title: Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1

text: The separation was not repeated for the publishing credits of "Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3", which show all songs as being published by all four publishers.


title: Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1

text: Released on October 18, 1988, "Volume One" became a surprise commercial success, reaching number 3 in the US and selling 2 million copies there within six months. The album also reached number 16 in the UK. With over 50 weeks on the US charts, "The Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1" was later certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. While Harrison and Petty had recent successes, Dylan, Orbison (who died of a sudden heart attack on December 6, 1988) and Lynne had not seen an album climb that high in several years. At the time, no Dylan album had ever achieved two million in sales. As one critic put it, it was "one of the great commercial coups of the decade". The single "Handle with Care" was a significant hit in the UK charts, peaking at number 21, and an even bigger hit in Australia (number 3) and New Zealand (number 4), though it stalled at number 45 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1

text: Most critics said the group's modest ambitions were fresh and relaxing. During 1989 and 1990 the album won many accolades, including a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group. The album was also nominated for Album of the Year. In his book "The Encyclopedia of Popular Music", Colin Larkin describes the Traveling Wilburys as "the last of the great supergroups" and writes of the band's accidental origins: "This wonderful potpourri of stars reintroduced 'having a good time' to their vocabulary and the result was not a Harrison solo album but the superb debut of the Traveling Wilburys. The outing proved to be a major success, bringing out the best of each artist; in particular, this [album] proved to be the marvellous swan song for Roy Orbison who tragically died soon afterwards."


title: Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1

text: After Harrison’s distribution deal with Warner Bros. expired in 1995, ownership of the Dark Horse Records catalog as well as the two Traveling Wilburys albums reverted to Harrison and the albums went out of print. On June 12, 2007, "Volume One" and "Vol. 3" were reissued by Rhino Records as "The Traveling Wilburys Collection", packaged together with bonus tracks and a DVD. The box set debuted at number 1 on the UK Albums Chart and number 9 on the US "Billboard" 200.


title: Rizal Law

text: The Rizal Law, officially designated as Republic Act No. 1425, is a Philippine law that mandates all educational institutions in the Philippines to offer courses about José Rizal. The Rizal Law, in any case, was emphatically restricted by the Catholic Church in the Philippines, much appreciated to the anti-clerical subjects that were pertinent in Rizal's books Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.


title: Rizal Law

text: In 1956, the Philippine government passed the “Rizal Law,” requiring that all universities provide mandatory courses on José Rizal and his works. Interestingly, this was opposed by the Catholic Church, which continued to resent its portrayal in Rizal’s novels despite the Filipino clergy’s early association with the nationalist movement. Church leaders accused the bill’s proponent, Senator Recto of being a communist and anti-Catholic. The final bill included a provision allowing Catholic students to refrain from reading Rizal’s works, citing conscientious objections.


title: Rizal Law

text: In the campaign to oppose the Rizal bill, the Catholic Church urged its adherents to write to their congressmen and senators showing their opposition to the bill; later, it organized symposiums. In one of these symposiums, Fr. Jesus Cavanna argued that the novels belonged to the past and that teaching them would misrepresent current conditions. Radio commentator Jesus Paredes also said that Catholics had the right to refuse to read them as it would "endanger their salvation".


title: Rizal Law

text: Groups such as Catholic Action of the Philippines, the Congregation of the Mission, the Knights of Columbus, and the Catholic Teachers Guild organized opposition to the bill; they were countered by Veteranos de la Revolucion (Spirit of 1896), Alagad ni Rizal, the Freemasons, and the Knights of Rizal. The Senate Committee on Education sponsored a bill co-written by both José P. Laurel and Recto, with the only opposition coming from Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Mariano Jesús Cuenco, and Decoroso Rosales.


title: Rizal Law

text: The Archbishop of Manila, Rufino Santos, protested in a pastoral letter that Catholic students would be affected if compulsory reading of the unexpurgated version were pushed through. Arsenio Lacson, Manila's mayor, who supported the bill, walked out of Mass when the priest read a circular from the archbishop denouncing the bill.


title: Rizal Law

text: Rizal, according to Cuenco, "attack[ed] dogmas, beliefs and practices of the Church. The assertion that Rizal limited himself to castigating undeserving priests and refrained from criticizing, ridiculing or putting in doubt dogmas of the Catholic Church, is absolutely gratuitous and misleading." Cuenco touched on Rizal's denial of the existence of purgatory, as it was not found in the Bible, and that Moses and Jesus Christ did not mention its existence; Cuenco concluded that a "majority of the Members of this Chamber, if not all [including] our good friend, the gentleman from Sulu" believed in purgatory. The senator from Sulu, Domocao Alonto, attacked Filipinos who proclaimed Rizal as "their national hero but seemed to despise what he had written", saying that the Indonesians used Rizal's books as their Bible on their independence movement; Pedro López, who hails from Cebu, Cuenco's province, in his support for the bill, reasoned out that it was in their province the independence movement started, when Lapu-Lapu fought Ferdinand Magellan.


title: Rizal Law

text: Outside the Senate, the Catholic schools threatened to close down if the bill was passed; Recto countered that if that happened, the schools would be nationalized. Recto did not believe the threat, stating that the schools were too profitable to be closed. The schools gave up the threat, but threatened to "punish" legislators in favor of the law in future elections. A compromise was suggested, to use the expurgated version; Recto, who had supported the required reading of the unexpurgated version, declared: "The people who would eliminate the books of Rizal from the schools would blot out from our minds the memory of the national hero. This is not a fight against Recto but a fight against Rizal", adding that since Rizal is dead, they are attempting to suppress his memory.


title: Rizal Law

text: On May 12, 1956, a compromise inserted by Committee on Education chairman Laurel that accommodated the objections of the Catholic Church was approved unanimously. The bill specified that only college (university) students would have the option of reading unexpurgated versions of clerically-contested reading material, such as "Noli Me Tángere" and "El Filibusterismo". The bill was enacted on June 12, 1956, Flag Day.


title: Rizal Law

text: Section 2 mandated that the students were to read the novels as they were written in Spanish, although a provision ordered that the Board of National Education create rules on how these should be applied. The last two sections were focused on making Rizal's works accessible to the general public: the second section mandated the schools to have "an adequate number" of copies in their libraries, while the third ordered the board to publish the works in major Philippine languages.


title: Rizal Law

text: After the bill was enacted into law, there were no recorded instances of students applying for exemption from reading the novels, and there is no known procedure for such exemptions. In 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos ordered the Department of Education, Culture and Sports to fully implement the law as there had been reports that it has still not been fully implemented.


title: Rizal Law

text: The debate during the enactment of the Rizal Law has been compared to the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (RH Law) debate in 2011. Akbayan representative Kaka Bag-ao, one of the proponents of the RH bill, said, quoting the Catholic hierarchy, that "More than 50 years ago, they said the Rizal Law violates the Catholic's right to conscience and religion, interestingly, the same line of reasoning they use to oppose the RH bill."


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Eliminator is the eighth studio album by American rock band ZZ Top. It was released on March 23, 1983, by Warner Bros. Records, and rose high on the charts in many countries. Four hit singles were released—"Gimme All Your Lovin'" which reached the American Top 40, "Sharp Dressed Man", "TV Dinners" and their most successful single, "Legs". A Diamond certified album in the United States, "Eliminator" is ZZ Top's most commercially successful release, with sales of 11 million in the US.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Recorded in 1982, the album represents a further step of modernization by bandleader Billy Gibbons. Since "El Loco" in 1981, Gibbons had been edging the band's boogie and blues rock sound toward the popular new-wave/synth-rock aesthetic while retaining ZZ Top's signature electric guitar emphasis. For "Eliminator", he increased the tempo and used more synthesizers and drum machines, producing a "tighter" album with a steady, driving beat. Pre-production engineer Linden Hudson collaborated with Gibbons in Texas on the album tempo and songs, then producer Bill Ham and engineer Terry Manning joined Gibbons in Memphis, Tennessee, to carefully craft the sound of each song after the full band was done recording, controversially replacing much of the contributions of bassist Dusty Hill and drummer Frank Beard. Ham claimed the album was solely the work of ZZ Top, denying the involvement of others, but in 1986 Hudson won a lawsuit establishing himself as composer of the song "Thug".


title: Eliminator (album)

text: A series of music videos served as successful promotional tools—the similarly themed videos for "Gimme All Your Lovin'", "Sharp Dressed Man" and "Legs" received regular rotation on MTV and helped the band gain popularity with a younger base. A customized 1933 Ford coupe, depicted on the album cover, could be seen in three of the four videos. Following "Eliminator" release, ZZ Top embarked on a worldwide concert tour.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: The video for "Legs" earned the band the MTV Video Music Award for Best Group. "Rolling Stone" named "Eliminator" number 398 on its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. It was listed at number 39 in The 100 Greatest Albums of the 80s. A remastered version was released in 2008.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: In 1977, ZZ Top went on hiatus, weary of constant touring. Bandleader and guitarist Billy Gibbons traveled around Europe, and bassist Dusty Hill vacationed in Mexico; both of them grew their beards longer. Drummer Frank Beard checked himself into Palmer Drug Abuse Program, a Houston detox community, to kick his addiction to hard narcotics. To help finance Palmer, Beard organized a benefit concert and an album titled "Freeway", working with engineers Steve Ames and Linden Hudson at Rampart Studios in Houston. Returning to action and newly signed to Warner Bros. Records, ZZ Top recorded and released "Degüello" in 1979, certified Platinum in early 1980.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Getting clean in 1979, Beard bought a large house on the outskirts of Houston, in Quail Valley overlooking a golf course where he often played as a way to stay off drugs. The band wanted to have a private rehearsal studio, so Beard invited Hudson to move in and supervise a recording studio in his home. Hudson designed the studio and oversaw its construction, centered on an isolation booth holding Beard's drum kit, with more booths for guitar and bass amplifiers. Microphone signals ran through the mixing console and some outboard gear to the band's semi-pro 1-inch 16-track Tascam tape recorder. ZZ Top used this studio in 1980 to work on material for their next album, "El Loco", professionally recorded in Memphis and mixed by the band's established engineer Terry Manning. Hudson played on several early song demos, including a synth line on "Groovy Little Hippie Pad" which was carried to Memphis on tape and mixed into the album by Manning. Hudson was not credited for this work but was promised future compensation. Hudson also introduced Gibbons to drum machines during these rehearsals. Gibbons later called Hudson "an influential associate... a gifted songwriter... He brought some elements to the forefront that helped reshape what ZZ Top were doing, starting in the studio and eventually to the live stage."


title: Eliminator (album)

text: From this point forward, the band was not able to reproduce certain songs in concert without using pre-recorded tracks. The band carried a small tape player to each concert, with a technician hitting the "play" button to give Beard a click track cue in his headphones to start any song requiring such augmentation. The tape held synthesizer parts, drum samples and other advanced elements of album production. None of this was made public; Bill Ham, the band's manager, was closely controlling the image of the band to create a "mystique" of self-sufficiency and authenticity.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Guitarist Gibbons was inspired by British electronic acts such as Depeche Mode and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark to explore electronic music technology. He often spoke with Hudson about new ideas in music. A former radio DJ, Hudson presented Gibbons with personal research showing that many hit songs were clustered near a tempo of 124 beats per minute—faster than ZZ Top's normal practice. Gibbons followed suit with most of "Eliminator", setting the new pace with drum machines. "Legs" and "Sharp Dressed Man" are both 125 bpm while "Gimme All Your Lovin'" runs at 120. Gibbons said in 2012 that he first used a drum machine on "Eliminator"—the first album on which ZZ Top "paid serious attention" to timing and tempo, which was "timed and tuned very tight".


title: Eliminator (album)

text: The first songwriting sessions for "Eliminator" were mainly Gibbons and Hudson working together in Beard's home studio while Beard was out playing golf. Beard and Hill sometimes participated, and Ham checked in occasionally. Hudson programmed a drum machine for the rhythm, and played keyboard bass. Gibbons and Hudson collaborated on lyrics and music, putting together a demo of "Got Me Under Pressure" featuring Gibbons's electric guitar work on top of the electronic sounds. Gibbons felt that the synthesizers "created a nice platform that allowed the guitar to stand on its own", and that as the synthesizers could play an octave lower than a bass guitar, they created "a nice full bed of sound" that contrasted with his guitar. Ham was initially unaware that Gibbons was building a new sound without Beard or Hill. While the band was off touring, Hudson wrote "Thug" by himself.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Carrying the demo tapes created by Gibbons and Hudson, ZZ Top traveled without Hudson to Memphis, Tennessee, to stay at the Peabody Hotel while they recorded basic tracks at Ardent Studios, with Manning once again at the controls of the custom-built SpectraSonics mixing console. For the majority of songs, Gibbons played Dean guitars with DiMarzio super distortion pickups, plugged into a Legend hybrid amplifier, and miked with an AKG 414B-ULS large-diaphragm condenser microphone. When recording rhythm guitar parts, the sound pressure level (audio volume) was set very high to satisfy Gibbons, but this made it impossible for him to lift his fingers from the guitar to change chords without feedback. Instead, each chord was played once and doubled again on a pair of tracks, then the next chord was played twice and recorded to two more adjacent tracks. These alternating pairs of tracks were blended seamlessly into each other by Manning punching the tracks in and out. A side benefit of this laborious process was the elimination of the usual squeaks from shifting the fingers to change chords. Hill and Beard laid down bass guitar and drums, recording their parts onto 2-inch tape. Hill sang his vocals for "I Got the Six". When they were finished, Hill and Beard returned home to Texas.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Gibbons, Manning and Ham continued to work on the album without Hill and Beard. Vocal harmonies were supplied by Manning and Jimi Jamison, the new lead singer of Cobra. Most of Hill's bass parts were replaced by Gibbons or Manning playing bass guitar or a Moog Source—a keyboard synthesizer. A Memorymoog was also used for supporting synth sounds. Most of Beard's drumming was replaced by drum machine or Simmons SDS-V electronic drums, keeping Beard's acoustic tom-tom drum fills and cymbal accents. The song "Legs" was not coming together for Gibbons, so Manning carried the tape home to his 24-track attic studio and reworked every part except the guitar and vocals from Gibbons. Manning also created a longer dance mix for "Legs". To replace the drums, Manning programmed his Oberheim DMX drum machine, then augmented the snare drum and hi-hat sounds by triggering more samples on an AMS DMX delay unit. Eight years later, Gibbons thanked Al Jourgensen because his early Ministry drum samples had been used to polish "Eliminator".


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Hudson collaborated on the album tempo with Gibbons, and he co-wrote several songs. The band's longtime stage manager, David Blayney, wrote about the collaboration in 1994 in his book, "Sharp Dressed Men". The demo version of the album that was prepared for Memphis was largely the product of Gibbons and Hudson. On "I Got the Six", Hudson helped write the lyrics, and on "Dirty Dog" he originated the shouted phrase, "Hey! Get that dog outta my yard!", which was exactly duplicated and replaced in Memphis. He added special effects to "Dirty Dog" and "TV Dinners", and the pulsing synthesizer effect on "Legs" was his invention. He helped compose and arrange "Got Me Under Pressure", including playing the synth bass line and programming the drum machine.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Hudson's song "Thug" was taken in its entirety: on the album, "Thug" lists Gibbons, Beard and Hill as the songwriters. ZZ Top's management company—Lone Wolf—denied that Hudson was significantly involved, and said that the album concept was solely the work of Gibbons and Ham. After the album came out in late March 1983, Hudson moved out of Beard's house, cut his ties with the band, and sued Lone Wolf for $1 million, arguing that his December 1982 copyright date for "Thug" preceded ZZ Top's copyright date of April 1983. Ham claimed that Hudson sold the song outright, but no record of such a sale was brought forward, and in December 1986 the judge decided in Hudson's favor, awarding him $600,000. Hudson paid a third of this to his attorneys, and a third to his publisher, Huey P. Meaux. Blayney wrote that "Linden Hudson in a fair world should have had his name all over "Eliminator" and gotten the just compensation he deserved. Instead he got ostracized."


title: Eliminator (album)

text: The album was named for a drag racing term after Ham said the band should feature Gibbons's newly customized 1933 Ford coupe. An early suggestion for the album title came from filmmaker Mike Griffin who proposed "Top Fuel", but Ham shifted the idea to "Eliminator"—the term for any category of race cars competing against each other.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: In 1976, Gibbons met with Don Thelen of Buffalo Motor Cars in Paramount, California, and Ronnie Jones of Hand Crafted Metal with some help from Sid Blackard, to build the car. It was built with a Corvette-style engine. It was finished in 1983 and called the Eliminator after the album name. The car has become recognizable for its red finish and graphics, and is in several of the band's music videos, plus appearances in television, movies, auto shows, and charity events. The car reportedly cost Gibbons $50,000. Gibbons keeps the car in Cleveland at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame where it is on display, but he may still "crank it up and take it out for a spin" whenever he is in the area.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: "Eliminator" was released worldwide on March 23, 1983. "Gimme All Your Lovin'", "Sharp Dressed Man", "TV Dinners" and "Legs" were released as singles. "Gimme All Your Lovin'" went to the number two position of "Billboard" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in April 1983, then a month later it broke into the Top 40 pop chart. The next three singles also hit the Mainstream Rock Airplay chart: "Sharp Dressed Man" peaked at number 8 in July, "TV Dinners" rose to number 38 in December, and then "Legs" topped out at number 3 in June 1984 after its video was released in May. The song "Got Me Under Pressure" also received radio airplay and peaked at number 18 in May 1983.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: "Eliminator" was the first ZZ Top album to become a worldwide success, and made the band "bona fide pop stars", according to the "Financial Times". By December 1996, "Eliminator" had sold more than 11 million copies in the US, ten times more than any previous ZZ Top album.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Record executive Jeff Ayeroff saw how MTV was reshaping popular music throughout 1982. After he joined Warner Bros. Records in early 1983, he convinced them to pay for the first ZZ Top music video, for "Gimme All Your Lovin'". Warner hired filmmaker Tim Newman, who also created videos for "Sharp Dressed Man" and "Legs". The videos depicted America as "a land of rock and roll, cars and girls", with three female models driving the Eliminator car. The "Legs" video featured the debut of ZZ Top's spinning guitars, covered in white sheepskin.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: The videos greatly advanced ZZ Top's visibility. According to "Texas Monthly", the album's synthesizer sound was "perfect" for the MTV audience, who had previously seen ZZ Top as an "old-fogey band". The videos earned ZZ Top awards for Best Band and Best Group Video at the 1984 MTV Awards. For "Legs", Newman negotiated a fixed payment every time "Eliminator" was certified for another 250,000 units sold in the US, earning him a substantial sum. The "Legs" video was released in May 1984, driving the single into the Mainstream Rock Airplay charts the next month. A video was also released for "TV Dinners", it was directed by Marius Penczner, and featured clay animation.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: The Eliminator tour was a return to the larger-than-life scale of ZZ Top's 1976–1977 Worldwide Texas Tour. From May to October 1983 the band toured the US, interrupted in August by several days in the British Isles, playing Dublin and then Castle Donington: the Monsters of Rock concert. The European leg of the tour in October–November 1983 brought the band to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany, France, Belgium and back to the UK, including one added date at Wembley Arena to meet demand. The final leg of the tour picked up more dates in the US in early 1984. The band performed all four singles from "Eliminator" as well as selections from their earlier albums, closing the show with "Tush". The "Eliminator" car was represented by an outsized replica, and the stage equipment included laser lights. At each concert on the final song, a smoke bomb was triggered, then parts of the lighting structure along with a mannequin roadie crashed down from the overhead grid to simulate a rigging failure. The stage itself was patterned after the dashboard of the vintage car.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Robert Christgau wrote that the album's faster tempo produces "boogie in overdrive... The videos make you smile, the record runs you over. That's the pleasure of it." Writing for "Record", Samuel Graham found it lacked variety compared to the band's previous albums, but praised "Gimme All Your Lovin, "Legs", "Thug", and "I Need You Tonight". He wrote: "We've heard most of this before. "Eliminator", then, will probably satisfy ZZ Top's boogie chillin' faithful. But it's a lateral move at a time when Gibbons, Hill and Beard could be stepping forward."


title: Eliminator (album)

text: A number of ZZ Top fans reacted negatively to the album. The prominent use of synthesizers and drum machines marked a significant change for ZZ Top, and drew speculation that Hill and Beard did not play on the album. Hill compared the reaction to Bob Dylan's controversial move to rock music. However, the album attracted many new listeners, including teenage girls for the first time, and many teenage boys. "Spin" Glen O'Brien wrote in 1986 that the "average ZZ Top fan" was no longer a long-time follower but a young person who had discovered them through music videos. He said that "ZZ Top is a joke [...] but they're in on it. ZZ Top is like metal, but its blues roots are truer, and there's no bullshit. ZZ Top is not into the devil, leather, chains, or angel dust. They're into fun."


title: Eliminator (album)

text: Retrospective opinions are largely positive, praising ZZ Top's ability to match the spirit of the times. "Guitar World" wrote in 2002 that ZZ Top had been expected to fail in the MTV era, but that they "surprised everyone with "Eliminator", a brilliant merger of roadhouse blues and synthesizer swells and looped beats". The "Houston Chronicle" wrote in 2018 that it brought together Gibbons's classic rock foundation and interest in new-wave synthesizers, retaining "a sense of the Delta blues under all the technology". Critic Alan di Perna wrote in 2012 that "ZZ Top had found the potent combination that would bring them into the eighties and their era of greatest commercial triumph: raunchy guitar sounds coupled with the pounding drive and unrelenting sex machine rhythmic precision of electronic dance music and synth pop".


title: Eliminator (album)

text: In 2000, the album was voted number 355 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums". In 2005, it was listed in "Rock Hard" book of "The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time".


title: Eliminator (album)

text: On the album, credits for songwriting were assigned to Billy Gibbons, Dusty Hill and Frank Beard. Linden Hudson co-wrote several with Gibbons, and wrote "Thug" alone.


title: Eliminator (album)

text: The official album credits list the following as the sole musical contributors, with no mention of synthesizers:


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Mark Edward Kozelek (born January 24, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer, and occasional actor. He is known as the vocalist and primary recording artist of the indie folk act Sun Kil Moon and founding member of the indie rock band Red House Painters, with whom he recorded six studio albums from 1989 until 2001.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Born and raised in Massillon, Ohio, Kozelek developed an interest in music as a child. Upon meeting drummer Anthony Koutsos in Atlanta, Georgia, the pair moved to San Francisco, California and formed Red House Painters alongside guitarist Gorden Mack and bass guitarist Jerry Vessel. Signing with record label 4AD, the band released four studio albums to acclaim. In 1996, Kozelek recorded the band's fifth studio album, "Songs for a Blue Guitar", mostly alone. The release of the band's final studio album, "Old Ramon" (2001), was delayed for three years. In the interim, Kozelek recorded both an album and an EP of AC/DC cover songs.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Reconvening with Koutsos and Vessel, the trio continued performing under the new name of Sun Kil Moon, releasing their debut album, "Ghosts of the Great Highway", in 2003. Inspired by classical guitar music, Kozelek recorded Sun Kil Moon's fourth studio album, "Admiral Fell Promises" (2010), as a solo act and continued to record mostly alone on its follow-up, "Among the Leaves" (2012), and later "Perils from the Sea" and "Mark Kozelek & Desertshore", both released in 2013.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: In 2014, Sun Kil Moon's sixth studio album, "Benji", was released to widespread critical acclaim and increased exposure with its follow-up, "Universal Themes", featuring lengthy compositions and stream-of-consciousness lyrics. In 2016, Kozelek released a collaborative studio album with Jesu, titled "Jesu/Sun Kil Moon".


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Across his work in Sun Kil Moon, Red House Painters, and his own solo material, Kozelek has released thirty-one studio albums, with his most recent being "All the Best, Isaac Hayes" (2020). A number of commentators have described him as one of the greatest songwriters of his generation.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Kozelek was born and raised in Massillon, Ohio. In his teenage years, he led a band named God Forbid. Upon relocating to Atlanta, Georgia, he met drummer Anthony Koutsos. After the pair moved once again to San Francisco, California, Red House Painters formed with the addition of guitarist Gorden Mack and bassist Jerry Vessel. From 1992 to 1996, Red House Painters released a series of acclaimed albums, showcasing Kozelek's intense, highly autobiographical songs.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: However, Kozelek's parting with the record label 4AD, followed by a major label merger which left Red House Painters' 1998 album "Old Ramon" on the shelf, proved highly frustrating and stifled the group's momentum.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: In 2000, he released the solo EP "Rock 'n' Roll Singer", which featured three original songs as well as covers of John Denver's "Around and Around" and three AC/DC songs ("Rock 'n' Roll Singer," "Bad Boy Boogie," and "You Ain't Got a Hold on Me"). Two of the AC/DC cover versions on "Rock 'n' Roll Singer" were radical re-arrangements of the originals which removed the Bon Scott-penned lyrics from their hard rock context and placed them into gentle, acoustic "folk ballad" settings.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Kozelek expanded on this idea in 2001, releasing a full-length album composed solely of AC/DC covers titled "What's Next to the Moon".


title: Mark Kozelek

text: In the years between his band projects, Kozelek's music made a number of appearances on compilations and tribute albums. He contributed the song "New Partner" to the Will Oldham (a.k.a. Bonnie 'Prince' Billy) tribute album, "I Am Cold Rock. I Am Dull Grass". Around this time, Kozelek commandeered a tribute album to John Denver titled "Take Me Home: A Tribute to John Denver", featuring Will Oldham, The Innocence Mission and Low to name a few. The compilation also featured Kozelek covering "Around and Around" as a duet with Rachel Goswell.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: A limited edition live recording, "White Christmas Live", was released by the Sub Pop label in late 2001. In addition to his solo material, it featured several Red House Painters songs done in a stripped-down, acoustic guitar-and-vocals style, and one a cappella rendition. An early version of his current project Sun Kil Moon's "Lily and Parrots" is tacked onto the end as an uncredited bonus track. It also features one previously unreleased song, "Admiral Fell Promises".


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Sun Kil Moon debuted with "Ghosts of the Great Highway" in 2003, and also features former RHP members Jerry Vessel and Anthony Koutsos as well as new collaborators Geoff Stanfield (formerly of Black Lab) and Tim Mooney of American Music Club. Their follow-up effort appeared in 2005 on Kozelek's newly formed label, Caldo Verde Records. Titled "Tiny Cities", the album is made up entirely of covers of songs by Modest Mouse. Once again, Kozelek's cover versions varied greatly from the originals. In a February 2014 interview with Seattle's "The Stranger", Kozelek commented that he's "never heard from Modest Mouse" as to what they think of the record.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: In 2006, Kozelek was invited by Toronto indie rock label Paper Bag Records to exclusively contribute to their "See You on the Moon! Songs for Kids of All Ages" compilation with his original song "Leo and Luna." Then in November 2006, Kozelek released a live album titled "Little Drummer Boy Live".


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Kozelek returned in 2008 with the release of Sun Kil Moon's third album "April". The album features 11 brand new recordings, including guest vocal contributions by Ben Gibbard, Will Oldham and Eric Pollard.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: The release of the new album also brought the re-issue of "Nights of Passed Over", a 256-page, hard-cover book of all the lyrics to Kozelek's solo songs, Red House Painters' songs, and Sun Kil Moon's songs. It also features setlists, handwritten lyrics, and a preface by Kozelek himself. The original edition of this book was released in 2002 in Portugal, and featured all the lyrics up to that point, printed in both English and Portuguese. The updated edition spans to his current Sun Kil Moon days, and the book also includes a 12-track bonus CD titled "Nights LP", featuring live and rare versions of songs dated 1996 to 2007. The edition is sold exclusively on his label's website and is limited to 2,500 copies.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: On December 9, 2008, Kozelek and Caldo Verde Records issued "The Finally LP", a CD collection of 10 unreleased tracks, including covers of songs by Stephen Sondheim, Will Oldham, Hüsker Dü, and Low among others, as well as two previously unreleased instrumentals. Two newly recorded live albums, "" and "Lost Verses Live", followed in spring 2009.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: On April 23, 2010, the release of Sun Kil Moon's fourth album, "Admiral Fell Promises", was announced. The album was released on July 13, 2010.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: A documentary film titled "Mark Kozelek: On Tour" was released via Caldo Verde Records on August 16, 2011. The movie was filmed during portions Mark Kozelek's European/North American tours of 2010 and early 2011.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Kozelek also contributed as a vocalist and bass player to Desertshore, a group featuring Red House Painters guitarist Phil Carney, classically trained pianist Chris Connolly, and more recently Sun Kil Moon drummer Mike Stevens. His first collaboration with Desertshore came on the group's second studio album, "Drawing Of Threes" (released November 22, 2011, Caldo Verde Records). Kozelek appeared in 6 out of 10 tracks as a vocalist and bass player. He played a more major role in the third studio album titled "Mark Kozelek & Desertshore" (released August 20, 2013, Caldo Verde Records), where he is featured as vocalist and bassist on all 10 tracks. In the same year, Kozelek released "Perils From the Sea", a collaboration album with multi-instrumentalist Jimmy LaValle of The Album Leaf, and covers album "Like Rats".


title: Mark Kozelek

text: In 2014, Sun Kil Moon released "Benji" to wide acclaim, garnering a score of 85 from the critical rating aggregate website, Metacritic. "No Ripcord" calls it Kozelek's "most intimate work yet" and Kitty Empire of "Observer" added, it "might well be this difficult artist's most direct work." Soundblab rated it the best album of 2014, stating "When I remember 2014 in music, there will be Sun Kil Moon’s "Benji" and there will be everything else." Several publications praised Kozelek's songwriting skills and highlighted Benji as his best work to date.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Sun Kil Moon's sixth album of original material, "Universal Themes", was released on June 2, 2015. The album again featured drummer Steve Shelley, who previously played drums on Benji and then released an album in 2017 "Common as Light and Love Are Red Valleys of Blood". Kozelek toured Europe, the United States, and South America in support of the album in 2017 and 2018. On May 11, 2018, Kozelek released an eponymously titled double CD album, which "was recorded in San Francisco hotels and studios between May 2017 and January 2018."


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Kozelek has also dabbled in acting. Friend and director Cameron Crowe cast him in his film "Almost Famous" (2000) as Larry Fellows (the bass player in Stillwater) and in "Vanilla Sky" (2001) as a clubgoer who mocks Tom Cruise's character. In 2005, he appeared in Steve Martin's film "Shopgirl", playing a musician who befriends and mentors Jason Schwartzman's character. Kozelek also performed "Lily and Parrots" (a Sun Kil Moon song) live in the film.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: Kozelek appears as himself, and contributed to the soundtrack to Paolo Sorrentino's 2015 film, "Youth".


title: Mark Kozelek

text: On September 5, 2014, during a Sun Kil Moon performance at Hopscotch Music Festival in Raleigh, North Carolina, Kozelek called the noisy crowd "fucking hillbillies" and told them to "shut the fuck up" or else he would leave. He traded insults with the crowd before saying that his previous comments were meant as a joke. Allison Hussey of "Indy Week" first reported the incident, and linked to audio of Kozelek berating the audience. On September 9, 2014, Kozelek's label Caldo Verde began selling t-shirts with "All You Fuckin' Hillbillies Shut The Fuck Up" printed on the front.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: On September 14, 2014, Sun Kil Moon performed at the Ottawa Folk Festival in Ottawa, Canada, and their set overlapped with that of American rock band The War on Drugs. Kozelek complained of noise from The War on Drugs' set bleeding over to his stage and told the audience, "I hate that beer commercial lead-guitar shit". He introduced his next song as being titled "The War on Drugs Can Suck My Fucking Dick".


title: Mark Kozelek

text: On September 17, 2014, Kozelek wrote a statement on the Sun Kil Moon website which "Pitchfork" later reported on September 29, 2014, as being an apology to The War on Drugs. On September 30, 2014, Kozelek made another post in response to "Pitchfork" and "Stereogum" in which he clarified that his statement had in fact not been an apology to the band, saying that he does not "apologize for stage banter". He also challenged the band to let him join them onstage at their upcoming concert on October 6, 2014, at The Fillmore to play a "hilarious song" Kozelek wrote entitled "War On Drugs: Suck My Cock/Sun Kil Moon: Go Fuck Yourself". On October 6, 2014, Sun Kil Moon released "War on Drugs: Suck My Cock", a seven-minute "diss track" targeting The War on Drugs and featuring commentary about the Hopscotch and Ottawa festival incidents. However, in the song Kozelek also targeted "Indy Week" journalist Allison Hussey, calling her "some spoiled bitch rich kid blogger brat".


title: Mark Kozelek

text: On October 28, 2014, War on Drugs frontman Adam Granduciel revealed in an interview that he was contacted privately by Kozelek to join them at The Fillmore before Kozelek posted the challenge online to the public, but that Kozelek responded that "the offer has expired" before Granduciel had time to respond. On October 30, 2014, Sun Kil Moon released a second diss track entitled "Adam Granofsky Blues", a spoken word track featuring Kozelek mockingly reciting Granduciel's comments.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: In 2015, Kozelek was interviewed by journalist Laura Snapes over e-mail. She had approached friends of Kozelek for supporting interviews, but later learned that Kozelek previously asked journalists not to do so when writing a piece on him. On June 1, 2015, Kozelek improvised a song about Snapes during a concert at the Barbican in London, performing to an audience of 1,900 people. He told the audience, "There's this girl named Laura Snapes, she's a journalist. She's out to do a story on me, has been contacting a lot of people who know me." The song included derogatory lyrics, including, "Laura Snapes totally wants to fuck me / get in line, bitch ... Laura Snapes totally wants to have my babies." Snapes wrote about her experience in a piece for "The Guardian".


title: Mark Kozelek

text: In August 2020, in an article published by "Pitchfork", Kozelek was alleged to have engaged in sexual misconduct with a woman named Sarah Golden, as well as two other unidentified women.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: On August 17, Kozelek denied the allegations against him and stated that he has retained a law firm to "investigate and pursue as necessary any claims against anyone participating to defame me".


title: Mark Kozelek

text: On March 25, 2021, "Pitchfork" published another article on seven more women who accused Kozelek of sexual misconduct. Several of these women alleged that, in separate incidences, Kozelek brought them back to a hotel room, promising them that the encounter would not be sexual, before later emerging from the bathroom unclothed or in underwear and then masturbating. He then allegedly groped some of these women despite repeated requests to stop, then repeatedly pressured them to have sexual intercourse with him until they either left or had sex with him. "Pitchfork" reported that Kozelek denied the allegations in a letter issued to them by his attorney.


title: Mark Kozelek

text: In August 2022, he announced two concerts in Hungary and Slovenia after an almost two year absence from live performance.


title: Doha International Airport

text: Doha International Airport () is an airport in Doha, Qatar. It was Qatar's commercial international airport until Hamad International Airport opened on 27 May 2014. While all scheduled commercial traffic ceased, the airport site and existing runway is still used by Qatar Emiri Air Force, Qatar Amiri Flight, Rizon Jet, Gulf Helicopters and Qatar Aeronautical College. It also acts as a state/diplomatic airport catering to both Qatar Amiri Flight (which is based at the airport) and state visit flights. The airport welcomed commercial flights again on 15 September 2022 for selected airlines to handle increased traffic for the 2022 FIFA World Cup taking place in the country in November.


title: Doha International Airport

text: Doha International Airport opened in 1959 replacing Dukhan Airport, which was built in the 1930s and located west of Doha.


title: Doha International Airport

text: The airport suffered from overutilization, even though it had been expanded numerous times. Before the opening of the new airport, the capacity stood at 12 million passengers per year. Its runway was one of the longest at a civil airport. It was the main base of Qatar Airways. In the past, the airport was mostly used by Qatari holiday makers and foreign workers coming for the oil and gas sector. As Qatar Airways expanded rapidly, the airport grew and attracted more people such as holiday makers and transit travelers. In 2010, it was the world's 27th busiest airport by cargo traffic. The control tower and ancillary buildings were designed by Curtis W. Fentress, FAIA, RIBA of Fentress Architects.


title: Doha International Airport

text: All scheduled commercial air traffic serving this airport moved to the new Hamad International Airport on 27 May 2014. The new airport is located east of the former facility. It covers of land and was able to handle 29 million passengers per year on opening day. The old airport was [originally] planned to be demolished, but it has been refurbished and reopened for the 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Doha International Airport

text: This was the main terminal at Doha and handled all economy class Qatar Airways flights, as well as all other airlines using the airport. This terminal was expanded several times in order to cope with the increasing number of passengers using the airport each year. The terminal had 44 satellite gates, as well as seating areas and a large duty-free area. There were 3 lounges in this terminal, including the Oryx Lounge, which was used by all foreign airlines' premium passengers, the Qatar Airways Gold Lounge, which was used by Qatar Airways Gold Privilege Club members, and the Qatar Airways Silver Lounge, used by Qatar Airways silver privilege club card holders. This terminal had been expanded as the old Arrivals Terminal was integrated into the departures terminal, while a new arrival terminal was opened. All departing and transferring passengers used this facility, as passengers arriving into Doha used the new Arrivals Terminal. The Departure and Transfer Terminal opened an additional 12 boarding positions located between the terminal and the Premium Terminal gates, as well as a revamped Oryx lounge to cater for the increase in passenger numbers. The passenger facilities featured 60 check-in counters, 42 parking bays for aircraft and 15 baggage claim belts.


title: Doha International Airport

text: Terminal A of the Departure and Transfer Terminal was the check-in area used by the airport's biggest user, Qatar Airways, as well as Cathay Pacific, which operated a codeshare with Qatar Airways to Hong Kong under a strategic partnership agreement.


title: Doha International Airport

text: In June 2011, Terminal B, built on the location of the former arrivals terminal at Doha International Airport, was dedicated to more than 30 foreign airlines operating services from Doha. The terminal included an enlarged check-in area with 35 counters and a new baggage handling system, as well as food outlets. All foreign airlines were moved to Terminal B.


title: Doha International Airport

text: All terminals have been renovated recently and will be operational by the end 2021 or early to mid-2022 for the FIFA football World Cup that will be held in Qatar.


title: Doha International Airport

text: On 19 December 2010, a new Arrival Terminal was opened in the western apron, in the site of the former Asian Games (which Doha hosted in 2006) temporary terminal. The terminal had a capacity of 2,770 passengers per hour. The Arrivals Terminal replaced the arrivals hall of what became the Departure and Transfer Terminal. The Arrivals Terminal had 22 immigration counters, eight e-gates, eight baggage carousels, 36 concierge desks for hotel transfers, car rental and other services, as well as 746 parking spaces. The former arrivals hall was merged with the departing hall, adding extra valuable space and capacity to the airport. These changes were part of the multimillion-dollar expansion of Doha Airport to cope with the increasing traffic of Qatar Airways and other airlines before the new Hamad International Airport opened in 2014.


title: Doha International Airport

text: The Qatar Airways Premium Terminal was opened in 2006 and handled all Qatar Airways first and business class passengers. There are 6 gates in this terminal.


title: Doha International Airport

text: The airport shut down for commercial traffic on 27 May 2014 when all airlines relocated to its successor, Hamad International Airport. The last commercial flight departing from Doha International Airport was a Lufthansa plane returning to its home of Frankfurt at 00:30 on 28 May 2014.


title: Doha International Airport

text: From the 14th of September 2022, the airport has started again to be used for passenger traffic, due to the 2022 FIFA World Cup. At least 13 airlines, including Etihad Airways, Flydubai, Pegasus Airlines, Jazeera Airways, and SalamAir moved their regular scheduled flights to the airport, until the end of 2022, after the end of the World Cup. Designated Match Day Shuttle flights will instead use the newer Hamad International Airport. Temporary routes operating to the airport until the end of 2022 are listed below.


title: Contest to kill 100 people using a sword

text: The was a contest between Toshiaki Mukai (3 June 1912 – 28 January 1948) and Tsuyoshi Noda (1912 – 28 January 1948), two Japanese Army officers, which took place during the Japanese invasion of China. The goal of the contest was to see who could kill 100 people the fastest while using a sword. The two officers were later executed on war crime charges for their involvement. Since that time, the historicity of the event has been hotly contested, often by Japanese nationalists or negationist historians who seek to invalidate the historiography of the Nanjing Massacre.


text: The issue first emerged from a series of wartime Japanese newspaper articles, which celebrated the "heroic" killing of the Chinese by two Japanese officers, who were engaged in a competition to see who could kill the most first. The issue was revived in the 1970s, which sparked a larger controversy over Japanese war crimes in China, in particular, the Nanjing Massacre.


text: The original accounts printed in the newspaper described the killings as hand-to-hand combat; however, historians have suggested that they were most likely another part of the widespread mass killings of defenseless Chinese prisoners.


text: In 1937, the "Osaka Mainichi Shimbun" and its sister newspaper, the "Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun" covered a contest between two Japanese officers, and , in which the two men were described as vying with one another to be the first to kill 100 people with a sword. The competition supposedly took place en route to Nanking, prior to the infamous Nanking Massacre, and was covered in four articles from 30 November 1937, to 13 December 1937; the last two being translated in the "Japan Advertiser".


text: Both officers supposedly surpassed their goal during the heat of battle, making it difficult to determine which officer had actually won the contest. Therefore, (according to the journalists Asami Kazuo and Suzuki Jiro, writing in the "Tokyo Nichi-Nichi Shimbun" of 13 December), they decided to begin another contest with the goal of 150 kills. The "Nichi Nichi" headline of the story of 13 December read Incredible Record' [in the Contest to] Behead 100 People—Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd Lieutenants Go Into Extra Innings".


text: Other soldiers and historians have noted the unlikelihood of the lieutenants' alleged heroics, which entailed killing enemy after enemy in fierce hand-to-hand combat. Noda himself, on returning to his hometown, admitted this during a speech:


text: Actually, I didn't kill more than four or five people in hand-to-hand combat ... We'd face an enemy trench that we'd captured, and when we called out, "Ni, Lai-Lai!" (You, come here!), the Chinese soldiers were so stupid, they'd rush toward us all at once. Then we'd line them up and cut them down, from one end of the line to the other. I was praised for having killed a hundred people, but actually, almost all of them were killed in this way. The two of us did have a contest, but afterwards. I was often asked whether it was a big deal, and I said it was no big deal ...


text: After the war, a written record of the contest found its way into the documents of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. In 1947, the two soldiers were arrested by the U.S. Army and detained at Sugamo Prison. They were then extradited to China and tried by the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal. On trial with the two men was Gunkichi Tanaka, a Japanese Army captain who personally killed over 300 Chinese POWs and civilians with his sword during the massacre. All three men were found guilty of atrocities committed during the Battle of Nanking and the subsequent massacre, and sentenced to death. On 28 January 1948, the three were executed by shooting at a selected spot in the mountains of the Yuhuatai District. Mukai and Noda were both 35 years old; Tanaka was 42.


text: In Japan, the contest was lost to the obscurity of history until 1967, when Tomio Hora (a professor of history at Waseda University) published a 118-page document pertaining to the events of Nanking. The story was unreported by the Japanese press until 1971, when Japanese journalist Katsuichi Honda brought the issue to the attention of the public with a series of articles written for "Asahi Shimbun", which focused on interviews with Chinese survivors of the World War II occupation and massacres.


text: In Japan, the articles sparked fierce debate about the Nanking Massacre, with the veracity of the killing contest a particularly contentious point of debate. Over the following years, many authors have argued over whether the Nanking Massacre even occurred, with viewpoints on the subject also being a predictor for whether they believed the contest was a fabrication. The "Sankei Shimbun" and Japanese politician Tomomi Inada have publicly demanded that the "Asahi" and "Mainichi" media companies retract their wartime reporting of the contest.


text: In a later work, Katsuichi Honda placed the account of the killing contest into the context of its effect on Imperial Japanese forces in China. In one instance, Honda notes Japanese veteran Shintaro Uno's autobiographical description of the effect on his sword after consecutively beheading nine prisoners. Uno compares his experiences with those of the two lieutenants from the killing contest. Although he had believed the inspirational tales of hand-to-hand combat in his youth, after his own experience in the war he came to believe the killings were more likely brutal executions. Uno adds,


text: Whatever you say, it's silly to argue about whether it happened this way or that way when the situation is clear. There were hundreds of thousands of soldiers like Mukai and Noda, including me, during those fifty years of war between Japan and China. At any rate, it was nothing more than a commonplace occurrence during the so-called Chinese Disturbance.


text: In 2000, Bob Wakabayashi wrote that "the killing contest itself was a fabrication", but the controversy it created "increased the Japanese people's knowledge of the atrocity and raised their awareness of being victimizers in a war of imperialist aggression despite efforts to the contrary by conservative revisionists". Joshua Fogel has stated that to accept the newspaper account "as true and accurate requires a leap of faith that no balanced historian can make".


text: The Nanking Massacre Memorial in China includes a display on the contest among its many exhibits. A "Japan Times" article has suggested that its presence allows revisionists to "sow seeds of doubt" about the accuracy of the entire collection.


text: One of the swords allegedly used in the contest is on display at the Republic of China Armed Forces Museum in Taipei, Taiwan.


text: In April 2003, the families of Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda filed a defamation suit against Katsuichi Honda, Kashiwa Shobō, the Asahi Shimbun, and the "Mainichi Shimbun", requesting ¥36,000,000 in compensation. On 23 August 2005, Tokyo District Court Judge Akio Doi dismissed the suit on the grounds that "The contest did occur, and was not fabricated by the media." The judge stated that, although the original newspaper article included "false elements", the officers admitted that they had raced to kill 100 people and "It is difficult to say it was fiction." Some evidence of killing Chinese POWs (not hand-to-hand fighting) were shown by the defendants, and the court admitted the possibilities of killing POWs by sword. In December 2006, The Supreme Court of Japan upheld the decision of the Tokyo District Court.


title: White Day

text: White Day is celebrated annually on March 14, one month after Valentine's Day, when people give reciprocal gifts to those who gave them gifts received on Valentine's Day. It began in Japan in 1978; since then, its observance has spread to several other Asian nations.


title: White Day

text: Though Valentine's Day was first attempted to be celebrated in Japan in 1936, it did not begin to be popularly celebrated until the 1970s, giving the day a different observation than in the West. It was primarily an opportunity for girls to show that they like a boy. In 1977, a Fukuoka-based confectionery company, Ishimuramanseido, marketed marshmallows to men on March 14, calling it . White Day was first celebrated in 1978 in Japan. It was started by the National Confectionery Industry Association as an "answer day" to Valentine's Day on the grounds that men should pay back the women who gave them chocolate and other gifts on Valentine's Day.


title: White Day

text: Soon thereafter, confectionery companies began marketing white chocolate. Now, men give both white and dark chocolate, as well as other edible and non-edible gifts, such as jewelry or objects of sentimental value, or white clothing like lingerie, to women from whom they received chocolate on Valentine's Day one month earlier. Flowers and other gifts are also given on this day.


title: White Day

text: White Day is celebrated one month after Valentine's Day, on March 14. In countries which observe White Day, typically Valentine's Day is celebrated by women and girls presenting chocolate gifts (either store-bought or handmade), usually to the other men and boys, as an expression of love, courtesy, or social obligation.


title: White Day

text: On White Day, the reverse happens: men who received a or on Valentine's Day are expected to return the favor by giving gifts to the women. Gift exchanges happen between romantic partners, friends, and coworkers. Traditionally, popular White Day gifts include food like white chocolate, marshmallows, candy, and cookies, and other "white" accessories like jewelry, bags, lotions, and lingerie. Nowadays, gifts do not have to be white.


title: White Day

text: Sometimes the term is used to describe the generally recited rule for men that the return gift should be two to three times the worth of the Valentine's gift they received.


title: White Day

text: In the latter half of the 2010s, sales figures indicated a decline in popularity of the observation. It was seen as a result from the reduction of sales of obligation chocolates on Valentines Day. Another reason given for the reduction of popularity is the changing gender roles within Japanese culture.


title: White Day

text: Outside of Japan, the practice of giving response gifts one month after Valentines Day has spread internationally. In those cultures, White Day is for the most part observed in a similar manner. Some places where this occurs include China, South Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam.


title: Online analytical processing

text: Online analytical processing, or OLAP (), is an approach to answer multi-dimensional analytical (MDA) queries swiftly in computing. OLAP is part of the broader category of business intelligence, which also encompasses relational databases, report writing and data mining. Typical applications of OLAP include business reporting for sales, marketing, management reporting, business process management (BPM), budgeting and forecasting, financial reporting and similar areas, with new applications emerging, such as agriculture.


title: Online analytical processing

text: The term "OLAP" was created as a slight modification of the traditional database term online transaction processing (OLTP).


title: Online analytical processing

text: OLAP tools enable users to analyze multidimensional data interactively from multiple perspectives. OLAP consists of three basic analytical operations: consolidation (roll-up), drill-down, and slicing and dicing. Consolidation involves the aggregation of data that can be accumulated and computed in one or more dimensions. For example, all sales offices are rolled up to the sales department or sales division to anticipate sales trends. By contrast, the drill-down is a technique that allows users to navigate through the details. For instance, users can view the sales by individual products that make up a region's sales. Slicing and dicing is a feature whereby users can take out (slicing) a specific set of data of the OLAP cube and view (dicing) the slices from different viewpoints. These viewpoints are sometimes called dimensions (such as looking at the same sales by salesperson, or by date, or by customer, or by product, or by region, etc.).


title: Online analytical processing

text: Databases configured for OLAP use a multidimensional data model, allowing for complex analytical and ad hoc queries with a rapid execution time. They borrow aspects of navigational databases, hierarchical databases and relational databases.


title: Online analytical processing

text: OLAP is typically contrasted to OLTP (online transaction processing), which is generally characterized by much less complex queries, in a larger volume, to process transactions rather than for the purpose of business intelligence or reporting. Whereas OLAP systems are mostly optimized for read, OLTP has to process all kinds of queries (read, insert, update and delete).


title: Online analytical processing

text: At the core of any OLAP system is an OLAP cube (also called a 'multidimensional cube' or a hypercube). It consists of numeric facts called "measures" that are categorized by "dimensions". The measures are placed at the intersections of the hypercube, which is spanned by the dimensions as a vector space. The usual interface to manipulate an OLAP cube is a matrix interface, like Pivot tables in a spreadsheet program, which performs projection operations along the dimensions, such as aggregation or averaging.


title: Online analytical processing

text: The cube metadata is typically created from a star schema or snowflake schema or fact constellation of tables in a relational database. Measures are derived from the records in the fact table and dimensions are derived from the dimension tables.


title: Online analytical processing

text: Each "measure" can be thought of as having a set of "labels", or meta-data associated with it. A "dimension" is what describes these "labels"; it provides information about the "measure".


title: Online analytical processing

text: A simple example would be a cube that contains a store's sales as a "measure", and Date/Time as a "dimension". Each Sale has a Date/Time "label" that describes more about that sale.


title: Online analytical processing

text: Multidimensional structure is defined as "a variation of the relational model that uses multidimensional structures to organize data and express the relationships between data". The structure is broken into cubes and the cubes are able to store and access data within the confines of each cube. "Each cell within a multidimensional structure contains aggregated data related to elements along each of its dimensions". Even when data is manipulated it remains easy to access and continues to constitute a compact database format. The data still remains interrelated.


title: Online analytical processing

text: Multidimensional structure is quite popular for analytical databases that use online analytical processing (OLAP) applications. Analytical databases use these databases because of their ability to deliver answers to complex business queries swiftly. Data can be viewed from different angles, which gives a broader perspective of a problem unlike other models.


title: Online analytical processing

text: It has been claimed that for complex queries OLAP cubes can produce an answer in around 0.1% of the time required for the same query on OLTP relational data. The most important mechanism in OLAP which allows it to achieve such performance is the use of "aggregations". Aggregations are built from the fact table by changing the granularity on specific dimensions and aggregating up data along these dimensions, using an aggregate function (or "aggregation function"). The number of possible aggregations is determined by every possible combination of dimension granularities.


title: Online analytical processing

text: The combination of all possible aggregations and the base data contains the answers to every query which can be answered from the data.


title: Online analytical processing

text: Because usually there are many aggregations that can be calculated, often only a predetermined number are fully calculated; the remainder are solved on demand. The problem of deciding which aggregations (views) to calculate is known as the view selection problem. View selection can be constrained by the total size of the selected set of aggregations, the time to update them from changes in the base data, or both. The objective of view selection is typically to minimize the average time to answer OLAP queries, although some studies also minimize the update time. View selection is NP-Complete. Many approaches to the problem have been explored, including greedy algorithms, randomized search, genetic algorithms and A* search algorithm.


title: Online analytical processing

text: Some aggregation functions can be computed for the entire OLAP cube by precomputing values for each cell, and then computing the aggregation for a roll-up of cells by aggregating these aggregates, applying a divide and conquer algorithm to the multidimensional problem to compute them efficiently. For example, the overall sum of a roll-up is just the sum of the sub-sums in each cell. Functions that can be decomposed in this way are called decomposable aggregation functions, and include codice_1 and codice_2, which can be computed for each cell and then directly aggregated; these are known as self-decomposable aggregation functions. In other cases the aggregate function can be computed by computing auxiliary numbers for cells, aggregating these auxiliary numbers, and finally computing the overall number at the end; examples include codice_3 (tracking sum and count, dividing at the end) and codice_4 (tracking max and min, subtracting at the end). In other cases the aggregate function cannot be computed without analyzing the entire set at once, though in some cases approximations can be computed; examples include codice_5 and codice_6; for example, the median of a set is not the median of medians of subsets. These latter are difficult to implement efficiently in OLAP, as they require computing the aggregate function on the base data, either computing them online (slow) or precomputing them for possible rollouts (large space).


title: Online analytical processing

text: MOLAP (multi-dimensional online analytical processing) is the classic form of OLAP and is sometimes referred to as just OLAP. MOLAP stores this data in an optimized multi-dimensional array storage, rather than in a relational database.


title: Online analytical processing

text: Some MOLAP tools require the pre-computation and storage of derived data, such as consolidations – the operation known as processing. Such MOLAP tools generally utilize a pre-calculated data set referred to as a data cube. The data cube contains all the possible answers to a given range of questions. As a result, they have a very fast response to queries. On the other hand, updating can take a long time depending on the degree of pre-computation. Pre-computation can also lead to what is known as data explosion.


title: Online analytical processing

text: Other MOLAP tools, particularly those that implement the functional database model do not pre-compute derived data but make all calculations on demand other than those that were previously requested and stored in a cache.


title: Online analytical processing

text: Examples of commercial products that use MOLAP are Cognos Powerplay, Oracle Database OLAP Option, MicroStrategy, Microsoft Analysis Services, Essbase, TM1, Jedox, and icCube.


title: Online analytical processing

text: ROLAP works directly with relational databases and does not require pre-computation. The base data and the dimension tables are stored as relational tables and new tables are created to hold the aggregated information. It depends on a specialized schema design. This methodology relies on manipulating the data stored in the relational database to give the appearance of traditional OLAP's slicing and dicing functionality. In essence, each action of slicing and dicing is equivalent to adding a "WHERE" clause in the SQL statement. ROLAP tools do not use pre-calculated data cubes but instead pose the query to the standard relational database and its tables in order to bring back the data required to answer the question. ROLAP tools feature the ability to ask any question because the methodology is not limited to the contents of a cube. ROLAP also has the ability to drill down to the lowest level of detail in the database.


title: Online analytical processing

text: While ROLAP uses a relational database source, generally the database must be carefully designed for ROLAP use. A database which was designed for OLTP will not function well as a ROLAP database. Therefore, ROLAP still involves creating an additional copy of the data. However, since it is a database, a variety of technologies can be used to populate the database.


title: Online analytical processing

text: In the OLAP industry ROLAP is usually perceived as being able to scale for large data volumes, but suffering from slower query performance as opposed to MOLAP. The OLAP Survey, the largest independent survey across all major OLAP products, being conducted for 6 years (2001 to 2006) have consistently found that companies using ROLAP report slower performance than those using MOLAP even when data volumes were taken into consideration.


title: Online analytical processing

text: However, as with any survey there are a number of subtle issues that must be taken into account when interpreting the results.


title: Online analytical processing

text: Some companies select ROLAP because they intend to re-use existing relational database tables—these tables will frequently not be optimally designed for OLAP use. The superior flexibility of ROLAP tools allows this less than optimal design to work, but performance suffers. MOLAP tools in contrast would force the data to be re-loaded into an optimal OLAP design.


title: Online analytical processing

text: The undesirable trade-off between additional ETL cost and slow query performance has ensured that most commercial OLAP tools now use a "Hybrid OLAP" (HOLAP) approach, which allows the model designer to decide which portion of the data will be stored in MOLAP and which portion in ROLAP.


title: Online analytical processing

text: There is no clear agreement across the industry as to what constitutes "Hybrid OLAP", except that a database will divide data between relational and specialized storage. For example, for some vendors, a HOLAP database will use relational tables to hold the larger quantities of detailed data, and use specialized storage for at least some aspects of the smaller quantities of more-aggregate or less-detailed data. HOLAP addresses the shortcomings of MOLAP and ROLAP by combining the capabilities of both approaches. HOLAP tools can utilize both pre-calculated cubes and relational data sources.


title: Online analytical processing

text: In this mode HOLAP stores "aggregations" in MOLAP for fast query performance, and detailed data in ROLAP to optimize time of cube "processing".


title: Online analytical processing

text: In this mode HOLAP stores some slice of data, usually the more recent one (i.e. sliced by Time dimension) in MOLAP for fast query performance, and older data in ROLAP. Moreover, we can store some dices in MOLAP and others in ROLAP, leveraging the fact that in a large cuboid, there will be dense and sparse subregions.


title: Online analytical processing

text: The first product to provide HOLAP storage was Holos, but the technology also became available in other commercial products such as Microsoft Analysis Services, Oracle Database OLAP Option, MicroStrategy and SAP AG BI Accelerator. The hybrid OLAP approach combines ROLAP and MOLAP technology, benefiting from the greater scalability of ROLAP and the faster computation of MOLAP. For example, a HOLAP server may store large volumes of detailed data in a relational database, while aggregations are kept in a separate MOLAP store. The Microsoft SQL Server 7.0 OLAP Services supports a hybrid OLAP server


title: Online analytical processing

text: Each type has certain benefits, although there is disagreement about the specifics of the benefits between providers.


title: Online analytical processing

text: The following acronyms are also sometimes used, although they are not as widespread as the ones above:


title: Online analytical processing

text: Unlike relational databases, which had SQL as the standard query language, and widespread APIs such as ODBC, JDBC and OLEDB, there was no such unification in the OLAP world for a long time. The first real standard API was OLE DB for OLAP specification from Microsoft which appeared in 1997 and introduced the MDX query language. Several OLAP vendors – both server and client – adopted it. In 2001 Microsoft and Hyperion announced the XML for Analysis specification, which was endorsed by most of the OLAP vendors. Since this also used MDX as a query language, MDX became the de facto standard.


title: Online analytical processing

text: The first product that performed OLAP queries was "Express," which was released in 1970 (and acquired by Oracle in 1995 from Information Resources). However, the term did not appear until 1993 when it was coined by Edgar F. Codd, who has been described as "the father of the relational database". Codd's paper resulted from a short consulting assignment which Codd undertook for former Arbor Software (later Hyperion Solutions, and in 2007 acquired by Oracle), as a sort of marketing coup. The company had released its own OLAP product, "Essbase", a year earlier. As a result, Codd's "twelve laws of online analytical processing" were explicit in their reference to Essbase. There was some ensuing controversy and when Computerworld learned that Codd was paid by Arbor, it retracted the article. The OLAP market experienced strong growth in the late 1990s with dozens of commercial products going into market. In 1998, Microsoft released its first OLAP Server Microsoft Analysis Services, which drove wide adoption of OLAP technology and moved it into the mainstream.


title: Online analytical processing

text: OLAP clients include many spreadsheet programs like Excel, web application, SQL, dashboard tools, etc. Many clients support interactive data exploration where users select dimensions and measures of interest. Some dimensions are used as filters (for slicing and dicing the data) while others are selected as the axes of a pivot table or pivot chart. Users can also vary aggregation level (for drilling-down or rolling-up) the displayed view. Clients can also offer a variety of graphical widgets such as sliders, geographic maps, heat maps and more which can be grouped and coordinated as dashboards. An extensive list of clients appears in the visualization column of the comparison of OLAP servers table.


title: Pawan Singh

text: Pawan Singh(born 5 January 1986) is an Indian playback singer, actor, music composer, producer, stage performer and media personality. He is known for his works in Bhojpuri Film Industry. He began his musical career by working behind the scenes, playing harmonium in musical concerts. He has received two International Bhojpuri Film Awards .Referred to as "Power Star" by his fans.


title: Pawan Singh

text: Pawan Singh was born in a Hindu Rajput family in Jokahri village near Arrah, Bihar on 5 January 1986. He learnt singing from his uncle Ajit Singh.


title: Pawan Singh

text: Singh started singing and doing stage shows from his childhood. Singh has worked on Bhojpuri-language pop albums as a vocalist. His first album was "Odhaniya Wali", which was released in 1997. In 2004, he made his acting debut with the film "Rangli Chunariya Tohre Naam". He played his first lead role together in the 2007 film "Rangli Chunariya Tohre Naam". In 2008 Singh released the album "Lollipop Lageli" whose song "Lollipo Lagelu" gave him fame in the industry. In 2020, he made his Bollywood debut with song "Kamariya Hila Rahi Hai" featuring American dancer and actress Lauren Gottlieb. His second Bollywood single was "Babuni Tere Rang Me", a holi song featuring Tridha Choudhury which was followed by "Current" featuring Payal Dev. In 2021 he sang a Chhath song with Sonu Nigam and also released Bhojpuri cover version of some popular Bollywood songs like "Lut gaye", originally sung by Jubin Nautiyal and "Barish Ban Jana". After Bhojpuri cover versions, he remade the famous Hindi song "Tumsa Koi Pyara" from the film Raja Babu (1994) in Bhojpuri. His next Bhojpuri single "Jindagi" was in collaboration with Haryanvi singer Renuka Panwar.


title: Pawan Singh

text: Singh married Neelam Singh in 2014 in a private ceremony attended by family, friends, relatives and some big names from Bhojpuri industry.


title: Pawan Singh

text: But soon after their marriage, Neelam committed suicide at their home on 8 March 2015. In 2018, Pawan married Jyoti Singh in a private ceremony in Ballia attended only by family and some close aides. He filed for divorce from Jyoti in 2022.


title: Pawan Singh

text: BJP General Secretary Arun Singh inducted Singh into the BJP in 2014 by garlanding him with a saffron stole in presence of BJP Bihar state unit chief Nityanand Rai and General Secretary and Bihar in-charge Bhupendra Yadav.


title: Pawan Singh

text: In 2019, Bhojpuri Actress Akshara Singh filed an FIR against him for giving her death threats and posting her vulgar pictures and videos on Social media. She claimed that, they were in relationship and she decided to end that after he got married in March 2018. Singh, however, did not want things to end yet and began pressurising her to continue their relationship. Akshara has alleged he also threatened to “not let her work in the industry”.


title: Pawan Singh

text: His second wife, Jyoti Singh alleged him for forcing her to abort her pregnancy twice and domestic violence.


title: Wadia Group

text: Wadia Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Mumbai. It was founded by Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia in 1736 and is the oldest company in India, with its subsidiary The Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation Limited, established in 1863, being the oldest publicly traded Indian company. Other notabale companies of the group are Bombay Dyeing, a textile company established in 1879, and Britannia Industries, a food and beverage company established in 1918.


title: Wadia Group

text: Lovji Wadia secured contracts with the British East India Company to build ships and docks in Bombay in 1736. This, and subsequent efforts, would result in Bombay becoming a strategic port for the British colonial undertakings in Asia. The Bombay dry dock, the first dry dock in Asia, was built by Lovji and his brother Sorabji in 1750. Among the historical ships built by the Wadia Group are , , and .


title: Supernatural (season 9)

text: The ninth season of "Supernatural", an American dark fantasy television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 8, 2013, concluded on May 20, 2014, and contained 23 episodes. This is the second season with Jeremy Carver as showrunner. The season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 9, 2014, in region 2 on June 8, 2015, and in region 4 on October 8, 2014. The ninth season had an average viewership of 2.19 million U.S. viewers. The season follows Dean and Sam as they try to stop a revived Abaddon, a Knight of Hell, and have to use a cursed object called The First Blade to do so. Meanwhile, Metatron closes off heaven and causes the angels to fall, and Castiel will stop at nothing to stop him.


title: Supernatural (season 9)

text: On February 11, 2013, CW president Mark Pedowitz confirmed an early renewal of "Supernatural" for its ninth season, with the season premiere debuting on Tuesday, October 8, 2013. It was later confirmed, on February 25, 2013, that Misha Collins would return as a regular cast member, after being a special guest member for the previous two seasons. It was also announced that he would direct an episode in season 9.


title: Supernatural (season 9)

text: A new character named Ennis was introduced in episode twenty of this season, which would serve as a backdoor pilot for "". On May 8, 2014 it was announced that the spin-off had not been picked up by the CW Network.


title: Supernatural (season 9)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the 9th season a 100% approval rating based on 12 reviews, with an average score of 8.3/10. The critics consensus reads, "Even in its ninth season, "Supernatural" continues to thrill and fright as it moves the Winchester brothers in surprising new directions."


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: The indigenous peoples of West Papua in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, commonly called Papuans, are Melanesians. There is genetic evidence for two major historical lineages in New Guinea and neighboring islands. A first wave from the Malay Archipelago perhaps 50,000 years ago when New Guinea and Australia were a single landmass called Sahuland, much later, a wave of Austronesian people from the north who introduced Austronesian languages and pigs about 3,500 years ago. They also left a small but significant genetic trace in many coastal Papuan peoples.


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: Linguistically, Papuans speak languages from the many families of non-Austronesian languages that are found only on New Guinea and neighboring islands, as well as Austronesian languages along parts of the coast, and recently developed creoles such as Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu, Unserdeutsch, and Papuan Malay.


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: The term "Papuan" is used in a wider sense in linguistics and anthropology. In linguistics, "Papuan languages" is a cover term for the diverse, mutually unrelated, non-Austronesian language families spoken in Melanesia, the Torres Strait Islands, and parts of Wallacea. In anthropology, "Papuan" is often used to denote the highly diverse aboriginal populations of Melanesia and Wallacea prior to the arrival of Austronesian-speakers, and the dominant genetic traces of these populations in the current ethnic groups of these areas.


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: "Ethnologue"s 14th edition lists 826 languages of Papua New Guinea and 257 languages of Western New Guinea, a total of 1083 languages, with 12 languages overlapping. They can be divided into two groups, the Austronesian languages, and all the others, called Papuan languages for convenience. The term "Papuan languages" refers to an areal grouping, rather than a linguistic one. So-called Papuan languages comprise hundreds of different languages, most of which are not related.


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: The following indigenous peoples live within the modern borders of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Austronesian-speaking (AN) groups are given in "italics".


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: Papuan ethnic groups / tribes in Indonesian province of West Papua include Abun, Ambel, Arfak, Awe, Ayamaru, Ayfat, Batanta, Biak, Biga, Bira, Borai, Butlih, Domu, Doreri, Emeyode, Fiawat, Hatam, Irarutu, Irires, Iwaro, Kais, Kawe, Koiwai, Kuri, Langanyan, Madekwana, Mairasi, Maniwak, Matbat, Mbaham, Matta, Meiah, Meybrat, Miere, Miyah, Moi, Moire, Moru, Moskona, Mpur, Napiti, Nerigo, Oburauw, Roon, Roswar, Sebyar, Sougb, Soviar, Sumuri, Tehit, Tepin, Wamesa, Warumba, Waruri, Wawiyai, Wondama, Yaban, Konda.


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants, Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that the Papuan people have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM HaplogroupD, at 59.4% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele. While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroupD allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: Main Y-DNA Haplogroups of Papuan people are HaplogroupMS, HaplogroupP and HaplogroupC1b2a; a significant minority belong also to Haplogroup O-M175.


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: Based on his genetic studies of the Denisova hominin, an ancient human species discovered in 2010, Svante Pääbo claims that ancient human ancestors of the Papuans interbred in Asia with these humans. He has found that people of New Guinea share 4%–7% of their genome with the Denisovans, indicating this exchange.


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: Phylogenetic data suggests that an early Eastern Eurasian lineage trifurcated somewhere in eastern South Asia, and gave rise to the Australo-Papuans, the AASI, as well as East/Southeast Asians, although Australo-Papuans may have also received some gene flow from an earlier group (xOoA), around 2%, next to additional archaic admixture in the Sahul region.


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: According to one study, Australo-Papuans (such as the indigenous people of New Guinea and Aboriginal Australians) could have either formed from a mixture between an East Asian lineage and lineage basal to West and East Asians, or as a sister lineage of East Asians with or without a minor basal OoA or xOoA contribution.


title: Indigenous people of New Guinea

text: A 2016 study at the University of Cambridge by Christopher Klein et al. suggests that it was about 50,000 years ago that these peoples reached Sahul (the supercontinent consisting of present-day Australia and its islands and New Guinea). The sea levels rose and isolated New Guinea about 10,000 years ago, but Aboriginal Australians and Papuans diverged from each other genetically earlier, about 37,000 years BP.


title: Aufbau principle

text: The aufbau principle , from the German "Aufbauprinzip" (building-up principle), also called the aufbau rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then they fill subshells of higher energy. For example, the 1s subshell is filled before the 2s subshell is occupied. In this way, the electrons of an atom or ion form the most stable electron configuration possible. An example is the configuration for the phosphorus atom, meaning that the 1s subshell has 2 electrons, and so on.


title: Aufbau principle

text: Electron behavior is elaborated by other principles of atomic physics, such as Hund's rule and the Pauli exclusion principle. Hund's rule asserts that if multiple orbitals of the same energy are available, electrons will occupy different orbitals singly and with the same spin before any are occupied doubly. If double occupation does occur, the Pauli exclusion principle requires that electrons that occupy the same orbital must have different spins (+ and −).


title: Aufbau principle

text: Passing from one element to another of the next higher atomic number, one proton and one electron are added each time to the neutral atom.


title: Aufbau principle

text: The maximum number of electrons in a subshell (s, p, d, or f) is equal to 2(2 + 1) where is the azimuthal quantum number. Thus these subshells can have a maximum of 2, 6, 10, and 14 electrons respectively. In the ground state, the electronic configuration can be built up by placing electrons in the lowest available subshell until the total number of electrons added is equal to the atomic number. Thus subshells are filled in the order of increasing energy, using two general rules to help predict electronic configurations:


title: Aufbau principle

text: A version of the aufbau principle known as the nuclear shell model is used to predict the configuration of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.


title: Aufbau principle

text: In neutral atoms, the approximate order in which subshells are filled is given by the "n" +  rule, also known as the:


title: Aufbau principle

text: Here "n" represents the principal quantum number and the azimuthal quantum number; the values  = 0, 1, 2, 3 correspond to the s, p, d, and f subshells, respectively. The subshell ordering by this rule is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s, 5g, ... For example titanium ("Z" = 22) has the ground-state configuration .


title: Aufbau principle

text: Other authors write the subshell always in order of increasing "n", such as Ti ("Z" = 22) . This can be called "leaving order", since if this atom is ionized, electrons leave approximately in the order 4s, 3d, 3p, 3s, etc. For a given neutral atom, the two notations are equivalent since only the subshell occupancies have physical significance.


title: Aufbau principle

text: Subshells with a lower "n" +  value are filled before those with higher "n" +  values. In the case of equal "n" +  values, the subshell with a lower "n" value is filled first. In general, subshells with the same "n" +  value have similar energies, but the s-orbitals (with = 0) are exceptional: their energy levels are appreciably far from those of their "n" +  group and are closer to those of the next "n" +  group. This is why the periodic table is usually drawn to begin with the s-block elements.


title: Aufbau principle

text: The Madelung energy ordering rule applies only to neutral atoms in their ground state. There are twenty elements (eleven in the d-block and nine in the f-block) for which the Madelung rule predicts an electron configuration that differs from that determined experimentally, although the Madelung-predicted electron configurations are at least close to the ground state even in those cases.


title: Aufbau principle

text: One inorganic chemistry textbook describes the Madelung rule as essentially an approximate empirical rule although with some theoretical justification, based on the Thomas–Fermi model of the atom as a many-electron quantum-mechanical system.


title: Aufbau principle

text: The valence d-subshell "borrows" one electron (in the case of palladium two electrons) from the valence s-subshell.


title: Aufbau principle

text: A special exception is lawrencium Lr, where the 6d electron predicted by the Madelung rule is replaced by a 7p electron: the rule predicts , but the measured configuration is .


title: Aufbau principle

text: For example, in copper Cu, according to the Madelung rule, the 4s subshell ("n" +  = 4 + 0 = 4) is occupied before the 3d subshell ("n" +  = 3 + 2 = 5). The rule then predicts the electron configuration , abbreviated where [Ar] denotes the configuration of argon, the preceding noble gas. However, the measured electron configuration of the copper atom is . By filling the 3d subshell, copper can be in a lower energy state.


title: Aufbau principle

text: The valence d-subshell often "borrows" one electron (in the case of thorium two electrons) from the valence f-subshell. For example, in uranium U, according to the Madelung rule, the 5f subshell ("n" +  = 5 + 3 = 8) is occupied before the 6d subshell ("n" +  = 6 + 2 = 8). The rule then predicts the electron configuration where [Rn] denotes the configuration of radon, the preceding noble gas. However, the measured electron configuration of the uranium atom is .


title: Aufbau principle

text: All these exceptions are not very relevant for chemistry, as the energy differences are quite small and the presence of a nearby atom can change the preferred configuration. The periodic table ignores them and follows idealised configurations. They occur as the result of interelectronic repulsion effects; when atoms are positively ionised, most of the anomalies vanish.


title: Aufbau principle

text: The above exceptions are predicted to be the only ones until element 120, where the 8s shell is completed. Element 121, starting the g-block, should be an exception in which the expected 5g electron is transferred to 8p (similarly to lawrencium). After this, sources do not agree on the predicted configurations, but due to very strong relativistic effects there are not expected to be many more elements that show the expected configuration from Madelung's rule beyond 120. The general idea that after the two 8s elements, there come regions of chemical activity of 5g, followed by 6f, followed by 7d, and then 8p, does however mostly seem to hold true, except that relativity "splits" the 8p shell into a stabilized part (8p, which acts like an extra covering shell together with 8s and is slowly drowned into the core across the 5g and 6f series) and a destabilized part (8p, which has nearly the same energy as 9p), and that the 8s shell gets replaced by the 9s shell as the covering s-shell for the 7d elements.


title: Aufbau principle

text: The principle takes its name from German, "", "building-up principle", rather than being named for a scientist. It was formulated by Niels Bohr and Wolfgang Pauli in the early 1920s. This was an early application of quantum mechanics to the properties of electrons and explained chemical properties in physical terms. Each added electron is subject to the electric field created by the positive charge of the atomic nucleus "and" the negative charge of other electrons that are bound to the nucleus. Although in hydrogen there is no energy difference between subshell with the same principal quantum number "n", this is not true for the outer electrons of other atoms.


title: Aufbau principle

text: In the old quantum theory prior to quantum mechanics, electrons were supposed to occupy classical elliptical orbits. The orbits with the highest angular momentum are 'circular orbits' outside the inner electrons, but orbits with low angular momentum (s- and p-subshell) have high subshell eccentricity, so that they get closer to the nucleus and feel on average a less strongly screened nuclear charge.


title: Aufbau principle

text: A periodic table in which each row corresponds to one value of "n" +  (where the values of "n" and correspond to the principal and azimuthal quantum numbers respectively) was suggested by Charles Janet in 1928, and in 1930 he made explicit the quantum basis of this pattern, based on knowledge of atomic ground states determined by the analysis of atomic spectra. This table came to be referred to as the left-step table. Janet "adjusted" some of the actual "n" +  values of the elements, since they did not accord with his energy ordering rule, and he considered that the discrepancies involved must have arisen from measurement errors. As it happens, the actual values were correct and the "n" +  energy ordering rule turned out to be an approximation rather than a perfect fit, although for all elements that are exceptions the regularised configuration is a low-energy excited state, well within reach of chemical bond energies.


title: Aufbau principle

text: In 1936, the German physicist Erwin Madelung proposed this as an empirical rule for the order of filling atomic subshells, and most English-language sources therefore refer to the Madelung rule. Madelung may have been aware of this pattern as early as 1926. The Russian-American engineer Vladimir Karapetoff was the first to publish the rule in 1930.


title: Aufbau principle

text: In 1945, American chemist William Wiswesser proposed that the subshells are filled in order of increasing values of the function


title: Aufbau principle

text: This formula correctly predicts both the first and second parts of the Madelung rule (the second part being that for two subshells with the same value of "n" + , the one with the smaller value of "n" fills first). Wiswesser argued for this formula based on both the pattern of nodal and radial nodes, the concept now known as orbital penetration, and the influence of the core electrons on the valence orbitals.


title: Aufbau principle

text: In 1961 the Russian agricultural chemist V.M. Klechkowski proposed a theoretical explanation for the importance of the sum "n" + , based on the Thomas–Fermi model of the atom. Many French- and Russian-language sources therefore refer to the Klechkowski rule. The full Madelung rule was derived from a similar potential in 1971 by Yury N. Demkov and Valentin N. Ostrovsky. They consider the potential formula_2 where formula_3 and formula_4 are constant parameters; this approaches a Coulomb potential for small formula_5. When formula_4 satisfies the condition formula_7, where formula_8, the zero-energy solutions to the Schrödinger equation for this potential can be described analytically with Gegenbauer polynomials. As formula_4 passes through each of these values, a manifold containing all states with that value of formula_10 arises at zero energy and then becomes bound, recovering the Madelung order. Perturbation-theory considerations show that states with smaller formula_11 have lower energy, and that the s-orbitals (with formula_12) have their energies approaching the next formula_13 group.


title: Aufbau principle

text: In recent years it has been noted that the order of filling subshells in neutral atoms does not always correspond to the order of adding or removing electrons for a given atom. For example, in the fourth row of the periodic table, the Madelung rule indicates that the 4s subshell is occupied before the 3d. Therefore, the neutral atom ground state configuration for K is , Ca is , Sc is and so on. However, if a scandium atom is ionized by removing electrons (only), the configurations differ: Sc is , Sc is , and Sc is . The subshell energies and their order depend on the nuclear charge; 4s is lower than 3d as per the Madelung rule in K with 19 protons, but 3d is lower in Sc with 21 protons. In addition to there being ample experimental evidence to support this view, it makes the explanation of the order of ionization of electrons in this and other transition metals more intelligible, given that 4s electrons are invariably preferentially ionized. Generally the Madelung rule should only be used for neutral atoms; however, even for neutral atoms there are exceptions in the d-block and f-block (as shown above).


title: The Co-operative Group

text: Co-operative Group Limited, trading as Co-op, is a British consumer co-operative with a group of retail businesses including food retail, wholesale, e-pharmacy, insurance and legal services, and funeral care.


title: The Co-operative Group

text: The Co-operative Group has over 65,000 employees across the UK. The group has its headquarters in One Angel Square in Manchester.


title: The Co-operative Group

text: The Group also manages the Co-operative Federal Trading Services, formerly the Co-operative Retail Trading Group (CRTG), which sources and promotes goods for food stores of the co-operative movements of the UK. It introduced the Co-operative brand in 2007, which is used by many consumers' co-operatives in the UK and managed by the group.


title: The Co-operative Group

text: The Co-operative Group has developed over the years from the merger of co-operative wholesale societies and many independent retail societies. The Group's roots are traced back to the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, established in 1844. The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers was based on the Rochdale Principles – which notably introduced the idea of distributing a share of profits according to purchases through a scheme which became known as the dividend or "Divi".