title: Xilinx

text: Before 2010, Xilinx offered two main FPGA families: the high-performance Virtex series and the high-volume Spartan series, with a cheaper EasyPath option for ramping to volume production. The company also provides two CPLD lines: the CoolRunner and the 9500 series. Each model series has been released in multiple generations since its launch. With the introduction of its 28 nm FPGAs in June 2010, Xilinx replaced the high-volume Spartan family with the Kintex family and the low-cost Artix family.


title: Xilinx

text: Xilinx's newer FPGA products use a High-K Metal Gate (HKMG) process, which reduces static power consumption while increasing logic capacity. In 28 nm devices, static power accounts for much and sometimes most of the total power dissipation. Virtex-6 and Spartan-6 FPGA families are said to consume 50 percent less power, and have up to twice the logic capacity compared to the previous generation of Xilinx FPGAs.


title: Xilinx

text: In June 2010, Xilinx introduced the Xilinx 7 series: the Virtex-7, Kintex-7, and Artix-7 families, promising improvements in system power, performance, capacity, and price. These new FPGA families are manufactured using TSMC's 28 nm HKMG process. The 28 nm series 7 devices feature a 50 percent power reduction compared to the company's 40 nm devices and offer capacity of up to 2 million logic cells. Less than one year after announcing the 7 series 28 nm FPGAs, Xilinx shipped the world's first 28 nm FPGA device, the Kintex-7. In March 2011, Xilinx introduced the Zynq-7000 family, which integrates a complete ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor-based system on a 28 nm FPGA for system architects and embedded software developers. In May 2017, Xilinx expanded the 7 Series with the production of the Spartan-7 family.


title: Xilinx

text: In Dec, 2013, Xilinx introduced the UltraScale series: Virtex UltraScale and Kintex UltraScale families. These new FPGA families are manufactured by TSMC in its 20 nm planar process. At the same time it announced an UltraScale SoC architecture, called Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC, in TSMC 16 nm FinFET process.


title: Xilinx

text: In March 2021, Xilinx announced a new cost-optimized portfolio with Artix and Zynq UltraScale+ devices, fabricated on TSMC's 16 nm process.


title: Xilinx

text: The Virtex series of FPGAs have integrated features that include FIFO and ECC logic, DSP blocks, PCI-Express controllers, Ethernet MAC blocks, and high-speed transceivers. In addition to FPGA logic, the Virtex series includes embedded fixed function hardware for commonly used functions such as multipliers, memories, serial transceivers and microprocessor cores. These capabilities are used in applications such as wired and wireless infrastructure equipment, advanced medical equipment, test and measurement, and defense systems.


title: Xilinx

text: The Virtex 7 family, is based on a 28 nm design and is reported to deliver a two-fold system performance improvement at 50 percent lower power compared to previous generation Virtex-6 devices. In addition, Virtex-7 doubles the memory bandwidth compared to previous generation Virtex FPGAs with 1866 Mbit/s memory interfacing performance and over two million logic cells.


title: Xilinx

text: In 2011, Xilinx began shipping sample quantities of the Virtex-7 2000T "3D FPGA", which combines four smaller FPGAs into a single package by placing them on a special silicon interconnection pad (called an interposer) to deliver 6.8 billion transistors in a single large chip. The interposer provides 10,000 data pathways between the individual FPGAs – roughly 10 to 100 times more than would usually be available on a board – to create a single FPGA. In 2012, using the same 3D technology, Xilinx introduced initial shipments of their Virtex-7 H580T FPGA, a heterogeneous device, so called because it comprises two FPGA dies and one 8-channel 28Gbit/s transceiver die in the same package.


title: Xilinx

text: The Virtex-6 family is built on a 40 nm process for compute-intensive electronic systems, and the company claims it consumes 15 percent less power and has 15 percent improved performance over competing 40 nm FPGAs.


title: Xilinx

text: The Virtex-5 LX and the LXT are intended for logic-intensive applications, and the Virtex-5 SXT is for DSP applications. With the Virtex-5, Xilinx changed the logic fabric from four-input LUTs to six-input LUTs. With the increasing complexity of combinational logic functions required by SoC designs, the percentage of combinational paths requiring multiple four-input LUTs had become a performance and routing bottleneck. The six-input LUT represented a tradeoff between better handling of increasingly complex combinational functions, at the expense of a reduction in the absolute number of LUTs per device. The Virtex-5 series is a 65 nm design fabricated in 1.0 V, triple-oxide process technology.


title: Xilinx

text: Legacy Virtex devices (Virtex, Virtex-II, Virtex-II Pro, Virtex 4) are still available, but are not recommended for use in new designs.


title: Xilinx

text: The Kintex-7 family is the first Xilinx mid-range FPGA family that the company claims delivers Virtex-6 family performance at less than half the price while consuming 50 percent less power. The Kintex family includes high-performance 12.5 Gbit/s or lower-cost optimized 6.5 Gbit/s serial connectivity, memory, and logic performance required for applications such as high volume 10G optical wired communication equipment, and provides a balance of signal processing performance, power consumption and cost to support the deployment of Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless networks.


title: Xilinx

text: In August 2018, SK Telecom deployed Xilinx Kintex UltraScale FPGAs as their artificial intelligence accelerators at their data centers in South Korea. The FPGAs run SKT's automatic speech-recognition application to accelerate Nugu, SKT's voice-activated assistant.


title: Xilinx

text: In July, 2020 Xilinx made the latest addition to their Kintex family, 'KU19P FPGA' which delivers more logic fabric and embedded memory


title: Xilinx

text: The Artix-7 family delivers 50 percent lower power and 35 percent lower cost compared to the Spartan-6 family and is based on the unified Virtex-series architecture. The Artix family is designed to address the small form factor and low-power performance requirements of battery-powered portable ultrasound equipment, commercial digital camera lens control, and military avionics and communications equipment. With the introduction of the Spartan-7 family in 2017, which lack high-bandwidth transceivers, the Artix-7's was clarified as being the "transceiver optimized" member.


title: Xilinx

text: The Zynq-7000 family of SoCs addresses high-end embedded-system applications, such as video surveillance, automotive-driver assistance, next-generation wireless, and factory automation.


title: Xilinx

text: Zynq-7000 integrate a complete ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore-processor-based 28 nm system. The Zynq architecture differs from previous marriages of programmable logic and embedded processors by moving from an FPGA-centric platform to a processor-centric model. For software developers, Zynq-7000 appear the same as a standard, fully featured ARM processor-based system-on-chip (SOC), booting immediately at power-up and capable of running a variety of operating systems independently of the programmable logic. In 2013, Xilinx introduced the Zynq-7100, which integrates digital signal processing (DSP) to meet emerging programmable systems integration requirements of wireless, broadcast, medical and military applications.


title: Xilinx

text: The new Zynq-7000 product family posed a key challenge for system designers, because Xilinx ISE design software had not been developed to handle the capacity and complexity of designing with an FPGA with an ARM core. Xilinx's new Vivado Design Suite addressed this issue, because the software was developed for higher capacity FPGAs, and it included high level synthesis (HLS) functionality that allows engineers to compile the co-processors from a C-based description.


title: Xilinx

text: The AXIOM, the world's first digital cinema camera that is open source hardware, contains a Zynq-7000.


title: Xilinx

text: The Spartan series targets low cost, high-volume applications with a low-power footprint e.g. displays, set-top boxes, wireless routers and other applications.


title: Xilinx

text: The Spartan-6 family is built on a 45 nm, 9-metal layer, dual-oxide process technology. The Spartan-6 was marketed in 2009 as a low-cost option for automotive, wireless communications, flat-panel display and video surveillance applications.


title: Xilinx

text: The Spartan-7 family, built on the same 28 nm process used in the other 7-Series FPGAs, was announced in 2015, and became available in 2017. Unlike the Artix-7 family and the "LXT" members of the Spartan-6 family, the Spartan-7 FPGAs lack high-bandwidth transceivers.


title: Xilinx

text: Because EasyPath devices are identical to the FPGAs that customers are already using the parts can be produced faster and more reliably from the time they are ordered compared to similar competing programs.


title: Xilinx

text: Versal is Xilinx's 7 nm architecture that targets heterogeneous computing needs in datacenter acceleration applications, in artificial intelligence acceleration at the edge, Internet of Things (IoT) applications and embedded computing.


title: Xilinx

text: The Everest program focuses on the Versal Adaptive Compute Acceleration Platform (ACAP), a product category combining a traditional FPGA fabric with an ARM system on chip and a set of coprocessors, connected through a network on a chip. Xilinx's goal was to reduce the barriers to adoption of FPGAs for accelerated compute-intensive datacenter workloads. They are designed for a wide range of applications in the fields of big data and machine learning, including video transcoding, database querying, data compression, search, AI inferencing, machine vision, computer vision, autonomous vehicles, genomics, computational storage and network acceleration.


title: Xilinx

text: On April 15, 2020, it was announced that Xilinx would supply its Versal chips to Samsung Electronics for 5G networking equipment. In July 2021, Xilinx debuted the Versal HBM, which combines the network interface of the platform with HBM2e memory to alleviate data bottlenecking.


title: Indomie

text: Indomie is a brand of instant noodle produced by the Indonesian company Indofood. Indofood itself is the largest instant noodle producer in the world with 16 factories. Over 15 billion packets of Indomie are produced annually. Indomie is also exported to more than 90 countries around the world. Indofood's key export markets are Australia, New Zealand, India, Iraq, Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong, East Timor, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Canada, the United States, Taiwan, Egypt, Syria, and countries in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Indomie has been produced mainly in Indonesia since it was first introduced in 1972, Indomie has also been produced in Nigeria since 1995. Indomie has also been increasingly popular in Nigeria and other African countries.


title: Indomie

text: Instant noodles were introduced into the Indonesian market in 1969. Indofood is one of Indonesia's largest pre-packaged food companies which was founded in 1982 by Sudono Salim (1916–2012), an Indonesian tycoon who also owned Bogasari Flour Mills.


title: Indomie

text: The Indomie instant noodle brand was first produced in 1972 by PT Sanmaru Food Manufacturing Co. Ltd. with the "Indomie Kuah Rasa Kaldu Ayam" (chicken broth) flavour and followed by the "Indomie Kuah Rasa Kari Ayam" (chicken curry) flavour in 1980. In 1982, PT Sanmaru Food launched its first dry variant (served without soup), "Indomie Mi Goreng" (fried noodle), which quickly became popular in the Indonesian market.


title: Indomie

text: In 1984, PT Sanmaru Food was acquired by PT Sarimi Asli Jaya, which was owned by Bogasari flour mills, before they merged into PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk in 1994. Indomie accounted for around 70 per cent of the instant noodle market in Indonesia in 2010.


title: Indomie

text: Indomie won several awards including the Lausanne Index Prize (L.I.P.), Indonesia Best Brand Award (IBBA), the Most Effective Ad award, the Indonesia Consumer Satisfaction Award (ICSA), and the Indonesia Best Packaging Award.


title: Indomie

text: Indomie noodles come in a variety of brands and flavours. The brand is divided into five product categories: "Indomie goreng" (fried noodle served without soup), "Indomie kuah" (with soup), "Kuliner Indonesia" (Indonesian cuisine), "Mi Keriting" (premium curly noodle), and "Hype Abis" (unique spicy flavours). Many of the Indomie flavours were created by Nunuk Nuraini, an employee in the instant noodle division of Indofood.


title: Indomie

text: Indomie noodle soup flavours include "Rasa Ayam Bawang" (onion chicken flavour), "Rasa Ayam Spesial" (special chicken flavour), "Rasa Kaldu Ayam" (chicken broth flavour), "Rasa Kaldu Udang" (shrimp flavour), "Rasa Kari Ayam" (chicken curry flavour, also available with fried onion in Java and Bali islands of Indonesia), "Rasa Soto Mie" (Soto mie or vegetable flavour), and "Rasa Soto Spesial" (Special Soto flavour with "Koya" powder). There is also "Beef" and "Vegetables" (vegetarian) noodle soup flavours in some export markets.


title: Indomie

text: The "Mi Goreng" (stir fry) line of instant noodles by Indomie, based on the Indonesian dish "mie goreng" (fried noodle), entered the market in 1983 and is distributed in North America, Europe, Africa, Australasia, and various regions in Asia. The brand flavours are sold in varying weight packets of around 85 grams (3 oz) and contain two sachets of flavourings. The first sachet has three segments and carries the liquid condiments: sweet soy sauce, chili sauce, and seasoning oil with fried onion flakes. The other sachet has two segments for dry seasoning powder and flake of fried shallot. In some regions, "Mi Goreng" is also available in "Jumbo" (large) packs, a larger variant with a net weight of 127–129 grams (4.48-4.55 oz).


title: Indomie

text: The line is available in "Mi Goreng" (original fried noodle, also available with fried onion and chili sauce in Java and Bali islands of Indonesia, as well in Australia, Canada, and the United States), "Mi Goreng Pedas" (hot and spicy fried noodle with fried onion), "Mi Goreng Rasa Ayam Panggang" (barbeque chicken flavour fried noodle, available with fried onion in export markets), and "Mi Goreng Rasa Sate" (Satay flavour fried noodle with fried onion, currently available in Taiwan and Australia). The first three flavours are also available in cup noodle variant in export markets. There is also "Mi Goreng Rasa Cabe Ijo" or "Mi Goreng Perisa Cili Hijau" (green chili flavour fried noodle, only available in Indonesia, Malaysia and Saudi Arabia), "Mi Goreng Rasa Iga Penyet" (spicy beef ribs flavour fried noodle, available in Indonesia, Vietnam and export markets), "Mi Goreng Rasa Soto" (Soto flavour fried noodle, currently available in Malaysia), "Mi Goreng Rasa Sambal Matah" (Balinese Sambal flavour fried noodle), "Mi Goreng Rasa Sambal Rica-Rica" (Minahasan Sambal flavour fried noodle), and "Mi Goreng Kriuuk.. Pedas" (fried noodle with spicy crunchy fried onion). The latter three are only available in Indonesia. The "Jumbo" variant is only available in "Mi Goreng" (original fried noodle with fried onion), and "Mi Goreng Rasa Ayam Panggang" (barbeque chicken flavour fried noodle with dried vegetable garnish).


title: Indomie

text: "Indomie Kuliner Indonesia" refers to Indonesian traditional cuisine variants, such as "Mi Goreng Aceh" (Acehnese fried noodle with fried onion, also available in Malaysia), "Mi Goreng Rasa Ayam Pop" (Pop chicken flavour fried noodle), "Mi Goreng Rasa Cakalang" (skipjack tuna flavour fried noodle), "Mi Goreng Rasa Rendang" (spicy beef flavour fried noodle, also available in Vietnam and export markets), "Rasa Cakalang" (skipjack tuna flavour), "Rasa Coto Makassar" (Makassarese Soto flavour), "Rasa Empal Gentong" (Cirebonese clay pot beef soup flavour), "Rasa Mi Celor" (spicy coconut shrimp noodle soup flavour), "Rasa Mi Kocok Bandung" (Bandung beef noodle soup flavour), "Rasa Soto Banjar" (Banjar Soto flavour), "Rasa Soto Banjar Limau Kuit" (Banjar Soto with kaffir lime flavour), "Rasa Soto Lamongan" (Lamongan Soto flavour), "Rasa Soto Medan" (Medanese Soto flavour), and "Rasa Soto Padang" (Padang Soto flavour).


title: Indomie

text: "Mi Keriting" (curly noodle) is the premium variant with additional toppings. It is available in "Rasa Ayam Panggang" (grilled chicken flavour with separate soup), "Goreng Spesial" (special fried curly noodle), and "Salted Egg" flavour fried curly noodle. There is also "Real Meat" fried curly noodle variants with real chicken meat, available in "Mushroom Chicken" and "Pepper Chicken" flavours.


title: Indomie

text: The "Hype Abis" series are the variants with unique spicy flavours that were introduced in 2019, and are only available in Indonesia. Variants include "Mi Goreng Rasa Ayam Geprek" (spicy crushed fried chicken flavour fried noodle, introduced in early 2019), "Rasa Seblak Hot Jeletot" (Sundanese spicy soup flavour, introduced in early 2020), "Mieghetti Rasa Bolognese" (Bolognese sauce flavour spaghetti-style noodle, introduced in early 2021), and "Mi Goreng Rasa Kebab Rendang" (spicy beef kebab flavour fried noodles, introduced in September 2022). There was also "Mi Goreng Chitato Rasa Sapi Panggang" (fried noodle with Chitato beef barbeque flavour), a limited edition flavour in collaboration with Chitato potato chips brand to celebrate Chitato's 30th anniversary, available from May 2019.


title: Indomie

text: In Nigeria, Indomie is available in "Chicken", "Onion Chicken", "Chicken Pepper Soup", and "Oriental Fried Noodles" flavours. There is also "Indomie Relish" variant in "Chicken Delight" and "Seafood Delight" flavours.


title: Indomie

text: Pop Mie is an instant cup noodle brand which is a sub-brand of Indomie, first introduced in Indonesia in 1991. The soup variant is available in "Rasa Ayam" (chicken flavour), "Rasa Ayam Bawang" (onion chicken flavour) "Rasa Baso" (meatball flavour), "Rasa Kari Ayam" (chicken curry flavour), and "Rasa Soto Ayam" (chicken soto flavour). The "Pop Mie Goreng" variant is available in "Mi Goreng Spesial" (special fried noodle) and "Mi Goreng Pedas" (hot and spicy fried noodle). There is also spicy variant called "Pedes Dower" (spicy chicken flavour noodle soup) and "Pedes Gledek" (spicy chicken flavour fried noodle), introduced in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and also a soup variant with dried rice called "Pake Nasi", which is only available in "Rasa Soto Ayam" (chicken soto flavour), introduced in 2020.


title: Indomie

text: Taiwanese authorities on October 7, 2010 announced that the Indomie sold there contained two prohibited preservatives, namely sodium benzoate and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate. These two elements can only be used to make cosmetics. So that all "Indomie" instant noodle products were withdrawn from the Taiwan market. Apart from Taiwan, the two leading supermarket chains in Hong Kong have temporarily stopped selling Indomie instant noodles. According to Hong Kong daily The Standard, in a report on Monday, October 11, 2010, two leading supermarkets in Hong Kong, Park n' Shop and Wellcome, pulled all Indomie products from their shelves. In addition, the Food Safety Center in Hong Kong is also conducting tests on Indomie and will follow up with importers and dealers. In addition to Taiwan, the ban also applies in Canada and Europe. According to The Standard, when the ingredients are consumed, consumers are at risk of vomiting. In addition, when consumed regularly or in substantial amounts, consumers will suffer from metabolic acidosis, or too much acid in the body.


title: Indomie

text: In contrast, Indomie's Hong Kong importer, Fok Hing (HK) Trading, stated that the instant noodles are still safe to consume and meet standards in Hong Kong and the World Health Organization. This is based on the results of a quality test last June, which found no hazardous materials. Meanwhile, according to Indofood, Indomie products containing methyl p-hydroxybenzoate are not for sale in Taiwan. Indomie in Taiwan has been adjusted to regulations in Taiwan that do not use these preservatives. Indofood in its official website on Monday November 10, 2020 stated that what was reported in the media in Taiwan was an instant noodle product from Indofood, which was not actually marketed in Taiwan. Instant noodles which are considered dangerous in Taiwan are actually intended for the Indonesian market, not the Taiwan market.


title: Indomie

text: The Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Dr. Endang Rahayu Sedyaningsih in his response stated that Indomie was still safe to eat but still advised the public to reduce the consumption of instant noodles. As a result of this issue, the share price of Indofood CBP as the producer of Indomie dropped.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: Raging Fire is a 2021 Hong Kong-Chinese action film written, produced and directed by Benny Chan in his final directorial effort before his death on 23 August 2020. The film stars Donnie Yen as a righteous cop who crosses path with his former protege, played by Nicholas Tse, who is out for revenge on his former mentor for putting him in prison in the past.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: Cheung Sung-bong is an officer of the Regional Crime Unit who worked in the front line for many years and cracked many major cases. However, he is seen as an outcast due to his extremely righteous character which affected his career, but his protege, Yau Kong-ngo, respects him as a good officer although Yau does not completely agree with Cheung's overly hard-boiled style and believes in taking shortcuts. Yau manages to reach up to Cheung's level. However, fate unexpectedly brings them to different paths and pits them against one another.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: The film's theme song, titled "Confrontation" (對峙), is composed and performed by Nicholas Tse, with lyrics written by Kenny So. A promotional song for the film was also released as a tribute to director Benny Chan, which is a cover of the song "A Real Man" (真的漢子), which was originally composed and performed by George Lam, with lyrics written by Cheng Kwok-kong. The new version is performed by Andy Lau, Donnie Yen, Wu Jing, Nick Cheung and Jordan Chan, with slightly altered lyrics written by Keith Chan.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: The film was first announced at the 2019 Hong Kong Film & TV Market (FILMART). Producer and star Donnie Yen revealed that the film had originally been planned to be filmed in a foreign country, but he persuaded co-producer and director Benny Chan to stay in Hong Kong for filming. Production began in April of the same year. On 6 May 2019, a scene was filmed involving Yen jumping from a balcony for which he was suspended on wires for two hours. The film held its blessing ceremony on 23 July 2019 at a constructed set on Peking Road in Quarry Bay Film Studio that was attended by Emperor Group head Albert Yeung, Chan, Yen and the rest of the cast and crew. Production for the film wrapped up in September 2019.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: On 23 August 2020, director Chan died from nasopharyngeal cancer. It was reported that he had fallen ill during the film's production and had later been diagnosed with the illness. Chan completed his directing duties for the film but was unable to take part in post-production due to his illness.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: "Raging Fire" was theatrically released in China on 30 July 2021, followed by a limited release in the United States on 13 August 2021, and in Hong Kong on 19 August 2021.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: As of 10 October 2021, "Raging Fire" has grossed US$225 million worldwide, combining its gross from Hong Kong (US$3.3 million), China (US$221.2 million), North America (US$368,301), Australia (US$54,211), New Zealand (US$2,417) and Taiwan (US$172,558).


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: In Hong Kong, the film debuted at No. 2 during its opening weekend, grossing HK$7,592,576 (US$974,544) during its first four days of release. On its second weekend, the film grossed HK$8,775,780, coming in at No. 1, and have grossed a total of HK$16,368,356 (US$2,101,717) by then. During its third week, the film grossed HK$5,271,353, coming in at No. 2, and have grossed a total of HK$21,636,628 (US$2,783,956) by then. On its fourth weekend, the film remained at No. 2 where it grossed HK$2,749,226 and have grossed a total of HK24,385,854 (US$3,135,396) so by then. During its fifth weekend, the film grossed HK$1,049,458, coming in No. 5, and have accumulated a total gross of HK$25,435,312 (US$3,268,144) so far.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: In China, the film debuted at No. 1 during its opening weekend, grossing US$40.5 million during its first three days of release. On its second weekend, the film grossed US$49.2 million, remaining at No. 1, and have grossed a total of US$89.7 million by then. The film remained at first place during its third weekend, grossing US$42.5 million, and have accumulated a total gross of US$132.3 million so far. The film stayed at No. 1 again for four consecutive weeks, grossing US$25.1 million during its fourth weekend and have grossed a total of US$157.9 million by then. During its fifth weekend, the film grossed US$19.2, coming in at No. 2 behind new release "Free Guy", and have grossed a total of US$177.1 million by then. On its sixth week, the film grossed US$13.1 million, remaining at No. 2, and have grossed a total of US$190.2 million by then. During its seventh week, the film grossed US$10.7 million, coming in at No. 3, and have accumulated a total gross of US$200.9 million by then. On its eighth week, the film grossed US$8.8 million, remaining at No. 3, and have grossed a total of US$209.7 million so far.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: Matthew Monagle of the "Austin Chronicle" gave the film 4/5 stars and praises the characterizations and action set pieces Lim Lian-yu of "Yahoo! Singapore" gave the film a score of 3.5/5 stars, describing the film as "126 minutes worth of explosive action that is bound to entertain and keep your eyes busy." Edmund Lee of the "South China Morning Post" gave the film a score of 3/5 stars, praising it as "the best that Hong Kong action-film making has to offer", but criticizing its illogical story and crude script.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: G. Allen Johnson of the "San Francisco Chronicle" praises the film's action scenes but criticizes the exposition scenes which drags the film. Cary Darling of the "Houston Chronicle" praises director Chan's execution of a basic premise and the action choreography as "breathlessly exhilarating." Anna Smith of "Deadline Hollywood" describes the film as "an accomplished visual feat with detailed fight choreography and strong physical performances", while also noting its underdeveloped characterizations and overuse of flashbacks.


title: Raging Fire (film)

text: Marc Zirogiannis of "Tae Kwon Do Life Magazine" wrote, "In "Raging Fire", Benny Chan's final directorial work, Yen combines the elements of his persona as an action star and dramatic actor for a successful result. His dramatic engagement equals his action prowess, and these elements combine to make this film superior."


title: Sweet Revenge (South Korean TV series)

text: Sweet Revenge () is a South Korean web series starring Kim Hyang-gi, Lomon and Cha Eun-woo. Produced by Blue Panda Mediatainment and Hidden Sequence, it aired on Oksusu's Fridays at 10:00 (KST) time slot from October 27, 2017, to January 5, 2018, and drew 11 million combined views.


title: Sweet Revenge (South Korean TV series)

text: Ho Goo-hee, a high schooler and self-proclaimed pushover, discovers a new application on her phone that offers to take revenge on anyone whose name she writes in it.


title: Shabba Doo

text: Adolfo Gutierrez Quiñones or Adolfo Gordon Quiñones (May 11, 1955 – December 29, 2020), known professionally as Shabba Doo, was an American actor, break dancer, and choreographer of African American and Puerto Rican descent.


title: Shabba Doo

text: Quiñones is one of the forefathers of hip-hop dancing, and played Orlando "Ozone" in the 1984 breakdancing hit film "Breakin'" and its sequel, "".


title: Shabba Doo

text: Quiñones was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois, United States; His father, Adolfo, had been born in Puerto Rico and became a salesman and a laborer. His mother, Ruth (McDaniel) Quiñones, was an accountant whose family had moved from Mississippi to Chicago during the Great Migration. His mother raised him as a single parent from the age of three. He had a younger sister, Fawn Quiñones, who was also a dancer, and frequently featured on the musical variety television program "Soul Train". Quiñones was raised in the Cabrini–Green housing complex in the city's North Side. For high school, Quiñones attended Cooley Vocational High School and Robert A. Waller High School (now known as Lincoln Park High School). In the 1970s, his family moved to the Los Angeles area. He began dancing in clubs around Crenshaw Boulevard and at venues like Radiotron, near MacArthur Park. Break-dance culture was growing at these establishments, and he dueled nightly in them with rivals on the dance floor. He started calling himself Sir Lance-a-Lock, which then became Shabba-Dabba-Do-Bop, which was finally shortened to Shabba-Doo.


title: Shabba Doo

text: As a member of The Original Lockers along with Don "Campbellock" Campbell, Fred "Rerun" Berry and Toni Basil, Quiñones became one of the innovators of the dance style commonly known as locking. His best-known role was as Ozone in the 1984 hit cult film "Breakin'" and its sequel, "". Quiñones also appeared in "Rave - Dancing to a Different Beat", which he also directed. He made guest appearances on TV shows including "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!", "Married... with Children", "Miami Vice", "What's Happening!!", "Saturday Night Live" and "Lawrence Leung's Choose Your Own Adventure". Quiñones was writing "A Breakin’ Uprising." Besides acting and dancing work in film and television, Quiñones has served as a choreographer to many singers, such as Lionel Richie, Madonna, and Luther Vandross. He was a primary dancer and main choreographer for Madonna's "Who's That Girl?" Tour in 1987. He served as choreographer for Jamie Kennedy's MTV sitcom, "Blowin' Up". He choreographed Three Six Mafia's performance on the 78th Academy Awards; the group won the Oscar for best original song for their song "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp". He appeared in the music video for Lionel Richie's "All Night Long" and was featured in the music video for Chaka Khan's 1984 song "I Feel for You".


title: Shabba Doo

text: Quiñones was married twice and had two children. His first marriage was to Gwendolyn Powell from 1976 until 1982. After divorcing Powell, Quiñones married actress Lela Rochon in 1982. Quiñones and Rochon were married until 1987. He died at his home from undisclosed causes on December 29, 2020, at age 65. A later coroner's report listed the cause of death as arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease.


title: FET y de las JONS

text: The Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS; ), frequently shortened to just "FET", was the sole legal party of the Francoist regime in Spain. It was created by General Francisco Franco in 1937 as a merger of the fascist Falange Española de las JONS (FE de las JONS) with the monarchist neoabsolutist and ultracatholic Traditionalist Communion belonging to the Carlist movement. In addition to the resemblance of names, the party formally retained most of the platform of FE de las JONS (26 out of 27 points) and a similar inner structure. In force until April 1977, it was rebranded as Movimiento Nacional in 1958.


title: FET y de las JONS

text: The FET y de las JONS began as the Spanish Falange, a Falangist party, The Council of National Syndicalist Offensives, a national syndicalist party and Traditionalist Communion, a Catholic monarchist party, three parties that were becoming relevant in Spanish right wing politics before the civil war. The Spanish Falange and the Council of National Syndicalist Offensives were relatively small, and merged into the Spanish Falange de la JONS leading up to the 1936 election. As civil war broke out, the Falange grew rapidly in membership, and the Traditionalist Communion, already a prominent force, mobilized its forces to fight the leftist government.


title: FET y de las JONS

text: With the eruption of the Civil War in July 1936, the Falange fought on the side of the Nationalist faction against the Second Spanish Republic. Expanding rapidly from several thousand to several hundred thousand, the Falange's male membership was accompanied by a female auxiliary, the "Sección Femenina". Led by José Antonio's sister Pilar, this latter subsidiary organization claimed more than a half million members by the end of the war and provided nursing and support services for the Nationalist forces.


title: FET y de las JONS

text: The command of the party rested upon Manuel Hedilla as many of the first generation leaders were dead or incarcerated by the Republicans. Among them was Primo de Rivera, who was a government prisoner. As a result, he was referred to among the leadership as "el Ausente", ("the Absent One"). After being sentenced to death on 18 November 1936, José Antonio Primo de Rivera was executed on 20 November 1936 (a date since known as 20-N in Spain) in a Republican prison, giving him martyr status among the Falangists. This conviction and sentence was possible because he had lost his parliamentary immunity after his party did not have enough votes during the last elections.


title: FET y de las JONS

text: On April 19, 1937 Francisco Franco issued a Unification Decree, which forcibly merged the Falange with the Carlist "Comunión Tradicionalista" to form the "Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS" (FET y de las JONS). Franco assumed the role of "jefe nacional" ("National Chief"), following the model of a fascist party. All other parties supporting the rebel faction were disbanded, but former members of those parties were free to join the FET as individual members. The new party's official ideology was the Falangists' "27 puntos"—reduced after the unification to 26, the article barring mergers being dropped. The merged party incorporated many Falangist symbols–the blue shirt, the yoked arrows, the red and black flag, and the anthem "Cara al Sol" among others. Despite this, the party was in fact a wide-ranging nationalist coalition, closely controlled by Franco. Parts of the original Falange (including Hedilla) and many Carlists did not join the unified party. Franco had sought to control the Falange after a clash between Hedilla and his main critics within the group, the "legitimistas" of Agustín Aznar and Sancho Dávila y Fernández de Celis, that threatened to derail the Nationalist war effort. Franco became "jefe nacional" and "Supreme Caudillo" of the FET. He was vested with "the most absolute authority," including the power to name his successor, and was only responsible to "God and history."


title: FET y de las JONS

text: None of the vanquished parties in the war suffered such a toll of deaths among their leaders as did the Falange. 60% of the pre-war Falange membership lost their lives in the war.


title: FET y de las JONS

text: However, most of the property of all other parties and trade unions were assigned to the party. In 1938, all trade unions were unified under Falangist command.


title: FET y de las JONS

text: After the war, the party was charged with developing an ideology for Franco's regime. This job became a "cursus honorum" for ambitious politicians—new converts, who were called "camisas nuevas" ("new shirts") in opposition to the more overtly populist and ideological "old shirts" from before the war.


title: FET y de las JONS

text: Membership in the Falange/FET reached a peak of 932,000 in 1942. Despite the official unification of the various Nationalist factions within the party in 1937, tensions continued between dedicated Falangists and other groups, particularly Carlists. Such tensions erupted in violence with the Begoña Incident of August 1942, when hardline Falangist activists attacked a Carlist religious gathering in Bilbao with grenades. The attack and the response of government ministers with Carlist leanings (most notably Varela and Galarza) led to a government crisis and caused Franco to dismiss several ministers. Ultimately, six Falangists were convicted of the attack and one, Juan Domínguez, was executed.


title: FET y de las JONS

text: By the middle of the Second World War, Franco and leading Falangists, while distancing themselves from the faltering European fascists, stressed the unique "Spanish Catholic authoritarianism" of the regime and the Falange. Instructions were issued in September 1943 that henceforth the Falange/FET would be referred to exclusively as a "movement" and not a "party".


title: FET y de las JONS

text: The Falange also developed youth organizations, with members known as "Flechas" and "Pelayos", under the umbrella of the Spanish Youths Organization. Most of these young members wore red berets.


title: FET y de las JONS

text: With improving relations with the United States, economic development and the rise of a group of relatively young technocrats within the government, the Falange continued to decline. In 1965, the SEU, the movement's student organization, was officially disbanded. At the same time, the membership of the Falange as a whole was both shrinking and aging. In 1974, the average age of Falangists in Madrid was at least 55 years. The organization's relatively few new members came mostly from the conservative and devoutly Catholic areas of northern Spain.


title: Ranjitha

text: Ranjitha (born Sri Valli) is an Indian actress. She has acted in a number of Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada films.


title: Ranjitha

text: In 1991, Ranjita, did her first Telugu film, under the screen name Madhu Bala "Kadapa Reddemma". It was written by Parchuri Brothers. She did her second film that year, Prema Panjaram. Both the films didn't do too well commercially, but after that she did the film "Nadodi Thendral", directed by Bharathiraja, which provided her a good platform.


title: Ranjitha

text: She got married in 2000 to an Indian Army Major and retired from acting after her wedding. The couple got divorced in 2002. She made a comeback in 2003, and had acted in supporting roles in films and lead roles in television shows until 2010.


title: Ranjitha

text: In 2010, Sun TV telecasted a video recordings that claimed to show Ranjitha and Nithyananda in a bedroom. The story became viral among news media in Tamil Nadu. They both claimed the video to be fabricated and accused Sun TV of extortion. A Forensic Sciences Laboratory in Bengaluru confirmed that the video appeared to be that of Nithyananda and Ranjitha. Ranjitha filed a complaint with High Court of Karnataka against news channels. Various news channels were ordered to apologize to Ranjitha for violating the complainant’s privacy and dignity..


title: Clay court

text: A clay court is one of the types of tennis court on which the sport of tennis, originally known as "lawn tennis", is played. Clay courts are made of crushed stone, brick, shale, or other unbound mineral aggregate depending on the tournament.


title: Clay court

text: The French Open uses clay courts, the only Grand Slam tournament to do so. Clay courts are more common in Continental Europe and Latin America than in North America, Asia-Pacific or Britain.


title: Clay court

text: Two main types exist: red clay, the more common variety, and green clay, also known as "rubico", which is a harder surface. Although less expensive to construct than other types of tennis courts, the maintenance costs of clay are high as the surface must be rolled to preserve flatness.


title: Clay court

text: Clay courts are considered "slow" because the balls bounce relatively high and lose much of their initial speed when contacting the surface, making it more difficult for a player to deliver an unreturnable shot. Points are usually longer as there are fewer winners. Therefore, clay courts heavily favor baseliners who are consistent and have a strong defensive game, which has allowed players such as Rafael Nadal, Björn Borg, Chris Evert, and Justine Henin to find success at the French Open. Players who excel on clay courts but struggle to replicate the same form on fast courts are known as clay-court specialists. Clay-court players generally play in a semicircle about behind the baseline. Clay courts favor the "full western grip" for more topspin. Clay court players use topspins to throw off their opponents.


title: Clay court

text: Movement on the loose surface is very different from movement on any other surface; playing on clay often involves the ability to slide into the ball during the stroke.


title: Clay court

text: Clay courts are unique in that the ball bounce leaves an impression in the ground, which can help determine whether a shot was in or out. Critics of red clay courts point to the constant need to wet them down, problems renewing the surface if it dries out, and the damage caused to clothing and footwear through stains. All clay courts, not just red clay, tend to cause a build-up of clay on the bottom of the shoes of the players, needing frequent removal.


title: Clay court

text: Almost all red clay courts are made not of natural clay but of crushed brick that is packed to make the court, with the top most layers consisting of finely crushed loose particles. Such courts are most common in Europe and Latin America. The exact color of the surface varies with the composition of the bricks used, and can appear from a light yellow to a deep red, with a medium orange being most common.


title: Clay court

text: "En tout cas" (French for "in any case") is a version of red clay with a coarser top layer to improve drainage. The coarser surface allows more water to run through the surface of the court drying the surface more quickly after rain.


title: Clay court

text: Natural clay courts are rare because this type of surface does not absorb water easily and takes two to three days to dry. A good example of natural red clay can be seen at the Frick Park Clay Courts in Pittsburgh, a public facility of six red clay courts that has been in continual use since 1930.


title: Clay court

text: The Copa Sevilla Open is played on yellow clay courts due to the kind of crushed brick used in its composition. While composed in the same way as red clay, it is a noticeably bright yellow and visually distinct from other red clay type courts.


title: Clay court

text: Green clay, also known by brand names such as "Har-Tru" and "Rubico", is made of crushed metabasalt rather than brick, making the surface slightly harder and faster than red clay. These courts are located primarily in the mid-Atlantic and southern United States. They are also found in Central and Eastern Canada. There is one WTA tournament played on green Har-Tru clay courts, the Charleston Open in Charleston, South Carolina. From 1975 until 1977, the US Open was played on Har-Tru clay courts.


title: Clay court

text: The US Men's Clay Court Championships are played on clay that has a maroon color. Not only is this a darker color than other clay courts used in the professional game, but it is also a type of Har-Tru court, meaning it is actually composed of the same substance (basalt) as green clay courts, and not a type of red clay.


title: Clay court

text: In the pre-open era Anthony Wilding is particularly notable for his achievements on clay courts. Starting in May 1910 at the Championship of South Africa and ending in June 1914 at the World Hard Court Championships he registered 120 consecutive clay court match victories.


title: Clay court

text: Rafael Nadal, winner of a record 14 French Open men's singles titles, is noted for his success on clay; since his debut in 2005, he has only lost three times at the tournament – in 2009, 2015 and 2021. Nadal holds the record for the longest winning streak by any male player on a single surface since the Open Era began in 1968: 81 clay court wins between April 2005 and May 2007. He also holds the record for most clay court titles in the Open Era, with 63. Guillermo Vilas won 49 of his 62 singles titles on clay. He only won a single French Open title, although he also won the US Open in 1977 while it was held on clay. Thomas Muster is also considered a successful clay court player; although he also only won the French Open once, 40 out of his 44 career singles titles were won on clay.


title: Clay court

text: On the women's side, Justine Henin and Monica Seles hold the open era record for the number of consecutive French Open titles won at three (1990–1992 for Seles and 2005–2007 for Henin). In the pre-open era this feat was first achieved by Helen Wills Moody (1928–1930) and followed by Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling (1935–1937).


title: Clay court

text: Chris Evert holds the record for longest winning streak on clay for either gender in the open era: from August 1973 to May 1979, she won 125 consecutive clay court matches. During this time, Evert skipped three editions of the French Open (1976–78), to participate in World Team Tennis. She also has the highest career win percentage on clay courts (94.28%) during the open era.


title: Clay court

text: The most successful currently active female player on clay is Serena Williams, who won the French Open in 2002, 2013 and 2015. In 2013, Williams went undefeated throughout the clay court season, winning five titles on the surface.


title: Clay court

text: A clay-court specialist is a tennis player who excels on clay courts, more than on any other surface.


title: Clay court

text: Due in part to advances in racquet technology, current clay-court specialists are known for employing long, winding groundstrokes that generate heavy topspin; such strokes are less effective on faster surfaces on which the balls do not bounce as high. Clay-court specialists tend to slide more effectively on clay than other players. Many of them are also very adept at hitting the drop shot, which can be effective because rallies on clay courts often leave players pushed far beyond the baseline. Additionally, the slow, long rallies require a great degree of mental focus and physical stamina.


title: Clay court

text: The definition of "clay-court specialist" has varied. Anthony Wilding, Sergi Bruguera, Albert Costa and Gastón Gaudio were French Open champions who won all or nearly all of their career titles on clay. Andrés Gimeno, Adriano Panatta, Manuel Orantes, Yannick Noah, Michael Chang, Thomas Muster, Gustavo Kuerten, Carlos Moyá and Juan Carlos Ferrero won major titles only on


title: Clay court

text: clay, but won lower tournaments, including Masters Series events, on other surfaces. Among female players, there have been few whose best results were confined exclusively to clay. Virginia Ruzici, Anastasia Myskina, Iva Majoli, Sue Barker, Ana Ivanovic, Francesca Schiavone, Jeļena Ostapenko, and Barbora Krejčíková are the only female players to have won major titles at only the French Open since the beginning of the open era.


title: Clay court

text: Increasingly, clay courters have attempted to play better on other surfaces with some success. Ferrero reached the US Open Final in 2003, the same year he won the French Open, and also won several hardcourt tournaments. Nadal was considered a clay court specialist until a string of successes on other surfaces, including completing a Double Career Grand Slam and a Career Golden Slam, led to a broadening of his reputation, 2016 French Open winner Garbiñe Muguruza reached the 2015 Wimbledon final and won the 2017 Wimbledon title.


title: Clay court

text: The professional clay court season comprises many more tournaments than the brief grass court season, but is still shorter than the hard court seasons. There are three distinct clay court seasons during the year.


title: Clay court

text: The first is the men's South American clay season. Played primarily in February between the Australian Open and the Indian Wells Masters, the ATP has four tournaments in this swing, although other ATP tournaments played on hardcourt occur the same weeks. The WTA discontinued its participation in Rio de Janeiro after 2016, so there are no clay court women's tournaments during this period.


title: Clay court

text: The second is the long spring clay season that starts in the Americas and Morocco before moving to mainland Europe and finishing with the French Open. It is usually played over two months between April and June, after the Miami Open. Unlike the other two clay seasons, this swing does not share the majority of its time with simultaneous hard court tournaments.


title: Clay court

text: The third is the brief summer clay season that takes place after Wimbledon. It is entirely in Europe, and usually takes place in July. Near the end of the swing, it overlaps with the beginning of the US Open Series.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: King Khalid International Airport ( "", ) is located north of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, designed by the architectural firm HOK, and Arabian Bechtel Company Limited served as the construction manager on behalf of the Saudi government.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: This airport consists of five passenger terminals (only three of which are in use), with eight aero-bridges each, a mosque, covered and uncovered car parking for 11,600 vehicles, an additional Royal Terminal (for the kingdom's guests, government heads, and Saudi royal family use), a central control tower (one of the world's tallest), and two parallel runways, each long. Formerly the largest airport in the world in terms of ground area, the land area allocated for KKIA is the second-largest in the world, after King Fahd International Airport. The airport is managed and operated by Riyadh Airports Company. The Royal Mosque was designed with a significant programme of integral art; the stained glass, by British architectural artist Brian Clarke, was a landmark work in the history of the medium, considered to be the largest and technically most advanced stained glass project of the modern period.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: King Khalid International Airport (KKIA),designed by architectural practice Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum, was opened by HRH King Fahd on 16 November 1983, and opened for scheduled flights on 5 December of the same year. Until then, what is now Riyadh Air Base served commercial flights to and from Riyadh. Increased international and local air transport requirements for Riyadh made the change necessary. Riyadh Air Base, which is much closer to the city center, is operated by the Royal Saudi Air Force.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: There are five main passenger terminals at the airport, four of them were built when the airport started operation in 1983, and terminal 5 was opened in 2016.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: Terminal 1 to 4 were built when the airport was opened in November, 1983. They are connected to each other by means of three linking buildings, each long. Each terminal is triangular in plan, with a base of area. The complex includes a modern VIPs terminal plus restaurants, cafeterias, airlines offices, government departments, hotels and rent-a-car companies counters, banks, first aid clinics and commercial shops.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: Terminal 5 is a rectangular building which can serve 16 narrow-body or 8 wide-body aircraft. Operated by Irish airport operator Dublin Airport Authority, it is Saudi's first privately run airport terminal and can handle 12 million passengers per year.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: Heads of state and other high-ranking VIP visitors to the kingdom are greeted in the Royal Pavilion. The Royal Pavilion has open spaces, garden areas, and fountains. A ceremonial hall wide and long connects it to the mosque. The design and geometry of the building are similar to those of the other terminals architecturally and in the aesthetic respect. Arriving guests can use either air bridges or escalators to enter the building from the aircraft parking area. The ceremonial area on the airside has space for special receptions involving honor guards and bands. Like the passenger terminals, the Royal Pavilion has a triangular plan, with a roof composed of 33 arched sections rising to a high point above the ground level. Glass walls and windows illuminate the interior of the building.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: A general aviation complex has been constructed north of runway number 1 for use by private aircraft and is reached by a special access road which runs north from the airport access highway. The general aviation facility includes a passenger terminal, aircraft parking and maintenance facilities, taxiways and parking for visitors, tenants and staff. In addition to privately owned aircraft, this facility accommodates Saudia's special flight services group. It's also home to Alsalam Aircraft Company, Ltd. Programmed Depot Maintenance (PDM) on Royal Saudi Air Force aircraft is performed at the uniquely designed facility.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: In July 2014, German construction company Hochtief won the bid for the airport expansion which aims at increasing its capacity from 15 million to 25 million and includes construction of a new fifth terminal. The contract was valued at €1.3 billion and will be carried out by Hochtief with a 55% stake, along with Indian engineering company Shapoorji Pallonji Mideast and Saudi Arabian construction company Nahdat Al Emaar. Construction is expected to be completed by May 2019. Terminal 4 is expected to be equipped with required facilities. KKIA has not witnessed any development since its establishment in 1983.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: The airport will be linked with the city's new metro system, and the GACA has reached an agreement with Riyadh Development Authority for the purpose. The metro system will help passengers reach the city center quickly and comfortably, adding that spots have been allocated in the project for the metro lines. Saudi Railway Company will construct the main railway station on the southeastern part of the airport to be linked with the terminal through the metro system.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: The Royal Mosque is set within a plaza in a central position in the airport. KKIA was the first airport in Saudi Arabia to be built to then-contemporary engineering standards and the mosque was at the time of its construction the most modern mosque in the world, notable for its use of advances in construction and engineering to create a modern complex in a vernacular Arabic style, and for its programme of integral art, at that time the largest in the world, marrying traditional Islamic decorative elements with, and interpreted through, the work of contemporary artists. Hexagonal in plan, and enclosing an area of over 60,000 sq ft, its scale, location and design make it the most dominant building in the passenger complex. The mosque can accommodate 5,000 worshippers inside, with capacity for an additional 4,000 in the surrounding plaza. The mosque's dome, in diameter and internally clad in polished bronze, is internally separated from the lower roof of the building by a seven-foot clerestory ring of stained glass windows, below which runs a calligraphic mosaic band designed by Iranian-Armenian painter Edman Ayvazyan. The hand-cut glass and marble mosaic, measuring 250 sq metres and fabricated with Clarke's assistance, was the largest in the world at the time. The dome's apex, at above the arrivals level roadway, is higher than all the other structures in the passenger complex with the exception of the control tower and minaret. At the time of its construction, the programme of decorative and integral art for the mosque constituted one of the largest single art projects of the period. In the northeast corner of the mosque plaza, a minaret rises above the plaza level. A spiral stairway inside the minaret provides access to loudspeakers that broadcast the prayer calls five times daily. There are of floor space on the main floor of the mosque and another on the mezzanine floor. A Koranic library off of the main mosque floor has of user space and the same amount for storage space. The library, private offices and lavatories are located along the southeast on the southwest walls.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: In 1982, through the Vesti Corporation, the British architectural artist Brian Clarke was commissioned to conceive of a scheme of stained glass artworks for the interior of the Royal Mosque. Clarke made a study of Islamic ornament at the Quran schools in Fez and Tangiers for six weeks, and produced a series of abstract designs that engaged with historical pan-Islamic decorative tradition. Completed in 1982 and containing 2,000 square metres of stained glass, the Royal Mosque was considered to be the largest and technically most advanced stained glass project of the modern period, requiring the full staff of 4 stained glass factories and 150 craftsmen, taking a year to fabricate. The technical demands of the designs required the revival of certain traditional manufacturing techniques, the development of new ones to accommodate the programme of ornate geometric leading, and the deployment of modern technologies and materials, including screenprinting and the acid-etching of float glass.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: Centrally located in the passenger terminal complex, between the Royal Pavilion and the mosque is the air traffic control tower standing at high. Twr Freq. 118.6E & 118.8W. GND 121.6. CD 121.8. Riyadh Dept. 120.0 Riyadh Approach 126.0


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: There are 19 separate floor levels in the tower, including the operations area at the base of the tower and a total of of floor space. Six of the 19 floors are considered main floors. These include the operational level at the base of the tower, two equipment floors, an observation floor, a service floor and the cab floor at the top of the tower from which the air traffic controllers overlook the entire airport. The operations floor houses the radar control center for the airport as well as conference rooms, offices and a training area. The two equipment level contain mechanical and electrical equipment and cables, and the service floor contains a kitchen, lounge and lavatories for personnel on duty in the cab. The cab itself contains controller operating positions and electronic and communications equipment. The tower is supplied with two sources of standby power should the regular source of power be interrupted. Once source is the standby power supply at the central power plant – three diesel engine generators. In addition, a 300-kilowatt diesel engine located in the tower itself can provide a secondary source of emergency power. The tower is outfitted with the most advanced electronic radar systems and data processing equipment available.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: Passengers going from one terminal to another at King Khalid International Airport can utilize moving sidewalks for transportation. The moving walkways, the first to be installed at any Saudi airport, are located in the three link buildings that connect the international and domestic terminals.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: There is a total of of the walkways, which are actually wide conveyor belts which operate at floor level and move at a speed of close to . Additional passenger conveniences in the terminal complex include 80 elevators and escalators. In the parking garages, 16 escalators are provided, and two serve the mosque.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: The elevators, escalators and moving walkways all have the latest safety equipment installed. Should a fire occur, the elevators would automatically be recalled to the main floors and the doors opened. The escalators and moving sidewalks are equipped with fire and smoke detectors which will cause them to stop automatically should a fire be detected.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: KKIA was the first airport in the Kingdom to install airbridges, to speed up handling and turnaround times. Each terminal has eight gates with airbridges effectively eliminating the need for bus journeys between the terminal buildings and waiting aircraft.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: KKIA has more than of landscaping. Over 225,000 trees, vines, shrubs and ground cover plants were used to landscape the airport site and the interior courtyards. A factor in the landscape design was the limited availability of irrigation water. All of the plants selected for the site are tolerant of heat, wind and dry soil conditions. Wherever possible, plants with a history of successful growth in the Riyadh area or similar environments were selected.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: This facility has five separate fire houses, with several modern firefighting vehicles, and trained firefighters. The location also has security equipment and a security force.


title: King Khalid International Airport

text: Two large three-level garages have been constructed directly in front of the passenger terminals, one on either side of the airport mosque. They are connected to the terminals and to the mosque by pedestrian walkways under the arrivals level roadway. The design capacity of the garages is 11,600 vehicles. The garages are built of cast-in-place concrete, and each covered level is high. Escalators and elevators are available in these garages, as well as stairways between the different levels.


title: Lou Romano

text: Lou Romano (born April 15, 1972) is an American animator and voice actor. He did design work on "Monsters, Inc." and "The Incredibles", and he provided the voices of Bernie Kropp in "The Incredibles", Snot Rod in "Cars" and Alfredo Linguini in "Ratatouille".


title: Lou Romano

text: Romano had an interest in drawing and painting at an early age and studied theater arts, performing in plays throughout junior high and high school. He studied acting at the San Diego School of Creative and Performing Arts (SCPA). After graduating in 1990 he studied animation at the California Institute of the Arts. He then completed workshops at The Groundlings in Los Angeles. He later went on to work as an art director and designer for animated projects, such as "The Powerpuff Girls" and "The Iron Giant".


title: Lou Romano

text: In 2000, Romano joined Pixar as the production designer of "The Incredibles", for which he won an Annie Award in 2005. His artwork has been exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art and the Gallery at The Metropolitan Opera in New York City and has been published on the cover of "The New Yorker". In 2009, Romano left Pixar to work at Laika in Portland, Oregon. Lou and his wife reside in the Bay Area.


title: Global warming potential

text: Global warming potential (GWP) is the heat absorbed by any greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, as a multiple of the heat that would be absorbed by the same mass of carbon dioxide (). GWP is 1 for . For other gases it depends on the gas and the time frame.


title: Global warming potential

text: Carbon dioxide equivalent (e or eq or -e) is calculated from GWP. For any gas, it is the mass of that would warm the earth as much as the mass of that gas. Thus it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as GWP times mass of the other gas.


title: Global warming potential

text: Methane has GWP (over 100 years) of 27.9 meaning that, for example, a leak of a tonne of methane is equivalent to emitting 27.9 tonnes of carbon dioxide. Similarly a tonne of nitrous oxide, from manure for example, is equivalent to 273 tonnes of carbon dioxide.


title: Global warming potential

text: Carbon dioxide is the reference. It has a GWP of 1 regardless of the time period used. emissions cause increases in atmospheric concentrations of that will last thousands of years.


title: Global warming potential

text: Estimates of GWP values over 20, 100 and 500 years are periodically compiled and revised in reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:


title: Global warming potential

text: Though recent reports reflect more scientific accuracy, countries and companies continue to use SAR and AR4 values for reasons of comparison in their emission reports. AR5 has skipped 500 year values but introduced GWP estimations including the climate-carbon feedback (f) with a large amount of uncertainty.


title: Global warming potential

text: The IPCC lists many other substances not shown here. Some have high GWP but only a low concentration in the atmosphere. The total impact of all fluorinated gases is estimated at 3% of all greenhouse gas emissions.


title: Global warming potential

text: The values given in the table assume the same mass of compound is analyzed; different ratios will result from the conversion of one substance to another. For instance, burning methane to carbon dioxide would reduce the global warming impact, but by a smaller factor than 25:1 because the mass of methane burned is less than the mass of carbon dioxide released (ratio 1:2.74). For a starting amount of 1 tonne of methane, which has a GWP of 25, after combustion there would be 2.74 tonnes of , each tonne of which has a GWP of 1. This is a net reduction of 22.26 tonnes of GWP, reducing the global warming effect by a ratio of 25:2.74 (approximately 9 times).


title: Global warming potential

text: Under the Kyoto Protocol, in 1997 the Conference of the Parties standardized international reporting, by deciding (decision 2/CP.3) that the values of GWP calculated for the IPCC Second Assessment Report were to be used for converting the various greenhouse gas emissions into comparable equivalents.


title: Global warming potential

text: After some intermediate updates, in 2013 this standard was updated by the Warsaw meeting of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, decision 24/CP.19) to require using a new set of 100-year GWP values. They published these values in Annex III, and they took them from the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which had been published in 2007.


title: Global warming potential

text: Those 2007 estimates are still used for international comparisons through 2020, although the latest research on warming effects has found other values, as shown in the table above.


title: Global warming potential

text: A substance's GWP depends on the number of years (denoted by a subscript) over which the potential is calculated. A gas which is quickly removed from the atmosphere may initially have a large effect, but for longer time periods, as it has been removed, it becomes less important. Thus methane has a potential of 25 over 100 years (GWP = 25) but 86 over 20 years (GWP = 86); conversely sulfur hexafluoride has a GWP of 22,800 over 100 years but 16,300 over 20 years (IPCC Third Assessment Report). The GWP value depends on how the gas concentration decays over time in the atmosphere. This is often not precisely known and hence the values should not be considered exact. For this reason when quoting a GWP it is important to give a reference to the calculation.


title: Global warming potential

text: The GWP for a mixture of gases can be obtained from the mass-fraction-weighted average of the GWPs of the individual gases.


title: Global warming potential

text: Water vapour does contribute to anthropogenic global warming, but as the GWP is defined, it is negligible for HO.


title: Global warming potential

text: HO is the strongest greenhouse gas, because it has a profound infrared absorption spectrum with more and broader absorption bands than . Its concentration in the atmosphere is limited by air temperature, so that radiative forcing by water vapour increases with global warming (positive feedback). But the GWP definition excludes indirect effects. GWP definition is also based on emissions, and anthropogenic emissions of water vapour (cooling towers, irrigation) are removed via precipitation within weeks, so its GWP is negligible.


title: Global warming potential

text: The "Global Temperature change Potential" (GTP) is another way to compare gases. While GWP estimates heat absorbed, GTP estimates the resulting rise in average surface temperature of the world, over the next 20, 50 or 100 years, caused by a greenhouse gas, relative to the temperature rise which the same mass of would cause.


title: Global warming potential

text: GWP* has been proposed to take better account of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) such as methane, relating a change in the rate of emissions of SLCPs to a fixed quantity of .


title: Global warming potential

text: A high GWP correlates with a large infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime. The dependence of GWP on the wavelength of absorption is more complicated. Even if a gas absorbs radiation efficiently at a certain wavelength, this may not affect its GWP much if the atmosphere already absorbs most radiation at that wavelength. A gas has the most effect if it absorbs in a "window" of wavelengths where the atmosphere is fairly transparent. The dependence of GWP as a function of wavelength has been found empirically and published as a graph.


title: Global warming potential

text: Because the GWP of a greenhouse gas depends directly on its infrared spectrum, the use of infrared spectroscopy to study greenhouse gases is centrally important in the effort to understand the impact of human activities on global climate change.


title: Global warming potential

text: Just as radiative forcing provides a simplified means of comparing the various factors that are believed to influence the climate system to one another, global warming potentials (GWPs) are one type of simplified index based upon radiative properties that can be used to estimate the potential future impacts of emissions of different gases upon the climate system in a relative sense. GWP is based on a number of factors, including the radiative efficiency (infrared-absorbing ability) of each gas relative to that of carbon dioxide, as well as the decay rate of each gas (the amount removed from the atmosphere over a given number of years) relative to that of carbon dioxide.


title: Global warming potential

text: The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space. It can be expressed by the formula:


title: Global warming potential

text: where the subscript "i" represents an interval of 10 inverse centimeters. Abs represents the integrated infrared absorbance of the sample in that interval, and F represents the RF for that interval.


title: Global warming potential

text: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides the generally accepted values for GWP, which changed slightly between 1996 and 2001. An exact definition of how GWP is calculated is to be found in the IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report. The GWP is defined as the ratio of the time-integrated radiative forcing from the instantaneous release of 1 kg of a trace substance relative to that of 1 kg of a reference gas:


title: Global warming potential

text: where TH is the time horizon over which the calculation is considered; a is the radiative efficiency due to a unit increase in atmospheric abundance of the substance (i.e., Wm kg) and [x](t) is the time-dependent decay in abundance of the substance following an instantaneous release of it at time t=0. The denominator contains the corresponding quantities for the reference gas (i.e. ). The radiative efficiencies a and a are not necessarily constant over time. While the absorption of infrared radiation by many greenhouse gases varies linearly with their abundance, a few important ones display non-linear behaviour for current and likely future abundances (e.g., , CH, and NO). For those gases, the relative radiative forcing will depend upon abundance and hence upon the future scenario adopted.


title: Global warming potential

text: Since all GWP calculations are a comparison to which is non-linear, all GWP values are affected. Assuming otherwise as is done above will lead to lower GWPs for other gases than a more detailed approach would. Clarifying this, while increasing has less and less effect on radiative absorption as ppm concentrations rise, more powerful greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide have different thermal absorption frequencies to that are not filled up (saturated) as much as , so rising ppms of these gases are far more significant.


title: Global warming potential

text: Carbon dioxide equivalent (e or eq or -e) of a quantity of gas is calculated from its GWP. For any gas, it is the mass of which would warm the earth as much as the mass of that gas. Thus it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as GWP multiplied by mass of the other gas. For example, if a gas has GWP of 100, two tonnes of the gas have e of 200 tonnes, and 9 tonnes of the gas has e of 900 tonnes.


title: Global warming potential

text: On a global scale, the warming effects of one or more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can also be expressed as an equivalent atmospheric concentration of . e can then be the atmospheric concentration of which would warm the earth as much as a particular concentration of some other gas or of all gases and aerosols in the atmosphere. For example, e of 500 parts per million would reflect a mix of atmospheric gases which warm the earth as much as 500 parts per million of would warm it. Calculation of the equivalent atmospheric concentration of of an atmospheric greenhouse gas or aerosol is more complex and involves the atmospheric concentrations of those gases, their GWPs, and the ratios of their molar masses to the molar mass of .


title: Global warming potential

text: For example, the table above shows GWP for methane over 20 years at 86 and nitrous oxide at 289, so emissions of 1 million tonnes of methane or nitrous oxide are equivalent to emissions of 86 or 289 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, respectively.


title: Singlish

text: Singlish (a portmanteau of "Singapore" and "English") is an English-based creole language spoken in Singapore. Singlish arose out of a situation of prolonged language contact between speakers of many different languages in Singapore, including Hokkien, Malay, Teochew, Cantonese and Tamil.


title: Singlish

text: Singlish originated with the arrival of the British and the establishment of English-medium education in Singapore. Elements of English quickly filtered out of schools and onto the streets, resulting in the development of a pidgin language spoken by non-native speakers as a lingua franca used for communication between speakers of the many different languages used in Singapore. Singlish evolved mainly among the working classes who learned elements of English without formal schooling, mixing in elements of their native languages. After some time, this new pidgin language, now combined with substantial influences from Indian English, Peranakan, southern varieties of Chinese, Malay, and Tamil, became the primary language of the streets. As Singlish grew in popularity, children began to acquire Singlish as their native language, a process known as creolization. Through this process of creolization, Singlish became a fully-formed, stabilized and independent creole language, acquiring a more robust vocabulary and more complex grammar, with fixed phonology, syntax, morphology, and syntactic embedding.


title: Singlish

text: Singlish shares many linguistic similarities with Manglish or Bazaar Malay of Malaysia, although a few distinctions can be made, particularly in vocabulary. Manglish generally receives more Malay influence and Singlish more Chinese (Mandarin, Hokkien, etc.) influence. Initially, Singlish and Manglish were essentially the same dialect evolving from the British Malaya economy, born in the trading ports of Singapore, Malacca and Penang when Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia were for many purposes a "de facto" (from 1963 to 1965, "de jure") single entity. Ever since the two countries separated, a divergence has been observed.


title: Singlish

text: Like all languages, Singlish and other creole languages show consistent internal logic and grammatical complexity. Due to its origins, Singlish shares many similarities with other English-based creole languages. As with many other creole languages, it is sometimes incorrectly perceived to be a "broken" form of the lexifier language - in this case, English. The uniqueness of Singlish has been studied by linguistics experts beyond Singapore.


title: Singlish

text: Singlish and English in Singapore exist along a creole continuum, ranging from standard English with local pronunciation on one end, to the most colloquial registers of Singlish on the other.


title: Singlish

text: After Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia in 1965, and successive "Speak Mandarin" campaigns, a subtle language shift among the post-1965 generation became more and more evident as Malay idiomatic expressions were, and continued to be, displaced by idioms borrowed from Chinese spoken varieties, such as Hokkien.


title: Singlish

text: Since many Singaporeans can speak Standard English in addition to Singlish, code-switching can occur very frequently along the continuum. In addition, as many Singaporeans are also speakers of Chinese, Malay, or Indian languages such as Tamil or Hindi, code-switching between English and other languages also occurs dynamically.


title: Singlish

text: Each of the following means the same thing, but the basilectal and mesolectal versions incorporate some colloquial additions for illustrative purposes.


title: Singlish

text: The Infocomm Media Development Authority's free-to-air TV code states that the use of Singlish is only permitted in interviews, "where the interviewee speaks only Singlish," but the interviewer must refrain from using it. Despite this, in recent years the use of Singlish on television and radio has proliferated as localised Singlish continues to be popular among Singaporeans, especially in comedies, such as "Under One Roof" and "Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd". Singlish is sometimes used by ordinary people in street interviews broadcast on TV and radio on a daily basis, as well as occasionally in newspapers.


title: Singlish

text: Although Singlish is officially discouraged in Singaporean schools, in practice, there is often some level of code-switching present in the classroom. This is rather inevitable given that Singlish is the home language of many students, and many teachers themselves are comfortable with the variety.


title: Singlish

text: In many white-collar workplaces, Singlish is avoided in formal contexts, especially at job interviews, meetings with clients, presentations or meetings, where Standard English is preferred. Nevertheless, selected Singlish phrases are sometimes injected into discussions to build rapport or for a humorous effect, especially when the audience consists mainly of locals.


title: Singlish

text: In informal settings, such as during conversation with friends, or transactions in kopitiams and shopping malls, Singlish is used without restriction. For many students, using Singlish is inevitable when interacting with their peers, siblings, parents and elders.Singapore humour writer Sylvia Toh Paik Choo was the first to put a spelling and a punctuation to Singlish in her books "Eh Goondu" (1982) and "Lagi Goondu" (1986), which are essentially a glossary of Singlish, which she terms 'Pasar Patois'. This is later followed by publishing of a few other Singlish books including "Coxford Singlish Dictionary" (2002) by Colin Goh, "An Essential Guide to Singlish" (2003) by Miel and "The Three Little Pigs Lah" (2013) by Casey Chen, and "Spiaking Singlish: A companion to how Singaporeans Communicate" (2017) by Gwee Li Sui.


title: Singlish

text: In recent times, Singlish is considered by linguists to be an independent language with its own systematic grammar. Linguists from universities around the world have referred to local productions to demonstrate to students how Singlish has become a unique language variety. There have been recent surges in interest in Singlish usage, sparking national conversations. In 2016, Oxford English Dictionary (OED) announced that it has added 19 new "Singapore English" items such as "ang moh", "shiok" and "sabo" in both its online and printed versions. Several Singlish words had previously made it into the OED's online version, which launched in March 2000. Words such as "lah" and "sinseh" were already included in OED's debut, while "kiasu" made it into the online list in March 2007. Local celebrities were generally pleased for this Singaporean identity to be recognized on a global level.


title: Singlish

text: Due in part to this perception of Singlish as "broken English", the use of Singlish is greatly frowned on by the government. In 2000, the government launched the Speak Good English Movement to eradicate Singlish, although more recent Speak Good English campaigns are conducted with tacit acceptance of Singlish as valid for informal usage. Several current and former Singaporean prime ministers have publicly spoken out against Singlish. However, the prevailing view among contemporary linguists is that, regardless of perceptions that a dialect or language is "better" or "worse" than its counterparts, when dialects and languages are assessed "on purely linguistic grounds, all languages—and all dialects—have equal merit".


title: Singlish

text: Singlish pronunciation, while built on a base of British English, is heavily influenced by Malay, Hokkien and Cantonese. There are variations within Singlish, both geographically and ethnically. Chinese, Native Malays, Indians, Eurasians, and other ethnic groups in Singapore all have distinct accents, and the accentedness depends on factors such as formality of the context and language dominance of the speaker.


title: Singlish

text: Broadly speaking, there is a one-to-many mapping of Singlish vowel phonemes to British Received Pronunciation vowel phonemes, with a few exceptions (as discussed below, with regard to "egg" and "peg"). The following describes a typical system. There is generally no distinction between the non-close front monophthongs, so "pet" and "pat" are pronounced the same .


title: Singlish

text: At the acrolectal level, the merged vowel phonemes are distinguished to some extent. These speakers may make a distinction between the tense vowels () and the lax vowels () respectively. Some speakers introduce elements from American English, such as pre-consonantal (pronouncing the "r" in "bird", "port", etc.). This is caused by the popularity of American TV programming. Current estimates are that about 20 per cent of university undergraduates sometimes use this American-style pre-consonantal when reading a passage.


title: Singlish

text: Singlish is semi-tonal as words of Sinitic origin generally retain their original tones in Singlish. On the other hand, original English words as well as words of Malay and Tamil origin are non-tonal.


title: Singlish

text: One of the most prominent and noticeable features of Singlish is its unique intonation pattern, which is quite unlike non-creole varieties of English. For example:


title: Singlish

text: Overall, the differences between the different ethnic communities in Singapore are most evident in the patterns of intonation, so for example Malay Singaporeans often have the main pitch excursion later in an utterance than ethnically Chinese and Indian Singaporeans.


title: Singlish

text: Generally, these pronunciation patterns are thought to have increased the clarity of Singlish communications between pidgin-level speakers in often noisy environments, and these features were retained in creolisation.


title: Singlish

text: The grammar of Singlish has been heavily influenced by other languages in the region, such as Malay and Chinese, with some structures being identical to ones in Chinese varieties. As a result, Singlish has acquired some unique features, especially at the basilectal level.


title: Singlish

text: Singlish is topic-prominent, like Chinese and Malay. This means that Singlish sentences often begin with a topic (or a known reference of the conversation), followed by a comment (or new information). Compared to Standard English, the semantic relationship between topic and comment is not important; moreover, nouns, verbs, adverbs, and even entire subject-verb-object phrases can all serve as the topic:


title: Singlish

text: The above constructions can be translated analogously into Malay and Chinese, with little change to the word order.


title: Singlish

text: The topic can be omitted when the context is clear, or shared between clauses. This results in constructions that appear to be missing a subject to a speaker of Standard English, and so called PRO-drop utterances may be regarded as a diagnostic feature of Singlish. For example:


title: Singlish

text: It is more common to mark the plural in the presence of a modifier that implies plurality, such as "many" or "four".


title: Singlish

text: Many nouns which seem logically to refer to a countable item are used in the plural, including "furniture" and "clothing". Examples of this usage from corpus recordings are:


title: Singlish

text: The copula, which is the verb "to be" in most varieties of English, is treated somewhat differently in Singlish:


title: Singlish

text: The zero copula is also found, although less frequently, as an equative between two nouns, or as a locative:


title: Singlish

text: In general, the zero copula is found more frequently after nouns and pronouns (except "I", "he", and "she"), and much less after a clause (what I think is...) or a demonstrative (this is...).


title: Singlish

text: Past tense marking is optional in Singlish. Marking of the past tense occurs most often in irregular verbs, as well as verbs where the past tense suffix is pronounced . For example:


title: Singlish

text: Due to consonant cluster simplification, the past tense is most often unmarked when it is pronounced as or at the end of a consonant cluster:


title: Singlish

text: The past tense is more likely to be marked if the verb describes an isolated event (it is a punctual verb), and it tends to be unmarked if the verb in question represents an action that goes on for an extended period:


title: Singlish

text: There seems also to be a tendency to avoid use of the past tense to refer to someone who is still alive:


title: Singlish

text: Note in the final example that although the speaker is narrating a story, she probably uses the present tense in the belief that the tour guide is probably still alive.


title: Singlish

text: Instead of the past tense, a change of state can be expressed by adding "already" or "liao" () to the end of the sentence, analogous to the Chinese (). This is not the same as the past tense, but more of an aspect, as it does not cover past habitual or continuous occurrences, and it refers to a real or hypothetical change of state in the past, present or future.


title: Singlish

text: The frequent use of already (pronounced more like "oreddy" and sometimes spelt that way) in Singlish is probably a direct influence of the Hokkien particle. For example:


title: Singlish

text: Negation works in general like English, with "not" added after "to be", "to have", or modals, and "don't" before all other verbs. Contractions ("can't", "shouldn't") are used alongside their uncontracted forms. However, due to final cluster simplification, the -t drops out from negative forms, and -n may also drop out after nasalising the previous vowel. This makes nasalisation the only mark of the negative.


title: Singlish

text: Another effect of this is that in the verb "can", its positive and negative forms are distinguished only by the vowel:


title: Singlish

text: Also, "never" is used as a negative past tense marker, and does not have to carry the English meaning. In this construction, the negated verb is never put into the past-tense form:


title: Singlish

text: In a construction similar (but not identical) to Chinese A-not-A, "or not" is appended to the end of sentences to form yes/no questions. "Or not" cannot be used with sentences already in the negative:


title: Singlish

text: The phrase "is it", appended to the end of sentences, forms yes–no questions. "Is it" implies that the speaker is simply confirming something they have already inferred:


title: Singlish

text: The phrase "isn't it" also occurs when the speaker thinks the hearer might disagree with the assertion.


title: Singlish

text: There are also many discourse particles (such as "hah", "hor", "meh", and "ar") used in questions. (See the "Discourse particles" section elsewhere in this article.)


title: Singlish

text: Another feature strongly reminiscent of Chinese and Malay, verbs are often repeated (e.g. TV personality Phua Chu Kang's "don't pray-pray!" "pray" = "play"). In general verbs are repeated twice to indicate the delimitative aspect (that the action goes on for a short period), and three times to indicate greater length and continuity:


title: Singlish

text: In another usage reminiscent of Chinese, nouns referring to people can be repeated for intimacy. Most commonly, monosyllabic nouns are repeated:


title: Singlish

text: In Singlish, discourse particles are minimal lexemes (words) that occur at the end of a sentence and that do not carry referential meaning, but may relate to linguistic modality, register or other pragmatic effects. They may be used to indicate how the speaker thinks that the content of the sentence relates to the participants' common knowledge or change the emotional character of the sentence.


title: Singlish

text: Particles are noted for keeping their tones regardless of the remainder of the sentence. Most of the particles are borrowed from southern Chinese varieties, with the tones intact.


title: Singlish

text: Research on Singlish discourse particles have been many but varied, often focusing on analysing their functions in the sentences they appear in.


title: Singlish

text: "Wah lau" () is used as an interjection or exclamation at the beginning of a sentence, and it usually has a negative connotation. It is derived from a Hokkien or Teochew phrase that means 'my father' (), abbreviated form of "my father's" ().


title: Singlish

text: It is derived from a Malay word that means "to encounter or to come into physical contact", and is only used with objects that have a negative effect or connotation. Verbs after "kena" may appear in the infinitive form (i.e. without tense) or as a past participle. It is similar in meaning to passive markers in Chinese, such as Hokkien or Mandarin :


title: Singlish

text: Use of "kena" as in the above examples will not be understood, and may even be greeted with a confused reply: "But strike lottery good wat!" ('But it's a good thing to win the lottery!').


title: Singlish

text: However, when used in sarcasm, "kena" can be used in apparently positive circumstances, though with an ironic modicum of success, for example:


title: Singlish

text: From Hokkien ", tio" (; pronounced with a low tone due to Hokkien tone sandhi) can be used interchangeably with "kena" in many scenarios. While "kena" is often used in negative situations, "tio" can be used in both positive and negative situations.


title: Singlish

text: Using "kena" in the following might not be appropriate, as they seem impolite, as if the speaker is mocking the victim.


title: Singlish

text: The word "one" is used to emphasise the predicate of the sentence by implying that it is unique and characteristic. It is analogous to the use of particles like () or () in Cantonese, () in Hokkien, () in Japanese, or () in some dialects of Mandarin. "One" used in this way does not correspond to any use of the word "one" in Standard English. It might also be analysed as a relative pronoun, though it occurs at the end of the relative clause instead of the beginning (as in Standard English).


title: Singlish

text: The word "then" is often pronounced or written as "den" . When used, it represents different meanings in different contexts. In this section, the word is referred to as "den".


title: Singlish

text: i) "Den" can be synonymous with "so" or "therefore". It is used to replace the Chinese grammatical particle (see ii).


title: Singlish

text: When it is intended to carry the meaning of "therefore", it is often used to explain one's blunder/negative consequences. In such contexts, it is a translation from Chinese . When used in this context, the "den" is prolonged twice the usual length in emphasis, as opposed to the short emphasis it is given when used to mean .


title: Singlish

text: The following examples are incorrect uses of "den", which will sound grammatically illogical to a Singlish speaker:


title: Singlish

text: The reason for this is that "den" often marks a negative, non-volitional outcome (either in the future or the past), while the above sentences express volition and are set in the present. Consider the following examples:


title: Singlish

text: ii) "Den" is also used to describe an action that will be performed later. It is used to replace the Chinese particle . When used in this context, the "den" is pronounced in one beat, instead of being lengthened to two beats as in (i).


title: Singlish

text: If shortened, the meaning will be changed or incorrectly conveyed. For example, "I go home liao, den (two beats) call you" will imbue the subtext with a questionable sense of irony, a lasciviousness for seduction (three beats), or just general inappropriateness (random two beats indicating a Hong Kong comedy-influenced moleitou Singaporean sense of humour).


title: Singlish

text: iii) "Den" can used at the beginning of a sentence as a link to the previous sentence. In this usage, "den" is used to replace the Mandarin grammatical particle which is approximately equivalent in meaning (but not in grammatical usage) only to "then", or (), as in . In such cases, it often carries a connotation of an exclamation.


title: Singlish

text: iv) "Den" can be used to return an insult/negative comment back to the originator. When used in such a way, there must first be an insult/negative comment from another party. In such contexts, it is a translation from the Chinese .


title: Singlish

text: v) "Den?" can be used as a single-worded phrase. Even if "den" is used in a single-worded phrase, even with the same pronunciation, it can represent four different meanings. It can either be synonymous with "so what?", or it can be a sarcastic expression that the other party is making a statement that arose from his/her actions, or similarly an arrogant expression which indicating that the other party is stating the obvious, or it can be used as a short form for "what happened then?".


title: Singlish

text: [Arrogant expression] Speakers have the option of using "den" in a phrase, as in "Ah bu den" or "Ah den". In this case it serves approximately the same purpose as 'duh' in American English slang.


title: Singlish

text: Oi originating from the Hokkien (), is commonly used in Singlish, as in other English varieties, to draw attention or to express surprise or indignation. Some examples of the usage of "Oi" include:


title: Singlish

text: As "oi" has connotations of disapproval, it is considered to be slightly offensive if it is used in situations where a more polite register is expected, e.g. while speaking to strangers in public, people in the workplace or one's elders.


title: Singlish

text: The ubiquitous word "lah" ( or ), sometimes spelled as "la" and rarely spelled as "larh", "luh" or "lurh", is used at the end of a sentence. It originates from the Chinese word (, POJ: ) or the same word in Malay. It simultaneously softens the force of an utterance and entices solidarity, though it can also have the opposite meaning so it is used to signal power. In addition, there are suggestions that there is more than one "lah" particle, so there may be a stressed and an unstressed variant and perhaps as many as nine tonal variants, all having a special pragmatic function.


title: Singlish

text: In Malay, is used to change a verb into a command or to soften its tone, particularly when usage of the verb may seem impolite. To drink is , but 'Here, drink!' is . Similarly, "lah" is frequently used with imperatives in Singlish:


title: Singlish

text: "Lah" also occurs frequently with "yah" and "no" (hence "Yah lah!" and "No lah!..."). This can, with the appropriate tone, result in a less-brusque declaration and facilitate the flow of conversation: "No more work to do, we go home lah!" However, if the preceding clause is already diminutive or jocular, suffixing it with "-lah" would be redundant and improper: one would not say "yep lah", "nope lah", or "ta lah" (as in the British "ta" for 'thank you').


title: Singlish

text: Although "lah" can appear nearly anywhere, it does not appear with a yes-no question. Other particles are used instead:


title: Singlish

text: The particle "wat" (), also spelled "what", is used to remind or contradict the listener, especially when strengthening another assertion that follows from the current one:


title: Singlish

text: This usage is noticeably characterised by a low tone on "wat", and parallels the assertive Mandarin particle in expressions like .


title: Singlish

text: Mah (), originating from Chinese (, ), is used to assert that something is obvious and final, and is usually used only with statements that are already patently true. It is often used to correct or cajole, and in some contexts is similar to English's "duh". This may seem condescending to the listener:


title: Singlish

text: "Lor" (), also spelled "lorh" or "loh", from Chinese (), is a casual, sometimes jocular way to assert upon the listener either direct observations or obvious inferences. It also carries a sense of resignation, or alternatively, dismissiveness. that "it happens this way and can't be helped":