title: Darren Sproles

text: In the 2003 season, Sproles continued to produce greatly for the Wildcats. In the season opener against California, he had 175 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. On September 13, against Massachusetts, he had 152 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns to help get the Wildcats to a 4–0 start. On November 8, in a game at Iowa State, he had 201 rushing yard and three rushing touchdowns. On November 22, against Missouri, he had 43 carries for 273 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. In the Big 12 Conference championship in 2003, a 35–7 win over #1 ranked Oklahoma, he had 235 rushing yards and 88 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown. Overall, he finished the 2003 season with 1,986 rushing yards and 16 rushing touchdowns. That same year, he finished fifth in the Heisman Trophy voting. He graduated with a degree in speech pathology. He led all FBS teams in rushing yards in 2003 with 1,986.


title: Darren Sproles

text: Sproles started the 2004 season off strong with 42 carries for 221 yards and a touchdown in a victory over Western Kentucky. On September 18, against Louisiana–Lafayette, he had 292 rushing yards and a touchdown. On October 23, against Nebraska, he had 135 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. On November 6, against Missouri, he had 160 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. In the final game of his collegiate career, against Iowa State, he had 167 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. Overall, he finished the 2004 season with 1,318 rushing yards and 11 touchdowns.


title: Darren Sproles

text: Sproles finished 11th on the all-time college rushing yards list, with the 6th most all-purpose yards in NCAA history.


title: Darren Sproles

text: Sproles was drafted by the Chargers in the fourth round of the 2005 NFL Draft with the 130th overall pick.


title: Darren Sproles

text: Sproles spent the 2005 season as the third string running back, behind LaDainian Tomlinson and Michael Turner, returning kicks and punts. He then spent the entire 2006 season on injured reserve list after breaking his ankle during the preseason.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On November 11, 2007, in the Chargers' 23–21 upset over the Indianapolis Colts, Sproles made history by returning a kickoff and a punt for his first two NFL touchdowns—the first player in league history ever to do so. He returned the opening kickoff 89 yards for the game's first score. After Nate Kaeding's field goal increased the Chargers' lead to 10–0, Sproles returned a Hunter Smith punt 46 yards for another touchdown for a 16–0 lead. Sproles became the first player to return a kickoff and a punt for a touchdown in the same game since Dante Hall did so in 2003.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On December 16, 2007, Sproles ran one yard for his first career rushing touchdown against the Detroit Lions. This was followed by an 11-yard run for his second rushing touchdown, capping off his first career 100+ yard rushing game. Overall, he finished the 2007 regular season with 164 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns to go along with 10 receptions for 31 yards. On special teams, he had 37 kick returns for 1,008 net yards and a touchdown to go along with 24 punt returns for 229 net yards and a touchdown. The Chargers made the playoffs in 2007. In the Divisional Round against the Indianapolis Colts, he had a 56-yard receiving touchdown in the 28–24 victory. He had 34 rushing yards in the AFC Championship loss to the New England Patriots in the next round.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On September 14, 2008, Sproles became just the second player in NFL history with 50 rushing yards, 50 receiving yards, and 100 return yards in one game (the other being Gale Sayers with the Chicago Bears). His statistics for the game included: 53 rushing yards, 72 receiving yards, and 192 return yards. Sproles logged 317 all-purpose yards in a 39–38 loss to the Denver Broncos. He also had a 103-yard touchdown return. On December 4, he had three receptions for 34 yards and two touchdowns in a 34–7 victory over the Oakland Raiders. In the regular season finale, in the second divisional game against the Denver Broncos, he had 115 rushing yards and his lone rushing touchdown of the regular season. Overall, he finished the 2008 season with 330 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, and 29 receptions for 342 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns. On special teams, he had 53 kick returns for 1,376 net yards and a touchdown to go along with 22 punt returns for 249 net yards.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On January 3, 2009, during an AFC Wild Card Round game against the Indianapolis Colts, Sproles ran for two touchdowns in place of the injured LaDainian Tomlinson, including the game-winning touchdown in overtime to beat the Colts 23–17. With 105 yards rushing, 45 yards receiving and 178 return yards, Sproles finished the game with 328 all-purpose yards in the Chargers victory over the Colts, the third most all-purpose yards by a player in a single NFL post-season game in NFL history. He was named the NBC Sunday Night Football "Horse Trailer Player of the Game" for the second consecutive week. The week following however, Sproles was stopped by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He managed only 15 yards on 11 carries, but did have 5 receptions for 91 yards including a 62-yard touchdown.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On February 18, 2009, the Chargers placed their franchise tag on Sproles. He signed the tender on April 28, 2009, which was worth $6.621 million. In Week 2, against the Baltimore Ravens, he had seven receptions for 124 yards in the 31–26 loss. On October 19, he had a 77-yard punt return for a touchdown in a 34–23 loss to the Denver Broncos. On Christmas Day, he had 38 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns in a 42–17 victory over the Tennessee Titans. Overall, in the 2009 regular season, he finished with 343 rushing yards, three rushing touchdowns, 45 receptions, 497 receiving yards, and four receiving touchdowns. On special teams, he had 54 kick returns for 1,300 net yards and 26 punt returns for 183 net yards and a touchdown.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On March 4, 2010, it was reported that the Chargers would tender Sproles a contract, which was worth approximately $7.3 million. Another team would have had to give the Chargers first- and third-round draft picks if they signed Sproles. He appeared in all 16 games and recorded 59 receptions for 520 yards and two touchdowns to go along with 50 carries for 267 rushing yards. On special teams, he had 51 kick returns for 1,257 net yards and 24 punt returns for 166 net yards.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On July 29, 2011, Sproles signed a four-year contract worth $14 million with the New Orleans Saints. The contract included $6 million in guaranteed money.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On September 8, 2011, during a game against the Green Bay Packers, Sproles returned a punt 72 yards for a touchdown during the second quarter, and returned a second punt for 20 yards; he also had 2 kick-off returns for 83 yards, including a 57-yard return. That gave Sproles 175 yards of returning on special teams, and on offense, he had seven receptions for 75 yards, along with just two carries for seven yards, and that gave him 257 all-purpose yards.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On September 25, 2011, during a game against the Houston Texans, Sproles had 193 all-purpose yards (108 special teams yards and 85 offensive yards), with six receptions for 50 yards, two carries for 35 yards, including a 30-yard touchdown run, and on special teams, had four kick-off returns for 103 yards.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On October 23, 2011, during a game against the Indianapolis Colts, Darren Sproles had 190 all-purpose yards with two touchdowns. On special teams, he had six returns for 83 yards. On offense, he had 12 carries for 88 yards with a 16-yard touchdown run, and six receptions for 19 yards with a six-yard touchdown pass. During this game, Sproles broke over 1,000 all-purpose yards mark.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On December 26, 2011, during a game against the Atlanta Falcons, Sproles had 236 all-purpose yards. On special teams, he had four kick-off returns for 147 yards, including a 92-yard return in which he almost returned the football to the house, and on offense, he had just 89 yards of total offense, with five carries for 67 yards, two receptions for 22 yards but with a nine-yard touchdown pass from Drew Brees. This last-play touchdown pass in the fourth quarter helped Drew Brees break the single season record for passing yards (5,084), held by Dan Marino since 1984. That pass gave Brees 5,087 yards for the 2011 regular season with one game remaining.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On January 1, 2012, in the last regular season game, a 45–17 blowout of the Carolina Panthers, Sproles had 168 all-purpose yards, in which he had five returns for 99 yards on special teams, and broke the NFL record for all-purpose yards in a season (2,696). Sproles played in both of the Saints' playoff games, scoring three touchdowns, including a 44-yard catch and run in the fourth quarter of a celebrated back-and-forth contest against the San Francisco 49ers that the Saints ultimately lost 36–32.


title: Darren Sproles

text: Sproles broke over 1,000 all-purpose yards in only his seventh game as a Saint. Maintaining an average of 168.5 all purpose yards per game Sproles finished the 2011 season with 2,696 all-purpose yards, breaking the NFL single-season record, previously set in 2000 by Derrick Mason (2,690 yards). He was ranked 86th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.


title: Darren Sproles

text: In Week 2, a 35–27 loss to the Carolina Panthers, Sproles had 13 receptions for 128 yards. On November 2, 2012, Saints interim head coach Joe Vitt announced that Sproles would be out indefinitely due to a fractured hand. Sproles returned in Week 12 and played in the Saints' remaining games, finishing the season with 48 rushes for 244 yards and one touchdown, 75 catches for 667 yards and seven touchdowns, 18 kickoff returns for 483 yards, and 23 punt returns for 183 yards.


title: Darren Sproles

text: In 2013, Sproles played in 15 regular season games, running for 220 yards and two touchdowns on 53 carries, making 71 catches for 604 yards and two touchdowns, 12 kickoff returns for 225 yards, and 29 punt returns for 194 yards. He played in both of the Saints' playoff games, with seven runs for 31 yards and nine catches for 63 yards.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On March 13, 2014, Sproles was acquired by the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for a 2014 5th-round draft pick. Drew Brees was quoted after the trade: "You only see a Darren Sproles type of player come around once in your career".


title: Darren Sproles

text: In his first regular season game with the Eagles, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had 11 carries for a total of 71 yards and had one rushing touchdown (49 yards, which was the longest run of his career).He won NFC Offensive Player of the Week in Week 2 against the Indianapolis Colts, rushing for 26 yards and a touchdown on four carries and catching seven receptions for 152 yards, two of which were over 50 yards. He earned NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for performances in Week 4 and Week 10.


title: Darren Sproles

text: In 2014, Sproles played in 15 regular season games, running for 329 yards and six touchdowns on 57 carries, making 40 catches for 387 yards, one kickoff return for 15 yards, and 39 punt returns for 506 yards and two touchdowns, good for second place on the Eagles' all-time single-season punt return yards, and the most in the NFL in 2014. For his efforts, he was elected to his first career Pro Bowl. He was named second team All-Pro as a return specialist, his first time on an All-Pro team. He was ranked 81st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.


title: Darren Sproles

text: Starting the 2015 season, much hype surrounded the Eagles signing reigning rushing champion DeMarco Murray and San Diego starter Ryan Mathews, leading to speculation that Sproles would get less playing time. In the season opener against the Atlanta Falcons, Sproles rushed for 50 yards on five attempts and caught seven passes for 76 yards, as well as returning 3 punts for 25 yards. Meanwhile, Murray and Mathews rushed for a combined 11 carries and 13 yards, although they each scored a touchdown rushing while Sproles did not.


title: Darren Sproles

text: In Week 3, DeMarco Murray did not play due to injury, but the Eagles running game prospered under Mathews and Sproles. Sproles was named NFC Special Teams player of the week for returning a punt 89 yards for the touchdown. He also rushed for 17 yards and one touchdown, helping the Eagles win their first game of the season against the 2-0 New York Jets, 24–17.


title: Darren Sproles

text: Sproles was given his largest workload since the 2009 season in a Week 13 game against the 10-1 New England Patriots, due to the ineffectiveness of Murray and Mathews being hurt. Sproles had 15 carries for 66 yards, four catches for 34 yards, and five punt returns for 115 yards and a touchdown in the 35–28 upset win. Sproles followed it up with a solid game against the Buffalo Bills, with seven carries for 41 yards and a touchdown in the 23–20 win.


title: Darren Sproles

text: Sproles finished the regular season with three rushing touchdowns, one receiving touchdown, and two punt return touchdowns, leading the NFL for the second consecutive year. Sproles was selected to his second straight Pro Bowl, and was named First Team All-Pro, his second straight year as an All-Pro and his first first-team selection.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On July 29, 2016, Sproles signed a one-year $4.5 million contract extension with the Eagles through 2017. Sproles was an immediate weapon out of the backfield, catching 10 passes for 160 yards and a touchdown in the first three games of the season, however he was also held to only 51 yards on 19 carries rushing in that same timespan. In a Week 8 loss to the Dallas Cowboys, Sproles took over as the lead back, carrying the ball 15 times for 86 yards and catching 5 passes for 17 yards. Sproles would retain the lead back role the following week against the New York Giants, rushing 13 times for 57 yards, catching three passes for 14 yards, and gaining 76 yards on two punt returns. On November 7, the day after the Giants game, head coach Doug Pederson officially named Sproles as the starting back. Overall, he finished the 2016 season with 438 rushing yards, two rushing touchdowns, 52 receptions, 427 receiving yards, and two receiving touchdowns. He earned a third consecutive Pro Bowl nomination.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On September 25, 2017, it was revealed that Sproles suffered a broken arm and a torn ACL on the same play in a game against the New York Giants in Week 3. He was officially placed on injured reserve that day, prematurely ending his season. In three games, he rushed 15 times for 61 yards with seven receptions for 73 yards. The Eagles went on to win Super Bowl LII. After the season ended, Sproles stated his interest to return to the Eagles for one more season.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On April 28, 2018, Sproles re-signed with the Eagles on a one-year contract. On July 15, 2018, Sproles announced that 2018 will be his last NFL season. He returned from his injury to play in the season-opening 18–12 victory over the Atlanta Falcons. His return from injury was short-lived as he injured his hamstring in practice before the Week 2 game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He returned in Week 13 to face the Washington Redskins and scored a rushing touchdown. In the following game, against the Dallas Cowboys, he scored a receiving touchdown. He added another receiving touchdown against the Houston Texans in Week 16. Overall, he finished the 2018 season with 120 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, 160 receiving yards, and two receiving touchdowns. In the Wild Card round against the Chicago Bears, he had 21 rushing yards and 14 receiving yards in the 16–15 victory. In the Divisional Round loss to the New Orleans Saints, he had four rushing yards and 21 receiving yards.


title: Darren Sproles

text: Sproles re-signed with the Eagles on a one-year contract on July 19, 2019. In Week 5, against the New York Jets, He moved into 5th all-time on the all-purpose yards list, passing Tim Brown. However Sproles suffered a partially torn right hip flexor muscle and missed the next three games. He returned in Week 9, but further aggravated the injury. He was later revealed that he fully tore the muscle and was ruled out the rest of the season. He was placed on injured reserve on November 15. On December 21, 2019, Sproles announced that he would retire from the NFL following the 2019 season. Sproles was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame All-2010s Team.


title: Darren Sproles

text: On February 7, 2020, Sproles was hired as a personnel consultant in the Eagles' football operations department, alongside former teammate Brent Celek.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Expectancy theory (or expectancy theory of motivation) proposes that an individual will behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over others due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be. In essence, the motivation of the behavior selection is determined by the desirability of the outcome. However, at the core of the theory is the cognitive process of how an individual processes the different motivational elements. This is done before making the ultimate choice. The outcome is not the sole determining factor in making the decision of how to behave.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice, or choosing. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. In the study of organizational behavior, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Victor H. Vroom (1964) defines motivation as a process governing choices among alternative forms of voluntary activities, a process controlled by the individual. The individual makes choices based on estimates of how well the expected results of a given behavior are going to match up with or eventually lead to the desired results. Motivation is a product of the individual's expectancy that a certain effort will lead to the intended performance, the instrumentality of this performance to achieving a certain result, and the desirability of this result for the individual, known as "valence".


title: Expectancy theory

text: In 1964, Victor H. Vroom developed the expectancy theory through his study of the motivations behind decision-making. This theory is relevant to the study of management.


title: Expectancy theory

text: The expectancy theory of motivation explains the behavioral process of why individuals choose one behavioral option over the other. This theory explains that individuals can be motivated towards goals if they believe that there is a positive correlation between efforts and performance, the outcome of a favorable performance will result in a desirable reward, a reward from a performance will satisfy an important need, and/or the outcome satisfies their need enough to make the effort worthwhile.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Vroom introduced three variables within the expectancy theory which are valence (V), expectancy (E) and instrumentality (I). The three elements are important behind choosing one element over another because they are clearly defined: effort-performance expectancy (E>P expectancy), performance-outcome expectancy (P>O expectancy).


title: Expectancy theory

text: Expectancy is the belief that one's effort (E) will result in attainment of desired performance (P) goals. Usually based on an individual's past experience, self-confidence (self efficacy), and the perceived difficulty of the performance standard or goal.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Instrumentality is the belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met. This reward may present itself in the form of a pay increase, promotion, recognition or sense of accomplishment. Instrumentality is low when the reward is the same for all performances given.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Another way that instrumental outcomes work is commissions. With commissions performance is directly correlated with outcome (how much money is made). If performance is high and many goods are sold, the more money the person will make.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Factors associated with the individual's instrumentality for outcomes are trust, control and policies:


title: Expectancy theory

text: Valence is the value an individual places on the rewards of an outcome, which is based on their needs, goals, values and sources of motivation. Influential factors include one's values, needs, goals, preferences and sources that strengthen their motivation for a particular outcome.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Valence is characterized by the extent to which a person values a given outcome or reward. This is not an actual level of satisfaction rather the expected satisfaction of a particular outcome.


title: Expectancy theory

text: In order for the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it.


title: Expectancy theory

text: When deciding among behavioral options, individuals select the option with the greatest amount of motivational force (MF).


title: Expectancy theory

text: Expectancy and instrumentality are attitudes (cognitions), whereas valence is rooted in an individual's value system.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Examples of valued outcomes in the workplace include, pay increases and bonuses, promotions, time off, new assignments, recognition, etc. If management can effectively determine what their employee values, this will allow the manager to motivate employees in order to get the highest result and effectiveness out of the workplace.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is one such management theory focused on motivation. According to Holdford and Lovelace-Elmore, Vroom asserts, "intensity of work effort depends on the perception that an individual's effort will result in a desired outcome".


title: Expectancy theory

text: In order to enhance the performance-outcome tie, managers should use systems that tie rewards very closely to performance. Managers also need to ensure that the rewards provided are deserved and wanted by the recipients. In order to improve the effort-performance tie, managers should engage in training to improve their capabilities and improve their belief that added effort will in fact lead to better performance.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Expectancy Theory, though well known in work motivation literature, is not as familiar to scholars or practitioners outside that field.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Lori Baker-Eveleth and Robert Stone, University of Idaho in 2008 conducted an empirical study on 154 faculty members' reactions to the use of new software. It was found that ease of system use affects both self-efficacy (self-confidence) and anticipated usefulness. These in turn influenced the decision, or anticipated decision, to use the software.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Self-efficacy has a direct impact on outcome expectancy and has a larger effect than outcome expectancy. Employees will accept technology if they believe the technology is a benefit to them. If an employee is mandated to use the technology, the employees will use it but may feel it is not useful. On the other hand, when an employee is not mandated, the employee may be influenced by these other factors (self-confidence and confidence in outcome) that it should be used.


title: Expectancy theory

text: The self-efficacy theory can be applied to predicting and perceiving an employee's belief for computer use. This theory associates an individual's cognitive state with effective behavioral outcomes.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Jere Brophy and Thomas Good provided a comprehensive model of how teacher expectations could influence children's achievement. Their model posits that teachers' expectations indirectly affect children's achievement: "teacher expectations could also affect student outcomes indirectly by leading to differential teacher treatment of students that would condition student attitudes, expectations, and behavior". The model includes the following sequence. Teachers form differential expectations for students early in the school year. Based on these expectations, they behave differently toward different students, and as a result of these behaviors the students begin to understand what the teacher expects from them. If students accept the teachers' expectations and behavior toward them then they will be more likely to act in ways that confirm the teacher's initial expectations. This process will ultimately affect student achievement so that teachers' initial expectancies are confirmed.


title: Expectancy theory

text: In discussing work related to this model, Brophy made several important observations about teacher expectation effects. First and foremost, he argued that most of the beliefs teachers hold about student are accurate, and so their expectations usually reflect students' actual performance levels. As a result, Brophy contended that self-fulfilling prophecy effects have relatively weak effects on student achievement, changing achievement 5% to 10%, although he did note that such effects usually are negative expectation effects rather than positive effects. Second, he pointed out that various situational and individual difference factors influence the extent to which teacher expectations will act as self-fulfilling prophecies. For instance, Brophy stated that expectancy effects may be larger in the early elementary grades, because teachers have more one-on-one interactions with students then, as they attempt to socialize children into the student role. In the upper elementary grades more whole-class teaching methods are used, which may minimize expectation effects. Some evidence supports this claim; expectancy effects in Rosenthal and Jacobson's study were strongest during the earlier grades. Raudenbush's meta-analysis of findings from different teacher expectancy studies in which expectancies were induced by giving teachers artificial information about children's intelligence showed that expectancy effects were stronger in grades 1 and 2 than in grades 3 through Grade 6, especially when the information was given to teachers during the first few weeks of school. These findings are particularly relevant because they show a form of the expectancy theory: how teachers have certain expectations of students, and how they treat the students differently because of those expectations.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Critics of the expectancy model include Graen, Lawler and Porter. Their criticisms of the theory were based upon the expectancy model being too simplistic in nature; these critics started making adjustments to Vroom's model.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Edward Lawler claims that the simplicity of expectancy theory is deceptive because it assumes that if an employer makes a reward (such as a financial bonus or promotion) enticing enough, employees will increase their productivity to obtain the reward. However, this only works if the employees believe the reward is beneficial to their immediate needs. For example, a $2 increase in salary may not be desirable to an employee if the increase pushes her into a tax bracket in which she believes her net pay is actually reduced (a belief that is typically fallacious, especially in the United States). Similarly, a promotion that provides higher status but requires longer hours may be a deterrent to an employee who values evening and weekend time with their children.


title: Expectancy theory

text: As an additional example, if a person in the armed forces or security agencies is promoted, there is the possibility that he or she will be transferred to other locations. In such cases, if the new posting is far from their permanent residence where their family resides, they will not be motivated by such promotions and the results will backfire. As such, the reward is valued negatively to the person receiving it.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Lawler's new proposal for expectancy theory does not contradict Vroom's theory. Lawler argues that since there have been a variety of developments of expectancy theory since its creation in 1964 that the expectancy model needs to be updated. Lawler's new model is based on four claims. First, whenever there are a number of outcomes, individuals will usually have a preference among those outcomes. Second, there is a belief on the part of that individual that their action(s) will achieve the outcome they desire. Third, any desired outcome was generated by the individual's behavior. Fourth and finally, the actions generated by the individual were generated by the preferred outcome and expectation of the individual.


title: Expectancy theory

text: Instead of simply looking at expectancy and instrumentality, W.F. Maloney and J.M. McFillen found that expectancy theory could explain the motivation of those individuals who were employed by the construction industry. For instance, they used worker expectancy and worker instrumentality. Worker expectancy is when supervisors create an equal match between the worker and their job. Worker instrumentality is when an employee knows that any increase in their performance leads to achieving their goal.


title: Expectancy theory

text: In the chapter entitled "On the Origins of Expectancy Theory" published in "Great Minds in Management" by Ken G. Smith and Michael A. Hitt, Vroom himself agreed with some of these criticisms and stated that he felt that the theory should be expanded to include research conducted since the original publication of his book.


title: Rajshri Productions

text: Rajshri Productions Pvt. Ltd. is a film production and distribution company based in Mumbai, India, established in 1947, which is primarily involved in producing Hindi films. The most successful films produced by the company include "Dosti" (1964), Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se (1978), "Nadiya Ke Paar" (1982), "Saaransh" (1984), "Maine Pyar Kiya" (1989) "Hum Aapke Hain Kaun" (1994), "Hum Saath Saath Hain" (1999), "Vivah" (2006) and "Prem Ratan Dhan Payo" (2015). It has produced successful shows like "Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki", "Yahan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli", and "Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara".


title: Rajshri Productions

text: Rajshri Productions, the film production division of Rajshri, was established in 1947. Its first release "Aarti" met with critical acclaim and was screened at international film festivals. This was followed by "Dosti", a non-star-cast film which became a box office success, and received the National Award for the Best Hindi Film of the Year (1964) and six Filmfare Awards.


title: Rajshri Productions

text: Rajshri Productions made several more successful and critically acclaimed movies between the 1960s and 1980s including "Uphaar", "Geet Gaata Chal", "Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se", "Chitchor", "Dulhan Wahi Jo Piya Man Bhaye" and "Saaransh". At the end of the 1980s, when the film industry experienced a slump due to the advent of home video, Rajshri was on the verge of closing down. However, the company had a hit with a musical teenage romance, "Maine Pyar Kiya", directed in-house by Sooraj R. Barjatya, which saved the company from closure. It became one of Indian cinema's biggest grossers, and won six Filmfare Awards including Best Film and the Most Sensational Debut of the Year for 24-year-old Salman Khan.


title: Rajshri Productions

text: Salman Khan followed up the success of "Maine Pyar Kiya" with Rajshri blockbusters "Hum Aapke Hain Koun" and "". "Hum Aapke Hain Koun" remains one of the highest grossing releases in the history of Indian cinema, and won the National Award for the most popular film providing wholesome entertainment, as well as eight Filmfare Awards and six Screen Awards, including Best Film, Best Actress and Best Director.


title: Rajshri Productions

text: In November 2006, Rajshri Productions launched a broadband entertainment portal, Rajshri.com, offering streaming and downloads of various forms of content including movies, music videos, concerts, and documentaries. The digital content is from its own production house and others.


title: Rajshri Productions

text: Rajshri Productions have offices in various Indian cities such as Mumbai, Rajkot, Hubli, Kolkata, Patna, Cuttack, Siliguri, Kathiar, Bhusawal, Nagpur, Raipur, Indore, Jaipur, Delhi, Kanpur, Allahabad, Varanasi, Gorakhpur, Jalandhar, Vijayawada, Bengaluru, Chennai, Ernakulam and various others.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: Zelimkhan Abdulmuslimovich Yandarbiyev (, romanized: "Yandarbin Abdulmusliman-khant Zelimxan"; , also spelled Yandarbiev; 12 September 1952 – 13 February 2004) was a Chechen writer and politician, who served as acting president of the breakaway Chechen Republic of Ichkeria between 1996 and 1997. Yandarbiyev was deemed by UN a suspected associate of Al-Qaida extremist group, and is the first of Chechen leader to be named part of Al-Qaida terrorist network. In 2004, Yandarbiyev was assassinated while in exile in Qatar.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: Yandarbiyev was originally a literary scholar, poet, and children's literature writer, having studied at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow and co-founding a clandestine literature club named "Prometheus" which would eventually get banned by the Soviet authorities.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: He later became a leader in the Chechen nationalist movement as the Soviet Union began to collapse. In July 1989, he founded the Bart (Unity) Party, a democratic party that promoted the unity of Caucasian ethnic groups against Russian imperialism and terrorism. In May 1990, he founded and led the Vainakh Democratic Party (VDP), the first Chechen political party, which was committed to an independent Chechnya. The VDP initially represented both Chechen and Ingush until their split after Chechnya's declaration of independence from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: In November 1990, he became the deputy chairman of the newly formed All-National Congress of the Chechen People (NCChP), which was led by Dzhokhar Dudayev and which ousted the Soviet-era leadership. With Dudayev, he signed an agreement with Ingush leaders splitting the joint Chechen-Ingush republic in two. In the first Chechen parliament, from 1991 to 1993, Yandarbiyev headed the media committee. In April 1993 he was appointed as the Vice President of Ichkeria by Dudayev.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: In April 1996, following the assassination of his predecessor Dzhokhar Dudayev, he became the Acting President of Ichikeria. In late May 1996, Yandarbiyev headed a Chechen delegation that met President of Russia Boris Yeltsin and Prime Minister of Russia Viktor Chernomyrdin for peace talks at the Kremlin that resulted in the signature of a ceasefire agreement on 27 May 1996.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: In 1997, during the signing of the Russian-Chechen Peace Treaty in Moscow, Yandarbiyev famously forced his Russian counterpart President Yeltsin to change seats at a negotiating table so he would be received like a head of sovereign state. Yandarbiyev stood in the presidential election held in Chechnya in February 1997, but was defeated by the Chechen separatist top military leader, General Aslan Maskhadov, getting 10 per cent of the votes and landing third behind Maskhadov and Shamil Basayev. Together with Maskhadov, Yandarbiyev took part in signing of the "lasting" peace treaty in Moscow.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: The two Chechen leaders fell out badly the following year, when Yandarbiyev was accused of being behind an assassination attempt against Maskhadov. In September 1998, Maskhadov publicly denounced Yandarbiyev, accusing him of importing the Islamic extremist philosophy of "Wahhabism" and of being responsible for "anti-state activities" including anti-government speeches and public meetings, as well as the organisation of illegal armed groups. Yandarbiyev subsequently joined forces with the hard-line Islamist opposition to Maskhadov's rule.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: In August–September 1999, Yandarbiyev was assumed as a key figure behind the invasion by the Islamic International Brigade-led coalition of Islamist guerrillas on the neighboring Russian Republic of Dagestan. At the beginning of the Second Chechen War, Yandarbiyev traveled abroad to Afghanistan, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates and eventually settled in Qatar in 1999, where he sought to obtain Muslim support for the Chechen cause.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: After being accused of involvement in the October 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis, Yandarbiyev was placed on Interpol's most wanted list and Russia made the first of several requests for extradition in February 2003, citing Yandarbiyev as a major international terrorist and financier of the al-Qaeda-backed Chechen resistance. In June 2003, his name was consequently added to the United Nations Security Council Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee's blacklist of al-Qaeda-related suspects.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: Yandarbiyev played a key role in directing funding from foundations in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf in order to support a radical Chechen faction dubbed the Special Purpose Islamic Regiment, a militant group responsible for the Moscow theater hostage crisis. In January 2004, he was interviewed extensively in Qatar for the BBC Four documentary "The Smell of Paradise", where the film-makers called him the "spiritual leader of the Chechens and a poet on the road to jihad."


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: On 13 February 2004, Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev was killed when a bomb ripped through his SUV in the Qatari capital, Doha. He was fatally wounded and succumbed to his injuries on the way to the hospital. His 13-year-old son, Daud, was in critical condition but survived. Some reports also added that two of his bodyguards were killed in the blast as well, but this has not been confirmed.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: It was initially unclear who was responsible for the blast, but suspicion immediately fell on Russian intelligence agencies SVR and GRU, both of which denied any involvement, and cited internal feuding among the Chechen rebel leadership. Aslan Maskhadov's separatist foreign ministry condemned the attack as a "Russian terrorist attack", comparing it to the 1996 attack that killed Dzhokhar Dudayev. The car bomb eventually led to Qatar's first counterterrorism law, declaring lethal terrorist acts punishable by death or life imprisonment.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: The day after the attack, Qatari authorities arrested three Russians in a Russian embassy villa. One of them, the first secretary of the Russian Embassy in Qatar, Aleksandr Fetisov, was released in March due to his diplomatic status. The remaining two, GRU agents Anatoly Yablochkov (also known as Belashkov) and Vasily Pugachyov (sometimes misspelled as Bogachyov), were charged with the assassination of Yandarbiyev, an assassination attempt of his son Daud Yandarbiyev, and smuggling weapons into Qatar. According to Moscow, Yablochkov and Pugachyov were secret intelligence agents sent to the Russian Embassy in Doha to collect information about global terrorism. Russia's acting Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov pledged state support to the suspects and declared that their imprisonment was illegal. There were some speculations that Fetisov had been released in exchange for Qatari wrestlers detained in Moscow.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: The trial proceedings were closed to the public after the defendants claimed that the Qatari police had tortured them in the first days after their arrest, when they had been held incommunicado; the two Russians alleged that they had suffered beatings, sleep deprivation and attacks by guard dogs. Based on these torture allegations and the fact that the two officers were arrested within an extraterritorial compound belonging to the Russian Embassy, Russia demanded the immediate release of its citizens. They were represented by the attorney of the law firm founded by Nikolai Yegorov, a friend and fellow student of Vladimir Putin at Leningrad State University.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: The Qatari prosecutors concluded that the suspects had received the order to eliminate Zelimkhan Yandarbiev from then Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov personally.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: On 30 June 2004, both Russians were sentenced to life imprisonment; passing the sentence, the judge stated that they had acted on orders from the Russian leadership.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: The verdict of the Doha court caused severe tensions between Qatar and Russia, and, on 23 December 2004, Qatar agreed to extradite the prisoners to Russia, where they would serve out their life sentences. The agents however received a heroes' welcome on returning to Moscow on the same day but disappeared from public view shortly afterwards.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: Russian prison authorities admitted in February 2005 that they were not in jail and said that the sentence handed down in Qatar was "irrelevant" in Russia.


title: Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev

text: He wrote many books, consisting in poetry collections, children's literature as well "radical interpretation of the theory of jihad" with titles like "Whose Caliphate?" and "Jihad".


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: A Boy and His Dog is a 1975 American black comedy science fiction film directed by actor L.Q. Jones, from a screenplay by Jones based on the 1969 novella of the same title by fantasy author Harlan Ellison. The film stars Don Johnson, Susanne Benton, Alvy Moore, and Jason Robards. It was independently produced and distributed by Jones' company LQ/Jaf Productions.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: The film's storyline concerns a teenage boy, Vic, and his telepathic dog, Blood, who work together as a team in order to survive in the dangerous post-apocalyptic wasteland of the Southwestern United States.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: In the post-nuclear war America of 2024, Vic (Don Johnson) is an 18-year-old boy, born in and scavenging throughout the wasteland of the former southwestern United States. Vic is most concerned with food and sex; having lost his parents, he has no formal education and does not understand ethics or morality. He is accompanied by a well-read, misanthropic, telepathic dog named Blood, who helps him find women to rape, in exchange for which Vic finds food for the dog. Blood cannot forage for himself due to the same genetic engineering that granted him telepathy. The two steal for a living, evading bands of raiders, berserk military androids, and mutants. Blood and Vic have an occasionally antagonistic relationship (Blood frequently annoys Vic by calling him "Albert" for reasons never made clear), though they realize that they need each other to survive. Blood wishes to find the legendary promised land of "Over the Hill" where above-ground utopias are said to exist, though Vic believes that they must make the best of what they have.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: Searching a bunker for a woman for Vic to rape, they find one, but she has already been severely mutilated and is on the verge of death. Vic displays no pity. He is merely angered by the "wastefulness" of such an act, as well as disgusted by the thought of satisfying his urges with a woman in such a condition. They move on, only to find slavers excavating another bunker. Vic steals several cans of their food, later using them to barter for goods in a nearby shanty town.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: That evening, while watching old vintage stag films at a local outdoor "cinema", Blood claims to smell a woman, and the pair track her to a large underground warehouse. There, Vic attempts to rape Quilla June Holmes (Susanne Benton), a scheming and seductive teenage girl from Downunder, a society in a large underground settlement. Unknown to the pair, Quilla June's father, Lou Craddock (Jason Robards), had sent her above ground to "recruit" surface dwellers. Blood takes an instant dislike to her but Vic ignores him. After Vic saves Quilla June from raiders and mutants, they have repeated sex. Eventually, she secretly returns to her underground society. Enticed by the thought of more women and sex, Vic follows her, despite Blood's warnings. Blood remains on the surface at Downunder's portal.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: Downunder has an artificial biosphere, complete with forests and a city, which is named Topeka after the ruins of the destroyed city that it lies beneath. The city is ruled by a triumvirate known as the Committee, who have shaped Topeka into a bizarre caricature of pre-nuclear war America, with all residents wearing whiteface and clothes evocative of rural United States prior to World War II. When Vic is told that he has been brought to Topeka to help fertilize the female population, he is elated to learn of his "stud" value. His joy is short-lived, when he is informed that Topeka meets its need for exogamous reproduction by electroejaculation and artificial insemination, which will deny him the sexual pleasure that he had envisioned. People who refuse to comply with the Committee are sent off to "the farm" and never seen again, as they are violently killed. Vic is informed that when his semen has been used to impregnate 35 women, he will also be sent to "the farm".


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: Quilla June helps Vic escape only because she wants him to kill the Committee members and destroy their android enforcer, Michael (Hal Baylor), so that she can usurp their power. Vic has no interest in politics or remaining underground. He only wants to return to Blood and the wasteland. The rebellion is quashed by Michael, who crushes the heads of Quilla June's co-conspirators before Vic disables him. She proclaims her "love" for Vic and wants to escape to the surface with him—now that her rebellion has been quashed and the Committee has decreed that "she" will be sent to the farm.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: On the surface, Vic and Quilla June discover that Blood is starving and near death. She pleads with Vic to abandon Blood, forcing him to face his true feelings. Vic decides that his loyalties lie with his dog. Off-camera, Vic murders Quilla June and cooks her flesh so that Blood can eat and survive. Blood thanks Vic for the food, and they both comment on Quilla June. Vic says that it was her fault that she followed him, while Blood wryly jokes that she had marvelous judgment but did not have particularly good "taste". The boy and his dog continue to talk as they walk off together into the wasteland.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: Harlan Ellison wrote the original novella "A Boy and His Dog" and began an adaptation for film. However, after encountering writer's block, actor/director L.Q. Jones came onboard to write the script. Jones' own company, LQ/Jaf Productions (L.Q. Jones & Friends), independently produced the film. Distributors initially were reluctant to finance the production, so Jones raised $400,000 through family and business associates. The film was shot at Pacific Ocean Park in Venice, California, and on location around Barstow, California and Coyote Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: In an interview, Harlan Ellison said: "When he [Blood] calls Vic 'Al' or 'Albert', he is referring to the Albert Payson Terhune dog stories, whereas a traditional boy and his dog relationship is turned upside down in this movie".


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: James Cagney's voice was considered as the voice of Blood, but was dropped because it would have been too recognizable and prove to be a distraction. Eventually, after going through approximately 600 auditions, they settled on Tim McIntire, a veteran voice actor who also did most of the music for the film. Ray Manzarek (misspelled in the film credits as "Manzarec"), formerly of The Doors, was also among those credited for the score.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: McIntire sang the main theme. Bolivian composer Jaime Mendoza-Nava provided the music for the Topeka underground segment.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 78% approval rating based on 36 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's consensus states: "An offbeat, eccentric black comedy, "A Boy and His Dog" features strong dialogue and an oddball vision of the future". On Metacritic the film has a score of 68% based on reviews from 10 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film 2.5 stars out of a possible 4, writing that Ellison's novella "seemed almost to defy filming" but nonetheless Jones managed to offer "a sort of wacky success". Richard Eder of "The New York Times" wrote that the realistic world set up in the beginning and the underground community introduced later "don't really work together; their contrast, and a ridiculous ending, shatter the picture. And the talking dog chews up the pieces". "Variety" called the film "a turkey" and "an amateurish blend of redneck humor, chaotic fight scenes, and dimwitted philosophizing". Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 and wrote: "Rather than illuminate the present through a glance at a possible future, 'A Boy and His Dog' is simply a dim-witted collection of tired sex gags and anti-American imagery". Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" praised the film as "an offbeat delight" with performances that "have that comfortable naturalness often detectable when an actor is directing other actors". Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" panned the film as a "shoddy, puerile science-fiction parable" that "mistakes juvenile facetiousness for wit and glorifies a juvenile concept of freedom, which means making it in the wild, away from such unmanly encumbrances as civilization and girls".


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: The film was not commercially successful at its release. It has since become a cult film and also inspired the video game series "Fallout" "on many levels, from underground communities of survivors to glowing mutants", according to Jesse Heining, a developer of the game. On the film's DVD audio commentary, Jones states that Ellison was generally pleased with the film, with the exception of some lines of dialogue. Ellison particularly objected to the film's final line, which did not originate from his original short story, in which Blood said of Quilla, "Well, I'd say she certainly had marvelous judgement, Albert, if not particularly good taste". Ellison referred to it as a "moronic, hateful chauvinist last line, which I despise".


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: The film won the 1976 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation at MidAmeriCon, the 34th World Science Fiction Convention in Kansas City, Missouri, located not far from the real Topeka, Kansas. Johnson won the Golden Scroll for Best Actor, which was shared with James Caan for his performance in "Rollerball". In 2007, it ranked #96 on Rotten Tomatoes' "Journey Through Sci-Fi" (100 best-reviewed science fiction films).


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: According to L.Q. Jones, George Miller cited the 1975 film adaptation of "A Boy and His Dog" as an influence on the "Mad Max" films, particularly "The Road Warrior" (1981).


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: There were rumors regarding a sequel, but it never materialized. On the film's DVD audio commentary, L.Q. Jones states that he had started to write a script sequel to the film that would have picked up where the first film ended and featured a female warrior named Spike, and we would have seen this world through the eyes of a female instead of a male (this happens in Ellison's story, "Blood's a Rover", when Blood partners with Spike after the ostensible death of Vic). Jones and Ellison reportedly collaborated on this short-lived effort, although Ellison said that such 'collaboration' never went beyond a short "what if?" conversation, and that any efforts were solely that of Jones.


title: A Boy and His Dog (1975 film)

text: According to "Cult Movies 2", Jones had a sequel planned called "A Girl and Her Dog", but the plan was scrapped when Tiger, the dog who portrayed Blood, died. In a December 2003 interview, Jones claimed that he had been repeatedly approached to make a sequel, but funding was always an issue. In 2018, Ellison's teleplay featuring Spike — the girl in the proposed "A Girl and Her Dog" film — was finally published. "Blood's a Rover" by Harlan Ellison (Subterranean Press 2018), a "fix-up" novel, consisting of "Eggsucker" and "Run Spot, Run", two short stories from the 1970s and 1980s, as well as "A Boy and His Dog" (Ellison's novella) and an unproduced teleplay from the 1970s, "Blood's a Rover", was published in a limited number of hardcovers.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Horatio Lloyd Gates (July 26, 1727April 10, 1806) was a British-born American army officer who served as a general in the Continental Army during the early years of the Revolutionary War. He took credit for the American victory in the Battles of Saratoga (1777) – a matter of contemporary and historical controversy – and was blamed for the defeat at the Battle of Camden in 1780. Gates has been described as "one of the Revolution's most controversial military figures" because of his role in the Conway Cabal, which attempted to discredit and replace General George Washington; the battle at Saratoga; and his actions during and after his defeat at Camden.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Born in the town of Maldon in Essex, Gates served in the British Army during the War of the Austrian Succession and the French and Indian War. Frustrated by his inability to advance in the army, Gates sold his commission and established a small plantation in Virginia. On Washington's recommendation, the Continental Congress made Gates the Adjutant General of the Continental Army in 1775. He was assigned command of Fort Ticonderoga in 1776 and command of the Northern Department in 1777. Shortly after Gates took charge of the Northern Department, the Continental Army defeated the British at the crucial Battles of Saratoga. After the battle, some members of Congress considered replacing Washington with Gates, but Washington ultimately retained his position as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Gates took command of the Southern Department in 1780, but was removed from command later that year after the disastrous Battle of Camden. Gates's military reputation was destroyed by the battle and he did not hold another command for the remainder of the war. Gates retired to his Virginia estate after the war, but eventually decided to free his slaves and move to New York. He was elected to a single term in the New York State Legislature and died in 1806.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Horatio Gates was born on July 26, 1727, in Maldon, in the English county of Essex. His parents (of record) were Robert and Dorothea Gates. Evidence suggests that Dorothea was the granddaughter of John Hubbock Sr. (died 1692) postmaster at Fulham, and the daughter of John Hubbock Jr., listed in 1687 sources as a vintner. She had a prior marriage, to Thomas Reeve, whose family was well situated in the royal Customs service. Dorothea Reeve was housekeeper for the second Duke of Leeds, Peregrine Osborne (died June 25, 1729), which in the social context of England at the time was a patronage plum. Marriage into the Reeve family opened the way for Robert Gates to get into and then up through the Customs service. So too, Dorothea Gates's appointment circa 1729 to housekeeper for the third Duke of Bolton provided Horatio Gates with otherwise off-bounds opportunities for education and social advancement. Through Dorothea Gates's associations and energetic networking, young Horace Walpole was enlisted as Horatio's godfather and namesake.


title: Horatio Gates

text: In 1745, Horatio Gates obtained a military commission with financial help from his parents, and political support from the Duke of Bolton. Gates served with the 20th Foot in Germany during the War of the Austrian Succession. He arrived in Halifax, Nova Scotia, under Edward Cornwallis and later was promoted to captain in the 45th Foot, under the command of Hugh Warburton, the following year. He participated in several engagements against the Mi'kmaq and Acadians, particularly the Battle at Chignecto. He married the daughter of Erasmus James Philipps, Elizabeth, at St. Paul's Church (Halifax) in 1754. Leaving Nova Scotia, he sold his commission in 1754 and purchased a captaincy in one of the New York Independent Companies. One of his mentors in his early years was Edward Cornwallis, the uncle of Charles Cornwallis, against whom the Americans would later fight. Gates served under Cornwallis when the latter was governor of Nova Scotia, and also developed a friendship with the lieutenant governor, Robert Monckton.


title: Horatio Gates

text: During the French and Indian War, Gates served General Edward Braddock in America. In 1755 he accompanied the ill-fated Braddock Expedition in its attempt to control access to the Ohio Valley. This force included other future Revolutionary War leaders such as Thomas Gage, Charles Lee, Daniel Morgan, and George Washington. Gates didn't see significant combat, since he was severely injured early in the action. His experience in the early years of the war was limited to commanding small companies, but he apparently became quite good at military administration. In 1759 he was made brigade major to Brigadier General John Stanwix, a position he continued when General Robert Monckton took over Stanwix's command in 1760. Gates served under Monckton in the capture of Martinique in 1762, although he saw little combat. Monckton bestowed on him the honor of bringing news of the success to England, which brought him a promotion to major. The end of the war also brought an end to Gates' prospects for advancement, as the army was demobilized and he did not have the financial wherewithal to purchase commissions for higher ranks.


title: Horatio Gates

text: In November 1755, Gates married Elizabeth Phillips and had a son, Robert, in 1758. Gates' military career stalled, as advancement in the British army required money or influence. Frustrated by the British class hierarchy, he sold his major's commission in 1769, and came to North America. In 1772 he reestablished contact with George Washington, and purchased a modest plantation in Virginia the following year.


title: Horatio Gates

text: When the word reached Gates of the outbreak of war in late May 1775, he rushed to Mount Vernon and offered his services to Washington. In June, the Continental Congress began organizing the Continental Army. In accepting command, Washington urged the appointment of Gates as adjutant of the army. On June 17, 1775, Congress commissioned Gates as a brigadier general and adjutant general of the Continental Army. He is considered to be the first Adjutant General of the United States Army.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Gates's previous wartime service in administrative posts was invaluable to the fledgling army, as he, Washington and Charles Lee were the only men with significant experience in the British regular army. As adjutant, Horatio Gates created the army's system of records and orders and helped standardize regiments from the various colonies. During the siege of Boston, he was a voice of caution, speaking in war councils against what he saw as overly risky actions.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Although his administrative skills were valuable, Gates longed for a field command. By June 1776, he had been promoted to major general and given command of the Canadian Department to replace John Sullivan. This unit of the army was then in disorganized retreat from Quebec, following the arrival of British reinforcements at Quebec City. Furthermore, disease, especially smallpox, had taken a significant toll on the ranks, which also suffered from poor morale and dissension over pay and conditions. The retreat from Quebec to Fort Ticonderoga also brought Gates into conflict with the authority of Major General Philip Schuyler, commander of the army's Northern Department, which retained jurisdiction over Ticonderoga. During the summer of 1776, this struggle was resolved, with Schuyler given command of the department as a whole and Gates command of Ticonderoga and the defense of Lake Champlain.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Gates spent the summer of 1776 overseeing the enlargement of the American fleet that would be needed to prevent the British from taking control of Lake Champlain. Much of this work eventually fell to Benedict Arnold, who had been with the army during its retreat and was also an experienced seaman. Gates rewarded Arnold's initiative by giving him command of the fleet when it sailed to meet the British. The American fleet was defeated at the Battle of Valcour Island in October 1776, although the defense of the lake was sufficient to delay a British advance against Ticonderoga until 1777.


title: Horatio Gates

text: When it was clear that the British were not going to make an attempt on Ticonderoga in 1776, Gates marched some of the army south to join Washington's army in Pennsylvania, where it had retreated after the fall of New York City. Though his troops were with Washington at the Battle of Trenton, Gates was not. Always an advocate of defensive action, Gates argued that Washington should retreat further rather than attack. When Washington dismissed this advice, Gates claimed illness as an excuse not to join the nighttime attack and instead traveled on to Baltimore, where the Continental Congress was meeting. Gates had always maintained that he, not Washington, should have commanded the Continental Army. This opinion was supported by several wealthy and prominent New England delegates to the Continental Congress. Although Gates actively lobbied Congress for the appointment, Washington's stunning successes at Trenton and Princeton subsequently left no doubt as to who should be commander-in-chief. Gates was then sent back north with orders to assist Schuyler in the Northern Department.


title: Horatio Gates

text: But in 1777, Congress blamed Schuyler and St. Clair for the loss of Fort Ticonderoga, though Gates had exercised a lengthy command in the region. Congress finally gave Gates command of the Northern Department on August 4.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Gates assumed command of the Northern Department on August 19 and led the army during the defeat of British General Burgoyne's invasion in the Battles of Saratoga. While Gates and his supporters took credit for the victory, military action was directed by a cohort of field commanders led by Benedict Arnold, Enoch Poor, Benjamin Lincoln, and Daniel Morgan. Arnold in particular took the field against Gates' orders and rallied the troops in a furious attack on the British lines, suffering serious injuries to his leg. John Stark's defeat of a sizable British raiding force at the Battle of Bennington–Stark's forces killed or captured over 900 British soldiers–was also a substantial factor in the outcome at Saratoga.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Gates stands front and center in John Trumbull's painting of the "Surrender of General Burgoyne" at Saratoga, which hangs in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda. By Congressional resolution, a gold medal was presented to Gates to commemorate his victories over the British in the Battles of Bennington, Fort Stanwix and Saratoga. Gold and bronze replicas of that medal are still awarded by the Adjutant General's Corps Regimental Association in recognition of outstanding service.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Gates followed up the victory at Saratoga with a proposal to invade Quebec, but his suggestion was rejected by Washington.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Gates attempted to maximize his political return on the victory, particularly as George Washington was having no present successes with the main army. In fact, Gates insulted Washington by sending reports directly to Congress instead of to Washington, his commanding officer. At the behest of Gates's friends and the delegates from New England, Congress named Gates to president of the Board of War, a post he filled while retaining his field command—an unprecedented conflict of interest. The post technically made Gates Washington's civilian superior, conflicting with his lower military rank. At this time, some members of Congress briefly considered replacing Washington with Gates as commander-in-chief, supported by military officers also in disagreement with Washington's leadership.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Washington learned of the campaign against him by Gates's adjutant, James Wilkinson. In a letter to Gates, Wilkinson forwarded remarks of General Thomas Conway critical of Washington to General William Alexander, who passed them on to Washington. Gates (then unaware of Wilkinson's involvement) accused persons unknown of copying his mail and forwarded Conway's letter to the president of Congress, Henry Laurens. Washington's supporters in Congress and the army rallied to his side, ending the "Conway Cabal". Gates then apologized to Washington for his role in the affair, resigned from the Board of War, and took an assignment as commander of the Eastern Department in November 1778.


title: Horatio Gates

text: In May 1780, news of the fall of Charleston, South Carolina, and the capture of General Benjamin Lincoln's southern army reached Congress. It voted to place Gates in command of the Southern Department. He learned of his new command at his home near Shepherdstown, Virginia (now West Virginia), and headed south to assume command of the remaining Continental forces near the Deep River in North Carolina on July 25, 1780.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Gates led Continental forces and militia south and prepared to face the British forces of Charles Cornwallis, who had advanced to Camden, South Carolina. In the Battle of Camden on August 16, Gates's army was routed, with nearly 1,000 men captured, along with the army's baggage train and artillery. Analysis of the debacle suggests that Gates greatly overestimated the capabilities of his inexperienced militia, an error magnified when he lined those forces against the British right, traditional position of the strongest troops. He also failed to make proper arrangements for an organized retreat. Gates's principal accomplishment in the unsuccessful campaign was to cover in three days on horseback, heading north in retreat. His disappointment was compounded by news of his son Robert's death in combat in October. Nathanael Greene replaced Gates as commander on December 3, and Gates returned home to Virginia. Gates's devastating defeat at Camden not only ruined his new American army, but it also ruined his military reputation.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Because of the debacle at Camden, Congress passed a resolution calling for a board of inquiry, the prelude to a court-martial, to look into Gates's conduct. Always one to support a court-martial of other officers, particularly those with whom he was in competition for advancement, such as Benedict Arnold, Gates vehemently opposed the inquiry into his own conduct. Although he never was again placed in field command, Gates's New England supporters in Congress came to his aid in 1782, repealing the call for an inquiry. Gates then rejoined Washington's staff at Newburgh, New York. Rumors implicated some of his aides in the Newburgh Conspiracy of 1783. Gates may have agreed to involve himself, though this remains unclear.


title: Horatio Gates

text: Gates' wife Elizabeth died in the summer of 1783. He retired in 1784 and again returned to his estate, Traveller's Rest, in Virginia (near present-day Kearneysville, Jefferson County, West Virginia). Gates served as vice president of the Society of the Cincinnati, the organization of former Continental Army officers, and president of its Virginia chapter, and worked to rebuild his life. He proposed marriage to Janet Montgomery, the widow of General Richard Montgomery, but she refused.


title: Horatio Gates

text: In 1786, Gates married Mary Valens, a wealthy Liverpudlian who had come to the colonies in 1773 with her sister and Rev. Bartholomew Booth, who ran a boys' boarding school in Maryland. Booth had been the curate for the "Chapel in the Woods," later to become Saint John's Church at Hagerstown, Maryland. Many have suggested that Gates freed his slaves at the urging of his friend John Adams along with the sale of Traveller's Rest in 1790. This narrative was popularized in 1837 by the Anti-Slavery Record, an abolitionist publication. The paper produced an account of the event in which Gates supposedly, “summoned his numerous family and slaves about him, and amidst their tears of affection and gratitude, gave them their freedom.” In fact, the terms of the deed of sale for Traveller's Rest indicate that Gates sold his slaves for £800 together with the plantation. The deed did not immediately free any of Gates's slaves, rather it stipulated that five would be free after five years; the remaining eleven would have to wait until they reached the age of twenty-eight. Nevertheless, even this limited gesture toward emancipation surpassed the other major generals of the revolutionary era; for none but Gates made any efforts to emancipate their slaves during their lifetimes.


title: Horatio Gates

text: The couple thereupon moved to an estate at Rose Hill in present-day midtown Manhattan, where the local authorities received him warmly. His later support for Jefferson's presidential candidacy ended his friendship with Adams. Gates and his wife remained active in New York City society, and he was elected to a single term in the New York State Legislature in 1800. He died in his Rose Hill home on April 10, 1806, and was buried in the Trinity Church graveyard on Wall Street, though the exact location of his grave is unknown.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: US-Bangla Airlines () is a privately owned Bangladeshi airline headquartered in Dhaka and based at Shahjalal International Airport under the umbrella companies of US-Bangla Group.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: The airline is the largest private airline in Bangladesh in terms of fleet size and overall second largest airline after the flag carrier Biman Bangladesh Airlines. Though Airlines is the flagship company of the parent US-Bangla Group, it owns numerous businesses in other industries such as real estate, education, media, electronics, consumer foods.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: US-Bangla Airlines commenced operations with domestic flights on 17 July 2014. Initially, the airline launched two domestic destinations, Chittagong and Jessore from its hub in Dhaka. Flights to Cox's Bazar from Dhaka were launched in August. In October, the airline launched flights to Saidpur.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: In July 2016, the airline announced plans to phase in its first three Boeing 737-800 aircraft in September of the same year, and to subsequently launch new international routes, for example to Singapore and Dubai.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: On 29 April 2019, the airline started flights to Guangzhou, becoming the first Bangladeshi airline to operate flights to China.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: The airline started flights from Dhaka to Chennai (via Chittagong) on 31 March 2019 also becoming first Bangladeshi airline carrier to operate flights to Southern India.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: In February 2019, US-Bangla Airlines announced an order for four ATR 72-600 aircraft, to be used on domestic flights. On 22 March 2019, the first aircraft was delivered from Toulouse to Dhaka via El Dabaa and Muscat.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: In September 2019, US-Bangla Airlines become the second largest airline after Biman Bangladesh Airlines, in Bangladesh in terms of fleet size.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: The airline was supposed to start direct flights from Sylhet to other Bangladeshi cities such as Chittagong, Cox's Bazar and Jessore, as well as a flight from Chittagong to Jessore, in order to make the city of Sylhet more accessible, from mid 2020.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: The airline also announced its plans to add four more international routes to Abu Dhabi, Colombo and Malé in the beginning of 2021. However the plan was hit by COVID-19 pandemic.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: In November 2021, a senior authority of the airline expressed the plan of expansion of the airlines for both of its destinations fleets, as the airline is willing to add seven new international routes, i.e. Jeddah, Dammam, Medina, Riyadh, Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, Colombo, Sydney, New Delhi, Hyderabad etc. from Dhaka.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: The airline also planning to introduce Dhaka–New York flight in 2023, if Bangladesh earn Civil Aviation Category–I by 2022. Subsequently, few destinations in Europe, i.e. London, Paris, Amsterdam and Rome are being planned to be introduced by 2023. The airline will also add 06-08 widebody aircraft to its fleet by 2023.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: As of February 2021, US-Bangla Airlines serves the following domestic and international destinations: The airline started flights to Dubai–International on 1 February 2021, which is its tenth international destination.


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: On 12 March 2018, US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211, a Bombardier Dash 8 Q-402 with registration S2-AGU, crashed while landing at Tribhuvan International Airport, killing 51 of the 71 people on board. The final accident report, published on 27 January 2019, concluded that "the probable cause of the accident is due to disorientation and a complete loss of situational awareness in the part of [a] crewmember".


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: On 26 September 2018, US-Bangla Airlines Flight 141, a Boeing 737-800 with registration S2-AJA, took off from Dhaka airport at 11:30 am with 164 passengers and seven crew members on board. It was scheduled to land at the Cox's Bazar Airport at 12:30 pm. On approach to Cox's Bazaar, the nose-wheel mechanism jammed and prevented the wheel hatch from opening. The pilot then put the Boeing 737-800 into a holding pattern over Chattogram to burn off fuel so that it would be lighter and the risk of fire on impact would be reduced. The plane eventually touched down at 1:18 pm. Some passengers received minor injuries as they attempted to disembark the aircraft hurriedly.This incident was very similar to jetblue flight 292


title: US-Bangla Airlines

text: Though US-Bangla Airlines is the flagship company of the conglomerate, it is arguably one of the fastest rising conglomerates in Bangladesh. It rebranded its current name from US-Bangla Assets in 2009. Its other notable business is real estate company US-Bangla asset which is developing Purbachal American City, one of largest commercial and residential real estate projects in Bangladesh. The group now owns educational businesses such as Green University of Bangladesh, one of the earliest private universities of Bangladesh, and US-Bangla Medical College and Hospital. The group also owns leather company in Bangladesh namely US-Bangla Leather which has bit yet started its production. Other than that it owns US-Bangla Hi-tech Industries which is also yet to set up. It has its footing in Media businesses through US-Bangla Media and Communications


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Kiriko Takemura (Japanese: 竹村 桐子, born January 29, 1993), known professionally as Kyary Pamyu Pamyu (Hiragana: きゃりーぱみゅぱみゅ), is a Japanese tarento, singer, and model. Her public image is associated with Japan's "kawaii" and "decora" culture, centered in the Harajuku neighborhood of Tokyo. Kyary's music is produced by musician Yasutaka Nakata of electronic music duo Capsule.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Her 2011 single "PONPONPON" reached the top ten on Japan's Oricon music chart; the 2012 singles "Candy Candy" and "Fashion Monster" followed this success. Kyary has since released five full-length albums: "Pamyu Pamyu Revolution" (2012), "Nanda Collection" (2013), "Pika Pika Fantajin" (2014), "Japamyu" (2018), and "Candy Racer" (2021).


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Though most of her success as a recording artist has been in Asia, she has also gained popularity in Western countries due in part to Internet videos which have gone viral. Media outlets have referred to Kyary as a "Fashion Monster", and she has been photographed for magazines such as "Dazed & Confused". In 2013, she signed a distribution deal with Sire Records to release her material in the United States.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: As of February 2020, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu has sold over 970,000 physical albums and singles in Japan according to Oricon as well as over 2.25 million downloads of her singles.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu was born in Nishitōkyō, Tokyo, Japan, in a traditional strict household. She started modeling and appearing as a junior idol when she was just 12 years old, using her real name, Kiriko Takemura, although those videos and DVDs are now part of a hidden past that has been forgotten. She writes in her autobiography, "Oh! My God!! Harajuku Girl", that her father was more supportive of her, although they had their fair share of quarrels as well.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu started as a fashion blogger, and then began her professional career as a model for Harajuku fashion magazines such as "Kera!" and "Zipper".


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Her stage name combines "Kyari" (acquired in school because she embraced Western culture and seemed "like a foreign girl"); she later added "Pamyu Pamyu" because it sounded cute. She was inspired to sing by Yasutaka Nakata.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: In April 2011 Kyary participated in the charity event "One Snap for Love" to benefit victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. In July, she released her first promo single, "PONPONPON", citing Gwen Stefani, Katy Perry and Lady Gaga as inspirations at that time. The music video, a psychedelic tribute to kawaisa and Decora culture, was released to YouTube and became a viral hit. "PONPONPON" entered "Billboard" Japan's Hot 100 chart at 72 on July 31, 2011. Her debut EP, "Moshi Moshi Harajuku", was released August 17, 2011, followed a week later by her autobiography, "Oh! My God!! Harajuku Girl".


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: On December 6, 2011, her single "Tsukematsukeru" was digitally released internationally via iTunes. On December 9, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu made her American debut in Culver City, California to perform in a fashion show and play two of her songs, as well as her first time performing the single. "Tsukematsukeru" was released physically on January 11, 2012, which included a special edition photobook. It was eventually certified gold in April 2012. In February and March 2012, she represented Japan during Japanese performing arts exhibitions in Shanghai and Hong Kong. She released her second single, "Candy Candy" as a digital download on March 14, 2012. The single debuted at eighty-nine on the Billboard Japan Hot 100, and later peaked at number two. It was released as a CD single on April 4, 2012, and sold 9,913 copies its first week, debuting at number eight on the "Oricon" weekly singles chart.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Her debut full-length album, "Pamyu Pamyu Revolution", was released on May 23, 2012. Along with the announcement of her second single back in February, it was revealed that she was planning to hold her first nationwide tour in June of that year, as well as launching an official fan club. The tour kicked off on June 2 at the Namba Hatch in Osaka. It continued in Hiroshima, Nagoya, Sendai, Sapporo, Fukuoka and finished in Tokyo on June 29. In July 2012, she made her European debut by performing for 13,000 fans at the Japan Expo in Paris. Kyary Pamyu Pamyu was bestowed the title of "Kawaii Harajuku Ambassador" on August 30, 2012 by the Mayor of Shibuya. Following a montage of her successes performed on a large screen, she performed several songs in front of a crowd after accepting the award. In early September 2012, Kyary announced that she was collaborating with Japanese budget fashion brand g.u. for her new single "Fashion Monster", which was given a CD release date of October 17, 2012. She was also used as the image character for g.u. after the announcement. Around the same time, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu announced her debut world tour titled "100% KPP World Tour", which began in February 2013 and lasted until June. The tour visited the United States, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, and her native Japan.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: During 2012 and 2013, she began receiving more attention in Western media. Sputnikmusic listed "Pamyu Pamyu Revolution" as number one on their "Best Pop Albums of 2012" list. Britain's "Dazed & Confused magazine" became an enthusiastic supporter. Kyary was photographed by Matt Irwin for the magazine's December 2012 issue, styled by Nicola Formichetti. The magazine also cited her video for "Furisodation" in their "Video of the Week" category in January 2013, and named her "The Star of Tomorrow" in August. In January 2013, MTV Iggy called Kyary "the coolest girl on the planet" and "The Fader" called her "the most exciting person making music". Furisodeshon's video was also named by Stereogum as a "Video of the Week" in January. "Elle France" promoted Kyary Pamyu Pamyu in its February 2013 issue, and she appeared on the French television show "Le Petit Journal" on February 11. During this period, she also appeared in the Swedish newspaper "Svenska Dagbladet" and was interviewed on the British radio station Monocle 24. February also saw the release of Kyary's first concert DVD/Blu-ray, "Dokidoki Wakuwaku Pamyu Pamyu Revolution Land", recorded live in November 2012 at the Nippon Budokan in Tokyo. A month-long exhibition in March 2013 titled "Kyary Pamyu Pamuseum" was held in Tokyo's Roppongi Hills complex, showcasing all costumes from her music videos and live performances. In April, a deal for American distribution was reached with Sire Records, and "Fashion Monster" was re-released in the United States. In summer 2013, Pamyu Pamyu's television series "TV John!" was broadcast in France on the Nolife channel. In America, "Paper" featured her in its July issue, and she received her largest American exposure to date in a lengthy profile in "The Wall Street Journal" the same month.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Kyary performed her songs "Invader Invader" and "Ninja Re Bang Bang" at the end ceremony for the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan Awards, where she also received the awards for Best Pop Video and Best Karaoke! Song for "Fashion Monster". In late June, it was revealed that she was working on a documentary film entitled "Kyary Pamyu Pamyu the Movie". The film received a one-day limited screening and featured concert footage from Kyary Pamyu Pamyu's 100% KPP World Tour. Internationally the same year, she was nominated for Best New International Pop Artist by Fuse TV and Best Japan Act at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards. Kyary's second studio album, "Nanda Collection", was released on June 26, 2013. In September 2013, she announced a second world tour titled "Nanda Collection World Tour" and a new single "Mottai Night Land" was released in late October and received positive reviews from Western media outlets. The single was released on November 6. The world tour visited the United States, Canada, Australia, England, France, Germany, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Kyary's native Japan, lasting from February until November. It was originally to last until June but was postponed due to political unrest. She was interviewed by or was the focus of articles in internationally renowned publications such as "The Guardian", "Time Out London", "Sydney Morning Herald", and "VICE". in April 2014, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu made her Australian television debut on the program "Sunrise" and was the focus of Australian news programs such as "ABC News". In May 2014, she appeared in the British fashion magazine "i-D". In July 2014, "Vogue" premiered Kyary's first English-language song, "Ring A Bell," in the United States. In October 2014, she was the focus of an article and photoshoot in the American fashion magazine "Nylon".


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: In February 2014, Kyary announced her single "Yume no Hajima Ring Ring" in which her theme would be "evolution" which provides a theme relating to graduation. The music video was uploaded to YouTube on February 19. The single was released on February 26. In March, she announced that her upcoming single "Family Party" will be used as an ending theme for the movie "". Kyary has stated that this is her first original theme song for a film. "Family Party" was released on April 16. On May 9, she announced her first limited-run single, "Kira Kira Killer", which was released on June 11. The single was featured in commercials for au's "Lucky" campaign. Also in May, "Dazed & Confused" announced that Kyary was working with international musicians Sophie and Yelle on new upcoming music. she announced at her Zepp Tokyo concert that she would be releasing her third full album, titled "Pika Pika Fantajin" on July 9, 2014. Along with the album announcement on May 18, Kyary also announced that she would be holding an arena tour after her hall tour in Japan. Both nationwide tours were held after the Nanda Collection World Tour. The Hall tour consisted of 17 shows in 13 cities, visiting Saitama, Tokyo, Miyagi, Matsudo, Hokkaido, Tochigi, Niigata, Ishikawa, Yamanashi, Chiba, Hiroshima, Kagawa, and Aichi, and lasting from July 27 until September 22. The arena tour consisted of nine shows in five cities, which ran from October 18 to November 9, visiting the cities of Makuhari, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Yoyogi.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: In January 2015, she was mentioned by "The Hollywood Reporter" as one of the "major recent sellers" for Warner Music Group alongside artists including Coldplay and Ed Sheeran. In March 2015, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu released her single "Mondai Girl". In June, she was chosen by the international cosmetic brand MAC Cosmetics as one of its "Global Heroes" and was profiled in an interview on their website. In the following month, Kyary was chosen to represent Japan in Italy at Expo 2015. On June 17, 2015, a remake of the movie "Nutcracker Fantasy" with a remix of her song "Oyasumi" as the theme song. On September 2, 2015, Kyary released the Halloween-themed single "Crazy Party Night (Pumpkin no Gyakushū)" and began the Crazy Party Night 2015 Tour, a nationwide concert tour that lasted until December 2015. The music video for the single premiered beforehand on August 20, 2016 and has since amassed over thirteen million views as of May 2018. On October 11, 2015, she played a one-off international concert at The Roundhouse in London, England. In November 2015, Kyary was featured prominently in advertising for "The World Goes Pop" exhibition at the Tate Modern national art gallery in London.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: On May 25, 2016, her debut compilation album "KPP Best" was released, featuring her single "Sai & Co" which was released on April 20. Around that time, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu announced a third world tour titled the Five Years Monster World Tour. The world tour visited Singapore, London, Sydney, Melbourne, San Francisco, New York City, Taipei, and Tokyo. Her first art exhibition titled the Kyary Pamyu Pamyu Artwork Exhibition 2011–2016 was held at Laforet Harajuku from December 16. In addition to every CD jacket design being present at the event, over 100 images were displayed, including photos from Kyary's photobooks that were available exclusively within her album releases, outfits and wigs worn by Pamyu Pamyu herself, interactive displays of the jacket images, and more. In conjunction with the exhibition was released the book "Kyary Pamyu Pamyu Art Works 2011–2016", compiling around 300 unseen images from her photobooks. It was Kyary's first release together with art director and designer Steve Nakamura, who has been responsible for the art direction of Kyary's releases since her debut in 2011.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: On December 27, 2016, she announced that she would be collaborating with English singer Charli XCX on Yasutaka Nakata's solo track "Crazy Crazy". The song was released on January 18, 2017, followed later in January by her single "Harajuku Iyahoi". In April 2017, Kyary released the single "Easta". From August 12, 2017 to October 1, 2017, the Kyary Pamyu Pamyu Art Exhibition 2011–2016 was held in Taipei. Kyary also embarked on a tour titled The Spooky Obakeyashiki: Pumpkins Strike Back in 2017. The following year, she performed at six international concerts in London, Cologne, Berlin, New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles as The Spooky Obakeyashiki World Tour. In an interview with "Billboard" Japan, Pamyu Pamyu stated that although her music and performance style have evolved, she hopes to "maintain that basic 'kawaii' side" which her music and style is known for. She released the single "Kimino Mikata" on April 11, 2018, along with an accompanying music video.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: In September 2018, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu released her fourth studio album "Japamyu", her first studio album in four years. The album included her 2016 single "Sai & Kou" as well as "Harajuku Iyahoi" and "Kimino Mikata". Kyary performed a new song from the album titled "Kizunami" on Music Station on September 7. On that same year, her contract with WMG expired.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: On March 20, 2019, Kyary announced a new concert tour, "Oto no Kuni Live Tour", which commenced on March 30 at Izumo-taisha Shrine in Shimane. On May 10, she released an independent digital single "Kimi ga Iine Kuretara" as a tie-up song to the Japanese drama "Mukai no Bazuru Kazoku". In January 2020, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu was announced as a performer at Coachella 2020 in Indio, California. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the "Kamaitachi Tour""" was cancelled and overseas shows were also postponed. Unable to perform live for everyone during the current situation, Kyary made available a curated selection of her past live concerts on YouTube from April 14 to May 17, 2020.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Kyary released a digital single "Kamaitachi" on April 24, 2020 with its accompanying music video premiering on YouTube the same day. On September 12, 2020 Kyary Pamyu Pamyu launched her new fragrance brand ‘Nostalgia Syndrome’. The brand was backed by a crowdfunding campaign in February 2020 for Kyary who wanted to turn her favourite scent, fragrant olive, into a fragrance. October 18, 2020, she released, exclusively at her store, a limited edition DVD / Blu-ray of her 2 performances of "Otonokuni Live Tour 2019", inspired on Kabuki theatre. On October 31, 2020, Kyary held the online concert "Kyary Pamyu Pamyu Online Halloween Live 2020 「THE FAMILY 10.31」", later available exclusively at "smash." streaming service, re-edited into a vertical image.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: On January 29, 2021, Kyary released a digital single "Gum Gum Girl" under her newly established label KRK Lab. On April 17, 2021 it was released the video of "Kyary Pamyu Pamyu PREMIUM LIVE" GREAT INVITATION "" held at EX THEATER ROPPONGI in Tokyo as a free video service "GyaO!" It was revealed that it will be exclusively distributed from April 30 (Friday) on Softbank's content distribution service "5G LAB". Live footage carefully selected from the performance on the day of the two-part system is not only delivered in normal 2D (GYAO!), But also in 3D free-viewpoint footage (VR SQUARE) with a back dancer and a luxurious stage set. It will be delivered in various variations such as multi-angle video (FR SQUARE) that can be viewed from various angles such as from the front or side of. Her 5th album "Candy Racer" was released on October 27, 2021. On November 1, 2021 Kyary released a science-based hair care brand named ‘Curuput.’ Her goal is to create a future where everybody, including Kyary herself, can dye their hair freely, without the worry of damage.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: On January 8, 2022 Kyary released a digital single "Maybe Baby", used as opening theme of Ninjala anime series. On January 16, 2022 she began the "Kyary Pamyu Pamyu 10th ANNIVERSARY JAPAN TOUR 2022 CANDY WAVE", the largest tour in the history of Kyary. The European leg of the tour, which was to occur in November 2022 was cancelled in Germany, with further dates in Paris and London still being reviewed.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: As a musical entertainer, Kyary Pamyu Pamyu has been recognized as the "J-Pop Princess" or "Harajuku Pop Princess".


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Her fashion sense is the subject of much media coverage. Kyary is often called "Japan's Lady Gaga", citing her similar use of fashion to attract attention. A review of her London concert stated "[Kyary] is not supposed to be musically talented. She is more about image featuring her creative fashion sense as one of the main subjects of her career, not just the music." She has cited American singers Gwen Stefani, Katy Perry, and Lady Gaga as her inspirations in both music and fashion. Kyary's fashion sense has also been criticized. While being interviewed on TV Asahi's "Music Station", she was wearing an oversized ribbon on her head, which blocked Japanese boy band Kanjani8 from being seen on camera, angering fans of Kanjani8 by her outrageous fashion style. She later stated that when she is being interviewed on television, she would restrict what she is wearing. Kyary's fans, however, defended her wearing the outfit. Kyary Pamyu Pamyu cites "kawaii" (meaning "cute" or "cuteness") as her background style.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Her international success has also received much attention. During an interview with "The Fader", Kyary was asked if she meant to make music outside of Asia, where she responded; "At first, I didn't think about global markets at all. But even in Japanese, my lyrics don't make any sense and have a kind of mystery, like on "Pon Pon Pon" and "Tsukematsukeru". I can feel that what I'm doing in Japanese is catchy to global audiences anyway." Keiichi Ishizaka, chairman and CEO of Warner Music Japan Inc, commented on her image to "The Japan Times", saying "[Kyary] is a person who came directly out of Tokyo's Harajuku culture, and there is a growing international interest in Japan's "kawaii" culture." Many critics and publications noted the increase in popularity of Japanese pop culture outside Japan, such as its fashion and animation, and Kyary's role as its global ambassador. Ishizaka believed that with the advent of the Internet, there is no difference in time and distance among countries anymore." Seibu Railway honored her by running a train on the Seibu Ikebukuro Line, part of their Seibu 9000 series, from June to September 2016, themed on the pop star's music videos, which also passed through her birthplace Nishitōkyō, Tokyo.


title: Kyary Pamyu Pamyu

text: Many of Kyary's singles, including "Candy Candy", "Invader Invader", and "Fashion Monster", have generated millions of views on YouTube. Her single "Furisodation" generated minor controversy in Japan, where a citizens' group believed the video encouraged alcohol and smoking, a claim which her label denied.


title: Yeonsangun of Joseon

text: Yeonsangun of Joseon or Prince Yeonsan of Joseon (23 November 1476 – 20 November 1506), personal name Yi Yung (Korean: 이융; Hanja: 李㦕), was the tenth ruler of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. Often considered the worst tyrant in Joseon's history and perhaps all Korean history, he is notorious for launching two bloody purges, seizing hundreds of women from all over the peninsula to serve as palace entertainers, and appropriating Sungkyunkwan as a personal pleasure ground. Yeonsangun's despotic rule provided a stark contrast to the liberal era of his father, and as a much-despised overthrown monarch, he did not receive a temple name.


title: Yeonsangun of Joseon

text: Lady Yun, later known as the Deposed Queen Yun, served Yeonsangun's father, King Seongjong, as a concubine until the death of Queen Gonghye, Seongjong's first wife. With no heir, the king was urged by counselors to take a second wife to secure the royal succession. Lady Yun was chosen for her beauty and was formally married in 1476. Several months later, she gave birth to Yi Yung.


title: Yeonsangun of Joseon

text: The new queen proved to be temperamental and highly jealous of the other concubines, even going as far as poisoning one of them in 1477. One night in 1479, she physically struck her husband and left scratch marks. Despite his efforts to conceal the injury, Seongjong's mother, Royal Queen Dowager Insu, discovered the truth and ordered Lady Yun into exile. After several attempts to restore the deposed queen to her former position, government officials petitioned that she be executed. Queen Yun died in 1482, after being ordered to commit suicide by drinking poison.


title: Yeonsangun of Joseon

text: The crown prince grew up believing that he was the son of Queen Jeonghyeon, his father's third wife. He succeeded to the throne in 1495 and during his early reign, he was a wise and able administrator who strengthened the national defense and aided the poor. However, he also showed signs of a violent side when he killed Jo Sa-seo, one of his tutors, soon after becoming king.


title: Yeonsangun of Joseon

text: Yeonsangun eventually learned the truth about his biological mother and attempted to posthumously restore her titles and position. However, government officials belonging to the Sarim faction opposed his efforts on account of serving Seongjong's will, and greatly displeased, Yeonsangun started looking for ways to eliminate them.