title: First Great Awakening

text: The First Great Awakening led to changes in Americans' understanding of God, themselves, the world around them, and religion. In the southern Tidewater and Low Country, northern Baptist and Methodist preachers converted both white and black people. Some were enslaved at their time of conversion while others were free. Caucasians began to welcome dark-skinned individuals into their churches, taking their religious experiences seriously, while also admitting them into active roles in congregations as exhorters, deacons, and even preachers, although the last was a rarity.


title: First Great Awakening

text: The message of spiritual equality appealed to many enslaved peoples, and, as African religious traditions continued to decline in North America, Black people accepted Christianity in large numbers for the first time.


title: First Great Awakening

text: Evangelical leaders in the southern colonies had to deal with the issue of slavery much more frequently than those in the North. Still, many leaders of the revivals proclaimed that slaveholders should educate enslaved peoples so that they could become literate and be able to read and study the Bible. Many Africans were finally provided with some sort of education.


title: First Great Awakening

text: George Whitefield's sermons reiterated an egalitarian message, but only translated into a spiritual equality for Africans in the colonies who mostly remained enslaved. Whitefield was known to criticize slaveholders who treated enslaved peoples cruelly and those who did not educate them, but he had no intention to abolish slavery. He lobbied to have slavery reinstated in Georgia and proceeded to become a slave holder himself. Whitefield shared a common belief held among evangelicals that, after conversion, slaves would be granted true equality in Heaven. Despite his stance on slavery, Whitefield became influential to many Africans.


title: First Great Awakening

text: Samuel Davies was a Presbyterian minister who later became the fourth president of Princeton University. He was noted for preaching to African enslaved peoples who converted to Christianity in unusually large numbers, and is credited with the first sustained proselytization of enslaved peoples in Virginia. Davies wrote a letter in 1757 in which he refers to the religious zeal of an enslaved man whom he had encountered during his journey. "I am a poor slave, brought into a strange country, where I never expect to enjoy my liberty. While I lived in my own country, I knew nothing of that Jesus I have heard you speak so much about. I lived quite careless what will become of me when I die; but I now see such a life will never do, and I come to you, Sir, that you may tell me some good things, concerning Jesus Christ, and my Duty to GOD, for I am resolved not to live any more as I have done."


title: First Great Awakening

text: Davies became accustomed to hearing such excitement from many Black people who were exposed to the revivals. He believed that Black people could attain knowledge equal to white people if given an adequate education, and he promoted the importance for slaveholders to permit enslaved peoples to become literate so that they could become more familiar with the instructions of the Bible.


title: First Great Awakening

text: The emotional worship of the revivals appealed to many Africans, and African leaders started to emerge from the revivals soon after they converted in substantial numbers. These figures paved the way for the establishment of the first Black congregations and churches in the American colonies. Before the American Revolution, the first black Baptist churches were founded in the South in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia; two Black Baptist churches were founded in Petersburg, Virginia.


title: First Great Awakening

text: The idea of a "great awakening" has been contested by historian Jon Butler as vague and exaggerated. He suggested that historians abandon the term "Great Awakening" because the 18th-century revivals were only regional events that occurred in only half of the American colonies and their effects on American religion and society were minimal. Historians have debated whether the Awakening had a political impact on the American Revolution which took place soon after. Alan Heimert sees a major impact, but most historians think it had only a minor impact.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: Dvapara Yuga ( Dwapara Yuga), in Hinduism, is the third and third best of the four "yugas" (world ages) in a "Yuga Cycle", preceded by "Treta Yuga" and followed by "Kali Yuga". "Dvapara Yuga" lasts for 864,000 years (2,400 divine years).


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: According to the Puranas, this "yuga" ended when Krishna returned to his eternal abode of Vaikuntha. There are only two pillars of religion during the "Dvapara Yuga": compassion and truthfulness. Vishnu assumes the colour yellow and the Vedas are categorized into four parts: "Rig Veda", "Sama Veda", "Yajur Veda" and "Atharva Veda". During these times, the Brahmins are knowledgeable of two or three of these but rarely have studied all the four Vedas thoroughly. Accordingly, because of this categorization, different actions and activities come into existence.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: Yuga (), in this context, means "an age of the world", where its archaic spelling is yug, with other forms of yugam, ', and yuge, derived from yuj (), believed derived from ""' (Proto-Indo-European: 'to join or unite').


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: Dvapara Yuga (), sometimes spelled Dwapara Yuga, means "the age of two", where its length is two times that of "Kali Yuga", and the "Dharma" bull, which symbolizes morality, stands on two legs during this period.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: "Dvapara Yuga" is described in the "Mahabharata", "Manusmriti", "Surya Siddhanta", "Vishnu Smriti", and various Puranas.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: Hindu texts describe four "yugas" (world ages) in a "Yuga Cycle", where, starting in order from the first age of "Krita (Satya) Yuga", each "yuga's" length decreases by one-fourth (25%), giving proportions of 4:3:2:1. Each "yuga" is described as having a main period ( "yuga" proper) preceded by its (dawn) and followed by its (dusk), where each twilight (dawn/dusk) lasts for one-tenth (10%) of its main period. Lengths are given in divine years (years of the gods), each lasting for 360 solar (human) years.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: "Dvapara Yuga", the third age in a cycle, lasts for 864,000 years (2,400 divine years), where its main period lasts for 720,000 years (2,000 divine years) and its two twilights each lasts for 72,000 years (200 divine years). The current cycle's "Dvapara Yuga" has the following dates based on "Kali Yuga", the fourth and present age, starting in 3102BCE:


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: All people in the Dvapara Yuga are desirous of achievement of the scriptural dharma that is prescribed to each class, valiant, courageous and competitive by nature and are engaged only in penance and charity. They are kingly and pleasure-seeking. In this era, the divine intellect ceases to exist, and it is therefore seldom that anyone is wholly truthful. As a result of this life of deceit, people are plagued by ailments, diseases and various types of desires. After suffering from these ailments, people realize their misdeeds and perform penance. Some also organize "yajnas" (sacred fire rituals) for material benefits as well as for divinity.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: In this Yuga, the Brahmanas are involved in "yajnas" (sacred fire rituals), self-study and teaching activities. They attain celestial bliss by engaging in penance, religion, control of senses, and restraint.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: The duties of Kshatriyas are the protection of their subjects. In this era, they are humble and perform their duties by controlling their senses. The Kshatriyas honestly execute all policies of law and order without being angry or cruel. They are devoid of injustice towards the ordinary citizens and consequently attain bliss.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: The king avails the advice of the learned scholars and accordingly maintains law and order in his empire. The king who is addicted to vices will definitely end up defeated. That is why Yudhisthira never got defeated as he had no vices despite being only a Rathi and other kings being Atirathis and Maharathis, some Atimaharathis also. One or two or all from Sāma, Dāna, Danda, Bheda and Upeksha is/are brought into use and help attain the desired. Kings are diligent in maintaining public decorum and order.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: A few of the kings, however, surreptitiously plan a conspiracy along with the scholars. Strong people execute work where execution of policies is involved. The king appoints priests, etc. to perform religious activities, economists and ministers to perform monetary activities, impotents to take care of women, and cruel men to execute heinous activities.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: Vaishyas are mostly landowners and merchants. The duties of Vaishyas are trade and agriculture. Vaishyas attain higher planes through charity and hospitality.


title: Dvapara Yuga

text: The duty of Shudras is to perform tasks that demand highly physical work. Vedas says everyone is a born shudra and with their deeds, they can become a kshatriya, brahmana, or vaishya. For political reasons Shudras had difficulty going up the ranks unless they were extraordinary. Vidura, the famous Prime Minister of Hastinapura was born in the Shudra community and attained the status of a Brahmin due to his wisdom, righteousness, and learning.


title: Ummah

text: It is a synonym for ' (, 'the Islamic community'); it is commonly used to mean the collective community of Islamic people. In the Quran the ummah typically refers to a single group that shares common religious beliefs, specifically those that are the objects of a divine plan of salvation. In the context of pan-Islamism and politics, the word ' can be used to mean the concept of a "Commonwealth of the Muslim Believers" ( "").


title: Ummah

text: The word "ummah" (pl. "umam") means nation in Arabic. For example, the Arabic term for the United Nations is "الأمم المتحدة Al-Umam Al-Mutahedah", and the term "الأمة العربية Al-Ummah Al-Arabeyah" is used to refer to "the Arab Nation".


title: Ummah

text: The word "ummah" differs from the concept of a country or people. In its greater context it is used to describe a larger group of people. For example, in Arabic the word شعب "sha'ab" ("people") would be used to describe the citizens of Turkey. However, the term "ummah" is used to describe the Turkic peoples as a whole, which includes Turkey as well as the entire Turkish diaspora.


title: Ummah

text: The phrase ' in the Quran (, "One Nation") refers to all the Islamic world as it existed at the time. The Quran says: "You [Muslims] are the best nation brought out for Mankind, commanding what is righteous ( ', lit. "recognized [as good]") and forbidding what is wrong ( ", lit. "recognized [as evil]")" [3:110].


title: Ummah

text: The usage is further clarified by the Constitution of Medina, an early document said to have been negotiated by Muhammad in CE 622 with the leading clans of Medina, which explicitly refers to Jewish, Christians


title: Ummah

text: At the time of Muhammad, before the conception of the ummah, Arab communities were typically governed by kinship. In other words, the political ideology of the Arabs centred on tribal affiliations and blood-relations. In the midst of a tribal society, the religion of Islam emerged and along with it the concept of the ummah. The ummah emerged according to the idea that a messenger or prophet has been sent to a community. Unlike earlier messengers, who had been sent to various communities in the past (as can be found among the Prophets in the Old Testament), Muhammad sought to develop an ummah that was universal and not only for Arabs. Muhammad saw his purpose as the transmission of a divine message and the leadership of the Islamic community. Islam sees Muhammad as the messenger to the ummah, transmitting a divine message, and implying that God is directing the life affairs of the ummah. Accordingly, the purpose of the ummah was to be based on religion by following the commands of God, rather than kinship.


title: Ummah

text: Immediately after Muhammad's death in 632, Caliphates were established and the Shia emerged. Caliphates were Islamic states under the leadership of a political successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. These polities developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.


title: Ummah

text: There are 62 instances in which the term "ummah" is mentioned in the Qur'an, and they almost always refer to ethical, linguistic, or religious bodies of people who are subject to the divine plan of salvation. The meaning of the term appears to transform throughout the chronology of the Qur'an. When it is first used in the Qur'an, it is hardly distinguishable from the term "qawm", which can be translated to 'people'. The Qur'an recognizes that each ummah has a messenger that has been sent to relay a divine message to the community and that all ummahs await God's ultimate judgment. Although the meaning of the ummah begins simply with a general application of the word, it gradually develops to reference a general religious community and then evolves to specifically refer to the Muslim community. Before it referred exclusively to Muslims, the ummah encompassed Jewish and Christian communities as one with the Muslims and referred to them as the People of the Book. That is supplemented by the Constitution of Medina which declares all members of the ummah, regardless of religion, to be of "one ummah". In those passages of the Qur'an, "ummah" may be referring to a unity of mankind through the shared beliefs of the monotheistic religions. However, Denny points out that the most recent ummah that receives a messenger from God is the Arab ummah. As the Muslims became stronger during their residence in Medina, the Arab ummah narrowed into an ummah exclusively for Muslims. That is evidenced by the resacralisation of the Kaaba and Muhammad's command to take a pilgrimage to Mecca, along with the redirection of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca. The period in which the term is used most often is within the Third Meccan Period, followed by the Medinian Period. The extensive use of the term during both time periods indicates that Muhammad had begun to arrive at the concept of the ummah to specify the genuine Muslim community. Furthermore, the early Meccan passages generally equate "ummah" as religion, but in the Medinan passages refer more specifically to the relations of "ummah" and religion. The final passage that refers to "ummah" in the Qur'an refers to the Muslims as the "best community" and accordingly led to it being as an exclusive reference to Islam.


title: Ummah

text: A verse in the Qur'an also mentions the "ummah" in the context of all of the messengers and that their ummah (nation) of theirs is one, and God is their Lord entirely:


title: Ummah

text: Initially it did not appear that the new Muslim community would oppose the tribes that already existed in Mecca. The first Muslims did not need to make a break with traditional Quraysh customs since the vision for the new community included moral norms that were not unfamiliar to the tribal society of Mecca. However, what distinguished this community from the tribes was its focus of the place of those morals within a person's life.


title: Ummah

text: After Muhammad and the first converts to Islam were forced to leave Mecca, the community was welcomed in Medina by the Ansar, a group of Pagans who had converted to Islam. Despite Medina already being occupied by numerous Jewish and polytheistic tribes, the arrival of Muhammad and his followers provoked no opposition from Medina's residents. Upon arriving in Medina, Muhammad established the Constitution of Medina with the various tribal leaders in order to form the Meccan immigrants and the Medinan residents into a single community, the ummah. Rather than limiting members of the ummah to a single tribe or religious affiliation as had been the case when the ummah first developed in Mecca, the Constitution of Medina ensured that the ummah was composed of a variety of people and beliefs essentially making it to be supra-tribal. Islamic historian, Tabari, suggested that Muhammad's initial intentions upon arriving in Medina was to establish a mosque, however this is unlikely Tabari also claimed that Muhammad observed the first Friday prayer in Medina. It occurred on Friday because Friday served as a market day in Medina to enable Jews to observe the sabbath. Membership to the ummah was not restricted to adhering to the Muslim faith but rather encompassed all of the tribes as long as they vowed to recognize Muhammad as the community and political figure of authority. The Constitution of Medina declared that the Jewish tribes and the Muslims from Medina formed 'one ummah.' It is possible that the Medinan ummah was purely secular (compared to the later transformation of the ummah in Mecca) due to its variety of beliefs and practices of its members. The purpose of the Constitution of Medina was to uphold political obligations and social relations between the various tribes. The community members in Medina, although not derived from the same faith, were committed to each other through a desire to defend the common good of the community. In other words, the community was united according to preserve its shared interests. The people of other religious beliefs, particularly those that are considered to be "People of the Book" were granted the special protection of God through the dhimmah contract. These other religious groups were guaranteed security by God and Muhammad because of their common religious history as being the "People of the Book." The dhimmah served as a sort of alliance between Muslims and non-Muslims. In the earlier treaties of the dhimmah, both groups were viewed as equal in status and both were obligated to help the other. However, in later treaties, after Islam had gained more power throughout Arabia, the dhimmah was perceived as the fulfilment of the religious duties of Muslims along with the payment of zakat. With the new contract of dhimmah, non-Muslims' protection by God and Muhammad became dependent on their payment.


title: Ummah

text: The Constitution of Medina is a document created by Muhammad to regulate social and political life in Medina. It deals with various tribal issues such as the organization and leadership of the participating tribal groups, warfare, blood money, ransom of captives, and war expenditures. It is at the beginning of the document that the Muslims from the Quraysh (those from Mecca) and the Muslims from Yathrib (those from Medina) are declared to be an ummah or one community. The word ummah appears again when the document refers to the treaty of the Jews and states that the Yahūd Banī ' Awf, or Jews, are an ummah that exists alongside the ummah of the Muslims or may be included in the same ummah as the Muslims. The document does state that the Jews who join the Muslims will receive aid and equal rights. In addition, the Jews will be guaranteed security from the Muslims, and are granted to maintain their own religion just as the Muslims will maintain theirs. This implies that the ummah is not strictly a religious community in Medina. The Constitution of Medina lists the various Medinan tribes derived from the Aws and Khazraj as well as the several Jewish tribes that are granted to keep their tribal organization and leadership. The document also reveals that each group, the Muslims and the Jews, is responsible for its own finances except during time of war, when the two are able to share expenses.


title: Ummah

text: After the Muslim takeover of Mecca, membership in the ummah required a commitment to Islam. This happened as a result of Islam beginning to distinguish itself not just from Paganism but also Judaism and Christianity by emphasizing a model of community based on Abraham. The membership of the ummah was now based on two main principles; the first is to worship God alone and secondly, in order to worship God properly one must be in a guided community.


title: Ummah

text: The essentials of the new society were the new relations between human beings and God and between human beings and one another. The society was held together by the Prophet. Feuding among Muslim clans was forbidden. Muhammad's community was designed to transform the world itself through action in the world.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: The Goalkeeper CIWS is a Dutch close-in weapon system ("SEE-wiz") introduced in 1979. It is an autonomous and completely automatic weapon system for short-range defence of ships against highly manoeuvrable missiles, aircraft and fast-manoeuvering surface vessels. Once activated the system automatically undertakes the entire air defence process from surveillance and detection to destruction, including the selection of the next priority target.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: Hollandse Signaalapparaten B.V., in short Hollandse Signaal or Signaal (now Thales Nederland) began work on the Goalkeeper in 1975, developing it around the GAU-8 gun. A prototype, the EX-83, was first demonstrated to the Royal Netherlands Navy in 1979.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: In 2012, the Dutch ministry of defense announced that the Goalkeeper systems in use by the Netherlands Navy will receive radar upgrades, mechanical improvements, new high-precision frangible ammunition and a new electro-optical tracking system. Also, the system's surface model will be improved to counter high-speed boats and fast attack craft. These upgrades will make the system more capable to defend ships against the latest threats such as modern anti-ship missiles, more effective in littoral environments and less vulnerable to malfunctions. It also expands the life of the system to at least 2025. The first of 16 systems will be upgraded and tested by Thales Nederland, the others at the naval base in Den Helder. The upgrade has been named the Upkeep Modification.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: The development of the Upkeep Modification did not go smoothly. The costs associated with the upgrade rose 700,000 euro above the planned budget in 2015, and led to a loss for Thales Nederland in that year. Nonetheless, by 2016 the first upgrade was completed and placed aboard the HNLMS Evertsen for testing purposes. The newly upgraded Goalkeeper system brings numerous improvements and additions to the system. Among these are new color and infrared cameras, a new control panel, new software and computers, and the ability to let several Goalkeeper systems work with each other simultaneously.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: In March 2018 the upgraded "Goalkeeper CIWS" passed the sea acceptance trial flawlessly. The Upkeep Modification is meant to bring the performance of the Goalkeeper system once again to the highest operational status, in correspondence with the Royal Netherlands Navy’s ambition to optimally protect its crew and ships during overseas deployments.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: The Goalkeeper has two radar sub-systems, one to find threats and another to track and engage them, which operate together to identify and prioritise targets and engage the highest priority one.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: The 2D I band search radar, which can handle up to 18 targets at once, generates a threat picture which the gun system uses to identify and prioritize threats. The system has identify friend or foe (IFF) functionality to rule out friendly traces. The tracking radar operates in both I band and K band to enable quick acquisition on the threat bearing. Data from both the I band and K band return signals indicate target range and can be used to identify, and respond to the use of, electronic countermeasures (ECM). The dual-band system also reduces the effect of clutter, which can mask the target at low altitude. A camera system on the assembly provides a visual fall-back for the system operator.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: The GAU-8/A Avenger 30 mm, also used by the A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft, was selected for the system. The 30x173mm cartridge has a greater projectile mass than the 20x102mm cartridge fired by the Phalanx CIWS M61 Vulcan, so it provides much greater destructive power and significantly increased range with similar muzzle velocity.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: The 30x173mm MPDS cartridge has a discarding nylon sleeve (sabot) with a 21 mm sub-calibre tungsten penetrator. The nylon sabot provides a seal between penetrator and barrel and reduces wear.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: Supersonic missiles that are damaged may still have enough momentum to hit the ship—the only way to ensure the protection of the ship is either to detonate the warhead of the missile or obliterate the missile.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: The system's reaction time to a Mach 2 sea-skimming missile such as the Russian SS-N-22 Sunburn from automatic detection to kill is reported to be 5.5 seconds with the firing synchronized to start the engagement at a range of 1,500 m and ending with a kill at 300 m.


title: Goalkeeper CIWS

text: Goalkeeper's capabilities have been proven many times during sea-going trials. During live-fire exercises, many different targets including Harpoons, Exocets and target drones were shot down by Goalkeeper. During anti-piracy operations off the coast of Somalia the system destroyed several pirate boats and skiffs that had been seized by the Royal Netherlands Navy.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: The 2018 Ontario general election was held on June 7, 2018, to elect the 124 members of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario. The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, led by Doug Ford, won 76 of the 124 seats in the legislature and formed a majority government. The Ontario New Democratic Party, led by Andrea Horwath, formed the Official Opposition. The Ontario Liberal Party, led by incumbent Premier Kathleen Wynne, lost official party status in recording both the worst result in the party's 161-year history and the worst result for any incumbent governing party in Ontario. The Green Party of Ontario won a seat for the first time in their history, while the Trillium Party of Ontario lost its single seat gained by a floor-crossing during the 41st Parliament.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: The "Electoral Boundaries Act, 2015" increased the number of electoral districts from 107 to 122, following the boundaries set out by the federal 2013 Representation Order for Ontario, while preserving the special boundaries of the 11 seats in Northern Ontario set out in the 1996 redistribution.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: The Far North Electoral Boundaries Commission, appointed in 2016, recommended the creation of the additional districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk—James Bay, carved out from the existing Kenora—Rainy River and Timmins—James Bay ridings, which accordingly raised the total number of seats to 124. This was implemented through the "Representation Statute Law Amendment Act, 2017".


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: The new districts have been criticized as undemocratic, as they have a population of around 30,000 people compared with over 120,000 people in some southern Ontario constituencies. "National Post" columnist Josh Dehaas suggested that the small population sizes of the ridings might violate the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: In September 2017, a research firm analyzed the impact of redistribution if the boundaries had been in effect for the previous election.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: Under legislation passed in 2005, Ontario elections were to be held on "the first Thursday in October in the fourth calendar year following polling day in the most recent general election", subject to the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario's power to call an election earlier. As the current government had a majority, the passage of a non-confidence motion was not a likely option for calling an early election, though Premier Kathleen Wynne stated in June 2015 that she would likely advise to dissolve the Legislature in spring 2018 rather than in October of that year in order to avoid any conflict with municipal elections and take advantage of better weather and longer days.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: To put this on a statutory footing, in October 2016 Attorney General of Ontario Yasir Naqvi introduced a bill in the Legislative Assembly which, in part, included moving the election date to "the first Thursday in June in the fourth calendar year following polling day in the most recent general election", and it came into effect in December 2016.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: The Ontario Liberal Party attempted to win their fifth consecutive general election, dating back to 2003. The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario won their first election since 1999, and the Ontario New Democratic Party attempted to win their second election (having previously won in 1990). Numerous other extra-parliamentary political parties also vied for votes.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: The Liberals under Kathleen Wynne headed into the 2018 campaign trailing far behind the Progressive Conservatives, led by former Toronto City Councillor Doug Ford. The Liberals' standing with voters had been badly hurt when they partially privatized Hydro One in 2015, after campaigning against it in the 2014 election, as well as rising criticism over "ballooning provincial debt, high electricity prices and costly, politically expedient decisions". In early April, the CBC published their analysis of aggregate polls showing that Ford and the Progressive Conservatives were ahead of the other parties averaging 42.1% support, compared to 27.2% for the governing Liberals, 23.4% for the NDP and 5.7% for the Greens and with 11 Liberal MPPs announcing they would not be running for re-election or having already resigned their seats in the months leading up to the election.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: According to Wynne, voters were offered a "stark choice", between "cutting and removing supports from people" with "billions in cuts", which she alleged the Progressive Conservatives would do if they won the election, and expanding investments in social programs such as prescription drugs and childcare, which the Liberal platform promised.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: In March 2018, the Liberals tabled a pre-election budget in the provincial legislature which promised billions of dollars in new spending for free childcare and expanded coverage for dental care but replaced the government's previous balanced budget with a $6.7 billion deficit projected to last until 2024–2025. PC leader Doug Ford called the budget a "spending spree".


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: According to "Toronto Star" columnist Susan Delacourt, voters were motivated by a desire for changesuch desire being more driven by emotion than by ideologyand one researcher estimated that more than half of the electorate was undecided in who they were likely to vote for. The "Huffington Post" reported that half of voters were basing their vote intentions on how best to block the party they oppose.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: In February 2018, Campaign Research conducted a gap analysis on voter intentions in Ontario, and determined the following:


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: In February 2018, the PC leadership overturned the nomination of candidates Karma Macgregor in Ottawa West—Nepean and Thenusha Parani in Scarborough Centre because of irregularities and allegations of ballot stuffing at their nomination meetings. Both candidates denied these claims. The nomination meetings were reorganized, and both candidates lost the nomination at those meetings. However, the PC leadership decided not to overturn the nomination meeting's result in Hamilton West—Ancaster—Dundas, where a similar situation took place, because of an ongoing police investigation on this situation.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: In March 2018, the NDP nominated Lyra Evans as their candidate in Ottawa—Vanier. Evans was the first openly transgender candidate nominated by a major party to run in an Ontario general election.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: Elections Ontario used electronic vote tabulator machines from Dominion Voting Systems for counting the ballots. Tabulators were deployed at 50 per cent of polling stations at a cost of . This election was the first time Ontario used vote counting machines for a provincial election, although tabulators have been used in Ontario civic elections for more than 20 years, and also in a 2016 by-election in Whitby-Oshawa.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: The original paper ballots marked by voters will be kept for a year along with the digital scans of each ballot by the tabulator.


title: 2018 Ontario general election

text: Those candidates not belonging to a major party, receiving more than 1,000 votes in the election, are listed below:


title: Krivak-class frigate

text: The Krivak class, Soviet designation Project 1135 "Burevestnik" (storm petrel), are a series of frigates and guard ships (patrol boats) built in the Soviet Union primarily for the Soviet Navy since 1970. Later some sub-branches, like the "Nerey" (Nereus) were designed for coastal patrol by the KGB Border Troops. Until 1977, the ships in the class were considered to be large anti-submarine warfare vessels.


title: Krivak-class frigate

text: These ships are commonly known by their NATO reporting class name of Krivak and are divided into Krivak I, Krivak II, Krivak IV (navy), and Krivak III (coast guard) classes.


title: Krivak-class frigate

text: The frigates were designed as a successor to the . The design started in the late 1950s and matured as an anti-submarine ship in the 1960s. The first ship was that was commissioned in 1970.


title: Krivak-class frigate

text: A total of 40 ships were built, 32 ships for the Soviet Navy and 8 modified ships of the "Nerey" (Krivak III) subclass for the KGB Maritime Border Guard. Currently 2 vessels of the "Nerey" subclass are in service with the FSB Coast Guard and one was the flagship of the Ukrainian Navy (scuttled in 2022 to avoid capture).


title: Krivak-class frigate

text: The ship's unique features — the bow missile box, the stack and the angled mast, earned it a rap-like nickname among U. S. sailors that comes from their foreign ship silhouette identification training — "Hot dog pack, Smokestack, Knife in the Back, two Guns in the Back — Krivak."


title: Krivak-class frigate

text: The Indian Navy ordered six frigates of upgraded Krivak III class as the . Three ships were delivered in 2003–2004. Three more were delivered in 2011–2012.


title: Krivak-class frigate

text: On 12 October 2010, it was announced that the Yantar Shipyard at Kaliningrad had won a contract for construction of three new warships for the Russian Navy. The construction of the frigates for the Russian Navy will be carried out in parallel with the construction of the same-type frigates for the Indian Navy.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: Entebbe (titled 7 Days in Entebbe in the U.S.) is a 2018 action thriller film directed by José Padilha and written by Gregory Burke. The film recounts the story of Operation Entebbe, a 1976 counter-terrorist hostage-rescue operation. The film stars Rosamund Pike and Daniel Brühl. It was released in the United States on 16 March 2018 and in the United Kingdom on 11 May 2018.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: On 27 June 1976, Wilfried Böse and Brigitte Kuhlmann, two terrorists belonging to the Revolutionary Cells, an ultra-leftist terrorist organization, hijack Air France Flight 139, flying from Tel Aviv to Paris, during the flight's initial stopover at Athens. Elsewhere, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and defense minister Shimon Peres are alerted of the hijacking.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: During a refueling stop in Benghazi, Böse releases a female passenger who, unbeknownst to the terrorists, had pretended to suffer a miscarriage. After taking off once more, the hijackers commandeer the plane to Entebbe, Uganda on 28 June, where they unite with several terrorists from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; the two groups had jointly orchestrated the hijacking.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: The next morning, the passengers are escorted by the terrorists to a dilapidated terminal, where they are greeted by Ugandan dictator Idi Amin, who is in league with the hijackers. Concurrently, Rabin orders Peres and Gen. Motta Gur, the chief of staff of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), to sketch a military operation aimed at rescuing the hostages. Peres suggests invading the airport, but Rabin and Gur reject it. Concurrently, the terrorists begin to segregate Israeli and non-Israeli hostages, much to Böse's fury; he compares the segregation of the hostages to the Nazi-enforced Holocaust.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: Meanwhile, Rabin begins negotiations with Amin, much to the detestations of Peres, who supports a military option. On 30 June, the hijackers release 48 non-Israeli hostages, while keeping the Israeli hostages incarcerated. Concurrently, Rabin, cornered by escalating diplomatic pressure, finally concedes to initiate negotiations with the hijackers on 1 July. Consequently, the hijackers postpone the deadline of their negotiations to 4 July. Regardless of the developments, the IDF initiates preparations for a rescue mission, consisting of the Sayeret Matkal elite commando unit, headed by Lt. Col. Yoni Netanyahu. Despite favoring a diplomatic approach towards the crisis, Rabin reluctantly supports the operation.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: On 3 July, with the preparations for the rescue mission - codenamed Operation Thunderbolt, finalized, Rabin convenes the Israeli cabinet for a vote regarding the status of the operation; the cabinet unanimously votes to proceed with the mission, with full endorsement from Gur. The strike force, having already departed for Uganda, is authorized to proceed with the mission.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: That night, four Israeli C-130 transport aircraft carrying the strike force land discreetly at Entebbe. Almost immediately, and as an approach to maintain the element of surprise, the unit approaches the terminal in a black Mercedes limo disguised as Amin's state vehicle. However, one of the operatives prematurely opens fire, alerting the hijackers and Ugandan security personnel. The operatives storm the building, engaging both the terrorists and Ugandan soldiers. In the ensuing melee, Böse, Kuhlmann and Yoni are killed, along with the remaining terrorists and several Ugandan soldiers. With the airport secure, the strike force evacuates 102 hostages from Uganda.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: Elsewhere, Peres congratulates Rabin on the success of the operation; the latter solemnly retorts that ensuring peace is the only way towards preventing further incidents between Israelis and Palestinians. The film's ending displays archival footage of the survivors' return to Israel, with brief notes about the fates of Rabin, Peres, Yoni and the aftermath of the operation.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: On 11 February 2016, it was announced that José Padilha would next direct "Entebbe" for Working Title Films and StudioCanal, from a script by Gregory Burke. On 29 July 2016, Rosamund Pike, Daniel Brühl and Vincent Cassel joined to play the lead roles in the film, with Cassel ultimately not participating.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: Principal photography on the film began on 14 November 2016 in Malta, and production also took place in the U.K. During filming, a plane landed at Malta International Airport as a result of a real hijacking and scenes of passengers exiting after negotiations had succeeded were used in the movie.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: The film features extensive footage of the noted Batsheva Dance Company, dancing to a modern version of the traditional Jewish song "Echad Mi Yodea". One of the characters in the film is a dancer in the troupe, and the dance is shown as the film opens and then throughout the film, intercut with portions of the narrative.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: The film premiered on 19 February 2018 at the 68th Berlin International Film Festival. It was released in the United States on 16 March 2018, and received a release in the United Kingdom on 11 May 2018.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: An initial trailer for "Entebbe" was released on 7 December 2017, using the 1971 song "I'd Love to Change the World" by the band Ten Years After.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""7 Days in Entebbe" has a worthy story to tell, but loses sight of its most compelling elements in a dull dramatization of riveting real-life events." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: Entebbe (film)

text: David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C" and called it competent but pointless, saying: "When all the dust settles, we’re left right where we started, and with nothing to show for it but a fleeting reminder that peace is impossible without negotiation. It’s a lesson that history has failed to teach us, filtered through a movie that doesn’t understand why." The "Chicago Sun-Times"s Richard Roeper gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, writing, "All too often in "7 Days in Entebbe", primary characters on all sides of this 1970s period-piece political thriller state the obvious — and then state it again, and then have to stand around while someone else states the obvious one more time, just in case the folks in the seats have yet to grasp the stakes at hand and the dilemmas in play."


title: Entebbe (film)

text: Liel Leibovitz of "Tablet" criticized the film's downplaying of violence, such as the final raid being "shot in infuriating slow-motion and cross-cut with a modern dance performance", writing that the lack of violence eliminates the possibility of "catharsis" and renders the film a "vapid and vacuous statement".


title: Entebbe (film)

text: The film puts Yonatan Netanyahu's death much earlier in the raid than in the Netanyahu family's version of events. Director Padilha said that this placement was based on interviews with participants in the raid.


title: Entebbe (film)

text: Although the production had commissioned British historian Saul David's 2015 study "Operation Thunderbolt" as a guide, the director opted to subordinate historical accuracy to dramatic effect in a number of scenes. Most notably, the division of the hostages and the Air France crew staying with the hostages are presented in a way that contradicts eyewitness accounts gathered by David.


title: Usher discography

text: American singer Usher has released eight studio albums, ten compilation albums, eight extended plays, and 79 singles (including 19 as a featured artist). His music has been released on the LaFace, Arista, Jive and RCA record labels. Usher has sold more than 23 million albums in the United States alone and over 65 million albums worldwide. With over 100 million total records sold worldwide, he is one of the best selling music artists of all time. He has nine "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one singles (all as a lead artist) and 18 Hot 100 top-ten singles. In 1994, Usher released his self-titled debut album in North America, producing three singles that had moderate chart success, and the album sold more than 500,000 copies. His follow-up 1997 album "My Way" sold over 8 million copies worldwide, becoming his breakthrough album. It was certified six-times platinum in the US, and spawned three successful singles, including his first UK number-one "You Make Me Wanna..." and first US Hot 100 number-one song "Nice & Slow". Usher's success continued in 2001 with his third studio album "8701". It debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200. The album produced two number-one singles—"U Remind Me" and "U Got It Bad". In 2002, the album was certified four-times platinum in the US for sales of 4 million copies. Its worldwide sales stand at over 8 million.


title: Usher discography

text: Usher's success increased in 2004, with the release of his fourth studio album "Confessions". It was his first US number-one album, and had the highest first-week sales for an R&B artist, with 1.1 million copies sold. It spawned four Hot 100 number-one hits; "Yeah!", "Burn", "Confessions Part II", and "My Boo". "Yeah!" and "Burn" stayed atop the Hot 100 for a combined 20 weeks and were the best-selling singles of 2004, ranking first and second, respectively. "Confessions" received a diamond certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold over 15 million copies worldwide. The album ranked second on the 2000–2009 "Billboard" 200 Decade-end chart. In 2008, Usher issued "Here I Stand". Its lead single "Love in This Club" topped the Hot 100, marking Usher's eighth number-one on the chart. Follow-up single "Love in This Club Part II" became a top 20 hit, while the album's fourth and fifth singles, "Trading Places" and "Moving Mountains", charted below the top 40. "Here I Stand" was deemed as a commercial failure relative to "Confessions", which had sold nineteen million copies worldwide compared to "Here I Stand's" five million during the same period. It was certified platinum by the RIAA and has sold over 2 million copies in the United States. Its worldwide sales stand over 6 million copies.


title: Usher discography

text: In 2010, Usher released "Raymond v. Raymond", and it became his third consecutive number-one album. The album produced five singles: "Papers", "Hey Daddy", "Lil Freak" and "There Goes My Baby" all reaching the Hot 100's top 40, while "Papers" and "There Goes My Baby" topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The album's two other singles, "OMG" and "More", achieved worldwide success, with "OMG" topping the Hot 100 to give him his ninth number-one single. "Raymond v. Raymond" was certified platinum by the RIAA, and sold 1.3 million copies in the US. By the end of the year, it sold over 2 million copies worldwide. In the same year, a follow-up set entitled "Versus" was released, and became Usher's sixth top ten album. The EP's lead single "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love" reached the top ten in many countries and peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. Usher's seventh studio album "Looking 4 Myself" was released in June 2012 and became his fourth number-one album in the US. Its first single "Climax" peaked in the top twenty on the Hot 100, and topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for eleven weeks. The song also won him a Grammy at the 55th Grammy Awards for Best R&B Performance. The album's second single "Scream" reached the top ten in various countries, including the US, Canada and the UK. In 2014, Usher released "Good Kisser", "She Came to Give It to You" and "I Don't Mind" as successes in the UK, with the latter reaching the top 15 of the Hot 100 and topping the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs to give him his 13th number-one on that chart, tying him with Michael Jackson and Marvin Gaye.


title: Usher discography

text: Usher released his eighth studio album "Hard II Love" in 2016, which went on to become his seventh top-five album on the "Billboard" 200. It was led by the Hot 100 top-40 hit "No Limit" and Australian top-ten hit "Crash". In 2018, Usher collaborated with Zaytoven to release his first collaborative album entitled "A". It debuted and peaked at number 31 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, with the song "Peace Sign" released as the only single.


title: Bayou Country (album)

text: Bayou Country is the second studio album by American rock band Creedence Clearwater Revival, released by Fantasy Records in January 1969, and was the first of three albums CCR released in that year. "Bayou Country" reached number 7 on "Billboard" album chart and produced the band's first No. 2 hit single, "Proud Mary".


title: Bayou Country (album)

text: After ten years of struggling as the Blue Velvets and the Golliwogs, singer/guitarist John Fogerty, his brother guitarist Tom Fogerty, bassist Stu Cook and drummer Doug Clifford scored a No. 11 hit single with "Susie Q" in June 1968 under the name Creedence Clearwater Revival. Their self-titled album peaked at No. 52 on the "Billboard" albums chart. Despite their new-found success, however, seeds of discontent among the four members had already been planted due to John Fogerty assuming control of the band at just about every level. "There was a point at which we had done the first album. Everybody had listened to my advice. I don't think anybody thought too much about it," Fogerty recalled to Michael Goldberg of "Rolling Stone" in 1993. "But in making the second album, "Bayou Country", we had a real confrontation. Everybody wanted to sing, write, make up their own arrangements, whatever, right? This was after ten years of struggling. Now we had the spotlight. Andy Warhol's fifteen minutes of fame. 'Susie Q' was as big as we'd ever seen. Of course, it really wasn't that big...I didn't want to go back to the carwash." In 2007, the singer elaborated to Joshua Klein of "Pitchfork", "I determined, we're on the tiniest record label in the world, there's no money behind us, we don't have a manager, there's no publicist. We basically had none of the usual star-making machinery, so I said to myself I'm just going to have to do it with the music...Basically I wanted to do what the Beatles had done. I sensed that I just had to do it myself."


title: Bayou Country (album)

text: "Bayou Country" contains what is arguably John Fogerty's most heralded composition, "Proud Mary", which peaked at No. 2 on the singles chart. In a 1969 interview, Fogerty said that he wrote it in the two days after he was discharged from the National Guard. In the liner notes for the 2008 expanded reissue of "Bayou Country", Joel Selvin explained that the riffs for "Proud Mary", "Born on the Bayou", and "Keep on Chooglin'" were conceived by Fogerty at a concert in the Avalon Ballroom, and "Proud Mary" was arranged from parts of different songs, one of which was about a "washerwoman named Mary". The line "Left a good job in the city" was written following Fogerty's discharge from the National Guard, and the line "rollin' on the river" was from a movie by Will Rogers. In the Macintosh program "Garage Band", Fogerty explained that he liked Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, and wanted to open a song with a similar intro, referring to the way "Proud Mary" opens with the repeated C chord to A chord. In 1998, Fogerty admitted to Harold Steinblatt of "Guitar World" that he knew the composition was "my first really good song. I was 23 years old, I believe, and I'd been kind of playing at music for 10 years. But I recognized the importance of 'Proud Mary' immediately." In the same interview, Fogerty stated that the guitar solo was "me trying to be Steve Cropper," the guitarist from Booker T. & the M.G.'s. The song was acclaimed almost immediately, with Solomon Burke scoring a minor hit with it in 1969 and a radically rearranged version appearing on Ike and Tina Turner's 1971 LP "Workin' Together". Bob Dylan told "Rolling Stone" in a 1969 interview that it was his favorite song of the year. In 2012, Fogerty recalled to "Uncut"'s David Cavanagh that he was extremely focused at the time, honing his songwriting with a single-mindedness that led to a proficient string of hits:


title: Bayou Country (album)

text: The swampy album opener "Born on the Bayou" was conceived in the same setting, with Fogerty explaining to Lynne Margolis of "American Songwriter" in 2013:


title: Bayou Country (album)

text: In 1970, Fogerty told "Pop Chronicles", "'Born on the Bayou' was vaguely like 'Porterville,' about a mythical childhood and a heat-filled time, the Fourth of July. I put it in the swamp where, of course, I had never lived...'Chasing down a hoodoo.' Hoodoo is a magical, mystical, spiritual, non-defined apparition, like a ghost or a shadow, not necessarily evil, but certainly other-worldly. I was getting some of that imagery from Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters." In an interview with Jeb Wright on the "Classic Rock Revisited" website, Clifford cited "Born on the Bayou" as his favorite Creedence song, stating, "The favorite song that we ever did, for me, was 'Born on the Bayou.' Still, when I hear that song I go, 'That’s me playing on that.' It is a weird thing. It was greasy and we were right out of the clubs. That song had so much soul in it." Although not a concept album, Fogerty did acknowledge to "Rolling Stone" in 1993 that "Born on the Bayou" "is almost the Gordian knot or the key to what happened later. As I was writing it, it occurred to me that there was more power than just this one song. If there was a way to tie it all together on one album, kind of cross-fertilize, cross-relate the songs, you would have a much more interesting and maybe more powerful image. So that's what happened. 'Born on the Bayou' sort of relates to 'Proud Mary.' It certainly relates to 'Keep on Chooglin' and 'Graveyard Train.'"


title: Bayou Country (album)

text: Some of the other Creedence members have taken exception to the notion that Fogerty was the sole creative force in the band, with Doug Clifford telling Gary James of classicbands.com, "We all jammed every day when we weren't on the road and actually when we were on the road. We'd play acoustically at night. Three to four hours every night we would work the songs out or songs would come out of that song pool. The rest of us didn't get any credit for anything that came out of it. That's okay. I'm not crying over spilled milk, but when you really look at how prolific John was in the 3½ years that we had our success and the major drought he's had as a solo artist, I think it adds a little more credence...to what we contributed to the band." The atmosphere behind the scenes was indeed worsening; in a 2012 article with "Uncut"'s Tom Pinnock, Fogerty recalled, "We went into RCA in Hollywood, Studio A, to record "Bayou Country" in October. We had the music for “Proud Mary” recorded, and I knew what I wanted the backgrounds to sound like. I showed the other guys how to sing the backgrounds, having remembered what we'd sounded like on “Porterville”, which was very ragged, not melodious...And I heard our tape back, and I just went, “Nahhh, that’s not gonna work.” So we had a big fight over that...We literally coulda broke up right there."


title: Bayou Country (album)

text: In addition to the Fogerty originals, "Bayou Country" also features a storming version of Little Richard's "Good Golly Miss Molly" with slightly changed lyrics; instead of the result of the gift of a diamond ring being, "When she hugs me, her kissin' make me ting-a-ling-a-ling," John Fogerty sang, "Would you pardon me a kissin' and a ting-a-ling-a-ling?" The raucous "Keep On Chooglin'", laced with sexual innuendo, would become a concert show-stopper for the band.


title: Bayou Country (album)

text: In an early review, "Rolling Stone" thought that the album suffered from a major fault of inconsistency. "The good cuts are very good; but the bad ones just don't make it," it said. The review was positive on the title track "Born on the Bayou" and "Proud Mary", but thought many of the other tracks lacked originality. Overall it considered the material in the album "not always strong, but Creedence Clearwater Revival plays with enough gusto to overcome this problem." On the reissue of this album on its 40th-anniversary in 2008, the album was given a score of 3.5 stars out of 5.


title: Bayou Country (album)

text: On AllMusic the album received 4.5 stars (out of 5), with Stephen Thomas Erlewine stating: "Opening slowly with the dark, swampy "Born on the Bayou", Bayou Country reveals an assured Creedence Clearwater Revival, a band that has found its voice between their first and second album. It's not just that "Born on the Bayou" announces that CCR has discovered its sound—it reveals the extent of John Fogerty's myth-making."


title: Bayou Country (album)

text: The album was first certified Gold by the RIAA on December 16, 1970, then double Platinum on December 13, 1990.


title: Iranian diaspora

text: As of 2010, there were an estimated two to three million Iranians living abroad. Many of them lived in North America, Europe, Persian Gulf States, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Australia and the broader Middle East. Other studies have estimated about 1.5 million or fewer Iranians living abroad. Many of them have migrated to other countries after the Iranian Revolution in 1979, for security reasons.


title: Iranian diaspora

text: In 2021, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran published new statistics, which showed that 4,037,258 Iranians are living abroad, an increase from previous years.


title: Iranian diaspora

text: Nearly 60 percent of Iranians abroad have earned at least an undergraduate degree, and have one of the highest rates of self-employment among immigrant groups. Many have founded their own companies, including Isaac Larian, the founder of MGA Entertainment, and Pierre Omidyar, who founded eBay in 1995 in San Jose, California. Iranian households earn on average $87,288 annually, and are ranked ninth by income in the United States of America.


title: Iranian diaspora

text: According to the Iranian government, 55,686 Iranian students were studying abroad in 2013: 8,883 studied in Malaysia, 7,341 in the United States, 5,638 in Canada, 3,504 in Germany, 3,364 in Turkey, 3,228 in Britain, and the rest in other countries. The Iranian Ministry of Education estimated that between 350,000 and 500,000 Iranians were studying outside Iran as of 2014.


title: Iranian diaspora

text: In 2000, the Iran Press Service reported that Iranian expatriates had invested between $200 and $400 billion in the United States, Europe, and China, but almost nothing in Iran. In Dubai, Iranian expatriates have invested an estimated $200 billion (2006). Migrant Iranian workers abroad remitted less than two billion dollars home in 2006.


title: Iranian diaspora

text: The fund's stated goal is to attract investment from Iranian expatriates and to use their experience in stimulating foreign investments.


title: Iranian diaspora

text: In the period from 1961 to 2005, the United States has been the main destination of Iranian emigrants. An estimated 378,995 Iranians have immigrated to the United States in that period, where Iranian immigrants have primarily immigrated to California (158,613 Iran-born in 2000), New York (17,323), Texas (15,581), Virginia (10,889), and Maryland (9,733). The Los Angeles Metropolitan Area was estimated to be host to approximately 114,712 Iranian immigrants, earning the Westwood area of Los Angeles the nickname Tehrangeles.


title: Iranian diaspora

text: The US Census Bureau's decennial census form does not offer a designation for individuals of Iranian descent, and therefore it is estimated that only a fraction of the total number of Iranians are writing in their ancestry. The 2000 Census Bureau estimates that the Iranian American community (including the US-born children of the Iranian foreign born) numbers around 330,000. Studies using alternative statistical methods have estimated the actual number of Iranian Americans in the range of 691,000 to 1.2 million.


title: Circumflex

text: The circumflex () is a diacritic in the Latin and Greek scripts that is also used in the written forms of many languages and in various romanization and transcription schemes. It received its English name from "bent around"a translation of the ().


title: Circumflex

text: The circumflex in the Latin script is chevron-shaped (), while the Greek circumflex may be displayed either like a tilde () or like an inverted breve (). For the most commonly encountered uses of the accent in the Latin alphabet, precomposed characters are available.


title: Circumflex

text: In English, the circumflex, like other diacritics, is sometimes retained on loanwords that used it in the original language (for example, "crème brûlée").


title: Circumflex

text: In mathematics and statistics, the circumflex diacritic is sometimes used to denote a function and is called a "hat operator".


title: Circumflex

text: A free-standing version of the circumflex symbol, , has become known as "caret" and has acquired special uses, particularly in computing and mathematics. The original caret, , is used in proofreading to indicate insertion.


title: Circumflex

text: The circumflex has its origins in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it marked long vowels that were pronounced with high and then falling pitch. In a similar vein, the circumflex is today used to mark tone contour in the International Phonetic Alphabet. This is also how it is used in Bamanankan (as opposed to a háček, which signifies a rising tone on a syllable).


title: Circumflex

text: The shape of the circumflex was originally a combination of the acute and grave accents (^), as it marked a syllable contracted from two vowels: an acute-accented vowel and a non-accented vowel (all non-accented syllables in Ancient Greek were once marked with a grave accent). Later a variant similar to the tilde (~) was also used.


title: Circumflex

text: The term "circumflex" is also used to describe similar tonal accents that result from combining two vowels in related languages such as Sanskrit and Latin.


title: Circumflex

text: Since Modern Greek has a stress accent instead of a pitch accent, the circumflex has been replaced with an acute accent in the modern monotonic orthography.


title: Circumflex

text: In 18th century British English, before the cheap Penny Post and while paper was taxed, the combination "ough" was occasionally shortened to "ô" when the "gh" was not pronounced, to save space: "thô" for "though", "thorô" for "thorough", and "brôt" for "brought".


title: Circumflex

text: In French, the circumflex generally marks the former presence of a consonant (usually "s") that was deleted and is no longer pronounced. (The corresponding Norman French words, and consequently the words derived from them in English, frequently retain the lost consonant.) For example:


title: Circumflex

text: Some homophones (or near-homophones in some varieties of French) are distinguished by the circumflex. However, â, ê and ô distinguish different sounds in most varieties of French, for instance "cote" "level, mark, code number" and "côte" "rib, coast, hillside".


title: Circumflex

text: In handwritten French, for example in taking notes, an "m" with a circumflex (m̂) is an informal abbreviation for "même" "same".


title: Circumflex

text: In February 2016, the Académie française decided to remove the circumflex from about 2,000 words, a plan that had been outlined since 1990. However, usage of the circumflex would not be considered incorrect.


title: Circumflex

text: In Italian, "î" is occasionally used in the plural of nouns and adjectives ending with "-io" as a crasis mark. Other possible spellings are "-ii" and obsolete "-j" or "-ij". For example, the plural of "various" can be spelt , , ; the pronunciation will usually stay with only one . The plural forms of "prince" and of "principle, beginning" can be confusing. In pronunciation, they are distinguished by whether the stress is on the first or on the second syllable, but would be a correct spelling of both. When necessary to avoid ambiguity, it is advised to write the plural of as or as .


title: Circumflex

text: In New Latin, circumflex was used most often to disambiguate between forms of the same word that used a long vowel, for example ablative of first declension and genitive of fourth declension, or between second and third conjugation verbs. It was also used for the interjection "ô".


title: Circumflex

text: In Norwegian, the circumflex differentiates "fôr" "lining, fodder" from the preposition "for". From a historical point of view, the circumflex also indicates that the word used to be spelled with the letter "ð" in Old Norsefor example, "fôr" is derived from "fóðr", "lêr" 'leather' from "leðr", and "vêr" "weather, ram" from "veðr" (both "lêr" and "vêr" only occur in the Nynorsk spelling; in Bokmål these words are spelled "lær" and "vær"). After the "ð" disappeared, it was replaced by a "d" ("fodr, vedr").


title: Circumflex

text: Circumflexes are used in many common words of the language, such as "você" (you/thou), "ânimo" (cheer), and "avô" (grandfather). In early literacy classes in school, it is commonly nicknamed "chapéu" ("hat").


title: Circumflex

text: In mathematics, the circumflex is used to modify variable names; it is usually read "hat", e.g., î is "i hat". The Fourier transform of a function "ƒ" is often denoted by formula_1.


title: Circumflex

text: In the notation of sets, a hat above an element signifies that the element was removed from the set, such as in formula_2, the set containing all elements formula_3 except formula_4.


title: Circumflex

text: In vector notation, a hat above a letter indicates a unit vector (a dimensionless vector with a magnitude of 1). For instance, formula_7, formula_8, or formula_9 stands for a unit vector in the direction of the x-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system.


title: Circumflex

text: In statistics, the hat is used to denote an estimator or an estimated value, as opposed to its theoretical counterpart. For example, in errors and residuals, the hat in formula_10 indicates an observable estimate (the residual) of an unobservable quantity called formula_11 (the statistical error). It is read "x-hat" or "x-roof", where "x" represents the character under the hat.


title: Circumflex

text: In music theory and musicology, a circumflex above a numeral is used to make reference to a particular scale degree.


title: Circumflex

text: In music notation, a chevron-shaped symbol placed above a note indicates marcato, a special form of emphasis or accent. In music for string instruments, a narrow inverted chevron indicates that a note should be performed up-bow.


title: Circumflex

text: The precomposed characters "Â/â", "Ê/ê", "Î/î", "Ô/ô", and "Û/û" (which incorporate the circumflex) are included in the ISO-8859-1 character set, and dozens more are available in Unicode. In addition, Unicode has and which in principle allow adding the diacritic to any base letter.


title: Circumflex

text: For historical reasons, there is a similar but larger character, (codice_1 in HTML5), which is also included in ASCII but often called a caret instead (though this term has a long-standing meaning as a proofreader's mark, with its own codepoints in Unicode). It is, however, unsuitable for use as a diacritic on modern computer systems, as it is a spacing character. Two other spacing circumflex characters in Unicode are the smaller modifier letters and , mainly used in phonetic notations or as a sample of the diacritic in isolation.


title: Circumflex

text: In countries where the local language(s) routinely include letters with a circumflex, local keyboards are typically engraved with those symbols.


title: Circumflex

text: For users with American or British QWERTY keyboards, the characters â, ĉ, ê, ĝ, ĥ, î, ĵ, ô, ŝ, û, ẃ, ý (and their uppercase equivalents) may be obtained after installing the International or extended keyboard layout setting. Then, by using (US Int) or (UK Ext) (^), then release, then the base letter, produces the accented version. (With this keyboard mapping, or becomes a dead key that applies the diacritic to the subsequent letter, if such a precomposed character exists. For example, produces as used in Welsh.) Alternatively for systems with a 'compose' function, , etc. may be used.


title: Siberian Federal District

text: Siberian Federal District (, "Sibirsky federalny okrug") is one of the eight federal districts of Russia. Its population was 17,178,298 according to the 2010 Census, living in an area of . Alone, it would be the 7th largest country in the world. The entire federal district lies within the continent of Asia.


title: Siberian Federal District

text: The district was created by presidential decree on 13 May 2000 and covers around 30% of the total land area of Russia. In November 2018, Buryatia and Zabaykalsky Krai were removed from the Siberian Federal District and added to the Far Eastern Federal District in accordance with a decree issued by Russian President Vladimir Putin.


title: Siberian Federal District

text: The district comprises the West Siberian (part) and East Siberian economic regions and ten federal subjects:


title: Siberian Federal District

text: According to a 2012 survey, 28.9% of the population of the current federal subjects of the Siberian Federal District (excluding Buryatia and Zabaykalsky Krai) adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 5.2% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1.9% is an Orthodox believer without belonging to any church or adheres to other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches, 1.4% is an adherent of Islam, 1.2% is an adherant of Buddhism, and 1.6% adhere to some native faith such as Rodnovery, Tengrism, or Tuvan Shamanism. In addition, 33.2% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 18.7% is atheist, and 7.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.


title: Bank of China

text: The Bank of China (BOC; ) is a Chinese majority state-owned commercial bank headquartered in Beijing and the fourth largest bank in the world.


title: Bank of China

text: The Bank of China was founded in 1912 by the Republican government as China's central bank, replacing the Qing Dynasty's Ta-Ching Government Bank. It has been the second oldest bank in China still in existence after the Bank of Communications, founded in 1908. From its establishment until 1942, it issued banknotes on behalf of the Government along with the "Big Four" banks of the period: the Farmers Bank of China, Bank of Communications and Central Bank of the Republic of China. After the People's Republic was established in 1949, it has become a national commercial and foreign exchange professional bank. Its original central bank designation was carried on by the newly formed People's Bank of China.


title: Bank of China

text: As of 31 December 2019, it was the second-largest lender in China overall and ninth-largest bank in the world by market capitalization value, and it is considered a systemically important bank by the Financial Stability Board. As of the end of 2020, it was the fourth-largest bank in the world in terms of total assets, ranked after the other three Chinese banks.


title: Bank of China

text: The Bank of China is legally separate from its subsidiary the Bank of China (Hong Kong), although they maintain close relations in management and administration and co-operate in several areas including reselling BOC's insurance and securities services.


title: Bank of China

text: The Bank of China's history began in 1905, when the Qing government established "Daqing Hubu" Bank () in Beijing, which was in 1908 renamed to "Daqing" Bank (). When the Republic of China was established in 1912, Chen Jintao was named head of financial reform in President Sun Yat-sen's government. Chen Jintao transformed the bank into the Bank of China, becoming its founder.


title: Bank of China

text: After the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the Bank of China effectively split into two operations. Part of the bank relocated to Taiwan with the Kuomintang (KMT) government, and was privatized in 1971 to become the International Commercial Bank of China (). In 2002, it merged with Jiaotong Bank () to become the Mega International Commercial Bank. The Mainland operation is the current entity known as the Bank of China.


title: Bank of China

text: It is the second largest lender in China overall, and the fifth largest bank in the world by market capitalization value. Once 100% owned by the central government, via China Central Huijin and National Council for Social Security Fund (SSF), an Initial public offering (IPO) of its shares took place in June 2006, the free float is at present over 26%. In the "Forbes" Global 2000 it ranked as the 4th-largest company in the world.


title: Bank of China

text: It is the most globally-active of China's banks, with branches on every inhabited continent. Outside of mainland China, BOC also operates in 27 countries and areas including Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Russia, Hungary, United States, Panama, Brazil, Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Bahrain, Zambia, South Africa, and a branch office in the Cayman Islands. In December 2010, the Bank of China New York branch began offering renminbi products for Americans. It was the first major Chinese bank to offer such a product.


title: Bank of China

text: Although it is present in the above countries/territories, its operations outside China accounted for less than 4% of the activity of the bank by both profits and assets. Mainland China accounts for 60% of the bank by profits and 76% by assets as at December 2005.


title: Bank of China

text: BOC started operations in Hong Kong in 1917. It became a note-issuing bank in Hong Kong in 1994, and in Macau in 1995.


title: Bank of China

text: In 2001, BOC regrouped its Hong Kong operations into Bank of China (Hong Kong); then BOCHK listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in October 2002. Two-thirds of its share capital are in free float. The bank's headquarters in Hong Kong are located in the Bank of China Tower, designed by the renowned architect I.M. Pei, and was opened to the public in 1990 as the tallest building in Hong Kong at that time.


title: Bank of China

text: It listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (independently from BOCHK) (SEHK:3988) by floating the largest initial public offering (IPO) in the world by any institution since 2000 on June 1, 2006, raising US$9.7 billion. The IPO attracted HK$286 billion (US$36.7 billion) in retail orders and was the most heavily oversubscribed in the history of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The offer was around 76 times oversubscribed. Although some financial analysts advised caution due to the worrying amounts of non-performing loans, this hardly deterred investors. The IPO share price started at HK$2.95 per share and jumped 15% (to HK$3.40) after the first day of trading.


title: Bank of China

text: In 2008, the Bank of China was crowned Deal of the Year - Debt Market Deal of the Year at the 2008 ALB Hong Kong Law Awards.


title: Bank of China

text: Bank of China (Canada), commonly known as BOCC, is the Canadian subsidiary of the Bank of China (BOC). The Bank of China began its business in Canada by opening a representative office in Toronto on September 8, 1992. BOCC was incorporated as a subsidiary of BOC in 1993 under Schedule II of the Bank Act. BOCC provides the following types of banking services in Canada: bank accounts to both personal and commercial banking clients, remittance services (including bank drafts and wire transfers), loans and mortgages, foreign exchange services, and China visa application assistance services where by it acts as agent, however plans for a China Visa Application Centre are being made and it is anticipated that the Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Toronto will entrust all future China Visa applications to Bank of China Canada's Visa Application Centre.


title: Bank of China

text: In Canada, BOCC has ten locations located in Markham, Scarborough (under the name "GTA Toronto" branch), Toronto (several branches, in North York and downtown), Mississauga, Vancouver, Montreal, and Calgary. It previously had branches in Burnaby and Richmond. As well, the bank is a member of the Canadian Bankers Association (CBA); registered member with the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC), a federal agency insuring deposits at all of Canada's chartered banks; and, a member of Interac, which handles transactions between automated teller machines of different banks and debit card transactions.


title: Bank of China

text: Although it is not a central bank, the Bank of China is licensed to issue banknotes in two of China's Special Administrative Regions. Until 1942, the Bank of China issued banknotes in mainland China on behalf of the Government of the Republic of China. Today, the Bank issues banknotes in Hong Kong and banknotes in Macau (under the Portuguese name ""Banco da China, Sucursal de Macau""), along with other commercial banks in those regions.


title: Bank of China

text: As of 30 September 2015, largest shareholders of the Bank of China ordinary shares (both A shares and H shares) were:


title: Bank of China

text: As of 30 September 2015, largest shareholders of the Bank of China preference shares (both domestic and offshore) were:


title: Bank of China

text: Chen Siqing (), former president and chairman, current chairman of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.


title: Bank of China

text: After COVEC withdrew from completing its construction of the A2 highway in Poland, Bank of China was to pay a performance guarantee to the Polish government's road organization GDDKiA. However, with Export-Import Bank of China, they refused to pay this; only Deutsche Bank honoured its obligations under the court decision.


title: Bank of China

text: On August 8, 2008, the family of Daniel Wultz, an American teenager killed in a 2006 terrorist attack in Israel, filed suit against the Bank of China in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. The case was subsequently transferred to the United States District Court, Southern District of New York, where litigation continues. On October 29, 2012, the Honorable J. Scheindlin issued a ruling compelling Bank of China to provide discovery.


title: Bank of China

text: In 2012, the families of eight terror victims of the 2008 Mercaz HaRav massacre in Jerusalem filed a lawsuit against the Bank of China. The suit asserted that in 2003 the bank's New York branch wired millions of dollars to Hamas from its leadership in Syria and Iran. The Bank of China subsequently denied providing banking services to terrorist groups: "The Bank of China has always strictly followed the UN's anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing requirements and regulations in China and other judicial areas where we operate."


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: After Kazuhiko Torishima, Toriyama's former editor during "Dr. Slump" and early "Dragon Ball", expressed dissatisfaction with first Androids #19 and #20 and later Androids #17 and #18 as villains, Toriyama created Cell. Toriyama has expressed some kind of regret regarding the design of Cell, calling it tedious to draw all the little spots on his body. In addition, he did not initially plan for the character to be able to transform, but gave him this ability after his then-current editor Yū Kondō described Cell as "ugly." Toriyama intended for Cell's second form to last longer than it did; Kondō found the form to be silly and urged him to hasten the first appearance of the next transformation.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: Norio Wakamoto is the Japanese voice of Cell and revealed that when he voiced the forms of Cell, the first form is monster-like, he used a raspy voice which he said was a pain. He toned it down for the second, and by the final form, he was able to perform comfortably.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: In the English Funimation dub, Cell is voiced by Dameon Clarke. Clarke considers Cell one of his more "fun and entertaining" characters. Sometime around the release of "", in which Frieza returned, Clarke said he began receiving questions about a film featuring Cell's return, which he himself supported.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: Thanks to being genetically created with the DNA of the Z-Fighters, along with Frieza being spliced together; Cell has super strength, speed, agility, reflexes, the ability to fly with the ability to generate energy from his very being called ki, generate energy blasts, absorb energy blasts, absorb energy and control energy along with telepathy, telekinesis, knows how to use the special attacks they use and during his fight with Goku


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: Cell is an artificial life form (referred to as a "Bio-Android") created by Doctor Gero's supercomputer from the cell sample of the universe's strongest warriors, possessing the genetic information of Goku, Vegeta, Piccolo, Krillin, Yamcha, Chiaotzu, Raditz, Nappa, Frieza, King Cold and Tien Shinhan in an underground complex beneath Gero's secret laboratory. Cell is designed to evolve into the "perfect" being by absorbing two Androids, #17 and #18. The Cell that appears as the primary antagonist of his titular arc is from the future, awakening after his development is complete to find that the Androids have been destroyed by Trunks. After he kills Trunks, Cell uses his time machine while regressing into an egg to travel back four years, to before the androids appeared, arriving in the present timeline. After hatching and metamorphosing from his larval, cicada-like form into his insect-like Imperfect form, Cell kills off thousands of people and absorbs them to increase his power in preparation to absorb the Androids. After he has managed to absorb the energy of entire cities of people, Cell finds Android #17 during his fight with Piccolo. Cell then breaks Piccolo's neck before Android #16 holds the mechanized villain off. However, he is able to find an opening to absorb #17 and evolve into Semi-Perfect Cell. Cell quickly dispatches #16, but he is unable to absorb #18 thanks to the intervention of Tenshinhan, who holds him back at the cost of his own life force before being rescued by Goku, along with a surviving Piccolo.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: Cell tries to find Android #18, destroying islands to intimidate her into showing herself, but before he can destroy the island that #18 is hiding on, Vegeta appears and overwhelms him with newfound power. At the brink of defeat, Cell talks Vegeta into letting him absorb #18 so he can give him a better fight, and upon doing so, he assumes his final form, which is much more human like. In this form, Cell easily defeats Krillin, Vegeta, and Trunks, but spares all of them so that they can come to his own fighting tournament, the to find a worthy opponent to face him, intending to destroy Earth when he wins and wanting to enjoy the fear he causes in others.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: A week later, in the first round of the Cell Games, he quickly defeats Mr. Satan before moving onto Goku, who quits upon realizing Cell is stronger than him. Goku then nominates his son, Gohan, as Cell's next opponent, to everyone's surprise. Though Gohan puts up a good fight and proves himself his father's superior, Cell easily takes the upper hand due to his pacifistic nature. Wanting to avoid killing Cell if he can help it, Gohan warns Cell that if he is pushed too far, he will lose control of his anger and kill him, which only drives Cell to torment him further, excited to see this power. He spawns , miniature versions of himself who begin to fight the heroes, causing Gohan's rage to slowly swell. It is only when Cell mercilessly kills #16 after he had encouraged Gohan to fight that Gohan snaps, transforming into a Super Saiyan 2. Gohan effortlessly, violently kills all the Cell Juniors and then proceeds to effortlessly overpower Cell, aiming to prolong his suffering, dealing so much damage that Cell regurgitates Android #18 and reverts to his previous form. In desperation, Cell tries to self-destruct and destroy the Earth, but Goku sacrifices himself to ensure that Cell detonates elsewhere.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: However, Cell is able to survive thanks to his unique physiology, which allows him to regenerate from a special nucleus in his head and grow more powerful whenever he has almost been killed, returning to his Perfect form even stronger than before. He easily kills Trunks, and when Vegeta attacks him in retaliation, he easily swats him aside. Before he can kill him, Gohan takes the blast in his place, which breaks his arm. With victory in his grasp, Cell decides to destroy the planet with one last "Kamehameha", claiming he has the power to destroy the entire Solar System. Assisted by his father in spirit, Gohan retaliates with his own "Kamehameha", ultimately overpowering Cell with Vegeta's help, destroying his cell nucleus and killing him once and for all. Mr. Satan, however, takes credit for the victory and becomes a hero.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: Upon being resurrected by the Dragon Balls and returning to the future, Trunks destroys Androids #17 and #18, though realizes from his time travel that Cell is likely to emerge soon. Three years later, Trunks is confronted by the Cell of his timeline, who plans to kill Trunks and use his time machine in the same way his alternate self had. Future Cell realized Trunks travelled back already and learned of him in the past but thinks Trunks is no match for him. However, Trunks showcases his newfound power and easily kills him, finally bringing peace to the future.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: In filler episodes of the anime, Cell makes numerous cameo appearances, usually as comic relief. Cell tries absorbing two siblings but is prevented from doing so by Krillin, giving chase to the three and nearly killing Krillin before he notices Piccolo and Tien Shinhan on the way and escapes. In his posthumous appearances, he is shown causing trouble in Hell along with Frieza, King Cold, and the Ginyu Force. He is defeated by Goku and Pikkon and sent to prison and is later seen watching Goku's battle with Majin Buu on a crystal ball, openly wondering why Goku quit against him and then went on to fight Buu, whom he acknowledges to be a stronger opponent than himself.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: A few years later, when Trunks travels back to the past again, Trunks reacts in confusion to seeing Goku alive as he remembers his death from Cell's self-destructing. Goku is able to inform him of his resurrection that occurred after. Not long after, Bulma is revealed to have retained the Time Capsule that Cell had stolen from Trunks to return to the present timeline. Cell is remembered by Trunks when he notes the differences between Gohan as a child, in particular when he fought Cell, and him as an adult upon meeting him for the first time in years. An illusion of Cell appears in the Forest of Fear to Krillin and Goku, attacking the pair and growing in size before Krillin concentrates and dispels the illusion by confronting his fear.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: Although the original Cell does not appear in the film "", his schematics were used by the revived Red Ribbon Army to create a stronger model designated as "Cell Max", being a red-armored variant of Cell's Semi-Perfect form that lacks the original Cell's ability to regenerate. Serving as the film's final antagonist, he was activated by a desperate Magenta before his mind was fully developed, coming across as a mindless, rampaging monster.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: In "Dragon Ball GT" after Goku is sent to Hell by accident, he confronts both Cell and Frieza, whose bodies have been rendered temporarily immortal due to the upset in the balance between the two worlds. Though Cell and Frieza trap Goku with their new joint attack and freeze him using a witch below them, they too are frozen after foolishly venturing down to gloat at him, and due to being dead, they cannot thaw out as Goku did. Goku accidentally breaks the ice Cell and Frieza are trapped within to pieces, implying that Cell and Frieza have been erased from existence. However, in a future scene, Frieza and Cell are seen being taken away in a jail cell with tape over their mouths. Cell and Frieza also appear in the GT live-action show, with new forms.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: Cell appears in a TV ad for "", questioning why he is not in the film while Frieza brags that he is, Cell then remarks that Frieza only has a non-speaking appearance.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: Cell appears in a number of video games as a boss and playable character, most notably the "Budokai", "Budokai Tenkaichi" and "Raging Blast" series. He is also a playable character in the "". In several games, Cell has forms that have been created specifically for the instalment.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: In the 1995 game "Dragon Ball Z: Super Battle", after Goku defeats Cell, he gives him a Senzu Bean and allows him to live, Cell promising to return and win.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: In "", Cell has a nightmare where he accidentally absorbs Krillin and becomes , with the form leaving him weaker. In the 2003 game "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai 2", Cell is revived by Bobbidi and becomes a Majin, his appearance being altered with the letter "M" on his forehead alongside black lining appearing under his eyes. This form is short-lived, as Majin Boo terminates Bobbidi, with Cell being absorbed afterwards by Boo.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: In the 2005 video game "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi", Cell defeats Gohan and confronts Super 17, defeating him when the two conflict over a shared interest in killing Goku.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: In the 2015 game "", Cell appears as a mentor for the player, teaching the "Perfect Kamehameha", "Perfect Shot", "All Clear" and "Gravity Impact" to the player. Within the context of the game's story mode, Cell defeats Gohan until the player intervenes in their fight, and the version of the character from Trunks' timeline is able to reach his Perfect form thanks to Towa's strengthening, though he is destroyed by the player and Trunks.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: In the 2016 game "Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2", Cell shows up in his Perfect Form and fights Trunks, also meeting Android 16 for the first time and fighting alongside him. Cell is able to reach his Perfect form after defeating both Piccolo and #16 and absorbing #17 and #18 at the same time. When an empowered Android #17 fights Piccolo, Trunks warns the player Cell that succeeding in absorbing him would mean an even larger power boost than in the main timeline. Cell himself shows up empowered, easily dominating Android #16. Cell later fights alongside the corrupted Cell Juniors, and welcomes Metal Cooler to the Cell Games.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: In the 2018 game "Dragon Ball FighterZ", Cell defeats Android 18 and is confronted by Goku and Krillin while aiming a beam at her and Android 21. After being defeated, Cell uses the "Solar Flare" to escape. Cell laments his lack of power before being confronted by Frieza, who offers him a deal where the two divulge information to each other. The player becomes connected to Cell after Goku is shot by Android 21, and fights Android 21 while controlling Cell's body. Cell escapes from Android 21 with another "Solar Flare", and the player returns to Goku from the strain on Cell's body


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: Cell is also a playable character in the crossover fighting games "Battle Stadium D.O.N." and "Jump Force", as well as a support character in "Jump Ultimate Stars".


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: In 2004, fans of the series voted Cell the fourteenth most popular character for a poll in the book "Dragon Ball Forever". In 2015, Jacob Yothment ranked Cell No. 3 on his list "Top 10 Villains of the Dragon Ball Franchise", Shawn Saris of IGN ranked Cell No. 7 on the list "Top 13 Dragon Ball Z Characters", and Otakukart.com ranked Cell No. 2 on the list "Top 10 Dragon Ball Villains". In 2016, Cell was ranked No. 6 on the saikoplus.com list "10 Most Popular Characters in Dragon Ball Z".


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: Michael Zupan assessed Cell as the "Dragon Ball" villain with the most buildup, writing, "The Z Fighters throw everything they have at this character, and just when you think he's beat... he transforms into something more powerful." Dennis Amith of J!-ENT described Cell as "the toughest enemy that the team has fought yet" and liked how the efforts of the other characters trying to stop Cell is the main focus of that part of the series. J. Steiff and T. D. Tamplin used Cell as an example of the concept of "leveling up" in anime and believed Cell follows this concept well.


title: Cell (Dragon Ball)

text: The concept of the Cell Games and its execution were criticized. D. F. Smith of IGN criticized Cell's decision to hold a fighting tournament instead of destroying Earth as a sign of the author has run out of ideas. Reviewer Josh Begley had disapproval toward the tournament as he believed it would feature "endless fighting and no real plot progression." Luke Ryan Baldock took issue with the tournament based season for its lack of plot and high amount of action.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: 77 Sunset Strip is an American television private detective drama series created by Roy Huggins and starring Efrem Zimbalist Jr., Roger Smith, Richard Long (from 1960 to 1961) and Edd Byrnes (billed as Edward Byrnes). Each episode was one hour long when aired with commercials. The show ran from 1958 to 1964.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: The character of detective Stuart Bailey was first used by writer Huggins in his 1946 novel "The Double Take", later adapted into the 1948 film "I Love Trouble".


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: Private detective and former World War II Office of Strategic Services secret agent and foreign languages professor Stuart ("Stu") Bailey (Zimbalist) and former government agent and nonpracticing attorney Jeff Spencer (Smith) form a duo who work from stylish offices at 77 Sunset Boulevard in Suites 101 and 102. Tab Hunter claimed he was the first choice for the lead of the series, but turned it down.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: The street address was colloquially known as the Sunset Strip and was between La Cienega Boulevard and Alta Loma Road on the south side of the strip, next door to Dean Martin's real-life lounge, Dino's Lodge. Typically the two detectives would alternate as leads, with a Stuart Bailey case being featured one week and a Jeff Spencer case the next—although depending on the nature of the case, sometimes the two would team up.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: Suzanne Fabry, the beautiful French switchboard operator played by Jacqueline Beer, handles the phones for Sunset Answering Service, in Suite 103. The firm of Bailey & Spencer employs her answering service, as do other clients. Although not technically an employee of the firm, Suzanne is involved in casework from time to time, especially in Season 2.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: Comic relief is provided by Roscoe the racetrack tout (played by Louis Quinn), who frequently hangs around the offices giving horse-racing tips. However he is sometimes used as an operative and is an ever-informed source for the word on the street.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: The firm's most frequently seen police contact is Lt. Roy Gilmore (Byron Keith), who is almost never called by his first name.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: The show's breakout character, who had not been included in the pilot film, was Gerald Lloyd "Kookie" Kookson III (Edd Byrnes), the rock and roll-loving, wisecracking, hair-combing hipster and aspiring PI who initially works as the valet parking attendant at Dino's, the club next to the detectives' office. Kookie often becomes involved in the firm's cases and is eventually made a full partner in the firm, with his own office.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: Also seen relatively frequently are the Frank Ortega Trio, playing themselves as the jazzy house band at Dino's Lodge.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: Huggins intended the show to be a hard-edged drama, but beginning with the 23rd episode, ‘The Pasadena Caper’, the tone started to become much lighter, with a strong element of self-deprecating humor and the word "caper" frequently used in episode titles. The catchy theme song, written by Mack David and Jerry Livingston, typified the show's breezy, jazzed atmosphere. The song became the centerpiece of an album of the show's music in Warren Barker orchestrations, which was released in 1959, a top-10 hit in the "Billboard" LP charts.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: The Kookie character became a cultural phenomenon, with his slang expressions such as "ginchy" (cool) and "piling up Zs" (sleeping). When Kookie helped the detectives on a case by singing a song, Edd Byrnes began a singing career with the novelty single "Kookie, Kookie (Lend Me Your Comb)", based on his frequent combing of his hair; this featured Connie Stevens on vocals in the chorus and the song, with words and music by Irving Taylor, became the first hit single for the recently established Warner Bros. Records. Kookie was also used to provide product placement for Harley-Davidson, appearing on their Topper motor scooter in the show and in Harley-Davidson advertisements.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: The show became the first "franchise" in television, spawning no less than three spinoffs recreating the "77" format, a team of private detectives, their secretary and sidekick, solving cases, in picturesque cities. Surfside Six was set in Miami Beach; Hawaiian Eye's home base was Honolulu. Bourbon Street Beat saw a similar detective agency located in New Orleans. In some cases, "77" scripts were recycled and rewritten to fit the characters of each series. It was the genesis of the same concepts that drive Law & Order, NCIS, and the Chicago PD/Chicago Med/Chicago Fire series as well as 9-1-1.


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: When Byrnes' demands for more money and an expanded role were not met, he left the show for a period in Season 2. After an absence of 16 episodes beginning in January 1960, Byrnes and Warner Bros. settled their differences, and Kookie came back beginning in May. (During his absence, Roscoe's and Suzanne's roles were beefed up to handle the work normally assigned to Kookie.)


title: 77 Sunset Strip

text: For the 1960–61 season, Richard Long (who appeared in different roles in two Season 1 episodes) moved over from the recently canceled detective series "Bourbon Street Beat". His character of Rex Randolph from "Bourbon Street Beat" was said to have left New Orleans and relocated to North Hollywood, joining Bailey and Spencer's firm and taking Office 104. The character was dropped after one season, but Long (once again playing different one-shot guest characters) was seen again on "77 Sunset Strip" in Seasons 5 and 6.