title: Stalactite

text: The same water drops that fall from the tip of a stalactite deposit more calcite on the floor below, eventually resulting in a rounded or cone-shaped stalagmite. Unlike stalactites, stalagmites never start out as hollow "soda straws". Given enough time, these formations can meet and fuse to create a speleothem of calcium carbonate known as a pillar, column, or stalagnate.


title: Stalactite

text: Another type of stalactite is formed in lava tubes while molten and fluid lava is still active inside. The mechanism of formation is the deposition of molten dripping material on the ceilings of caves, however with lava stalactites formation happens very quickly in only a matter of hours, days, or weeks, whereas limestone stalactites may take up to thousands of years. A key difference with lava stalactites is that once the lava has ceased flowing, so too will the stalactites cease to grow. This means that if the stalactite were to be broken it would never grow back.


title: Stalactite

text: The generic term "lavacicle" has been applied to lava stalactites and stalagmites indiscriminately and evolved from the word icicle.


title: Stalactite

text: Like limestone stalactites, they can leave lava drips onto the floor that turn into lava stalagmites and may eventually fuse with the corresponding stalactite to form a column.


title: Stalactite

text: Shark tooth stalactites The shark tooth stalactite is broad and tapering in appearance. It may begin as a small driblet of lava from a semi-solid ceiling, but then grows by accreting layers as successive flows of lava rise and fall in the lava tube, coating and recoating the stalactite with more material. They can vary from a few millimeters to over a meter in length.


title: Stalactite

text: As lava flows through a tube, material will be splashed up on the ceiling and ooze back down, hardening into a stalactite. This type of formation results in an irregularly-shaped stalactite, looking somewhat like stretched taffy. Often they may be of a different color than the original lava that formed the cave.


title: Stalactite

text: When the roof of a lava tube is cooling, a skin forms that traps semi-molten material inside. Trapped gases expansion forces lava to extrude out through small openings that result in hollow, tubular stalactites analogous to the soda straws formed as depositional speleothems in solution caves. The longest known is almost 2 meters in length. These are common in Hawaiian lava tubes and are often associated with a drip stalagmite that forms below as material is carried through the tubular stalactite and piles up on the floor beneath. Sometimes the tubular form collapses near the distal end, most likely when the pressure of escaping gases decreased and still-molten portions of the stalactites deflated and cooled.


title: Stalactite

text: Often these tubular stalactites acquire a twisted, vermiform appearance as bits of lava crystallize and force the flow in different directions. These tubular lava helictites may also be influenced by air currents through a tube and point downwind.


title: Stalactite

text: A common stalactite found seasonally or year round in many caves is the ice stalactite, commonly referred to as icicles, especially on the surface. Water seepage from the surface will penetrate into a cave and if temperatures are below freezing, the water will form stalactites. They can also be formed by the freezing of water vapor. Similar to lava stalactites, ice stalactites form very quickly within hours or days. Unlike lava stalactites however, they may grow back as long as water and temperatures are suitable.


title: Stalactite

text: Ice stalactites can also form under sea ice when saline water is introduced to ocean water. These specific stalactites are referred to as brinicles.


title: Stalactite

text: Ice stalactites may also form corresponding stalagmites below them and given time may grow together to form an ice column.


title: Stalactite

text: Stalactites can also form on concrete, and on plumbing where there is a slow leak and calcium, magnesium or other ions in the water supply, although they form much more rapidly there than in the natural cave environment. These secondary deposits, such as stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone and others, which are derived from the lime, mortar or other calcareous material in concrete, outside of the "cave" environment, can not be classified as "speleothems" due to the definition of the term. The term "calthemite" is used to encompass the secondary deposits which mimic the shapes and forms of speleothems outside the cave environment.


title: Stalactite

text: The way stalactites form on concrete is due to different chemistry than those that form naturally in limestone caves and is due of the presence of calcium oxide in cement. Concrete is made from aggregate, sand and cement. When water is added to the mix, the calcium oxide in the cement reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)). The chemical formula for this is:


title: Stalactite

text: Over time, any rainwater that penetrates cracks in set (hard) concrete will carry any free calcium hydroxide in solution to the edge of the concrete. Stalactites can form when the solution emerges on the underside of the concrete structure where it is suspended in the air, for example, on a ceiling or a beam. When the solution comes into contact with air on the underside of the concrete structure, another chemical reaction takes place. The solution reacts with carbon dioxide in the air and precipitates calcium carbonate.


title: Stalactite

text: When this solution drops down it leaves behind particles of calcium carbonate and over time these form into a stalactite. They are normally a few centimeters long and with a diameter of approximately . The growth rate of stalactites is significantly influenced by supply continuity of saturated solution and the drip rate. A straw shaped stalactite which has formed under a concrete structure can grow as much as 2 mm per day in length, when the drip rate is approximately 11 minutes between drops. Changes in leachate solution pH can facilitate additional chemical reactions, which may also influence calthemite stalactite growth rates.


title: Stalactite

text: The White Chamber in the Jeita Grotto's upper cavern in Lebanon contains an limestone stalactite which is accessible to visitors and is claimed to be the longest stalactite in the world. Another such claim is made for a limestone stalactite that hangs in the Chamber of Rarities in the Gruta Rei do Mato (Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil). However, cavers have often encountered longer stalactites during their explorations. One of the longest stalactites viewable by the general public is in Pol an Ionain (Doolin Cave), County Clare, Ireland, in a karst region known as The Burren; what makes it more impressive is the fact that the stalactite is held on by a section of calcite less than .


title: Stalactite

text: Stalactites are first mentioned (though not by name) by the Roman natural historian Pliny in a text which also mentions stalagmites and columns and refers to their formation by the dripping of water. The term "stalactite" was coined in the 17th century by the Danish Physician Ole Worm, who coined the word from the Greek word σταλακτός (stalaktos, "dripping") and the Greek suffix -ίτης (-ites, connected with or belonging to).


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: Jenny Jones (born Janina Stronski; June 7, 1946) is a Canadian-American TV talk show host, comedian, singer and drummer. She hosted "The Jenny Jones Show" from 1991 to 2003.


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: Jones was born Janina Stronski in Bethlehem, then in the British Mandate of Palestine. She gave her place of birth on her appearance on "Match Game" in 1981. She moved with her family to Italy, and from there they moved to Canada in 1948. Her parents were Polish immigrants, Zosia "Sophie", a seamstress and dressmaker, and John Stroński, a Polish army officer who was with the British Armed Forces at the time of Jones' birth. Jones grew up in London, Ontario, in a strict Catholic household. Her parents ran a bridal shop in Canada.


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: Jones started her career as a drummer in a rock band, and later attempted a career in stand-up comedy during the 1980s. She experienced some success with comedy, winning the 1986 season of the TV talent show Star Search. Prior to that, her first television appearances were as a contestant on "The Price Is Right" in 1979 (winning $12,955 in cash & prizes, including a sports car and $6,000 cash), "Match Game" in 1981 (as Jenny Wilburn, winning $5,500), and "Press Your Luck" in 1985 (winning $18,706 over 3 days).


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: "The Jenny Jones Show" was an American syndicated daytime tabloid talk show that was hosted by Jones. It was produced by Telepictures and was distributed by Warner Bros. Television. The show ran from September 1991 to September 2003 and was taped in Chicago at WMAQ-TV studios.


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: On an episode called "Same-Sex Secret Crushes" taped on March 6, 1995, a gay man named Scott Amedure confessed his love for an acquaintance, Jonathan Schmitz. While on the show, Schmitz reacted with laughter; three days after the show's taping, he killed Amedure. He was later convicted of second degree murder and received a sentence of 25–50 years in prison.


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: Amedure's family then sued the producers of "The Jenny Jones Show", saying they should have known about Schmitz's history of mental illness. In interviews, Jones said the producers told Schmitz that his admirer could be a man, but Schmitz thought that the admirer was a woman. Jones also said that the show didn't want Schmitz to know the outcome of his secret crush. Amedure's family won the initial ruling, and the show was ordered to pay them $25 million. The verdict was later overturned by the Michigan appellate court.


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: Jones was an honorary chairperson for the Susan G. Komen for the Cure Chicago Race for the Cure, an annual event that raises awareness and money for breast cancer research. Jones also donated a mobile mammography motor coach to John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County. Six silicone-implant operations since 1981 had left her with firm and asymmetrical breasts. Jones later had her breast implants removed, and publicly spoke out against them in a cover story article in People Magazine. Jones then went on to establish The Image Foundation as a resource for women seeking information about implants and support with body image issues.


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: In 1997, Jones' autobiography "Jenny Jones: My Story" was published with 100% of her proceeds going to breast cancer research. In 2006, her cookbook "Look Good, Feel Great" was published and Jones again donated her profits to breast cancer research at City of Hope.


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: Jones established The Jenny Jones Foundation in 2005 as a means to provide assistance to those in need. Primary areas of focus are education, women's health, and improving communities throughout the country. In 2008, Jenny established "Jenny's Heroes," a program where, through The Jenny Jones Foundation, she is giving two million dollars of her own money to individuals wanting to make a difference in their local communities.


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: Jones maintains an official website, JennyJones.com; a cooking website, JennyCanCook.com; and a YouTube cooking channel. Another website, JennysHeroes.com, which she launched in 2008, features stories from anonymous people who positively impacted their communities. Jones has given over $1,000,000 to fifty such people who are looked upon as "heroes" since the website was launched. The website is based upon a segment of the "Jenny Jones" talk show which also featured such people.


title: Jenny Jones (presenter)

text: Jones has been married three times. She married Al Gambino, a musician, in 1970; they divorced in 1972. Jones married Buz Wilburn (a record marketing executive) in 1973; they divorced in 1980. An earlier marriage was annulled. She is in a long-term relationship with Denis McCallion, who works as a film-location manager.


title: Dingbat

text: In typography, a dingbat (sometimes more formally known as a printer's ornament or printer's character) is an ornament, specifically, a glyph used in typesetting, often employed to create box frames, (similar to box-drawing characters) or as a dinkus (section divider). Some of the dingbat symbols have been used as signature marks, used in bookbinding to order sections.


title: Dingbat

text: In the computer industry, a Dingbat font was a computer font that has symbols and shapes that reused the code points designated for alphabetical or numeric characters. This practice was necessitated by the limited number of code points available in 20th century operating systems. Most modern fonts are based on Unicode, which has unique code points for dingbat glyphs.


title: Dingbat

text: Unicode provides code points for many commonly used dingbats, as listed below. Prior to widespread adoption of Unicode in the early 2010s, "Dingbat fonts" were created that allocated dingbat glyphs to codepoints in code positions otherwise allocated to 'normal' character sets.


title: Dingbat

text: The Dingbats block (U+2700–U+27BF) (under the original block name "Zapf Dingbats") was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991, with the release of version 1.0.


title: Dingbat

text: This code block contains decorative character variants, and other marks of emphasis and non-textual symbolism. Most of its characters were taken from Zapf Dingbats. The block name was changed from "Zapf Dingbats" to "Dingbats" in June 1993, with the release of 1.1.


title: Dingbat

text: The Ornamental Dingbats block () was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.


title: Dingbat

text: This code block contains ornamental leaves, punctuation, and ampersands, quilt squares, and checkerboard patterns.


title: Priority Records

text: Priority Records is an American distribution company and record label known for artists including N.W.A, Ice-T, Jay-Z, Snoop Dogg, Big L, Silkk the Shocker and Westside Connection. It also distributed hip hop record labels including Death Row Records, Hoo-Bangin' Records, No Limit Records, Posthuman Records, Rap-A-Lot Records, Rawkus Records, Roc-A-Fella Records, Ruthless Records and Wu-Tang Records. According to "Billboard", "few record labels were as important to the rise of West Coast hip hop as Priority Records."


title: Priority Records

text: The Los Angeles-based company (with no ties or relations to a previous Priority Records label that was a subsidiary of what was then CBS Records) was formed in 1985 by three former K-tel executives: Bryan Turner, Mark Cerami and Steve Drath. Initial funding was provided by R-tek, a company headed by former K-tel board members: Ray and Harold Kives, and their company took an initial 50% ownership in Priority. Priority bought out the R-tek interest in 1987.


title: Priority Records

text: Its first success came with novelty act the California Raisins. To support early operations, Priority Records licensed repertoire from others and released compilation albums using archive recordings while developing its own artist roster. Priority Records achieved success as an independent label by developing a precedent-setting "street-based" formula of underground marketing which bypassed mainstream radio. This approach allowed Priority to sell millions of records without entering into the fiercely competitive major label battles over radio airplay. Priority's strategic marketing team was developed by Vice President Alyssa Pisano, who led Priority's Marketing and Creative Services Department between 1987 and 1996. Priority's roster featured numerous gold, platinum and multi-platinum artists, including N.W.A, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, Master P, Snoop Dogg, Silkk the Shocker, Jay-Z, Paris, Mack 10, 504 Boyz, C-Murder, Mia X, Westside Connection, No Limit and Ice-T.


title: Priority Records

text: In the early 1990s, the label struck up a distribution deal with EMI, while continuing to operate independently. EMI bought a 50% stake in Priority in 1996, and the remainder in 1998. Despite EMI's full ownership, Priority continued to be independently managed company until 2001, when its operations were merged into EMI's major US subsidiary, Capitol Records. Priority was absorbed into Capitol Records in 2004 and ceased operations.


title: Priority Records

text: In late 2006, EMI revived Priority Records, and it was supposed to start releasing new records again but never did except for a couple compilation and greatest hits albums from the likes of N.W.A, Westside Connection, Mack 10, and Ice Cube. In 2009, Snoop Dogg was appointed creative chairman of the label; Priority released Snoop Dogg's tenth studio album, "Malice N Wonderland" on December 8, 2009. In July 2013, Priority was re-launched via a joint venture between Capitol Records and Insurgency Music. Based at the Capitol Records Building in Los Angeles, the new Priority Records will be a producer centric label that focuses on a broader array of music genres, including electronic music as well as urban music.


title: Priority Records

text: In 2015, due to the success of the 2015 American biographical film "Straight Outta Compton" based on former Priority act N.W.A, Priority Records was relaunched one more time as a distributor. This time the focus was on new acts, including G Perico, Snoh Aalegra and Jonn Hart. In 2018 Priority Records partnered with TuneGO. Priority Records signed TuneGO Artist, Three Guests and distributed their album, "3G". Priority also signed Massachusetts rap group Bandits The Label and later went on to distribute DtheFlyest debut project "Dope Boy Diaries" which was executive produced by CruufromtheNorth and featured a hit single with rap superstar Lil Baby titled "Fugazi" (2018).


title: AltaVista

text: AltaVista was a Web search engine established in 1995. It became one of the most-used early search engines, but lost ground to Google and was purchased by Yahoo! in 2003, which retained the brand, but based all AltaVista searches on its own search engine. On July 8, 2013, the service was shut down by Yahoo!, and since then the domain has redirected to Yahoo!'s own search site.


title: AltaVista

text: The word "AltaVista" is formed from the words for "high view" or "upper view" in Spanish (alta + vista); thus, it colloquially translates to "overview".


title: AltaVista

text: AltaVista was created by researchers at Digital Equipment Corporation's Network Systems Laboratory and Western Research Laboratory who were trying to provide services to make finding files on the public network easier. Paul Flaherty came up with the original idea, along with Louis Monier and Michael Burrows, who wrote the Web crawler and indexer, respectively. The name "AltaVista" was chosen in relation to the surroundings of their company at Palo Alto, California. AltaVista publicly launched as an Internet search engine on December 15, 1995.


title: AltaVista

text: Ilene H. Lang was the founding CEO of AltaVista after being recruited by Digital Equipment Corporation to build its software business.


title: AltaVista

text: At launch, the service had two innovations that put it ahead of other search engines available at the time: It used a fast, multi-threaded crawler (Scooter) that could cover many more Web pages than were believed to exist at the time, and it had an efficient back-end search, running on advanced hardware.


title: AltaVista

text: AltaVista was the first searchable, full-text database on the World Wide Web with a simple interface.


title: AltaVista

text: As of 1998, it used 20 multi-processor machines using DEC's 64-bit Alpha processor. Together, the back-end machines had 130 GB of RAM and 500 GB of hard disk drive space, and received 13 million queries every day. Another distinguishing feature of AltaVista was its minimalistic interface, which was lost when it became a Web portal, but regained when it refocused its efforts on its search function. It also allowed the user to limit search results from a domain, reducing the likelihood of multiple results from the same source.


title: AltaVista

text: AltaVista's site was an immediate success. Traffic increased steadily from 300,000 hits on the first day to more than 80 million hits per day two years later. The ability to search the Web, and AltaVista's service in particular, became the subject of numerous articles and even some books. The AltaVista site became one of the top destinations on the Web, and in 1997 it earned US$50 million in sponsorship revenue. It was the 11th most visited Web site in 1998 and in 2000.


title: AltaVista

text: AltaVista was the most favored search engine used by professional researchers at the "Internet Search-Off" study in February 1998, with 45 percent of the researchers choosing it. Second place belonged to HotBot at 20 percent.


title: AltaVista

text: By using the data collected by the crawler, employees from AltaVista, together with others from IBM and Compaq, were the first to analyze the strength of connections within the budding World Wide Web in a seminal study in 2000.


title: AltaVista

text: In 2000, AltaVista was used by 17.7% of Internet users while Google was only used by 7% of Internet users, according to Media Metrix.


title: AltaVista

text: In 1996, AltaVista became the exclusive provider of search results for Yahoo!. In 1998, Digital was sold to Compaq, and in 1999, Compaq redesigned AltaVista as a Web portal, hoping to compete with Yahoo!. Under CEO Rod Schrock, AltaVista abandoned its streamlined search page and focused on adding features such as shopping and free e-mail. In June 1998, Compaq paid AltaVista Technology Incorporated (ATI) $3.3 million for the domain name "altavista.com" – Jack Marshall, cofounder of ATI, had registered the name in 1994.


title: AltaVista

text: In June 1999, Compaq sold a majority stake in AltaVista to CMGI, an Internet investment company. CMGI filed for an initial public offering (IPO) for AltaVista to take place in April 2000, but when the Internet bubble collapsed, the IPO was cancelled. Meanwhile, it became clear that AltaVista's Web portal strategy was unsuccessful, and the search service began losing market share, especially to Google. After a series of layoffs and several management changes, AltaVista gradually shed its portal features and refocused on search. By 2002, AltaVista had improved the quality and freshness of its results and redesigned its user interface.


title: AltaVista

text: In February 2003, AltaVista was bought by Overture Services, Inc. for $140 million. In July 2003, Overture was taken over by Yahoo!. After Yahoo! purchased Overture, AltaVista used the same search index as Yahoo! Search - the same search engine it had provided results to previously.


title: AltaVista

text: In December 2010, a Yahoo! employee leaked PowerPoint slides indicating that the search engine would shut down as part of a consolidation at Yahoo!.


title: AltaVista

text: AltaVista provided Babel Fish, a Web-based machine translation application that translated text or webpages from one of several languages into another. It was later superseded by Yahoo! Babel Fish in May 2008 and now redirects to Bing's translation service.


title: AltaVista

text: AltaVista also provided a free email service which had 200,000 active registered email accounts using the "altavista.com" domain and others before shutting down in March 2002. Domestic US accounts were closed; others were sold to Mail.com.


title: AltaVista

text: To fight against the increasing malicious internet bots, AltaVista implemented the first practical CAPTCHA schemes to protect against fraudulent account registrations. They implemented specifically to prevent bots from adding URLs to their web search engine.


title: AltaVista

text: On June 28, 2013, Yahoo! announced on its Tumblr page that AltaVista would shut down on July 8, 2013. Since the day AltaVista shut down, visits to AltaVista's home page are redirected to Yahoo!'s main page.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Antonio Margarito Montiel (born March 18, 1978) is a Mexican-American former professional boxer who competed between 1994 and 2017. He held multiple welterweight world championships, including the WBO title from 2002 to 2007, the IBF title in 2008, and the WBA (Super) title from 2008 to 2009. He also challenged three times for a light middleweight world title between 2004 and 2011. Nicknamed "El Tornado de Tijuana" ("The Tijuana Tornado"), Margarito was known for his aggressive pressure fighting style and exceptionally durable chin.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: In 2009, just before his fight with Shane Mosley, Margarito was involved in an incident where he was caught with illegal hand wraps containing gypsum (calcium sulfate) which, when combined with moisture, forms plaster of Paris. His signature stoppage victory over Miguel Cotto in 2008 was subsequently called into question. Following consecutive losses to Manny Pacquiao (a fight in which Margarito sustained career-changing eye damage) and a rematch against Cotto, Margarito retired from boxing in 2012 but returned for three more fights between 2016 and 2017.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Margarito was born in Torrance, California. From the age of two, he grew up in Tijuana, Mexico, where he and his brother spent a lot of time in a neighborhood boxing gym.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: He compiled a record of 18–3 in his relatively brief amateur career, indicating that he may have turned pro quickly due to financial concerns (which he himself confirmed on his personal television segment on HBO: "Ring Life: Antonio Margarito").


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Margarito made his debut at the age of 15, beating Jose Trujillo in Tijuana by decision. On April 25 he achieved his first knockout, defeating Victor Angulo in the second round. On October 17 he suffered his first defeat, a six-round decision to Victor Lozoya. Over the next six bouts, he went 4–2. Following that, his financial situation dramatically improved (which is what he was trying to achieve early on in his career) and from there he went 28–2–1, with notable wins over Alfred Ankamah, Juan Soberanes, future World Middleweight Champion Sergio Martínez, Buck Smith, David Kamau and Frankie Randall, a former World Light Welterweight Champion who became the first man to beat Julio César Chávez in 91 fights.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: On July 21, 2001, he got his first world title try against southpaw Daniel Santos for the WBO Welterweight title at Bayamón, Puerto Rico's Rubén Rodríguez Coliseum. The fight had to be stopped in the first round as a consequence of a clash of heads that opened deep gashes on both fighters and sent them both to a nearby hospital. Because the fight had not gone at least four rounds, a technical decision could not be awarded. The bout was declared a "no contest" and Santos retained the belt.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Santos then vacated the WBO title to go up in weight and pursue the WBO Light Middleweight Championship and Margarito was assigned to fight Antonio Díaz for the vacant title in front of an HBO Boxing audience. On March 16, 2002, Margarito crowned himself world champion, beating Diaz by knockout in round ten. He defended that crown with a decision in twelve over Danny Perez Ramírez and a knockout in two over former WBA title holder Andrew Lewis. Lewis was a southpaw and a hard puncher, but had been exposed as having a weak chin, while Margarito proved that he has a world class chin. He publicly asked for a unification bout with then WBC and WBA Champion Ricardo Mayorga.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: At this point, Margarito considered going up in weight to try to lure Fernando Vargas, Oscar De La Hoya or Shane Mosley into a lucrative fight, or Santos into a rematch at the light middleweight division. On October 17, 2003, Margarito made his light middleweight division debut with a two-round knockout win over Maurice Brantley in Phoenix, Arizona.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: On January 31, 2004, back in the welterweight division, he retained his title with a second-round knockout of Canada's previously undefeated Hercules Kyvelos.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Margarito faced Daniel Santos in a rematch on September 11 of the same year at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in San Juan for Santos' WBO Light Middleweight title. The rematch also ended because of a headbutt, but this time, as the fight had already reached the four rounds mark needed for fights like these to be decided by judges, Margarito lost by a split ten round technical decision. He was down on two scorecards when the fight was stopped.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: On April 23, 2005, Margarito retained his WBO welterweight title against another Puerto Rican, undefeated world class puncher Kermit Cintron, dropping him four times on his way to a fifth-round knockout (this fight was televised by ESPN Pay-Per-View Boxing). This was regarded as one of his best wins.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: After almost a ten-month layoff, Margarito returned to the boxing ring on February 18, 2006, retaining his title with a first-round knockout of Jaime Manuel Gomez, who had lasted eleven rounds with Mosley for the IBF Lightweight title eight and a half years before.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: On December 2, 2006, Margarito defeated future champion Joshua Clottey by a twelve-round unanimous decision. Margarito set a Compubox all-time record of 1,675 total punches thrown in a twelve-round bout. In the aftermath of the fight, it was revealed that Margarito had injured his ankle a week before the fight, but went on to fight regardless of the injury.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: On July 14, 2007, Margarito lost a 12-round unanimous decision to undefeated challenger Paul Williams, losing his WBO belt. After the bout, Margarito heavily disputed the decision, claiming that he had landed the most meaningful punches. Williams, however, landed the most punches (outhitting Margarito by almost a 2–1 ratio and throwing an average of over 100 punches per round) according to compubox.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: On April 12, 2008, Margarito engaged in a rematch with Cintron, who had won the IBF Welterweight title belt following his loss to Margarito in 2005. In the early rounds, Cintron struck Margarito with several flush power shots to the head, but Margarito remained unhurt and continued to execute a game plan of continuously moving forward and pressuring Cintron. In the sixth round, Margarito landed a liver shot, knocking Cintron out and taking the IBF title. As the referee counted Cintron out, HBO cameras captured Margarito from a neutral corner, gesturing upward with his arms and urging Cintron to get up so that the two men could continue fighting.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Following his successful rematch with Cintron, the IBF ordered him to fight a mandatory defense against the organization's number-one contender, Joshua Clottey, whom Margarito had previously defeated in 2006. Rather than agreeing to a rematch with Clottey, Margarito vacated the IBF title and agreed to a fight with undefeated WBA Welterweight Champion Miguel Cotto of Puerto Rico. The Cotto-Margarito match took place on July 26, 2008, in Las Vegas.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Margarito won in the 11th round via technical knockout. Margarito had lost almost all the early rounds, but he came back with relentless pace, eventually winning in the 11th round, in which was one of the best fights of the year. At the time of the stoppage, Margarito was ahead by two rounds on two judges' scorecards, with one judge having it even. Prior to his fight with Shane Mosley, Margarito had a record of 37 wins, 5 losses and 1 no contest, with 27 wins by knockout.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Margarito fought Shane Mosley on January 24, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles to defend his WBA title and for the vacant Lineal Welterweight Championship of "Lineal Champs" and "Cyber Boxing Zone (CBZ)". "The Ring" did not recognize this bout for its vacant Welterweight Championship despite the fact it pitted "The Ring" #1 ranked welterweight, Antonio Margarito, vs. "The Ring" #3 ranked welterweight, Shane Mosley. Coming in the bout, Margarito had just stopped the previous "The Ring" #1 ranked welterweight and current "The Ring" #2 ranked welterweight, Miguel Cotto. In the fight, Margarito was battered and outclassed by Mosley and lost the fight and his WBA title by 9th-round technical knockout.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: After the knockout loss, Margarito said he was weight-drained during the fight, and was also suffering from dehydration and back problems.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Margarito was scheduled to return to the ring on March 13, 2010, against Carson Jones, pending his relicensing, on the Pacquiao-Clottey undercard. But for reasons unspecified, promoter Top Rank announced he would not return.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Margarito expressed interest in fighting Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao if the latter's bout with Floyd Mayweather Jr. did not materialize.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: His comeback fight was postponed until May 8 and was held at Aguascalientes, Mexico, where he faced light middleweight contender Roberto García (28–2). Margarito won a ten-round unanimous decision over García to capture the vacant WBC International Light Middleweight title. The judges' score cards were 99–89, 100–88 and 99–90, all in favor of Margarito.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Margarito knocked García down in the first round, the first time García was knocked down in his boxing career.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: On July 23, 2010, Bob Arum announced that Margarito would face Manny Pacquiao for the WBC Light Middleweight championship that was vacated by current Middleweight champion Sergio Martínez. The fight took place on Saturday, November 13, 2010, in Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, as Margarito got a boxing license in Texas, United States. In his camp for this fight, Margarito had four southpaw sparring partners who are; Karim Martínez, Cleotis Pendarvis, number one mandatory for the WBA Light Middleweight title, Austin Trout, and U.S. Olympic silver medalist Ricardo Williams. Five weeks before the fight, Margarito and Lightweight boxer Brandon Ríos were interviewed by Elie Seckbach and the video taken showed both of them (Margarito and Ríos) mocking Manny Pacquiao's trainer Freddie Roach who has Parkinson's disease. On the Thursday before the fight, Margarito publicly apologized to Roach and to everyone suffering from Parkinson's. Margarito had a 17-pound weight advantage (weighing 165 to Pacquiao's 148), a 5.5 inch height advantage, and a six-inch reach advantage. Margarito was dominated by Pacquiao and took a savage, brutal, relentless beating for 12 rounds, and suffered bad eye damage in this fight. On the fourth episode of HBO reality show 24/7, it was observed that one week before the fight, Margarito weighed in at 154 lbs with the fight scheduled at a catchweight of 150 lbs. The fight wound up being a unanimous decision loss for Margarito, with the judges' scorecards being 120–108, 119–109, and 118–108. Margarito was taken to the hospital directly after the fight where it was discovered that his left orbital bone had been fractured. Surgery had to be postponed to two days later as his face was too swollen to operate on.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: On December 3, 2011, Margarito was defeated by Miguel Cotto via TKO by doctor stoppage in the 10th round. The fight was stopped at the start of the 10th round because of the condition of Margarito's right eye, which was swelled shut. This was the same eye that was badly damaged in his previous fight with Manny Pacquiao and the one that almost kept the New York State Athletic Commission from granting him his boxing license because of the special procedure that was performed on it in 2010. Margarito retired following this fight.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Margarito came out of retirement in 2016, winning two bouts that year. He faced Carson Jones on September 2, 2017, winning a slugfest by seventh-round technical decision after a cut opened up on Margarito's eye in the early rounds.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Before Margarito vs. Mosley, Mosley's trainer, Naazim Richardson, observed that Margarito had a pasty white substance in his handwraps. One doctor described this material as plaster hidden in the wrapped hands of Margarito, leading to accusations that he may have been trying to cheat. At Richardson's insistence, California State Inspector Dean Lohuis called for Margarito's hands to be rewrapped. According to Judd Burstein, the attorney for Mosley, Margarito had wet pads in the wrapping. Mosley's doctor, Robert Olvera, likened the material to the type of plaster used to make casts. Burstein said he seized the pad removed from the wrapping and another pad found in Margarito's dressing room. Both were placed in a sealed box that was given to Lohuis for further study. The California Department of Justice laboratory later confirmed the substance to be similar in nature to plaster of Paris.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: In late January the California State Athletic Commission suspended Margarito and his trainer, Javier Capetillo, pending investigation. At the hearing, Margarito claimed he did not know what was in the wraps, while Capetillo admitted to making "a big mistake" by placing the wrong inserts into Margarito's hand wraps. The commission voted unanimously to revoke Margarito and Capetillo's licenses for at least one year. While it found Margarito did not know about the gloves, it took the line that as head of the team, he was responsible for Capetillo's actions.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Since state boxing commissions generally honor suspensions imposed in other states, this action effectively banned Margarito from boxing in the United States.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: In November 2009, it emerged that red stains on the hand wraps Margarito used in the Cotto fight were similar to the stains on the inserts seized before the Mosley fight. This has raised suspicions that Margarito's gloves were loaded for that fight and possibly others as well.


title: Antonio Margarito

text: Margarito resides in Los Angeles, California, with his wife Lorena, whom he married after his first marriage to his childhood sweetheart Michelle, whom he married in 1999, came to an end.


title: PCSX-Reloaded

text: PCSX is a free and open-source video game console emulator which allows software designed to be used with the Sony PlayStation to run on personal computers. Over the years, development changed hands several times with PCSX-Reloaded (PCSXR) now being the main version. As of 2021, the emulator seems to be no longer under active development. A newer fork of PCSX-Reloaded is PCSX-Redux.


title: PCSX-Reloaded

text: PCSX has a high compatibility rate and is currently available for a number of different operating systems including, Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. It is released under the GNU General Public License.


title: PCSX-Reloaded

text: Development for the emulator started in July 20, 1999, The emulator was first released for the PC on August 31, 2000. Official development ceased on September 17, 2003, and development shifted to the new PlayStation 2 emulator, PCSX2.


title: PCSX-Reloaded

text: PCSX-df was created in 2006 and added new features, a new GTK-based interface, AMD64 support, and corrected some bugs, but was developed mainly with only Linux compatibility in mind. Version 1.10 was released on March 29, 2009.


title: PCSX-Reloaded

text: PCSX-Reloaded is a new project created in mid-2009, which is based on the work of the PCSX-df branch, completely independent, and works on bug fixes while maintaining Windows and OS X compatibility alongside Linux. PCSX-df and PCSX-Reloaded coexisted for a while, with PCSX-df merging changes of PCSX-Reloaded back into "df".


title: PCSX-Reloaded

text: In 2019 another fork PCSX-Redux was started. It can be seen as the latest iteration of the original PCSX codebase. This fork has the goal of a complete redesign along more up to date code standards. Everything should be implemented on top of SDL/OpenGL3+/ImGui. Additionally, the plugin system will be replaced through a single monolithic codebase that handles all aspects of the PlayStation emulation. In this context, PCSX-Redux shares several approaches with the PlayStation 2 emulation successor project PCSX2


title: PCSX-Reloaded

text: PCSX supports network play and external plugins as used by ePSXe. As with many modern emulators, PCSX-Reloaded supports savestates and also has Save Rewind feature (currently only OSX and Linux version), Support for ECM files (currently only OS X and Linux version), Support for Libarchive (currently only OSX and Linux version), widescreen hack and makes use of plug-ins to emulate GPU, SPU, and CD-ROM drive functions, a model first established in PSEmu Pro, it uses Peops OpenGL plugin for graphics on default but can also use Pete's OpenGL2, gpuBladeSoft, PCSX2 graphics plugin GSDX, AmiDog GPU plugin, Asmodeans PSXFX shader pack, input plugins such as Lilypad and Pokopom Pad Plugin. It also has multi-track cue support and is the only PS1 emulator with compatibility with anti-jitter options in graphics plugins, such as GTE accuracy in the default Peops OpenGL plugin, or Improved coordinate accuracy in Edgbla's gpuBladeSoft and it also supports PeteOpenGL2Tweak plugin. Additionally, PCSX seeks to simulate the functionality of the PlayStation BIOS and consequently does not require a BIOS file dump to operate, making it easier to emulate legally, however, Bios emulation is still incomplete so it is better to use dumped BIOS to avoid various bugs and reduced compatibility.


title: PCSX-Reloaded

text: Linux, macOS/OS X, and Microsoft Windows on x86-based computers are the main development focus of PCSX-Reloaded but various PCSX iterations have been ported to other platforms as well, including Dreamcast, GameCube, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox, and various ARM-based platforms (PCSX-Rearmed fork) such as BlackBerry Playbook and Nintendo 3DS.


title: PCSX-Reloaded

text: PCSXR was used for an official port and commercial re-release of on Steam on June 29, 2015. It is also used as the emulator on Sony's PlayStation Classic dedicated console.


title: PCSX-Reloaded

text: "Tom's Guide" featured PCSX Reloaded in a feature about the best PlayStation emulators, scoring it at 4 of 5 points. Kator Legaz reviewed the Mac OS version as "good".


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: The Early Cyrillic alphabet, also called classical Cyrillic or paleo-Cyrillic, is a writing system that was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the late 9th century on the basis of the Greek alphabet for the Slavic people living near the Byzantine Empire in South East and Central Europe. It was used by Slavic peoples in South East, Central and Eastern Europe.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: It was developed in the Preslav Literary School in the capital city of the First Bulgarian Empire in order to write the Old Church Slavonic language. The modern Cyrillic script is still used primarily for some Slavic languages (such as Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Russian and Ukrainian), and for East European and Asian languages that have experienced a great amount of Russian cultural influence.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: Among some of the traditionally culturally influential countries using Cyrillic script are Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: The earliest form of manuscript Cyrillic, known as "ustav", was based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and by letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: The Glagolitic alphabet was created by the monk Saint Cyril, possibly with the aid of his brother Saint Methodius, around 863. Cyrillic, on the other hand, was a creation of Cyril's students in the 890s at the Preslav Literary School as a more suitable script for church books, based on uncial Greek but retaining some Glagolitic letters for sounds not present in Greek. An alternative hypothesis proposes that it emerged in the border regions of Greek proselytization to the Slavs before it was codified and adapted by some systematizer among the Slavs; the oldest Cyrillic manuscripts look very similar to 9th and 10th century Greek uncial manuscripts, and the majority of uncial Cyrillic letters were identical to their Greek uncial counterparts. One possibility is that this systematization of Cyrillic was undertaken at the Council of Preslav in 893, when the Old Church Slavonic liturgy was adopted by the First Bulgarian Empire.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: The Cyrillic alphabet was very well suited for the writing of Old Church Slavic, generally following a principle of "one letter for one significant sound", with some arbitrary or phonotactically-based exceptions. Particularly, this principle is violated by certain vowel letters, which represent plus the vowel if they are not preceded by a consonant. It is also violated by a significant failure to distinguish between /ji/ and /jĭ/ orthographically. There was no distinction of capital and lowercase letters, though manuscript letters were rendered larger for emphasis, or in various decorative initial and nameplate forms. Letters served as numerals as well as phonetic signs; the values of the numerals were directly borrowed from their Greek-letter analogues. Letters without Greek equivalents mostly had no numeral values, whereas one letter, koppa, had only a numeric value with no phonetic value.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. It has been the subject of academic reforms and political decrees. Variations of the Cyrillic script are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Asia.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: The form of the Russian alphabet underwent a change when Tsar Peter the Great introduced the civil script (, or , ), in contrast to the prevailing church typeface, () in 1708. (The two forms are sometimes distinguished as "paleo-Cyrillic" and "neo-Cyrillic".) Some letters and breathing marks which were used only for historical reasons were dropped. Medieval letterforms used in typesetting were harmonized with Latin typesetting practices, exchanging medieval forms for Baroque ones, and skipping the western European Renaissance developments. The reform subsequently influenced Cyrillic orthographies for most other languages. Today, the early orthography and typesetting standards remain in use only in Church Slavonic.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: A comprehensive repertoire of early Cyrillic characters has been included in the Unicode standard since version 5.1, published April 4, 2008. These characters and their distinctive letterforms are represented in specialized computer fonts for Slavistics.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: In addition to the basic letters, there were a number of scribal variations, combining ligatures, and regionalisms used, all of which varied over time.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: Sometimes the Greek letters that were used in Cyrillic mainly for their numeric value are transcribed with the corresponding Greek letters for accuracy: ѳ = θ, ѯ = ξ, ѱ = ψ, ѵ = υ, and ѡ = ω.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: Each letter had a numeric value also, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number; usually this was accompanied by a dot on either side of the letter. In numerals, the ones place was to the left of the tens place, the reverse of the order used in modern Arabic numerals. Thousands are formed using a special symbol, (U+0482), which was attached to the lower left corner of the numeral. Many fonts display this symbol incorrectly as being in line with the letters instead of subscripted below and to the left of them.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: Titlos were also used to form abbreviations, especially of nomina sacra; this was done by writing the first and last letter of the abbreviated word along with the word's grammatical endings, then placing a titlo above it. Later manuscripts made increasing use of a different style of abbreviation, in which some of the left-out letters were superscripted above the abbreviation and covered with a pokrytie diacritic.


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: Several diacritics, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used, but were seemingly redundant (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right):


title: Early Cyrillic alphabet

text: Punctuation systems in early Cyrillic manuscripts were primitive: there was no space between words and no upper and lower case, and punctuation marks were used inconsistently in all manuscripts.


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: "Pine Barrens" is an episode of the HBO series "The Sopranos"; it is the 11th of the show's third season and the 37th overall. The teleplay was written by Terence Winter from a story idea by Winter and Tim Van Patten. It was the first of four episodes for the series directed by Steve Buscemi and originally aired on May 6, 2001. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest episodes in the history of television.


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: Following a change in behavior from Jackie Jr., Meadow begins to suspect him of cheating on her. Her suspicions are confirmed when she catches him with another girl, a heartbroken Meadow tells Jackie Jr. that they are finished.


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: Gloria and Tony's relationship is growing increasing unstable and the two frequently argue with Gloria even throwing a steak at Tony in one argument, however they always reconcile. Tony tells Dr. Melfi that he is seeing Gloria. In the first session, he speaks of how happy they are together; in the second he complains of her changing moods. Melfi says Gloria is depressive, unstable, and impossible to please, asking Tony if that reminds him of anyone (implying his mother). Tony shakes his head no.


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: Tony instructs Paulie to make a collection from Valery, a Russian, on behalf of Silvio, who is ill. He goes with Christopher to Valery's apartment. Paulie provokes Valery and starts a fight. Following a struggle Paulie and Christopher are able to subdue Valery and believe they have killed him. Panicked, Paulie suggests that they dump him in the Pine Barrens.


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: In the snow-covered woods, Paulie and Chris prepare to dump the body but find that Valery who is revealed to be a trained commando is still alive. They give him a shovel and instruct him to dig his own grave. While both are distracted, Valery hits them with the shovel and flees. They chase him, shooting wildly with Paulie believing that he has hit him. They follow Valery's blood trail, but it ends: Valery has vanished.


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: After some time wandering in the woods trying to find their car, Paulie and Chris realize they are lost. Long after nightfall, faint with cold and hunger, they find an abandoned van where they take refuge. They blame each other for what has happened and the two fight before agreeing to stay together. In the middle of the night, Paulie manages to call Tony despite poor cell service and pleads for help. Tony drives out with Bobby, an amateur outdoorsman. They reach the parking spot but Paulie's car has vanished. They wait until dawn to look for Paulie and Chris and eventually find the two.


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: Paulie gives a false version of what caused the fight with Valery, and Chris backs him up. Tony stresses to Paulie that if Valery ever turns up again, Paulie will have to take care of it. They head back to north Jersey in silence; only Bobby has peace of mind.


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: Shortly after Valery escapes into the Pine Barrens, Paulie shoots him, apparently in the head, but he still vanishes. The camera shifts away from Paulie and Christopher to an aerial viewpoint, suggesting that Valery was watching them from a tree. In addition, Paulie's car is missing when they return. Valery was never seen again. Series creator David Chase has said that he never intended to have Valery return and that the story is richer and more realistic with some mystery to the plot. HBO listed Valery as "Deceased?" in promotional materials.


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: Discussing the episode in a June 10, 2007 "New York Times" article titled "One Final Whack at That HBO Mob", Imperioli depicted the lack of closure regarding Valery as an example of the series' overall subversiveness:


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: In the same article, Sirico said that Chase wrote a sixth-season scene where Christopher and Paulie chanced upon Valery outside a bar and promptly shot him to death but it was removed from the script, possibly by Chase:


title: Pine Barrens (The Sopranos)

text: The Pine Barrens is a protected wilderness area managed by the New Jersey Pinelands Commission in Southern New Jersey. This is where Christopher and Paulie try to "dispose" of what they assume is Valery's body.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: There are two notable instances of lampshades made from human skin. After World War II it was reported that Nazis had made at least one lampshade from murdered concentration camp inmates: a human skin lampshade was reported to have been displayed by Buchenwald concentration camp commandant Karl-Otto Koch and his wife Ilse Koch, along with multiple other human skin artifacts. Despite myths to the contrary, there were no systematic efforts by the Nazis to make human skin lampshades.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: In the 1950s, murderer Ed Gein, possibly influenced by the stories about the Nazis, made a lampshade from the skin of one of his victims.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: The display of the flayed skin of defeated enemies has a long history. In ancient Assyria, the flaying of defeated enemies and dissidents was common practice. The Assyrians would leave the skin to tan on their city walls.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: There have been many claims of binding of some books made of human skin, from ancient times through the 20th century. In the 2010s, peptide mass fingerprinting technology provided the opportunity to test books in libraries, archives, and private collections which were purported to be bound using the skin of humans. In the first five years of testing, over half of the books tested with this technology were confirmed to be bound with human skin.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: After the defeat of Nazi Germany, claims circulated that Ilse Koch, wife of the commandant of Buchenwald concentration camp, had possessed lampshades made of human skin, and had had tattooed prisoners killed, specifically, in order to use their skin for this purpose. After her conviction for war crimes, General Lucius D. Clay, the interim military governor of the American Zone in Germany, reduced her sentence to four years' prison on the grounds "there was no convincing evidence that she had selected Nazi concentration camp inmates for extermination in order to secure tattooed skins, or that she possessed any articles made of human skin".


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: Jean Edward Smith in his biography, "Lucius D. Clay, an American Life", reported that the general had maintained that the leather lamp shades were really made out of goat skin. The book quotes a statement made by General Clay years later:


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: In footage taken by American military photographers tasked by then-General Dwight Eisenhower to record what they saw as the army advanced into Germany in 1945, a large lampshade and many other ornaments reportedly made of human skin can be seen alongside shrunken heads of camp prisoners in Buchenwald, all of which were being displayed for German townspeople who were made to tour the camp.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: The lampshade displayed as part of the tour of the camp at Buchenwald was not part of the materials tested for authenticity by U.S. Army personnel after World War II, although pieces of tanned and tattooed skin found at the camp were judged to be human by the Head of Pathology at Seventh Medical Laboratory in New York. British pathologist Bernard Spilsbury also identified pieces of tanned human skin obtained by observers at Buchenwald after the liberation of the camp.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: In his 2010 book "The Lampshade: A Holocaust Detective Story from Buchenwald to New Orleans", journalist Mark Jacobson claimed to be in possession of a human-skin lampshade made by order of Ilse Koch. Jacobson's lamp underwent DNA testing in the early 1990s, which showed evidence that the lamp was made of human skin; however, subsequent testing demonstrated that the lampshade owned by Jacobson was actually made of cowhide and that sample contamination likely led to the initial erroneous result. The results of those tests were reported on in the 2012 National Geographic television program "Human Lampshade: A Holocaust Mystery".


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: In 2019 the Anthropodermic Book Project performed a peptide mass fingerprinting test on an alleged Nazi-era human skin lampshade stored in a small Holocaust museum in the United States; the testing results showed the lampshade was made from plant cellulose.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: Ed Gein was an American murderer and body snatcher, active in the 1950s in Wisconsin, who made trophies from corpses he stole from a local graveyard. When he was finally arrested, a search of the premises revealed, among other artifacts, a lampshade made out of human skin. Gein appears to have been influenced by the then-current stories about the Nazis collecting body parts in order to make lampshades and other items.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: The idea of lampshades made from human skin has become a trope to signify the horrors of the Nazi concentration camps. References to human skin lampshades have appeared in artworks, political speeches, and popular culture.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: These references can take the form of literary allusions, such as Sylvia Plath's description of her skin as "Bright as a Nazi lampshade" in her 1965 poem, "Lady Lazarus". Plath invoked allusions and images from Nazi Germany to emphasize the speaker's sense of oppression. References also appear in satirical works. In Ken Russell's 2007 short satire "A Kitten for Hitler", an American Jewish boy who has a swastika-shaped birthmark tries to soften Hitler's heart by giving him a kitten, but when Hitler sees the boy's Star of David necklace he has Eva Braun kill the boy to make him into a lampshade for their bedside table lamp. Near the end of the film, in what appears to be an act of God, the swastika birthmark on the lampshade transforms into the Star of David.


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: The use of this reference can also be employed as an implicit threat or antisemitic expression. In 1995, August Kreis III was ejected from the set of "The Jerry Springer Show" after telling the host, "Your relatives – weren't they all turned into soap or lampshades?... I've got your mom in the trunk of my car."


title: Lampshades made from human skin

text: The use of symbols such as human soap or human skin lampshades in popular culture has led to misunderstandings that there were sustained, systematic efforts to create these products, but these myths have been repeatedly refuted by serious scholars. Holocaust deniers use the controversy over the veracity of phenomena such as the mass production of human soap or human skin lampshades in order to criticize the veracity of the Nazi genocide in general.


title: George Springer

text: George Chelston Springer III (born September 19, 1989) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the Houston Astros from 2014 to 2020.


title: George Springer

text: The Astros selected Springer in the first round (11th overall) of the 2011 MLB draft. He made his MLB debut in 2014, for the Astros. Springer has played primarily in right field and also spent significant time in center field. A native of New Britain, Connecticut, Springer is of Puerto Rican and Panamanian descent.


title: George Springer

text: Springer played college baseball at the University of Connecticut, where he was named Big East Conference Baseball Player of the Year and a First Team All-American. In 2017, Springer became an MLB All-Star, Silver Slugger Award winner, and World Series champion. He was also named the 2017 World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP), hitting a record-tying five home runs (Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley accomplished the feat in 1977 and 2009, respectively), as the Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games. He was again an All-Star in 2018, 2019, and 2022.


title: George Springer

text: Springer attended New Britain High School in New Britain, Connecticut, for his freshman year of high school. He played on the varsity baseball team as a freshman despite standing and weighing . Springer transferred to Avon Old Farms School in Avon, Connecticut, for his sophomore through senior seasons. He repeated his junior year as his grades dropped. Springer played for the Avon Old Farms baseball team. The Minnesota Twins selected Springer in the 48th round of the 2008 MLB draft. Though he considered signing with Minnesota, he decided that he was not ready for professional baseball and did not sign.


title: George Springer

text: Springer enrolled at the University of Connecticut (UConn), where he played college baseball for the Connecticut Huskies baseball team. At UConn, Springer was named to the 2009 "Baseball America" Freshman All-America First Team. He was also named the Big East Conference rookie of the year. In 2009 and 2010, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League. In 2011, Springer was named the Big East Player of the Year. He was named a first team All-American by Perfect Game USA, Louisville Slugger. and National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association, while being named a Second Team All-American by "Baseball America".


title: George Springer

text: The Houston Astros selected Springer in the first round, with the 11th overall selection, in the 2011 MLB draft. Springer became the highest selection in the MLB Draft in University of Connecticut baseball history. Springer was signed by the Astros, receiving a $2.52 million signing bonus. After he signed, Springer played in eight games with the Tri-City ValleyCats of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League. Before the 2012 season, MLB.com rated Springer as the 84th best prospect in baseball.


title: George Springer

text: In 2012, Springer played for the Lancaster JetHawks of the Class A-Advanced California League and the Corpus Christi Hooks of the Class AA Texas League. He hit 22 home runs and recorded 28 stolen bases for Lancaster. Splitting the 2013 season between Corpus Christi and the Oklahoma City RedHawks of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League, Springer joined the 30–30 club, recording more than 30 home runs and stolen bases. He appeared in the Texas League All-Star Game, and was named its most valuable player. Though he only played in 73 games for Corpus Christi, he was named the Texas League Player of the Year at the end of the season. He was a finalist for "USA Today"s Minor League Player of the Year Award.


title: George Springer

text: "Baseball America" ranked Springer as the 18th-best prospect in baseball prior to the 2014 season. During spring training in 2014, Springer and his agent rejected a reported seven-year contract worth $23 million, despite having not yet reached the major leagues. Springer started the 2014 season with Oklahoma City. He hit for a .353 batting average and a .647 slugging percentage before being called up to the major league team in time for their April 16 game.


title: George Springer

text: Springer made his MLB debut on April 16, 2014, at Minute Maid Park against the Kansas City Royals. Batting second and playing right field, Springer collected his first career hit, an infield single, against Royals pitcher Jeremy Guthrie. Springer hit the first home run of his MLB career on May 8, 2014 at Comerica Park off Detroit Tigers pitcher Drew Smyly. On June 26, Springer hit his 15th home run, becoming the first Astros rookie to reach that mark before the All-Star break. On July 23, 2014, Springer was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a left quad strain. On September 16, the Astros announced Springer would not play for the remainder of the 2014 season. He played in 78 games in 2014, batting .231 with 20 home runs, 51 runs batted in (RBIs), and 114 strikeouts.


title: George Springer

text: During a game against the Texas Rangers on April 12, 2015, Springer robbed Leonys Martín of a potential game-winning grand slam by making a leaping catch by the wall in the 10th inning. The Astros would go on to win over the Rangers 6–4 in 14 innings. Springer, along with José Altuve, Carlos Correa and Dallas Keuchel, became a key figure in the 2015 Houston Astros playoff run. The Astros won the MLB wild card, making the MLB postseason for the first time in 10 years. They lost to the future World Champion Kansas City Royals 3 games to 2 in the 2015 American League Division Series. During that series the Astros had a lead in all 5 games.


title: George Springer

text: After consistently cutting down on his strikeout rate from his rookie year, Springer improved the quality of his at bats enough in 2016, that by May, the Astros made him their regular leadoff hitter. He led the American League with 744 plate appearances, playing in all 162 regular season games. He set new career highs with 116 runs scored, 29 home runs, and 88 walks. The Astros finished 84–78, ranking in third place in the AL West and missing the playoffs.


title: George Springer

text: After spending the first three seasons of his career in right field, the Astros shifted Springer to center field in 2017. He was selected as the American League Player of the Week for the first time in June. He also made his first MLB All-Star team played at Marlins Park in Miami, elected by the fans as a starter. Typically the Astros' leadoff hitter, he batted cleanup for the American League lineup, as was the decision of former Astros manager Brad Mills, the AL manager. The Astros took a 60–29 record into the All-Star break, the best 89-game start in franchise history.


title: George Springer

text: On July 28, Springer was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to left quad discomfort. On September 29, prior to a game against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park, Springer met and reunited with a first grade teacher of whom he knew during his childhood at New Britain. Springer finished 2017 by playing 140 games with a .283 batting average, 34 home runs, and 85 RBI.


title: George Springer

text: With the Astros finishing the season 101–61, the team clinched the AL West division. The Astros advanced to the World Series to face the Los Angeles Dodgers. Springer struck out four times in Game 1. In Game 2, he, along with two Astros teammates–Carlos Correa and José Altuve—and two Dodgers players–Charlie Culberson and Yasiel Puig—all homered in extra innings as the Astros prevailed, 7–6. The five home runs accounted for the most hit in extra innings of any single game in major league history.


title: George Springer

text: In the Astros' 5–1 Game 7 Series-clinching victory, he homered and doubled, finishing with two runs and two RBI. In all, Springer hit five home runs, tying the World Series record shared by Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley. He also homered in each of the final four games, setting a World Series record for consecutive games with a home run. Springer was named the World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP), going 11 for 29 with 7 RBI as the Astros' leadoff hitter. Other World Series records he set were eight extra base hits (five homers and three doubles) and 29 total bases. As a side note, he had appeared on a 2014 cover of "Sports Illustrated" that predicted the Astros' 2017 World Series win.


title: George Springer

text: After the season, Springer was named an American League Silver Slugger Award winner at outfield for the first time in his career.


title: George Springer

text: On the Astros' Opening Day at Globe Life Park in Arlington, Springer led off with a home run against Texas Rangers pitcher Cole Hamels, becoming the first MLB player to lead off with a home run in consecutive Opening Days. He had homered off Mariners pitcher Felix Hernandez in the first inning of Opening Day 2017 at Minute Maid Park.


title: George Springer

text: On May 7, 2018, Springer homered versus the Oakland Athletics and became the first player in Astros franchise history to record six hits in a nine-inning game. Joe Morgan had six hits in a twelve-inning game for the Astros on June 8, 1965.


title: George Springer

text: Springer made his second All-Star appearance in as many seasons, joining five other Astros players and manager A. J. Hinch on the American League All-Star team. Springer went back-to-back with teammate Alex Bregman and hit what would be the deciding home run in the top of the 10th inning at Nationals Park to help lead the American League to an 8–6 victory.


title: George Springer

text: On August 5, Springer sprained his left thumb sliding into second base on a stolen base attempt in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers and was placed on the 10-Day Disabled List. The Astros struggled through the month of August with injuries to Springer, Carlos Correa, and José Altuve keeping them out of the lineup. Springer returned to action on August 17 and the Astros held off the charging Oakland A's to win their second straight American League West Division title. Springer finished the season with 22 home runs, 71 RBIs, and batting .265/.346/.434.


title: George Springer

text: Springer started the 2018 postseason off on a strong note, hitting a home run off of Corey Kluber in Game 1 of the 2018 American League Division Series. It was Springer's fifth home run in as many postseason games, tying him with Carlos Beltrán for the club record of consecutive postseason games with a home run. Springer had hit a home run in games 4–7 of the 2017 World Series. Springer then hit two more in Game 3 of the ALDS off of Mike Clevinger and Cody Allen respectively, leading the Astros to an 11–3 victory and a series sweep of the Cleveland Indians. With his home runs in Game 3, Springer became the all-time Astros leader in postseason home runs with 10, again passing Beltrán's 8 from 2004.


title: George Springer

text: On March 28, 2019, Springer tied with Khris Davis of the Oakland Athletics for consecutive Opening Day home runs with three, when he hit a home run to center field off of reigning Cy Young award winner Blake Snell. On May 1, Major League Baseball disciplined Springer for anti-gay slur directed at umpire Ángel Hernández, which was caught on camera during a game on April 23. On May 25, Springer was placed on the 10-day IL with a Grade 2 left hamstring strain.


title: George Springer

text: Carrying a .316 batting average, 1.046 OPS, and 18 home runs through June 28, Springer was named a starting outfielder for American League in the All-Star Game.


title: George Springer

text: In 2019, Springer batted .292/.383/.591 with 39 home runs (fifth in the AL) and 96 RBI in 479 at bats over 122 games. His adjusted OPS+ was 150, ranking fourth. He placed in the top ten in the league in a number of categories for the first time. Those included wins above replacement (WAR, 6.4–10th), OBP (eighth), slugging percentage (fourth), OPS (fourth), offensive win percentage (.713, fourth), and at bats per home run (12.3, fourth). On defense, he was second among all outfielders in total zone runs (19), second among center fielders (eight), and third among right fielders (10).


title: George Springer

text: In 2020, Springer batted .265/.359/.540 with 37 runs, 14 home runs (7th in the AL), 32 RBIs, and hit by pitch five times (tied for eighth in the AL) in 189 at bats.


title: George Springer

text: On January 23, 2021, Springer signed a six-year, $150 million contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. He injured his quadriceps in spring training, however, and missed the start of the season. He finally made his debut in the team's 23rd game of the season on April 28. Springer was again placed on the injured list on May 5 with a quad strain. While on the injured list, Springer made his first return to Houston as a Blue Jay in an early-May series, and received a standing ovation. Springer returned to Toronto's lineup on June 22.


title: George Springer

text: On August 2, Springer was named AL Player of the Week batting .400 with eight runs scored, five doubles, three home runs, seven RBI, six walks, and a .960 slugging percentage over seven games played. On August 9, for the second week in a row, he was named AL Player of the Week after batting .364 with nine runs scored, three doubles, a triple, three home runs, 11 RBI, and a .788 slugging percentage in eight games. Springer suffered a left ankle sprain on August 14 and was placed on the injured list for a third time in 2021. He returned from his third stint on the injured list on August 30.


title: George Springer

text: Springer's grandfather, George, emigrated from Panama at age 17 and pitched for four years at Teachers College of Connecticut, now known as Central Connecticut State University. Springer's father, George Jr., competed in the 1976 Little League World Series and played college football for the UConn Huskies. Springer's mother, Laura, from Utuado, Puerto Rico, competed as a top-level gymnast. Springer has two sisters, Nicole and Lena, both of whom played softball in college.


title: George Springer

text: As a child, Springer attended New Britain Rock Cats games and his favorite baseball player was Torii Hunter, with whom he played catch at eight years old. He also grew up a die-hard Boston Red Sox fan.


title: George Springer

text: Springer has a stutter. He said that it was only after his promotion to the major leagues that he began to accept himself and develop new techniques to help him talk. He performs charity work as a spokesperson for the Stuttering Association for the Young, and hosts an annual bowling benefit in Houston. Springer has participated in a baseball clinic hosted by Matt Barnes at the Newtown, Connecticut, Youth Academy for elementary school students in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.


title: George Springer

text: On January 20, 2018, Springer married Charlise Castro, who played softball for the Albany Great Danes at the University at Albany. They have a son (George Chelston Springer IV).


title: NOR gate

text: The NOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical NOR - it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if both the inputs to the gate are LOW (0); if one or both input is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results. NOR is the result of the negation of the OR operator. It can also in some senses be seen as the inverse of an AND gate. NOR is a functionally complete operation—NOR gates can be combined to generate any other logical function. It shares this property with the NAND gate. By contrast, the OR operator is "monotonic" as it can only change LOW to HIGH but not vice versa.


title: NOR gate

text: In most, but not all, circuit implementations, the negation comes for free—including CMOS and TTL. In such logic families, OR is the more complicated operation; it may use a NOR followed by a NOT. A significant exception is some forms of the domino logic family.


title: NOR gate

text: The original Apollo Guidance Computer used 4,100 integrated circuits (IC), each one containing only two 3-input NOR gates.


title: NOR gate

text: There are three symbols for NOR gates: the American (ANSI or 'military') symbol and the IEC ('European' or 'rectangular') symbol, as well as the deprecated DIN symbol. For more information see Logic Gate Symbols. The ANSI symbol for the NOR gate is a standard OR gate with an inversion bubble connected.


title: NOR gate

text: NOR Gates are basic logic gates, and as such they are recognised in TTL and CMOS ICs. The standard, 4000 series, CMOS IC is the 4001, which includes four independent, two-input, NOR gates. The pinout diagram is as follows:


title: NOR gate

text: These devices are available from most semiconductor manufacturers such as Fairchild Semiconductor, Philips or Texas Instruments. These are usually available in both through-hole DIP and SOIC format. Datasheets are readily available in most datasheet databases.


title: NOR gate

text: The diagrams above show the construction of a 2-input NOR gate using NMOS logic circuitry. If either of the inputs is high, the corresponding N-channel MOSFET is turned on and the output is pulled low; otherwise the output is pulled high through the pull-up resistor.


title: NOR gate

text: The diagram below shows a 2-input NOR gate using CMOS technology. The diodes and resistors on the inputs are to protect the CMOS components from damage due to electrostatic discharge (ESD) and play no part in the logical function of the circuit.


title: NOR gate

text: The NOR gate has the property of functional completeness, which it shares with the NAND gate. That is, any other logic function (AND, OR, etc.) can be implemented using only NOR gates. An entire processor can be created using NOR gates alone.


title: NOR gate

text: As NAND gates are also functionally complete, if no specific NOR gates are available, one can be made from NAND gates using NAND logic.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: Honsla Rakh () is a 2021 Indian Punjabi-language romantic comedy film directed by Amarjit Singh Saron starring Diljit Dosanjh, Sonam Bajwa, Shehnaaz Gill, it marks the debut of Diljit Dosanjh as producer. The film is set in Vancouver, Canada, and depicts the story of a divorced father, who raised his son on his own. It was released worldwide theatrically on 15 October 2021.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: The story of the film revolves around a divorced father, who raised his son single-handedly. He starts to face problems when he starts dating. The situation gives arise to romance and comedy.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: Yenkey Singh is a divorced single parent, who lives with his son, Honsla Singh. He runs a successful Indian restaurant in Canada. He is desperate to find a woman for marriage, and always introduces his son as his younger brother whenever he meets a pretty girl. One day, at the airport, while waiting for a delayed flight, he accidentally meets Sweety, his ex-wife, while waiting for their delayed flight.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: In a flashback, a young Yenkey and Sweety are on a date where Sweety places a condition that after marriage, they won't have any kids and would focus on their careers. But, after a few months of their marriage, Sweety accidentally gets pregnant and often experiences mood swings. She demands a divorce and wants Yenkey to get the child's custody. After the child is born, Sweety leaves Yenkey and her newborn child with him, whom he names Honsla. Then, the film depicts the struggle Yenkey faced as a single parent, and how he couldn't marry a single girl as he is always rejected for having a child.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: After the flashback, Sweety is revealed to be a successful fashion designer, who then finally meets her son, Honsla. Just as she meets Honsla, her new husband calls her, thus disappointing Yenkey. As the delayed flight is cancelled, Yenkey meets Jasmine, and falls in love with her instantly. They become friends and start dating. Yenkey proposes to Jasmine, but as soon as she finds out he has a son, she rejects him. But Honsla immediately lies, stating that his first wifeis dead, causing Jasmine to marry Yenkey.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: Initially, both of them introduce Honsla as Yenkey's younger brother to their family, and Jasmine's parents agree to their marriage. The situation deteriorates when Sweety and her husband appear at his wedding. Yenkey and Honsla both decide to tell everyone the truth, as he doesn't want to hurt Jasmine and her parents anymore.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: During their engagement, Yenkey tells everyone the truth. He confesses that Sweety was his first wife and Honsla is his and Sweety's son. Seeing his father sad, Honsla decides to stay with Sweety for his father's sake, but Yenkey, who loves Honsla, leaves the engagement on the spot. Then, it is revealed that both were doing a small drama to convince Jasmine and her family members.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: All of them finally forgive Yenkey and accept Honsla. Just as Sweety and her husband leave, Honsla calls Sweety "Mummy", thus enlightening her. Yenkey says that Sweety can meet Honsla whenever she wants and the film ends on a happy note with a group photo.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: The film was announced by Diljit Dosanjh on 18 February 2021 with the lead cast Diljit Dosanjh, Sonam Bajwa, Shehnaaz Gill and Shinda Grewal, the son of actor Gippy Grewal. The film marks Dosanjh's debut as a film producer.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: Filming began in March 2021 in Vancouver, Canada and principal photography was wrapped on 1 April 2021 in Canada. A promotional song of the film which was scheduled to be shot on 15 September in London was postponed, as Shehnaaz Gill was mourning the death of her friend, actor Sidharth Shukla. It was reported that Shehnaaz Gill will shoot the promotional song on 7 October.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: "Honsla Rakh" certified with running time of 145 minutes, was released worldwide on 15 October 2021 coinciding with Dussehra holidays in India.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: The soundtrack of the film is composed by Intense and lyrics written by Raj Ranjodh. The first track "Chanel No 5" is released on Tips Punjabi on 30 September. Second track "Guitar" composed by JSL and sung by Raj Ranjodh is released on 4 October. 3rd track "Sher" composed by


title: Honsla Rakh

text: Yeah Proof is released on 8 October. Four days later, 4th track "Lalkaara" composed by Avvy Sra was released on 12 October. On 14 October 5th track "Saroor" composed by Avvy Sra was released. Title track was released on 20 October.


title: Honsla Rakh

text: Jaspreet Nijher reviewing for "The Times of India" rated the film with 4 stars out of 5, praised storyline writing, "[... the film] is a sublime exhibit of emotions through various equations, that of a father and his son, between a man and a woman and eventually between a woman and her son." Nijher praised the performances of Diljit Dosanjh and Shinda Grewal. Nijher wrote, "Shinda is winning hearts with his effortless acting, without losing the innocence of a child of seven." Nijher said while concluding the review: "The comedy is just enough to keep the focus on romance and the emotions, and entertaining with its straightforward references." Kritika Vaid of India.com rated the film with 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, ""Honsla Rakh" gives you two hours and 25 minutes of laughter. An easy-breezy family entertainer with nothing much to write about!" Kiddaan.com gave the film 4 stars out of 5 and praised the performance of Diljit Dosanjh, Sonam Bajwa, Shehnaaz Gill and Shinda Grewal, stating that "they all have done commendable jobs". Criticising the music, they wrote, "we also believe that if its music was a little better, it could have uplifted the overall feel of the movie." Kiddaan stated that ""Honsla Rakh" is the kind of entertainer we all needed for a long time, hence without any second thoughts, it is a must-watch."


title: Honsla Rakh

text: "Honsla Rakh" opened with net collection of on first day of release worldwide, which is the highest ever for a Punjabi film. The film had worldwide gross collection of in opening weekend, and in opening week.


title: Sea eagle

text: A sea eagle or fish eagle (also called erne or ern, mostly in reference to the white-tailed eagle) is any of the birds of prey in the genus Haliaeetus in the bird of prey family Accipitridae.


title: Sea eagle

text: The genus "Haliaeetus" was introduced in 1809 by French naturalist Marie Jules César Savigny in his chapter on birds in the "Description de l'Égypte". The two fish eagles in the genus "Ichthyophaga" were found to lie within "Haliaeetus" in a genetic study in 2005, they were then moved accordingly. They are very similar to the tropical "Haliaeetus" species. A prehistoric (i.e. extinct before 1500) form from Maui in the Hawaiian Islands may represent a species or subspecies in this genus.


title: Sea eagle

text: The relationships to other genera in the family are less clear; they have long been considered closer to the genus "Milvus" (kites) than to the true eagles in the genus "Aquila" on the basis of their morphology and display behaviour; more recent genetic evidence agrees with this, but points to their being related to the genus "Buteo" (buzzards/hawks), as well, a relationship not previously thought close.


title: Sea eagle

text: A 2005 molecular study found that the genus is paraphyletic and subsumes "Ichthyophaga", the species diverging into a temperate and tropical group.


title: Sea eagle

text: "Haliaeetus" is possibly one of the oldest genera of living birds. A distal left tarsometatarsus (DPC 1652) recovered from early Oligocene deposits of Fayyum, Egypt (Jebel Qatrani Formation, about 33 million years ago (Mya)) is similar in general pattern and some details to that of a modern sea eagle. The genus was present in the middle Miocene (12-16 Mya) with certainty.


title: Sea eagle

text: The origin of the sea eagles and fishing eagles is probably in the general area of the Bay of Bengal. During the Eocene/Oligocene, as the Indian subcontinent slowly collided with Eurasia, this was a vast expanse of fairly shallow ocean; the initial sea eagle divergence seems to have resulted in the four tropical (and Southern Hemisphere subtropical) species living around the Indian Ocean today. The Central Asian Pallas's sea eagle's relationships to the other taxa is more obscure; it seems closer to the three Holarctic species which evolved later and may be an early offshoot of this northward expansion; it does not have the hefty yellow bill of the northern forms, retaining a smaller, darker beak like the tropical species.


title: Sea eagle

text: The rate of molecular evolution in "Haliaeetus" is fairly slow, as is to be expected in long-lived birds which take years to successfully reproduce. In the mtDNA cytochrome "b" gene, a mutation rate of 0.5–0.7% per million years (if assuming an Early Miocene divergence) or maybe as little as 0.25–0.3% per million years (for a Late Eocene divergence) has been shown.


title: Sea eagle

text: Sea eagles vary in size, from Sanford's sea eagle, averaging , to Steller's sea eagle, weighing up to . At up to , the white-tailed eagle is the largest eagle in Europe. Bald eagles can weigh up to , making them the largest eagle native to North America. There are exceptional records of even heavier individuals in both the white-tailed and bald eagles, although not surpassing the largest Steller's sea eagles. The white-bellied sea eagle can weigh up to . They are generally overall brown (from rich brown to dull grey-brown), often with white to the head, tail or underparts. Some of the species have an all-yellow beak as adults, which is unusual among eagles.


title: Sea eagle

text: Their diets consist mainly of fish, aquatic birds, and small mammals. Nests are typically very large and positioned in a tree, but sometimes on a cliff.


title: Sea eagle

text: The tail is entirely white in adult "Haliaeetus" species except for Sanford's, white-bellied, and Pallas's. Three species pairs exist: white-tailed and bald eagles, Sanford's and white-bellied sea eagles, and the African and Madagascar fish eagles, each of these consists of a white- and a tan-headed species.


title: Mercury Rising

text: Mercury Rising is a 1998 American action thriller film starring Bruce Willis and Alec Baldwin. Directed by Harold Becker, the movie is based on Ryne Douglas Pearson's 1996 novel originally published as "Simple Simon", which was the working title of the film. Willis plays Art Jeffries, an undercover FBI agent who protects a nine-year-old autistic boy, Simon Lynch (played by Miko Hughes), who is targeted by government assassins after he cracks a top secret government code.


title: Mercury Rising

text: The film was released on April 3, 1998. It received mostly negative reviews and grossed $93 million at the box office.


title: Mercury Rising

text: A nine-year-old boy with autism, Simon Lynch, is given a sophisticated puzzle book by his teacher. Simon quickly solves a particular puzzle and phones a number encoded in the solution. This call reaches two National Security Agency cryptographers, Dean Crandell and Leo Pedranski, who created the new cypher Simon has cracked. Pedranski and Crandell report the situation to their boss, Lieutenant Colonel Nick Kudrow, who severely rebukes the pair for their unauthorized actions, describing Simon and his abilities as a national security threat. Two assassins, Peter Burrell and Shayes, are sent by Kudrow to terminate the boy and his parents, Martin and Jenny. Posing as a police detective, Burrell murders both Simon's mother and father, but is unable to find Simon.


title: Mercury Rising

text: FBI agent Art Jeffries, who was recently demoted to a desk job after an unsuccessful negotiation during a bank robbery hostage situation, is sent to investigate and finds Simon in a hidden crawl space in his bedroom closet. Simon is taken to a protection ward at the hospital, where a nurse explains to Art about Simon's autism, and probably can't be questioned. Burrell impersonates a doctor and makes another attempt on Simon's life. Art saves Simon and flees the premises, and tries unsuccessfully to convince Simon that he is a friend instead of a stranger. Later, while on a train, Burrell’s partner, Shayes, tries to kill Simon, but Art intervenes, eventually managing to knock him off the train and onto the tracks just before another locomotive passes, running Shayes over and instantly killing him.


title: Mercury Rising

text: The NSA, under Kudrow's direction, frames Art as the kidnapper of Simon. However, fellow agent and friend Tommy Jordan doesn't believe the story and assists Art, who borrows Jordan's car and takes Simon back to his house. Simon again calls the telephone number written into the code and Art is able to talk to Crandell and Pedranski. As Crandell arranges a meeting at the Wrigley Building by the next morning, Art goes to the meeting, leaving Simon under the care of a woman in a coffee shop, Stacey Siebring, who later reluctantly agrees to help Art take care of Simon. Art and Dean meet and Crandell tells Jeffries about Mercury and Kudrow, but is shot dead by Burrell before he can reveal everything.


title: Mercury Rising

text: Meanwhile, Pedranski, having learned Crandell's fate, tries to reveal Kudrow's unlawful actions by writing letters on a typewriter: one to Art and a carbon copy for the Senate Oversight Committee, but Burrell tracks Pedranski down and kills him as well, confiscating the letters. However, the assassin overlooks Pedranski's carbon copies, which his girlfriend, NSA analyst Emily Lang, takes to the FBI. Jordan discreetly arranges for her to meet with Art to show them the carbon copies; covered in Pedranski’s fingerprints, they become crucial evidence. Art then goes to Kudrow’s home during his birthday party, and demands that Kudrow announce on national TV that the Mercury Encryption Project is a failure.


title: Mercury Rising

text: Under Art's suggestion, Jordan arranges for Simon to go into the Witness Protection Program, but Kudrow, unwilling to reveal his failure and determined to kill Simon, forcibly takes charge of the Witness Protection while revealing to Lomax, the FBI Special Agent in charge, that Jordan forged the witness protection documents. However, unknown to Kudrow, Tommy shows the carbon paper evidence to Lomax and confirms that the fingerprint markings on it were Pedranski's, now fully validating the evidence against Kudrow. Stacey and Simon leave for the pick-up point, at the top of a skyscraper, where Kudrow and Burrell prepare to take Simon away on a helicopter, but Jeffries, with Jordan and an FBI task force's help, sets a trap at the meeting spot. A gunfight ensues between Burrell and the FBI, ending with Burrell being fatally slashed by glass shards when pexiglass windows are blown inward, while Art fights Kudrow one-on-one, and Simon assists him by retrieving his gun. In a last-ditch effort, Kudrow attempts to throw Simon off the roof, but Jeffries shoots him multiple times, and the corrupt NSA chief falls off the edge and to his death through a glass ceiling.


title: Mercury Rising

text: Art and Siebring later visit Simon (now living with foster parents) at his school. Simon embraces Art as a welcome friend, having finally accepted him as a person he trusts.


title: Mercury Rising

text: Barry Sonnenfeld was initially slated to direct the film, but due to commitments to "Men in Black" dropped out and was replaced with Harold Becker.


title: Mercury Rising

text: "Mercury Rising" was released for VHS and DVD on September 15, 1998. The Collector's Edition and DTS versions for DVD were released in 1999. A Blu-ray with Multi-Format was released on September 14, 2010, and the Double Feature with the film and "The Jackal" was also released for Blu-ray on March 22, 2011.


title: Mercury Rising

text: The film earned $10,104,715 in its opening weekend in 2,386 theaters. Altogether, the film grossed $32,935,289 in the United States and $60,172,000 internationally for a total of $93,107,289.


title: Mercury Rising

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 21% based on reviews from 57 critics with an average rating of 4.37/10. The consensus states: ""Mercury Rising" lays the action on thick, but can never find a dramatic pulse to keep viewers -- or Bruce Willis -- engaged with its maudlin story." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Mercury Rising

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four, writing: ""Mercury Rising" is about the most sophisticated cryptographic system known to man, and about characters considerably denser than anyone in the audience. Sitting in the dark, our minds idly playing with the plot, we figure out what they should do, how they should do it, and why they should do it, while the characters on the screen strain helplessly against the requirements of the formula." James Berardinelli rated it one and a half out of four stars, saying: "The script for "Mercury Rising" is exceptionally tiresome and hard-to-swallow. ... Once again, certain standby plot elements -- the high-level government conspiracy and the maverick law enforcement agent -- are recycled, and not to good effect. While Bruce Willis can play the action hero as well as anyone in Hollywood, this particular outing leaves him marooned in situations that are characterized by too little tension and too much nonsense."


title: Mercury Rising

text: Bruce Willis received the 1999 Golden Raspberry Award as Worst Actor for his performance (as well as for "Armageddon" and "The Siege").


title: Mercury Rising

text: Miko Hughes won the category of "Best Performance in a Feature Film—Leading Young Actor" at the 1999 Young Artist Awards for his portrayal of Simon.


title: Genting Group

text: The Genting Group is a company headquartered in the Wisma Genting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It comprises the holding company Genting Berhad (), its listed subsidiaries Genting Malaysia Berhad (), Genting Plantations Berhad (), Genting Singapore Plc (), as well as its wholly owned subsidiary Genting Energy Limited.


title: Genting Group

text: Founded in 1965 by the late Malaysian entrepreneur Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong, the Genting Group is headed by Tan Sri Dato Seri Lim Kok Thay, the Chairman and Chief Executive, who joined the Group in 1976.


title: Genting Group

text: Since its founding in 1965, the Group has garnered over 52 years of experience in developing, operating and marketing casinos and integrated resorts in different parts of the world, including the Americas, Australia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and the United Kingdom.


title: Genting Group

text: From its initial leisure and hospitality activities, the Genting Group has expanded and diversified into other activities including plantations, properties, power generation, oil and gas, e-commerce, information technology and biotechnology.


title: Genting Group

text: The Group and its affiliates employ about 62,000 people worldwide and have over 4,500 hectares (11,000 acres) of prime resort land and 238,400 hectares (589,099 acres) of land for plantation.


title: Genting Group

text: Due to the COVID-19 situation worldwide, Genting has announced an unprecedented worldwide shutdown of all Genting Group's casinos from 4 May 2020 until its reopening on 1 October 2021.


title: Genting Group

text: Genting Berhad is the parent company and holding company that manages investment in other companies. Headquarters in Malaysia. It is listed on the main board of Bursa Malaysia, with a market capitalisation of US$9.4 billion as at 31 December 2014. In 2017, its market capitalisation increased to US$ 37.87 billion.


title: Genting Group

text: In December 2006, Genting Group won the bid in obtaining one of two Singapore casino licences to build an integrated resort, named Resorts World Sentosa, under Genting Singapore. The project requirements include hotel, gambling, leisure facilities, convention space and retail.