title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: Prarthna Sarkar of "International Business Times" gave the film a rating of 4.5/5 and wrote, ‘‘To make a sequel better than its prequel is a tough challenge, but director Aanand. L. Rai aces it’’. Calling Ranaut the ‘‘star of the show’’ he further wrote, ‘‘Kangana is the star of the show. Unmistaken accent, perfect gait and subtle expressions, the leading lady's portrayal of Datto and Tanu is praiseworthy’’. Faiza S Khan of "The Guardian" gave the film a rating of 4/5 and called it a ‘‘unusually spiky Bollywood romcom’’. Praising Ranaut's performance she wrote, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut shines in this entertaining and slightly unconventional look at marriage which takes swipes at elitism and potshots at patriarchy’’. Manjari Saxena of "Gulf News" gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and described it as a ‘‘hilarious journey’’. Praising Ranaut's performance he wrote, ‘‘Ranaut portrays gamut of emotions brilliantly in her double role as the wife who feels wronged and the practical but young girl in love. The National Award winning actress nabs Datto’s tomboyish and rustic demeanour with the same elan as the stylish and sexy Tanu; The "Queen" actress is clearly here to rule’’. Shilpa Jamkhandikar of "Reuters" praised Ranaut's performance in the film by writing, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut walks away with the entire film, playing both Tanu and Kusum with panache, in what is probably the defining female performance of 2015’’.


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: Sukanya Verma of "Rediff" cited "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" as one of the best Hindi films of 2015. "Times of India" listed it as one of the best films of 2015. "The Hindu" listed it as one of the people's choice best Hindi movies of 2015. "Film Companion" listed Ranaut's performance in the film among the 100 greatest performances of the decade (2010s). "NDTV" listed Ranaut as one of the best Bollywood actors of 2015. "Deccan Chronicle" listed Ranaut as one of the 11 powerful Bollywood actresses of 2015. Gayatri Gauri of "Firstpost" listed both the characters Ranaut portrayed in the film (Tanu and Datto) as one of the best female characters of the year 2015. Raja Sen of "Rediff" named Ranaut's character in the film, Datto, as one of the most memorable Bollywood characters of 2015. Suresh Mathew of "The Quint" listed Ranaut's character in the film, Datto, as one of the most endearing and loveable characters from Bollywood films of 2015. "Filmfare" listed both the characters Ranaut portrayed in the film (Tanu and Datto) as one of the strongest women characters in Bollywood.


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" earned in its opening weekend in India, for a worldwide gross of . Trade analysts reported that the film took in the biggest opening weekend collections for a Bollywood film that year, and also recovered its production budget in the first three days. The film earned on its first Monday. It earned after its second weekend. The film earned in its second week in India for a two-week domestic total of .


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" holds the record for the highest first week earner ever for a female driven film in India with a collection of over ₹69 crore in its opening week. Additionally, it held the record for the highest single day earner ever for a female driven film in India with a collection of ₹15.85 crore on Sunday; and by earning ₹38.10 crore in its opening weekend the film also broke the record for the highest opening weekend collections for a women-centric film in India previously held by Priyanka Chopra's "Mary Kom". However, both these records were later beaten by Ranaut's own 2019 film, "". On 2 June 2015, "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" became the first Indian women-centric film to enter the ₹100 crore club.


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: According to Bollywood Hungama projection, "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" earned worldwide at the end of its theatrical run, to become one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films. In May 2018, Box Office India reported that it is the highest-grossing Indian film driven by a female lead. It is also one of the highest-grossing Indian franchises.


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: After watching "Tanu Weds Manu Returns", Deepanjana Pal of "Firstpost" stated that this movie could make Ranaut the female Khan of Bollywood. She wrote, ‘‘The reason people want to watch "Tanu Weds Manu Returns", the reason there are great box office expectations of this film and the reason you sit through its two hours is Kangana Ranaut’’. She further wrote, ‘‘If the film does as well as it is expected to, then Ranaut will be the female equivalent of the Khans of Bollywood. She can act in films that are thorough disappointments, but she sells them to you with such charm and style that you don't really care that she and the stories she's telling deserve better’’. After the success of the film, S. Shivakumar of "The Hindu" stated, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut will not be on the wish-list of the Khans of Bollywood for a co-star because of her intimidating screen presence; She doesn’t need them’’. Kunal Purandare of "Forbes India" called Ranaut the ‘outsider’ who rules Bollywood and stated, ‘‘The success of "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" which made a whopping ₹150 crore-plus business at the box office meant that the industry could no longer turn a blind eye to her. She began to draw audiences to the theatres purely on the basis of her reputation of being a solid actor. She continued to raise the bar and opted for a path that many other actresses feared to tread’’.


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: The "Times of India" listed "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" as one of the top twenty best Bollywood films of all-time. Rajiv Vijayakar of "Bollywood Hungama" listed the film as one of the twelve sequels which are better than the earlier films. He stated, ‘‘More people watched


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: "Tanu Weds Manu" after and because they had loved "Tanu Weds Manu Returns"’’. Devesh Sharma of "Filmfare" listed "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" as one of the best Bollywood films featuring double roles. IMDb listed it as one of the fifty best dual role Indian movies of all-time. Saheli Maity of "Koimoi" listed it as one of the top sixty movies with multiple dose roles. Priyanka Vartak of "The Free Press Journal" listed the film as well as Ranaut's dual-role in the film as one of the ten best and famous double role films and double-roles in Bollywood. On the occasion of International Women's Day, 2019, ZEE5 listed "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" as one of the eleven Bollywood films that depict how feminism is done right. Salva Mubarak "Vogue India" listed it as one of the thirteen best wedding-centric films of the decade (2010s). Bollywood actor Rishi Kapoor called "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" a modern day version of his own classic film "Prem Rog" (1982).


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: Ranaut's portrayal of a dual-role in the film received widespread acclaim. India TV listed Ranaut as one of the ten best Bollywood stars who excelled a new language for their movie. "Hindustan Times" listed Ranaut as one of the five actors who aced the accent they had onscreen. Srijana Mitra Das of "Times of India" called Ranaut's portrayal of a dual-role in the film as one of the finest double roles ever in Hindi cinema. MSN listed Ranaut's dual-role in the film as one of the most iconic double roles in Bollywood movies. "The Free Press Journal" listed Ranaut's performance in the film as one of the ten greatest lead performances that went beyond the requirements of the script to create memorable characters. They called called Ranaut's portrayal of a dual-role in the film as one of the best dual roles ever attempted in a Hindi film. "Filmfare" listed "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" as one of movies that showcased Ranaut's class as an actor. They called Ranaut's role in the film as one of her most ‘‘iconic’’ roles and wrote, ‘‘Kangana Ranaut really flaunts her versatility with this film as even though she plays two distinct characters, not for a second you’ll feel it’s the same person playing them’’. "Film Companion" listed Ranaut's performance in the film among the 100 greatest performances of the decade (2010s).


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: The characters in "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" has become some of the most popular and recognizable characters in Hindi Cinema. "Filmfare" listed both the characters Ranaut portrayed in the film (Tanu and Datto) as one of the strongest women characters in Bollywood. Madhavi Pothukuchi of "Vagabomb" listed both the characters Ranaut portrayed in the film (Tanu and Datto) as one of the ten Bollywood female characters who gave us important life lessons. Shilpa Dubey of Pinkvilla listed Ranaut's character in the film, Tanu, as one of the iconic female characters from the 2010s decade of Bollywood. Srishti Magan of "ScoopWhoop" listed Dobriyal's character in the film, ‘Pappi Ji’, as one of the best side characters from Hindi movies who were so brilliant that they deserve their own story. Bhavya Sadhwani of "IndiaTimes" listed Madhavan and Dobriyal's characters in the film, Manu and Pappi ji, as one of the fifty characters that resonated with us and are likely to stay etched in our memories for a long long time.


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: Over the years, "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" along with "Tanu Weds Manu" has become a cult classic franchise. It is also one of the most successful Indian franchises. Additionally, its dialogues and one-liners has reached a cult status spawning several online memes. The film is considered as one of the most important and best films of director Rai as well as one of the best films of both Ranaut and Madhavan. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the first part of the franchise, "Tanu Weds Manu", Director Rai revealed that people identify or refer him as ‘‘Woh Tanu Weds Manu wala Aanand Rai’’ ().


title: Tanu Weds Manu: Returns

text: At the 63rd National Film Awards, "Tanu Weds Manu Returns" won Best Actress (for Ranaut), Best Original Screenplay and Best Dialogues. At the 61st Filmfare Awards ceremony, the film won two awards: Best Actress (Critics) (for Ranaut) and Best Dialogue. The film also received nominations for Best Film and Best Director (Rai) among others at the ceremony.


title: NCT discography

text: The discography of the South Korean boy group NCT consists of three studio albums and thirteen singles. The multi-national and unlimited boy group was formed and managed by the Korean entertainment company SM Entertainment in 2016. This page compiles the discography of NCT as a whole group. NCT had their first major release with "NCT 2018 Empathy" in 2018, featuring a total of eighteen members at the time under the name NCT 2018, marking the first singular-year project to involve all current members and sub-units of NCT. It was also the first NCT release to receive a platinum KMCA certificate following its introduction in the same year. They have subsequently released two more studio albums.


title: Matt O'Riley

text: Matthew Sean O'Riley (born 21 November 2000) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Scottish Premiership club Celtic. Born in England, he is an under-21 international for Denmark.


title: Matt O'Riley

text: O'Riley joined the academy of Fulham at the age of eight, having previously played for Teddington-based NPL Youth. He progressed through several age groups, eventually becoming a regular in the club's U18 and reserve sides. He made his first team debut on 8 August 2017 in a 2–0 EFL Cup first round away win over Wycombe Wanderers.


title: Matt O'Riley

text: Over the next two seasons O'Riley featured for the club's U21 side in several EFL Trophy group matches whilst on the fringes of the first team. He made his Championship debut on 1 January 2020 as a 19th-minute substitute in a 2–1 home defeat to Reading. O'Riley left the club in the summer of 2020, having declined a new three-year first team deal amidst rumoured interest from several clubs domestically and abroad.


title: Matt O'Riley

text: On 24 January 2021, O'Riley signed for League One club Milton Keynes Dons, having spent six months training with the side as a free agent since leaving Fulham. Less than a week after joining, on 30 January 2021, he scored his first professional career goal.


title: Matt O'Riley

text: After an impressive start to the 2021–22 season, on 11 December 2021 O'Riley was named EFL Young Player of the Month for November 2021, a month in which he scored four goals in as many appearances.


title: Matt O'Riley

text: On 20 January 2022, O'Riley joined Scottish Premiership club Celtic on a four-and-a-half year deal for a reported £1,500,000 fee after the club met his release clause. He made his debut on 26 January 2022, starting in a 2–1 away win over Hearts. On 9 February 2022, O'Riley scored his first goal for the club in a 3–2 away victory over Aberdeen. On 9 April 2022 he scored a brace in a 7–0 home win over St Johnstone.


title: Matt O'Riley

text: O'Riley was an England youth international. As well as England, he is eligible to represent Denmark and Norway due to his mother's side of the family. In March 2022, O'Riley was called up to the Denmark under-21s for the first time.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The anti-gender movement is an international movement which opposes what it refers to as "gender ideology", " gender theory" or "genderism". The concepts cover a variety of issues and have no coherent definition. Members of the anti-gender movement include right-wingers and the far right, right-wing populists, conservatives, and Christian fundamentalists. Members of the anti-gender movement oppose some LGBT rights, some reproductive rights, government gender policies, gender equality, gender mainstreaming and gender studies departments. Anti-gender rhetoric has seen increasing circulation in trans-exclusionary radical feminist discourse since 2016.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The term "gender ideology" has been described by the academics Stefanie Mayer and Birgit Sauer as an "empty signifier" and by Agnieszka Graff as a "catch-all term for all that conservative Catholics despise". The idea of gender ideology has been described by scholars as a moral panic or conspiracy theory, as it alleges that there is a secret cabal out to undermine society. A report by the European Parliament linked the rise of the anti-gender movement in Europe to disinformation campaigns that are sponsored in large part by Russia.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The movement derives from Catholic theology and can be dated to the late twentieth century, but the protests that brought the movement to attention did not start until around 2012–2013. The historian Andrea Pető states that the anti-gender movement is not a form of classical anti-feminism but instead "a fundamentally new phenomenon that was launched to establish a new world order".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The phrase "anti-gender" is seldom used in English-speaking communities; it is primarily used in other language communities to attach a "foreign" label to progressive policies connected to gender, sexuality, or reproductive freedom.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The concept of "gender ideology" does not have a coherent definition and covers a variety of issues; for this reason, it has been described by academics Stefanie Mayer and Birgit Sauer as an "empty signifier" and by Agnieszka Graff as a catch-all term "for all that conservative Catholics despise".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The term "gender ideology" and related terms "gender theory" and "genderism", used interchangeably, are not equivalent to the academic discipline of gender studies, within which significant controversies and disagreements exist. Anti-gender proponents are often unaware of these debates and disagreements.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Elizabeth Corredor writes: "gender ideology serves as both a political and epistemological counterclaim to emancipatory conceptions of gender, sex, and sexuality". She adds that the anti-gender movement combines "gender ideology" rhetoric with attempts to exploit the existing divisions within LGBT and feminist movements. The movement accuses various actors of being bearers of "gender ideology", including "liberal, green or leftist politicians, women's rights activists, LGBT activists, gender policy officers of public administrations, and gender studies scholars".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Most scholars studying the anti-gender movement have dated its origins to 1990s discussions within the Catholic Church to counter the results of the United Nations' 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 World Conference on Women, following which the UN began to recognize sexual and reproductive rights. The Holy See feared that this recognition would lead to abortion being seen as a human right, delegitimization of motherhood, and the normalization of homosexuality. The term "gender" "was understood by the Holy See as a strategic means to attack and destabilize the natural family". In 1997, American anti-abortion journalist Dale O’Leary, who is affiliated to the "Opus Dei", wrote a book titled "The Gender Agenda": "the Gender Agenda sails into communities not as a tall ship, but as a submarine, determined to reveal as little of itself as possible". In Catholic thought, the concept of gender ideology emerged from John Paul II's theology of the body, in which the sexes are held to be different and complementary. Although the ideas of the anti-gender movement were developed by 2003, protests related to the movement first emerged in most European countries around 2012–2013. Although it is still promoted by Catholic actors, the anti-gender movement spread more generally throughout the right-wing by 2019.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Alternately, the anti-gender movement is dated to the early 1980s when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the later Pope Benedict XVI, noticed that feminist books arguing that gender was socially constructed were bestsellers in Germany and noticed changes in German law allowing transgender people to legally change their gender. Researcher Mary Anne Case therefore argues that "Trans rights claims were, together with feminist claims, thus a foundational component, not a recent addition, to the Vatican’s sphere of concern around 'gender' and to the focusing of that concern on developments in secular law."


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Pearce et al. said that the concept of gender ideology "saw increasing circulation in trans-exclusionary radical feminist discourse" from around 2016. Claire Thurlow noted that "despite efforts to obscure the point, gender critical feminism continues to rely on transphobic tropes, moral panics and essentialist understandings of men and women. These factors also continue to link trans-exclusionary feminism to anti-feminist reactionary politics and other ‘anti-gender’ movements."


title: Anti-gender movement

text: A report commissioned by the European Parliament found that anti-gender activity in Europe was funded to a large degree by Russian and American actors.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Key proponents of the anti-gender movement include Dale O'Leary, Michel Schooyans, Tony Anatrella, Gabriele Kuby, and . According to Łukasz Wawrowski, it is not possible to have a scientific discourse between gender studies scholars and anti-gender proponents, because for the former gender is a scientific concept that can be researched and falsified, whereas anti-gender proponents derive their arguments from transcendent truths handed down by God, which are not subject to empirical verification.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Members of the anti-gender movement oppose some reproductive rights, particularly abortion, as well as some LGBT rights, especially same-sex marriage, along with some campaigns against gender-based violence. They may also campaign against anti-bullying programs, sex education in schools, and gender studies in higher education. According to Kováts, not all the movements fitting under the "anti-gender" label (by opposing "gender" or "gender ideology") are overtly anti-feminist or anti-LGBT, and the anti-gender movement is a novel phenomenon distinct from previous anti-feminism and homophobia. The anti-gender movement is not synonymous with the far-right, as not all far-right movements espouse anti-gender views, and anti-gender themes extend beyond the far-right.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The anti-gender movement often use the term "gender ideology". Anti-gender activists may portray the EU and international organizations as manipulated by lobbies, such as American billionaires, Freemasons, feminists, or Jews. To promote the idea that gender is a foreign concept imposed by corrupt elites, they often use the English word "gender", rather than a translation into the local language.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Proponents present themselves as the defenders of the freedoms of speech, thought, and conscience against the "gender ideology", which they label as "totalitarian".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Some in the anti-gender movement consider "gender ideology" to be a totalitarian ideology, worse than Communism or Nazism. This is allegedly pushed by a secret cabal or foreign entities (such as the European Union, World Health Organization, or United Nations) for the purpose of weakening, undermining, or destroying families, the Catholic Church, the nation, or Western civilization.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: According to sociologists Roman Kuhar and David Paternotte, "the invention of 'gender ideology' is closely connected to debates within the Catholic Church". Pope Francis has stated that "gender ideology" would undermine the Catholic Church's position on gender complementarity, comparing it to nuclear weapons, and said it was one of the "Herods that destroy, that plot designs of death, that disfigure the face of man and woman, destroying creation". In 2019, the Catholic Church released the first major document dealing specifically with "gender ideology", which states that there are only two biologically determined genders or sexes. According to Corredor,


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The anti-gender movement is closely related to right-wing populism, nationalism, and the Christian right. According to Kuhar and Paternotte, "anti-gender campaigns are [not] the direct consequence of the right-wing populist wave, but the shift towards the Right reinforces these campaigns and provides them with new supporters who took over a concept of 'gender ideology' which shares some ideological structures with right-wing populist ideology". In line with their populist framing, referendums are often used to secure the outcomes desired by the anti-gender movement.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: It is disputed the extent to which the anti-gender movement is a reaction to events and other movements, or a proactive movement attempting to create social change. Hande Eslen-Ziya argues that the anti-gender movement relies on what she calls "troll science," that she describes as "(distorted) scientific arguments moulded into populist discourse, creating an alternative narrative on the conceptions of gender equality."


title: Anti-gender movement

text: According to Marta Rawłuszko, the anti-gender movement is, in part, a backlash against the devolution of power from democratically elected national governments to unelected equality bodies and international organizations, such as the European Union, which demand changes. Because these policies are not approved by voters or their elected representatives, they generate a democratic deficit. She notes that "gender equality policies have been implemented without engaging a wider audience or public debate".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: However, Paternotte rejects that the anti-gender movement is a backlash, writing that the idea is "conceptually flawed, empirically weak and politically problematic", because comparative research has shown that in different countries, the anti-gender activism is "sparked by extremely different issues".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The emergence and success of anti-gender movements is considered by political scientist Eszter Kováts to be a symptom of a deeper underlying socioeconomic, political, and cultural crisis of liberal democracy and a reaction to neoliberalism. Similarly, political scientist Birgit Sauer refers to these movements as, among other things, a reaction to deregulation, precarization of labor, the erosion of the welfare state and the widening of the gap between the rich and poor. In the journal "LuXemburg" in 2018, sociologist Weronika Grzebalska and political scientists Eszter Kováts and Andrea Pető analyze the term "gender" as the "symbolic glue" of the anti-gender movement, which unites different political and religious actors who would otherwise not cooperate with each other. They view the "gender ideology" that these actors mobilize against as a metaphor for the insecurity and unfairness produced by the neoliberal socioeconomic order.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The idea of gender ideology has been described as a moral panic or conspiracy theory. According to two political psychologists writing for "The Conversation", the conspiracy theory contributed to a debate in Poland in 2020 about "whether the coronavirus pandemic is a punishment for gender theory". An Ipsos survey in October 2019 found that a plurality of Polish men under 40 believe that "the LGBT movement and gender ideology" is the "biggest threat facing them in the 21st century".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Those said to support gender ideology are delegitimized, negating pluralism and undermining liberal democracy, in a similar way to the far-right. Lorena Sosa, assistant professor at the (SIM), states that the anti-gender movement has challenged human rights, such as protection from violence against women, and contributed to democratic erosion.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Pető argues that "The anti-gender movement is not merely another offshoot of centuries-old anti-feminism... The anti-gender movement is a fundamentally new phenomenon that was launched to establish a new world order." She also argues that the movement "is saturated with hatred"—citing online harassment against gender researchers—and argues that it "attacks liberalism and therefore democracy".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: In 2021 the philosopher Judith Butler described the anti-gender movement as a fascist trend and cautioned self-declared feminists against allying with such movements in targeting trans, non-binary, and genderqueer people. In a 2019 paper Butler argued that "the confusion of discourses is part of what constitutes the fascist structure and appeal of at least some of these [anti-gender] movements. One can oppose gender as a cultural import from the North at the same time that one can see that very opposition as a social movement against further colonization of the South. The result is not a turn to the Left, but an embrace of ethno-nationalism."


title: Anti-gender movement

text: In August 2021, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights Dunja Mijatović said the anti-gender movement are "instrumentalising existing societal prejudices and verbally attacking LGBTI people to achieve political objectives for their own benefit" and said the targeting of "LGBTI people for political gain is a costly strategy which harms the lives and well-being of those affected and undermines social cohesion in general." The Commissioner said that "by permeating the political scene, the anti-gender movements are increasingly well-placed to erode the protection of human rights in Europe" and concluded that "by standing up for LGBTI people, we defend the equal human dignity of all, protect our societies' wellbeing and the strength of our precious human rights system."


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The anti-gender movement emerged in Europe in the early 2010s and, as of 2019, was making headway in Latin America. The movement is transnational, with campaigns in different countries borrowing strategies and rhetoric from other countries. However, in individual countries the anti-gender movement overlaps with appeals to nationalism and national sovereignty.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Besides Catholicism, anti-gender rhetoric is used by other Christians, Confucians, Hindus, Muslims, and Jews.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Before the emergence of the anti-gender movement, activists and scholars believed that Europe was on an inexorable course towards complete gender equality and full LGBT rights, serious opposition to which was deemed a holdover from the past or else a phenomenon confined to Eastern Europe and Catholic countries. The anti-gender movement proved this perception to be incorrect. Since the 1990s, the European Commission has made eligibility for funding from the Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund conditional on local gender equality policies, which led to rapid changes after Poland joined the European Union in 2004.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: In February 2019, the European Parliament passed a resolution against the "backlash in women’s rights and gender equality in the EU".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The anti-gender movement in France is spearheaded by Farida Belghoul and "La Manif pour tous" (LMPT), a protest movement which originated in early 2013 to oppose same-sex marriage in France and pivoted to opposing equality curricula after same-sex marriage was legalized in May 2013. The anti-gender movement in France has spread false rumors and hoaxes, such as the claim that masturbation is being taught in French kindergartens. Professor analyzes LMPT as a populist, post-truth movement.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: In Germany, right-wing extremists and right-wing populists mobilized against the concept of "gender madness," which was characterized as a "weapon" against "the German people" in a 2013 call by neo-Nazis.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Even outside the extreme right, there has been critical discussion of gender mainstreaming since 2006, when Eva Herman commented on the role of women in society and the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung debated "political gender reassignment". Right-wing extremists used this as a prelude to a targeted campaign against gender mainstreaming.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Additionally, since 2013, the fundamentalist Christian protest alliance has mobilized against same-sex marriage and gender mainstreaming.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: According to Eszter Kováts and Andrea Pető, writing in 2017, there was "no significant anti-gender movement" in the country, but "a palpable anti-gender discourse", especially in the later 2010s, which to date had only sporadically intersected with the national public debate. They write that the Hungarian anti-gender discourse emerged in 2008, when a textbook was published that was criticized by a Fidesz MP. The politician said that the textbook contained "gender ideology" and that "the greatest danger of this trend is that society will lose its sexual identity". In politics, the anti-gender discourse first attained prominence in 2010, when the left-wing government inserted a sentence into the national curriculum stating that early childhood educators should "deliberately avoid any strengthening of gender stereotypes and facilitate the dismantling of the prejudices concerning the social equality of genders". Right-wing media gave the change much coverage; it was alleged to promote "gender ideology".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Anti-gender in Italy has been sponsored by Lega Nord party as well as the groups Pro Vita (associated with the neo-fascist party New Force) and Manif pour Tous Italia, later called Generazione Famiglia. In the 2018 Italian general election, Lega Nord placed Catholic representatives on its electoral lists, sealing an anti-gender alliance.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: The 2020 Lithuanian parliamentary elections and the formation of coalition between the Homeland Union and Freedom Party, which shares a positive stance on LGBT-related policies, led to the formation of anti-gender movements such as the Lithuanian Family Movement and political parties like the National Alliance.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: Gender studies scholar Elisabeth L. Engebretsen has identified groups such as the Norwegian branch of Women's Declaration International and LLH2019, a self-declared sister organization of LGB Alliance, as key anti-gender actors in Norway. According to Engebretsen these groups are part of a "complex threat to democracy."


title: Anti-gender movement

text: In late 2013, the term "gender", which had been confined to academic discourse, became popularized as part of an anti-gender campaign by the right-wing and the Catholic Church. The campaign against "gender ideology" is promoted by the ruling, national-conservative PiS party, by the Catholic Church's hierarchy, and more radically nationalist groups with which PiS has a fluid boundary: All-Polish Youth, the National Rebirth of Poland, and the National-Radical Camp. Sociologists and Pavel Żuk write that: "The right in Poland perceives both feminist and homosexual circles as a threat to the national identity associated with the Catholic religion and as a threat to the traditional family model and social order." Anti-LGBT rhetoric from the Polish right increased following the conclusion of the 2015 European migrant crisis, during which anti-migrant rhetoric was prominent. With anti-gender rhetoric, the LGBT community served as the scapegoat or demonized enemy required by populist politics.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: A 2020 survey of a representative sample of 1,000 Poles found that 30% believed in the existence of a "gender conspiracy", "defined as a secret plan to destroy Christian tradition partly by taking control over public media". The survey found that belief in the gender conspiracy did not correlate with religiosity; it was strongly associated with the belief that the Catholic Church should occupy a privileged position in society and rejection of LGBT people as neighbors. Marta Rawłuszko suggests that Polish people may be prone to finding conspiracies because of the actual plots during communist rule.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: In June 2020, Polish president Andrzej Duda of PiS drew attention when he called LGBT an "ideology" and a form of "neo-Bolshevism", ahead of the 2020 Polish presidential election.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: In 2021, Puerto Rico experienced a march against the introduction of a "Gender Perspective curriculum" in public schools that was created under former Governor Alejandro García Padilla and being enacted under Governor Pedro Pierluisi. The marchers, who numbered in the tens of thousands, described the event as marching against "Gender Ideology". Speakers included Bishop Daniel Fernández Torres, political scientist , along with other religious leaders.


title: Anti-gender movement

text: President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro has characterized "gender ideologists" as a force that is opposed to conservative Christianity. He has also said that he wants to ban "gender ideology in schools".


title: Anti-gender movement

text: During the 2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum, evangelical Christian pressure groups and right-wing politicians that opposed the peace agreement argued that protections for LGBT people in the treaty were "an instrument to impose gender ideology". This helped motivate much of the evangelical electorate to oppose the agreement, which was ultimately rejected by voters, 50.22% (No) to 49.78% (Yes).


title: Dante (footballer)

text: Dante Bonfim Costa Santos (born 18 October 1983), commonly known as Dante (), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for and captains French club Nice. Primarily a central defender, he has previously also been used as a defensive midfielder or a left back.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: After emerging at Juventude, Dante went on to play for Lille, Charleroi and Standard Liège, winning the Belgian Pro League with the latter. In January 2009, he was signed by Borussia Mönchengladbach, spending two-and-a-half seasons before making a €4.7 million move to Bayern Munich, where he won nine domestic and international honours.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: Dante made his international debut for Brazil in 2013, winning that year's Confederations Cup and representing the nation at the 2014 FIFA World Cup.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: Dante joined Juventude's youth system in 2001 and by 2002 became a part of the club's first team setup. In 2004, he made his move to European football, signing for Lille in France. After two seasons with the club where he only featured in 12 league games, Dante moved to Belgium, signing for Charleroi in 2006. After a successful campaign in the Belgian Pro League for Charleroi where he made 27 appearances and helped the club to a respectable fifth-place finish, he moved across the country to Standard Liège.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: Dante had a successful debut season with the Belgian giants, as Standard were crowned league champions; the Brazilian defender proving to be an integral member, missing just one league match. In his second season with Standard, he featured in the first 15 league matches of the campaign before interest from Germany sent the player to the Bundesliga.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: Dante joined German side Borussia Mönchengladbach on 27 December 2008 for an undisclosed transfer fee, signing a contract with the club until summer 2013. He made his debut for the club on 20 March 2009, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 loss to fellow strugglers VfL Bochum. His first goal for the club came against eventual champions VfL Wolfsburg on 11 April but it came in a losing effort as 'Gladbach fell 2–1 thanks to a late strike by defender Sascha Riether. The Brazilian scored a dramatic late winner against Energie Cottbus on 13 May, heading in a cross from winger Marko Marin to give the club a 1–0 win in the 91st minute. On the final day of the Bundesliga season on 23 May 2009, Dante scored 'Gladbach's only goal in a 1–1 draw with Borussia Dortmund, a point which meant the club avoided immediate relegation to the 2. Bundesliga.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: In the opening fixture of the 2009–10 Bundesliga campaign on 9 August 2009, Dante received a red card for a bad foul as Mönchengladbach relinquished a 3–0 lead against VfL Bochum, drawing 3–3. He scored his first goal of the campaign on 31 October, heading home a corner in the 76th minute to draw the match level at 2–2 and an 82nd-minute strike from Rob Friend handed 'Gladbach a 3–2 victory over Hamburger SV. On 9 April 2010, Dante headed in a free-kick from Juan Arango to double 'Gladbach's lead, resulting in a 2–0 defeat of Eintracht Frankfurt that all but secured Bundesliga survival.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: The 2010–11 campaign proved to be another difficult campaign for 'Gladbach. Dante only featured in 17 league matches as he battled against persistent injury and the club finished in 16th place, the relegation play-off spot. However, Dante did play the full 90 minutes in each play-off match against VfL Bochum as Borussia Mönchengladbach managed a 2–1 aggregate victory to remain in the German top flight for the 2011–12 season.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: The following season proved much more successful as Dante featured in 38 matches in all competitions, playing the full 90 minutes in each. In January 2012, he hinted he could leave the club before his contract expired in June 2014, revealing to the press he desired to play for a top club in Germany, singling out Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund and Bayer Leverkusen. Dante was influential as the club made a run to the semi-finals of the DFB-Pokal where the club lost 4–2 on penalties to Bayern Munich on 21 March 2012, with Dante and Håvard Nordtveit missing their penalties to give Bayern a spot in the final with champions Borussia Dortmund.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: On 26 April 2012, Dante agreed to join Bayern Munich at the start of the 2012–13 season for an estimated transfer fee of €4.7 million.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: Dante's first appearance for the club came in the DFL-Supercup on 12 August 2012, starting at centre-back in Bayern's 2–1 defeat of Borussia Dortmund. He made his Bundesliga debut for the Bavarian giants on 25 August as Bayern cruised to a 3–0 opening day victory over promoted side Greuther Fürth. He scored his first competitive goal for the team in a 5–0 thrashing of Hannover 96 on 24 November 2012. Dante made an immediate impact at Bayern, earning a place in the starting 11 and forming partnerships with the interchanging Holger Badstuber, Daniel Van Buyten and Jérôme Boateng in the centre of defence.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: Following the defender's impressive start with "Die Roten", head coach Jupp Heynckes told media Dante was one of the first names on the team sheet, with club captain Phillip Lahm supporting the manager's sentiments: "Dante is one of the best defenders I've ever played with." He secured his first Bundesliga title since moving to Germany after a 1–0 defeat of Eintracht Frankfurt on 6 April 2013 and was seen celebrating with the supporters in the stands following the result. In the Champions League final against Borussia Dortmund, Dante conceded a penalty for a rash challenge but failed to receive a red card in an entertaining 2–1 victory for the Bavarians.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: With Dante at the heart the defence, Bayern broke records for fewest goals conceded and most clean sheets in a Bundesliga season during their treble-winning campaign.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: In new manager Pep Guardiola's first Bundesliga match, against Dante's former club Borussia Mönchengladbach, Dante scored an own goal after a mix-up with goalkeeper Manuel Neuer. The match nonetheless ended in a 3–1 victory for Bayern.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: On 21 December 2013, Dante scored the opening goal as Bayern beat Raja Casablanca 2–0 in the final of the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: In February 2014, Dante scored three goals in the space of four matches for Bayern, in Bundesliga wins over Eintracht Frankfurt (5–0) and SC Freiburg (4–0) and a DFB-Pokal victory over Hamburger SV (5–0).


title: Dante (footballer)

text: On 30 August 2015, Dante agreed to move to VfL Wolfsburg for an undisclosed transfer fee. On 13 January 2016, Dante injured teammate Bas Dost in training.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: On 22 August 2016, VfL Wolfsburg announced the departure of Dante to French Ligue 1 side Nice, with which he signed a three-year contract. On 18 February 2018, he scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Nantes.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: In his time at Borussia Mönchengladbach, Dante was well known for his hair, becoming a cult hero with Borussia fans regularly sporting large afro wigs as an homage to their favourite player. Bayern fans continued this tradition after the defender's move to Munich.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: Dante received his first call-up to the Brazil national team on 21 January 2013 by returning coach Luiz Felipe Scolari to be part of the squad for a friendly against England, on 6 February at Wembley Stadium. He started the game, which England won 2–1 after goals from Wayne Rooney and Frank Lampard.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: On 22 June 2013, he scored his first international goal in the final group match of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, against Italy at the stroke of half-time, after coming on as a substitute for David Luiz on the 33rd minute.


title: Dante (footballer)

text: Dante was a member of Brazil's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, making his only appearance in the semi-final as a replacement for the suspended captain Thiago Silva, as the "Seleção" were defeated by Germany in a record 7–1 scoreline.


title: Les Stroud

text: Les Stroud (born October 20, 1961) is a Canadian survival expert, filmmaker and musician best known as the creator, writer, producer, director, cameraman and host of the television series "Survivorman". Stroud was named Chief Scout by Scouts Canada on November 22, 2021. After a short career behind the scenes in the music industry, Stroud became a full-time wilderness guide, survival instructor and musician based in Huntsville, Ontario. Stroud has produced survival-themed programming for The Outdoor Life Network, The Discovery Channel, The Science Channel, and YTV. The survival skills imparted from watching Stroud's television programs have been cited by several people as the reason they lived through harrowing wilderness ordeals.


title: Les Stroud

text: Stroud was born in the Mimico neighbourhood of Toronto and graduated from Mimico High School. He went on to complete the Music Industry Arts program at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario. Stroud worked for several years at the Toronto-based music video channel MuchMusic, and as a songwriter for the band New Regime before a Temagami canoe trip sparked a career change. During this time he also worked as garbage collector for the City of Toronto.


title: Les Stroud

text: In 1990 Stroud became a guide for Black Feather Wilderness Adventures leading canoe excursions into the Northern Ontario wilds. It was also during this time while on a survival course he met his future wife, photographer Sue Jamison. They married in 1994 and together left for a year-long honeymoon in the remote Wabakimi area of Ontario which was to become the basis of the documentary "Snowshoes and Solitude". Afterwards, the couple moved to Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories where Stroud was employed as an outdoor instructor to special needs individuals of aboriginal descent. Stroud and Jamison then settled in Huntsville, Ontario where they had two children and started both the outdoor instructional outfit Wilderness Voice and the media company Wilderness Spirit Productions.


title: Les Stroud

text: Inspired by the popularity of the television show "Survivor", Stroud pitched a more authentic version of the show to The Discovery Channel Canada. Stroud produced two programs titled "One Week in the Wilderness" and "Winter in the Wilderness" for @discovery.ca in 2001. The success of these specials led to the development of "Survivorman", a show that followed a similar format of leaving Stroud on his own, with minimal equipment, in the wilderness to videotape his survival experience.


title: Les Stroud

text: After his marriage to Jamison in 1994, the two of them spent one year in the Canadian wilderness to attempt a paleolithic existence. They travelled to Goldsborough Lake () deep in the Wabakimi, first building a tipi then an attached A-frame while using no metal, plastic, or otherwise manufactured tools. For the first half of the year, they took a store of traditional foods such as wild rice, squash, beaver and moose meat, bear fat, and maple sugar. In late September, Stroud's friends Doug Getgood and Fred Rowe brought in food for the next six months and chopped firewood for the couple. Stroud and Jamison built and equipped a winter cabin using an axe, a modern bow saw, and a trapper's tin wood stove left by Getgood and Rowe, along with a metal pot they found.


title: Les Stroud

text: Family and medical emergencies brought them out of the bush on three occasions. Once when Stroud's father was dying from cancer, another when they both went to be treated for giardiasis, and again when Jamison had a miscarriage. Stroud filmed their primitive living experience and released the 50 minute documentary, "Snowshoes and Solitude", which was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival.


title: Les Stroud

text: In 2001 Stroud produced two one-hour specials for the science news show @discovery.ca. These segments follow the same format as "Survivorman" with Stroud filming his own survival in the wilderness. They were originally broadcast as daily segments over the course of one week but were repackaged as two one-hour specials titled "Stranded". The popularity of these pilots spawned the show "Survivorman". Stroud produced 23 episodes of the show which began airing in 2004. Stroud also composed and performed the opening theme music of "Survivorman".


title: Les Stroud

text: In 2006, Stroud produced a 90-minute special documenting his family's journey to building an off-the-grid home. The show, "Off the Grid with Les Stroud", chronicled the process of buying property and refitting an old farm house with solar and wind power, a raincatcher and well, as well as the adjustments the Stroud family had to make to adapt to this style of living. Stroud has made multiple television appearances including on "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson", "The View", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", and "Larry King Live".


title: Les Stroud

text: Stroud has also hosted an episode of the Discovery channel show "I Shouldn't Be Alive" titled "Lost In The Snow", which aired during its first season and the TV program "Surviving Urban Disasters", which aired on the Science Channel and the 20th annual Shark Week on the Discovery Channel.


title: Les Stroud

text: In 2010, Stroud hosted and produced the Gemini nominated hit kids TV series "Survive This" and "Survive This 2" (YTV, Cartoon Network) that takes teens into the wilderness to teach them how to survive by giving them some instruction and challenging them with survival scenarios. Stroud's follow-up show to "Survivorman" was titled "Beyond Survival with Les Stroud" and debuted in 2010.


title: Les Stroud

text: On April 27, 2018, National Geographic aired Stroud's Alaska's Grizzly Gauntlet on their NGW channel. In 4 episodes, Stroud explores the survival methods and social structure of the Kodiak brown bear.


title: Les Stroud

text: In addition to film making and wilderness survival, Stroud has also worked in the music industry as a professional musician. After graduation, Stroud worked both as an associate producer for the nascent music channel MuchMusic as well as production manager on music videos for artists such as Rush and Corey Hart. During this time Stroud also played in the David Bowie cover band "Diamond Dogs" and played lead guitar and composed music for his band "New Regime" which signed with RCA Records shortly after Stroud left the band.


title: Les Stroud

text: As frequently illustrated in his show "Survivorman", Stroud is considered an exceptional blues harmonica player.


title: Les Stroud

text: This instrument is featured prominently in his self-titled debut CD which has been described as "a collection of diverse roots/blues and traditional folk, acoustic music that reflects the uniquely northern spirit of freedom and adventure." Several songs off of this album can be downloaded from his official site. Stroud has performed in and around the Muskoka area and at the Orillia Blues Festival and Toronto Beaches International Jazz Festival.


title: Les Stroud

text: Stroud and The Northern Pikes have struck up a musical collaboration under the name "Les Stroud and the Pikes". Throughout 2005 and 2006 they performed together live several times, and an EP born from this collaboration entitled "Long Walk Home" was released in the spring of 2007.


title: Les Stroud

text: Stroud has received several accolades as a musician. He has won "Best Acoustic/Folk Act", "Best Blues Act" and "Best Overall" awards at the "Spirit of the North" music festival in New Liskeard, Ontario.


title: Les Stroud

text: Stroud's documentary "Snowshoes and Solitude" was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival.


title: Les Stroud

text: Stroud was nominated for six Gemini Awards for his work on "Survivorman". In 2010, Stroud and his production team was nominated for Best Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Program or Series for "Survive This".


title: Les Stroud

text: Stroud has extensive experience with survival and primitive living skills, initially training with expert David Arama. He went on to study with many others including John "Prairie Wolf" McPherson.


title: Les Stroud

text: Stroud has been an active participant in adventure racing and has competed at the Canadian championships.


title: Yard

text: The yard (symbol: yd) is an English unit of length in both the British imperial and US customary systems of measurement equalling 3 feet or 36 inches. Since 1959 it has been by international agreement standardized as exactly 0.9144 meter. A distance of 1,760 yards is equal to 1 mile.


title: Yard

text: The term, "yard" derives from the Old English , etc., which was used for branches, staves and measuring rods. It is first attested in the late 7th century laws of Ine of Wessex, where the "yard of land" mentioned is the yardland, an old English unit of tax assessment equal to  hide. Around the same time the Lindisfarne Gospels account of the messengers from John the Baptist in the Gospel of Matthew used it for a branch swayed by the wind. In addition to the yardland, Old and Middle English both used their forms of "yard" to denote the surveying lengths of or , used in computing acres, a distance now usually known as the "rod".


title: Yard

text: A unit of three English feet is attested in a statute of (see below), but there it is called an ell (,  "arm"), a separate and usually longer unit of around . The use of the word ‘yard’ ( or ) to describe this length is first attested in William Langland's poem on Piers Plowman. The usage seems to derive from the prototype standard rods held by the king and his magistrates (see below).


title: Yard

text: The word ‘yard’ is a homonym of ‘yard’ in the sense of an enclosed area of land. This second meaning of ‘yard’ has an etymology related to the word ‘garden’ and is not related to the unit of measurement.


title: Yard

text: The origin of the yard measure is uncertain. Both the Romans and the Welsh used multiples of a shorter foot, but  Roman feet was a "step" () and 3 Welsh feet was a "pace" (). The Proto-Germanic cubit or arm's-length has been reconstructed as *"alinâ", which developed into the Old English , Middle English , and modern ell of . This has led some to derive the yard of three English feet from pacing; others from the ell or cubit; and still others from Henry I's arm standard (see below). Based on the etymology of the other "yard", some suggest it originally derived from the girth of a person's waist, while others believe it originated as a cubic measure. One official British report writes:


title: Yard

text: The earliest record of a prototype measure is the statute II Edgar Cap. 8 (AD 959  963), which survives in several variant manuscripts. In it, Edgar the Peaceful directed the Witenagemot at Andover that "the measure held at Winchester" should be observed throughout his realm. (Some manuscripts read "at London and at Winchester".) The statutes of William I similarly refer to and uphold the standard measures of his predecessors without naming them.


title: Yard

text: William of Malmesbury's "Deeds of the Kings of England" records that during the reign of Henry I (1100 - 1135), "the measure of his arm was applied to correct the false ell of the traders and enjoined on all throughout England." The folktale that the length was bounded by the king's nose was added some centuries later. C.M. Watson dismisses William's account as "childish", but William was among the most conscientious and trustworthy medieval historians. The French "king's foot" was supposed to have derived from Charlemagne, and the English kings subsequently repeatedly intervened to impose shorter units with the aim of increasing tax revenue.


title: Yard

text: The earliest surviving definition of this shorter unit appears in the Act on the Composition of Yards and Perches, one of the statutes of uncertain date tentatively dated to the reign of Edward I or II . Its wording varies in surviving accounts. One reads:


title: Yard

text: It is ordained that 3 grains of barley dry and round do make an inch, 12 inches make 1 foot, 3 feet make 1 yard, 5 yards and a half make a perch, and 40 perches in length and 4 in breadth make an acre.


title: Yard

text: And be it remembered that the iron yard of our Lord the King containeth 3 feet and no more, and a foot ought to contain 12 inches by the right measure of this yard measured, to wit, the 36th part of this yard rightly measured maketh 1 inch neither more nor less and 5 yards and a half make a perch that is 16 feet and a half measured by the aforesaid yard of our Lord the King.


title: Yard

text: In some early books, this act was appended to another statute of uncertain date titled the Statute for the Measuring of Land. The act was not repealed until the Weights and Measures Act of 1824.


title: Yard

text: In a law of 1439 (18 Henry VI. Cap. 16.) the sale of cloth by the "yard and handful" was abolished, and the "yard and inch" instituted.


title: Yard

text: There shall be but one Measure of Cloth through the Realm by the Yard and the Inch, and not by the Yard and Handful, according to the London Measure.


title: Yard

text: According to Connor, cloth merchants had previously sold cloth by the yard and handful to evade high taxes on cloth (the extra handful being essentially a black-market transaction). Enforcement efforts resulted in cloth merchants switching over to the yard and inch, at which point the government gave up and made the yard and inch official. In 1552, the yard and inch for cloth measurement was again sanctioned in law (5 & 6 Edward VI Cap. 6. "An Act for the true making of Woolen Cloth.")


title: Yard

text: The yard and inch for cloth measurement was also sanctioned again in legislation of 1557–1558 (4 & 5 Philip and Mary Cap. 5. "An act touching the making of woolen clothes." par. IX.)


title: Yard

text: IX. Item, That every ordinary kersie mentioned in the said act shall contain in length in the water betwixt xvi. and xvii. yards, yard and inch; and being well scoured thicked, milled, dressed and fully dried, shall weigh nineteen pounds the piece at the least:...


title: Yard

text: As recently as 1593, the same principle is found mentioned once again (35 Elizabeth. Cap. 10. "An act for the reformation of sundry abuses in clothes, called Devonshire kerjies or dozens, according to a proclamation of the thirty-fourth year of the reign of our sovereign lady the Queen that now is." par. III.)


title: Yard

text: (2) and each and every of the same Devonshire kersies or dozens, so being raw, and as it cometh forth off the weaver's loom (without racking, stretching, straining or other device to encrease the length thereof) shall contain in length between fifteen and sixteen yards by the measure of yard and inch by the rule...


title: Yard

text: One of the oldest yard-rods in existence is the clothyard of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors. It consists of a hexagonal iron rod in diameter and short of a yard, encased within a silver rod bearing the hallmark 1445. In the early 15th century, the Merchant Taylors Company was authorized to "make search" at the opening of the annual St. Bartholomew's Day Cloth Fair. In the mid-18th century, Graham compared the standard yard of the Royal Society to other existing standards. These were a "long-disused" standard made in 1490 during the reign of Henry VII, and a brass yard and a brass ell from 1588 in the time of Queen Elizabeth and still in use at the time, held at the Exchequer; a brass yard and a brass ell at the Guildhall; and a brass yard presented to the Clock-Makers' Company by the Exchequer in 1671. The Exchequer yard was taken as "true"; the variation was found to be + to − of an inch, and an additional graduation for the Exchequer yard was made on the Royal Society's standard. In 1758 the legislature required the construction of a standard yard, which was made from the Royal Society's standard and was deposited with the clerk of the House of Commons; it was divided into feet, one of the feet into inches, and one of the inches into tenths. A copy of it, but with upright cheeks between which other measuring rods could be placed, was made for the Exchequer for commercial use.


title: Yard

text: Following Royal Society investigations by John Playfair, Hyde Wollaston and John Warner in 1814 a committee of parliament proposed defining the standard yard based upon the length of a seconds pendulum. This idea was examined but not approved. The Weights and Measures Act of 1824 (5° George IV. Cap. 74.) "An Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures" stipulates that:


title: Yard

text: From and after the First Day of "May" One thousand eight hundred and twenty five the Straight Line or Distance between the Centres of the Two Points in the Gold Studs of the Straight Brass Rod now in the Custody of the Clerk of the House of Commons whereon the Words and Figures "Standard Yard 1760" are engraved shall be and the same is hereby declared to be the original and genuine Standard of that Measure of Length or lineal Extension called a Yard; and that the same Straight Line or Distance between the Centres of the said Two Points in the said Gold Studs in the said Brass Rod the Brass being at the Temperature of Sixty two Degrees by "Fahrenheit"'s Thermometer shall be and is hereby denominated the Imperial Standard Yard and shall be and is hereby declared to be the Unit or only Standard Measure of Extension, wherefrom or whereby all other Measures of Extension whatsoever, whether the same be lineal, superficial or solid, shall be derived, computed and ascertained; and that all Measures of Length shall be taken in Parts or Multiples, or certain Proportions of the said Standard Yard; and that One third Part of the said Standard Yard shall be a Foot, and the Twelfth Part of such Foot shall be an Inch; and that the Pole or Perch in Length shall contain Five such Yards and a Half, the Furlong Two hundred and twenty such Yards, and the Mile One thousand seven hundred and sixty such Yards.


title: Yard

text: In 1834, the primary Imperial yard standard was partially destroyed in a fire known as the Burning of Parliament.. In 1838, a commission was formed to reconstruct the lost standards, including the troy pound, which had also been destroyed. In 1845, a new yard standard was constructed based on two previously existing standards known as A1 and A2, both of which had been made for the Ordnance Survey, and R.S. 46, the yard of the Royal Astronomical Society. All three had been compared to the Imperial standard before the fire.


title: Yard

text: The new standard was made of Baily's metal No. 4 consisting of 16 parts copper, parts tin, and 1 part zinc. It was 38 inches long and 1 inch square. The Weights and Measures Act of 1855 granted official recognition to the new standards. Between 1845 and 1855 forty yard standards were constructed, one of which was selected as the new Imperial standard. Four others, known as Parliamentary Copies, were distributed to The Royal Mint, The Royal Society of London, The Royal Observatory at Greenwich, and the New Palace at Westminster, commonly called the Houses of Parliament. The other 35 yard standards were distributed to the cities of London, Edinburgh, and Dublin, as well as the United States and other countries (although only the first five had official status). The imperial standard received by the United States is known as "Bronze Yard No. 11"


title: Yard

text: The Weights and Measures Act 1878 confirmed the status of the existing yard standard, mandated regular intercomparisons between the several yard standards, and authorized the construction of one additional Parliamentary Copy (made in 1879 and known as Parliamentary Copy VI).


title: Yard

text: Subsequent measurements revealed that the yard standard and its copies were shrinking at the rate of one part per million every twenty years due to the gradual release of strain incurred during the fabrication process.


title: Yard

text: The international prototype meter, on the other hand, was comparatively stable. A measurement made in 1895 determined the length of the meter at inches relative to the imperial standard yard. The Weights and Measures (Metric) Act of 1897 in conjunction with Order in Council 411 (1898) made this relationship official. After 1898, the de facto legal definition of the yard came to be accepted as of a meter.


title: Yard

text: The yard (known as the "international yard" in the United States) was legally defined to be exactly 0.9144 meter in 1959 under an agreement in 1959 between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. In the UK, the provisions of the treaty were ratified by the Weights and Measures Act of 1963. The Imperial Standard Yard of 1855 was renamed the United Kingdom Primary Standard Yard and retained its official status as the national prototype yard.


title: Yard

text: The yard is used as the standard unit of field-length measurement in American, Canadian and association football, cricket pitch dimensions, and in some countries, golf fairway measurements.


title: Yard

text: There are corresponding units of area and volume, the square yard and cubic yard respectively. These are sometimes referred to simply as "yards" when no ambiguity is possible, for example an American or Canadian concrete mixer may be marked with a capacity of "9 yards" or "1.5 yards", where cubic yards are obviously referred to.


title: Yard

text: Yards are also used and are the legal requirement on road signs for shorter distances in the United Kingdom, and are also frequently found in conversation between Britons much like in the United States for distance.


title: Yard

text: The yard, subdivided into eighths, is used for the purchase of fabrics in the United States and United Kingdom and was previously used elsewhere. In the United States the term "fat quarter" is used for a piece of fabric which is half a yard in length cut from a roll and then cut again along the width so that it is only half the width of the roll, thus the same area as a piece of one quarter yard cut from the full width of the roll; these pieces are popular for patchwork and quilting. The term "fat eighth" is also used, for a piece of one quarter yard from half the roll width, the same area as one eighth cut from the roll.


title: Yard

text: For purposes of measuring cloth, the early yard was divided by the binary method into two, four, eight and sixteen parts. The two most common divisions were the fourth and sixteenth parts. The quarter of a yard (9 inches) was known as the "quarter" without further qualification, while the sixteenth of a yard (2.25 inches) was called a nail. The eighth of a yard (4.5 inches) was sometimes called a finger, but was more commonly referred to simply as an eighth of a yard, while the half-yard (18 inches) was called "half a yard".


title: Yard

text: Other units related to the yard, but not specific to cloth measurement: two yards are a fathom, a quarter of a yard (when not referring to cloth) is a span.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: Ralph Pierre LaCock (born March 30, 1926), better known by his stage name Peter Marshall, is an American former game show host, television and radio personality, singer, and actor. He was the original host of "The Hollywood Squares" from 1966 to 1981 and has almost fifty television, movie, and Broadway credits.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: Marshall was given his stage name by John Robert Powers. Powers had chosen the last name Marshall for Peter's sister (who later chose to use Joanne Dru instead), and Peter adopted it early in his career and paired it with an anglicized version of his middle name.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: Marshall was born Ralph Pierre LaCock on March 30, 1926, to Ralph and Jean LaCock, a show business family, in Huntington, West Virginia. Following his father's suicide when Marshall was ten, he moved to New York City to be with his mother, a costume designer. After he graduated from high school, he was drafted into the Army in 1944 and stationed in Italy. He was originally in the artillery, but was recruited to be a disc jockey at a radio station in Naples. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of staff sergeant.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: His elder sister Joan became the film and television actress known as Joanne Dru. She was best known for her roles in such films as "Red River", "She Wore a Yellow Ribbon", and "All the King's Men".


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: In the 1950s, Marshall earned his living as part of a comedy act with Tommy Noonan, and they appeared in night clubs, on television variety shows, and in films including "Starlift" (1951), "The Rookie" (1959) and "Swingin' Along" (1962). (Noonan and Marshall were related by marriage; Noonan's half-brother John Ireland was married to Marshall's sister Joanne Dru.) Marshall appeared in the 1958 episode "The Big Hoax" of the syndicated television series "Harbor Command". In 1963, he appeared as Lucy's brother-in-law, Hughie, in "The Lucy Show" episode "Lucy's Sister Pays A Visit".


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: Although Marshall occasionally worked in film and television, he could not find regular work in the industry until his friend Morey Amsterdam recommended him to fill in for Bert Parks (who emceed the pilot) as the host of the game show "The Hollywood Squares" in 1966. Though Marshall did not initially want the job, he took it in order to ensure that rival comic Dan Rowan would not get it. Marshall's grudge stemmed back to when he and Noonan had written material for Rowan and Martin, but Rowan had shown virtually no respect to Noonan when Noonan fell terminally ill in the mid-1960s (as opposed to Dick Martin, who was fully supportive of Noonan's fight). He expected to spend 13 weeks as host, then return to Broadway, but ultimately hosted for 15 years and more than 5,000 episodes.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: The show had a long run on daytime network TV and in syndication, making Marshall as familiar to viewers as the celebrities who appeared on the show. The easygoing and unflappable Marshall was a perfect foil for the wicked wit of such panelists as Amsterdam and his "Dick Van Dyke Show" castmate Rose Marie, Paul Lynde, Jan Murray, and Wally Cox. "The Hollywood Squares" was canceled by the NBC network in 1980, but production continued in syndication into 1981.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: After the completion of the final run of "The Hollywood Squares" in 1981, Marshall continued working in game shows and playing character roles. He appeared on the game shows "Fantasy" (1982) with cohost Leslie Uggams, "All-Star Blitz" (1985), "Yahtzee" (1988), the "East Hollywood Squares" skit on "In Living Color" (1994), and "Reel to Reel" (1998).


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: In 1986, Marshall portrayed Bob Kenny, game show host accused of murder of a game show contestant on an episode "To Live and Die on TV" on "Sledge Hammer!".


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: In 1989, Marshall hosted the unaired pilot for "3rd Degree!" (a Burt & Bert Production in association with Kline & Friends). When the series was picked up for syndication, show producer Bert Convy decided to leave his position as the host of the syndicated edition of "Win, Lose or Draw" and take Marshall's place on "3rd Degree" without informing Marshall. Marshall filed a lawsuit against Convy for the action, but later dropped it after Convy's diagnosis of terminal brain cancer was made public.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: In 2002, he returned to the new version of "The Hollywood Squares" as a panelist during a Game Show Week hosted by Tom Bergeron. Marshall occupied the prestigious center square. For one day that week, Marshall took his old position at the podium to host while Bergeron was the center square.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: Marshall hosted a popular mid-day radio show for more than 15 years on the Music of Your Life radio network.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: Marshall, along with co-host, singer Debby Boone, are featured in a successful infomercial presented by Time Life, the "Music of Your Life Collection". Featuring hit songs from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, the infomercial was re-released in 2016 after selling more than a million CDs a few years prior.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: In 2002, Marshall published a book about his experiences, "Backstage With The Original Hollywood Square".


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: In 2009, he appeared on television promoting compact disc hits from the Big Band era, and also hosted a two-hour PBS special, "The Big Band Years". In 2010, Marshall, along with Monty Hall and Wink Martindale, appeared with their wives on a special Game Show Legend version of "The Newlywed Game". The special was hosted by Bob Eubanks; the Martindales won the game.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: In 2012, Marshall hosted an entertainment-filled memorial service in Branson, Missouri, for singer Andy Williams.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: In 2014, Marshall returned to West Virginia to host four games of "The West Virginia Squares" as part of Charleston's FestivALL. The game, which featured questions about the state's history, included West Virginia notables such as Joyce Dewitt and Landon Murphy.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: In London's 1962 West End production, Marshall appeared in the stage musical "Bye Bye Birdie", a satire on American popular culture in the 1950s inspired by singer Elvis Presley receiving a draft notice into the Army. Marshall played the lead character of Albert Peterson, who writes a song for the pop-singing sensation Conrad Birdie (played by Marty Wilde), opposite Chita Rivera. The production ran for 268 performances.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: Marshall is married to his third wife, Laurie Stewart, and has four children and two stepchildren from his previous marriages. He has a home in Palm Desert, California. His son, Pete, is a former Major League Baseball player. The retired first baseman spent nine years playing for the Chicago Cubs and Kansas City Royals.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: Diagnosed with COVID-19 in January 2021, and discharged from a hospital in February in what was considered a hospice situation, Marshall survived the disease at home with a new doctor and 24-hour nursing care.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: Marshall's 68-year-old son, David LaCock, died in August 2021 from COVID, in Hawaii. In a memorial post to Twitter, Marshall urged everyone to get vaccinated.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: Marshall won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host four times. In 2006 he received the annual Bill Cullen Award for Lifetime Achievement, from the non-profit organization, Game Show Congress. On October 13, 2007, Marshall was one of the first inductees into the American TV Game Show Hall of Fame in Las Vegas.


title: Peter Marshall (entertainer)

text: In November 2013, Marshall was inducted into the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame. He was introduced by his friend, Nick Clooney.


title: HTC Dream

text: The HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile G1 in the United States and parts of Europe, and as the Era G1 in Poland) is a smartphone developed by HTC. First released in September 2008, the Dream was the first commercially released device to use the Linux-based Android operating system, which was purchased and further developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance to create an open competitor to other major smartphone platforms of the time, such as Symbian, BlackBerry OS, and iPhone OS. The operating system offers a customizable graphical user interface, integration with Google services such as Gmail, a notification system that shows a list of recent messages pushed from apps, and Android Market for downloading additional apps.


title: HTC Dream

text: The Dream was released to mostly positive reception. While the Dream was praised for its solid and robust hardware design, the introduction of the Android operating system was met with criticism for its lack of certain functionality and third-party software in comparison to more established platforms, but was still considered to be innovative due to its open nature, notifications system, and heavy integration with Google services, like Gmail.


title: HTC Dream

text: In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., a company led by Andy Rubin which was working on unspecified software for mobile devices. Under the leadership of Google, the team was in the process of developing a standardized, Linux-based operating system for mobile phones to compete against the likes of Symbian and Windows Mobile, which would be offered for use by individual original equipment manufacturers. Initial development of what would become Android was targeted towards a prototype device codenamed "Sooner"; the device was a messaging phone in the style of BlackBerry, with a small, non-touch screen, navigation keys, and a physical QWERTY keyboard. The January 2007 unveiling of the iPhone, Apple's first smartphone, and its pioneering design aspects, caught Rubin off-guard and led to a change in course for the project. The operating system's design was quickly reworked, and attention shifted to a new prototype device codenamed "Dream"—a touchscreen device with a sliding, physical keyboard. The inclusion of a physical keyboard was intentional, as Android developers recognized users did not like the idea of a virtual keyboard as they lacked the physical feedback that makes hardware keyboards useful.


title: HTC Dream

text: The Android operating system was officially unveiled in November 2007 along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance (OHA); a consortium of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. These companies included Google, along with HTC, a company which was at the time, one of the largest manufacturers of phones. While Google indicated in 2008 that several Linux devices were being tested in preparation for the official public launch of Android, only one was to be released in the United States that year—the HTC Dream. Plans called for the Dream to be released on T-Mobile USA by the end of the year (with some reports suggesting October 2008), targeting the holiday shopping season. Sprint had worked with the OHA, but had not yet unveiled any plans to release an Android phone of its own, while Verizon Wireless and AT&T did not have any plans for Android devices yet at all.


title: HTC Dream

text: HTC officially announced the Dream on 23 September 2008. It would first be released by T-Mobile as the T-Mobile G1, starting in the United States on 20 October 2008 in its 3G-enabled markets only (it became available in all markets on 24 January 2009), followed by a British release in November 2008, and a release in other European territories in early 2009. On 10 March 2009, it became available in Poland as the Era G1 on Era. On 2 June 2009, both the Dream and its successor (the HTC Magic) were released by Rogers Wireless in Canada.


title: HTC Dream

text: The Dream was discontinued by T-Mobile on 27 July 2010. The G1 was spiritually succeeded in October 2010 by the T-Mobile G2, a new HTC device which also featured stock Android and a sliding keyboard, and was T-Mobile USA's first "4G" smartphone. In Canada, Rogers suspended sales of the Dream on 15 January 2010 due to a bug affecting the proper use of emergency calls.


title: HTC Dream

text: The Dream's exterior uses a soft, smooth matte plastic shell, and was made available in white, black, and bronze colors. The Dream's design features a distinctive "chin" on the bottom, which houses 5 navigation buttons ("Call", "Home", "Menu", "Back", and "End Call") and a clickable trackball in the center which can be used for scrolling and selecting. The device uses a capacitive touchscreen LCD at a resolution of 320×480; the screen can be slid along a curved hinge to expose a five-row QWERTY keyboard—as the first releases of Android did not include a virtual keyboard, the keyboard was originally the only method of text input on the device. While supporting multitouch at the hardware level, the Linux kernel in the Dream's Android distribution was patched to remove multitouch support from its touchscreen drivers for undisclosed reasons. The Dream does not include a traditional headphone jack, requiring an adapter for HTC's proprietary (but Mini-USB compatible) "ExtUSB" port located on the bottom of the device. The rear of the device houses a 3.15-megapixel rear camera with auto-focus.


title: HTC Dream

text: The Dream uses a 528 MHz Qualcomm MSM7201A system on a chip with 192 MB of RAM, and comes with 256 MB of internal storage, which can be expanded by up to 16 GB using a Micro SD card slot. For network connectivity, the Dream supports Quad-band GSM 850/900/1800/1900 MHz and GPRS/EDGE, plus Dual band UMTS Bands I and IV (1700 & 2100 MHz) and HSDPA/HSUPA (in US/Europe) at 7.2/2 Mbit/s. The device also supports standalone GPS and A-GPS.


title: HTC Dream

text: The HTC Dream was the first ever smartphone to ship with the Android operating system. The operating system heavily integrates with, and provides apps for various Google services, such as Gmail (with push email support), Maps, Search, Talk, and YouTube, while the contacts and calendar apps can sync with the online Google Contacts and Google Calendar services respectively. The device also ships with an email app supporting other POP3 and IMAP-based mail services, an instant messaging app with support for multiple services, and a WebKit-based web browser. A notification system displays icons for certain events (such as e-mails and text messages) on the left side of the status bar across the top of the screen; dragging down from the top of the screen exposes a tray with more detailed information for each notification. The Android Market can be used to download additional apps for the device. The G1 as sold by T-Mobile also shipped with an Amazon MP3 app, allowing users to purchase DRM-free music online, and download them straight to the device via Wi-Fi.


title: HTC Dream

text: The Dream could also be upgraded to newer versions of Android, which added new features and enhancements to the platform. The latest version of Android officially made available for the Dream, 1.6 "Donut", was released for T-Mobile USA's G1 in October 2009. The 1.6 update was not released on the Rogers HTC Dream in Canada (which stayed on 1.5 "Cupcake"); Rogers claimed that the update was only being made available for "'Google'-branded" models of the device.


title: HTC Dream

text: Due to the open source nature of the Android platform, the Dream became a popular target for modding. Shortly after the release of the Dream, developers discovered a software exploit which would allow a user to gain superuser access to the phone—a process which would be referred to as "rooting". As a parallel to "jailbreaking" on iOS devices, root access would enable users to perform tweaks and other changes at the system level that cannot be performed under normal circumstances (such as adding auto-rotation, and installing a custom kernel that restored the aforementioned multitouch support).


title: HTC Dream

text: After the Dream's bootloader was dumped, work began on modifying it so that it could install third-party firmware, and on converting official Android update files into a format that could be installed using the modified bootloader. Around the same time, Google made the Android Dev Phone 1 available for registered Android developers; the Dev Phone 1 was a SIM- and hardware-unlocked version of the HTC Dream that came pre-configured for superuser access to the internal files of the phone, allowing users to completely replace the bootloader and operating system.


title: HTC Dream

text: As a result of these developments, a dedicated community, centered on forums such as XDA Developers, emerged surrounding the creation of custom firmware ("ROMs") built from the Android source code. Projects such as CyanogenMod continued to produce ports of newer versions of Android for the Dream and later Android devices, while adding their own features and enhancements to the operating system as well.


title: HTC Dream

text: On later Android devices, where a number of factors (including carrier practices, and custom software provided by device manufacturers that sit atop Android, such as HTC Sense and Samsung TouchWiz) led to fragmentation regarding the availability of newer versions of the OS for certain devices, the development and use of custom ROMs (which are usually based on the "stock" version of Android) have ultimately become an important, yet controversial aspect of the Android ecosystem. In August 2012, a group of users released an unofficial port of a later version of Android, 4.1 "Jelly Bean", for the Dream as a proof of concept. However, the port lacked key functionality, and had severe performance issues due to the phone's relatively weak hardware in comparison to the modern devices that 4.1 was designed for.


title: HTC Dream

text: The Dream was released to mixed reviews. The design of the Dream was considered to be solid and robust; Joshua Topolsky of Engadget considered its hardware design a contrast to that of the iPhone, due to its numerous navigation buttons (in comparison to just a home button) and its "charming, retro-future look; like a gadget in a 1970's sci-fi movie set in the year 2038." The Dream's keyboard, as the only method of text input prior to Android 1.5's introduction of a virtual keyboard, was considered to be sufficient, although some felt that its keys were too small. Its display was considered sufficient for a phone of its class, but John Brandon of TechRadar felt that it was not good enough for watching videos due to its poor contrast and small size in comparison to the iPhone. Android itself was considered to still be in its infancy (primarily due to its bare-bones functionality in certain areas, limited application catalog, lack of multitouch gestures, or syncing with certain enterprise platforms), but showed promise through its customizable interface, increased flexibility over iOS, its notification system, ability to display security permissions when downloading apps, and its heavy integration with Google services.


title: HTC Dream

text: Brandon gave the Dream a 4.5/5, despite stating that it was "no Apple iPhone killer", given its lower quality of its application selection and multimedia features in comparison. In conclusion, the Dream was considered to be a "stellar" phone that "points to a future when a phone is as flexible and useful as the PC on your desk." Engadget felt that the Dream "isn't going to blow anyone's mind right out of the gate" due to its hardware, but that the Android platform as a whole held its own against its competitors, and that early adopters of Android through the G1 were "buying into one of the most exciting developments in the mobile world in recent memory." "GSMArena" noted that the Dream would have been "another average smart QWERTY messenger" had it not been for its introduction of Android; in conclusion, the Dream was considered "far from the perfect package", but still believed that "it gets the things that matter done and gets them done right."


title: HTC Dream

text: In April 2009, T-Mobile announced that it had sold over a million G1s in the United States, accounting for two-thirds of the devices on its 3G network. AdMob estimated in March 2009 that Android and the G1 had reached a market share of 6% in the United States.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: Clarissa Explains It All is an American teen sitcom created by Mitchell Kriegman for Nickelodeon. In the series, Clarissa Darling (Melissa Joan Hart), is a teenager who addresses the audience directly to explain the things that are happening in her life, dealing with typical adolescent concerns such as school, boys, pimples, wearing her first training bra, and an annoying younger brother.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: A total of 65 episodes were produced and aired from March 23, 1991 to October 1, 1994. From August 1992 onwards, the series headlined the popular SNICK (Saturday Night Nickelodeon) lineup. Reruns of the show have appeared intermittently on TeenNick's channel block The '90s Are All That, eventually NickRewind, from 2011 to 2020.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: In 2015, Kriegman released a novel, "Things I Can't Explain", which serves as a sequel to the series. In the novel, Clarissa is now in her late 20s and trying to navigate life as an adult. In March 2018, it was reported that a sequel to the series was in development at Nickelodeon, with Clarissa now as a mother. In March 2022, Melissa Joan Hart revealed the reboot was not moving forward at the network.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: The main characters in the show are Clarissa Darling, her family (consisting of her father Marshall, her mother Janet, and her younger brother Ferguson) and her best friend Sam, all living in a small, unnamed suburban town. Clarissa had a pet baby alligator, Elvis, which she kept in a kiddie-sandbox and appeared sporadically in early episodes.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: "Clarissa" was credited with becoming the first Nickelodeon series to feature a female lead, which led the network to create other shows such as "The Secret World of Alex Mack", "The Amanda Show" and "The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo". Its popularity among both boys and girls also helped to debunk a myth that a children's series with a female lead would not appeal to boys.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: Clarissa dealt with normal adolescent issues such as first crushes, getting a driver's license and preparing for college and working. These topics were dealt with far less dramatically than they were on other similar shows at the time (such as "Full House" and "Blossom"). For instance, in one episode Clarissa accidentally shoplifts a piece of lingerie but is neither caught by store security nor punished by her parents; she spends most of the episode trying to figure out how to remedy the situation on her own. Although terms like "hell" and "sex drive" were occasionally uttered during the show's run, most dialogue was kept family-friendly. One running gag involved her friend Sam often entering the scene by a ladder (accompanied by a characteristic chord of guitar music) through her bedroom window. A repeating theme during the series was the sibling rivalry between Clarissa and Ferguson, showing their repeated attempts to harm or even (as in the series premiere) to "kill" each other.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: Unique to the show was Clarissa's tendency to tackle the episode's central theme through the creation of a fictional video game. The show also integrated some of Hart's real-life likes, such as the band They Might Be Giants.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: The decision to structure the episodes into five seasons of thirteen episodes each was made after the show ended its original broadcast run. During the original run of the series, the seasons were not well defined.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: Show creator Mitchell Kriegman, who had a background as a short-story writer and video artist, had previously worked on shows such as "Saturday Night Live" and "Sesame Street". He sought to create an offbeat, trendsetting character living a typical teenager's life, but who did not fit the stereotypical representations of teenage girls on television at the time. Kriegman said, "I thought that if other people ... knew what was going on in a 13-year-old girl's mind, it would be cool. They are really experimenting at that age."


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: "Clarissa Explains It All" was the second sitcom to premiere on Nickelodeon in 1991, after "Hey Dude" ended its run. It was one of seven new programs (three animated and four live-action) to premiere on Nickelodeon that year, as the network began producing more original programming. It outlived the other live-action series introduced that year, "Welcome Freshmen", "Salute Your Shorts", and "Fifteen", although "Fifteen" (an imported Canadian series) also lasted 65 episodes. Production on the pilot episode took place in September 1990, with Season 1 production beginning in February 1991 and series production wrapping in December 1993.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: The show's theme song was sung by Rachel Sweet. It consisted entirely of a melody sung on the syllable "Na," punctuated with the occasional "Way cool!" or "All right! All right!" and underscored by rhythmic instrumentation, ending with a resounding "Just do it!"


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: A pilot for a follow-up series, "Clarissa", was shot for CBS in 1995, but was not picked up by the network. The pilot was shown on two occasions on Nickelodeon after the original series had ended production. The new series would have involved Clarissa's internship at a New York City newspaper. Comedian Robert Klein costarred in the pilot as the newspaper's editor. Supporting roles were played by Marian Seldes and Lisa Gay Hamilton. In 2002, Hart said that she would not be interested in a cast reunion project: "No. Shirley Temple taught me one thing. And that was once you finish a career, you move on." In her next television series, "Sabrina, the Teenage Witch", her character actually did become a journalist.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: After debuting on Saturday, March 23, 1991, at 6 p.m, and repeating twice the next day, "Clarissa Explains It All" moved to Sundays at 12:30 p.m. and 6:30 p.m. starting on April 7, 1991. The following year the show moved to anchor the SNICK block of Saturday-night Nickelodeon programming, airing at 8 p.m. Saturdays starting on August 15, 1992. New airings continued to be shown at that time (with repeat airings at noon on Sundays) until the end of the series run.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: The series aired in reruns on Nickelodeon from 1994 to 1999, a second time in 2001 as part of the TEENick block, and a third time in 2004 as part of "U-Pick Live" Old School Pick. It also aired on The N from 2002 to 2003.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: The series returned in reruns to "TeenNick" on July 25, 2011, as part of its The '90s Are All That block. It aired at 10 p.m. Pacific / 1 a.m. Eastern, with the first episode having been 'The Understudy' from Season 2.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: TeenNick replaced the show with "Rocko's Modern Life" on September 5, 2011. The series returned to The '90s Are All That from September 26, 2011, to October 6, 2011, when the show was replaced with "Hey Dude". It then returned to TeenNick on December 31, 2011, with the airing of the series finale at a special timeslot, 11:00 p.m., to celebrate the end of 2011, and aired on the block again at 1:00am on January 1, 2012, with the airing of the series premiere to celebrate the beginning of 2012. The show aired on The '90s Are All That in a marathon on the night of December 30, 2012, and then a marathon every night from January 21, 2013, to January 27, 2013. On October 6, 2015, the show returned to the block, now known as The Splat. In 2019, the show is being rerun during the overnight hours on the Nick Pluto TV channel. On March 23, 2020, the show began airing reruns on the NickRewind block.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: Throughout the early 1990s, a number of VHS tapes were released through Sony Wonder each containing 2 or 3 episodes alongside other Nickelodeon shows, usually centered around a certain theme such as school, dating, or sibling rivalry.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: In May 2005, the show's first season was released on DVD as part of the "Nickelodeon Rewind Collection" by Viacom's corporate subsidiary, Paramount Pictures. The second season was scheduled to be released a few months later, but it was pulled from Paramount Pictures' release schedule. To this date, there are no plans to release the series further on DVD.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: Many of the various episodes from the 5 seasons of the series are also available on Amazon Prime Video, Hulu and Paramount+.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: In 1994, the series was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program. In addition, Hart, O'Neal, and Zimbler also received multiple Young Artist Award nominations. Hart won three competitive Young Artist Awards during the show's original run, as well as receiving the association's honorary Former Child Star Award in 2013 for her role as Clarissa.


title: Clarissa Explains It All

text: In March 2018, "The Hollywood Reporter" said a revival of the show was "in early development" at Nickelodeon. Hart was reportedly to reprise her role as the title character, who would now be a mother. Hart was also to serve as executive producer on the series alongside original series creator Kriegman, who was in talks to return as a writer. The reports were not confirmed by any of the participants.


title: Sulley Muntari

text: Suleyman Ali "Sulley" Muntari (born 27 August 1984) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays for Ghana Premier League side Hearts of Oak.


title: Sulley Muntari

text: During his time with Internazionale, he helped the team win the Champions League in 2009–10 and the Serie A title in 2008–09 and 2009–10. He was also part of the Portsmouth team that won the FA Cup in 2007–08. After becoming a full international in 2002, Muntari earned over 80 caps for the Ghana national team and was selected for two Africa Cup of Nations tournaments and three FIFA World Cups.


title: Sulley Muntari

text: Muntari's abilities first came to light in youth tournaments, while he was playing for Liberty Professionals youth team. He became a regular member of Ghana under-20 team at the age of 16 as they finished runners-up at the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship in Argentina, losing out to the hosts in the final. Despite impressing during a trial with Manchester United after the tournament, he ended up joining Italian club Udinese.


title: Sulley Muntari

text: He joined Udinese in 2001, where his first season was spent in the reserves. He made his first-team debut on 6 November 2002, against Milan.