself and the initial negative reaction to his casting. Conner Schwerdtfeger of "CinemaBlend" specifically notes that Affleck's portrayal is faithful to the comics, showcasing the best of Batman's intellectual and physical abilities while balancing both Bruce Wayne and Batman and "looking the part", whereas Michael Keaton focused too much on Batman and Christian Bale on Bruce Wayne. However, Affleck and Zack Snyder were both criticized for the decision to have Batman kill, a departure from other interpretations of the character.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: Contrarily, Affleck's performance in the theatrical release of "Justice League" drew mixed opinions from critics; Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote that Affleck "looks like he'd rather be almost anywhere else but here." Ben Sherlock from "ScreenRant" also noticed that Batman's characterization in the latter film was inconsistent with how he was portrayed in "Batman v Superman", which was attributed to the sudden handover of directorial duties from Snyder to Joss Whedon. Affleck's performance in the director's cut of the film was much more warmly received, as Tom Jorgensen of "IGN" writes that Batman's motivations and character development are more comprehensive. He also adds "Hearing Batman say f*** is rad." Rick Stevenson from Screen Rant wrote "Is Batman's whole character perfect in "Zack Snyder's Justice League"? No, he still has some clunky moments, his Knightmare confrontation with Jared Leto's Joker feels forced and out of place, and his story isn't terribly original. But it works, and overall it works well. "Zack Snyder's Justice League" delivers the best version of Ben Affleck's Batman, and it's one of many reasons the new cut is superior to the original theatrical film."


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: After Affleck initially stepped away from the role and following announcement of the release of the "Snyder Cut" on HBO Max, a trending social media event titled "#ThanksBatfleck" emerged on July 24, 2020, with fans expressing gratitude to Affleck for his contributions to the role of Batman and sympathy for his reasons for departure. His casting in "The Flash" to reprise his role once more was well received. However, shortly following the release of "Zack Snyder's Justice League", a #MakeTheBatfleckMovie campaign had started up all over social media seeking for Ben Affleck to reprise his role in a standalone Batman movie.


title: Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)

text: The plot description and characterization were adapted from Batman, Batman v. Superman: Dawn of Justice and Justice League (film) at the DC Extended Universe Wiki, which are available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license.


title: Gardnerella vaginalis

text: Gardnerella vaginalis is a species of Gram-variable-staining facultative anaerobic bacteria. The organisms are small (1.0–1.5 μm in diameter) non-spore-forming, nonmotile coccobacilli.


title: Gardnerella vaginalis

text: Once classified as "Haemophilus vaginalis" and afterwards as "Corynebacterium vaginalis", "G. vaginalis" grows as small, circular, convex, gray colonies on chocolate agar; it also grows on agar. A selective medium for "G. vaginalis" is colistin-oxolinic acid blood agar.


title: Gardnerella vaginalis

text: "G. vaginalis" is a facultatively anaerobic Gram-variable rod that is involved, together with many other bacteria, mostly anaerobic, in bacterial vaginosis in some women as a result of a disruption in the normal vaginal microflora. The resident facultative anaerobic "Lactobacillus" population in the vagina is responsible for the acidic environment. Once the anaerobes have supplanted the normal vaginal bacteria, prescription antibiotics with anaerobic coverage may have to be given to re-establish the equilibrium of the ecosystem. "G. vaginalis " is not considered the cause of the bacterial vaginosis, but a signal organism of the altered microbial ecology associated with overgrowth of many bacterial species.


title: Gardnerella vaginalis

text: While typically isolated in genital cultures, it may also be detected in other samples from blood, urine, and the pharynx. Although "G. vaginalis" is a major species present in bacterial vaginosis, it can also be isolated from women without any signs or symptoms of infection.


title: Gardnerella vaginalis

text: It has a Gram-positive cell wall, but, because the cell wall is so thin, it can appear either Gram-positive or Gram-negative under the microscope. It is associated microscopically with clue cells, which are epithelial cells covered in bacteria.


title: Gardnerella vaginalis

text: Methods of antibiotic treatment include metronidazole and clindamycin, in both oral and vaginal gel/cream forms.


title: Gardnerella vaginalis

text: The effectiveness of treating bacterial vaginosis with antibiotics is well documented, however relapse is not uncommon.


title: Gardnerella vaginalis

text: "G. vaginalis" is associated with bacterial vaginosis, which may be asymptomatic, or may have symptoms including vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation, and a "fish-like" odor. In the amine whiff test, 10% KOH is added to the discharge; a positive result is indicated if a fishy smell is produced. This and other tests can be used to distinguish between vaginal symptoms related to "G. vaginalis" and those caused by other organisms, such as "Trichomonas" and "Candida albicans", which are similar and may require different treatment. "Trichomonas vaginalis" and "G. vaginalis" have similar clinical presentations and can cause a frothy gray or yellow-green vaginal discharge, pruritus, and produce a positive "whiff-test". The two can be distinguished using a wet-mount slide, where a swab of the vaginal epithelium is diluted and then placed onto a slide for observation under a microscope. "Gardnerella" reveals a classic "clue cell" under the microscope, showing bacteria adhering to the surface of squamous epithelial cells.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: A Bering Strait crossing is a hypothetical bridge or tunnel that would span the relatively narrow and shallow Bering Strait between the Chukotka Peninsula in Russia and the Seward Peninsula in the U.S. state of Alaska. The crossing would provide a connection linking the Americas and Eurasia.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: With the two Diomede Islands between the peninsulas, the Bering Strait could be spanned by a bridge or tunnel.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: There have been several proposals for a Bering Strait crossing made by various individuals and media outlets. The names used for them include "The Intercontinental Peace Bridge" and "EurasiaAmerica Transport Link". Tunnel names have included "TKMWorld Link" and "AmerAsian Peace Tunnel". In April 2007, Russian government officials told the press that the Russian government would back a US$65 billion plan by a consortium of companies to build a Bering Strait tunnel.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: The concept of an overland connection crossing the Bering Strait goes back before the 20th century. William Gilpin, first governor of the Colorado Territory, envisaged a vast "Cosmopolitan Railway" in 1890 linking the entire world through a series of railways.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: Two years later, Joseph Strauss, who went on to design over 400 bridges, and then serve as the project engineer for the Golden Gate Bridge, put forward the first proposal for a Bering Strait rail bridge in his senior thesis. The project was presented to the government of the Russian Empire, but it was rejected.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: In 1904, a syndicate of American railroad magnates proposed (through a French spokesman) a SiberianAlaskan railroad from Cape Prince of Wales in Alaska through a tunnel under the Bering Strait and across northeastern Siberia to Irkutsk via Cape Dezhnev, Verkhnekolymsk, and Yakutsk (around of railroad to build, plus over in North America). The proposal was for a 90-year lease, and exclusive mineral rights for each side of the right-of-way. It was debated by officials and finally turned down on March 20, 1907.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: Czar Nicholas II approved the American proposal in 1905 (only as a permission, not much financing from the Czar). Its cost was estimated at $65 million and $300 million, including all the railroads.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: Interest was renewed during World War II with the completion in 194243 of the Alaska Highway, linking the remote territory of Alaska with Canada and the continental United States. In 1942, the Foreign Policy Association envisioned the highway continuing to link with Nome near the Bering Strait, linked by highway to the railhead at Irkutsk, using an alternative sea-and-air ferry service across the Bering Strait. At the same time the road on the Russian side was extended by building the 2000-kilometer (1250 mi) Kolyma Highway.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: In 1958, engineer Tung-Yen Lin suggested the construction of a bridge across the Bering Strait "to foster commerce and understanding between the people of the United States and the Soviet Union". Ten years later he organized the Inter-Continental Peace Bridge, Inc., a non-profit institution organized to further this proposal. At that time he made a feasibility study of a Bering Strait bridge and estimated the cost to be $1 billion for the span. In 1994 he updated the cost to more than $4 billion. Like Gilpin, Lin envisioned the project as a symbol of international cooperation and unity, and dubbed the project the Intercontinental Peace Bridge.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: According to a report in the "Beijing Times" in May 2014, Chinese transport experts had proposed building a roughly high-speed rail line from northeast China to the United States. The project would include a tunnel under the Bering Strait and connect to the contiguous United States via Wales, Alaska, along the river to Fairbanks, Alaska, and along the Alaska Highway to Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: Several American entrepreneurs have also advanced private-sector proposals, such as an Alaska-based limited-liability company founded in 2010 to lobby for a cross-straits connection, and a 2018 cryptocurrency offering to fund the construction of a tunnel. In 2005, investor Neil Bush, younger brother of US President George W. Bush and son of President George H. W. Bush, traveled abroad with Sun Myung Moon of the Unification Church as he promoted a proposal to dig a transportation corridor beneath the Bering Strait. When questioned by "Mother Jones" during the Republican primary campaign of his brother Jeb Bush a decade later in 2015, he denied having supported the tunnel project and said that he had traveled with Moon because he supported “efforts by faith leaders to call their flock into service to others.”


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: The straight distance between Russia and Alaska is . If building bridges and using the Diomede Islands, the straight distance over water for the three parts would be , and , in total .


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: The depth of the water is a minor problem, as the strait is no deeper than , comparable to the English Channel. The tides and currents in the area are not severe.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: The route is just south of the Arctic Circle, and the location has long, dark winters and extreme weather, including average winter lows of and temperatures approaching in cold snaps. This would mean that construction work would likely be restricted to five months of the year, around May to September, and centered during summer.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: The weather also poses challenges to exposed steel. In Lin's design, concrete covers all structures, to simplify maintenance and to offer additional stiffening.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: Although there are no icebergs in the Bering Strait, ice floes up to thick are in constant motion during certain seasons, which could produce forces on the order of on a pier.


title: Bering Strait crossing

text: Roads on either side of the strait would likely have to cross tundra, requiring either an unpaved road or some way to avoid the effects of permafrost.