title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Early in the season, Wiggins rode the Tour of Qatar, in which he lost out on contention for the general classification after being caught out by a split in the peloton and then finished third in the race's individual time trial stage behind Cancellara and Niki Terpstra, his first opportunity to wear his rainbow skinsuit. Wiggins then took part in the traditional opening race of the classics season, Omloop Het Nieuwsblad, finishing 44th as his teammate Ian Stannard took victory.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Wiggins returned to Paris–Nice, a race he had won in 2012. The race opened and closed with time-trials; Wiggins finished 12th in the prologue, did not feature in the following five stages, often riding at the back of the peloton, and then withdrew before the traditional mountain time-trial up the Col d'Èze, a stage for which Wiggins holds the fastest ever time, a legacy of his 2012 victory there. Again, his teammate Richie Porte was victorious in the race.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Wiggins was set to ride E3 Harelbeke in March, a return to the cobbled classics in the lead up to his main objective of Paris–Roubaix, but withdrew. Instead he rode Gent–Wevelgem two days later; however, he abandoned the race, which was hit by severe weather conditions with much heavy wind and rain, and only 39 riders finished the race. During the mid-week Three Days of De Panne, which began on 31 March, Wiggins acted as a lead-out man of Sky's sprinter, Elia Viviani, and then convincingly won the final stage's short time trial, expected to be his last in Sky colours, which also gave him 3rd place overall in the race.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: At Paris–Roubaix, Wiggins's much publicised last race with Sky and primary goal of the early season, he finished in 18th position. He attacked with left to race, but was reabsorbed by the peloton. A few days after the race it was announced that Wiggins would make his bid to break the hour record on 7 June at Lee Valley VeloPark. He participated to the Tour de Yorkshire with WIGGINS Team, but did not register a significant result. A few weeks after leaving Team Sky, Wiggins said he felt "liberated" and "happier". On 7 June 2015 Wiggins broke the hour record, riding , surpassing Dowsett's mark of , set five weeks earlier, by more than 3%.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: On 16 August, Wiggins joined Cavendish on the track for the first time since the 2008 Olympics, winning the Madison in the first round of the Revolution cycling series at the newly opened Derby Velodrome. In October Wiggins took his first gold medal at the European track championships when he was part of the British squad that won the team pursuit.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Wiggins competed at the world championships in London, where he took two medals: in the team pursuit, he was part of the British squad that qualified for the final, where they took the silver behind Australia despite leading with 500 metres to go and going on to set the fastest time in competition by a British quartet since 2012. However Wiggins said that he was happy with his performance, stating "that (was) the strongest I've been in a team pursuit, so there's a bit of life left in me yet, and I've got another four or five months to get a bit better". Subsequently, he raced with Cavendish in the madison, where they clinched their second world title in the discipline as a pairing using similar tactics to their 2008 win: accumulating points in the sprints in the early stages of the race, before making up a one lap deficit on their French, Colombian and Swiss rivals by working with the Spanish pairing of Sebastián Mora and Albert Torres in a breakaway, taking the lead and holding on for the win despite Cavendish crashing with 11 laps to go.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Through the spring of 2016 Wiggins focused on training for the Olympics, limiting his road racing to a small number of events, finishing low down the placings in all of them. As part of a five-man squad for the team pursuit, Wiggins was reported to be breaking world records in Olympic training, despite apparent disagreements between Wiggins and Cavendish, who was nominated as the squad's fifth rider in order to allow him to enter the omnium at the games. The team pursuit squad achieved the fastest time in qualification for the tournament, before reaching the final with a world record time in a victory against New Zealand. In the final, Great Britain defeated Australia to bring Wiggins his eighth Olympic medal, and his fifth gold. Subsequently, Wiggins announced his plan to retire after the Six Days of Ghent in November. He plans to expand his activities in supporting and running Team Wiggins, including an aim to create a women's team. In his penultimate racing event, the Six Days of London, Wiggins placed second overall with Cavendish, before the pair won his final event, the Six Days of Ghent. After the event, Wiggins confirmed that this had been his last race as a team with Cavendish, but that he may go back on his decision to retire, in the right circumstances. However, on 28 December 2016 he announced that he was retiring from professional cycling saying "2016 is the end of the road for this chapter, onwards and upwards, 'feet on the ground, head in the clouds' kids from Kilburn don't win Olympic Golds and Tour de Frances! They do now."


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: The leaking of his personal medical history by a group of hackers called the Fancy Bear, in September 2016, raised questions about Wiggins's use of therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs), which allow athletes with certified medical conditions to take banned substances so as to allow them to compete with healthy athletes.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: The leaked files show that he received six TUEs during his career for substances which are otherwise banned by WADA. In 2008, he was granted TUEs for salbutamol (which has since been legalised), formoterol and budesonide to treat asthma. Wiggins later received three intramuscular injections of the drug triamcinolone, a powerful corticosteroid. Triamcinolone is a banned substance because it allows riders to lose weight while maintaining power. The injections were administered to treat hayfever shortly before the 2011 and 2012 Tour de France races, and the 2013 Giro d'Italia.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Dr. Jeroen Swart, the South Africa-based exercise physiologist who oversaw Chris Froome's independent physiological testing, has suggested that the 2012 injection of triamcinolone ahead of Wiggins's historic Tour de France victory may have been administered as a preventive measure, rather than to treat existing symptoms, even though it is not a first-line therapy.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Whilst the use of banned performance-enhancing substances under TUEs is permitted by the sporting authorities provided the exemption was granted in terms of the WADA rules, questions have been raised about the in-competition use of such drugs. Dr Jeroen Swart questioned the choice of medication, the timing of the injections, the presence of disgraced doctor Geert Leinders on Wiggins's team at the time, and the fact that Wiggins said in his 2012 autobiography "My Time" that he had only ever received injections for immunisations and some drips.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Prentice Steffen, who was team doctor at when Wiggins rode for the team in 2009, said in a 2016 interview with the BBC that he was "surprised" that Wiggins was granted TUEs for the injection of triamcinolone immediately before three Grand Tours, that the decision by the team to apply for these TUEs was "questionable", and that he felt they should not have been granted. Wiggins has denied that Geert Leinders had any direct involvement in his taking of the TUE drugs.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: UK Anti-Doping (UKAD), an independent body which is responsible for planning and implementing anti-doping programs in UK sport, began a 14-month investigation in 2016 into the contents of a Jiffy bag which was delivered to Team Sky at the 2011 Critérium du Dauphiné for Wiggin's use. In November 2017, it found that there was insufficient evidence to conclude that the jiffy bag had contained a banned substance. UKAD reached its conclusion because of insufficient and lost medical records within British Cycling and Team Sky.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: The package was collected from British Cycling's office in Manchester by the British Cycling women's manager, Simon Cope, on the request of Shane Sutton – then the technical director for British Cycling. Cope carried the package on a flight to Geneva, after which he drove to meet Richard Freeman, the British Cycling doctor who administered the drug to Wiggins. Cope denied knowing what was in the package.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: UKAD began its investigation in 2016 following a tip-off that the bag delivered to Wiggins contained the banned corticosteroid triamcinolone, which allows riders to lose weight while maintaining power. UKAD's investigation was hindered by Richard Freeman, the British Cycling doctor who administered the drug, being too ill to give evidence to the inquiry. Freeman had also failed to upload medical records as required, and later reported that his laptop had been stolen while on holiday. He had since resigned from British Cycling. The head of Ukad, Nicole Sapstead, had testified to Parliament that there were no records of British Cycling purchasing Fluimucil in the UK. She told the MPs that British Cycling had however purchased significant amounts of triamcinolone, a corticosteroid generally banned in sport, which Wiggins is known to have used in other cases under a TUE.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: In December 2016 Sir Dave Brailsford, who ran British Cycling and Team Sky in 2011, informed the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport select committee that the package contained Fluimucil, a brand of legal decongestant, which can be bought at chemists in France without a prescription. Nigel Huddleston MP said it was "extraordinary" that a select committee was required for this simple fact to emerge, and he questioned "the transparency, communication and governance of UK cycling".


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: UK Anti-Doping closed its investigation into the package after being unable to find evidence that it contained a banned substance. It released a statement which said that its investigation had been hampered by the lack of availability of detailed medical records. Parts of the investigation remain open, as Ukad has not yet been able to establish why products containing testosterone were delivered to the national cycling centre.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Damian Collins MP, the chairman of the select committee, said that the decision was "not an exoneration of anyone", and that "If Sky and British Cycling had kept proper medical records, this could have been wrapped up a lot sooner. It is unacceptable. A cloud now hangs over one of our greatest Olympians."


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Wiggins has always denied any wrongdoing on his part, and has described the investigation as a "malicious witch-hunt".


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: The Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee made two major findings against Wiggins in a report released in March 2018. The committee believed Team Sky used the drug triamcinolone to "enhance the performances of riders and not just to treat medical need". The committee noted that there is no written evidence to substantiate a claim by Team Sky boss David Brailsford that the "jiffy-bag" contained Fluimucil. The committee stated that Team Sky doctor Richard Freeman, who had originally failed to record Wiggins's use of medical products, could no longer confirm that the contents of the bag were Fluimucil. It also noted that Freeman was "the only reported source of this information."


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: On 5 March 2018, the British House of Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee published their report called "Combatting doping in sport". Their inquiry spanned the work of two committees, and started in August 2015. Among other things, the committee looked into doping in cycling, in response to the Fancy Bear hacking into the database of WADA and their publication of Therapeutic Use Exemption certificates (TUEs) issued to Bradley Wiggins in 2011, 2012 and 2013. They specifically inquired into the medication used at that time by Wiggins and Team Sky. In their conclusions, in paragraph 110, they state as follows:


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: The committee noted in its report that there is no written evidence to substantiate a claim by Team Sky boss David Brailsford that the "jiffy-bag" couriered to Team Sky at the 2011 Critérium du Dauphiné for Wiggins's use contained Fluimucil, a legal decongestant used for clearing mucus. The committee now says that Team Sky doctor Richard Freeman, who had failed to properly record Wiggins's use of medical products, can no longer confirm it was in fact Fluimucil. They also noted that Freeman was "the only reported source of this information."


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: The BBC called the report "A devastating blow to the reputations of some of the biggest names in British sport", and The Irish Times reported that Wiggins's Tour de France win is now in question. The Guardian wrote that: "It is only three months since we were last asking whether the latest crisis would signal the end for Team Sky. Now here we are again, wondering how much longer this organisation can continue when every scintilla of credibility they had as a completely clean team has been decimated by another inquiry."


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Wiggins was married to Catherine ("née" Cockran), whom he met during the 2002 Commonwealth Games, after first meeting as juniors in 1997; they have three children together, Ben, Rebekah and Isabella. Their family lived in Eccleston, Lancashire, close to the Manchester Velodrome, the home of British Cycling and . In May 2020, it was announced that Wiggins and his wife had separated.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Wiggins endured a difficult relationship with his father Gary Wiggins, who made no effort to contact Bradley for 14 years, since leaving the family when Bradley was two years old. Bradley only knew his father had been a professional cyclist. Their first meeting was in 1999, when Bradley was at a training camp in Australia; also meeting his two half-sisters from relationships his father had in Australia before and after the one with his mother. They next met the following year, when Bradley was back in Australia training and had gone out three weeks in advance to stay with Gary. Bradley quickly became disillusioned at his father's alcohol and drug problems, and they never met again. Gary Wiggins died in Aberdeen, New South Wales in 2008, aged 55. Bradley did not attend the funeral.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: He is a well-known mod and owns a collection of classic motor scooters and guitars from the 1960s and 1970s. He is a keen musician and guitarist and in December 2012 he made a surprise appearance at a Paul Weller charity concert, playing guitar on "That's Entertainment"; and together recorded a special for BBC Radio 6 Music discussing their love of music and mod culture, broadcast on Boxing Day. He supports Liverpool Football Club and Wigan Warriors rugby league club, and in 2012 the latter gave him a life membership, which he described as his highlight of the year. Wiggins presented the winner of the European Super League's 2012 Man of Steel Award to the Warriors player Sam Tomkins.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: In July 2012 it was announced that Wiggins would collaborate with the Fred Perry clothing label "to develop an authentic, non-technical range of cycle wear". The clothing range, known as the Bradley Wiggins X Fred Perry Collaboration, was launched in July 2012 under a six-year contract.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: In 2012 Wiggins launched the Bradley Wiggins Foundation to draw people into sport and regular exercise. The foundation backed the professional women's team , which launched for the 2013 season. However, in February 2015 Wiggins announced that the Foundation would be wound down in the run-up to the 2016 Olympics.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: On 10 May 2015, Wiggins was interviewed by Kirsty Young as guest castaway on BBC Radio 4's "Desert Island Discs"; his favourite musical piece was "Sound and Vision" by David Bowie, his book choice was "Slaying the Dragon: How to Turn Your Small Steps to Great Feats" by Michael Johnson and his luxury item was a family photo album.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Wiggins served as guest editor of Radio 4's "The Today Programme" on 29 December 2015: as part of this he interviewed Paul Smith about fashion, Gary Lineker about making the transition from being a sportsman to working in the media, and discussed cycling with Jeremy Corbyn and Steve Hilton.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: In 2019, in "The Times", he revealed himself to be a fan of "Only Fools And Horses" and Chas and Dave, but "not really a reader" nor a lover of art or theatre.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: In August 2019, Wiggins announced his intention to become a social worker after enrolling for a degree at an open university. He said that his upbringing, in Kilburn, London, gave him a "mental toughness" that would be helpful in supporting others. He also said that he doesn't "give a shit" about his cycling career and that he is "detached from it".


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Wiggins speaks fluent French through his participation with French cycling teams and after living in France for a number of years.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: In a period after the 2004 Olympics, Wiggins started to drink heavily as he struggled to cope with his newfound fame. He stopped when his son Ben was born. "We had a baby. So then it was a case of, 'well, I've got to earn some fucking money' and the responsibility takes over," he explained.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: At the 2012 Olympics, Wiggins rang the Olympic Bell to mark the start of the opening ceremony inside the Olympic Stadium.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Wiggins has written a number of books about his career. The first, entitled "In Pursuit of Glory", was published in 2008 and covers his success as a track cyclist up to the Beijing Olympics. It was updated in 2009 to include his 2009 Tour de France fourth place (later updated to third). "On Tour" was published in 2010 and covers that year's Tour de France. Following his success at the 2012 Tour de France he published "The Bradley Wiggins Opus". That same year he also published "My Time" which largely deals with the 2012 Tour de France and Olympics. "My Story" was published in 2013 and is an edited version of "My Time" for younger readers. In 2015 he added "My Hour" which tells of his successful attempt at the Hour record. In 2018 he added a seventh book, "Icons", which details some of the riders who inspired him.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: In March 2014 Wiggins made an appearance as himself in an episode of BBC Radio 4's soap opera "The Archers" as part of the "Sport Relief" charitable appeal. Two years later he appeared in a comedy sketch filmed at the London Olympic Velodrome with Michael Crawford on Sport Relief 2016 where Crawford reprised his "Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em" character Frank Spencer.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: A sculpture dedicated to and inspired by Wiggins was unveiled in 2014 at St Augustine's CE High School, his former school.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: On 5 January 2017 it was announced that Wiggins would be a contestant on the Channel 4 winter sports reality television programme "The Jump". However he was forced to withdraw from the show during the second week when he fractured his leg during training.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: In June 2017 Wiggins revealed that he had taken up rowing on a serious basis after initially using it as a means to keep fit, with fellow Olympic champion James Cracknell as his coach. He stated that he was planning to compete in the British Indoor Rowing Championships in December of the same year with a view to competing at the 2020 Summer Olympics. He competed in the elite 2000m at the Championships, finishing 21st in a time of 6:22.5 after a slow start due to mistakenly believing that the race had false started.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: In 2018 Wiggins launched "The Bradley Wiggins Show", a cycle racing podcast produced in association with Eurosport, for a series of four episodes covering that year's Tour de France. The series received over a million downloads, and the show was renewed for a 20-episode run the following year, featuring discussion of the spring classics, Grand Tours and Road World Championships. He also took up punditry work for the channel in 2019, providing studio-based analysis for the Giro d'Italia before acting as a motorbike-mounted reporter for the Tour de France.


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: In July 2019 Comedy Central announced that they had approved the production of five episodes of "Gods of the Game", a half-hour gameshow to be hosted by Wiggins featuring members of the public competing against elite sportspeople, including Mo Farah, Chris Hoy, Rebecca Adlington, Nicola Adams and Tim Henman, in "comedy versions" of their sports. Wiggins co-presented the programme with Tom Rosenthal. In a review of the show, Stuart Heritage of "The Guardian" wrote that ""Gods of the Game" is shooting for high-concept absurdity, but for the most part it falls short and only manages to be slightly diverting".


title: Bradley Wiggins

text: Wiggins said in an interview with "Men's Health" in 2022 that he had been groomed sexually by a cycling coach when he was 13. He said that he could not tell his stepfather about the abuse, because his stepfather was violent towards him.


title: Chris Lemmon

text: Lemmon was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of actress Cynthia Stone and actor Jack Lemmon. Lemmon attended the Verde Valley School in Sedona, Arizona. With a talent for music, he was encouraged by his father to study piano. Lemmon considered playing piano professionally after having graduated from the California Institute of the Arts, with degrees in classical piano and composition, and in theater.


title: Chris Lemmon

text: He appeared as an actor in numerous stage productions, including the west-coast tour of "Barefoot in the Park", directed by Jerry Paris, the original West coast production of "Shay" by Anne Commire, and A. R. Gurney's "Love Letters" with Stephanie Zimbalist. He portrayed Richard Phillips in two situation comedies, "Duet" (1987) and "Open House" (1989), and also co-starred as Martin "Bru" Brubaker in the television series "Thunder in Paradise", which featured American professional wrestler Hulk Hogan. Lemmon is also a screenwriter and producer. Algonquin Books published Lemmon's tribute to his father, titled "A Twist of Lemmon" (2006), which was re-released in 2008 as a paperback by Applause Theatre and Cinema Books.


title: Chris Lemmon

text: He appeared in three films with his father: "Airport '77" (1977)," That's Life!" (1986), and "Dad" (1989).


title: Chris Lemmon

text: Lemmon was to star in the film "Publicity Stunt", a comedy which he co-wrote, which was to be shot in Connecticut and directed by Joel Zwick. He and Zwick had a terrible falling out, which resulted in a series of lawsuits that spanned nearly a decade. It was finally settled when Zwick agreed to pay $1.7 million for damages and gained property of the highly controversial script. The script has never made it to light.


title: Chris Lemmon

text: Lemmon adapted his tribute to his father, "A Twist of Lemmon" to the stage in 2015. The show, which Lemmon has performed all around the United States, follows the relationship between Lemmon and his father as seen through his father's eyes.


title: Chris Lemmon

text: On December 19, 2018, after an article in "The San Diego Union-Tribune", Lemmon confirmed on Facebook that he'd had a double lung transplant due to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and is recovering well.


title: Chris Lemmon

text: Lemmon has been married to actress Gina Raymond since 1988. The couple reside in Connecticut and have three children.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Initially known in their homeland for their pub rock style, the band later achieved mainstream success playing new-wave and synth-pop music and attained Top 10 singles chart success locally and in both Europe and the U.S. The mainstay of both Flowers and Icehouse has been Iva Davies (singer-songwriter, record producer, guitar, bass, keyboards, oboe) supplying additional musicians as required. The name "Icehouse", adopted in 1981, comes from an old, cold flat Davies lived in and the strange building across the road populated by itinerant people.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Davies and Icehouse extended the use of synthesisers particularly the Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 ("Love in Motion", 1981), Linn drum machine ("Hey Little Girl", 1982) and Fairlight CMI ("Razorback" trailer, 1983) in Australian popular music. Their best known singles on the Australian charts include "Great Southern Land", "Hey Little Girl", "Crazy", "Electric Blue" and "My Obsession"; with Top Three albums being "Icehouse" (1980, as Flowers), "Primitive Man" (1982) and "Man of Colours" (1987).


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Icehouse was inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame on 16 August 2006.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: ARIA described Icehouse as "one of the most successful Australian bands of the eighties and nineties... With an uncompromising approach to music production they created songs that ranged from pure pop escapism to edgy, lavish synthesised pieces..." Icehouse has produced eight top-ten albums and twenty top-forty singles in Australia, multiple top-ten hits in Europe and North America and album sales of over 28-times platinum in Australasia alone.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Flowers were formed in Sydney in 1977 by Iva Davies (vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, oboe), a classically trained musician, and their main creative force; with bass player Keith Welsh. Davies was working as a part-time cleaner at a Lindfield squash court managed by Welsh's mother, they lived nearby and were both interested in forming a band. Additional musicians used by Flowers in 1978 were Michael Hoste on keyboards and Don Brown on drums. The band built up a strong following as a live act around the pub circuit, providing distinctive cover versions of songs by Roxy Music, David Bowie, Lou Reed, T-Rex, Ultravox and Brian Eno. The band performed at Cloudland on 28 July 1979, with The Numbers and British group XTC. By the middle of 1979 John Lloyd (ex-Paul Kelly and the Dots) replaced Don Brown on drums, with Anthony Smith (who was sometimes called Adam Hall), on keyboards, replacing Michael Hoste who remained associated with the band and later rejoined. After signing to the independent Regular Records label, distributed by Festival, Flowers released their debut single in May 1980, "Can't Help Myself" (written by Davies), which hit the Australian Top 10 in June 1980. This was followed by their debut album "Icehouse", which reached No. 4 on the National albums chart and became one of the year's biggest selling albums in Australia. The album, co-produced by Cameron Allan (Mental As Anything's producer) and Davies, made use of synthesisers, including the Minimoog, Solina Strings and Oberheim OB-1. Hoste co-wrote four tracks with Davies and played additional keyboards, with Smith continuing to provide the main keyboards. Further singles "We Can Get Together" and "Walls" from "Icehouse" also hit the Top 20.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Flowers' popularity was recognised when they were awarded the 1980 "TV Week" / "Countdown" Rock Awards 'Johnny O'Keefe New Talent Award' ahead of The Dugites, INXS and Karen Knowles. They were also nominated for 'Best Album' and 'Best Album Cover' for "Icehouse" but lost on both to Cold Chisel's "East", Iva Davies was nominated as 'Best Songwriter' but lost to Cold Chisel's Don Walker. At the award ceremony, Flowers performed "Icehouse" with Davies framed within a cube of white neon tubing. In early 1981, Flowers signed to Chrysalis Records for European, Japanese, UK and U.S. releases; they had to change their name due to legal restrictions and to prevent confusion with a Scottish group The Flowers. Their last performance under the name Flowers was on 27 June 1981 at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney, they chose the name of their album to become known as Icehouse.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: As Icehouse, the band spent the second half of 1981 touring the UK, Canada and the U.S., whilst Chrysalis released most of their Flowers material under the name Icehouse. The single "Icehouse" was released in Europe and created some interest in the UK, partly because of a video directed by Russell Mulcahy, while in the U.S. the song peaked at No. 28 on the "Billboard" Top Tracks chart in 1981. "Icehouse" had been written by Davies when he lived at 18 Tryon Road, Lindfield in an old, cold flat of a two-storey mansion – across the street was a dishevelled house which had its lights on all night peopled by short-term residents. Davies later learned it was a half-way house for psychiatric and drug rehab patients. The first U.S. single "We Can Get Together" peaked at No. 62 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. A single-only release, "Love in Motion", was recorded by Davies using the Sequential Circuits Prophet 5, and became the first new recording credited to Icehouse; it hit the Australian Top 10 in November 1981. Icehouse split up late in 1981, Keith Welsh later becoming manager of Australian bands Do-Ré-Mi and Boom Crash Opera.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: In January 1982 Davies recorded "Primitive Man" essentially as a solo project, it was co-produced with Keith Forsey who had worked with Giorgio Moroder and later worked with Simple Minds. Forsey supplied additional percussion; Davies supplied vocals, guitars, keyboards (Prophet 5), bass and programmed the Linn drum machine. Released on September 20th, 1982 as an Icehouse album, "Primitive Man" reached No. 3 on the National album charts and provided their international breakthrough single, "Hey Little Girl" which peaked at No. 7 in Australia, No. 2 in Switzerland, No. 5 in Germany and top 20 in UK, Sweden and Netherlands. The album was less successful in the U.S where it peaked at number 129 on the "Billboard" 200 and the song "Hey Little Girl" appeared on the "Billboard" Top Tracks chart for one week at number 31. Another single "Great Southern Land" made the Australian Top 5, it was later featured in the 1988 Yahoo Serious film "Young Einstein", and remains their most popular song according to listeners of Triple M in 2007. To promote "Primitive Man" on tour, Davies re-assembled Icehouse with Hoste and Lloyd, and new members: Robert Kretschmer (guitar, backing vocals), Guy Pratt (bass guitar, backing vocals) and Andy Qunta (keyboards, backing vocals). "Fresco" was a five-track EP released in 1983 by this line-up, they supported David Bowie on the European section of his Serious Moonlight tour. "Love in Motion" was released in 1983 by Chrysalis for the UK market, it was the "Primitive Man" album with "Love in Motion" replacing album track "Break These Chains". Back in 1982, Russell Mulcahy had directed two of their video clips: "Hey Little Girl" and "Street Cafe" (released February 1983), after these Mulcahy asked Davies to record the score for his film "Razorback"; it was entirely instrumental, and featured Davies' first recorded use of the Australian designed Fairlight Music Computer. The trailer for the movie was released in 1983, the film itself in April 1984.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Icehouse's third studio album "Sidewalk" was released in 1984 and peaked at No. 8 on the National albums chart with singles "Taking the Town" peaked at No. 29 in May, "Don't Believe Anymore" peaked at No. 31 August and "Dusty Pages" peaked at No. 82 in November. Davies used the Fairlight CMI digital sampling synthesiser exclusively.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Davies was commissioned to compose and record the score for the Sydney Dance Company production of Graeme Murphy's work "Boxes". Davies only used Kretschmer, with percussion being supplied by Masaki Tanazawa. "Boxes" was first performed live at the Sydney Opera House on 7 November 1985. After the "Boxes" project, Icehouse was Davies, Kretschmer, Pratt and Qunta with former Members member Simon Lloyd (sax, trumpet, keyboards) and Steve Jansen (drums, percussion).


title: Icehouse (band)

text: In 1986, their fourth studio album, "Measure for Measure" featured Brian Eno as an additional performer; it provided the Australian singles of "No Promises" No. 19, "Baby, You're So Strange" No. 12, "Mr. Big" No. 14 and "Cross the Border". Further inroads into the U.S. market occurred with "No Promises" peaking at No. 9 on "Billboard" Mainstream Rock chart and "Cross the Border" reaching No. 19. In Canada, "No Promises" reached No.61. On tour for "Measure for Measure", Icehouse were Davies, Kretschmer, Lloyd and Qunta with Glenn Krawczyk on bass (replacing new member Vito Portolesi after nine shows) and Paul Wheeler on drums. On 14 August 1986 their performance at New York City's The Ritz was recorded as "Icehouse: Live at the Ritz", directed by John Jopson and broadcast on U.S. TV on 9 September 1987 and on Australian TV on 15 November 1987; it was released on VHS and NTSC formats. Jopson was subsequently used to direct four music videos for Icehouse. Stephen Morgan replaced Krawczyk on bass during 1987.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Their best-selling album is 1987's "Man of Colours", which contained the Australian hit singles "Crazy" which peaked at No. 4 in July, "Electric Blue", co-written by Davies and John Oates of U.S. band Hall & Oates, peaked at No. 1 in October, "My Obsession" No. 12 in December, "Man of Colours" No. 28 in February 1988 and "Nothing Too Serious" No. 29 in May 1988. It was the first Australian album to have five singles charting in the top 30, it remained at No. 1 on the Australian album charts for eleven weeks and has sold over 700,000 copies. In Canada, "Crazy" reached No. 22, "Electric Blue" reached No. 10, and "My Obsession" reached No. 84. With U.S. chart success for "Crazy", which reached No. 14 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 10 on its Mainstream Rock chart, and "Electric Blue" peaked at No. 7 Hot 100 and No. 10 Mainstream, the band had reached their zenith of popularity, the album "Man of Colours" reached No. 43 on the "Billboard" 200. "Man of Colours" was lauded in Australia during 1988, it won two ARIA Awards, 'Album of the Year' and 'Highest-Selling Album'. The associated song "Electric Blue" won 'Most Performed Australasian Popular Work' at the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) Music Awards in 1989 for its writers, Davies and Oates. The cover artwork, designed by Davies and Kretschmer, depicts a human figure holding three different coloured flowers.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: The only Icehouse releases for 1989 were a single "Touch the Fire" which reached No. 13 in Australia in November and a compilation double album / video collection "Great Southern Land". December 1989 saw the release of "Jimmy Dean" as a single which reached No. 47 on the ARIA singles charts.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Qunta left at about this time with Icehouse recording their next album, "Code Blue" released in October. Singles released from the album were "Big Fun" which peaked at No. 47 on the ARIA singles charts in August, "Miss Divine" at No. 16 in October and "Anything is Possible" at No. 49 in January 1991. For "Code Blue" recording, Icehouse were Davies, Lloyd, Morgan and Wheeler, for touring they added guitarist Paul Gildea and keyboardist Roger Mason (ex-Models). In 1992, EMI released a compilation, "Masterfile" containing a new version of "Love in Motion" also released as a single featuring Davies in a duet with Christina Amphlett of Divinyls.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: "Full Circle", an entire album of remixes was recorded during 1993, it included the track "Shakin' the Cage" which was released on the "Spin One" EP in early 1993 and was followed by their seventh and final studio album, "Big Wheel" in November, which contained the singles "Satellite" in October and "Big Wheel" in March 1994, while the "Full Circle" album itself was not released until December 1994; neither albums nor singles had any Top 40 chart success.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: By 1995, Davies was again involved with the Sydney Dance Company, this time with their production of "Berlin". The musical score was a collection of cover versions of songs by David Bowie, Brian Eno, Simple Minds, The Psychedelic Furs, Frank Sinatra, Lou Reed, Roxy Music, XTC, Talking Heads, The Velvet Underground, PiL, The Cure and Killing Joke, which saw Davies collaborating with pianist Max Lambert in the development of the music. Sessions were released as "The Berlin Tapes" under the name Iva Davies and Icehouse in 1995 on DIVA (Iva Davies own label) / Massive Records for Australian release and Warner Records for international release in 2002. As well as recording the ballet score, Davies and Icehouse performed live at each performance, "Berlin" ran for two seasons. During 1999 Davies, together with Richard Tognetti and Christopher Gordon, composed "The Ghost of Time" as an expansion of "Great Southern Land" into a forty-minute performance for Sydney's part of the worldwide millennial celebrations. On New Year's Eve in 1999, Davies (vocals, guitar), Tognetti (violin), Guy Pratt (bass), Krawczyk (drums) ROM=Pari (Taiko – Japanese drums) and Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed "The Ghost of Time" on the northern forecourt of Sydney Opera House alongside Sydney Harbour and was televised around the world on CNN and other news networks. Davies had released the solo album, "The Ghost of Time" earlier in December 1999.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Davies has been working since 2001 on a proposed Icehouse album to be titled "Bi-polar Poems" with certain tracks available between 2004 and 2008 from the Official Iva Davies – Icehouse website including "Your God Not Mine". As of 2022, the album is still unreleased, and no updates on the album's progress -- if any -- have been issued in over a decade.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: In 2002, The Whitlams covered "Don't Believe Anymore" from "Sidewalk" for their album "Torch The Moon", which enjoyed moderate radio success. During 2002, Davies digitally remastered all of Flowers' / Icehouse's studio albums adding bonus tracks to each—they were released by Warner Music Australia. In 2003 Iva Davies contributed "Ghost of Time" and other music to the film score of the Russell Crowe epic "". In 2004, "Heroes", which was "The Berlin Tapes" repackaged from the Australian and Japanese versions, was released. On 16 August 2006, Icehouse were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame alongside Midnight Oil, Divinyls and Rose Tattoo. Icehouse performed on 21 September 2007 with the line-up: Davies, Paul Gildea (guitars), Steve Morgan (bass), Peter Maslen (drums) and Glen Reither (keyboards, saxophone).


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Icehouse / Flowers featured on Triple M's 2007 Essential Countdown with 14 songs including: "Great Southern Land" at No. 13, "Don't Believe Any More" No. 78, "Street Cafe" No. 187, "Love in Motion" No. 327, "We Can Get Together" No. 428, and "Electric Blue" No. 454.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: From 15 June 2008, Davies was a judge on Seven Network TV series "Battle of the Choirs". Davies commented on the status of Icehouse:


title: Icehouse (band)

text: The grand final show of "Battle of the Choirs", broadcast on 3 August 2008, had Icehouse provide a rare live performance of "Great Southern Land". For the performance, Icehouse were Iva Davies (vocals, guitar), Paul Wheeler (drums, percussion), Paul Gildea (guitar), David Chapman (guitar), Steve Bull (bass guitar); they were supported by the three grand-finalist choirs.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: On 14 March 2009 Icehouse reformed for Sound Relief benefit concert at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Sound Relief is a benefit concert for victims of the Victorian Bushfire Crisis and the Queensland Floods. Appearing with Icehouse at the Sydney concert were, Coldplay, Eskimo Joe, Hoodoo Gurus, Jet, Josh Pyke, Little Birdy, The Presets, Wolfmother, You Am I and additional artists.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: 4 June 2009: Icehouse performed at the Sacred Heart Mission's "Heart of St Kilda Concert". The concert featured some of Australia's finest performers – Kate Ceberano, Joe Camilleri, Dave Hughes, Icehouse, Mark Seymour, Mick Molloy, Tex Perkins, Tim Rogers, Corinne Grant, Ash Grunwald, Greg Fleet, Blue King Brown, Dan Sultan, Scott Wilson, Brian Nankervis, Julia Zemiro, Tom Gleeson, Scared Weird Little Guys, Sean Choolburra and Celia Pacquola. On stage with Iva were Paul Gildea (guitar), Paul Wheeler (drums), Steve Morgan (bass) and Glen Reither (sax/keys).


title: Icehouse (band)

text: On 6 April 2011, Icehouse and Universal Music Australia publicly announced a new partnership for sales and distribution of the band's material. Accompanying this were details of the planned issue of a 30th-anniversary edition of the band's debut album "Icehouse". This release marks the first time any of the band's catalogue has been available for commercial download. The album was released on 20 May 2011 digitally and as a multi-disc set.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: On 7 July 2011, the band issued a press release about the forthcoming release of a new greatest hits compilation, titled "White Heat: 30 Hits". The album was released on 26 August 2011.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: Since 2011 Icehouse have started to play regular live gigs again around Australia. One of the most recent was at 3 December Homebake 2011 concert, performing under the moniker of "Icehouse Plays Flowers", where they played songs from their first two albums (both released singles and unreleased songs) — "Icehouse", "We Can Get Together", "Skin", "Boulevard", "Great Southern Land" and "Sister." Keith Welsh joined them on stage, playing bass-guitar. Black-and-white original PR photos from the early 1980s were flashed as a backdrop behind the band as they played.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: On 12 July 2012, the entire Icehouse studio catalogue was reissued. "Primitive Man" and "Man of Colours" also received a bonus DVD to celebrate their 30th and 25th anniversaries, respectively. The band will be promoting the two anniversary albums with the "Primitive Colours" tour.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: On 4 and 7 December, Icehouse performed two shows at the Esplanade Hotel in Melbourne and the Oxford Art Factory in Sydney, respectively, under the moniker of "DubHouse performing reggae-styled versions of classic Icehouse songs and old reggae favourites". These concerts spawned the release of a live album released in January 2014.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: They also performed a 40th Anniversary concert at the Roche Estate, in the NSW Hunter Valley in March 2017. The full concert is available for free on YouTube, and is highly recommended for any fans to watch.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: On 9 February 2020, Icehouse played the St. Kilda Festival in Melbourne, Flowers had played the 1st festival in 1980, so for the 40th anniversary Icehouse played the majority of the Flowers album plus a few covers that they would have played back then, a recording of the concert was released in October 2020 as "Icehouse Plays Flowers".


title: Icehouse (band)

text: In 2021, a remix of "Hey Little Girl" was released by Australian duo Mark Vick and Danny Muller, with the record credited to The Antipodeans Vs Icehouse.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: In 2022, they performed "Great Southern Land" and "We Can Get Together" on the ICC Men's T20 World Cup in Melbourne Cricket Ground, Australia.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. Icehouse were inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2006.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: "Countdown" was an Australian pop music TV series on national broadcaster ABC-TV from 1974–1987, it presented music awards from 1979–1987, initially in conjunction with magazine "TV Week". The TV Week / Countdown Awards were a combination of popular-voted and peer-voted awards.


title: Icehouse (band)

text: The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Icehouse won one award in that time.


title: Eurobeat

text: Eurobeat refers to two styles of dance music that originated in Europe: one is a British variant of Italian Eurodisco-influenced dance-pop, and the other is a hi-NRG-driven form of Italo disco. Both forms were developed in the 1980s.


title: Eurobeat

text: Producer trio Stock Aitken Waterman and pop band Dead or Alive made Eurobeat music more popular in the United States, where Eurobeat was historically marketed as hi-NRG (pronounced as "high energy"). For a short while, it also shared this term with early freestyle music and Italo disco.


title: Eurobeat

text: In the late 1970s, Eurodisco musicians such as Silver Convention and Donna Summer were popular in America.


title: Eurobeat

text: In the 1980s, a highly polished production with "musical simplicity" at its core — from Bubblegum Pop-like lyrics, catchy (in some cases Italian, in other Eurodisco-like) melodies, to "elementary" song structures — an average British Eurobeat song took very little time to complete. Bananarama's "Venus" and Mel & Kim's "Showing Out (Get Fresh at the Weekend)" were said to be completed in a day, according to Pete Waterman of Stock Aitken Waterman.


title: Eurobeat

text: Eurobeat lyrics and melody are very simple. Italo disco, sometimes fast and happy music like EDM, with a sequenced octave bassline. Many feature guitars as a beginning section, followed by a thunderous, highly technical synthesizer riff which is then repeated after the chorus. Songs usually repeat the verse, bridge, and chorus multiple times during the song. The beginning is typically like an instrumental rendition of the verse, bridge, and chorus, while the riff is a lot like an instrumental version of the chorus.


title: Eurobeat

text: British record producer Ian Levine's Eastbound Expressway, released the single "You're a Beat" in recognition of the slower tempo of hi-NRG music emerging from Europe. Many European acts managed to break through under this new recognition, namely the likes of Modern Talking, Bad Boys Blue, Taffy, and Spagna. The term "Eurobeat" was subsequently used commercially to describe the Stock Aitken Waterman–produced hits by Dead or Alive, Bananarama, Jason Donovan, Sonia, and Kylie Minogue which were heavily based on the British experience with Italo disco. During 1986–1988, it was used for specific Italian 1980s Eurodisco imports, such as Sabrina Salerno, Spagna, and Baltimora but was also used in the United States as a catch-all term for UK-based dance and electropop groups of the time such as Pet Shop Boys, purported to have a "European beat", hence Eurobeat. By 1989, with the advent of Eurodance and Euro house, the term was dropped in the UK.


title: Eurobeat

text: The trio of British record producers, songwriters, and former DJs Mike Stock, Matt Aitken, and Pete Waterman were involved in the British underground club culture, encountering the Black American soul music-focused scene called Northern Soul, Italian pop-Eurodisco, and sped-up Motown Sound-inspired tracks. As underground record producers, they sought to recapture the "nostalgia" of Motown Sound with a hint of campy playfulness where the simplicity of musical structures, like in Italian disco, was preferred. This musical formula was proven to be successful enough to be capitalized on as they had a string of top 10 UK hits in the 1980s to the point of their version of Eurobeat becoming synonymous with British pop music as a whole.


title: Eurobeat

text: Pete Burns of Dead or Alive regularly fought the production team over "[having to adhere] to their production methods and concepts" which SAW were "quite firm about". Burns went on making a next album, produced by Burns and Dead or Alive drummer Steve Coy, without them, called "Nude". Epic (licensed by Sony Europe) was reluctant about releasing the album but it turned out to be so successful in Japan that it was awarded the Japan Record Award Grand Prix for Best International Album of 1989 in the 'Pop' or 'Popular' Category.


title: Eurobeat

text: Meanwhile, in Japan in 1985, the term "Eurobeat" was applied to all continental-European dance music imports. These were mainly Italian and German-produced Italo disco releases. That sound became the soundtrack of the Para Para nightclub culture, which has existed since the early 1980s. Japan experienced Italo disco through the success of the German group Arabesque, which broke up in 1984. This did not prevent the release of two Italo disco-sounding singles in 1985 and 1986, produced and mixed by Michael Cretu (of Enigma). The later solo success of Arabesque's lead singer Sandra further introduced this sound to Japan. This attracted the attention of many Italo disco producers (mostly Italians and Germans), though by the late 1980s the Germans had faded out of Italo disco and focused on more popular scenes, mainly trance. In Japan, this music is called "Eurobeat", "Super Eurobeat", and "Eurobeat Flash".


title: Eurobeat

text: In the early 1990s, Eurobeat's popularity was gradually decreasing in Japan. Two Japanese men, namely Masato "Max" Matsuura the owner and a managing director of Avex a small import record shop at the time, decided to release a compilation CD. They went to Italy and met Giancarlo Pasquini (later known as Dave Rodgers), then a member of the Italo disco band Aleph. Together they released the first "Super Eurobeat", a compilation CD which saw instant success and re-ignited Eurobeat's popularity in Japan. Avex also collaborated with foundational Eurobeat labels A-Beat C, Time, and Delta long after Eurobeat's mainstream popularity peak.


title: Eurobeat

text: Eurobeat's sound (in the Japanese market) is its main link to its Italo disco origins, where it was just one of many different experiments in pure electronic dance. There are certain synth instruments that recur across the entire genre: a sequenced octave bass, the energetic (sometimes wild) and heavy use of synths, distinctive brass and harp sounds, and tight, predictable percussion in the background.


title: Eurobeat

text: The anime series "Initial D", based on the manga by Shuichi Shigeno, uses Eurobeat music regularly in its episodes during racing scenes between the characters, and because of this it has come to the attention of some anime fans outside Japan. The series, as well as the video games, use a large playlist of Eurobeat songs (for example, the trio of "Deja Vu" by Dave Rodgers, "Running in the 90s" by Max Coveri, and "Gas Gas Gas" by Manuel Caramori). (Many of these songs also became memes.) There are also many Eurobeat songs based on the series itself, including: "Takumi" by Neo, "Speed Car" by D-Team, "Initial D Hell" by Dave Rodgers and "DDD Initial D (My Car is Fantasy)" by Mega NRG Man. Another anime called "Dear Boys", which focuses on basketball, also features Eurobeat during basketball game sequences.


title: Eurobeat

text: In 1998, Bemani, a branch of the video game company Konami made a hit video dance machine, "Dance Dance Revolution". The game acquired Eurobeat songs from the "Dancemania" compilation series published by Toshiba EMI. Though there was not much Eurobeat from 2006's SuperNOVA on, the series still features some tracks as of 2021. Other music games in Konami's lineup feature a large number of Eurobeat tracks, including "Beatmania", "Beatmania IIDX", "jubeat", and many more. The popularity of the genre also led Konami to create a Para Para game, "ParaParaParadise", though it was less successful than their other series.


title: Eurobeat

text: One of the dance moves Eurobeat spawned was , a type of Eurobeat music-inspired Japanese youth social dance performed in unison.


title: Tetration

text: In mathematics, tetration (or hyper-4) is an operation based on iterated, or repeated, exponentiation. There is no standard notation for tetration, though formula_1 and the left-exponent "b" are common.


title: Tetration

text: Under the definition as repeated exponentiation, formula_2 means formula_3, where ' copies of ' are iterated via exponentiation, right-to-left, i.e. the application of exponentiation formula_4 times. ' is called the "height" of the function, while ' is called the "base," analogous to exponentiation. It would be read as "the th tetration of ".


title: Tetration

text: It is the next hyperoperation after exponentiation, but before pentation. The word was coined by Reuben Louis Goodstein from tetra- (four) and iteration.


title: Tetration

text: The two inverses of tetration are called super-root and super-logarithm, analogous to the nth root and the logarithmic functions. None of the three functions are elementary.


title: Tetration

text: The first four hyperoperations are shown here, with tetration being considered the fourth in the series. The unary operation succession, defined as formula_6, is considered to be the zeroth operation.


title: Tetration

text: Succession, , is the most basic operation; while addition () is a primary operation, for addition of natural numbers it can be thought of as a chained succession of successors of ; multiplication ) is also a primary operation, though for natural numbers it can analogously be thought of as a chained addition involving numbers of . Exponentiation can be thought of as a chained multiplication involving numbers of and tetration (formula_11) as a chained power involving numbers . Each of the operations above are defined by iterating the previous one; however, unlike the operations before it, tetration is not an elementary function.


title: Tetration

text: The parameter is referred to as the base, while the parameter may be referred to as the height. In the original definition of tetration, the height parameter must be a natural number; for instance, it would be illogical to say "three raised to itself negative five times" or "four raised to itself one half of a time." However, just as addition, multiplication, and exponentiation can be defined in ways that allow for extensions to real and complex numbers, several attempts have been made to generalize tetration to negative numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers. One such way for doing so is using a recursive definition for tetration; for any positive real formula_12 and non-negative integer formula_13, we can define formula_14 recursively as:


title: Tetration

text: The recursive definition is equivalent to repeated exponentiation for natural heights; however, this definition allows for extensions to the other heights such as formula_16, formula_17, and formula_18 as well – many of these extensions are areas of active research.


title: Tetration

text: There are many terms for tetration, each of which has some logic behind it, but some have not become commonly used for one reason or another. Here is a comparison of each term with its rationale and counter-rationale.


title: Tetration

text: Owing in part to some shared terminology and similar notational symbolism, tetration is often confused with closely related functions and expressions. Here are a few related terms:


title: Tetration

text: In the first two expressions is the "base", and the number of times appears is the "height" (add one for ). In the third expression, is the "height", but each of the bases is different.


title: Tetration

text: Care must be taken when referring to iterated exponentials, as it is common to call expressions of this form iterated exponentiation, which is ambiguous, as this can either mean iterated powers or iterated exponentials.


title: Tetration

text: There are many different notation styles that can be used to express tetration. Some notations can also be used to describe other hyperoperations, while some are limited to tetration and have no immediate extension.


title: Tetration

text: Because of the extremely fast growth of tetration, most values in the following table are too large to write in scientific notation. In these cases, iterated exponential notation is used to express them in base 10. The values containing a decimal point are approximate.


title: Tetration

text: Remark: If "x" does not differ from 10 by orders of magnitude, then for all formula_21. For example, formula_22 in the above table, and the difference is even smaller for the following rows.


title: Tetration

text: Tetration has several properties that are similar to exponentiation, as well as properties that are specific to the operation and are lost or gained from exponentiation. Because exponentiation does not commute, the product and power rules do not have an analogue with tetration; the statements formula_23 and formula_24 are not true for most cases.


title: Tetration

text: However, tetration does follow a different property, in which formula_25. This fact is most clearly shown using the recursive definition. From this property, a proof follows that formula_26, which allows for switching "b" and "c" in certain equations. The proof goes as follows:


title: Tetration

text: This order is important because exponentiation is not associative, and evaluating the expression in the opposite order will lead to a different answer:


title: Tetration

text: Evaluating the expression the left to right is considered less interesting; evaluating left to right, any expression formula_11 can be simplified to be formula_30. Because of this, the towers must be evaluated from right to left (or top to bottom). Computer programmers refer to this choice as right-associative.


title: Tetration

text: Tetration can be extended in two different ways; in the equation formula_31, both the base and the height can be generalized using the definition and properties of tetration. Although the base and the height can be extended beyond the non-negative integers to different domains, including formula_32, complex functions such as formula_33, and heights of infinite , the more limited properties of tetration reduce the ability to extend tetration.


title: Tetration

text: The exponential formula_34 is not consistently defined. Thus, the tetrations formula_35 are not clearly defined by the formula given earlier. However, formula_36 is well defined, and exists:


title: Tetration

text: Since complex numbers can be raised to powers, tetration can be applied to "bases" of the form (where and are real). For example, in with , tetration is achieved by using the principal branch of the natural logarithm; using Euler's formula we get the relation:


title: Tetration

text: Solving the inverse relation, as in the previous section, yields the expected and , with negative values of giving infinite results on the imaginary axis. Plotted in the complex plane, the entire sequence spirals to the limit , which could be interpreted as the value where is infinite.


title: Tetration

text: Such tetration sequences have been studied since the time of Euler, but are poorly understood due to their chaotic behavior. Most published research historically has focused on the convergence of the infinitely iterated exponential function. Current research has greatly benefited by the advent of powerful computers with fractal and symbolic mathematics software. Much of what is known about tetration comes from general knowledge of complex dynamics and specific research of the exponential map.


title: Tetration

text: Tetration can be extended to infinite heights; i.e., for certain and values in formula_44, there exists a well defined result for an infinite . This is because for bases within a certain interval, tetration converges to a finite value as the height tends to infinity. For example, formula_45 converges to 2, and can therefore be said to be equal to 2. The trend towards 2 can be seen by evaluating a small finite tower:


title: Tetration

text: In general, the infinitely iterated exponential formula_47, defined as the limit of formula_48 as goes to infinity, converges for , roughly the interval from 0.066 to 1.44, a result shown by Leonhard Euler. The limit, should it exist, is a positive real solution of the equation . Thus, . The limit defining the infinite exponential of does not exist when because the maximum of is . The limit also fails to exist when .


title: Tetration

text: As the limit (if existent on the positive real line, i.e. for ) must satisfy we see that is (the lower branch of) the inverse function of .


title: Tetration

text: Smaller negative values cannot be well defined in this way. Substituting −2 for in the same equation gives


title: Tetration

text: At this time there is no commonly accepted solution to the general problem of extending tetration to the real or complex values of . There have, however, been multiple approaches towards the issue, and different approaches are outlined below.


title: Tetration

text: In general, the problem is finding — for any real — a "super-exponential function" formula_59 over real that satisfies


title: Tetration

text: To find a more natural extension, one or more extra requirements are usually required. This is usually some collection of the following:


title: Tetration

text: The fourth requirement differs from author to author, and between approaches. There are two main approaches to extending tetration to real heights; one is based on the "regularity" requirement, and one is based on the "differentiability" requirement. These two approaches seem to be so different that they may not be reconciled, as they produce results inconsistent with each other.


title: Tetration

text: When formula_68 is defined for an interval of length one, the whole function easily follows for all .


title: Tetration

text: A linear approximation (solution to the continuity requirement, approximation to the differentiability requirement) is given by:


title: Tetration

text: and so on. However, it is only piecewise differentiable; at integer values of the derivative is multiplied by formula_70. It is continuously differentiable for formula_71 if and only if formula_72. For example, using these methods formula_73 and formula_74


title: Tetration

text: A main theorem in Hooshmand's paper states: Let formula_75. If formula_76 is continuous and satisfies the conditions:


title: Tetration

text: where formula_83 denotes the fractional part of and formula_84 is the formula_85-iterated function of the function formula_86.


title: Tetration

text: The proof is that the second through fourth conditions trivially imply that is a linear function on .


title: Tetration

text: The linear approximation to natural tetration function formula_87 is continuously differentiable, but its second derivative does not exist at integer values of its argument. Hooshmand derived another uniqueness theorem for it which states:


title: Tetration

text: then formula_92. [Here formula_92 is Hooshmand's name for the linear approximation to the natural tetration function.]


title: Tetration

text: The proof is much the same as before; the recursion equation ensures that formula_94 and then the convexity condition implies that formula_78 is linear on .


title: Tetration

text: Therefore, the linear approximation to natural tetration is the only solution of the equation formula_96 and formula_97 which is convex on . All other sufficiently-differentiable solutions must have an inflection point on the interval .


title: Tetration

text: Beyond linear approximations, a quadratic approximation (to the differentiability requirement) is given by:


title: Tetration

text: which is differentiable for all formula_65, but not twice differentiable. For example, formula_100 If formula_72 this is the same as the linear approximation.


title: Tetration

text: Because of the way it is calculated, this function does not "cancel out", contrary to exponents, where formula_102. Namely,


title: Tetration

text: Just as there is a quadratic approximation, cubic approximations and methods for generalizing to approximations of degree also exist, although they are much more unwieldy.


title: Tetration

text: It has now been proven that there exists a unique function which is a solution of the equation and satisfies the additional conditions that and approaches the fixed points of the logarithm (roughly ) as approaches and that is holomorphic in the whole complex -plane, except the part of the real axis at . This proof confirms a previous conjecture. The construction of such a function was originally demonstrated by Kneser in 1950. The complex map of this function is shown in the figure at right. The proof also works for other bases besides "e", as long as the base is bigger than formula_104. Subsequent work extended the construction to all complex bases. The complex double precision approximation of this function is available online.


title: Tetration

text: The requirement of the tetration being holomorphic is important for its uniqueness. Many functions can be constructed as


title: Tetration

text: where and are real sequences which decay fast enough to provide the convergence of the series, at least at moderate values of .


title: Tetration

text: The function satisfies the tetration equations , , and if and approach 0 fast enough it will be analytic on a neighborhood of the positive real axis. However, if some elements of or are not zero, then function has multitudes of additional singularities and cutlines in the complex plane, due to the exponential growth of sin and cos along the imaginary axis; the smaller the coefficients and are, the further away these singularities are from the real axis.


title: Tetration

text: The extension of tetration into the complex plane is thus essential for the uniqueness; the real-analytic tetration is not unique.


title: Tetration

text: Tetration (restricted to formula_106) is not an elementary recursive function. One can prove by induction that for every elementary recursive function , there is a constant such that


title: Tetration

text: We denote the right hand side by formula_108. Suppose on the contrary that tetration is elementary recursive. formula_109 is also elementary recursive. By the above inequality, there is a constant such that formula_110. By letting formula_111, we have that formula_112, a contradiction.


title: Tetration

text: Exponentiation has two inverse operations; roots and logarithms. Analogously, the inverses of tetration are often called the super-root, and the "super-logarithm" (In fact, all hyperoperations greater than or equal to 3 have analogous inverses); e.g., in the function formula_113, the two inverses are the cube super-root of and the super logarithm base  of .


title: Tetration

text: The super-root is the inverse operation of tetration with respect to the base: if formula_114, then is an th super root of (formula_115 or formula_116).


title: Tetration

text: The "2nd-order super-root", "square super-root", or "super square root" has two equivalent notations, formula_118 and formula_119. It is the inverse of formula_120 and can be represented with the Lambert W function:


title: Tetration

text: The function also illustrates the reflective nature of the root and logarithm functions as the equation below only holds true when formula_122:


title: Tetration

text: Like square roots, the square super-root of may not have a single solution. Unlike square roots, determining the number of square super-roots of may be difficult. In general, if formula_124, then has two positive square super-roots between 0 and 1; and if formula_125, then has one positive square super-root greater than 1. If is positive and less than formula_126 it does not have any real square super-roots, but the formula given above yields countably infinitely many complex ones for any finite not equal to 1. The function has been used to determine the size of data clusters.


title: Tetration

text: For each integer , the function is defined and increasing for , and , so that the th super-root of , formula_115, exists for .


title: Tetration

text: One of the simpler and faster formulas for a third-degree super-root is the recursive formula, if: , and next , for example .


title: Tetration

text: However, if the linear approximation above is used, then formula_129 if , so formula_130 cannot exist.


title: Tetration

text: In the same way as the square super-root, terminology for other super roots can be based on the normal roots: "cube super-roots" can be expressed as formula_131; the "4th super-root" can be expressed as formula_132; and the "th super-root" is formula_115. Note that formula_115 may not be uniquely defined, because there may be more than one root. For example, has a single (real) super-root if is "odd", and up to two if is "even".


title: Tetration

text: Just as with the extension of tetration to infinite heights, the super-root can be extended to , being well-defined if . Note that formula_135 and thus that formula_136. Therefore, when it is well defined, formula_137 and, unlike normal tetration, is an elementary function. For example, formula_138.


title: Tetration

text: It follows from the Gelfond–Schneider theorem that super-root formula_139 for any positive integer is either integer or transcendental, and formula_140 is either integer or irrational. It is still an open question whether irrational super-roots are transcendental in the latter case.


title: Tetration

text: Once a continuous increasing (in ) definition of tetration, , is selected, the corresponding super-logarithm formula_141 or formula_142 is defined for all real numbers , and .


title: Tetration

text: Other than the problems with the extensions of tetration, there are several open questions concerning tetration, particularly when concerning the relations between number systems such as integers and irrational numbers:


title: Catfish (film)

text: Catfish is a 2010 film directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman. It involves a young man, Nev, being filmed by his brother and friend, co-directors Ariel and Henry, as he builds a romantic relationship with a young woman on the social networking website Facebook. The film was a critical and commercial success. It led to an MTV reality TV series, "". The film is credited with coining the term catfishing: a type of deceptive activity involving a person creating a fake social networking presence for nefarious purposes.


title: Catfish (film)

text: Young photographer Nev Schulman lives with his brother Ariel in New York City. Abby Pierce, an 8-year-old child prodigy artist in rural Ishpeming, Michigan, sends Nev a painting of one of his photos. They become Facebook friends, which broadens to include Abby's family, including her mother Angela (Wesselman); Angela's husband Vince; and Abby's attractive older half-sister Megan, who lives in Gladstone, Michigan.


title: Catfish (film)

text: For a documentary, Ariel and Henry Joost film Nev as he begins an online relationship with Megan. She sends him MP3s of song covers she performs for him, but Nev discovers that they are all taken from performances on YouTube. He later finds evidence that Angela and Abby have lied about other details of Abby's art career. Ariel urges Nev to continue the relationship for the documentary, although Nev seems reluctant to continue. The trio decide to travel to Michigan in order to make an impromptu appearance at the Pierces' house and confront Megan directly. As they arrive at the house, Angela takes some time to answer the door, but is welcoming and seems happy to finally meet Nev in person. She also tells him that she has recently begun chemotherapy for uterine cancer. After leaving multiple messages while trying to call Megan, Angela drives Nev and Ariel to see Abby herself. While talking with Abby and her friend alone, Nev learns that Abby never sees her sister and rarely paints.


title: Catfish (film)

text: The next morning, Nev wakes up to a text message from Megan saying that she has had a long-standing alcohol problem and has decided to check into rehab and cannot meet him, which is confirmed by one of Megan's Facebook friends, but Nev realizes that this is likely another lie from Angela. After meeting with the family back at their house, Angela admits that the pictures of Megan were of a family friend, that her daughter Megan really is in rehab downstate and that Angela had really painted each of the paintings that she had sent to Nev. Nev thus realizes that, while believing he was talking to Megan, it was really Angela posing as her with an alternate Facebook account and mobile phone. As he sits for a drawing, Angela confesses that the various Facebook profiles were all maintained by her, but that through her friendship with Nev, she had reconnected with the world of painting, which had been her passion before she sacrificed her career to marry Vince—who has two severely mentally disabled children who require constant care. Through a conversation with Vince himself, the siblings learn that Angela had told him (falsely) that Nev was paying for her paintings, and that he had encouraged her to seize the opportunity to have him as a patron.


title: Catfish (film)

text: Vince, talking with Nev, tells the story about how live cod were shipped along with catfish in the same tanks to keep the cod active, and thus ensure the quality of the fish. He further explains this as a metaphor on how there are people in everyone's lives who keep them alert, active, and always thinking. It is implied that he believes Angela to be such a person.


title: Catfish (film)

text: Some time after, Nev receives a package labeled as being from Angela herself; it is the completed drawing that she labored over during their meeting, although Nev seems ambivalent in his feelings about it.


title: Catfish (film)

text: On-screen text then informs the viewer that Angela did not have cancer, there was no Megan at the downstate rehab facility, and she doesn't know the girl in the pictures. Over the course of their nine-month correspondence, Angela and Nev exchanged more than 1,500 messages. It was revealed later that the girl in the pictures was Aimee Gonzales, a professional model and photographer, who lives in Vancouver, Washington, with her husband and two children. In October 2008, two months after the events, Ronald, one of Vince's twin sons, has died. Angela deactivated her 15 other profiles and changed her Facebook profile to a picture of herself, and now has a website to promote herself as an artist. Nev is still on Facebook and has more than 732 friends, including Angela.


title: Catfish (film)

text: In the film, Vince, the husband of the "catfish", relays a story of how, when live cod were shipped to Asia from North America, the fish's inactivity in their tanks resulted in only mushy flesh reaching the destination. However, fishermen found that putting catfish in the tanks with the cod kept them active, and thus ensured the quality of the fish. The story originates from Pastor Chuck Swindoll.


title: Catfish (film)

text: Vince then states that his wife Angela acts as a catfish, keeping the lives of those around her interesting. The title of the film is based on this dialogue, and it is where the term "to catfish" comes from.


title: Catfish (film)

text: To portray Megan and her family, Angela used pictures that Gonzales had posted on Facebook. The documentary's filmmakers compensated Gonzales for her involuntary appearance in "Catfish", and she participated in publicity for the film.


title: Catfish (film)

text: Following the film's premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, a Q&A session was abruptly ended, when an audience member suggested that "Catfish" may actually be a "faux-documentary". Ariel Schulman dismissed this opinion with the reply, "Oh, so you're saying that my brother is the best actor in the world? Let's hear it for my brother! The next Marlon Brando, ladies and gentlemen! Thank you very much! Oh, and we're the best writers in Hollywood? Thank you everyone!" After the screening, documentary-filmmaker Morgan Spurlock approached the film's producers and called "Catfish" "the best fake documentary" he had ever seen.


title: Catfish (film)

text: The veracity of Angela Wesselman-Pierce's life, as presented in the film, is not in question and has been confirmed by independent news sources. A month after the film's theatrical release, Wesselman-Pierce was interviewed on ABC's 20/20,<ref name="20/20"></ref> and the "Los Angeles Times" ran a profile on her. A year later, "The Mining Journal" revisited her story in a two-part profile, highlighting Wesselman-Pierce's involvement with the "North of the 45th Parallel 2011" exhibition at the DeVos Art Museum on the campus of Northern Michigan University.


title: Catfish (film)

text: Some journalists and film critics have cast doubt on the filmmakers' motivations. Kyle Buchanan of "Movieline" questions why the filmmakers would begin obsessively documenting Nev's online relationship so early on, and argues that it is highly improbable that media-savvy professionals like the Schulmans and Joost would not use the Internet to research Megan and her family before meeting them. Buchanan and others have suggested that the filmmakers likely discovered the fabrications in Wesselman-Pierce's story earlier than is presented in the film and pretended to be fooled only so that they could exploit her story for the documentary.


title: Catfish (film)

text: The film had a limited release on September 17, 2010. The Rogue Pictures unit of Relativity Media acquired "Catfish" in a bidding war with Paramount Pictures, after Brett Ratner endorsed the film. "Catfish" was released on Blu-ray and DVD on January 4, 2011.


title: Catfish (film)

text: The Schulmans teamed up with MTV to produce a reality television series similar to the idea of the documentary but which focuses on the lives of others who have been entangled in an online relationship with another person. It premiered on November 12, 2012.


title: Catfish (film)

text: The film was well received by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 80% based on 154 reviews. The site's consensus being ""Catfish" may tread the line between real-life drama and crass exploitation a little too unsteadily for some viewers' tastes, but its timely premise and tightly wound mystery make for a gripping documentary". On Metacritic the film has a score of 65% based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Catfish (film)

text: "Time" magazine did a full-page article, written by Mary Pols in a September 2010 issue, saying "as you watch "Catfish", squirming in anticipation of the trouble that must lie ahead―why else would "this" be a movie? ―you're likely to think this is the real face of social networking."


title: Catfish (film)

text: At the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, Alison Willmore of IFC described it as a "sad, unusual love story." John DeFore of "The Hollywood Reporter" called "Catfish" "jaw-dropping" and "crowd-pleasing", but said that it "will require clever marketing in order to preserve the surprises at its core." Kyle Buchanan of "Movieline" asked if "easily the most buzzed-about documentary" at Sundance had "a truth problem", and reported that an audience member questioned whether it was a documentary at all. Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" referred to these questions as a "severe cross-examination" and that filmmakers "protested their innocence, and indeed everyone in the film is exactly as the film portrays them."


title: Catfish (film)

text: "Total Film" described the film as: "Funny, unsettling and thoroughly engrossing... the end result is a compulsive, propulsive study of relationships virtual and real".


title: Catfish (film)

text: The film has been the subject of two lawsuits concerning songs used in the film without being attributed to their creators. Relativity Media has concluded that, due to these lawsuits, the film will never be profitable.


title: Morcheeba

text: Morcheeba is an English electronic band formed in the mid-1990s with founding members vocalist Skye Edwards and the brothers Paul and Ross Godfrey. They mix influences from trip hop, rock, folk rock and downtempo, and have produced ten regular studio albums since 1995, two of which reached the UK top ten. Edwards left the band in 2003, after which the brothers used a number of singers before she rejoined in 2009. They recruit additional members for their live performances and have toured internationally. In 2014 Paul Godfrey resigned from the band. Edwards and Ross Godfrey later formed Skye & Ross and released a self-titled album in September 2016. Their latest studio album as Morcheeba, "Blackest Blue", was released in May 2021 and was preceded by singles "Sounds of Blue", "Oh Oh Yeah" and "The Moon". It features collaborations with Brad Barr from The Barr Brothers, and Duke Garwood, whom Edwards described as "a diamond geezer".


title: Morcheeba

text: Originally from the small town of Saltwood, just north of Hythe, Kent, the Godfrey brothers—DJ/producer Paul Godfrey and multi-instrumentalist Ross Godfrey—moved to London when they were in their late teens. Sometime in the mid 1990s, at a party in Greenwich, the brothers met Skye Edwards, who was singing backup in a funk band, and also played guitar; before too long the three began recording songs together, and formed the trio Morcheeba. At first they produced tracks at their home studio, together with engineer Pete Norris.


title: Morcheeba

text: They were eventually signed to China Records by Angus Blair (A&R) and the band released their debut "Trigger Hippie" EP, in October 1995. At the same time, Paul Ablett came on board as manager. The band's debut album, "Who Can You Trust?", was released in April 1996 and fitted into the trip hop genre through a combination of Paul Godfrey's hip hop roots, Ross Godfrey's psychedelic rock influences and Edwards' soul-styled vocals. A second single, "Tape Loop", appeared in July 1996. The band began to play live around Europe and North America, with a live band that included five additional members. At this point, the band had outgrown the home recording set-up and the brothers purchased their own studio. In 1997, they contributed to the David Byrne album "Feelings", participating in the recording and production of the release.


title: Morcheeba

text: With a more professional recording set-up, the brothers began developing their ideas for a second album. Much of the material had already been written, and, with Norris involved again, the band moved towards a more mainstream sound. At the same time, Edwards appeared on the BBC charity single "Perfect Day". The follow-up, 1998's "Big Calm", moved away from trip hop towards a more pop-oriented, song-based sound. This was exemplified by the band's reworking of "Moog Island" (from their debut) into the pop-song "The Music That We Hear". One of the album's singles, "The Sea", became a radio favourite. The album proved to be a big seller and ensured Morcheeba's success as a breakthrough act. In 1998, Morcheeba collaborated with Hubert Laws to record the classic song "Summer Time" for the Red Hot Organization's compilation album "Red Hot + Rhapsody", a tribute to George Gershwin, which raised money for various charities devoted to increasing AIDS awareness and fighting the disease.


title: Morcheeba

text: In 2000, Morcheeba released their third album, "Fragments of Freedom". This repeated the sales success of "Big Calm" but received a less positive critical response. The band's fourth album, "Charango", was released in 2002 and saw a diminished role for Edwards. The singles "Otherwise" and "Way Beyond" followed. The lyrics for "Undress Me Now" were written with Lambchop's Kurt Wagner, while other collaborators on the album were with rappers Pace Won and Slick Rick. In January 2003, the band undertook their first significant tour of the US since 1998. In 2001, the Godfrey brothers contributed three songs to the Jim White album "No Such Place".


title: Morcheeba

text: By the end of 2003, the Godfrey brothers split with Edwards, citing creative and personal differences. Edwards received "a phone call from our manager saying that it was over. It was a relief to think we didn't have to continue". She was under the impression that the band had ceased to operate. A greatest hits compilation, "Parts of the Process", helped to retain interest in the band and featured two new tracks: "What's Your Name" (featuring a rhyming cameo from Big Daddy Kane) and "Can't Stand It". At around the same time, they released the live DVD "Morcheeba: From Brixton to Beijing". A decade later, Ross Godfrey reflected on this period, saying: "We just felt like we couldn't breathe, I'd been in the band and on the road since I was 18, so to have any kind of break from that was just amazing".


title: Morcheeba

text: The two brothers reunited the year after, leaving Paul to explain that "Ross and I realised that Morcheeba was kind of our family company, and that we wanted very much to keep it going, hence the change". In 2005, Morcheeba released their fifth studio (and first post-Edwards) album, "The Antidote". Daisy Martey (formerly of the band Noonday Underground) was recruited to replace Edwards as the album vocalist. However, Martey's period with the band was brief and she was sacked in the middle of the promotional tour, to be replaced by Jody Sternberg. Martey subsequently sued the band for breach of contract and defamation. Sternberg's own tenure with the band was similarly brief, and she only appeared to have been part of the band to fulfil tour dates. According to Ross, the entire episode "was difficult to say the least. It left us in near-ruin".


title: Morcheeba

text: After a break of several years, Morcheeba released their sixth studio album, "Dive Deep", in February 2008. On this album, the Godfrey brothers fell back into their role as producers, selecting five vocalists to perform their songs. The folk-rock singer Judie Tzuke, Norwegian born Thomas Dybdahl and blues singer/guitarist Bradley Burgess appeared as lead vocalists together with the Korean-American rapper Cool Calm Pete and French singer Manda (Amanda Zamolo). Both Manda and Burgess toured with Morcheeba as lead singers on their 2008 tour.


title: Morcheeba

text: As a solo artist, Edwards remained with the same management company as Morcheeba—Chris Morrison the CM of CMO Management represented both artists—which led to a chance meeting in their London offices sometime in 2009. Edwards and the Godfrey brothers met again to discuss her possible involvement in a new project. Initially the singer was hesitant and pointed out that she "really enjoyed doing my solo stuff and writing my own lyrics". Eventually, Edwards rejoined the band and the trio began work on a new album, with Edwards still on tour promoting her solo album, Ross Godfrey living in California and Paul Godfrey in France. On 12 February 2010, "NME" revealed that Edwards was once again back with the band, which was confirmed by Paul Godfrey the day after on the band's Myspace blog. Edwards made her live return with the band at the Caprices Festival, Switzerland on 9 April 2010. Edwards' role in the band changed, as she had "become more confident" in her "ability as a singer and a songwriter", and found that during the recording process they were "more honest with each other", and thus they produced "a more honest record".


title: Morcheeba

text: Morcheeba released their seventh album, "Blood Like Lemonade", on PIAS in June 2010, preceded by the single "Even Though". It was produced by Paul Godfrey, who described the album as "a warm, fuzzy blanket of psychedelia", while Edwards described the lyrics as "having dark themes". She also remarked on how the brothers had made her part of the creative process again. An eighteen-month tour followed that saw the band play around the Americas and Europe.


title: Morcheeba

text: Their eighth album, "Head Up High", was released on 14 October 2013, again on PIAS. In 2014, the band toured Australia, with a line-up consisting of Skye Edwards (vocals), Ross Godfrey (guitars), Steve Gordon (bass), Richard Milner (keyboards), Martin Carling (drums) and James Anthony (decks).


title: Morcheeba

text: In 2014, Paul Godfrey left the band. Ross Godfrey later explained that: "Paul and I had not been getting on musically, or personally for a long time, and after the "Head Up High" album in 2013, Paul told us he was leaving the band, and he wanted Skye and I to buy him out of his share of the name. We disagreed on how much it was worth so no deal was struck. Skye and I thought it best to just release the record we had made under our own names. There will be no more Morcheeba albums". Paul Godfrey has since established a recording studio, Sacrosync Sound, in Hastings and recorded a new album "Cool Your Soul" with Rachel Cuming under the moniker Morcheeba Productions.


title: Morcheeba

text: Ross Godfrey and Skye Edwards announced a new project in 2016 named Skye & Ross. They have toured, and released an eponymous album on 2 September 2016. The band started as an acoustic duo but soon included Edwards' son Jaega (drums), her husband Steve Gordon (bass) and Godfrey's wife Amanda Zamolo (backing vocals). Edwards took responsibility for the lyrics while Ross Godfrey noted that the recording process was "a very organic experience".


title: Morcheeba

text: "Blaze Away", Morcheeba's ninth album, was released on 1 June 2018. The album featured the singles "Never Undo", "Blaze Away" and "It's Summertime". On 14 May 2021, Morcheeba released their tenth album, "Blackest Blue". It features collaborations with Duke Garwood and Brad Barr and was preceded by singles "Sounds of Blue", "Oh Oh Yeah" and "The Moon". "Blackest Blue" did not enter the Official Albums UK Top 100 Chart, but peaked at number 14 on the Official Album Downloads Chart Top 100. Skye and Ross didn’t approach the album with any preconceptions, and instead created an organic journey that represents everything great about Morcheeba. ""Blackest Blue is about finding a way through the darkest of times and emerging the other side changed but intact”".


title: Morcheeba

text: The name "Morcheeba" comes from the initials "MOR" (indicating Middle Of the Road) and "cheeba", a slang term for cannabis.


title: Gabriella Pizzolo

text: Gabriella Grace Pizzolo (born March 10, 2003) is an American actress and singer. She first made her breakthrough on Broadway for her portrayal as Matilda in "Matilda the Musical" (2013) and "Fun Home" (2015). In 2019, she received widespread recognition for her role as Suzie Bingham in "Stranger Things".


title: Gabriella Pizzolo

text: Pizzolo appeared in several regional productions before making her Broadway debut as the title character in "Matilda the Musical". She had auditioned for the original cast of "Matilda" and received several callbacks but was not cast. She auditioned again and was successful, giving her first performance of the role on December 22, 2013. She made several public appearances as Matilda, such as Broadway at Bryant Park and a Ralph Lauren Fashion Show. Her final performance in the role was on September 13, 2014. In March 2015, Pizzolo was cast as the understudy for the roles of Small Alison, Christian and John in the musical "Fun Home". After the departure of Sydney Lucas in October 2015, Pizzolo assumed the role of Small Alison. During her tenure in the role, she performed "Ring of Keys" at several events, including the 20th SAGE Awards and the White House. Pizzolo played the role until the production closed on September 10, 2016.


title: Gabriella Pizzolo

text: In October 2016, Pizzolo performed in the concert version of "Sunday in the Park with George" at New York City Center. From January 2017, she played Opal in the musical "Because of Winn Dixie" at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival. Pizzolo voices Cricket in the 2018 series "Butterbean's Café". She plays Suzie Bingham in season 3 of "Stranger Things" (2019), reprising her role again in the fourth season (2022).


title: Gabriella Pizzolo

text: Pizzolo lives in upstate New York with her parents and younger sister. Her mother, Natalie, is a teacher who homeschooled her when she was in "Matilda". Pizzolo is non-binary, using she/they pronouns, and pansexual.


title: Katharine Houghton

text: Katharine Houghton (born Katharine Houghton Grant; March 10, 1945) is an American actress and playwright. She portrayed Joanna "Joey" Drayton, a white woman who brings home her black fiancé to meet her parents, in the 1967 film "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". Katharine Hepburn, who played the mother of Houghton's character in the film, was Houghton's aunt. She is also known for her role as Kanna, Katara and Sokka’s grandmother in the film "The Last Airbender" (2010).


title: Katharine Houghton

text: Houghton was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the second child of Marion Hepburn and Ellsworth Grant. She attended Kingswood-Oxford School and Sarah Lawrence College, where she majored in philosophy and art. Houghton was named after her maternal grandmother, Connecticut suffragist and reformer Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn.


title: Katharine Houghton

text: Her aunt, Katharine Hepburn, was instrumental in helping Houghton launch her career. The acting torch was later carried by Houghton's niece, actress Schuyler Grant.


title: Katharine Houghton

text: Houghton has played leading roles in over 60 productions on Broadway, off-Broadway and in regional theatres across America. She won the Theatre World Award for her performance in "A Scent of Flowers" off Broadway in 1969.


title: Katharine Houghton

text: Houghton has presented lectures at venues across the country including the 2001 Fall Concert & Lectures Series at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and at The Cosmopolitan Club. She lectured at the Metropolitan Museum of Art again in June 2008, presenting "Saucy Gamine, Reluctant Penitent, and Glorious Victor", a review of her aunt's career in Hollywood as reflected in three of her films.


title: Katharine Houghton

text: Houghton is also a playwright. In addition to writing her own plays, she has completed translations of others' works. Eleven of her plays have been produced.


title: Katharine Houghton

text: Her play "Buddha" was published in "Best Short Plays of 1988." Her musical "Bookends" premiered at the New Jersey Repertory Company in summer of 2007, received rave notices, and garnered the theater the highest box office sales in their 11-year history. Since then it has twice been part of The York Theatre's Developmental Reading Series and is being redeveloped.


title: Katharine Houghton

text: In 1975, Houghton wrote a children's story, "The Wizard's Daughter", which is collected in the book "Two Beastly Tales", illustrated by Joan Patchen. The second story in the book is written by JB Grant, Houghton's elder brother.


title: Chicken sandwich

text: A chicken sandwich is a sandwich that typically consists of boneless, skinless chicken breast or thigh served between slices of bread, on a bun, or on a roll. Variations on the "chicken sandwich" include the chicken burger, chicken on a bun, chickwich, hot chicken, or chicken salad sandwich.


title: Chicken sandwich

text: In American English, a "sandwich" is any two pieces of bread with filling, including rolls and buns; in British English (and also some other national English varieties, such as those of Canada, Australia and New Zealand), the word "sandwich" is defined more narrowly, to require the pieces of bread to be sliced from a loaf, and a roll or bun with filling would not generally be called a "sandwich". A bun with a cooked chicken breast as filling would generally be called a "chicken sandwich" in the U.S., but in British English, commonly spoken in Commonwealth countries, such a dish is not considered a "sandwich", and would generally be called a "chicken burger" instead; most Americans would not consider such as dish to count as a "burger", since Americans generally consider a burger to require a patty made from ground/minced meat.


title: Chicken sandwich

text: In the United States, the sandwich usually consists of a chicken filet or patty, toppings and bread. The chicken meat can be deep fried, grilled, roasted or boiled, served hot or cold, and white or dark meat chicken can be used. Shredded chicken in one form or another, such as chicken salad, can also be used in chicken sandwiches. Another form is made with cold cuts. Wrap versions of the sandwich can also be made, in which the ingredients are rolled up inside a flatbread, such as a tortilla. Open-faced versions of the sandwich, which feature hot chicken served with gravy on top of bread, are also common variations.


title: Chicken sandwich

text: Some establishments serving hamburgers also serve chicken sandwiches, giving customers an alternative to beef. Such a sandwich may also be called "chicken on a bun" or "chicken burger" in many countries, and is served on a hamburger bun with similar condiments and toppings as found on hamburgers. While most chicken sandwiches in this context usually use fried or grilled chicken breasts, a chicken burger may also be made of a grilled or fried patty of ground chicken.


title: Chicken sandwich

text: Chick-fil-A claims that it invented the fried chicken sandwich in the 1940s. This claim is unsubstantiated, although the Chick-fil-A southern-style chicken sandwich (served with pickles on a steamed roll), introduced on March 21, 1964, was most likely the first chicken sandwich introduced by a fast food restaurant chain. Other notable vendors of chicken sandwiches include KFC and Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen. Today, most major fast food, fast casual and casual dining chains feature some sort of chicken sandwich, even at restaurants where chicken is not a specialty.


title: Chicken sandwich

text: Chicken salad served between slices of bread is a chicken sandwich variation seen both in North America and elsewhere.


title: Chicken sandwich

text: In Ireland, the popular chicken fillet roll is a baguette filled with a spicy or plain Southern-fried breaded chicken fillet and a mayonnaise and/or butter spread.