title: Theophany

text: While the Baháʼí Faith does not refer to any particular events of theophany, they hold that god is manifest in the prophets. The "Manifestation of God" is a concept that refers to what are commonly called prophets, including, among others, Zoroaster, Krishna, Gautama Buddha, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad, the Báb, and Baháʼu'lláh. The Manifestations of God are a series of personages who reflect the attributes of the divine into the human world for the progress and advancement of human morals and civilization. The Manifestations of God are the only channel for humanity to know about God, and they act as perfect mirrors reflecting the attributes of God into the physical world.


title: Theophany

text: In his 1914 publication entitled "The Reconciliation of Races and Religions", Thomas Kelly Cheyne, (18411915), an ordained minister in the Church of England and Oxford University scholar, described theophany within the context of the Baháʼí Faith. Cheyne wrote, "...one feels that a theology without a theophany is both dry and difficult to defend. We want an avatar, i.e. a 'descent' of God in human form". Cheyne described Baháʼu'lláh as a "human being of such consummate excellence that many think it is both permissible and inevitable even to identify him mystically with the invisible Godhead." He wrote that Baháʼu'lláh was a "true image of God and a true lover of man, and helps forward the reform of all those manifold abuses which hinder the firm establishment of the kingdom of God."


title: Theophany

text: A 1991 article in the "Journal of Bahá’í Studies" (JBS), described "Bahá’í theophanology" as "acceptance of the Prophet, or 'Manifestation of God,' who speaks on behalf of God." The author wrote that Bahá’u’lláh wrote a series of epistles in the 1860s to kings and rulers, including, Pope Pius IX, Napoleon III, Tsar Alexander II of Russia, Queen Victoria, and Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, in a "forceful, theophanic voice" calling them to undertake reforms. These letters were published in a compilation entitled "Summons of the Lord of Hosts" in 2002. The "JBS" article described Bahá’u’lláh's "theophanology" as "progressivist". He claimed "spiritual authority" in these letters in which he warned western leaders of the dangers facing humanity should they choose to not act on his guidance.


title: Theophany

text: While the Druze do not refer to any particular events of theophany, they believe in divine incarnation and reincarnation, "i.e." the transmigration of the soul. Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad is considered the founder of the Druze and the primary author of the Druze manuscripts, he proclaimed that God had become human and taken the form of man, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah is an important figure in the Druze faith whose eponymous founder ad-Darazi proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018.


title: Theophany

text: Human religious lore includes ancient literary recordings of deities appearing to animals, usually with the animals able to relate the experience to humans using human speech:


title: Theophany

text: More recently, science fiction author Philip K. Dick reportedly had a theophany on 3 February 1974, which was to become the later basis for his semi-biographic works "VALIS" (1981) and the posthumous "Radio Free Albemuth" (1985).


title: Theophany

text: In 1977, Michel Potay, testified he witnessed five theophanies. He published the text he says he received from God in "The Book", second part of The Revelation of Ares.


title: Theophany

text: There are a large number of modern cases which have been rendered into print, film, and otherwise conveyed to broad publics. Some cases have become popular books and media, including:


title: Theophany

text: These instances are distinguished from cases in which divine encounters are explicitly considered fictional by the author, a frequent motif in speculative fiction such as in Julian May's "Galactic Milieu Series".


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The 2021 season was the New England Patriots' 52nd season in the National Football League, their 62nd overall, their 20th playing home games at Gillette Stadium, and their 22nd under head coach Bill Belichick.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: Following the team's 7–9 finish the previous season, their first losing record since 2000, the Patriots spent a record $163 million in guaranteed money to sign new free agent acquisitions. 11 free agents were added to the roster on March 19, with the largest contracts awarded to linebacker Matthew Judon, tight ends Hunter Henry and Jonnu Smith, cornerback Jalen Mills, and wide receiver Nelson Agholor. In the 2021 NFL Draft, New England selected quarterback Mac Jones 15th overall, marking the first time the Patriots drafted a first-round quarterback since Drew Bledsoe in 1993. Jones also became the first rookie quarterback to start for the Patriots since Bledsoe after he was named the starter ahead of the season opener.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots began the season 2–4, but won eight of their next 11 games and finished with a 10–7 record to secure a wild card berth. In their first playoff appearance without quarterback Tom Brady since 1998, they were defeated 17–47 by the division rival Buffalo Bills, the worst postseason loss of Belichick's tenure.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: In rookie quarterback Mac Jones' first NFL start, a back-and-forth affair against divisional opponent Miami was sealed when Patriots running back Damien Harris fumbled the ball in the fourth quarter, allowing the Dolphins to run out the clock. With the close loss, the Patriots began the season 0–1 for the first time since 2017.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: A battle of rookie quarterbacks saw Zach Wilson of the Jets throw four interceptions to the Patriots defense, allowing New England to coast to a 25–6 win, its 11th straight win over divisional rival New York. Mac Jones completed over 70% of his passes for the second game in a row.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: Jones threw three interceptions, including a pass bobbled by tight end Jonnu Smith before being returned by P. J. Williams for a touchdown, as the Patriots lost to the Saints 28–13 and dropped to 1–2. This was also the Patriots' first loss to the Saints since 2009.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: This game marked former Patriots quarterback Tom Brady's first return to Gillette Stadium since leaving the Patriots after the 2019 season, as he was cheered by the Patriots' home crowd during pre-game introductions before being jeered during the game. During the rain-soaked, back-and-forth contest, Brady was held without a touchdown and completed just over half of his passes; he was held to his third lowest passer rating - 70.8 - since joining the Buccaneers but led them to a go-ahead field goal just after the two-minute warning. Jones, who passed for 2 touchdowns and an interception, led the Patriots into position for their own field goal, but Nick Folk's 56-yard attempt hit the left upright, sealing the loss for the Patriots to their former franchise quarterback.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: Despite being down 22–9 to Houston at one point, the Patriots came back to win – coincidentally in the same stadium where they overcame a 28–3 deficit to the Atlanta Falcons to win Super Bowl LI. Aside from a missed extra point in the first half, Nick Folk made four field goals during the game, including the game-winner with 15 seconds left in the game. With the win, New England improved to 2–3, taking sole possession of 2nd place in the AFC East.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: This was the Patriots' first overtime game since the 2018 AFC Championship Game against the Kansas City Chiefs. This was the Pats' first loss to the Cowboys in 25 years and their first home loss to them in 34 years.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: With the win, the Patriots improved to 3–4 and swept the Jets for the sixth consecutive season and have won 12 straight meetings.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: With the win, the Patriots improved to 4–4 on the season. It was the Patriots' seventh straight win over the Chargers. Their last loss came on October 12, 2008 in San Diego.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots intercepted Panthers quarterback Sam Darnold three times en route to victory, including an 88-yard pick-six by J.C. Jackson. New England improved to 5–4 on the year and 4-0 all-time vs. Darnold. This was also the Patriots first win over the Panthers since 2009.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots outplayed the Browns on both sides of the ball. Mac Jones had one of his better games as a rookie, completing over 80 percent of his passes for three touchdowns and no interceptions as the Patriots converted 7 of 9 third downs. The defense only allowed points on the first drive of the game, held the Browns to 1 of 11 on third down, and knocked Browns quarterback Baker Mayfield out of the game in the third quarter. With Damien Harris sidelined with a concussion from the Panthers game, Rhamondre Stevenson served as the primary running back, rushing for 100 yards and two touchdowns. With the score 38–7 in the fourth quarter, Brian Hoyer replaced Jones and threw the pass that ended Jakobi Meyers' record touchdown drought.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots defense intercepted all three quarterbacks on the Falcons—Matt Ryan, Josh Rosen, and Feleipe Franks—as New England coasted to a 25–0 win over Atlanta on "Thursday Night Football", improving to 7–4. They would gain the AFC East division lead later in the week after the Buffalo Bills lost to the Indianapolis Colts.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots defense put up a show against a banged up Titans team. The offense was only forced to punt once but struggled to finish drives and get the run game going, resulting in five Nick Folk field goals. Mac Jones threw for 310 yards, and completed a pair of touchdown passes to Kendrick Bourne, with Damien Harris adding a touchdown late in the fourth quarter on the ground. Cornerback J. C. Jackson secured his seventh interception of the season, while the rest of the defense forced five fumbles, three of which were recovered by the Patriots. The Patriots improved to 8-4 for the AFC East division lead and an overall second place in the AFC.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots entered the game in first place in the AFC following the Baltimore Ravens' loss the previous day, and were playing for first place in the AFC East. The game was impacted by 40 mile-per-hour winds; Belichick noted after the game that the winds in the Patriots' Week 17 game in Buffalo in 2008 were "way worse".


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots drew up a run-heavy game plan in which Jones attempted just three passes, completing two for 19 yards (in 2008, Cassel completed six of eight passes for 78 yards). The Patriots ran the ball 46 times, for over 220 yards, utilizing a sixth offensive lineman on the majority of their offensive snaps. The three pass attempts were the fewest in a game since 1974 (when the Bills attempted just two in a game), the fewest in franchise history, and the fewest by a winning team in 30 years.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots defense was also stout: the Bills' only touchdown came after a N'Keal Harry muffed punt, and Myles Bryant broke up a fourth-down pass in the red zone late in the fourth quarter to preserve the Patriots' 14–10 win.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots had their bye week after this game, making it their latest regular-season bye since their Week 16 bye in 2001.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: The Patriots were flat for much of the game, being shut out in the first half for the first time in 99 games. A late second half comeback brought the Patriots to within three points, but fell short when Jonathan Taylor put the game away with a 67-yard touchdown run. With the loss, the Patriots fell to the #3 seed in the AFC prior to Week 15's Sunday games, while still maintaining first place in the AFC East. It was also the first time the Patriots lost to the Colts since Week 10 of the 2009 season.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: This was the first time in five years the Pats and the Bills split the season series. Because of this loss (their second straight after a bye week), the Pats fell to the #6 seed in the AFC playoff picture.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: A blowout win combined with a Dolphins loss sent the Patriots back to the postseason, following a 1-year absence.


title: 2021 New England Patriots season

text: In New England's first playoff game since the departure of quarterback Tom Brady, they were unable to stop the Bills and quarterback Josh Allen defensively, with the Bills being the first team in NFL history to never punt, kick a field goal or turn the ball over on any of their drives (every Buffalo offensive possession ended in a touchdown or was the end of the game). It was the New England Patriots’ worst playoff loss in franchise history.


title: Ernie Reyes Jr.

text: Ernie Reyes Jr. (born January 15, 1972) is an American actor and martial artist, known for his acting work in films such as "The Last Dragon", "Red Sonja" (1985), as Donatello's stuntman in "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", "" (1991), "Surf Ninjas" (1993) and "The Rundown" (2003). He has also done stunt work in films such as "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull", as well as motion capture stunts in films such as "Avatar" and "Alice in Wonderland". His TV work includes season 3 episode 4 "Highway to Heaven" dramas such as the short-lived "Sidekicks" (in which he co-starred with Gil Gerard) and "" and reality TV series such as "Final Fu".


title: Ernie Reyes Jr.

text: Reyes was born in San Jose, California, to actor/stuntman Ernie Reyes Sr. and is the grandson of Filipino immigrants. He has three brothers and two sisters, one of whom, Lee Reyes, is a boxer and another, Santino Ramos, is a filmmaker/artist. By the age of six, Reyes had joined his father's group, the "West Coast Demo Team".


title: Ernie Reyes Jr.

text: Reyes made his film debut at age 13 in the 1985 film "The Last Dragon". The same year he shared the screen with Arnold Schwarzenegger and Brigitte Nielsen in "Red Sonja". During this time, he also had his own television series, "Sidekicks", a spin-off of the original Walt Disney one-time special "The Last Electric Knight", alongside Gil Gerard presented by Michael Eisner. He also appeared in an episode of the hit television series "MacGyver" in 1988. Reyes had starring roles in "Surf Ninjas", the second Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles film, "", as Keno, the pizza delivery boy. He also served as the martial arts stunt double for Donatello in the first "Ninja Turtles" film. He later appeared in films such as "Rush Hour 2" playing Zing and in "The Rundown" alongside WWE wrestler Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. Reyes guest starred in three episodes of the TV series "" alongside David Carradine.


title: Ernie Reyes Jr.

text: Reyes has a professional fight record of 3–0 in Strikeforce which was a large mixed martial arts organization but started out as a Muay Thai and kickboxing organization. Ernie fought Anthony Elkaim the WKA ISKA Champion. Reyes knocked out the champion in the 3rd round. His next two fights would be won by decision, including a unanimous decision over Veasna Thach, which aired on ESPN. Ernie Reyes Jr.'s fight against the champion Anthony Elkaim also aired on ESPN.


title: Ernie Reyes Jr.

text: Reyes has done motion capture stunts for blockbuster films such as "Avatar" and "Alice in Wonderland". He also played a cemetery warrior in "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" who gets killed by his own poison dart. Reyes guest starred on "" "The Frozen Lake" playing "Jay Thapa", a Nepalese soldier who is an expert in knife-fighting.


title: Ernie Reyes Jr.

text: In October 31 2007, he and his wife Lisa had a daughter, Lotus Blossom, who appeared in the 2020 film "We Can Be Heroes". On January 7, 2013, he and his wife had a second child named Phoenix Reyes.


title: Ernie Reyes Jr.

text: In June 2015, it was reported that Reyes was suffering from kidney failure and was in need of a transplant. According to his sister, Reyes undergoes dialysis three times per week for four hours each day. His family set up a GoFundMe campaign to help raise $75,000 for his medical expenses. In August 2022, Reyes revealed that the transplant had been successful and that he was healthy.


title: Terence Lewis (choreographer)

text: Terence Lewis (born 10 April 1975) is an Indian dancer and choreographer. He is known for judging the reality dance shows "Dance India Dance" (2009–2012) and "Nach Baliye" (2012–2017). He runs his "Terence Lewis Contemporary Dance Company" in Mumbai and holds dance workshops both in India and abroad.


title: Terence Lewis (choreographer)

text: He has choreographed in Bollywood films like, "Lagaan" (2001), "Jhankaar Beats" (2003) and "Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela" (2013), apart from doing musicals, stage shows, ads, music videos and national and international dance competitions. He was a contestant on "" (2010) on Colors TV. He was last seen as a judge on "India's Best Dancer" (2020–2021).


title: Terence Lewis (choreographer)

text: Terence Lewis was raised in Mumbai in a Mangalorean Catholic family of Javier Lewis and Teresa Lewis. Lewis is youngest of eight siblings. He studied and started dancing in St. Theresa's Boys High School, and St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. He is graduated from IHM Mumbai, formerly known as Dadar Catering College. He is trained in jazz, ballet and contemporary dance at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and the Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance in New York.


title: Terence Lewis (choreographer)

text: Lewis is a choreographer in several Bollywood films. He has also choreographed a number of stage shows, Indian contemporary performances, corporate launches, broadway westend musicals, feature films and music videos. Lewis won the 2002 American Choreography Award for choreographing the songs of the movie "Lagaan" along with Saroj Khan, Raju Khan, Ganesh Hegde and Vaibhavi Merchant. He is the first Indian to receive the Dance Web Europe Scholarship, representing India in Vienna, Austria.


title: Terence Lewis (choreographer)

text: Terence Lewis has been a judge on "Dance India Dance" for its 1st three seasons. In the first season, his contestant Alisha Singh came in second place. In the second season, his contestant Shakti Mohan won the contest. In the third season, his contestant Pradeep Gurung came in second place behind Rajasmita Kar. The most shocking event to happen during the season 3 auditions was the participation of his former assistant, who did so without informing Lewis. Lewis did not judge his performance and left it to the other two judges, who selected him for the next round.


title: Terence Lewis (choreographer)

text: In 2010, Lewis was a contestant on Colors TV's "" hosted by Priyanka Chopra. The 3rd season for 13 boys was held in Copacabana, Brazil. He was eliminated in the 11th episode of the show.


title: Terence Lewis (choreographer)

text: Lewis has done more than 25 movies and musical albums. He is well known for his work in "Lagaan", "Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela" and "Gold". In 2020, a biopic documentary about his own life "Terence Lewis, Indian Man" directed by the French director Pierre X. Garnier was released.


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: In physics and engineering, in particular fluid dynamics, the volumetric flow rate (also known as volume flow rate, or volume velocity) is the volume of fluid which passes per unit time; usually it is represented by the symbol (sometimes ). It contrasts with mass flow rate, which is the other main type of fluid flow rate. In most contexts a mention of "rate of fluid flow" is likely to refer to the volumetric rate. In hydrometry, the volumetric flow rate is known as "discharge".


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: Volumetric flow rate should not be confused with volumetric flux, as defined by Darcy's law and represented by the symbol , with units of m/(m·s), that is, m·s. The integration of a flux over an area gives the volumetric flow rate.


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: The SI unit is cubic metres per second (m/s). Another unit used is standard cubic centimetres per minute (SCCM). In US customary units and imperial units, volumetric flow rate is often expressed as cubic feet per second (ft/s) or gallons per minute (either US or imperial definitions). In oceanography, the sverdrup (symbol: Sv, not to be confused with the sievert) is a non-SI metric unit of flow, with equal to ; it is equivalent to the SI derived unit cubic hectometer per second (symbol: hm/s or hm⋅s). Named after Harald Sverdrup, it is used almost exclusively in oceanography to measure the volumetric rate of transport of ocean currents.


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: Since this is only the time derivative of volume, a scalar quantity, the volumetric flow rate is also a scalar quantity. The change in volume is the amount that flows "after" crossing the boundary for some time duration, not simply the initial amount of volume at the boundary minus the final amount at the boundary, since the change in volume flowing through the area would be zero for steady flow.


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: IUPAC prefers the notation formula_2 and formula_3 for resp. volumetric flow and mass flow, to distinguish from the notation formula_4 for heat.


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: The above equation is only true for flat, plane cross-sections. In general, including curved surfaces, the equation becomes a surface integral:


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: This is the definition used in practice. The area required to calculate the volumetric flow rate is real or imaginary, flat or curved, either as a cross-sectional area or a surface. The vector area is a combination of the magnitude of the area through which the volume passes through, , and a unit vector normal to the area, formula_7. The relation is formula_8


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: The reason for the dot product is as follows. The only volume flowing "through" the cross-section is the amount normal to the area, that is, parallel to the unit normal. This amount is:


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: where is the angle between the unit normal formula_7 and the velocity vector of the substance elements. The amount passing through the cross-section is reduced by the factor . As increases less volume passes through. Substance which passes tangential to the area, that is perpendicular to the unit normal, does not pass through the area. This occurs when and so this amount of the volumetric flow rate is zero:


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: These results are equivalent to the dot product between velocity and the normal direction to the area.


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: When the mass flow rate is known, and the density can be assumed constant, this is an easy way to get formula_4.


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: In internal combustion engines, the time area integral is considered over the range of valve opening. The time lift integral is given by:


title: Volumetric flow rate

text: where is the time per revolution, is the distance from the camshaft centreline to the cam tip, is the radius of the camshaft (that is, is the maximum lift), is the angle where opening begins, and is where the valve closes (seconds, mm, radians). This has to be factored by the width (circumference) of the valve throat. The answer is usually related to the cylinder's swept volume.


title: Scream (band)

text: Scream is an American hardcore punk band from Washington, D.C.; they originally formed in the suburb of Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia. Scream originally formed in 1981 within the vanguard of the Washington Hardcore explosion. In 2009, the band reunited, and were on tour in Europe. As of 2017, the band was still touring in both America and the United Kingdom.


title: Scream (band)

text: Scream was formed in Northern Virginia in 1981 by singer Pete Stahl, his brother Franz Stahl on guitar, bassist Skeeter Thompson, and Kent Stax, who replaced original drummer Steve Atton shortly after the band formed. Scream emerged at the tail end of the first wave of Washington, D.C. hardcore and would go on to outlast many of their fellow bands from D.C.’s early hardcore punk scene. Along with bands such as Minor Threat and Government Issue, Scream merged the attributes of the movement, including fast tempos, sociopolitical lyrics, deliberately unpretentious attitude, and a shunning of commercialism.


title: Scream (band)

text: Recording their music in the basement of Inner Ear Studios in Arlington, Virginia, Scream was the first band on D.C.’s independent Dischord Records label to release a full-length album as opposed to the 7-inch or 12-inch EPs that comprised Dischord’s catalogue up to that point.


title: Scream (band)

text: For their second album, Scream added another guitarist to their line-up, Robert Lee "Harley" Davidson, to thicken up the sound in the studio and in their live performances. In turn this yielded a dual-lead guitar style and intricate interplay between the musicians on the band’s third album. For selected compilation efforts and some live shows Scream added DC keyboard player Bobby Madden during this period.


title: Scream (band)

text: After the third album "Banging the Drum", Stax left the band for personal reasons and was replaced by then 17-year-old local drummer Dave Grohl who lied to the band about his age in order to tour with them. Grohl joined the band in the studio to record their fourth album "No More Censorship" for which the band opted a release through reggae label RAS Records instead of Dischord. The band then toured Europe in the spring of 1990, during which time their show in Alzey, Germany was recorded for release on "Your_Choice_Live_Series_Vol.10". Scream then recorded their fifth and final studio album, "Fumble", which didn’t see release until 1993, three years after the group’s break-up.


title: Scream (band)

text: After Scream's break up, Grohl moved to Seattle to play drums for the rock band Nirvana, while Pete and Franz remained in North Hollywood and started the rock band Wool.


title: Scream (band)

text: To coincide with the belated release of the album "Fumble", the Stahl/Stahl/Thompson/Grohl lineup of Scream toured North America in the summer of 1993. The Stahl/Stahl/Thompson/Grohl lineup of Scream performed at The Dragonfly, in Los Angeles, in August 1994, for a one-off "mini reunion" with Zack de la Rocha of Rage Against The Machine sitting in on the song "Human Behavior". The Stahl/Stahl/Davidson/Thompson/Stax lineup of Scream then reformed to play a one-off reunion show at the Black Cat nightclub in Washington, D.C. on December 28, 1996 with Grohl joining the band on drums for the song "No More Censorship". This performance was later released as "Live at the Black Cat" in 1998 on Torque Records.


title: Scream (band)

text: In 1997, Franz Stahl joined Grohl's newly formed group, the Foo Fighters, for a two-year stint. During this time Pete Stahl worked as a road manager for both the Foo Fighters and Queens of the Stone Age while continuing to record albums with several bands, including the Earthlings? and Goatsnake. Thompson remained in the D.C. area and continued to work in bands, including playing one gig at the Brickskeller in the spring of 1994 as Scream with keyboardist Robert Hunter, as did Stax with the Skinhead/Oi!-tinged bands: the Suspects, United 121, Spitfires United, and Alleged Bricks. Stax has also committed himself to a family life. Davidson moved to Los Angeles and joined The Drills from 1989 to 1991. He returned to the D.C. area and formed the band Orangahead in the mid 1990s with Thompson and then joined up with the Baltimore-based punk band Jakkpot in 1998 for a European tour. Davidson went on to form new bands Festival of Fools and God is Dead.


title: Scream (band)

text: The original line-up of the band played a reunion show on December 20, 2009, once again at the Black Cat. An ad hoc lineup consisting of Pete Stahl (vocals), Grohl (electric guitar), Thompson (bass) and Stax (drums) performed "Choke Word" and two Bad Brains covers at the 's 30th anniversary bash on May 31, 2010.


title: Scream (band)

text: In 2011, the original line-up of Scream recorded the "Complete Control Sessions" EP at Grohl's Studio 606 in Los Angeles. It was issued on vinyl and digital download. The following year, the band did a European tour.


title: Scream (band)

text: In March 2018, Pete Stahl announced that their 1988 album "No More Censorship" would be reissued on April 27, 2018.


title: Scream (band)

text: Scream's music is faithful to the roots of rock, but spun itself into other genres by employing sounds that predate the raunchiness of hardcore, while saluting reggae and speed metal.


title: Scream (band)

text: Like the hardcore band Bad Brains, they can play at breakneck speed, but can also play mid-tempo, reggae songs like "American Justice."


title: Everybody (Backstreet's Back)

text: "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" is a song by American boy band Backstreet Boys, written and produced by Denniz Pop and Max Martin. It was released as the first single from the band's second international studio album "Backstreet's Back" in June 1997, and the third single from their self-titled debut US studio album in March 1998. The accompanying music video was directed by American director Joseph Kahn.


title: Everybody (Backstreet's Back)

text: Zomba chairman Clive Calder suggested that "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" should be released as a single, which was met with resistance from Jive Records president Barry Weiss, as he believed that it would be weird to have a song called "Backstreet's Back" on the Backstreet Boys' first US album. The band suggested it could just mean that they were back home. After Canadian markets began playing the song, US markets near the border began picking the song up. They met with Weiss and asked that the song be added to the US album after the first million units had already been produced.


title: Everybody (Backstreet's Back)

text: There are two versions of the song. The international album features the album or 7" version, which is the standard recording. The US album features the extended version of the song which includes an extended breakdown section, but cuts the bridge. The music video for the song was cut to both versions of the song, with the extended video released to the US market, and the standard video released everywhere else.


title: Everybody (Backstreet's Back)

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" stated that "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" contained a "contagious dance/pop beat and catchy hook that perfectly showcases this talented group's voices". British magazine "Music Week" rated the song four out of five, adding that "the boys turn up the power on a strutting, soulful anthem, which will be one of the summer's bigger successes." Editor Alan Jones noted that Backstreet Boys "state the obvious" in the song, "but they do it with a certain amount of style. The mid-tempo piece is instantly assimilated and well-sung, primarily as a group effort. Another major hit is guaranteed."


title: Everybody (Backstreet's Back)

text: Written and produced by Max Martin and Denniz Pop, "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)" is one of the Backstreet Boys' most successful singles to date, reaching number four in the US "Billboard" Hot 100, running 22 weeks, and number three in the UK Singles Chart. It is certified platinum in the United States. This became the band's second top ten single in the US following "Quit Playing Games (With My Heart)".


title: Everybody (Backstreet's Back)

text: The accompanying music video for "Everybody" was directed by Joseph Kahn, and filmed in Los Angeles, California from June 16–18, 1997. Kahn was contacted by Jive to direct a project with a "white Jodeci". Initially unaware who the Backstreet Boys were, he was shocked by the group's European sales figures after being given a cassette tape and publicity release about them. Initially a grunge and hip-hop director, he wanted to explore the pop genre, since he grew up listening to music from the 1980s.


title: Everybody (Backstreet's Back)

text: The haunted house aesthetic was based on a treatment Kahn envisioned for rapper Ice Cube a few months prior, and was inspired by the music video for Michael Jackson's "Thriller". Kahn and the group wanted Antonio Fargas to portray the bus driver, as they were fans of "Starsky & Hutch". The video shoot lasted for 36 hours, with Nick Carter's mummy shot being filmed last. Jive did not get behind the concept of the band in costumes or the $1 million requirements, and did not believe MTV would respect the video. The band ultimately had to put up their own money to shoot the video and had to fight with the label to get reimbursed once it was successful. The video premiered outside the United States in July 1997, although viewers with MuchMusic USA were able to see it as at the time it was still mostly a simulcast of the Canadian channel. In a 2017 interview with "Billboard", Kahn stated that the video's impact broadened his view of pop culture, while creating a new scene in the US.


title: Everybody (Backstreet's Back)

text: The video is bookended by scenes framing the context. When the Backstreet Boys' bus breaks down, their bus driver (Antonio Fargas) insists that they spend a night at a nearby haunted mansion while he gets help. It then shows Brian Littrell preparing to sleep in one of the bedrooms. While he is in bed, he pulls out a scary animal from under his covers, making him scream in horror. The musical portion of the video then starts, playing as a dream sequence in which each band member appears as a different movie monster: Littrell as a werewolf; Howie Dorough as Dracula; Nick Carter as a mummy; AJ McLean as Erik, the Phantom of the Opera; and Kevin Richardson as both Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in a half-transformed Two-Face-like state. Throughout the beginning and middle of the song, the band, as monsters, mainly appear in their own individual vignettes related to their character; during the final chorus, they collectively appear in the foyer of the mansion, performing a dance routine with a group of additional dancers. Supermodel Josie Maran appears as Dorough's companion in his vignette, presumably portraying Mina Harker. At the end of the video, Littrell wakes up realizing that all was a nightmare. He talks with the members about his dream, all of them stating they had similar dreams, while trying to leave the house. However, the driver shows up, now a Frankenstein-esque monster, making the boys scream in horror.


title: Everybody (Backstreet's Back)

text: There are two cuts of the video; one for the US market, and one for the international market, each of which features the edit of the song released on the album for that market. The international video cuts from the opening bookend to the first verse. The bridge of the song is intact and the first half of the dance routine, a ballroom dance portion, is intercut with the vignettes under it. This leads into the second half of the dance portion during the final choruses of the song which are not intercut with the vignettes. In the US cut, the ballroom half of the dance routine and the beginning of the second half are used at the start of the song during the first rhythm-only breakdown, and is not intercut with the vignettes. The second breakdown, which replaces the bridge, is accompanied only by shots from the vignettes, along with some shots of Littrell tumbling in the foyer and in the various vignettes. When the final chorus begins, the second half of the dance routine is shown again from the start, but is intercut with vignette scenes. Most of the remainder of the video is cut identically, other than several minor instances of alternate scenes or takes being used. The dance floor in the video was painted.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: Something Wild is a 1986 American action-comedy film directed by Jonathan Demme, written by E. Max Frye, and starring Melanie Griffith, Jeff Daniels and Ray Liotta. It was screened out of competition at the 1987 Cannes Film Festival. The film has some elements of a road movie combined with screwball comedy.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: Charlie Driggs is a conventional yuppie investment banker who works in New York City. After he leaves a greasy spoon diner without paying, a wildly dressed woman with a brunette bob who calls herself Lulu confronts him. Lulu offers Charlie a ride downtown but instead heads for New Jersey and throws his beeper from the moving car. Lulu openly drinks liquor while driving and stops in a town to buy more. While Charlie phones his office, Lulu — unbeknownst to him — robs a liquor store.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: Charlie claims the cash he is carrying is for his Christmas club account, but Lulu persuades him to pay for a room at a roadside motel. Once inside she handcuffs him to the bed. She phones his boss and puts the receiver to his head while they are having sex, forcing him into an awkward conversation. Later Charlie pretends to phone his wife but Lulu is unaware that his marriage ended nine months ago.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: After sharing a meal with Lulu at an Italian restaurant, Charlie realizes he is unable to pay with what little cash he has left. Lulu leaves him with the check, forcing him to flee the restaurant to escape an angry chef who demands payment. After spending the night at a motel, Lulu and Charlie awaken to find a police officer and tow truck near the car she drove down an embankment and into a signpost the night before. Lulu abandons the car and buys one from a sleazy used car dealer, leaving Charlie wondering where she got the money. He starts to enjoy Lulu's free-wheeling lifestyle and realizes he is falling in love with her.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: Lulu confesses that her real name is Audrey and introduces Charlie as her husband to her mother, Peaches, at her Pennsylvania home. She appears as a demure blonde, having removed her brunette wig. She takes Charlie to her high school reunion, where a former classmate recognizes him as his office colleague. Audrey's violent ex-convict husband, Ray Sinclair, also appears and makes clear that he wants her back. After ditching his date, Ray takes Audrey and Charlie along while he robs a convenience store. He pistol-whips a clerk and breaks Charlie's nose. They drive to a cheap motel, where Ray forces Charlie to admit his wife left him (having learned this from Charlie's colleague at the class reunion). Realizing Charlie has deceived her, Audrey stays behind with Ray.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: Despite Ray warning him to stay away from him and Audrey, Charlie secretly tails the couple as they leave the motel. Charlie confronts Ray in a Virginia restaurant with several police officers seated nearby and threatens to reveal Ray's parole violations unless he allows Audrey to leave with him. He demands that Ray hand over his wallet and car keys and leaves the check with Ray to force him to stay behind as they flee. Ray is saved from this dilemma by a shop girl he had met earlier.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: Charlie takes Audrey to his Stony Brook, Long Island, home, but their idyllic suburban retreat is literally shattered when Ray hurls a patio chair through their sliding glass door. He severely beats Charlie and handcuffs him to the pipes under the bathroom sink before attacking Audrey. Charlie frees himself by pulling the pipes apart and strangles Ray with the handcuffs. During the scuffle, Charlie retrieves Ray's dropped knife. Ray dies when he accidentally impales himself on the knife Charlie is holding. Audrey is taken away for questioning when the police arrive.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: Charlie later quits his job and looks for Audrey at her apartment, but finds she has moved. Outside the diner where Charlie met Audrey, a waitress accuses him of leaving without paying. Audrey suddenly appears with the cash he left on the table in her hand. She invites Charlie into her woodie station wagon and back into her life.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: "Something Wild" was acclaimed by critics. The film holds a 91% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 7.40/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Boasting loads of quirky charm, a pair of likable leads, and confident direction from Jonathan Demme, "Something Wild" navigates its unpredictable tonal twists with room to spare." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: "Chicago Sun-Times" film critic Roger Ebert rated the film 3-stars-out-of-4, and stated ""Something Wild" is quite a movie. Demme is a master of finding the bizarre in the ordinary. The accomplishment of Demme and the writer, E. Max Frye, is to think their characters through before the very first scene. They know all about Charlie and Lulu, and so what happens after the meeting outside that restaurant is almost inevitable, given who they are and how they look at each other. This is one of those rare movies where the plot seems surprised at what the characters do." "Chicago Tribune" film critic Dave Kehr gave the film a perfect four star review, stating "It's not every day that someone goes Alfred Hitchcock one better, but in "Something Wild," Jonathan Demme has done it."


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: "Something Wild" was released on VHS by HBO Video on July 15, 1987. The film was released on DVD by MGM on June 5, 2001, presented in its original 1.85:1 widescreen aspect ratio. The only special feature was the original theatrical trailer.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: On May 10, 2011, "Something Wild" was released by The Criterion Collection on DVD and Blu-ray. The Blu-ray has a new, restored high-definition digital transfer, supervised by director of photography Tak Fujimoto and approved by director Jonathan Demme. It also features new video interviews with Demme and writer E. Max Frye, the original theatrical trailer, and a special booklet featuring an essay by film critic David Thompson.


title: Something Wild (1986 film)

text: The film's soundtrack was released on LP and CD, featuring only 10 of the 49 tracks in the title credits. Notable omissions from the CD were the school reunion songs performed by The Feelies (including "Fame" and "I'm a Believer"), and The Troggs' "Wild Thing" (which gave the film its title and which was sung in the convertible scene).


title: Christian symbolism

text: Christian symbolism is the use of symbols, including archetypes, acts, artwork or events, by Christianity. It invests objects or actions with an inner meaning expressing Christian ideas.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The symbolism of the early Church was characterized by being understood by initiates only, while after the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire during the 4th century more recognizable symbols entered in use. Christianity has borrowed from the common stock of significant symbols known to most periods and to all regions of the world.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Only a minority of Christian denominations have practiced Aniconism, or the avoidance or prohibition of types of images. These include early Jewish Christians sects, as well as some modern denominations such as Baptists that prefer to some extent not to use figures in their symbols due to the Decalogue's prohibition of idolatry.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The shape of the cross, as represented by the letter T, came to be used as a "seal" or symbol of Early Christianity by the 2nd century.


title: Christian symbolism

text: At the end of the 2nd century, it is mentioned in the "Octavius" of Minucius Felix, rejecting the claim by detractors that Christians worship the cross.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The cross (crucifix, Greek "stauros") in this period was represented by the letter T. Clement of Alexandria in the early 3rd century calls it ("the Lord's sign") he repeats the idea, current as early as the Epistle of Barnabas, that the number 318 (in Greek numerals, ΤΙΗ) in was a foreshadowing (a "type") of the cross (T, an upright with crossbar, standing for 300) and of Jesus (ΙΗ, the first two letters of his name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, standing for 18).


title: Christian symbolism

text: Clement's contemporary Tertullian also rejects the accusation that Christians are "crucis religiosi" (i.e. "adorers of the gibbet"), and returns the accusation by likening the worship of pagan idols to the worship of poles or stakes.


title: Christian symbolism

text: In his book "De Corona", written in 204, Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross.


title: Christian symbolism

text: While early Christians used the T-shape to represent the cross in writing and gesture, the use of the Greek cross and Latin cross, i.e. crosses with intersecting beams, appears in Christian art towards the end of Late Antiquity. An early example of the cruciform halo, used to identify Christ in paintings, is found in the "Miracles of the Loaves and Fishes" mosaic of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna (dated c. 504).


title: Christian symbolism

text: Instances of the St Thomas cross, a Greek cross with clover leaf edges, popular in southern India, date to about the 6th century.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The Patriarchal cross, a Latin cross with an additional horizontal bar, first appears in the 10th century.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The Celtic cross, now often characterized by the presence of the outline of a circle upon which a cross, stylized in a pre-Medieval Celtic fashion, appears superimposed. The Celtic cross bears strong resemblance to the Christian cross; however, the Celtic cross motif predates Christianity by at least 3,000 years. It appears in the form of heavily sculpted, vertically oriented, ancient monoliths which survive in the present day, in various locations on the island of Ireland. A few of the ancient monuments were evidently relocated to stand in some of Ireland's earliest churchyards, probably between 400 CE and 600 CE, as Christianity was popularized throughout much of the island. The heavily-worn stone sculptures likely owe their continued survival to their sheer size and solid rock construction, which coordinate in scale, and in composition, with Ireland's ancient megalith arrangements.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Unlike the Christian cross iconography associated with the shape of a crucifix (commonly used for torture and execution of criminals and captured enemy prisoners-of-war, by the pre-Christian Roman Empire), the Celtic cross' design origins are not clear. The Celtic cross has nevertheless been repeated in statuary, as a dominant feature of the anthropogenic Irish landscape, for at least 5,000 years. The Celtic cross and the Christian cross are similar enough in shape, that the former was easily adopted by Irish Catholic culture, following the Christianization of Ireland. The Celtic cross is accurately described as an ancient symbol of cultural significance in pre-Christian, Druidic Ireland. It also is used as a symbolic icon of the interpretation of Christianity, unique to Irish culture in that pre-Christian Celtic tradition and Irish Druidic iconography are hybridized with Christian traditions and iconography (much like the Shamrock; a low-growing, daintily foliaged, dense ground cover plant, which is held as a timeless symbol of Ireland itself; and, which is also symbolic on Ireland, of the Christian Holy Trinity, due to the Shamrock's typical trifoliar leaf structure).


title: Christian symbolism

text: Although the cross was used as a symbol by early Christians, the crucifix, i.e. depictions of the crucifixion scene, were rare prior to the 5th century; some engraved gems thought to be 2nd or 3rd century have survived, but the subject does not appear in the art of the Catacombs of Rome.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The purported discovery of the True Cross by Constantine's mother, Helena, and the development of Golgotha as a site for pilgrimage led to a change of attitude. It was probably in Palestine that the image developed, and many of the earliest depictions are on the Monza ampullae, small metal flasks for holy oil, that were pilgrim's souvenirs from the Holy Land, as well as 5th century ivory reliefs from Italy.


title: Christian symbolism

text: In the early medieval period, the plain cross became depicted as the crux gemmata, covered with jewels, as many real early medieval processional crosses in goldsmith work were.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The first depictions of crucifixion displaying suffering are believed to have arisen in Byzantine art, where the "S"-shaped slumped body type was developed. Early Western examples include the Gero Cross and the reverse of the Cross of Lothair, both from the end of the 10th century.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Marie-Madeleine Davy (1977) described in great detail Romanesque Symbolism as it developed in the Middle Ages in Western Europe.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Among the symbols employed by the early Christians, that of the fish seems to have ranked first in importance. Its popularity among Christians was due principally to the famous acrostic consisting of the initial letters of five Greek words forming the word for fish (Ichthus), which words briefly but clearly described the character of Christ and the claim to worship of believers: "", (Iēsous Christos Theou Huios Sōtēr), meaning, "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour". This explanation is given among others by Augustine in his Civitate Dei.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The use since the earliest Christianity of the first and the last letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha (α or Α) and omega (ω or Ω), derives from the statement said by Jesus (or God) himself "I am Alpha and Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End" (, also 1:8 and 21:6).


title: Christian symbolism

text: The Staurogram ⳨ (from the Greek , i.e. "cross"), also Monogrammatic Cross or "Tau-Rho" symbol, is composed by a tau (Τ) superimposed on a rho (Ρ). The Staurogram was first used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66, P45 and P75, almost like a nomen sacrum, and may visually have represented Jesus on the cross.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Ephrem the Syrian in the 4th century explained these two united letters stating that the tau refers to the cross, and the rho refers to the Greek word "help" ( [sic]; proper spelling: ) which has the numerological value in Greek of 100 as the letter rho has. In such a way the symbol expresses the idea that the Cross saves. The two letters tau and rho can also be found separately as symbols on early Christian ossuaries.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The Monogrammatic Cross was later seen also as a variation of the Chi Rho symbol, and it spread over Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The Chi Rho is formed by superimposing the first two (capital) letters chi and rho (ΧΡ) of the Greek word "ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ" " =Christ" in such a way to produce the monogram. Widespread in ancient Christianity, it was the symbol used by the Roman emperor Constantine I as vexillum (named Labarum).


title: Christian symbolism

text: The first two letters of the name of Jesus in Greek, iota (Ι) and eta (Η), sometime superimposed one on the other, or the numeric value 18 of in Greek, was a well known and very early way to represent Christ. This symbol was already explained in the Epistle of Barnabas and by Clement of Alexandria. For other christograms such as IHS, see Article Christogram.


title: Christian symbolism

text: An early form of the monogram of Christ, found in early Christian ossuaries in Palaestina, was formed by superimposing the first (capital) letters of the Greek words for Jesus and Christ, i.e. iota Ι and chi Χ, so that this monogram means "Jesus Christ". Another more complicated explanation of this monogram was given by Irenaeus and Pachomius: because the numeric value of iota is 10 and the chi is the initial of the word "Christ" (Greek: [sic]; proper spelling: ) which has 8 letters, these early fathers calculate 888 ((10*8)*10)+((10*8)+8) which was a number already known to represent Jesus, being the sum of the value of the letters of the name "Jesus" () (10+8+200+70+400+200).


title: Christian symbolism

text: The image of the Good Shepherd, often with a sheep on his shoulders, is the most common of the symbolic representations of Christ found in the Catacombs of Rome, and it is related to the Parable of the Lost Sheep. Initially it was also understood as a symbol like others used in Early Christian art. By about the 5th century the figure more often took on the appearance of the conventional depiction of Christ, as it had developed by this time, and was given a halo and rich robes.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The dove as a Christian symbol is of very frequent occurrence in ancient ecclesiastical art. According to , during the Baptism of Jesus the Holy Spirit descended like a dove and came to rest on Jesus. For this reason the dove became a symbol of the Holy Spirit and in general it occurs frequently in connection with early representations of baptism. It signifies also the Christian soul, not the human soul as such, but as indwelt by the Holy Spirit; especially, therefore, as freed from the toils of the flesh and entered into rest and glory. The Peristerium or "Eucharistic dove" was often used in the past, and sometime still used in Eastern Christianity, as Church tabernacle.


title: Christian symbolism

text: However the more ancient explanation of the dove as a Christian symbol refers to it as a symbol of Christ: Irenaeus in the 2nd century explains that the number 801 is both the numerological value of the sum in Greek of the letters of the word "dove" (Greek: ) and the sum of the values of the letters Alpha and Omega, which refers to Christ. In the Bible story of Noah and the Flood, after the flood a dove returns to Noah bringing an olive branch as a sign that the water had receded, and this scene recalled to the Church Fathers Christ who brings salvation through the cross. This biblical scene led to interpreting the dove also as a symbol of peace.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Ancient Greeks believed that the flesh of peafowl did not decay after death, and so it became a symbol of immortality. This symbolism was adopted by early Christianity, and thus many early Christian paintings and mosaics show the peacock. The peacock is still used in the Easter season especially in the east.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The "eyes" in the peacock's tail feathers symbolise the all-seeing God and – in some interpretations – the Church.


title: Christian symbolism

text: A peacock drinking from a vase is used as a symbol of a Christian believer drinking from the waters of eternal life.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The peacock can also symbolise the cosmos if one interprets its tail with its many "eyes" as the vault of heaven dotted by the sun, moon, and stars.


title: Christian symbolism

text: By adoption of old Persian and Babylonian symbolism, in which the peacock was associated with Paradise and the Tree of Life, the bird is again associated with immortality. In Christian iconography the peacock is often depicted next to the Tree of Life.


title: Christian symbolism

text: In medieval Europe, the pelican was thought to be particularly attentive to her young, to the point of providing her own blood by wounding her own breast when no other food was available. As a result, the pelican became a symbol of the Passion of Jesus and of the Eucharist since about the 12th century.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Christians adopted the anchor as a symbol of hope in future existence because the anchor was regarded in ancient times as a symbol of safety. For Christians, Christ is the unfailing hope of all who believe in him: Saint Peter, Saint Paul, and several of the early Church Fathers speak in this sense. The Epistle to the Hebrews for the first time connects the idea of hope with the symbol of the anchor.


title: Christian symbolism

text: A fragment of inscription discovered in the catacomb of St. Domitilla contains the anchor, and dates from the end of the 1st century. During the 2nd and 3rd centuries the anchor occurs frequently in the epitaphs of the catacombs. The most common form of anchor found in early Christian images was that in which one extremity terminates in a ring adjoining the cross-bar while the other ends in two curved branches or an arrowhead; There are, however, many deviations from this form. In general the anchor can symbolize hope, steadfastness, calm and composure.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Traditionally, the shamrock is said to have been used by Saint Patrick to illustrate the Christian doctrine of the Holy Trinity when Christianising Ireland in the 5th century.


title: Christian symbolism

text: A common myth is that St. Patrick used the shamrock – a small plant with compound leaves, typically composed of three heart-shaped leaflets; and, a very familiar sight to the Irish – to illustrate the tripartite form of the Christian deity. Unlike many other tripartite mythologies, such as the native Irish Morrigan mythology, Christianity is a monotheistic religion. The common triple-leaflet, compound-leaved shamrock-


title: Christian symbolism

text: which exhibits only one compound-triplet leaf per stem- could easily be used to illustrate the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, described as being a single God; comparable to each of the three leaflets, which, together, form one shamrock.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The Christianization, of the previously Celtic Druidic island culture, began in the 4th century, CE. Christianization continued to dramatically influence, and change, Irish cultural practices and schools of thought, through the 6th century, CE


title: Christian symbolism

text: In late Renaissance European iconography, the Eye of Providence, surrounded by a triangle, was an explicit image of the Christian Trinity. Seventeenth-century depictions of the Eye sometimes show it surrounded by clouds or sunbursts. The Eye of God in a triangle is still used in church architecture and Christian art to symbolize the Trinity and God's omnipresence and divine providence. The Eye of Providence is depicted on the backside of the U.S. $1 bill between the words, "Annuit cœptis", which translates as "Providence favors our undertakings" or "Providence has favored our undertakings".


title: Christian symbolism

text: The early Church made wide use of elemental symbols. Water has specific symbolic significance for Christians. Outside of baptism, water may represent cleansing or purity. Fire, especially in the form of a candle flame, represents both the Holy Spirit and light. These symbols derive from the Bible; for example from the "tongues of fire" that symbolized the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, and from Jesus' description of his followers as "the light of the world"; or "God is a consuming fire" found in .


title: Christian symbolism

text: A lily crucifix is a rare symbol of Anglican churches in England. It depicts Christ crucified on a lily, or holding such a plant. The symbolism may be from the medieval belief that the Annunciation of Christ and his crucifixion occurred on the same day of the year, March 25.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The rare depictions of a lily crucifix in England include most notably a painting on a wall above the side altar at All Saints' Church, Godshill, Isle of Wight. Other examples include:


title: Christian symbolism

text: Christians from the very beginning adorned their catacombs with paintings of Christ, of the saints, of scenes from the Bible and allegorical groups. The catacombs are the cradle of all Christian art. Early Christians accepted the art of their time and used it, as well as a poor and persecuted community could, to express their religious ideas. The use of deep, sometimes labyrinthine, catacombs for ritual burials are a product of the poverty of early Christian communities: the unusual, multileveled, burial chambers were, at surface-level, small plots of land used as entrances to the tiered catacombs below, by early Christians unable to afford large areas of land, nor the corresponding taxes sometimes levied on real estate, by regional authorities.


title: Christian symbolism

text: From the second half of the 1st century to the time of Constantine the Great they buried their dead and celebrated their rites in these underground chambers. The Christian tombs were ornamented with indifferent or symbolic designs—palms, peacocks, with the chi-rho monogram, with bas-reliefs of Christ as the Good Shepherd, or seated between figures of saints, and sometimes with elaborate scenes from the New Testament.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Other Christian symbols include the dove (symbolic of the Holy Spirit), the sacrificial lamb (symbolic of Christ's sacrifice), the vine (symbolizing the necessary connectedness of the Christian with Christ) and many others. These all derive from the writings found in the New Testament. Other decorations that were common included garlands, ribands, stars landscapes, which had symbolic meanings, as well.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Different colours are used in Christian churches to symbolise the liturgical seasons. They are often of clerical vestments, frontals and altar hangings. There is some variation between denominations, but below is a general description:


title: Christian symbolism

text: Some of the oldest symbols within the Christian Church are the sacraments, the number of which vary between denominations. Always included are Eucharist and baptism. The others which may or may not be included are ordination, unction, confirmation, penance and marriage. They are together commonly described as "an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace" or, as in Catholic theology, "outward signs and media of grace."


title: Christian symbolism

text: The rite is seen as a symbol of the spiritual change or event that takes place. In the Eucharist, the bread and wine are symbolic of the body and shed blood of Jesus, and in Catholic theology, become the "actual" Body of Christ and Blood of Christ through Transubstantiation.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The rite of baptism is symbolic of the cleansing of the sinner by God, and, especially where baptism is by immersion, of the spiritual death and resurrection of the baptized person. Opinion differs as to the symbolic nature of the sacraments, with some Protestant denominations considering them entirely symbolic, and Catholics, Orthodox, Lutherans, and some Reformed Christians believing that the outward rites truly do, by the power of God, act as media of grace.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The tomb paintings of the early Christians led to the development of icons. An icon is an image, picture, or representation; it is likeness that has symbolic meaning for an object by signifying or representing it, or by analogy, as in semiotics. The use of icons, however, was never without opposition. It was recorded that, "there is no century between the fourth and the eighth in which there is not some evidence of opposition to images even within the Church. Nonetheless, popular favor for icons guaranteed their continued existence, while no systematic apologia for or against icons, or doctrinal authorization or condemnation of icons yet existed.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Though significant in the history of religious doctrine, the Byzantine controversy over images is not seen as of primary importance in Byzantine history. "Few historians still hold it to have been the greatest issue of the period..."


title: Christian symbolism

text: The Byzantine Iconoclasm began when images were banned by Emperor Leo III the Isaurian sometime between 726 and 730. Under his son Constantine V, a council forbidding image veneration was held at Hieria near Constantinople in 754. Image veneration was later reinstated by the Empress Regent Irene, under whom another council was held reversing the decisions of the previous iconoclast council and taking its title as Seventh Ecumenical Council. The council anathematized all who held to iconoclasm, i.e. those who held that veneration of images constitutes idolatry. Then the ban was enforced again by Leo V in 815. And finally icon veneration was decisively restored by Empress Regent Theodora.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Today icons are used particularly among Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian and Eastern Catholic Churches.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The traditional mortuary symbolism of the dome led it to be used in Christian central-type martyriums in the Syrian area, the growing popularity of which spread the form. The spread and popularity of the cult of relics also transformed the domed central-type martyriums into the domed churches of mainstream Christianity. The use of centralized buildings for the burials of heroes was common by the time the Anastasis Rotunda was built in Jerusalem, but the use of centralized domed buildings to symbolize resurrection was a Christian innovation.


title: Christian symbolism

text: In Italy in the 4th century, baptisteries began to be built like domed mausoleums and martyriums, which spread in the 5th century. This reinforced the theological emphasis on baptism as a re-experience of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The octagon, which is transitional between the circle and the square, came to represent Jesus' resurrection in early Christianity and was used in the ground plans of martyriums and baptisteries for that reason. The domes themselves were sometimes octagonal, rather than circular. Nicholas Temple proposes the imperial reception hall as an additional source of influence on baptisteries, conveying the idea of reception or redemptive passage to salvation. Iconography of assembled figures and the throne of Christ would also relate to this.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Portraits of Christ began to replace gold crosses at the centers of church domes beginning in the late eighth century, which Charles Stewart suggests may have been an over-correction in favor of images after the periods of Iconoclasm in the eighth and ninth centuries. One of the first was on the nave dome of Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki, and this eventually developed into the bust image known as the Pantokrator. Otto Demus writes that Middle Byzantine churches were decorated in a systematic manner and can be seen as having three zones of decoration, with the holiest at the top. This uppermost zone contained the dome, drum and apse. The dome was reserved for the Pantokrator (meaning "ruler of all"), the drum usually contained images of angels or prophets, and the apse semi-dome usually depicted the Virgin Mary, typically holding the Christ child and flanked by angels.


title: Christian symbolism

text: The influence of Judaism upon Christian symbolism as early as the 2nd and 3rd centuries A.D., is apparent both in painting and in sculpture, the most frequent motives being those that occur in the Mishnah as formulas for prayer on fast-days. The prayer beginning with the words "Mi she-'anah," which was included in the selihah at an early date, was adopted in the Christian ritual as the litany "Libera domine." This litany was figuratively used in a certain sequence as a symbol, for the sacrifice of Isaac was regarded as a symbol of the crucifixion of Jesus, since the early religions, and the act of sacrifice emblemized the death on the cross.


title: Christian symbolism

text: Abraham was represented as the symbol of the power of faith and Isaac as the sacrificed redeemer. The ascension of Elijah was believed to typify the ascension of Jesus Christ, who was regarded by Christian symbolism as an analogue to Elijah, although this ascension was also taken as a type of the general resurrection from the dead. Job sitting among the ashes was the symbol of patience and of the power of resistance of the flesh; and Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah in the fiery furnace typified steadfastness in persecution and faith in the aid of God. Christian sarcophagi contained artistic representations of the fall of man, Noah and the ark, scenes from the life of Moses in three variations, Joshua, David, and Daniel.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: Alpha and Omega is a 2010 American computer-animated film directed by Anthony Bell and Ben Gluck. Starring the voices of Justin Long, Hayden Panettiere, Dennis Hopper, Danny Glover and Christina Ricci, the film was written by Christopher Denk and Steve Moore, based on a story by Moore and Gluck. This film sets around two young Rocky Mountain wolves named Kate and Humphrey who fall in love with each other, but are on the opposite ends of their pack. However, when Kate and Humphrey learn that they got relocated to Idaho for repopulation, they must work together to get back to Jasper Park before a war slowly begins to emerge between both packs.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2010, and was released nationwide in 2-D and 3-D on September 17, 2010, by Lionsgate Films. The film was dedicated to the memory of Dennis Hopper, as he died from prostate cancer four months before it was released, and this was his final performance prior to his death.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: Although it received negative reviews, the film eventually turned into a franchise of direct-to-video sequels including "Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure", which was released on October 8, 2013. Another sequel, "The Great Wolf Games", was released on March 25, 2014. "The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave" was released on September 23, 2014. "Family Vacation" was released to DVD on August 4, 2015. "Dino Digs" was released on DVD and Digital HD on May 10, 2016. It was followed by "The Big Fur-eeze", which was released on November 8, 2016. The eighth and final installment, "Journey To Bear Kingdom" was released on DVD and Digital HD on May 9, 2017.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: In the film’s opening, in Alberta, Canada’s Jasper National Park, Omega wolf Humphrey and his Omega friends slide down a hill on a log. However, the plan goes entirely wrong as they try to maneuver the log down the mountain. Meanwhile, Alpha wolf Kate practices her hunting skills on her younger Omega sister, Lilly, much to her annoyance. Humphrey and Kate join each other mid air, excited to see each other again. However, Humphrey begins to feel nauseated by their spinning, and the two fall onto the ground. As Humphrey tries to join Kate, Winston, leader of the Western pack and Kate’s father, stops Humphrey in pursuing her. He reminds Humphrey that Alphas and Omegas cannot mate according to pack law, and that Kate is going off to Alpha school until Spring. Humphrey looks on, saddened by her departure.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: Spring time comes around, and both Kate and Humphrey mature. Humphrey and his friends seem to master the ways of log boarding, but their fun stops short when they crash into a rock. They then see Kate on her first ever hunt, pursuing a herd of caribou. As Kate and her team close in on the caribou, they are interrupted by a group of two enemy Eastern pack wolves, which causes a stampede. As Kate saves the two Eastern wolves from getting trampled, the Western pack wolves start a fight. Humphrey and his friends then break up the conflict. Later that night, Winston meets up with Eastern pack leader Tony, as they discuss the pack’s food shortage. The two then agree that merging the packs together would end their conflict, and decide that Kate should marry Tony’s Alpha son, Garth. Kate, overhearing their conversation, agrees for the good of the pack.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: During the Moonlight Howl (the howling between wolves), Kate and Garth finally meet. Garth tries to show off his howl, but Kate is unimpressed and excuses herself. She then runs into Humphrey, but the two get tranquilized by park rangers and are taken to Sawtooth National Recreation Area in Idaho. The two meet golfing goose Marcel and his duck caddie Paddy. Kate and Humphrey learn that they were relocated to repopulate the species, and agree that they must return home to Jasper Park before the two packs start a war. As the packs discover that Kate has gone missing, Tony warns Winston that if Kate doesn’t return, war will be inevitable. Lilly decides to show Garth around the Western pack’s territory until Kate returns, and the two fall in love.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: As Kate and Humphrey catch a ride on an RV, Humphrey has to urinate and gets out while the vehicle pulls over at a nearby gas station. He then finds a cupcake and eats it, as the frosting covers his mouth. Two men mistake him for a wolf with rabies, and they attempt to shoot Humphrey with a gun. Kate then leaps out to save him, and the two flee.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: Kate, disappointed that they missed their ride home, leaves Humphrey out in the rain. Now traveling alone in the storm, Kate comes across a dangerous ravine, which has begun to flood. As Kate tries to cross it, she slips, and Humphrey comes to her rescue. Flattered by his bravery, Kate begins to admire Humphrey.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: The following day, Marcel and Paddy find the wolves and direct them to a train heading to Jasper Park. Climbing over the snowy mountain, Humphrey finds a grizzly bear cub, and the two play as Kate goes to scout a head. As Humphrey throws snow at the cub, the cub begins to cry, which attracts an angry trio of grizzly bears. As the wolves slide off the side of the mountain, Humphrey and Kate ride on a log and manage to board the train.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: As the two joke about their encounter with the bears, Kate and Humphrey begin to bond even closer. Back at home, Lilly compassionately teaches Garth how to howl. At the same time, Humphrey gazes at the full moon and begins to howl, urging Kate to howl with him. Although it is against pack law for an Alpha to howl with an Omega, the two begin to howl, falling in love. As Lilly and Garth finish their howling, Tony catches them, and ultimately declares war on the Western pack. As the train passes by Jasper, Kate and Humphrey’s exchange of feelings is cut short by the sight of the two packs at war. As they return, Kate announces that she will marry Garth to unite the packs. The day of the wedding, a distraught Humphrey bids farewell to Kate, and decides to leave as a lone wolf, much to Kate’s disappointment.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: During the ceremony, Kate backs out and declares her love for Humphrey, as Garth subsequently declares his love for Lilly. Tony, enraged, declares war on the Western pack, and a large fight ensues. Their brawl is cut short by an oncoming stampede of caribou, and Winston and Tony get stuck between it. Humphrey and Kate cross paths, and work together by log boarding down the mountain to save them. They succeed, but Kate gets struck by the caribou in the process. As the stampede subsides, Humphrey tries to wake up Kate to no avail. Devastated, Humphrey begins to howl, causing everyone to howl with him. Kate then awakens to everyone’s joy, and she and Humphrey confess their love for each other, as Garth and Lilly confess theirs. Winston and Tony abolish the law against mating between Alphas and Omegas, and accept a union of the two packs via marriage between Garth and Lilly.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: At the Moonlight Howl, the wolves celebrate the love of Kate and Humphrey, and Garth and Lilly, breaking the social classes and traditions. The movie ends with Humphrey and Kate howling a duet.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: Pre-production and post-production took place in Los Angeles, with key animation produced by Crest Animation Productions in India and the script was written in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Steve Moore originally intended for the story to be more mature, but Lionsgate wanted the film to be aimed towards children, so the original draft of the script was rewritten.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: "Alpha and Omega" took in $2,288,773 on its opening day, and $9,106,906 on its opening weekend domestically, reaching fifth place at the box office. The film ended its run on December 2, 2010 after grossing $25 million domestically and $25 million in other territories. It held the title for the highest-grossing animated film released by Lionsgate until 2017, when it was dethroned by "".


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: "Alpha and Omega" holds an approval rating of 19% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 57 reviews; the site's consensus is: "With bland visuals and a dull, predictable plot, "Alpha and Omega" is a runt in 2010's animated litter." At Metacritic, the film has a score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: Andrew Barker of "Variety" gave the film a mixed review, writing: "Not without charm, Lionsgate's 3D animated pic is agreeably unambitious."


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "Abounding in dumb jokes that kids are bound to like but sometimes too scary for very young viewers, the movie -- also going out in 2D -- takes too long to find its footing and at best is proficient, not exhilarating."


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: Published by Storm City Games, a video game adaptation called "Alpha and Omega", based on the first film in the franchise of the same name, was exclusively released for the Nintendo DS on September 14, 2010 and was available in North America and Europe, although certain copies have been imported in other countries. It was panned for its poor graphics, bad controls, repetitive mini-games and lack of story.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: "Alpha and Omega" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on January 11, 2011, which included a coupon for Great Wolf Resorts.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: A number of direct-to-video sequels to "Alpha and Omega" have been produced with none of the original cast reprising their roles outside of Chris Carmack who reprised his role as Garth in the second film. Justin Long is replaced by Benjamin Diskin for Humphrey and Hayden Panettiere is replaced by Kate Higgins for Kate.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: The first sequel, "Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure", was released on October 8, 2013. The film revolves around the disappearance of Runt, one of Kate and Humphrey's pups in the sequel. "DVD Talk" stated that "Alpha and Omega 2" was "so thin and uninteresting, and so lacking in holiday spirit, that you're not going to be pulling this one out each year when the holidays roll around" and that the film's price combined with its film length made other film choices "even more attractive." "Common Sense Media" gave the film a 1 out of 5 stars and wrote that the "Faux holiday-themed sequel is weak and forgettable."


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: "Alpha and Omega 3: The Great Wolf Games", based on the Winter Olympics and directed by Richard Rich, was released on iTunes on March 4, 2014, and it was later released on March 25, 2014 as a Walmart Exclusive. Common Sense Media gave "Alpha and Omega 3" a mixed review, with three out of five stars, writing that the "mildly amusing sports-themed sequel is fun for young kids." The film was released shortly after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, on which it is based.


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: "Alpha and Omega: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave" was produced by Crest Animation Productions and distributed by Lionsgate Films. Written by Tom Kane and directed by Richard Rich, it is the fourth film in the franchise. The film was released to iTunes on September 23, 2014 and was released to DVD on October 7, 2014. The plot involves Runt exploring the Saw Tooth Cave and finding a wolf who has been driven from her pack for being different. He must help her and he learns about the joys of lending a paw to a friend in need. The trailer for "Alpha and Omega: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave" was released on July 21, 2014. The film was officially announced in the DVD features of "Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure", along with "The Great Wolf Games", with director Richard Rich showing two short clips from the storyboards of both films. Common Sense Media gave the film 3 out of 5, stating "Entertaining wolf sequel has peril and some scares".


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: The fifth film in the franchise, "Alpha and Omega: Family Vacation", aired on TV in Mexico on March 28 and was released to DVD on August 4, 2015. It is written by Tom Kane and directed by Richard Rich. It aired in Mexico on March 28, 2015 before having its DVD premiere on August 4. The plot involves Kate, Humphrey, and the pups attempting to have a vacation together, but must flee from human wolf trappers in the process. Common Sense Media gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 stars, stating "Adorable wolves take on trappers; some peril, suspense."


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: On April 8, 2015, three more sequels were announced for Lionsgate to distribute, the first of which was released in early 2016, and followed the "misadventures of Alpha Kate and Omega Humphrey and their three wolf pups, Stinky, Claudette and Runt, as they learn life lessons in the great outdoors".


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: On October 6, 2015, on Splash Entertainment's website, they have revealed the next sequel titled "Alpha and Omega: The Big Fureeze" along with sneak preview clips of the film, which was released in 2016. The other two sequel titles have also been revealed as, in order, "Alpha and Omega: Dino Digs" and "Alpha and Omega: Journey to Bear Kingdom".


title: Alpha and Omega (film)

text: "Alpha and Omega: Dino Digs" was released on DVD and Digital HD on May 10, 2016. "Alpha and Omega: The Big Fureeze" was released on DVD and Digital HD on November 8, 2016. "Alpha and Omega: Journey to Bear Kingdom" was released on May 9, 2017.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: The second series of British science fiction programme "Doctor Who" began on 25 December 2005 with the Christmas special "The Christmas Invasion". Following the special, a regular series of thirteen episodes was broadcast, starting with "New Earth" on 15 April 2006. In addition, two short special episodes were produced; and an interactive episode, as well as 13 "TARDISODEs". It is the second series of the revival of the show, and the twenty-eighth season overall.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: This is the first series to feature David Tennant as the tenth incarnation of the Doctor, an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS, which appears to be a British police box on the outside. He continues to travel with his companion Rose Tyler (Billie Piper), with whom he has grown increasingly attached. They also briefly travel with Rose's boyfriend Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke), and Camille Coduri reprises her role as Rose's mother Jackie. The series is connected by a loose story arc consisting of the recurring word "Torchwood". This is also the first series to be preceded by a Christmas special, which was commissioned to see how well the show could do at Christmas. The success of "The Christmas Invasion" led to the Christmas special becoming an annual tradition.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: Two mini-episodes were also recorded: "Doctor Who: Children in Need" was produced for the 2005 Children in Need appeal, and interactive episode "Attack of the Graske" was recorded for digital television following the broadcast of "The Christmas Invasion". 13 "TARDISODEs" were also produced to serve as prequels to each episode. All episodes were filmed as part of the second series' production cycle.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: Series two was David Tennant's first in the role of the Doctor after he was cast on 28 April 2005. Following his brief appearance in the closing moments of "The Parting of the Ways" he was next seen in the , broadcast on 18 November 2005. "The Christmas Invasion", broadcast one month later, marked his first full episode.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: Billie Piper continued her role as companion Rose Tyler, for her second and final series, Noel Clarke's character Mickey Smith, a recurring guest character during the first series, featured in several episodes.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: Camille Coduri continued to guest in the series as recurring character Jackie Tyler. Shaun Dingwall returned for several episodes as Pete Tyler and Penelope Wilton reprised her role as Harriet Jones for the Christmas special.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: Elisabeth Sladen featured in the episode "School Reunion", returning to the character of Sarah Jane Smith, companion of the Third and Fourth Doctors. John Leeson also featured in this episode as the voice of K9.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: Other guest stars included Adam Garcia, Daniel Evans, Zoë Wanamaker, Sean Gallagher, Anna Hope, Adjoa Andoh, Pauline Collins, Anthony Head, Sophia Myles, Roger Lloyd-Pack, Andrew Hayden-Smith, Helen Griffin, Don Warrington, Maureen Lipman, Jamie Foreman, Rory Jennings, Margaret John, Danny Webb, Shaun Parkes, Claire Rushbrook, Will Thorp, Marc Warren, Peter Kay, Shirley Henderson, Simon Greenall, Moya Brady, Kathryn Drysdale, Nina Sosanya, Tracy-Ann Oberman, Raji James, Barbara Windsor, Derek Acorah, Alistair Appleton, Trisha Goddard, and Freema Agyeman, who returned to co-star as Martha Jones the next year.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: Following the success of the opening episode of the first series, the BBC announced that "Doctor Who" had been recommissioned for both a second series and a Christmas special on 30 March 2005. Recording for the Christmas special began on 23 July 2005, with production on the series itself beginning on 1 August 2005 and concluding on 31 March 2006.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: New writers for the show included Toby Whithouse, creator of the Channel 4 drama "No Angels", Tom MacRae, creator of Sky One's "Mile High", Matt Jones, also a prolific script editor and producer, and Matthew Graham, co-creator of the BBC science fiction series "Life on Mars". Previous writers Mark Gatiss, Steven Moffat and Russell T Davies all contributed to the series, with Davies continuing to act as head writer and executive producer. Stephen Fry was due to write episode 11 but was forced to withdraw as he could not complete the script in time so Russell T. Davies hired Matthew Graham to write Fear Her. Phil Collinson produced all episodes, with Julie Gardner as executive producer. The series was directed by James Hawes, Euros Lyn, James Strong, Dan Zeff and Graeme Harper, who had directed episodes of the programme's original run. The series is primarily set on Earth (though not as much as the first series was) due to the cost involved in creating another planet, according to Davies. Only two stories are set on another planet.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: The second series encompassed a loose story arc based around the word "Torchwood", which first appeared in the 2005 episode "Bad Wolf". The mythology of Torchwood is built across the series; in "The Christmas Invasion" it is revealed to be a secret organisation which possesses alien technology, and its establishment is shown in "Tooth and Claw". Contemporary Torchwood is finally visited by the Doctor and Rose in "Army of Ghosts"/"Doomsday", at which point it is situated within London's Canary Wharf and accidentally allows the invasion of the Cybermen and, subsequently, the Daleks. The Doctor and Rose are forcibly separated by these events, which lead to Rose's entrapment within a parallel universe.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: The Doctor and Rose are indirectly responsible for their separation; their enjoyment of the events of "Tooth and Claw" horrifies Queen Victoria and leads to the establishment of Torchwood. Over a century later, the institute's foolish actions are resolved at the expense of the Doctor and Rose's companionship. "It's deliberate when that happens [The Doctor and Rose's arrogance]", said head writer Russell T Davies, "and they do pay the price. In "Tooth and Claw", they set up the very thing — Torchwood — that separates them in the end. It's sort of their own fault."


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: The second series premiered on 15 April 2006 with "New Earth", and concluded after 13 episodes on 8 July 2006 with "Doomsday". "Doctor Who Confidential" also aired alongside each episode of the series, continuing on from the previous series.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: A and an interactive episode, entitled "Attack of the Graske", were both produced alongside the series. A series of 13 "TARDISODEs" were also produced. These mini-episodes (approximately 60 seconds in length) served as prequels to each forthcoming episode, and were available for download to mobile phones and viewable at the official "Doctor Who" website. The "TARDISODEs" were recorded intermittently from 31 January to 8 April 2006.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: Selected pieces of score from this series (alongside material from Series 1 and "The Runaway Bride"), as composed by Murray Gold, were released on 4 December 2006 by Silva Screen Records.


title: Doctor Who (series 2)

text: On 19 August 2013 the soundtrack was released on 12" Vinyl as a limited edition with only 500 copies.


title: Drizzt Do'Urden

text: Drizzt Do'Urden () is a fictional character appearing in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting for the "Dungeons & Dragons" fantasy role-playing game. Drizzt was created by author R. A. Salvatore as a supporting character in the "Icewind Dale Trilogy". Salvatore created him on a whim when his publisher needed him to replace one of the characters in an early version of the first book, "The Crystal Shard". Drizzt has since become a popular heroic character of the Forgotten Realms setting, and has been featured as the main character of a long series of books, starting chronologically with "The Dark Elf Trilogy". As an atypical drow (dark elf), Drizzt has forsaken both the evil ways of his people and their home in the Underdark, in the drow city of Menzoberranzan.


title: Drizzt Do'Urden

text: Drizzt's story is told in Salvatore's fantasy novels in "The Icewind Dale Trilogy", "The Dark Elf Trilogy", the "Legacy of the Drow" series, the "Paths of Darkness" series, "The Hunter's Blades Trilogy", the "Transitions" series, and the "Neverwinter Saga", as well as in the short stories "The Dowry", "Dark Mirror", and "Comrades at Odds". All of the novels featuring Drizzt have made "The New York Times Best Seller" list. A number of the novels have been adapted into graphic novels by Devil's Due Publishing. Drizzt has also been featured in "D&D"-based role-playing video games, including the "Baldur's Gate Series" and "".


title: Drizzt Do'Urden

text: Drizzt Do'Urden's stories are set in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting for "Dungeons & Dragons". The character has been a mainstay for author R. A. Salvatore, appearing in his novels for over 30 years. Drizzt is a drow who acts against the drow stereotype, favoring friendship and peace over hatred and violence. His unusual personality creates the conflict that allows Salvatore to create so many novels with stories about courage and friendship. Drizzt therefore fights the dark traits that are inherent in the drow.


title: Drizzt Do'Urden

text: Salvatore uses Drizzt to represent issues of racial prejudice, particularly in "The Dark Elf Trilogy". For instance, Drizzt is concerned that if he and his love Cattie-Brie (a human) have children, their offspring will face hostility from both races. Drizzt is also troubled by the lifespan discrepancy between himself and Cattie-Brie.


title: Drizzt Do'Urden

text: Drizzt was created by happenstance. In 1987 R. A. Salvatore sent Mary Kirchoff, then managing editor of TSR's book department, a manuscript for what would become his 1990 novel "Echoes of the Fourth Magic". She liked it, but asked if he could rewrite it to take place in the Forgotten Realms. She sent him "Darkwalker on Moonshae" by Douglas Niles, the only novel at the time set in the Forgotten Realms. Salvatore sent her a proposal for a sequel to "Darkwalker", but Kirchoff sent back a large map of the Forgotten Realms and told him she wanted a new story set in a different part of the Realms. After two weeks of phone calls, Salvatore found a spot on the map that was not already designated for another project, and he located Icewind Dale there. According to Salvatore, the book was "set on the Moonshae Isles, because at the time I thought that "was" the Realms. When I found out how big the Realms were, I moved the story a thousand miles to the north."


title: Drizzt Do'Urden

text: Salvatore created Drizzt on the spur of the moment. He was under pressure to create a sidekick for Wulfgar in the Icewind Dale series. Salvatore had sent an early version of "The Crystal Shard" (what would become his first published novel) to TSR, and one day Kirchoff called him. She was on her way to a marketing meeting concerning the book, and informed him that they could not use one of the characters. He asked for time to think, but she was already late for the meeting. Off the top of his head, Salvatore said he had a Dark Elf. Kirchoff was skeptical, but Salvatore convinced her it would be fine because he was just a sidekick. She asked his name, and he replied Drizzt Do'Urden. She asked if he could spell it, and he said "not a chance". Recalling Drizzt's creation in an interview, Salvatore said, "I don't know where it came from. I guess that Gary Gygax just did such an amazing job in creating the drow elves that something about them got stuck in the back of my head. Thank God!" Although many readers have assumed that Drizzt is based on one of the many "Dungeons & Dragons" role-playing campaigns that the author has played, this is not the case. Salvatore's main influences were classical literature and works of J. R. R. Tolkien. "I like to think of Drizzt as a cross between Daryth from "Darkwalker on Moonshae" and Aragorn from "The Lord of the Rings"." Salvatore calls Drizzt "the classic romantic hero—misunderstood, holding to a code of ideals even when the going gets tough, and getting no appreciation for it most of the time."


title: Drizzt Do'Urden

text: Drizzt's story begins in the novel "Homeland", the start of "The Dark Elf Trilogy" and published in 1990 as a prequel to "The Icewind Dale Trilogy", which was published between 1988 and 1990. In the book, Drizzt is born in Menzoberranzan as the third son to Matron Malice, the leader of House Do'Urden (a type of family akin to a Scottish clan). His father is Zaknafein, a weapons master who secretly hates drow society and teaches Drizzt his martial skills as he reinforces Drizzt's innate moral code. The 1996 short story "The Fires of Narbondel", in the "Realms of the Underdark" anthology, describes unrelated events involving Zaknafein as the main character, and a young Drizzt plays a supporting role.


title: Drizzt Do'Urden

text: During a raid against a group of surface elves, Drizzt finds himself unable to participate in the slaughter with his fellow drow. He pretends to kill an elf child, but actually helps her to escape. When the deception is discovered, Zaknafein is sacrificed in Drizzt's stead to appease Lolth, the drow's goddess. Following a war against another House, Drizzt curses his family and the evil drow ways and escapes Menzoberranzan into the Underdark. At this time he also acquires the statuette that allows him to summon the magical panther Guenhwyvar. Guenhwyvar travels by Drizzt's side as he makes his way across the Realms.


title: Drizzt Do'Urden

text: Drizzt fights off the resurrected spirit-wraith of his father in "Exile", the second book in the "Dark Elf Trilogy" and also published in 1990. "Sojourn" picks up the story when Drizzt leaves the Underdark for the surface, where he meets a blind human ranger named Montolio Debrouchee. When Montolio begins teaching him the ways of the ranger, Drizzt realizes that, unknowingly, he had been following those very principles his entire life. From then on Drizzt's patron goddess is Mielikki, the Faerûnian goddess of the forest and of rangers. Montolio eventually dies, and Drizzt travels the Realms in search of a new home. He eventually finds himself in Icewind Dale where he meets dwarven king Bruenor Battlehammer, and Bruenor's adopted human daughter, Catti-brie.


title: Drizzt Do'Urden

text: The fourth book chronologically in the series, although the first published, is "The Crystal Shard" (1988), the first in "The Icewind Dale Trilogy". It describes Drizzt's meeting with the barbarian Wulfgar and the halfling Regis, and their adventures as they stop Akar Kessel, a mage possessed by the sentient artifact Crenshinibon (the book's eponymous Crystal Shard), from gaining control of the region. "Streams of Silver" (1989), tells the story of the group as they journey to Mithral Hall, Bruenor's boyhood home. Artemis Entreri, a recurring character in the series, also makes his first appearance. In later books, Artemis is Drizzt's equal in combat, and they clash often due to their conflicting views and goals. In the 1990 book "The Halfling's Gem", Artemis kidnaps Regis while in the employ of a powerful crime lord. Drizzt and Wulfgar chase the assassin by sea, with the help of Captain Deudermont, to recover Regis. Drizzt ends up in combat with Artemis Entreri, who leaves the battle wounded. At the end of the book the group finds Regis, and Guenhwyvar kills Artemis's employer.