title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: "A. planci" is a component of the fauna of most coral reefs and the effects of "A. planci" populations on coral reefs are very dependent on the population density. At low densities (1 to perhaps 30/hectare) the rate at which coral is being preyed upon by the starfish, is less than the growth rate of the coral, i.e. the surface area of living coral is increasing. The starfish may, however, influence the coral community structure. Because the starfish do not feed indiscriminately they may cause a distribution of coral species and colony sizes that differs from a pattern without them. This is evident by comparison of coral reefs where "A. planci" has not been found to the more typical reefs with "A. planci".


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Some ecologists suggest that the starfish has an important and active role in maintaining coral reef biodiversity, driving ecological succession. Before overpopulation became a significant issue, crown-of-thorns prevented fast-growing coral from overpowering the slower-growing coral varieties.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: At high densities (outbreaks, plagues), which may be defined as when the starfish are too abundant for the coral food supply, coral cover goes into decline. The starfish must broaden their diet from their preferred species, colony size, and shape. The starfish often aggregate during feeding, even at low densities, but during high densities, the cleared coral patches become almost or completely continuous.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Aesthetically, in all the above cases, the reef surface is not as attractive as the living coral surface, but it is anything but dead.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: A third-order effect can arise from the invasion by filamentous algae. Animals that depend directly or indirectly on hard corals, e.g. for shelter and food, should lose out, and herbivores and less specialist feeders gain. This likely would be most conspicuous in the fish fauna, and long-terms studies of coral reef-fish communities confirm this expectation.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Large populations of crown-of-thorns starfish (sometime emotively known as plagues) have been substantiated as occurring at 21 locations of coral reefs during the 1960s to 1980s. These locations ranged from the Red Sea through the tropical Indo-Pacific region to French Polynesia. At least two substantiated repeated outbreaks occurred at 10 of these locations.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Values of starfish density from 140 to 1,000/ha have been considered in various reports to be outbreak populations, while starfish densities less than 100/ha have been considered to be low; however, at densities below 100/ha, feeding by "A. planci" may exceed the growth of coral with a net loss of coral.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: From the surveys of many reef locations throughout the starfish's distribution, large abundances of "Acanthaster" spp. can be categorised as:


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs, and species diversity. When high densities of "Acanthaster", which were causing heavy mortality of coral, were first seen about Green Island, off Cairns, in 1960–65, this caused considerable alarm. High-density populations were subsequently found of a number of reefs to the south of Green Island, in the central GBR region Some popular publications suggested that the whole reef was in danger of dying, and they influenced and reflected some public alarm over the state and future of the GBR.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: A number of studies have modeled the population outbreaks on the GBR as a means to understand the phenomenon.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: The Australian and Queensland governments funded research and set up advisory committees during the period of great anxiety about the nature of the starfish outbreaks on the GBR. They were regarded as not coming to terms with the unprecedented nature and magnitude of this problem. Many scientists were criticised for not being able to give definitive but unsubstantiated answers. Others were more definitive in their answers. Scientists were criticised for their reticence and for disagreeing on the nature and causes of the outbreaks on the GBR, sometimes described as the "starfish wars".


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Serious discussion and some strongly held views mention the causes of this phenomenon. Some hypotheses focused on changes in the survival of juvenile and adult starfish—the "predator removal hypothesis":


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Many of the reports of fish preying on "Acanthaster" are single observations or presumed predation from the nature of the fish. For example, the humphead wrasse may prey on the starfish amongst its more usual diet. Individual puffer fish and trigger fish have been observed to feed crown-of-thorns starfish in the Red Sea, but no evidence has found them to be a significant factor in population control. A study, however, based on the stomach contents of large carnivorous fish that are potential predators of the starfish, found no evidence of the starfish in the fish's guts. These carnivorous fish were caught commercially on the coral reefs on the Gulf of Oman and examined at local fish markets.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: One problem with the concept of predators of large juvenile and adult starfish causing total mortality is that the starfish have good regenerative powers and they would not keep still while being eaten. Also, they need to be consumed completely or almost completely to die; 17–60% of starfish in various populations had missing or regenerating arms. Clearly, the starfish experience various levels of sublethal predation. When the damage includes a major section of the disk together with arms, the number of arms regenerating on the disk may be less than the number lost.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Another hypothesis is the "aggregation hypothesis", whereby large aggregations of "A. planci" appear as apparent outbreaks because they have consumed all the adjacent coral. This seems to imply that apparently a dense population outbreak exists when a more diffuse population outbreak has happened that has been dense enough to comprehensively prey on large areas of hard coral.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Female crown-of-thorns starfish are very fecund. Based on the eggs in ovaries, 200-, 300-. and 400-mm-diameter females potentially spawn around 4, 30, and 50 million eggs, respectively (see also Gametes and embryos). Lucas adopted a different approach, focusing on the survival of the larvae arising from the eggs. The rationale for this approach was that small changes in the survival of larvae and developmental stages would result in very large changes in the adult population, considering two hypothetical situations.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: About 20 million eggs from a female spawning, having a survival rate around 0.00001% throughout development, would replace two adult starfish in a low-density population where the larvae recruit. If, however, the survival rate increases to 0.1% (one in a thousand) throughout development from one spawning of 20 million eggs, this would result in 20,000 adult starfish where the larvae have recruited. Since the larvae are the most abundant stages of development, changes in survival likely are of most importance during this phase of development.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Temperature and salinity have little effect on the survival of crown-of-thorns larvae. However, abundance and species of the particular component of phytoplankton (unicellular flagellates) on which the larvae feed has a profound effect on survival and rate of growth. The abundance of phytoplankton cells is especially important. As autotrophs, phytoplankton abundance is strongly influenced by the concentration of inorganic nutrients, such as nitrogenous compounds.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Birkeland had observed a correlation between the abundance of crown-of-thorns on reefs adjacent to land masses. These occurred on mainland islands as distinct from coral atolls about three years after heavy rainfall that followed a period of drought. He suggested that runoff from such heavy rainfall may stimulate phytoplankton blooms of sufficient size to produce enough food for the larvae of "A. planci" through input of nutrients.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Combining Birkeland observations with the influence of inorganic nutrients on survival of the starfish larvae in experimental studies gave support for a mechanism for starfish outbreaks:


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: increased terrestrial runoff → increased nutrients denser phytoplankton↑→ better larval survival → increased starfish populations


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Further of these connections have been confirmed, but research by Olson (1987), Kaufmann (2002), and Byrne (2016) suggests terrestrial runoff has little or no impact on larval survival. The conflicting data describing the negligible role of terrestrial agricultural runoff have been described as "an inconvenient study".


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Also, a flow-on effect is seen in that where large starfish populations produce large numbers of larvae, heavy recruitment is likely on reefs downstream to which the larvae are carried and then settle.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: Population numbers for the crown-of-thorns have been increasing since the 1970s. Historic records of distribution patterns and numbers, though, are hard to come by, as SCUBA technology, necessary to conduct population censuses, had only been developed in the previous few decades.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: To prevent overpopulation of crown-of-thorns causing widespread destruction to coral reef habitats, humans have implemented a variety of control measures. Manual removals have been successful, but are relatively labour-intensive. Injecting sodium bisulfate into the starfish is the most efficient measure in practice. Sodium bisulphate is deadly to crown-of-thorns, but it does not harm the surrounding reef and oceanic ecosystems. To control areas of high infestations, teams of divers have had kill rates of up to 120 per hour per diver. The practice of dismembering them was shown to have a kill rate of 12 per hour per diver, and the diver performing this test was spiked three times. As a result, dismemberings are discouraged for this reason, and not because of rumours that they might be able to regenerate.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: An even more labour-intensive route, but less risky to the diver, is to bury them under rocks or debris. This route is only suitable for areas with low infestation and if materials are available to perform the procedure without damaging corals.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: A 2015 study by James Cook University showed that common household vinegar is also effective, as the acidity causes the starfish to disintegrate within days. Vinegar is also harmless to the environment, and is not restricted by regulations regarding animal products such as bile. In 2019, divers were using a 10% vinegar solution to reduce starfish populations in the Raja Ampat Islands.


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: A new successful method of population control is by the injection of thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar (TCBS). Only one injection is needed, leading to starfish's death in 24 hours from a contagious disease marked by "discoloured and necrotic skin, ulcerations, loss of body turgor, accumulation of colourless mucus on many spines especially at their tip, and loss of spines. Blisters on the dorsal integument broke through the skin surface and resulted in large, open sores that exposed the internal organs."


title: Crown-of-thorns starfish

text: An autonomous starfish-killing robot called COTSBot has been developed, and as of September 2015, was close to being ready for trials on the GBR. The COTSbot, which has a neural net-aided vision system, is designed to seek out crown-of-thorns starfish and give them a lethal injection of bile salts. After it eradicates the bulk of the starfish in a given area, human divers can move in and remove the survivors. Field trials of the robot have begun in Moreton Bay in Brisbane to refine its navigation system, according to Queensland University of Technology researcher Matthew Dunbabin. No crown-of-thorns starfish are in Moreton Bay, but when the navigation has been refined, the robot will be used on the reef.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: The Discovery is a 2017 British-American romantic science fiction film, directed by Charlie McDowell from a screenplay by himself and Justin Lader. It stars Rooney Mara, Jason Segel, Robert Redford, Jesse Plemons, Riley Keough, and Ron Canada.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2017. It was released on March 31, 2017, by Netflix.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: An interviewer questions Thomas Harbor, the man who scientifically proved the existence of an afterlife, a discovery that led to an extremely high suicide rate. The interviewer asks Harbor if he feels responsible, and he says no. Directly after, a film crew member kills himself on air.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: On the second anniversary of the discovery, Harbor's son Will travels on a ferry where he meets Isla. They have a conversation and Will notes Isla looks very familiar. He says he is upset people keep killing themselves, while Isla thinks it's an easy way out. Will shares a memory he had while being dead for a minute, where he saw a young boy at a beach.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: Will's brother Toby picks him up and drives him to an isolated mansion where their father is continuing his research. Will notes the large number of helpers, who Toby says used to be suicidal and now have a new purpose. Will meets Lacey and Cooper, his father's aides. Thomas is periodically "put under" and revived while hooked to various machines. When they speak, Will blames Thomas for starting a cult and for the high suicide rate. Will announces his intention to get Thomas to recant his statement about the afterlife and stop the suicides.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: Later, Will sees Isla on the beach preparing to commit suicide. He barely saves her and brings her to the mansion, where she is taken in. At a later meeting with the occupants, Thomas reveals his new work - a machine that can record what people see in the afterlife.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: To test the machine, Toby, Will and Isla steal the corpse of Pat Phillips from the morgue. Will reveals to Isla the reason for his resentment towards Thomas: his mother killed herself when Thomas was too obsessed with his work to care about her.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: Phillips' corpse is hooked to the machine, but nothing happens. After everyone leaves, Will undoes his earlier sabotage on the machine. Immediately the screen shows a video sequence of Pat Phillips driving to a hospital, visiting someone and fighting with a woman there. Will visits the hospital, but finds the hallway from the video gone.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: During a meeting, Thomas confronts Lacey about revealing to others about the failed test and expels her from the mansion. Will shows Isla the recording, theorizing that the machine records memory rather than the afterlife. They find a record of Pat Phillips' father, who died in the hospital. Further investigations reveals the events in the recording don't match what actually happened. Pat never visited his dying father in the hospital.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: Isla confides in Will that she had a son, who died while she was asleep. Isla and Will grow closer together and share a kiss, which is interrupted by Toby.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: Together they rush to Thomas, who is hooked to the machine. They observe he is seeing the night their mother killed herself, except that Thomas stops her. They are able to revive Thomas, who concludes the afterlife is an alternate version of their existing life, only with different choices made. They agree to destroy the machine, as this revelation would provoke millions of suicides by people wanting to improve the lives they have. Thomas prepares to hold a speech, which is interrupted by Lacey shooting Isla, claiming she has just "relocated" her. Isla dies in Will's arms.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: Later, a devastated Will hooks himself up with the machine. He arrives back on the ferry, where he meets Isla again, who states this is a memory. It is revealed Will is living in a memory loop trying to prevent Isla's death and he restarts on the ferry every time. Isla says he saved her and they both will move on now. Although Toby and Thomas try to revive Will, he dies, promising Isla to remember her.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: Will stands on the beach, where he sees a little boy and gets him out of the water. The little boy's mother, Isla, arrives and thanks Will. They don't recognize each other. After she leaves, he walks away, but as he starts to recall who Isla is, he stops and slowly looks back.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: In October 2015, it was revealed that Rooney Mara and Nicholas Hoult had been cast in the film, with Charlie McDowell directing from the script, co-written with Justin Lader, and Alex Orlovsky and James D. Stern producing under their Verisimilitude and Endgame Entertainment banners, respectively. In March 2016, it was revealed that Robert Redford and Jason Segel had joined the cast of the film, with Segel replacing Hoult who had to drop out due to scheduling conflicts. That same month, Riley Keough and Jesse Plemons joined the cast. Danny Bensi and Saunder Jurriaans composed the film's score.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: Principal photography began on March 28, 2016, in Newport, Rhode Island. Production concluded on May 1, 2016.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: In June 2016, Netflix acquired global distribution rights to the film, with a planned 2017 release. The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2017. The film was released on March 31, 2017.


title: The Discovery (film)

text: "The Discovery" received mixed reviews from film critics. It holds a 46% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 63 reviews, with a weighted average of 5.60/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""The Discovery" looks fascinating on paper, but in spite of its thought-provoking premise and starry ensemble, it's a disappointing case of untapped potential." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 54 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Discovery (film)

text: Dennis Harvey of "Variety" gave the film a generally negative review, saying "Though "The Discovery" starts out with a great premise, its mystery dissipates over a somewhat tepid course as the concept ultimately heads in a direction we've seen many times before" and criticized the chemistry between Segel and Mara.


title: Mason Gamble

text: Mason Gamble (born January 16, 1986) is an American former actor. He is mostly famous for his interpretation of Dennis Mitchell in the 1993 film "Dennis the Menace", selected over an estimate of 20,000 children who had auditioned, and as Jason Schwartzman's sidekick, Dirk Calloway, in Wes Anderson's critically acclaimed 1998 film "Rushmore".


title: Mason Gamble

text: Gamble is a doctoral candidate in environmental science and engineering at UCLA’s Institute of the Environment and Sustainability.


title: Coding theory

text: Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their respective fitness for specific applications. Codes are used for data compression, cryptography, error detection and correction, data transmission and data storage. Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines—such as information theory, electrical engineering, mathematics, linguistics, and computer science—for the purpose of designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction or detection of errors in the transmitted data.


title: Coding theory

text: Data compression attempts to remove unwanted redundancy from the data from a source in order to transmit it more efficiently. For example, ZIP data compression makes data files smaller, for purposes such as to reduce Internet traffic. Data compression and error correction may be studied in combination.


title: Coding theory

text: Error correction adds useful redundancy to the data from a source to make the transmission more robust to disturbances present on the transmission channel. The ordinary user may not be aware of many applications using error correction. A typical music compact disc (CD) uses the Reed–Solomon code to correct for scratches and dust. In this application the transmission channel is the CD itself. Cell phones also use coding techniques to correct for the fading and noise of high frequency radio transmission. Data modems, telephone transmissions, and the NASA Deep Space Network all employ channel coding techniques to get the bits through, for example the turbo code and LDPC codes.


title: Coding theory

text: In 1948, Claude Shannon published "A Mathematical Theory of Communication", an article in two parts in the July and October issues of the "Bell System Technical Journal". This work focuses on the problem of how best to encode the information a sender wants to transmit. In this fundamental work he used tools in probability theory, developed by Norbert Wiener, which were in their nascent stages of being applied to communication theory at that time. Shannon developed information entropy as a measure for the uncertainty in a message while essentially inventing the field of information theory.


title: Coding theory

text: The binary Golay code was developed in 1949. It is an error-correcting code capable of correcting up to three errors in each 24-bit word, and detecting a fourth.


title: Coding theory

text: Richard Hamming won the Turing Award in 1968 for his work at Bell Labs in numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes. He invented the concepts known as Hamming codes, Hamming windows, Hamming numbers, and Hamming distance.


title: Coding theory

text: In 1972, Nasir Ahmed proposed the discrete cosine transform (DCT), which he developed with T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1973. The DCT is the most widely used lossy compression algorithm, the basis for multimedia formats such as JPEG, MPEG and MP3.


title: Coding theory

text: Entropy of a source is the measure of information. Basically, source codes try to reduce the redundancy present in the source, and represent the source with fewer bits that carry more information.


title: Coding theory

text: Data compression which explicitly tries to minimize the average length of messages according to a particular assumed probability model is called entropy encoding.


title: Coding theory

text: Various techniques used by source coding schemes try to achieve the limit of entropy of the source. "C"("x") ≥ "H"("x"), where "H"("x") is entropy of source (bitrate), and "C"("x") is the bitrate after compression. In particular, no source coding scheme can be better than the entropy of the source.


title: Coding theory

text: Facsimile transmission uses a simple run length code. Source coding removes all data superfluous to the need of the transmitter, decreasing the bandwidth required for transmission.


title: Coding theory

text: The purpose of channel coding theory is to find codes which transmit quickly, contain many valid code words and can correct or at least detect many errors. While not mutually exclusive, performance in these areas is a trade off. So, different codes are optimal for different applications. The needed properties of this code mainly depend on the probability of errors happening during transmission. In a typical CD, the impairment is mainly dust or scratches.


title: Coding theory

text: Although not a very good code, a simple repeat code can serve as an understandable example. Suppose we take a block of data bits (representing sound) and send it three times. At the receiver we will examine the three repetitions bit by bit and take a majority vote. The twist on this is that we don't merely send the bits in order. We interleave them. The block of data bits is first divided into 4 smaller blocks. Then we cycle through the block and send one bit from the first, then the second, etc. This is done three times to spread the data out over the surface of the disk. In the context of the simple repeat code, this may not appear effective. However, there are more powerful codes known which are very effective at correcting the "burst" error of a scratch or a dust spot when this interleaving technique is used.


title: Coding theory

text: Other codes are more appropriate for different applications. Deep space communications are limited by the thermal noise of the receiver which is more of a continuous nature than a bursty nature. Likewise, narrowband modems are limited by the noise, present in the telephone network and also modeled better as a continuous disturbance. Cell phones are subject to rapid fading. The high frequencies used can cause rapid fading of the signal even if the receiver is moved a few inches. Again there are a class of channel codes that are designed to combat fading.


title: Coding theory

text: The term algebraic coding theory denotes the sub-field of coding theory where the properties of codes are expressed in algebraic terms and then further researched.


title: Coding theory

text: Linear block codes have the property of linearity, i.e. the sum of any two codewords is also a code word, and they are applied to the source bits in blocks, hence the name linear block codes. There are block codes that are not linear, but it is difficult to prove that a code is a good one without this property.


title: Coding theory

text: Linear block codes are summarized by their symbol alphabets (e.g., binary or ternary) and parameters ("n","m","d") where


title: Coding theory

text: Block codes are tied to the sphere packing problem, which has received some attention over the years. In two dimensions, it is easy to visualize. Take a bunch of pennies flat on the table and push them together. The result is a hexagon pattern like a bee's nest. But block codes rely on more dimensions which cannot easily be visualized. The powerful (24,12) Golay code used in deep space communications uses 24 dimensions. If used as a binary code (which it usually is) the dimensions refer to the length of the codeword as defined above.


title: Coding theory

text: The theory of coding uses the "N"-dimensional sphere model. For example, how many pennies can be packed into a circle on a tabletop, or in 3 dimensions, how many marbles can be packed into a globe. Other considerations enter the choice of a code. For example, hexagon packing into the constraint of a rectangular box will leave empty space at the corners. As the dimensions get larger, the percentage of empty space grows smaller. But at certain dimensions, the packing uses all the space and these codes are the so-called "perfect" codes. The only nontrivial and useful perfect codes are the distance-3 Hamming codes with parameters satisfying (2 – 1, 2 – 1 – "r", 3), and the [23,12,7] binary and [11,6,5] ternary Golay codes.


title: Coding theory

text: Again, consider pennies as an example. First we pack the pennies in a rectangular grid. Each penny will have 4 near neighbors (and 4 at the corners which are farther away). In a hexagon, each penny will have 6 near neighbors. When we increase the dimensions, the number of near neighbors increases very rapidly. The result is the number of ways for noise to make the receiver choose a neighbor (hence an error) grows as well. This is a fundamental limitation of block codes, and indeed all codes. It may be harder to cause an error to a single neighbor, but the number of neighbors can be large enough so the total error probability actually suffers.


title: Coding theory

text: Properties of linear block codes are used in many applications. For example, the syndrome-coset uniqueness property of linear block codes is used in trellis shaping, one of the best-known shaping codes.


title: Coding theory

text: The idea behind a convolutional code is to make every codeword symbol be the weighted sum of the various input message symbols. This is like convolution used in LTI systems to find the output of a system, when you know the input and impulse response.


title: Coding theory

text: So we generally find the output of the system convolutional encoder, which is the convolution of the input bit, against the states of the convolution encoder, registers.


title: Coding theory

text: Fundamentally, convolutional codes do not offer more protection against noise than an equivalent block code. In many cases, they generally offer greater simplicity of implementation over a block code of equal power. The encoder is usually a simple circuit which has state memory and some feedback logic, normally XOR gates. The decoder can be implemented in software or firmware.


title: Coding theory

text: The Viterbi algorithm is the optimum algorithm used to decode convolutional codes. There are simplifications to reduce the computational load. They rely on searching only the most likely paths. Although not optimum, they have generally been found to give good results in low noise environments.


title: Coding theory

text: Convolutional codes are used in voiceband modems (V.32, V.17, V.34) and in GSM mobile phones, as well as satellite and military communication devices.


title: Coding theory

text: Cryptography or cryptographic coding is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties (called adversaries). More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that block adversaries; various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation are central to modern cryptography. Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Applications of cryptography include ATM cards, computer passwords, and electronic commerce.


title: Coding theory

text: Cryptography prior to the modern age was effectively synonymous with "encryption", the conversion of information from a readable state to apparent nonsense. The originator of an encrypted message shared the decoding technique needed to recover the original information only with intended recipients, thereby precluding unwanted persons from doing the same. Since World War I and the advent of the computer, the methods used to carry out cryptology have become increasingly complex and its application more widespread.


title: Coding theory

text: Modern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms are designed around computational hardness assumptions, making such algorithms hard to break in practice by any adversary. It is theoretically possible to break such a system, but it is infeasible to do so by any known practical means. These schemes are therefore termed computationally secure; theoretical advances, e.g., improvements in integer factorization algorithms, and faster computing technology require these solutions to be continually adapted. There exist information-theoretically secure schemes that cannot be broken even with unlimited computing power—an example is the one-time pad—but these schemes are more difficult to implement than the best theoretically breakable but computationally secure mechanisms.


title: Coding theory

text: A line code (also called digital baseband modulation or digital baseband transmission method) is a code chosen for use within a communications system for baseband transmission purposes. Line coding is often used for digital data transport.


title: Coding theory

text: Line coding consists of representing the digital signal to be transported by an amplitude- and time-discrete signal that is optimally tuned for the specific properties of the physical channel (and of the receiving equipment). The waveform pattern of voltage or current used to represent the 1s and 0s of a digital data on a transmission link is called "line encoding". The common types of line encoding are unipolar, polar, bipolar, and Manchester encoding.


title: Coding theory

text: Another concern of coding theory is designing codes that help synchronization. A code may be designed so that a phase shift can be easily detected and corrected and that multiple signals can be sent on the same channel.


title: Coding theory

text: Another application of codes, used in some mobile phone systems, is code-division multiple access (CDMA). Each phone is assigned a code sequence that is approximately uncorrelated with the codes of other phones. When transmitting, the code word is used to modulate the data bits representing the voice message. At the receiver, a demodulation process is performed to recover the data. The properties of this class of codes allow many users (with different codes) to use the same radio channel at the same time. To the receiver, the signals of other users will appear to the demodulator only as a low-level noise.


title: Coding theory

text: Another general class of codes are the automatic repeat-request (ARQ) codes. In these codes the sender adds redundancy to each message for error checking, usually by adding check bits. If the check bits are not consistent with the rest of the message when it arrives, the receiver will ask the sender to retransmit the message. All but the simplest wide area network protocols use ARQ. Common protocols include SDLC (IBM), TCP (Internet), X.25 (International) and many others. There is an extensive field of research on this topic because of the problem of matching a rejected packet against a new packet. Is it a new one or is it a retransmission? Typically numbering schemes are used, as in TCP.


title: Coding theory

text: Group testing uses codes in a different way. Consider a large group of items in which a very few are different in a particular way (e.g., defective products or infected test subjects). The idea of group testing is to determine which items are "different" by using as few tests as possible. The origin of the problem has its roots in the Second World War when the United States Army Air Forces needed to test its soldiers for syphilis.


title: Coding theory

text: Information is encoded analogously in the neural networks of brains, in analog signal processing, and analog electronics. Aspects of analog coding include analog error correction,


title: Coding theory

text: Neural coding is a neuroscience-related field concerned with how sensory and other information is represented in the brain by networks of neurons. The main goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble. It is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information, and that neurons follow the principles of information theory and compress information, and detect and correct


title: Western dress codes

text: Western dress codes are a set of dress codes detailing what clothes are worn for what occasion. Conversely, since most cultures have intuitively applied some level equivalent to the more formal Western dress code traditions, these dress codes are simply a versatile framework, open to amalgamation of international and local customs. This versatility has made this scale of formality a practical international formality scale.


title: Western dress codes

text: Classifications are divided into formal wear ("full dress"), semi-formal wear ("half dress"), and informal wear ("undress"). Anything below this level is referred to as casual wear, although sometimes in combinations such as "smart casual" or "business casual" in order to indicate higher expectation than none at all.


title: Western dress codes

text: For both men and women, hats corresponding to the various levels of formality exist. As supplements to the standard dress codes headgear ("see biretta, kippah etc.") can be worn. Ceremonial dress, military uniform, religious clothing, academic dress, and folk costume appropriate to the formality level are encouraged.


title: Western dress codes

text: There is some variation in style depending on whether it is summer or winter. See black tie and stroller for more details.


title: Western dress codes

text: The background of traditional contemporary Western dress codes as fixed in 20th century relied on several steps of replacement of preexisting formal wear, while in turn increasing the formality levels of the previously less formal alternatives. Thus was the case with the ceasing of the justacorps, extensively worn from the 1660s until the 1790s, followed by the same fate of the 18th century frock (not to be confused with frock "coat"), in turn followed by the frock coat.


title: Western dress codes

text: Formal, semi-formal, and informal all have roots in 19th century customs subsequent to the replacement of the 18th century generic justaucorps, and has remained fixed defined since the 20th century. The 19th century frock coat rarely occurs except as formal alternative. For women, interpretations have fluctuated more dynamically according to fashion.


title: Western dress codes

text: Before the modern system of "formal", "semi-formal", and "informal" was consolidated in the 20th century, the terms were looser. In the 19th century, during the Victorian and Edwardian periods, the principal classifications of clothing were "full dress" and "undress", and, less commonly the intermediate "half dress". "Full dress" covered the most formal option: frock coat for day wear, and dress coat (white tie) for evening wear (sometimes with supplementary alternative being a full dress uniform independent of what time of the day). As such, "full dress" may still appear in use designating formal wear.


title: Western dress codes

text: When morning dress became common (in the modern sense, using a morning tailcoat rather than a frock coat), it was considered less formal than a frock coat, and even when the frock coat was increasingly phased out, morning dress never achieved full dress status. Therefore, in the 21st century, "full dress" often refers to white tie only.


title: Western dress codes

text: Today's semi-formal evening black tie (originally "dinner clothes") was initially described as informal wear, while the "lounge suit," now standard business wear, was originally considered (as its name suggests) casual wear. "Half dress", when used, was variously applied at different times, but was used to cover modern morning dress (the term "morning dress" is fairly undescriptive and has not always meant modern morning dress). "Undress" (not to be confused with naked) in turn was similarly loose in meaning, corresponding to anything from a dressing gown to a lounge suit or its evening equivalent of dinner clothes (now one of the more formal dress codes seen in many Western regions).


title: Parody film

text: A parody film or spoof film is a subgenre of comedy film that parodies other film genres or films as pastiches, works created by imitation of the style of many different films reassembled together.


title: Parody film

text: Although the subgenre is often overlooked by critics, parody films are commonly profitable at the box office.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: Mehriban Arif gizi Aliyeva (; , ; born 26 August 1964) is an Azerbaijani politician and physician who is the vice president and First Lady of Azerbaijan.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: She is married to Ilham Aliyev, the president of Azerbaijan. Aliyev created the position of vice president in 2017 and appointed his wife to the position.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: Mehriban Aliyeva (née Pashayeva) was born in Baku, and is from a family described in leaked US Embassy cables as "the single most powerful family in Azerbaijan." Her grandfather was the writer Mir Jalal Pashayev, an Iranian Azerbaijani born in Iran. Her uncle Hafiz Pashayev was Azerbaijan's first Ambassador to the United States. Aliyeva's father Arif Pashayev is Rector of the National Aviation Academy in Baku, and her mother, Aida Imanguliyeva (1939–1992) was a philologist and Arabist, daughter of the journalist and pedagogue Nasir Imanguliyev.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: Mehriban Aliyeva married Ilham Aliyev, the son of Heydar Aliyev, in Baku on 22 December 1983. The Aliyevs have two daughters, Leyla (born 3 July 1984) and Arzu (born 23 January 1989) and a son Heydar (born 2 August 1997). Leyla is the editor of "Baku" magazine, published by Azerbaijani Russian businessman Aras Agalarov, and was married to his son Emin Agalarov.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: Aliyeva finished secondary school №23 in 1982. She entered the Preventive-Treatment Faculty of the Azerbaijan Medical University, in which she excelled, and later continued her studies at the Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy, from which she graduated in 1988. From 1988–92, Mehriban Aliyeva worked at the State Research Institute of Eye Diseases of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow, which was led by Dr. Mikhail Krasnov. Aliyeva got her PhD after defending the thesis on “Euthanasia and humanism issues in medicine” in 2005. Two articles in "The Times" in 2005 described her as a "qualified physician" and "former eye doctor."


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: In 1995, she established the Azerbaijani Culture Friends Foundation. In 1996, she founded the magazine "Azerbaijan - Heritage" published in three languages (Azerbaijani, English and Russian) in order to promote Azerbaijani culture.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: Aliyeva established on 10 May 2004 the Heydar Aliyev Foundation, which focuses on studying and holding events to promote Heydar Aliyev's political ideology. In Azerbaijan, according to a recent news article, "The HAF builds more schools than Azerbaijan's Ministry of Education, more hospitals than the Ministry of Health, and conducts more cultural events than the Ministry of Culture." The Heydar Aliyev Foundation also sponsors projects outside Azerbaijan, including helping to finance renovations at the Louvre Museum, Palace of Versailles, and Strasbourg Cathedral.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: She is UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, and Goodwill Ambassador of ISESCO. She was a member of the Executive Committee of the National Olympic Committee of Azerbaijan at the 4th General Assembly of the NOC on 28 December 2004.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: Since 2004, she is a member of the Political Board of the New Azerbaijan Party. She was selected as the deputy chairperson of the Party in June 2013. She was appointed by her husband as the chairperson of the Organizing Committee for the 1st European Games in Baku.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: In Azerbaijan's 2005 parliamentary elections, she was elected to the National Assembly of Azerbaijan. Her candidacy was run by the New Azerbaijan Party from the Azizbeyov Second Constituency №14, was elected to the Parliament with 92.12% of the votes. She had previously broken with tradition to help campaign for her husband in 2003, when he ran for President of Azerbaijan. "The Sunday Times", writing in 2005 about Aliyeva's decision to run for the Azerbaijani parliament, described her as already wielding "considerable influence," and the Heydar Aliyev Foundation as "a powerful and wealthy institution set up to safeguard the late president’s legacy and support a number of educational and charitable projects." She was nominated from Khazar Constituency №14 in 2010 and 2015 parliamentary elections and gained 94.49% of the votes in 2010, 96.7% in 2015.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: During her MP period, Mehriban Aliyeva appealed to Milli Majlis for the adoption of amnesty acts on 28 May – Republic Day. As a result, in 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2016, more than 30,000 prisoners were released from different sentences.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: She became the head of Azerbaijan-France working group on inter-parliamentary relations according to the decision of Milli Majlis on 4 March 2016.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: On 21 February 2017, she was appointed First Vice President of Azerbaijan by her husband Ilham Aliyev, the president and authoritarian leader of Azerbaijan. If her husband would step down, she would become President of Azerbaijan. This was an office that was created through a constitutional referendum in 2016 which Ilham Aliyev had ordered. The referendum also lowered the age requirement for president, making it possible for Aliyev's son, then 19 years old, to become president. Critics said these changes were intended to consolidate the family's dynastic rule.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: Freedom House reports that Heydar Aliyev Foundation headed by Aliyeva since its creation in 2014, while supporting cultural projects domestically and abroad, has been focusing on "burnishing the regime’s international image and advancing Baku’s official position on the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh". It has also been criticized as a vehicle for corruption.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: Mehriban has claimed that Azerbaijan is a land of political tolerance and denied claims of mass political imprisonment. When asked about the plight of imprisoned journalist Khadija Ismayilova and human rights advocate Leyla Yunus, Mehriban did not respond. Her appointment as vice president coincided with the detention of more opposition party activists, which may have been an attempt to stifle any attempts to protest the move. In Azerbaijan, power is concentrated in the hands of Aliyev and his extended family, and human rights violations include torture, arbitrary arrests, as well as harassment of journalists and non-governmental organizations.


title: Mehriban Aliyeva

text: Aliyeva has undergone extensive plastic surgery. During a Baku visit, US officials claimed to be unable to immediately distinguish Aliyeva from her two daughters Arzu and Leyla thanks to the extensive operations.


title: Julio Peña Fernández

text: Julio Pena Fernández (born July 15, 2000) is a Spanish actor and singer who is known for his role as Manuel Gutiérrez Quemola in the Disney Channel original series "Bia" and Ares Hidalgo in the Netflix movie "Through My Window", based on the book by Ariana Godoy. His Girlfriend is Kei.


title: Julio Peña Fernández

text: Julio Peña was born on July 15, 2000, in San Sebastián, Spain. However, he grew up in the city of Madrid, along with his parents and his sister named Emma Peña. In high school he took theater lessons, and he attended acting workshops in the city. In addition, Peña took piano lessons for nine years.


title: Julio Peña Fernández

text: Since 2012, he has been part of several plays, such as: The Nightmare Before Christmas (2012), Miles Gloriosus (2013), Spamolot (2014), Mamma Mia! (2015) and Los Pelópidas (2016), in addition to starring in the musicals Alice in Wonderland (2017), Corpse Bride (2018) and Moulin Rouge (2018) at the Arcadia Theater.


title: Julio Peña Fernández

text: In 2018 he was selected to star in the Disney Channel original series Bia, with the role of Manuel Gutiérrez. He got the role when he was at the Jana theater school in Madrid and the producers of the series went to do a casting to select the actor. Although at first he was reluctant to do it, they hired him after passing the final tests, moving to Buenos Aires. Thanks to his performance, he has been nominated for the Kids' Choice Awards Mexico in 2020 as favorite television actor, to the Most Listened Awards in 2021 as actor of the year and the SEC Awards in Brazil as best actor in a teen series. In 2021 he participated in the television special Bia: A world upside down on Disney+. That same year he participated in the musical Something Rotten!, translated into Spanish by Marcos Árbex and premiered at the Arapiles Theater in Madrid.


title: Julio Peña Fernández

text: In January 2021, he joined the Spanish television series Acacias 38, where he played Guillermo Sacristán until the end of it in May of the same year. In April 2021, his incorporation into the Netflix original film was announced. Through my window, based on the bestselling novel of the same name, where he plays Ares Hidalgo, the main protagonist. Months later, he participated in the music video for the song "Berlín" by Aitana, playing the love interest of Aitana (Miguel). He participated in the main cast of the play Embrague, written by Raúl Barranco and directed by Jacobo Muñoz.


title: Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)

text: Barry Byron Mills (July 7, 1948 – July 8, 2018) was an American convicted criminal and leader of the Aryan Brotherhood (AB) prison gang. Nicknamed "The Baron", Mills was incarcerated in the California state prison system at a young age, where he rose within the AB organization during the 1970s and 80s.


title: Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)

text: Mills, from Windsor, California, was first incarcerated in 1967, and jailed for a year in a county lockup. He entered the California state prison system after an armed robbery in 1969, and was in jail from then on.


title: Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)

text: He became involved with the AB in San Quentin Prison, where the group originated in 1964. He was convicted of nearly decapitating another inmate, John Marsloff, over a gambling debt at USP Atlanta in 1979.


title: Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)

text: According to a federal indictment, Mills was involved in the consolidation of the AB power structure in 1980, where he assumed a seat in a three-member "federal commission" for the gang. Along with Tyler Bingham, he expanded the operations of the AB in federal and state prisons, moving the group into narcotics dealing and racketeering.


title: Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)

text: In 1996, Barry Mills proposed that the Aryan Brotherhood absorb the prison gang known as the Dirty White Boys.


title: Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)

text: In 1997, Mills and his accomplice, Tyler Bingham, reportedly ordered their members to carry out a race war against a rival prison gang, the D.C. Blacks.


title: Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)

text: In March 2006, Charles Hartsell, a Las Vegas member, and leader of the Las Vegas section, along with three other leaders of the Aryan Brotherhood, including Bingham, were indicted for numerous crimes, including murder, conspiracy, drug trafficking, and racketeering. Barry Mills and Tyler Bingham were convicted of murder and sent back to United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility Prison (ADX) in Florence, Colorado, after they were given life sentences without the possibility of parole. Federal prosecutors sought a death sentence for Mills and Bingham, but both were spared after jurors deadlocked on whether they should be executed.


title: Juan Foyth

text: Juan Marcos Foyth (born 12 January 1998) is an Argentine professional football player who plays as right-back or centre-back for Spanish club Villarreal and the Argentina national team.


title: Juan Foyth

text: Having begun his professional career at his hometown club Estudiantes, he went on to play in the Premier League for Tottenham Hotspur and in La Liga for Villarreal. He won the UEFA Europa League with the latter club in 2021.


title: Juan Foyth

text: Foyth made his senior international debut for Argentina in 2018 and was part of their squad that came third at the 2019 Copa América and won the 2022 Finalissima and 2022 FIFA World Cup.


title: Juan Foyth

text: Born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Foyth began his career at hometown club Estudiantes de La Plata. He played for a number of years in the Youth academy, initially as an attacking midfielder, then moved to centre-back before he turned 16. He signed his first professional contract in January 2017, which linked him to the club until June 2019. He made his Primera División debut on 19 March 2017, against Patronato, aged 19. He went on to play a further six times in the league, with additional two appearances in the Copa Sudamericana.


title: Juan Foyth

text: Foyth joined Tottenham Hotspur for a reported £8 million on 30 August 2017, on a five-year contract. He made his debut on 19 September in an EFL Cup tie against Barnsley that Tottenham won 1–0.


title: Juan Foyth

text: Foyth made his Premier League debut on 3 November 2018 in a 3–2 away win against Wolverhampton Wanderers, where he conceded two penalties which were both converted. In his next league appearance, away to Crystal Palace, he scored his first career goal, handing Tottenham a 1–0 win. On 4 May 2019, he came on at half time for Toby Alderweireld and was sent off three minutes later for a foul on Jack Simpson in a 1–0 loss at AFC Bournemouth.


title: Juan Foyth

text: In October 2020, Foyth signed a new deal with Tottenham until 2024, and was then loaned to Spanish club Villarreal. He made his debut on 22 October, scoring in a 5–3 home win over Turkey's Sivasspor in the group stage of the UEFA Europa League. He made 11 more appearances in the tournament as his team won it, including a start in the final victory over Manchester United.


title: Juan Foyth

text: At the end of his loan season, Foyth signed for Villarreal in June 2021 on a five-year deal for a fee of €15 million. On 16 August, he was sent off in a goalless draw at Granada CF in the opening game of the season. He became a key player at right back for manager Unai Emery, replacing veteran Mario Gaspar and covering for the injured Serge Aurier. On 12 May 2022, he scored his first La Liga goal, to restore the lead in a 5–1 win at Rayo Vallecano.


title: Juan Foyth

text: Foyth played for the Argentina national under-20 team in 2017. He made 12 appearances in total for the national youth team: nine at the 2017 South American Youth Football Championship in Ecuador, and another three during the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup.


title: Juan Foyth

text: Foyth was called up for the first time to the senior Argentina national team by manager Lionel Scaloni for a number of friendly games to be played in October 2018. He made his debut on 16 November in a friendly against Mexico where he helped Argentina to a 2–0 win, being named man of the match and receiving wide praise for his performance in this match.


title: Juan Foyth

text: He was included in the final 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América, and made his first start in the competition in the match against Qatar. He started as a right-back in three further games, including the semi-final they lost to Brazil 2–0, and the third-place play-off match against Chile, which they won 2–1.


title: Juan Foyth

text: On 1 June 2022, Foyth remained as an unused substitute as Argentina won 3–0 against reigning European Champions Italy at Wembley Stadium in the 2022 Finalissima.


title: Juan Foyth

text: He was named in Argentina's final 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar by Scaloni. He replaced Nahuel Molina in the final moments as Argentina defeated Croatia 3–0 in the semi-final. He was an unused substitute as Argentina won the World Cup by defeating France 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out to win the final.


title: Juan Foyth

text: Foyth, who was born in Argentina, is of Polish descent and holds a Polish passport. His grandparents' surname was spelled "Fojt", which was changed on arrival in Argentina.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: Now That's What I Call Music! (often shortened to Now!) is a series of various artists compilation albums released in the United Kingdom and Ireland by Sony Music and Universal Music (Universal/Sony Music) which began in 1983. Spinoff series began for other countries the following year, starting with South Africa, and many other countries worldwide soon followed, expanding into Asia in 1995, then the United States in 1998.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The compilation series was conceived in the office of Virgin Records in London and took its name from a 1920s British advertising poster for Danish Bacon featuring a pig saying "Now. That's What I Call Music" as it listened to a chicken singing. Richard Branson, owner of Virgin, had bought the poster for his cousin, Simon Draper, to hang behind Draper's desk at the Virgin Records office. The pig became the mascot for the series, making its last regular appearance on "Now That's What I Call Music 5", before reappearing in 2018, 2021 and 2022.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The idea for the series was conceived in the office of Virgin Records in Vernon Yard, near Portobello Road in Notting Hill, London, by the head of Licensing and Business Affairs at Virgin Records (1979–1990) Stephen Navin, and General Manager (1983–1988) Jon Webster. The concept was taken to Simon Draper (managing director at Virgin Records) and then Peter Jamieson (managing director of EMI Records (1983–1986)). Jamieson had similar plans to launch such a compilation, and he agreed to the partnership. The deal was negotiated and finalised on Richard Branson's boat moored in Little Venice.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The series took its name from a 1920s British advertising poster for Danish Bacon featuring a pig saying "Now. That's What I Call Music" as it listened to a chicken singing. Richard Branson had bought the poster for his cousin, Simon Draper, to hang behind Draper's desk at the Virgin Records office. Branson wrote, "He was notoriously grumpy before breakfast and loved his eggs in the morning, so I bought him the poster, framed it and had it hung behind his desk." The pig became the mascot for the series, making its last regular appearance on "Now That's What I Call Music 5", and made a reappearance on the cover of "Now That's What I Call Music! 100" in 2018 and "Now That's What I Call Music! 109" in 2021.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The first "Now" was released on 28 November 1983 and featured 30 UK hit singles from that year on a double vinyl LP or cassette. Although the compilation of recent hit songs into a single release was not a new concept (K-tel and Ronco, for example, had been issuing various-artist compilations for some years), this was the first time that two major record labels had collaborated on such a venture. Virgin agreed to a deal with EMI, which allowed a greater number of major hits to be included (the first album in the series included a total of "eleven number ones" on its sleeve). The album went to number one, and soon after, CBS/WEA's "The Hits Album" adopted a similar format to "Now!". The two series co-existed for the rest of the 1980s, and when Universal (formerly PolyGram from "Now 8" in 1986 through to "Now 42" in 1999) joined the collaboration, the "Now!" series was more successful commercially. The "Out Now" series by MCA and Chrysalis was also established as a rival to the series, but was short-lived and lasted only two volumes.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: By 1989, "Now", "Hits", and other various-artist compilation albums were occupying such a large fraction of the UK Albums Chart that a separate UK Compilation Chart was created to restrict the Albums Chart to releases by a single act.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The rate of release settled very quickly to three per year: one release around late March/early April, another around late July and a third around late November. Over a hundred "main series" (not including spin-off and special edition) albums have been released to date. The UK series has followed a double-album format throughout the series (many other foreign franchises of the "Now!" series are only released on one disc), now exploiting the capacity of the CD to include between 40 and 46 tracks over two discs. Since November 2005 ("Now That's What I Call Music! 62"), the "Now!" series have only been released on CD and digital download formats. Previously, the series had been available on vinyl, cassette and MiniDisc, until these formats declined in popularity.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: Peter Duckworth and Steve Pritchard have been managing the Now! brand since "NOW 17". Mark Goodier has voiced the "Now!" adverts since "Now That's What I Call Music! 21" in 1992, when he worked for BBC Radio 1, with the exception of "Now That's What I Call Music! 95" in 2016, which was voiced by Matt Edmondson due to Goodier suffering a stroke around that time. Ashley Abram of Box Music compiled the albums from "Now That's What I Call Music II" in 1984 through to "Now That's What I Call Music! 81" in 2012. Jenny Fisher took over as the compiler beginning with "Now That's What I Call Music! 82".


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: On 23 October 2013, the NOW Music television channel was launched in the UK. Targeting a broad age group, the channel used to play current popular music in the daytime and hits from its 30-year back catalogue in the evenings. It was renamed to Now 80s on 27 December 2016. Its success has led to two more branded channels exploring decades, Now 90s on 27 December 2017, replacing Chilled TV, and Now 70s on 27 December 2019, replacing Total Country.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The most successful volume to date is 1999's "Now That's What I Call Music! 44", which sold 2.3 million copies and remains the biggest-selling various artists compilation album in the UK. 2008's "Now That's What I Call Music! 70" sold 383,002 units in the first week of sales, the biggest ever first week sale of any "Now" album.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: As of mid April 2022, the most featured artists are Robbie Williams with 30 singles, and Kylie Minogue who also features 30 singles. Followed by Calvin Harris 29, David Guetta with 28, Rihanna with 27, Katy Perry with 22 and Girls Aloud with 21. This does not include any uncredited appearances in groups or on charity records.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: Although the albums started out on only vinyl records and cassette tapes, the formats on which the albums have been released have changed over the years:


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: In addition to the main "Now That's What I Call Music" series, there have been a number of spin-off compilations in the UK using the name, including:


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The record labels which make up the UK series have changed over the years but have always been controlled by EMI and Virgin Records, although Virgin Records' logo was last featured on "Now! 74" as the companies became merged. The current entity controlling the series is Now That's What I Call Music LLP, a joint venture between Sony Music and Universal's EMI label (the old EMI/Virgin/PolyGram bloc).


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: Volume one was released in 1984 (a year after the original UK series launched). "Now 50", released in November 2008, was issued as a double CD in commemoration of 25 years of "Now!" albums in South Africa, and double compact discs are every 3 albums through Now 80 released in November 2018 as the series switched to 2 in 2019, then one in 2020, the most recent Now Album to include a double disc was Now 83 this was also the last physical album to be released as further volumes are only available on streaming platforms. As of 2 September 2005, there has also been a "Now" DVD series.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: This edition was released in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand etc. The first Asian "Now That's What I Call Music!" was released in 1995.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The series is often called "Now Asia" since "Now 1" and "Now 2" are from EMI Hong Kong, "Now 3" and "Now 4" are from EMI Malaysia, "Now 7" is from EMI Taiwan and "Now 5", "Now 6" and "Now 8" are from EMI Asia. The Indonesian versions of the albums are slightly different from the Asian ones.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: EMI Asia has also released "Now Dance" (2000), "Now The Essential Collection" (2003), "Now +" volume 1 (2004) and "Now +" volume 2 (2005).


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: Following its introduction in China, the "Now!" series has enjoyed great success, with a new compilation released approximately every three to four months. Each album contains current and recent hit singles from Chinese artists signed to EMI or Polydor, and from British and Australian pop acts such as Kylie Minogue, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Sugababes or Robbie Williams.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: "Now" has been seen in Israel, starting in 1999. The first three albums are double discs. "Now 4" was the first single disc and the rest in the series are also single disc.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: "Now" started in South Korea on 22 March 2015. The first three albums were double discs, under the name "Now That's What I Call K-Pop".


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: "Now Hity" is the Czech version of the "Now That's What I Call Music!" series. Originally branded under the main family name, it was changed to "Now Hity" later in the run. There have also been spin-offs like "Now! 2006".


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: "Now Music" is a Danish record label set up especially to release "Now That's What I Call Music!" albums in Denmark. As well as the "Now" regular series as of November 2007 they are up to the nineteenth release. There have also been spin-offs including "Now Big Hits", "Now Christmas", "Now Summer", "Now Clubbing", "Now Dance" and "Now Hip Hop".


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: Robbie Williams is the artist to be featured the most times in the regular Danish "Now" series, just as he also is in the UK "Now!" series. He has appeared ten times in the Danish series.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The first Finnish "Now That's What I Call Music" was released in 2003 where it replace the "Absolute Hits" series. The albums are released as double discs. There have also been spin-offs including "Now That's What I Call Music Pop Hits" and "Now That's What I Call Dance Music".


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: In France the "Now" series is called "Now! Hits Référence". There have been released "Now! Hits Référence" 1-7 and "Now! Hits Référence" 2005, 2006 and 2007.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: In Greece the "Now" series is called "Now: Αυτά Είναι Τα Hits Σήμερα!" ("Now These Are the Hits Today!"). "Now 1" was released in 2002 and "Now 2010" was released in 2009. In 2015 (early summer), "Now" "that's what i call music 2015" was released as a follow-up to the compilation series. There have also been released some "Now Dance" albums in Greece.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The "Now" series started in the Netherlands back in 1984 as "Now This Is Music" and a couple of spin-offs, such as "Now Dance", a Christmas compilation ("Now This Is Xmas") and several year-end compilations. The series ran from 1984 to 1989, ending with its 11th installment. The series was released on the EVA label, a joint venture of the Dutch branches of EMI, Sony and Ariola (later: BMG Ariola, a subsidiary of BMG/Warner Music Group). A second series under the same title started in 1997, but only two albums were released.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The Norwegian series of "Now That's What I Call Music!" is a joint venture by the Norwegian branches of Universal Music, Sony Music, EMI Music and Warner Music. Prior to 2009 they released two independent series called "" by EVA Records (EMI and Warner Music) and "" (Sony Music Entertainment AS and Universal Music Group AS).


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The "Now" series in Portugal is a joint-venture between the three major international publishers present in Portugal – EMI, Sony and Universal. In 2010, it was announced that total sales of the series, not counting the extra editions, topped one million copies in Portugal. Through Volume 21 of the series, the multi-volume sets have included 414 national and international artists and a total of 787 different songs, ranking in an impressive four gold and 19 platinum records.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The first album released in Portugal was "NOW 99" and released by EMI on 2 December 1999. From the "Now 2" through "Now 21", the compilation was always done on a rotation system among the three music companies. In addition to these volumes, the series includes six dance editions, a DVD and the tenth anniversary commemorative edition, "NOW 10 ANOS", released by EMI in December 2009. On 26 April 2010, "Now Mix 2010" was released, which includes dance versions of popular songs in a non-stop mix format..


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: "Now" has also been seen in Spain under the name of "Now Esto sí es música" ("Now This "Is" Music"). The original series included six releases from 1984 to 1989. The compilation album is released as a double CD album. Later the series started over with "Now Esto Es Música 1", which included songs from artists like Juanes, Enrique Iglesias, George Michael, Sheryl Crow, Tiziano Ferro, Alex Ubago, Las Ketchup and U2. "Now Esto Es Música 2003" has also been released. But due to the lukewarm success, no more albums were released since 2004.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: However, in late 2009, EMI Music released the album "Now Dance" in Spain, which contains all the biggest dance hits in Spain during 2009, including Lady Gaga, David Guetta featuring Kelly Rowland, The Black Eyed Peas and Katy Perry, among others.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The first installment of the product line into Canada was released in 1988. The second installment of the product line was released in 1995. Beginning with the second installment of the series, repertoire was licensed from Universal, Warner and EMI. Songs from Sony and BMG was not included on any editions of the series in Canada. Since the second installment of the series, Universal, Warner and EMI have formed a joint venture together and generally take turns to release the series. From the years of 1996 to 2009 the series released an annual compilation usually in the late summer months. However, beginning with "Now 15", there have been two editions each year which usually take place in early winter and late summer.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: "Now" has also been seen in Mexico, with at least ten releases. The track listings on the Mexican albums are only slightly different from those of the Argentine ones.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The series of "Now!" albums was brought to the United States in 1998 by Bob Mercer. The most recent album in the series, "Now That's What I Call Music! 84", was released on October 28, 2022.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: Collectively, the "Now!" compilations’ have sold extremely well in the U.S. Each of the first 29 volumes has received at least a platinum certification, and 18 albums from the series have reached number one on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart, more than any individual recording artist except the Beatles. However, recent releases have not sold as well, with "Now That's What I Call Music! 77" selling only an estimated 7,500 copies in its first week, compared to the 621,000 copies "Now! 7" sold in its debut week in July 2001.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The most successful album in the series to date is Now That's What I Call Music! 5, which was certified 4× Platinum by the RIAA in 2000.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: As of "Now! 84", a total of 984 acts have featured in the main-series catalog, along with 1,714 tracks. The most U.S. "Now!" albums appeared on by an independent artist is a tie between Katy Perry and Taylor Swift, who both currently have 24. The compiler of albums in the U.S. (since volume 4) is Jeff Moskow.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: Of the years, various "special edition" "Now!" albums have been released, such as "Now Esto Es Musica! Latino," "Now That's What I Call Motown, and Now That's What I Call the 1990s," to name a few. Later editions since volume 32 in 2009 have included bonus "Now What's Next" tracks by not-yet-fully-established artists at the expense of additional hit songs. More recently, the "Now" brand has been introduced to streaming services such as Spotify.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: The Australian series is a single disc edition and began in 2002, as a replacement for the long-running "100% Hits" brand. The series is a joint venture between EMI Music Australia and Warner Music Australia.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: "Now 01" appeared in July of that year, followed by "Now 02" in time for Christmas 2002. 2003's "Now 03" came with a bonus DVD; the first standalone DVD release ("Now Vision 2004") appeared the following year.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: "Now 08" was the last of this series however a second series took over this time with seasons instead of volumes for example "Now Winter 2005", "Now Spring 2005". "Now Summer 2014" was the last in the second series, on the third series the season was dropped and instead the year and volume is used for example "Now 2014 Vol.1", "Now 2019 Vol.1" was the last in the series.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: In 2006 the "Now Summer 2007" was the first double disc edition in the Australian series. In 1994, four albums were released, all with the title "Now That's What I Call Music - 100%" then "Dance", "Ballad", "Rap" or "Alternate".


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: "Now That's What I Call Music!" has released 61 physical albums since 1997, the latest one released July 2020 and further albums were released on streaming platforms only. The series is compiled in co-ordination with New Zealand's top record companies. The series is one of the highest selling compilations in New Zealand music history (RIANZ) with multi-platinum album sales. Prior to this, there was an unrelated "Now That's What I Call Music Series" by Warner Bros. Records which only released three albums from 1992 to 1993.


title: Now That's What I Call Music!

text: "Now" has been seen in Argentina, with at least nine releases. The track listings on the Argentine "Now" albums are only slightly different from those of the Mexican ones.


title: LMDh

text: An LMDh (Le Mans Daytona h) is a type of sports prototype race car that will compete alongside Le Mans Hypercar entries in the Grand Touring Prototype (GTP) class of the IMSA SportsCar Championship from 2023. It also competes in the Hypercar class of the FIA World Endurance Championship.


title: LMDh

text: The LMDh ruleset was created jointly by the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) and the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO). The cars will serve as the successor to the Daytona Prototype International class, utilising regulations that were planned to become the next-generation Daytona Prototype International ruleset, converged with the Le Mans Hypercar ruleset.


title: LMDh

text: The FIA World Motor Sport Council allowed LMDh cars to participate in the 2022 WEC season on a race-by-race basis, "to ensure the seamless introduction" in 2023.


title: LMDh

text: Following the FIA World Endurance Championship's transition to a winter calendar in 2018, IMSA announced in January 2018, that it would extend the homologation periods for LMP2, DPi and GTE-spec machinery in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship by an additional year. This would delay the homologation periods in the championship by roughly six months, which necessitated the homologation extension from IMSA. As such, the DPi and LMP2 cars, which were originally confirmed for a four-year period through 2020, would now be eligible for competition until at least the end of the 2021 season. Despite calls from manufacturers to retain the DPi platform and regulations for the 2022 season, then-IMSA President Scott Atherton announced that IMSA was looking at other options beyond a further extension to the life of the DPi platform.


title: LMDh

text: On May 6 2019, IMSA announced that the next generation DPi ruleset, known as DPi 2.0 would be an evolution based on the current LMP2-based platform, featuring Hybrid technology from a single supplier, with supply voltage being unconfirmed. A few days later, IMSA's VP of Competition Simon Hodgson stated that the next-generation DPi regulations would be expected to feature increased styling measures, by opening up more areas where manufacturers were able to add styling cues. Hodgson also indicated that the enlarged scope for styling cues may also come alongside regulations that dictated minimum level of styling required from each manufacturer.


title: LMDh

text: On June 24 2019, it was revealed that IMSA had held discussions with manufacturers regarding the incorporation of hybrid technology in the next-generation DPi ruleset, with manufacturers on the DPi 2.0 steering committee divided over the level electrification in the hybrid systems. Electrification concepts proposed included high and low-voltage systems of varying costs. A further meeting held in late June saw a 400-volt system, providing in the range of 70-90 kW (90-120 hp) of electric power emerge as the leading electrification option. However, despite 400-volt systems having emerged as the leading option in June, it was revealed in September that discussions had yet to reach any form of consensus, although it was agreed that manufacturers could build their own hybrid systems.


title: LMDh

text: Following the 2019 "Super Sebring" weekend which saw the 2019 12 Hours of Sebring held on the same weekend as the inaugural 1000 Miles of Sebring, WEC CEO Gerard Neveu revealed the possibility of DPi becoming included as part of the "Hypercar" regulations, with the integration of DPis depending on the performance levels of both platforms. On July 31, 2019, FIA World Endurance Championship CEO Gerard Neveu revealed that an active effort was underway between the ACO and IMSA technical departments to seek similar performance targets between Hypercar and DPi 2.0, which would allow for both platforms to eventually crossover and compete head to head.


title: LMDh

text: On November 11, 2019, WEC's sole LMP1 manufacturer Toyota stated it would be open for DPi integration into the FIA World Endurance Championship's top class, on the condition it would not hinder the Japanese manufacturer from displaying its hybrid technology. Shortly after the release of the LMH Technical regulations, McLaren announced it would not be considering a LMH programme, and instead called for DPi to be brought into the WEC, with McLaren Racing CEO Zak Brown stating that a LMH programme was unviable for the British manufacturer, calling for steep reduction in costs. Ford and Porsche expressed similar sentiments, calling for convergence between LMH and DPi.


title: LMDh

text: On 15 January 2020, Toyota Racing Development president and general manager David Wilson expressed support for convergence between both platforms, stating that convergence of the 2 platforms would serve as a compelling reason for Lexus to launch a DPi programme.


title: LMDh

text: On 24 January 2020, ahead of the 2020 24 Hours of Daytona, a joint ACO and IMSA press conference was held at the Daytona International Speedway, where ACO and IMSA announced the new LMDh ruleset. It would supersede the Daytona Prototype International, and was converged with the Le Mans Hypercar regulations. It was planned to first be introduced in Europe starting from September 2021, before having its North American debut in 2022 at the 2022 Rolex 24 at Daytona.


title: LMDh

text: Despite initial plans to allow manufacturers to build their own hybrid systems, this was scrapped in the draft LMDh regulations released in May, in favour of a spec 50hp hybrid system. The draft regulations stated that a car weight of 1030 kg, 500 kW peak of combined power from engine and hybrid system, a single bodywork package, a single tyre supplier, alongside a global Balance of Performance system to balance out LMDh and LMH cars.


title: LMDh

text: The gearbox hybrid system will be supplied by Xtrac with an integrated motor generator unit supplied by Bosch and batteries from Williams Advanced Engineering. The chassis suppliers will be Dallara, Ligier, Multimatic and Oreca. IMSA has said it will refer to the class as GTP, in reference to the 1980s category.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: The Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry is a rivalry between London-based professional association football clubs Arsenal Football Club and Chelsea Football Club. Arsenal play their home games at the Emirates Stadium, while Chelsea play their home games at Stamford Bridge.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: Overall, Arsenal have won more games in the rivalry's history, having won 81 times to Chelsea's 66, with 59 draws (as of 6 November 2022). Arsenal's record win was a 5–1 victory in a First Division match at Stamford Bridge on 29 November 1930. Chelsea's record win was a 6–0 victory at Stamford Bridge in the Premier League on 22 March 2014. Didier Drogba holds the mark for the most derby goals with 13 in all competitions.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: The clubs have contested five major finals: the 2002 FA Cup Final, which Arsenal won 2–0, the 2007 League Cup Final, which Chelsea won 2–1, the 2017 FA Cup Final, which Arsenal won 2–1, the 2019 Europa League Final, which Chelsea won 4–1, and the 2020 FA Cup Final, which Arsenal won 2–1.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: While they never considered each other primary rivals, as two of the biggest and most successful clubs in London there has always been strong needle between the fans dating back to the 1930s. Matches between them would often attract large attendances.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: The Arsenal and Chelsea rivalry has been more recently considered an important derby, after Chelsea's rise to the top class of the Premier League in the 2000s, when the two started to compete constantly for the Premier League title.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: According to an internet survey of fans in December 2003, the Arsenal fans who responded to the survey said that they considered Chelsea as their third rival, after Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: Those Chelsea fans who responded to the survey said that they considered Arsenal as their main rival, however Tottenham and Fulham are their more traditional rivals.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: In a 2008 survey by the Football Fans Census, Arsenal fans named Chelsea as the club they disliked the most, ahead of their traditional rivals Tottenham. Chelsea fans named Arsenal as their second most-disliked club, behind Liverpool. A 2014 Bleacher Report article ranks Arsenal as Chelsea's second-most hated rival.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: The first league meeting between the two teams took place on 9 November 1907 at Stamford Bridge. This was the first Football League First Division game played between two London clubs and drew a crowd of 65,000. A match between the clubs at Stamford Bridge in 1935 drew a crowd of 82,905, the second highest recorded attendance for an English league match. They met in two close contested FA Cup semi-finals in the 1950s, with Arsenal winning both times. In the 1960s Chelsea dominated the tie with 14 wins, two draws and just two losses during the decade.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: The two teams have met in the quarter-finals of the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League, with Chelsea winning 3–2 on aggregate to go through to the semi-finals.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: In 2006, the transfer of Ashley Cole from Arsenal to Chelsea further stoked the rivalry, as Cole had been caught meeting Chelsea officials months before.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: The 2007 Football League Cup Final was one of the most noted incidents. The game was marred by a fracas involving Frank Lampard, Cesc Fàbregas and others that resulted in yellow cards for the two and three other players sent off, the dismissal of Emmanuel Adebayor and incidents of Chelsea fans throwing celery at Arsenal players. This led the media to dub it the "Snarling Cup final". The match ended in a 2–1 victory for Chelsea.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: On 27 December 2010, Chelsea came into the Emirates having beaten Arsenal five times in a row by a goal difference of 13–2, only for Arsenal to win the match 3–1.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: On 29 October 2011, Arsenal won 5–3 at Stamford Bridge after coming from behind twice, with Robin van Persie scoring two late goals and completing his hat-trick. It is widely regarded as one of the most memorable and best games between the two sides.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: On 22 March 2014, in Arsène Wenger's 1,000th game in charge, Chelsea won 6–0. This marked the most goals Chelsea had scored against Arsenal, Chelsea's biggest margin of victory against Arsenal and the joint heaviest margin of defeat suffered by Wenger at Arsenal. Notable incidents in the match included Chelsea jumping out to a three-goal lead inside of 15 minutes, as well as the sending off of Kieran Gibbs by referee Andre Marriner for a handball committed by his teammate Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: On 5 October 2014, Chelsea beat Arsenal 2–0, which meant Arsenal manager Wenger had not won against José Mourinho in twelve attempts. This game also featured former Arsenal captain Cesc Fàbregas playing against his former club for Chelsea for the first time, recording an assist on Diego Costa's goal. The match, however, is most notable for a touchline fracas that occurred between the managers in the technical area during the fierce match. On 2 August 2015, Wenger finally recorded a win against Mourinho, defeating Chelsea 1–0 in the 2015 FA Community Shield.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: On 24 September 2016, Arsenal beat Chelsea 3–0 at the Emirates Stadium. It was the first time Arsenal scored against Chelsea since 2013, and Arsenal's first win over The Blues since 2011 in the Premier League. All three goals were scored in the first half by Alexis Sánchez, Theo Walcott and Mesut Özil. It was Arsenal's biggest win over Chelsea since 1997.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: The two teams have met in the 2017 FA Cup Final, where Arsenal won their record 13th FA Cup trophy by defeating Chelsea 2–1. Arsenal repeated the feat in the 2017 FA Community Shield, winning 4–1 on penalties after the match ended 1–1. It was also the first time the "ABBA" penalty taking system has been used by The Football Association. On 29 May 2019, the two teams met in their first-ever European final, doing so in the Europa League, where Chelsea defeated Arsenal 4–1 to clinch their second title in the competition. The game was also the final career match of Petr Čech, who played for both teams between 2004 and 2019. The next season, Arsenal and Chelsea contested in another FA cup final, which ended in a 2–1 victory for Arsenal with two goals by Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang, securing their 14th title.


title: Arsenal F.C.–Chelsea F.C. rivalry

text: In the 2020–21 Premier League, Arsenal completed their first Premier League "double" over Chelsea since 2003–04 after winning both games of the season.


title: Maria Gladys

text: Gladys was born in the Cachambi neighborhood, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. At the age of three she contracted infantile paralysis and, at fifteen, became pregnant. She moved with her family to the Grajaú neighborhood, where her first son, Glayson, was born; his father was soon to disappear in the world. In the new neighborhood, Gladys knew Erasmo Carlos, Carlos Imperial, Tim Maia and Roberto Carlos, whom she began to date. It was at this time that Gladys became one of the official dancer of the program "Clube do Rock", organized by Carlos Imperial.


title: Maria Gladys

text: In the late 1950s, Gladys decided to do theater and moved with the family to Copacabana, in the south zone of Rio. In 1959, she debuted with the play "O Mambembe" by Arthur Azevedo, in the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro, next to Fernanda Montenegro, Fernando Torres, Sérgio Britto and Ítalo Rossi. At the same time, while studying to be an actress, Gladys became part of the company "Teatro Jovem". In the publicity poster for the play "O Chão dos Penitentes", she appeared with her breasts on display, being considered the first serious actress to show her body. In 1962, she starred in the play "Sétimo Céu", set up by her friend Domingos de Oliveira.


title: Maria Gladys

text: Later, Gladys lived with Betty Faria and shared a house in Vidigal with Leila Diniz. Her mother had died and her father had gone back to the suburbs to raise his grandson. At that time, in 1964, she participated in Ruy Guerra's film "Os Fuzis", which won the Silver Bear in the Berlin Festival was indicated to the Golden Bear.


title: Maria Gladys

text: In TV she participated in important works like in Brilhante, Bandidos da Falange, As Noivas de Copacabana, Hilda Furacão, Um Anjo Caiu do Céu, A Lua Me Disse and Aquele Beijo. But undoubtedly one of her most emblematic characters was that of Lucimar da Silva in Vale Tudo.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: Manitoulin Island is an island in Lake Huron, located within the borders of the Canadian province of Ontario, in the bioregion known as Laurentia. With an area of , it is the largest lake island in the world, large enough that it has over 100 inland lakes itself. In addition to the historic Anishinaabe and European settlement of the island, archaeological discoveries at Sheguiandah have demonstrated Paleo-Indian and Archaic cultures dating from 10,000 BC to 2,000 BC.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: The current name of the island is the English version, via French, of the Ottawa or Ojibwe name "Manidoowaaling" (ᒪᓂᑝᐙᓕᓐᒃ), which means "cave of the spirit". It was named for an underwater cave where a powerful spirit is said to live. By the 19th century, the Odawa "l" was pronounced as "n". The same word with a newer pronunciation is used for the town "Manitowaning" (19th-century Odawa "Manidoowaaning"), which is located on Manitoulin Island near the underwater cave where legend has it that the spirit dwells. The modern Odawa name for Manitoulin Island is "Mnidoo Mnis", meaning "Spirit Island".


title: Manitoulin Island

text: Manitoulin Island contains a number of lakes of its own. In order of size, its three most prominent lakes are Lake Manitou, Lake Kagawong and Lake Mindemoya. These three lakes in turn have islands within them, the largest of these being Lake Mindemoya's Treasure Island, located in the centre of Mindemoya.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: The island is the site of the administrative office of the band government of the Sheshegwaning First Nation.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: The island has an area of , making it the largest freshwater island in the world, the 174th largest island in the world and Canada's 31st largest island.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: The island separates the larger part of Lake Huron to its south and west from Georgian Bay to its east and the North Channel to the north.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: Manitoulin Island itself has 108 freshwater lakes, some of which have their own islands; in turn several of these "islands within islands" have their own ponds. Lake Manitou, at , is the largest lake in a freshwater island in the world, and Treasure Island in Lake Mindemoya is the largest island in a lake on an island in a lake in the world. Motors are prohibited on boats on Nameless Lake.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: The island also has four major rivers: the Kagawong, Manitou River, Blue Jay Creek in Michael's Bay and Mindemoya rivers, which provide spawning grounds for salmon and trout.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: The Manitoulin Streams Improvement Association was formed in 2000 and incorporated in 2007. The organization rehabilitates streams, rivers and creeks on Manitoulin Island to improve water quality and the fisheries resource. The Manitoulin Streams Improvement Association has conducted enhancement strategies for the Manitou River and Blue Jay Creek. The association has rehabilitated 17 major sites on the Manitou River and three major sites on Blue Jay Creek; it has completed work on Bass Lake Creek and Norton's Creek. The organization plans to start work on the Mindemoya River in 2010.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: Although culturally and politically considered part of Northern Ontario, the island is physiographically part of Southern Ontario, an "eastward extension of the Interior Plains, a region characterized by low relief and sedimentary underpinnings". The island consists mainly of dolomite as it is a continuation of the Bruce Peninsula and Niagara Escarpment. This geological rock formation runs south into Niagara Falls and continues into New York. The "Cup and Saucer Trail", which climbs the escarpment, provides a lookout over the island.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: Manitoulin Island experiences a humid continental climate ("Dfb") with moderation from Lake Huron. The island experiences warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters. Manitoulin Island has a comparable climate to Hokkaido, despite being on the same latitude as Lugano, which has a temperate climate. The island is characterized by long stretches of seasonal differences.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: The island has two incorporated towns (Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands and Gore Bay), eight townships (Assiginack, Billings, Burpee and Mills, Central Manitoulin, Dawson, Gordon/Barrie Island, Robinson and Tehkummah) and six Anishinaabe reserves (M'Chigeeng, Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Aundeck Omni Kaning, Wiikwemkoong and Zhiibaahaasing).


title: Manitoulin Island

text: During the summer, the population (12,600 permanent residents) on the island grows by more than a quarter due to tourists coming for boating and other activities in scenic surroundings. The island, along with several smaller neighbouring islands, constitutes the Manitoulin District census division of Ontario.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: Year-round motor-vehicle access to the island is available via the one-lane Little Current Swing Bridge, which crosses the North Channel at Little Current. From late May to early October, a daily passenger-vehicle ferry, the (Ojibwe for "Big Canoe"), travels between Tobermory on the tip of the Bruce Peninsula and South Baymouth. Winter ice prevents ferry service during that season.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: Manitoulin Island's soil is relatively alkaline, which precludes the growth of common Northern Ontario flora such as blueberries, but allows for the island's trademark hawberries. These berries are so distinctive that people born on the island are referred to as "Haweaters". Each year on the August long weekend, the island hosts the Haweater Festival. The festival attracts numerous tourists; it features parades, firework shows, craft shows, and rural competitions such as horse pulls.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: The most common first languages on Manitoulin Island in 2016 were English (80.8%), Ojibwe (11.2%), French (2.8%), German (0.8%), and Odawa (0.8%).


title: Manitoulin Island

text: In 1952 archaeologist Thomas E. Lee discovered Sheguiandah on the island, a prehistoric site. During excavation, he found artefacts of the Paleo-Indian and Archaic periods, dating at least to 10,000 BC and possibly to 30,000 years ago. Additional studies were undertaken by a team he led from the National Museum of Canada in succeeding years. Popular interest in the finds was so high that it contributed to Ontario's passing legislation in 1953 to protect its archaeological sites.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: A team performed excavations again in the early 1990s, applying new methods of analysis from botany and other scientific disciplines. They concluded the site was at least 9500 years old, making it one of the most significant in Ontario.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: Manitoulin means "spirit island" in "Anishinaabemowin" (Ojibwe language). The island is considered sacred by the Native Anishinaabe people, who identify as the "People of the Three Fires." This loose confederation is made up of the Ojibwe, Odawa and Potawatomi tribes.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: The North Channel was part of the route used by the French colonial voyageurs and coureurs des bois to reach Lake Superior. The first known European to settle on the island was Father Joseph Poncet, a French Jesuit, who set up a mission near Wiikwemkoong in 1648. The Jesuits called the island ""Isle de Ste-Marie"." The endemic Eurasian infectious diseases carried by the visitors had a devastating effect on the island's population, as most Natives had no natural immunity to the new diseases. They suffered so many deaths in the ensuing epidemics of smallpox, measles and other diseases, that their societies were disrupted.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: In addition, the Five Nations of the Iroquois began raiding the island and area to try to control the fur trade with the French. As part of what was called the Beaver Wars, the Iroquois drove the Anishinaabe people from the island by 1650. According to Anishinaabe oral tradition, to purify the island from disease, the people burned their settlements as they left. The island was mostly uninhabited for nearly 150 years.


title: Manitoulin Island

text: Native people (Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatomi) began to return to the island following the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States. They ceded the island to the British Crown in 1836; the government set aside the land as a refuge for Natives. In 1838 Jean-Baptiste Proulx re-established a Roman Catholic mission. The Jesuits took over the mission in 1845.