text: Ryde Traincare Depot, alongside Ryde St John's Road on the Isle of Wight serviced the Class 483 units that used to operate on the Island Line.


title: South Western Railway (train operating company)

text: Strawberry Hill train maintenance depot in south west London, was built in 1897, is inside the triangular junction of the Shepperton Branch Line with the Kingston Loop Line, just yards from Strawberry Hill railway station.


text: Wimbledon Traincare Depot is located between Wimbledon and Earlsfield stations, on the main line to Waterloo, next to the Wimbledon railway viaduct. It is currently the home of the Class 455, 456, 458/5 and 707 fleets, although other classes from the SWR fleet berth overnight there.


title: Punishment

text: Punishment, commonly, is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, meted out by an authority—in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law—as a response and deterrent to a particular action or behavior that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable. It is, however, possible to distinguish between various different understandings of what punishment is.


title: Punishment

text: The reasoning for punishment may be to condition a child to avoid self-endangerment, to impose social conformity (in particular, in the contexts of compulsory education or military discipline), to defend norms, to protect against future harms (in particular, those from violent crime), and to maintain the law—and respect for rule of law—under which the social group is governed. Punishment may be self-inflicted as with self-flagellation and mortification of the flesh in the religious setting, but is most often a form of social coercion.


title: Punishment

text: The unpleasant imposition may include a fine, penalty, or confinement, or be the removal or denial of something pleasant or desirable. The individual may be a person, or even an animal. The authority may be either a group or a single person, and punishment may be carried out formally under a system of law or informally in other kinds of social settings such as within a family. Negative consequences that are not authorized or that are administered without a breach of rules are not considered to be punishment as defined here. The study and practice of the punishment of crimes, particularly as it applies to imprisonment, is called penology, or, often in modern texts, corrections; in this context, the punishment process is euphemistically called "correctional process". Research into punishment often includes similar research into prevention.


title: Punishment

text: Justifications for punishment include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. The last could include such measures as isolation, in order to prevent the wrongdoer's having contact with potential victims, or the removal of a hand in order to make theft more difficult.


title: Punishment

text: If only some of the conditions included in the definition of punishment are present, descriptions other than "punishment" may be considered more accurate. Inflicting something negative, or unpleasant, on a person or animal, without authority is considered revenge or spite rather than punishment. In addition, the word "punishment" is used as a metaphor, as when a boxer experiences ""punishment"" during a fight. In other situations, breaking a rule may be rewarded, and so receiving such a reward naturally does not constitute punishment. Finally the condition of breaking (or breaching) the rules must be satisfied for consequences to be considered punishment.


title: Punishment

text: Punishments differ in their degree of severity, and may include sanctions such as reprimands, deprivations of privileges or liberty, fines, incarcerations, ostracism, the infliction of pain, amputation and the death penalty.


title: Punishment

text: "Corporal punishment" refers to punishments in which physical pain is intended to be inflicted upon the transgressor.


title: Punishment

text: Punishments may be judged as fair or unfair in terms of their degree of reciprocity and proportionality to the offense.


title: Punishment

text: Punishment can be an integral part of socialization, and punishing unwanted behavior is often part of a system of pedagogy or behavioral modification which also includes rewards.


title: Punishment

text: Various philosophers have presented definitions of punishment. Conditions commonly considered necessary properly to describe an action as punishment are that


title: Punishment

text: Introduced by B.F. Skinner, punishment has a more restrictive and technical definition. Along with reinforcement it belongs under the operant conditioning category. Operant conditioning refers to learning with either punishment (often confused as negative reinforcement) or a reward that serves as a positive reinforcement of the lesson to be learned. In psychology, punishment is the reduction of a behavior via application of an unpleasant stimulus (""positive" punishment") or removal of a pleasant stimulus (""negative" punishment"). Extra chores or spanking are examples of positive punishment, while removing an offending student's recess or play privileges are examples of negative punishment. The definition requires that punishment is only determined after the fact by the reduction in behavior; if the offending behavior of the subject does not decrease, it is not considered punishment. There is some conflation of punishment and aversives, though an aversion that does not decrease behavior is not considered punishment in psychology. Additionally, "aversive stimulus" is a label behaviorists generally apply to negative reinforcers (as in avoidance learning), rather than the punishers.


title: Punishment

text: Punishment is sometimes called "retaliatory" or "moralistic aggression"; it has been observed in all species of social animals, leading evolutionary biologists to conclude that it is an evolutionarily stable strategy, selected because it favors cooperative behavior.


title: Punishment

text: One criticism of the claim of all social animals being evolutionarily hardwired for punishment comes from studies of animals, such as the octopuses near Capri, Italy that suddenly formed communal cultures from having, until then lived solitary lives. During a period of heavy fishing and tourism that encroached on their territory, they started to live in groups, learning from each other, especially hunting techniques. Small, younger octopuses could be near the fully grown octopuses without being eaten by them, even though they, like other "Octopus vulgaris", were cannibals until just before the group formation. The authors stress that this behavior change happened too fast to be a genetic characteristic in the octopuses, and that there were certainly no mammals or other "naturally" social animals punishing octopuses for cannibalism involved. The authors also note that the octopuses adopted observational learning without any evolutionary history of specialized adaptation for it.


title: Punishment

text: There are also arguments against the notion of punishment requiring intelligence, based on studies of punishment in very small-brained animals such as insects. There is proof of honey bee workers with mutations that makes them fertile laying eggs only when other honey bees are not observing them, and that the few that are caught in the act are killed. This is corroborated by computer simulations proving that a few simple reactions well within mainstream views of the extremely limited intelligence of insects are sufficient to emulate the "political" behavior observed in great apes. The authors argue that this falsifies the claim that punishment evolved as a strategy to deal with individuals capable of knowing what they are doing.


title: Punishment

text: In the case of more complex brains, the notion of evolution selecting for specific punishment of intentionally chosen breaches of rules and/or wrongdoers capable of intentional choices (for example, punishing humans for murder while not punishing lethal viruses) is subject to criticism from coevolution issues. That punishment of individuals with certain characteristics (including but, in principle, not restricted to mental abilities) selects against those characteristics, making evolution of any mental abilities considered to be the basis for penal responsibility impossible in populations subject to such selective punishment. Certain scientists argue that this disproves the notion of humans having a biological feeling of intentional transgressions deserving to be punished.


title: Punishment

text: Punishments are applied for various purposes, most generally, to encourage and enforce proper behavior as defined by society or family. Criminals are punished judicially, by fines, corporal punishment or custodial sentences such as prison; detainees risk further punishments for breaches of internal rules. Children, pupils and other trainees may be punished by their educators or instructors (mainly parents, guardians, or teachers, tutors and coaches) – see Child discipline.


title: Punishment

text: Slaves, domestic and other servants are subject to punishment by their masters. Employees can still be subject to a contractual form of fine or demotion. Most hierarchical organizations, such as military and police forces, or even churches, still apply quite rigid internal discipline, even with a judicial system of their own (court martial, canonical courts).


title: Punishment

text: Punishment may also be applied on moral, especially religious, grounds, as in penance (which is voluntary) or imposed in a theocracy with a religious police (as in a strict Islamic state like Iran or under the Taliban) or (though not a true theocracy) by Inquisition.


title: Punishment

text: Belief that an individual's ultimate punishment is being sent by God, the highest authority, to an existence in Hell, a place believed to exist in the after-life, typically corresponds to sins committed during their life. Sometimes these distinctions are specific, with damned souls suffering for each sin committed (see for example Plato's myth of Er or Dante's "The Divine Comedy"), but sometimes they are general, with condemned sinners relegated to one or more chamber of Hell or to a level of suffering.


title: Punishment

text: A principle often mentioned with respect to the degree of punishment to be meted out is that the punishment should match the crime.


title: Punishment

text: One standard for measurement is the degree to which a crime affects others or society. Measurements of the degree of seriousness of a crime have been developed.


title: Punishment

text: There are many possible reasons that might be given to justify or explain why someone ought to be punished; here follows a broad outline of typical, possibly conflicting, justifications.


title: Punishment

text: Two reasons given to justify punishment is that it is a measure to prevent people from committing an offence - deterring previous offenders from re-offending, and preventing those who may be contemplating an offence they have not committed from actually committing it. This punishment is intended to be sufficient that people would choose not to commit the crime rather than experience the punishment. The aim is to deter everyone in the community from committing offences.


title: Punishment

text: Some criminologists state that the number of people convicted for crime does not decrease as a result of more severe punishment and conclude that deterrence is ineffective. Other criminologists object to said conclusion, citing that while most people do not know the exact severity of punishment such as whether the sentence for murder is 40 years or life, most people still know the rough outlines such as the punishments for armed robbery or forcible rape being more severe than the punishments for driving too fast or misparking a car. These criminologists therefore argue that lack of deterring effect of increasing the sentences for already severely punished crimes say nothing about the significance of the existence of punishment as a deterring factor.


title: Punishment

text: Some criminologists argue that increasing the sentences for crimes can cause criminal investigators to give higher priority to said crimes so that a higher percentage of those committing them are convicted for them, causing statistics to give a false appearance of such crimes increasing. These criminologists argue that the use of statistics to gauge the efficiency of crime fighting methods are a danger of creating a reward hack that makes the least efficient criminal justice systems appear to be best at fighting crime, and that the appearance of deterrence being ineffective may be an example of this.


title: Punishment

text: Some punishment includes work to reform and rehabilitate the culprit so that they will not commit the offence again. This is distinguished from deterrence, in that the goal here is to change the offender's attitude to what they have done, and make them come to see that their behavior was wrong.


title: Punishment

text: Incapacitation as a justification of punishment refers to the offender's ability to commit further offences being removed. Imprisonment separates offenders from the community, for example, Australia was a dumping ground for early British criminals. This was their way of removing or reducing the offenders ability to carry out certain crimes. The death penalty does this in a permanent (and irrevocable) way. In some societies, people who stole have been punished by having their hands amputated.


title: Punishment

text: Criminal activities typically give a benefit to the offender and a loss to the victim. Punishment has been justified as a measure of retributive justice, in which the goal is to try to rebalance any unjust advantage gained by ensuring that the offender also suffers a loss. Sometimes viewed as a way of "getting even" with a wrongdoer—the suffering of the wrongdoer is seen as a desired goal in itself, even if it has no restorative benefits for the victim. One reason societies have administered punishments is to diminish the perceived need for retaliatory "street justice", blood feud, and vigilantism.


title: Punishment

text: For minor offenses, punishment may take the form of the offender "righting the wrong", or making restitution to the victim. Community service or compensation orders are examples of this sort of penalty. In models of restorative justice, victims take an "active" role in a process with their offenders who are encouraged to take responsibility for their actions, "to repair the harm they've done – by apologizing, returning stolen money, or community service." The restorative justice approach aims to help the offender want to avoid future offences.


title: Punishment

text: Punishment can be explained by positive prevention theory to use the criminal justice system to teach people what are the social norms for what is correct, and acts as a reinforcement.


title: Punishment

text: Punishment can serve as a means for society to publicly express denunciation of an action as being criminal. Besides educating people regarding what is not acceptable behavior, it serves the dual function of preventing vigilante justice by acknowledging public anger, while concurrently deterring future criminal activity by stigmatizing the offender.


title: Punishment

text: Some critics of the education and denunciation model cite evolutionary problems with the notion that a feeling for punishment as a social signal system evolved if punishment was not effective. The critics argue that some individuals spending time and energy and taking risks in punishing others, and the possible loss of the punished group members, would have been selected against if punishment served no function other than signals that could evolve to work by less risky means.


title: Punishment

text: A unified theory of punishment brings together multiple penal purposes—such as retribution, deterrence and rehabilitation—in a single, coherent framework. Instead of punishment requiring we choose between them, unified theorists argue that they work together as part of some wider goal such as the protection of rights.


title: Punishment

text: Some people think that punishment as a whole is unhelpful and even harmful to the people that it is used against. Detractors argue that punishment is simply wrong, of the same design as "two wrongs make a right". Critics argue that punishment is simply revenge. Professor Deirdre Golash, author of "The Case against Punishment: Retribution, Crime Prevention, and the Law", says:


title: Fondant icing

text: Fondant icing, also commonly referred to simply as fondant (, ), is an icing used to decorate or sculpt cakes and pastries. It is made from sugar, water, gelatin, vegetable fat or shortening, and glycerol. It does not have the texture of most icings; rolled fondant is akin to stiff clay, while poured fondant is a thick liquid. The word, in French, means "melting," coming from the same root as "fondue" and "foundry."


title: Fondant icing

text: "Rolled fondant," "fondant icing," or "pettinice," which is not the same material as poured fondant, is commonly used to decorate wedding cakes. Although wedding cakes are traditionally made with marzipan and royal icing, fondant is increasingly common due to nut allergies, as it does not require almond meal. Rolled fondant includes gelatin (or agar in vegetarian recipes) and food-grade glycerine, which keeps the sugar pliable and creates a dough-like consistency. Rolled fondant is rolled out like a pie crust and used to cover the cake.


title: Fondant icing

text: Commercial shelf-stable rolled fondant often consists principally of sugar and hydrogenated oil. However, different formulations for commercial shelf-stable fondant are available and include other ingredients, such as sugar, cellulose gum, and water.


title: Fondant icing

text: "Marshmallow fondant" is a form of rolled fondant often made and used by home bakers and hobbyists. Marshmallow fondant is made by combining melted shelf-stable marshmallows, water, powdered sugar, and solid vegetable shortening. Home bakers use this recipe for homemade fondant due to the readily available access to required ingredients.


title: Fondant icing

text: "Sculpting fondant" is similar to rolled fondant but with a stiffer consistency, which makes it a good sculpting material.


title: Fondant icing

text: "Sugar paste" or "gum paste" is similar to rolled fondant, but hardens completely—and therefore is used for bigger cake decorations, such as bride and groom figures, bigger flowers, etc. Sugar paste is made mainly of egg whites, powdered sugar, and shortening. Tylose can be added to make gum paste more pliable for detailed work.


title: Fondant icing

text: Poured fondant is formed by supersaturating water with sucrose. More than twice as much sugar dissolves in water at the boiling point than at room temperature. After the sucrose dissolves, if the solution is left to cool undisturbed, the sugar remains dissolved in a supersaturated solution until nucleation occurs. While the solution is supersaturated, if a cook puts a seed crystal (undissolved sucrose) into the mix, or agitates the solution, the dissolved sucrose crystallizes to form large, crunchy crystals (which is how rock candy is made). However, if the cook lets the solution cool undisturbed and then stirs it vigorously, it forms many tiny crystals, resulting in a smooth-textured fondant.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: The Kerch Polytechnic College massacre was a school shooting and bomb attack that occurred in Kerch, Crimea, on 17 October 2018. 18-year-old student Vladislav Roslyakov killed 20 people and wounded 70 others before committing suicide. It became the second deadliest school shooting in Europe, surpassing the Dunblane massacre.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: On October 12, 2018, at 11:48 a.m., Roslyakov calls a gun shop, the same place where he bought his Hatsan Escort shotgun in late August. It is unknown what the call was about, but perhaps it was Roslyakov asking about shotgun rounds. The next day, he went into another gun shop called Sokol and bought 150 rounds of shotgun cartridges. On October 15, Roslyakov messages Alexander Moiseenko at 12:02 a.m. Alexander Moiseenko is the head teacher of his class group. He called in sick, because he didn't attend school on the 15 and 16 October.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: In the early morning hours of October 17, 2018, Roslyakov is seen carrying his belongings (his clothes, his laptop, a phone, his SIM card, books, a knife, and a bible) to an abandoned area near his house to burn it. Roslyakov takes the bus to the college, not the one near his house, but from a different one, it's unknown why. At around 10 a.m., there's probably a school break, so Roslyakov can blend in easily. He is seen entering from the back side of the college to avoid the metal detectors and the security at the main entrance. Roslyakov enters the school building at 10:02 a.m. where he is seen carrying a black Nike backpack on his back where the homemade bomb is placed, a large black bag around his waist in which his Hatsan Escort shotgun is placed, Molotov, an unknown liquid, homemade pipe bombs made out of firecrackers or IEDS with shrapnel wrapped around with tape, tactical gloves, a hunting knife, a small ammo bag, a sling, yellow ear plugs, a mobile phone, passport, weapon license, student ID, pepper sprays, and a lighter.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov goes to the second floor towards the restroom. He stores his equipment into an opening in the wall or in the restroom itself. He waits around an hour and a half before exiting the restroom.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov is seen checking his phone at 11:31 a.m., possibly checking the time to make sure he can make it to the cafeteria in time. The lunch break starts around 11:30-11:40. He is also seen with only the black Nike backpack with the bomb still inside.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov is seen shaking hands with someone. After speculation that this person had some part in the massacre, it was confirmed that he did not, and was a lab technician who simply recognized Vladislav and knew him as well as many other students at the college. After the bomb exploded, the technician rushed back into the college to help the victims out of the building.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov heads down to the ground floor to the hallway near the college library, apparently unaware that the library was closed that day. After a minute and thirty-six seconds, Roslyakov walks up to the second floor. Investigators later viewing the camera footage to ascertain what Vladislav was doing for the minute and thirty-six seconds, saw Roslyakov place a padlock on top of a fire extinguisher box, possibly having intended to use the lock to secure an exit and prevent escape, but abandoning the idea.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov sets his backpack on a table in the hallway at 11:34 a.m. It is claimed he activated the bomb and set the timer around 10 minutes. The bomb has an explosive force of more than one kilogram of TNT with shrapnel and metal inside it. Roslyakov sits down and waits for staff to open the cafeteria door and for the lunch break to begin, as many students head towards the cafeteria at around 11:35 a.m. He shook hands with some students. One of them is Hedeon, one of Roslyakov's classmates, who said that Roslyakov smiled at them.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov stands up at 11:37 a.m., seven minutes before the bomb is set to explode. He places the bomb on one of the table hangers or around one of the chairs. Roslyakov exits the cafeteria at 11:38 a.m., heading towards the restroom on the second floor in a rush, which leaves him six minutes to get prepared. Roslyakov has the sling attached to the grip of his shotgun and has the sling go under his shirt, down his back, and onto his jeans or belt. This is so if anybody tried to take his weapon, they would fail. Roslyakov also puts the hunting knife on the left side of his boot, which he didn't use during the massacre. The bomb explodes between 11:44 and 11:46 a.m. The bomb is so powerful that it completely destroys the main entrance to the college, which is mainly made of glass, knocks out the window glass and the window frames itself in the corridors nearby, even destroying cabinet doors in the hallway. Roslyakov placed the bomb in a frying pan, which when detonated, flew in the air and exploded with shrapnel and screws flying from the explosion.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: After the explosion occurred, people try to call the emergency services. Roslyakov destroys the window in the restroom with the end of his shotgun grip and starts firing into the courtyard. He kills two students (Nikita Florenskij and Daria Chegerest) from the window.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov puts a small ammo bag and homemade pipe bombs or IEDs on his waist, left most of his ammunition in the restroom and exits to the hall, kills another student (Vladislav Lazarev), shooting him twice (in his back and head, according to his mother), and then heads towards the staircase and starts firing at students fleeing on the staircase, killing 2 (Daniil Pipenko and Alexey Lavrinovich), then he fatally shoots Lyudmila Kudryavtseva (in the stomach), who left her classroom to find out what was happening.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: The day before the massacre, a classmate of Roslyakov played a joke on his friend Dima and wrote the word trash on his backpack. Dima decided to take revenge on October 17. At the beginning of the lunch break, he screwed Ivan's backpack to the gazebo in the college's courtyard. It seemed ridiculous to everyone. Almost half of Roslyakov's group went to see how Ivan would try to remove his backpack. At that time, the explosion occurred and later the shooting began. The guys quickly fled from the courtyard. The prank saved their lives. Later that day, police destroyed the backpack, because they thought it was another bomb.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: It's unknown if Roslyakov shot at the courtyard again or if his bullets destroyed the window when he shot Anastasia and Svetlana Baklanova.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Lyudmila Ustenko was shot in the chest and died.Roslyakov's shotgun jams and he manually takes out the cartridge. Roslyakov doesn't enter any classroom. He is just killing people who are in his way towards the library.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Heading towards Roslyakov is Alexander Moiseenko, who is the head teacher of Roslyakov's college group. Roslyakov shot him three times: the first shot near his left hand or near the stomach area, the second one in his back, and the final one to the head. He died at the age of 46. Moiseenko is the final victim that Roslyakov kills with his shotgun.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov heads to the ground floor, trying to open doors and cabinets, but they are all locked. He goes down the hallway, where he tried to lock the door with the padlock, shoots out the window, hits nobody. At 11:48 a.m., Roslyakov is off camera. It is unknown what he's doing at this point of time. After a while, he heads back towards the library door, lighting two smoke bombs on the way.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov fires shots at the locked door which leads to a computer room or a class. Roslyakov is seen standing, unknown if he's looking at his phone or how much ammunition he has left. Roslyakov supposedly shoots the fire alarm. Roslyakov heads to the ground floor again. He looks out a huge glass window. His shotgun jams again, where he manually takes out the cartridge. People probably left the building already. At 11:53 a.m., Roslyakov wanders the corridor. Roslyakov enters the computer room, shoots two monitors and walks to the back of the classroom, sees that nobody is there and turns around. After he leaves the computer room and enters the main library, he flips two tables. It is unclear if he flipped the tables when he first entered the library around 11:52 a.m. or exiting the computer room around 11:53 a.m.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: There are no cameras in the main library room. He commits suicide, but not immediately. In photos, he has gunpowder on the right side of his cheek, which indicates that he had the shotgun barrel close to his face. Also, on his right hand, there are bruises on his fingers, caused by the recoil of the shotgun. It is unknown at what time he committed suicide.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Vladislav Igorevich Roslyakov was born on May 2, 2000. He was born in Kerch, Crimea. Roslyakov lived in the Arsenyevsky District. He lived here with his mother, Galina, and his father, Igor, before his parents divorced in 2010.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: From 2010, Roslyakov and his mother moved to the edge of Kerch and lived by themselves. His father sustained a head injury after which he became disabled and aggressive towards Roslyakov, his mother, and other relatives. "Roslyakov's school years were good," claimed Galina. She said in school, he had grades "from three, four, five". Galina claims that he really liked to draw, that even teachers noticed it in kindergarten, and that he drew very small details in every drawing. His mother said, "he got it from his father, who had beautiful drawings himself." They sent him to art lessons, but not for long, because their financial situation was difficult. She said that in his early years of school, he had a funny personality: "Cheerful, always fooled around".


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov took part in a play called, "Snow Queen". He also started going to the gym around 8th and 9th grade. He used to drink alcohol in class and in the seventh grade, he was taken to the hospital, because he was under the influence or had alcohol poisoning. He got into trouble, because he was at that time, still a juvenile.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: He completed his school successfully and applied to Kerch Polytechnic at the age of 15. He applied to study installation, adjusting, maintenance of electrical equipment of industrial and civil buildings. At this time, he was also doing a practical course in a factory. He allegedly told classmates that he wanted to be a soldier, indicated that he had suicidal thoughts, and touched on nationalistic topics.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Roslyakov attended training for owning a weapon in July 2018. The training included four hours of theory and two hours of practice. According to one of his firearms teachers: "[Roslyakov] was a man of few words when he called me on the phone. I didn't think he was an 18-year-old man because he spoke very confidently, self-collected." The teachers noticed he shot well. When asked where he learned to do so, Roslyakov replied 'I practiced shooting'.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: He tested his homemade bombs in an abandoned area near his house. It is claimed that he ordered all the materials and ingredients from AliExpress and other sites. People claimed that they heard loud explosions coming from the area, but considered this a normal occurrence, as hunting was a common pastime in the area. Roslyakov allegedly told his father once that he had successfully made a bomb at home, and tested it, and his father told him not to do it anymore, because he could blow himself up and his mother too.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: The Russian Investigative Committe initially classified the attack as terrorism, then they later changed it to mass murder.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Vladimir Putin reacted to the tragedy and offered his condolences to the families and said, "The reason of this tragedy is globalization, social media, and the internet, and that everything started with the tragic events in schools in the U.S. ...we're not creating healthy internet connection for young people... which leads to tragedies of this kind."


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: In less than 10 minutes, Roslyakov killed 20 people and injured more than 60 people. This was the greatest loss of life in an educational building since the Beslan School Siege incident where 334 people lost their lives.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Schools in Kerch were on lockdown during that day to prevent any further attacks. Students returned to the college on October 23.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: After the massacre, the school was completely renovated, and a memorial was built for the victims of the tragedy. Some Kerch citizens still think that Roslyakov didn't do this alone, but investigators claim that he did everything by himself. Roslyakov's mother, Galina, worked as a nurse in the Kerch's hospitals. She was trying to call her son during this time. Later when investigators told her that her son was the perpetrator, she tried to jump out of a window, but was stopped. As for Roslyakov's father, he was robbed and beaten in September 2019. Igor filed a police report but blamed only one of two perpetrators who robbed him and took his money, about 159 U.S. dollars. The second one who beat Igor walks free. After the incident, Igor was hospitalized with a traumatic brain injury and a month later, he died. Igor's mother, Roslyakov's grandmother added that last summer, her son lost a lot of weight and was hospitalized for gastrointestinal bleeding and had more mental issues. Igor died on October 24, 2019.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: In 2019, a year later after the massacre, the college's applicants inflexed. Everyone wanted to study in the infamous college. More than 150 people couldn't get into that year. The GPA was raised from 3.0 to 4.7 for applicants, although in previous years, there was a shortage of students.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: After the massacre, Roslyakov's case inspired others to commit horrific acts in Russia. On 28 May 2019, a student in Volsk, Saratov Region, Russia committed an attack with an axe and Molotov cocktails (which he did not use), which left a girl seriously wounded. The attacker, 15-year-old Daniil Pulkin, was obsessed with Roslyakov. In August 2020, the minor was sentenced to seven years in prison in a juvenile hall.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Throughout Russia and other countries, hundreds of people gathered for memorials for the victims. In Moscow the memorial of Kerch in the Alexander Garden was decorated with flowers. A makeshift memorial was created outside of the school, for residents and survivors to bring flowers and toys.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: An open memorial and funeral for the victims was held in the central square of Kerch, with a speech by Sergey Aksyonov, who told the crowd; "We don't want to talk, we want to weep. The history of Crimea will be divided in two — before and after 17 October. We need to be strong we need to be brave." Around 20,000 people were estimated to have attended the public funeral in Kerch.


title: Kerch Polytechnic College massacre

text: Vladislav Constantino announced that the victim's families would receive financial compensation which was around 1 million rubbels.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: The Luxembourg national football team (nicknamed the "Red Lions"; , , ) is the national football team of Luxembourg, and is controlled by the Luxembourg Football Federation. The team plays most of its home matches at the Stade de Luxembourg in Luxembourg City.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: Luxembourg has participated in every FIFA World Cup qualifiers since those for the 1934 World Cup and in UEFA European Championship qualifiers since those for Euro 1964. As of 2020, they have never qualified for any of these major tournaments. Luxembourg is the nation with the most qualifying campaigns in both of these competitions without ever making it to the finals. However, they did compete in six Olympic football events between 1920 and 1952.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: Luxembourg played their first ever international match on 29 October 1911, in a friendly match against France; it resulted in a 1–4 defeat. Their first victory came on 8 February 1914, also in a match against France, which they won 5–4.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: The national side of Luxembourg competed in six Olympic football events between 1920 and 1952, and survived the preliminary round twice (in 1948 and 1952). In between, Luxembourg started participating at qualifiers for the FIFA World Cup, but as of 2018 they still never qualified.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: Starting in 1921, the Luxembourg national A-selection would play 239 unofficial international matches until 1981, mostly against other countries' B-teams like those of Belgium, France, Switzerland and West Germany, as well as a team representing South-Netherlands.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: After their last Olympic tournament in 1952, the national team also started playing in qualifying groups for UEFA European Championships, but could not reach the major European tournament end stages. The only time that the team was close to qualify was for a European or World Championship was for the Euro 1964. In the first qualification round they defeated the Netherlands with a score of 3–2 on aggregate after two matches. A Dutch newspaper commented this stunt after the second match with "David Luxembourg won with 2–1 [against Goliath Netherlands]". In the round of eight, Luxembourg and Denmark fought for a spot in the final tournament. The winner was decided after three matches; Denmark was the winner with a total aggregate score of 6–5.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: When the national team does win a competitive match, they are often celebrated by national media and fans, as was the case after a 2–1 win against Switzerland in 2008.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: On 3 September 2017, Luxembourg held France to a 0–0 draw at Stadium Municipal in Toulouse, France. It was the first time France had failed to win against Luxembourg since 1914, when Luxembourg won, 5–4. On 10 November 2017, Luxembourg pulled off an upset by defeating Hungary 2–1 in a friendly.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: On 28 March 2021, Luxembourg beat the Republic of Ireland in a 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification match with a goal from Gerson Rodrigues in the 85th minute.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: Traditionally, the badge on Luxembourg's team outfit displays a shield very similar to Luxembourg's lesser coat of arms, a red lion on a white-blue striped background – hence the team's nickname "Red Lions". In modern times, the team played home games in entirely red strips, in accordance with their nickname, and wore white as away colour.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: As of 1 September 2021, the Luxembourg national team adopted Luxembourg City's, Stade de Luxembourg the country's national stadium, as its home venue. Formerly, the team played at the Stade Josy Barthel, where, at counting in August 2015, it had played 235 games, including unofficial matches. It is also used for rugby union and athletics.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: As of 20 November 2022 after the match against Bulgaria, the Luxembourg national team playing record is as follows:


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: In 2004, the Luxembourg Football Federation selected Louis Pilot as their Golden Player, Luxembourg's greatest player of the past 50 years.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: The following players were called up for the friendly matches against Hungary on 17 November and Bulgaria on 20 November 2022.


title: Luxembourg national football team

text: The following players have also been called up to the Luxembourg squad during last 12 months and are still eligible for selection.


title: Deviled egg

text: Deviled eggs (also known as stuffed eggs, Russian eggs, or dressed eggs) are hard-boiled eggs that have been shelled, cut in half, and filled with a paste made from the egg yolks mixed with other ingredients such as mayonnaise and mustard. They are generally served cold as a side dish, appetizer or a main course during gatherings or parties. The dish's origin can be seen in recipes for boiled, seasoned eggs as far back as ancient Rome, where they were traditionally served as a first course. The dish is popular in Europe and North America.


title: Deviled egg

text: The word "deviled", in reference to food, was in use in the 18th century, with the first known print reference appearing in 1786. In the 19th century, it came to be used most often with spicy or zesty food, including eggs prepared with mustard, pepper or other ingredients stuffed in the yolk cavity. Similar uses of "devil" for spiced foods include deviled ham and sauce (from the Italian word for "devil").


title: Deviled egg

text: At church functions in parts of the Southern and Midwestern United States, the terms "stuffed eggs", "salad eggs", and "dressed eggs" are used instead, due to a word taboo against mentioning the Devil in certain denominations of Christianity.


title: Deviled egg

text: The deviled egg can be traced back to ancient Rome, where boiled eggs were seasoned with spicy sauces and served as a starter meal during gatherings and feasts. Serving eggs while entertaining guests was so common for wealthy Romans, they even had a saying for it, “ab ova usque ad mala”, meaning “from eggs to apples”, or from the beginning of a meal to the end.


title: Deviled egg

text: Recipes for hard-boiled eggs stuffed with herbs, cheese and raisins can be found in the cookery texts of medieval European cuisine.


title: Deviled egg

text: The earliest known recipe for stuffed eggs, and the one that most closely resembles the modern-day deviled egg, is believed to have been written in the Andalusian region of Spain during the 13th century. According to the English translation of a recipe found in an unnamed 13th century Andalusian cookbook, boiled egg yolks were mixed with cilantro (coriander), pepper, and onion juice, then beat with murri (a sauce made of fermented barley or fish), oil and salt. The mixture was then stuffed into the hollowed-out egg whites, and the two halves of the egg were fastened back together with a small stick and topped with pepper.


title: Deviled egg

text: The earliest known American recipe for deviled eggs was printed in the Montgomery Advertiser, a local news publication in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1877.


title: Deviled egg

text: The first known recipe to suggest the use of mayonnaise as an ingredient in deviled eggs was in the 1896 version of an American cookbook named The Boston Cooking School Cook Book by Fannie Farmer.


title: Deviled egg

text: Cooled hard-boiled eggs are peeled and halved lengthwise, with the yolks then removed. (They can be cut crosswise for more filling). The yolk is then mashed and mixed with a variety of other ingredients. These usually incorporate a fat-based product (such as butter, heavy cream, or mayonnaise) with spicy and/or piquant ingredients to contrast taste (and, sometimes, texture). One recipe has the yolks mashed with mayonnaise, dijon mustard, vinegar, pickle relish and salt and pepper. The yolk mixture is then scooped into each egg "cup" formed by the firm egg whites.


title: Deviled egg

text: Ingredient choices vary widely and there is no "set" standard recipe. Although mayonnaise is most common, some recipes use butter, and sweet pickle relish sometimes replaces the sour pickles.


title: Deviled egg

text: In the United States, deviled eggs are a common dish that are typically served as hors d'oeuvres or appetizers during gatherings and parties.


title: Deviled egg

text: The eggs are boiled, cooled, shelled, and then sliced in half. The yolk is then removed and mixed with other ingredients, such as mayonnaise, mustard, vinegar, pickle relish, and other spices and herbs. It is then blended into a smooth paste which is used to fill the hollowed-out egg whites. They are generally served cold and are often dusted with paprika.


title: Deviled egg

text: The earliest known American recipe for deviled eggs was printed in the Montgomery Advertiser, a news publication in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1877.


title: Deviled egg

text: The first known recipe to use mayonnaise as an ingredient in deviled eggs was in the 1896 version of an American cookbook named The Boston Cooking School Cookbook by Fannie Farmer. In this early recipe, the mayonnaise was recommended as a binding agent for the yolk mixture.


title: Deviled egg

text: Deviled eggs have been a popular dish in the United States dating as far back as the 1920s. In 1923, Wanda Barton suggested in her newspaper column, “Home-Making Helps”, to save egg cartons because “they are fine for carrying boiled or deviled eggs.”


title: Deviled egg

text: By the 1940s, deviled eggs had become a staple food at picnics, parties and gatherings in the United States.


title: Deviled egg

text: According to an online survey commissioned by McCormick in 2019, nearly 61 percent of Americans planned to make and/or eat deviled eggs during Easter Sunday of that same year.


title: Deviled egg

text: In many European countries, especially Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Germany, a variation is served known as "Russian eggs". This consists of eggs cut in half, served with vegetable "macédoine" and garnished with mayonnaise, parsley and tomato. Contrary to what the name might suggest, the dish does not originate in Russia; its name derives from the fact that the eggs are served on a bed of "macédoine", which is sometimes called "Russian salad".


title: Deviled egg

text: In France, the dish is called "œuf mimosa" ("mimosa egg", named after the appearance of the mimosa tree); in Hungary, "töltött tojás" ("stuffed egg") or "kaszinótojás" ("casino egg"); in Romania, "ouă umplute" ("stuffed eggs"); in Poland, "jajka faszerowane" ("stuffed eggs"); in the Netherlands "gevuld ei" ("stuffed egg"); in Sweden "fyllda ägg" ("stuffed eggs"); on the island of Malta "bajd mimli" ("stuffed eggs"). In parts of South America, it is called "huevos a la peruana" ("Peruvian eggs").


title: Deviled egg

text: In Sweden, the deviled egg "(Fyllda Ägghalvor)" is a traditional dish for the Easter Smörgåsbord, where the yolk is mixed with caviar, cream or sour cream, optionally chopped red onion, and decorated with chopped chives or dill, perhaps with a piece of anchovy or pickled herring. In French cuisine, the other ingredients are most likely to be pepper and parsley. In Hungarian cuisine, the yolks are mashed and mixed with white bread soaked in milk, mustard and parsley, often served as an appetizer with mayonnaise, or as a main course baked in the oven with Hungarian sour cream topping and served with French fries. Other common flavorings of the yolks in German cuisine are anchovies, cheese and caper.


title: OLY

text: OLY ( ) are post-nominal letters granted by the World Olympians Association (WOA) to registered athletes who have participated in the Olympic Games.


title: OLY

text: In November 2017 at the 8th International Olympic Committee (IOC) International Athletes' Forum, the World Olympians Association, with the support of the IOC Athletes' Commission, announced the OLY post-nominal letters initiative. The initiative allows Olympians to use the OLY lettering on any official documentation after their name. In addition to the letters, athletes will receive a World Olympians Association certificate celebrating their achievements when they apply for the post-nominals. The initiative is open to all athletes who have competed at the games and who uphold the values and practices of the Olympic Charter and the World Olympians Association Code of Conduct. IOC president Thomas Bach was the first athlete to receive the initials. Within five days, more than 1,000 Olympians had registered.


title: OLY

text: WOA President Joël Bouzou told "Around the Rings": "It's time to recognize becoming an Olympian is like becoming a PhD. It takes 10 years. You learn about perseverance, you learn about equity, fair play. You are an example of this for society at large."


title: OLY

text: According to WOA's website, an OLY should bear responsibilities including "[working] to spread the spirit of Olympism" and "[representing] Olympians and the Olympic Movement in a positive and supportive manner at all times".


title: OLY

text: Two and a half years after the initiative began, over 14,000 Olympians had been granted the use of the OLY post-nominal letters and "growing [the] global OLY community" remained a priority of the World Olympians Association.


title: OLY

text: In 2022, the post-nominal letters PLY were introduced for athletes who have participated in the Paralympic Games.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: Cheryl D. Miller (born January 3, 1964) is an American former basketball player. She was formerly a sideline reporter for NBA games on TNT Sports and also works for NBA TV as a reporter and analyst, having worked previously as a sportscaster for ABC Sports, TBS Sports, and ESPN. She was also head coach and general manager of the WNBA's Phoenix Mercury.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: In 1995, Miller was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1999, she was inducted into the inaugural class of the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame, located in Knoxville, Tennessee. On August 20, 2010, Miller was also inducted into the FIBA Hall of Fame for her success in international play.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: She is the sister of retired NBA star and fellow Hall of Famer Reggie Miller and former Major League Baseball catcher Darrell Miller.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: Miller played at Riverside Polytechnic High School (1978–1982) where she was a four-year letter winner and led her team to a 132–4 record. She was awarded the Dial Award for the national high-school scholar-athlete of the year in 1981. She was the first player, male or female, to be named an All-American by "Parade" magazine four times. Averaging 32.8 points and 15.0 rebounds a game, Miller was Street & Smith's national High School Player of the Year in both 1981 and 1982. In her senior year she scored 105 points in a game against Norte Vista High School. She set California state records for points scored in a single season (1156), and points scored in a high school career (3405).


title: Cheryl Miller

text: At the University of Southern California (USC), the 6 ft. 2 in. (1.87 m) Miller played the forward position. She was a four-year letter winner, scored 3,018 career points (tenth all-time in NCAA history), and was a four-time All-American. Her career rebounding mark of 1,534 ranks her third all-time in NCAA history. Miller was named Naismith College Player of the Year three times and earned the Wade Trophy (Player of the Year) once. At USC, Miller led the Trojans to a 112–20 record and NCAA champion titles in 1983 and 1984 and was named NCAA Tournament MVP both years. Miller's teammates included Cynthia Cooper, two-time WNBA MVP; Pamela McGee, 1984 Olympian and All-American, and Paula McGee, 1982 and 1983 All-American. Miller was coached by Linda K. Sharp, one of college basketball's winningest coaches. In her senior season, Miller picked up her third Naismith Award, the Broderick Award as the Female College Basketball Player of the Year and Sports Illustrated named her the best player in college basketball, male or female. Miller still holds numerous Trojan career records, including points (3,018, 23.6 ppg), rebounds (1,534, 12.0 rpg), field goals made (1,159), free throws made (700), games played (128), and steals (462). Miller's previous Trojan records in assists (414) was almost doubled by Rhonda Windham (735); Lisa Leslie topped her blocked shot record by one (321).


title: Cheryl Miller

text: In 1986, Miller was nominated for the James E. Sullivan Award, and in that same year, USC retired her #31 jersey, the first retired jersey of a basketball player, male or female, at USC.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: In 1993 she took the head coaching job at her alma mater, USC, after the university chose to fire coach Marianne Stanley.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: Miller played for the USA National team in the 1983 World Championships, held in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The team won six games, but lost two against the Soviet Union. In an opening round game, the USA team had a nine-point lead at halftime, but the Soviets came back to take the lead, and a final shot by the USA failed to drop, leaving the USSR team with a one-point victory 85–84, despite 23 points from Miller. The USA team won their next four games, setting up the gold medal game against USSR. This game was also close, and was tied at 82 points each with six seconds to go in the game. The Soviets' Elena Chausova received the inbounds pass and hit the game winning shot in the final seconds, giving the USSR team the gold medal with a score of 84–82. The USA team earned the silver medal. Miller led the team in scoring, averaging 17.6 points per game, and tied for the lead in rebounding at 4.4 per game.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: In 1984, the USA sent its National team to the 1984 William Jones Cup competition in Taipei, Taiwan, for pre-Olympic practice. The team easily beat each of the eight teams they played, winning by an average of just under 50 points per game. Miller led the team in scoring, averaging 15.1 points per game, led the team in rebounding with 4.4 per game and led the team in steals with 27.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: Miller led the U.S. team to the gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and was also part of the gold medal team at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas, Venezuela.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: Miller was selected to represent the US at the inaugural Goodwill games, held in Moscow in July 1986. North Carolina State's Kay Yow served as head coach. The team opened up with a 72–53 victory over Yugoslavia, led by 19 points from Miller, and followed that with a 21-point win over Brazil 91–70. The third game was against Czechoslovakia and would be much closer. Miller was the scoring leader in this game, scoring 26 points to help the US to a 78–70 victory. The USA faced Bulgaria in the semi-final match up, and again won, this time 67–58. This set up the final against the Soviet Union, led by 7-foot-2 Ivilana Semenova, considered the most dominant player in the world. The Soviet team had a 152–2 record in major international competition over the prior three decades, including an 84–82 win over the US in the 1983 World Championships. The Soviets held the early edge, leading 21–19 at one time, before the USA went on a scoring run to take a large lead they would never relinquish. The final score was 83–60 in favor of the US, earning the gold medal for the USA squad. For the entire event, Miller averaged 20.6 points to lead the team in scoring.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: Miller continued to represent the US with National team at the 1986 World Championships, held in Moscow, a month after the Goodwill games in Moscow. The USA team was even more dominant this time. The early games were won easily, and the semifinal against Canada, while the closest game for the USA so far, ended up an 82–59 victory. At the same time, the Soviet team was winning easily as well, and the final game pitted two teams each with 6–0 records. The Soviet team, having lost only once at home, wanted to show that the Goodwill games setback was a fluke. The USA team started by scoring the first eight points, and raced to a 45–23 lead, although the Soviets fought back and reduced the halftime margin to 13. The USA went on a 15–1 run in the second half to put the game away, and ended up winning the gold medal with a score of 108–88. Miller led all scorers in the game with 24 points.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: After graduating from USC in 1986, she was drafted by several professional basketball leagues, including the United States Basketball League, a men's league. In the late 1980s, however, Miller suffered knee injuries that prevented her from continuing her playing career. From 1986-91, she was an assistant coach at USC and a television sportscaster.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: Miller was named head coach at USC and coached two seasons (1993–95). Her teams had a combined 42–14 record and went to the NCAA tournament both seasons, making a Regional Final once. She then coached for four seasons (1997–2000) with the Phoenix Mercury of the WNBA, where she also served as general manager. "Run, run, run, run, run," Miller said about her kind of team. "Play some outstanding defense. I want this team to be physical, I want them to know the game." In 1998, Miller coached the Mercury to a 16–12 record and the WNBA Finals, where they lost to the Houston Comets. She resigned after the 2000 season, citing fatigue.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: On April 30, 2014, she was named women's basketball coach at Langston University by athletic director Mike Garrett.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: On May 26, 2016, she was named women's basketball coach at California State Los Angeles by athletic director Mike Garrett.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: Cheryl Miller served as a sideline reporter for the "NBA on TNT"’s Thursday night doubleheader coverage for TNT Sports. She also made appearances on NBA TV during the 2008-09 NBA season as a reporter and analyst. Miller joined Turner Sports in September 1995 as an analyst and reporter for the "NBA on TBS" and TNT. She did make occasional appearances as Studio Analyst for the NBA games. In November 1996, she became the first female analyst to call a nationally televised NBA game (TBS). She also served as the sideline reporter in 2K Sports' "NBA 2K" Series. She left the company after her contract expired in 2013.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: Miller worked as a Basketball Commentator at the 1994 Goodwill Games. Miller worked as a basketball reporter and called weightlifting for the 2001 Goodwill Games. Miller served as women's basketball analyst and men's basketball reporter for NBC's coverage of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.


title: Cheryl Miller

text: Before joining Turner Sports, Miller also worked for ABC Sports/ESPN from 1987 to 1993, where she served as a reporter for "ABC's Wide World of Sports" and a commentator for the network's college basketball telecasts. She served as Field Reporter for the 1987 Little League World Series and served as a Correspondent for the 1988 Calgary Olympics.


title: Derwin James

text: Derwin Alonzo James Jr. (born August 3, 1996) is an American football strong safety for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida State. He was drafted by the Chargers in the first round of the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Derwin James

text: James attended Auburndale High School in Auburndale, Florida before transferring to his hometown Haines City High School in Haines City, Florida. He was rated by Rivals.com as a five-star recruit and was ranked as the best safety and fifth best player overall in his class. James committed to Florida State University to play college football as a freshman, being offered a scholarship after his freshman year in high school.<ref name="ESPN 2/29/2012"></ref>


title: Derwin James

text: James entered his true freshman season at Florida State in 2015 as a backup, but eventually became a starter. As a freshman in 2015, James played in 12 games with 91 tackles, 4.5 sacks, four passes defended, two forced fumbles, and two fumble recoveries.


title: Derwin James

text: Before his sophomore season, James was ranked as the third-best second year player, behind only Josh Rosen and Calvin Ridley, by Lance Zierlein. On September 13, 2016, it was revealed that James would undergo knee surgery to repair a lateral meniscus tear and cartilage damage. Recovery time required 5 to 7 weeks. His sophomore year was short-lived, as James only played two games with 11 tackles and an interception. He was granted a redshirt for his following year, and as a redshirted sophomore in 2017, he played in 12 games, finishing with 84 tackles, 2 interceptions, 11 passes defended, and a sack. On December 7, 2017, James decided to forgo his remaining two years of eligibility and enter the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Derwin James

text: On December 5, 2017, James released a statement through his Instagram account that announced his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2018 NFL Draft. As a result of his decision, he also chose to skip the 2017 Independence Bowl. James attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis and completed the majority of combine drills, but opted to skip the short shuttle and three-cone drill. His combine performance impressed scouts and draft experts as he finished third among all defensive backs in the bench press and ninth among all safeties in the 40-yard dash. He also finished fifth among all defensive backs in the broad jump and sixth in the vertical.


title: Derwin James

text: On March 20, 2018, James participated at Florida State's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only ran the short shuttle, three-cone drill, and positional drills. James also attended pre-draft visits with the Green Bay Packers and Tampa Bay Buccaneers, but reportedly declined to attend a private workout with the Buccaneers who held the 12th overall pick. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, James was projected to be a first round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was expected to be one of the first 15 players drafted. He was ranked the top free safety prospect in the draft by DraftScout.com and was ranked the second best safety by NFL analyst Mike Mayock and Sports Illustrated.


title: Derwin James

text: The Los Angeles Chargers selected James in the first round (17th overall) in the 2018 NFL Draft. James was the second safety drafted in 2018, behind Alabama safety Minkah Fitzpatrick (11th overall, Miami Dolphins).


title: Derwin James

text: On June 1, 2018, the Los Angeles Chargers signed James to a fully guaranteed four-year, $12.38 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $7.09 million.


title: Derwin James

text: James entered training camp slated as the starting strong safety, but suffered a hamstring injury that limited his progress. He also saw competition for the role from veterans Adrian Phillips and Rayshawn Jenkins. Head coach Anthony Lynn named James the starting strong safety to begin the regular season, alongside free safety Jahleel Addae.


title: Derwin James

text: He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Los Angeles Chargers' season-opener against the Kansas City Chiefs and recorded three combined tackles, broke up two passes, and made his first career sack on quarterback Patrick Mahomes in their 38–28 loss. On September 23, 2018, James collected nine combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first professional interception during a 35–23 loss at the Los Angeles Rams in Week 3. James made his first career interception off a pass attempt by Rams' quarterback Jared Goff, that was originally intended for tight end Gerald Everett, in the end zone during the second quarter. On December 18, 2018 he was named to his first Pro Bowl in his rookie year. On July 28, 2019 James was ranked No. 31 on the NFL Top 100 players of 2019 list.


title: Derwin James

text: On August 15, it was revealed that James had been dealing with a stress fracture in his right foot. The injury required surgery, requiring a maximum of three months to recover. He was placed on injured reserve on September 1, 2019. He was designated for return from injured reserve on November 25, 2019, and began practicing with the team again. He was activated on November 30, 2019. James was named to his second Pro Bowl.


title: Derwin James

text: On September 5, 2020, James was placed on season-ending injured reserve after undergoing surgery to repair a torn meniscus. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on December 15, 2020, and moved back to injured reserve on January 7, 2021.


title: Derwin James

text: The Chargers exercised the fifth-year option on James' contract on April 30, 2021, which guarantees a salary of $9.05 million for the 2022 season. James was named to his third Pro Bowl.


title: Derwin James

text: On August 17, 2022, James signed a four-year, $76.4 million contract extension with the Chargers, including $42 million in guaranteed money.


title: Derwin James

text: James is a cousin of Vince Williams and Karlos Williams, both former Florida State Seminoles players, as well as Mike James, former Miami Hurricanes running back. He is also the second cousin of former Miami Hurricanes and NFL star running back Edgerrin James. He is a member of Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc.


title: 2008–09 NBA season

text: The 2008–09 NBA season was the 63rd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Orlando Magic in the 2009 NBA Finals, four games to one.


title: 2008–09 NBA season

text: The 2008 NBA draft was held on June 28, 2008, and Derrick Rose was selected first overall by the Chicago Bulls and eventually was awarded the 2009 NBA Rookie of the Year Award. The 2009 NBA All-Star Game was hosted at the US Airways Center in Phoenix. The Western Conference All-Stars defeated the Eastern Conference All-Stars 146–119. The All-Star Game co-MVPs were Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant.


title: 2008–09 NBA season

text: This was the first NBA season since 1966–67 without a Seattle franchise, as the SuperSonics moved to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in July 2008 and became the Oklahoma City Thunder.


title: 2008–09 NBA season

text: The 2009 NBA All-Star Game was played at the US Airways Center, home of the Phoenix Suns, on February 15, 2009, with the West winning 146–119 and the Phoenix Suns' Shaquille O'Neal and Los Angeles Lakers' Kobe Bryant being named the Co-MVPs. During the NBA All-Star Weekend, Nate Robinson of the New York Knicks won the Sprite Slam Dunk competition; Kevin Durant, who won the Rookie Challenge MVP, also won the inaugural H.O.R.S.E Competition and Miami's Daequan Cook beat Rashard Lewis in a tiebreaker to win the Foot Locker Three-Point Shootout.


title: 2008–09 NBA season

text: Teams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Home court advantage does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead the team with the better regular season record; teams enjoying the home advantage are shown in italics.


title: 2008–09 NBA season

text: The NBA announced that the salary cap for the season would be $58.680 million, immediately going into effect on July 9 as the league's "moratorium period" had ended and teams could begin signing free agents and making trades.


title: 2008–09 NBA season

text: The tax level for the season was set at $71.150 million, with each team paying a $1 tax for each $1 by which it exceeds $71.150 million. The mid-level exception was $5.585 million for the season and the minimum team salary, which was set at 75% of the salary cap, was $44.010 million.


title: 2008–09 NBA season

text: For the 2007–08 season, the salary cap was set at $55.630 million ($3.05 million), the tax level was $67.865 million ($3.285 million) and the mid-level exception was $5.356 million ($229,000).


title: Europa Clipper

text: Europa Clipper (previously known as Europa Multiple Flyby Mission) is an interplanetary mission in development by NASA comprising an orbiter. Planned for launch in October 2024, the spacecraft is being developed to study the Galilean moon Europa through a series of flybys while in orbit around Jupiter.


title: Europa Clipper

text: This mission is a scheduled flight of the Planetary Science Division, designated a Large Strategic Science Mission, and funded under the Planetary Missions Program Office's Solar System Exploration program as its second flight. It is also supported by the new Ocean Worlds Exploration Program. "Europa Clipper" will perform follow-up studies to those made by the "Galileo" spacecraft during its eight years in Jupiter orbit, which indicated the existence of a subsurface ocean underneath Europa's ice crust. Plans to send a spacecraft to Europa were initially conceived with projects such as "Europa Orbiter" and "Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter", in which a spacecraft would be injected into orbit around Europa. However, due to the adverse effects of radiation from Jupiter's magnetosphere in Europa orbit, it was decided that it would be safer to inject a spacecraft into an elliptical orbit around Jupiter and make 44 close flybys of the moon instead. The mission began as a joint investigation between the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), and will be built with a scientific payload of nine instruments contributed by JPL, APL, Southwest Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Arizona State University and University of Colorado Boulder. The mission will complement ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer launching in 2023, which will fly-by Europa twice and Callisto multiple times before moving into orbit around Ganymede.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The mission is scheduled to launch in October 2024 aboard a Falcon Heavy, during a 21-day launch window. The spacecraft will use gravity assists from Mars in February 2025 and Earth in December 2026, before arriving at Europa in April 2030.


title: Europa Clipper

text: In 1997, a "Europa Orbiter" mission was proposed by a team for NASA's Discovery program but was not selected. NASA's JPL announced one month after the selection of Discovery proposals that a NASA Europa orbiter mission would be conducted. JPL then invited the Discovery proposal team to be the Mission Review Committee (MRC).


title: Europa Clipper

text: At the same time as the proposal of the Discovery-class "Europa Orbiter" the robotic "Galileo" spacecraft was already orbiting Jupiter. From December 8, 1995, to December 7, 1997 "Galileo" conducted the primary mission after entering the orbit of Jupiter. On that final date the Galileo orbiter commenced an extended mission known as the "Galileo" Europa Mission (GEM), which ran until December 31, 1999. This was a low-cost mission, with a budget of only US$30 million. The smaller team of about 40–50 people (one-fifth the size of the primary mission's 200-person team from 1995–1997) did not have the resources to deal with problems, but when they arose it was able to temporarily recall former team members (called "tiger teams") for intensive efforts to solve them. The spacecraft made several flybys of Europa (8), Callisto (4) and Io (2). On each flyby of the three moons it encountered, the spacecraft collected only two days' worth of data instead of the seven it had collected during the primary mission. This "Galileo" Europa Mission was similar to a small-scale version of what the "Europa Clipper" is planning to accomplish. GEM included eight flybys of Europa, ranging from , in two years.


title: Europa Clipper

text: Europa has been identified as one of the locations in the Solar System that could possibly harbor microbial extraterrestrial life. Immediately following the "Galileo" spacecraft's discoveries and the independent Discovery program proposal for a Europa orbiter, JPL conducted preliminary mission studies that envisioned a capable spacecraft such as the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (a US$16 billion mission concept), the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (a US$4.3 billion concept), an orbiter (US$2 billion concept), and a multi-flyby spacecraft: "Europa Clipper".


title: Europa Clipper

text: A mission to Europa was recommended by the National Research Council in 2013. The approximate cost estimate has rose from US$2 billion in 2013 to US$4.25 billion in 2020. The mission is a joint project between the Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The mission's name is a reference to the lightweight clipper ships of the 19th century that routinely plied trade routes around the world. The moniker was chosen because the spacecraft will "sail" past Europa, as frequently as every two weeks.


title: Europa Clipper

text: In March 2013, US$75 million were authorized to expand on the formulation of mission activities, mature the proposed science goals, and fund preliminary instrument development, as suggested in 2011 by the Planetary Science Decadal Survey. In May 2014, a House bill substantially increased the "Europa Clipper" (referred to as "Europa Multiple Flyby Mission") funding budget for the 2014 fiscal year from US$15 million to US$100 million to be applied to pre-formulation work. Following the 2014 election cycle, bipartisan support was pledged to continue funding for the "Europa Multiple Flyby Mission" project. The executive branch also granted US$30 million for preliminary studies.


title: Europa Clipper

text: In April 2015, NASA offered to the European Space Agency to submit concepts for an additional probe to fly together with the "Europa Clipper" spacecraft, with a mass limit of 250 kg maximum. It could be a simple probe, an impactor, or a lander. An internal assessment at European Space Agency (ESA) is underway to see if there is interest and funds available, opening a collaboration scheme similar to the very successful "Cassini-Huygens" approach. In May 2015, NASA chose nine instruments that would fly on board the orbiter, budgeted to cost about US$110 million over the next three years. In June 2015, NASA approved the mission concept, allowing the orbiter to move to its formulation stage, and in January 2016 it approved a lander as well. In May 2016, the Ocean Worlds Exploration Program was approved, of which the Europa mission is part.


title: Europa Clipper

text: In February 2017, the mission moved from Phase A to Phase B (the preliminary design phase). On July 18, 2017, the House Space Subcommittee held hearings on the "Europa Clipper" as a scheduled Large Strategic Science Missions class, and to discuss a possible follow up mission simply known as the Europa Lander. Phase B continued into 2019. In addition, subsystem vendors were selected, as well as prototype hardware elements for the science instruments. Spacecraft sub-assemblies will be built and tested as well.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The goals of "Europa Clipper" are to explore Europa, investigate its habitability and aid in the selection of a landing site for the future Europa Lander. This exploration is focused on understanding the three main requirements for life: liquid water, chemistry, and energy. Specifically, the objectives are to study:


title: Europa Clipper

text: Because Europa lies well within the harsh radiation fields surrounding Jupiter, even a radiation-hardened spacecraft in near orbit would be functional for just a few months. Most instruments can gather data far faster than the communications system can transmit it to Earth because there are a limited number of antennas available on Earth to receive the scientific data. Therefore, another key limiting factor on science for a Europa orbiter is the time available to return data to Earth. In contrast, the amount of time during which the instruments can make close-up observations is less important.


title: Europa Clipper

text: Studies by scientists from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory show that by performing several flybys with many months to return data, the "Europa Clipper" concept will enable a US$2 billion mission to conduct the most crucial measurements of the cancelled US$4.3 billion Jupiter Europa Orbiter concept. Between each of the flybys, the spacecraft will have seven to ten days to transmit data stored during each brief encounter. That will let the spacecraft have up to a year of time to transmit its data compared to just 30 days for an orbiter. The result will be almost three times as much data returned to Earth, while reducing exposure to radiation. The "Europa Clipper" will not orbit Europa, but instead orbit Jupiter and conduct 44 flybys of Europa at altitudes from each during its 3.5-year mission. A key feature of the mission concept is that the "Clipper" would use gravity assists from Europa, Ganymede and Callisto to change its trajectory, allowing the spacecraft to return to a different close approach point with each flyby. Each flyby would cover a different sector of Europa in order to achieve a medium-quality global topographic survey, including ice thickness. The "Europa Clipper" could conceivably flyby at low altitude through the plumes of water vapor erupting from the moon's ice crust, thus sampling its subsurface ocean without having to land on the surface and drill through the ice.


title: Europa Clipper

text: Shielding from Jupiter's harsh radiation belt will be provided by a radiation vault with thick aluminum alloy walls, which will enclose the spacecraft electronics. To maximize the effectiveness of this shielding, the electronics will also be nested in the core of the spacecraft for additional radiation protection.


title: Europa Clipper

text: Both radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) and photovoltaic power sources were assessed to power the orbiter. Although solar power is only 4% as intense at Jupiter as it is in Earth's orbit, powering a Jupiter orbital spacecraft by solar panels was demonstrated by the "Juno" mission. The alternative to solar panels was a multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG), fueled with plutonium-238. The power source has already been demonstrated in the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission. Five units were available, with one reserved for the Mars 2020 rover mission and another as backup. In September 2013, it was decided that the solar array was the less expensive option to power the spacecraft, and on October 3, 2014, it was announced that solar panels were chosen to power "Europa Clipper". The mission's designers determined that solar power was both cheaper than plutonium and practical to use on the spacecraft. Despite the increased weight of solar panels compared to plutonium-powered generators, the vehicle's mass had been projected to still be within acceptable launch limits.


title: Europa Clipper

text: Initial analysis suggest that each panel will have a surface area of and produce 150 watts continuously when pointed towards the Sun while orbiting Jupiter. While in Europa's shadow, batteries will enable the spacecraft to continue gathering data. However, ionizing radiation can damage solar panels. The "Europa Clipper" orbit will pass through Jupiter's intense magnetosphere, which is expected to gradually degrade the solar panels as the mission progresses. The solar panels will be provided by Airbus Defence and Space, Netherlands.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The "Europa Clipper" mission is equipped with a sophisticated suite of 9 instruments to study Europa's interior and ocean, geology, chemistry, and habitability. The electronic components will be protected from the intense radiation by a 150-kilogram titanium and aluminum shield. The spacecraft payload and trajectory are subject to change as the mission design matures. The nine science instruments for the orbiter, announced in May 2015, have an estimated total mass of and are listed below:


title: Europa Clipper

text: The Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System will provide high spatial resolution as well as multi-spectral imaging of the surface of Europa in the mid to far infrared bands to help detect geologically active sites and areas, such as potential vents erupting plumes of water into space. This instrument is derived from the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on the "2001 Mars Odyssey" orbiter, also developed by Philip Christensen.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa is an imaging near infrared spectrometer to probe the surface composition of Europa, identifying and mapping the distributions of organics (including amino acids and tholins), salts, acid hydrates, water ice phases, and other materials. From these measurements, scientists expect to be able to relate the moon's surface composition to the habitability of its ocean. MISE is built in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL).


title: Europa Clipper

text: The Europa Imaging System is a visible spectrum wide and narrow angle camera instrument that will map most of Europa at resolution, and will provide images of selected surface areas at up to resolution.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph instrument will be able to detect small plumes and will provide valuable data about the composition and dynamics of the moon's exosphere. The principal investigator Kurt Retherford was part of a group that discovered plumes erupting from Europa while using the Hubble Space Telescope in the UV spectrum.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The (REASON) is a dual-frequency ice penetrating radar instrument that is designed to characterize and sound Europa's ice crust from the near-surface to the ocean, revealing the hidden structure of Europa's ice shell and potential water pockets within. This instrument will be built by Jet Propulsion Laboratory.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The Interior Characterization of Europa using Magnetometry (ICEMAG) was cancelled due to cost overruns. ICEMAG will be replaced by a simpler magnetometer.


title: Europa Clipper

text: Replacing the ICEMAG instrument, Europa Clipper Magnetometer (ECM) will be used to characterize the magnetic fields around Europa. The instrument consists of three magnetic flux gates placed along a 25ft boom, which will be stowed during launch and deployed afterwards. By studying the strength and orientation of Europa's magnetic field over multiple flybys, scientists hope to be able to confirm the existence of Europa's subsurface ocean, as well as characterize the thickness of its icy crust and measure the water's depth and salinity.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding (PIMS) measures the plasma surrounding Europa to characterise the magnetic fields generated by plasma currents. These plasma currents mask the magnetic induction response of Europa's subsurface ocean. In conjunction with a magnetometer, it is key to determining Europa's ice shell thickness, ocean depth, and salinity. PIMS will also probe the mechanisms responsible for weathering and releasing material from Europa's surface into the atmosphere and ionosphere and understanding how Europa influences its local space environment and Jupiter's magnetosphere.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The Mass Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration (MASPEX) will determine the composition of the surface and subsurface ocean by measuring Europa's extremely tenuous atmosphere and any surface materials ejected into space. Jack Waite, who led development of MASPEX, was also Science Team Lead of the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) on the "Cassini" spacecraft.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The SUrface Dust Analyzer (SUDA) is a mass spectrometer that will measure the composition of small solid particles ejected from Europa, providing the opportunity to directly sample the surface and potential plumes on low-altitude flybys. The instrument is capable of identifying traces of organic and inorganic compounds in the ice of ejecta.


title: Europa Clipper

text: While not intended for use specifically as an instrument, Clipper will be using its radio antenna to perform additional experiments and learn about Europa's gravitational field. As the spacecraft performs each of its 45 flybys, its trajectory will be subtly altered by the moon's gravity. By sending radio signals between earth and the moon and characterizing the Doppler Shift in the return signal, scientists at JPL will be able to create a detailed characterization of the spacecraft's motion. This data will help to determine how the moon is flexing in relation to its distance from Jupiter, which will in turn reveal information about the moon's internal structure and tidal motions.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The "Europa Clipper" mission considered an extra mass of about to carry an additional flight element. About a dozen proposals have been suggested but none went beyond the concept study phase and none are planned for the Europa Clipper mission. A few of which are described next:


title: Europa Clipper

text: Since the "Europa Clipper" mission may not be able to easily modify its orbital trajectory or altitude to fly through the episodic water plumes, scientists and engineers working on the mission have investigated deploying from the spacecraft several miniaturized satellites of the CubeSat format, possibly driven by ion thrusters, to fly through the plumes and assess the habitability of Europa's internal ocean. Some early proposals include "Mini-MAGGIE",[ ], "DARCSIDE", "Sylph" and CSALT. These concepts were funded for preliminary studies but none were considered for hardware development or flight. The "Europa Clipper" would have relayed signals from the nanosatellites back to Earth. With propulsion, some nanosatellites could also be capable of entering orbit around Europa.


title: Europa Clipper

text: NASA was also assessing the release of an additional probe called "Biosignature Explorer for Europa" (BEE), that would have been equipped with a basic bi-propellant engine and cold gas thrusters to be more agile and responsive to the episodic activity on Europa and sample and analyze the water plumes for biosignatures and life evidence before they are destroyed by radiation. The BEE plume probe would have been equipped with a proven mass spectrometer combined with gas chromatograph separation. It would also carry an ultraviolet (UV) plume targeting camera as well as visible and infrared cameras to image the active region with better resolution than the "Clipper" mother ship instruments. The BEE probe would have flown through at altitude, then made a quick exit and performed its analysis far from the radiation belts.


title: Europa Clipper

text: A European proposal, the Europa Tomography Probe, was a concept for an independent powered spacecraft equipped with a magnetometer that would orbit Europa on a polar orbit for at least six months. It would have determined the deep interior structure of Europa and provided a good determination of the ice shell thickness and ocean depth, which arguably cannot be done accurately by multiple flybys.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The "Europa Life Signature Assayer" (ELSA) concept by the University of Colorado consisted of a probe that could have been flown as a secondary payload. ELSA would have used a small impactor to create a plume of subsurface particles and catapulted them to altitudes where it would have been able to pass through to collect samples and analyze them on board. A variation of this concept is the 1996 "Ice Clipper", which involves a impactor that would be jettisoned from the main spacecraft to impact Europa, thereby creating a debris cloud in nearby space about altitude, subsequently sampled by a small spacecraft on a close flyby and use Europa's gravitational force for a free return trajectory. The collection mechanism is tentatively considered to be aerogel (similar to "Stardust" mission).


title: Europa Clipper

text: An early "Europa Clipper" concept called for including a stationary lander about in diameter, perhaps about with a maximum of for instruments plus propellant. Suggested instruments were a mass spectrometer and a Raman spectrometer to determine the chemistry of the surface. The lander was proposed to be delivered to Europa by the main spacecraft and possibly require the sky crane system for a high precision, soft landing near an active crevasse. The lander would have operated about 10 days on the surface using battery power.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The "Europa Clipper" would take about three years to image 95% of the surface of Europa at about per pixel. With this data, scientists could then find a suitable landing site. By one estimate, including a lander could add as much as US$1 billion to the mission's cost.


title: Europa Clipper

text: It was determined in February 2017 that designing a system capable of landing on a surface about which very little is known bears too much risk, and that the "Europa Clipper" will lay the foundation for a future landing mission by performing detailed reconnaissance first. This led to a stand-alone mission proposal in 2017: the Europa Lander. The NASA Europa Lander, if funded, would be launched separately in 2025 to complement the studies by the "Europa Clipper" mission. If funded, approximately 10 proposals may be selected to proceed into a competitive process with a US$1.5 million budget per investigation. The President's 2018 and 2019 federal budget proposals did not fund the Europa Lander, but did assign US$195 million for concept studies.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The 2022 omnibus spending bill allocates $14.2 million to Icy Satellites Surface Technology for a future Ocean Worlds lander mission (NASA had requested $5 million for the Europa Lander).


title: Europa Clipper

text: Congress had originally mandated that "Europa Clipper" be launched on NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) super heavy-lift launch vehicle, but NASA had requested that other vehicles be allowed to launch the spacecraft due to a foreseen lack of available SLS vehicles. The United States Congress's 2021 omnibus spending bill directed the NASA Administrator to conduct a full and open competition to select a commercial launch vehicle if the conditions to launch the probe on a SLS rocket cannot be met.


title: Europa Clipper

text: On January 25, 2021, NASA's Planetary Missions Program Office formally directed the mission team to "immediately cease efforts to maintain SLS compatibility" and move forward with a commercial launch vehicle.


title: Europa Clipper

text: On February 10, 2021, it was announced that the mission would use a 5.5-year trajectory to the Jovian system, with gravity-assist maneuvers involving Mars (February 2025) and Earth (December 2026). Launch is targeted for a 21-day period between October 10 and 30, 2024, giving an arrival date in April 2030, and backup launch dates were identified in 2025 and 2026.


title: Europa Clipper

text: The SLS option would have entailed a direct trajectory to Jupiter taking less than three years. One alternative to the direct trajectory was identified as using a commercial rocket such as a Falcon Heavy, with a longer 6-year cruise time involving gravity assist maneuvers at Venus, Earth and/or Mars. Another option was to launch on a Falcon Heavy and perform a maneuver at insertion orbit aphelion. This launch window is open once a year and would have required only one gravity assist, with Earth, and would shorten the travel time to 4.5 years, while only needing a C3 of 25–28 km/s.


title: Europa Clipper

text: In July 2021 Falcon Heavy was chosen to launch the spacecraft. Three reasons were given: launch cost, SLS availability, and "shaking". The move to Falcon Heavy saved an estimated US$2 billion in launch costs alone. NASA was not sure an SLS would be available since the Artemis program would use the entire SLS production, and the SLS's use of solid rocket boosters (SRB)s intrinsically creates more vibrations in the payload than does a launcher that does not use SRBs. The cost to redesign Europa Clipper for the SLS vibratory environment was estimated at US$1 billion.


title: Nana Saheb Peshwa II

text: Nana Saheb Peshwa II (19 May 1824 – 24 September 1859), born as Dhondu Pant, was an Indian Peshwa of the Maratha empire, aristocrat and fighter, who led the rebellion in Kanpur (Cawnpore) during the Great Revolt of 1857. As the adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II, Nana Saheb believed that he was entitled to a pension from the East India Company, but the underlying contractual issues are rather murky. The Company's refusal to continue the pension after his father's death, as well as what he perceived as high-handed policies, led him to join the rebellion. He forced the British garrison in Kanpur to surrender, then murdered the survivors, gaining control of Kanpur for a few days. He later disappeared, after his forces were defeated by a British force that recaptured Kanpur. He later fled to Naimisha Forest in Nepal where he was said to have died in 1859.


title: Nana Saheb Peshwa II

text: After the Maratha defeat in the Third Maratha War, the East India Company had exiled Peshwa Baji Rao II to Bithoor (near Kanpur), where he maintained a large establishment paid for in part out of a British pension. Nana's father, a well-educated Deccani Brahmin, had travelled with his family from the Western Ghats to become a court official of the former Peshwa at Bithoor. Lacking sons, Baji Rao adopted Nana Saheb and his younger brother in 1827. The mother of both children was a sister of one of the Peshwa's wives. Nana Saheb's childhood associates included Tatya Tope, Azimullah Khan and Manikarnika Tambe. Tatya Tope was the son of Pandurang Rao Tope, an important noble at the court of the Peshwa Baji Rao II. After Baji Rao II was exiled to Bithoor, Pandurang Rao and his family also shifted there. Tatya Tope was the fencing master to Nana Saheb. Azimullah Khan joined the court of Nana Saheb as Secretary, after the death of Baji Rao II in 1851. He later became the dewan in Nana Saheb's court.


title: Nana Saheb Peshwa II

text: The Doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy devised by Lord Dalhousie, who was the British Governor-General of India between 1848 and 1856. According to the Doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence (paramountcy) of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British Subsidiary System, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir". The latter supplanted the long-established legal right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor. In addition, the British were to decide whether potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by Indians as illegitimate. At that time, the Company had absolute, imperial administrative jurisdiction over many regions spread over the subcontinent. The company took over the princely states of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Baghat (1850), Nagpur (1853), and Jhansi (1854) using this doctrine. The British took over Awadh (Oudh) (1856) claiming that the local ruler was not ruling properly. The Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by the use of this doctrine. With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered amongst sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed Jhansi forces; these joined with members of the deposed dynasties during the Indian rebellion of 1857.


title: Nana Saheb Peshwa II

text: Under the Peshwa's will Nana Saheb was, through his adoption, heir-presumptive to the Maratha's throne, and eligible for his adoptive father's continuing annual pension of £80,000 from the East India Company. However, after the death of Baji Rao II, the Company stopped the pension on the grounds that the Nana was not a natural born heir and that the kingdom no longer existed. The Nana, while still wealthy, was greatly offended by both the termination of the pension and by the suspension of various titles and grants that had been retained by Baji Rao in exile. Accordingly, Nana Saheb sent an envoy (Azimullah Khan) to England in 1853 to plead his case with the British Government. However, Azimullah Khan was unable to convince the British to resume the pension, and he returned to India in 1855.


title: Nana Saheb Peshwa II

text: Nana Saheb won the confidence of Charles Hillersdon, the Collector of Kanpur. It was planned that Nana Saheb would assemble a force of 1,500 soldiers to support the British, in case the rebellion spread to Kanpur.


title: Nana Saheb Peshwa II

text: On 6 June 1857, at the time of the rebellion by forces of the East India Company at Kanpur, the British contingent had taken refuge at an entrenchment in the northern part of the town. Amid the prevailing chaos in Kanpur, Nana and his forces entered the British magazine situated in the northern part of the town. The soldiers of the 53rd Native Infantry, who were guarding the magazine, thought that Nana had come to guard the magazine on behalf of the Company. However, once he entered the magazine, Nana Saheb announced that he was a participant in the rebellion against the Company, and intended to be a vassal of Bahadur Shah II.


title: Nana Saheb Peshwa II

text: After taking possession of the Company treasury, Nana advanced up the Grand Trunk Road stating that he wanted to restore the Maratha confederacy under the Peshwa tradition, and decided to capture Kanpur. On his way, Nana met the rebel Company soldiers at Kalyanpur. The soldiers were on their way to Delhi, to meet Bahadur Shah II. Nana wanted them to go back to Kanpur and help him defeat the British. The soldiers were reluctant at first, but decided to join Nana when he promised to double their pay and reward them with gold, if they were to destroy the British entrenchment.


title: Nana Saheb Peshwa II

text: On 5 June 1857, Nana Saheb sent a letter to General Wheeler informing him to expect an attack next morning at 10 am. On 6 June, his forces (including the rebel soldiers) attacked the Company entrenchment at 10:30 am. The Company forces were not adequately prepared for the attack but managed to defend themselves as the attacking forces were reluctant to enter the entrenchment. The Indian forces had been led to believe that the entrenchment had gunpowder-filled trenches that would explode if they got closer. The Company side held out in their makeshift fort for three weeks with little water and food supplies, and lost many lives due to sunstroke and lack of water.