title: Sushruta Samhita

text: An English translation of both the "Sushruta Samhita" and Dalhana's commentary was published in three volumes by P. V. Sharma in 1999.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: Katherine Lauren Hill (born August 25, 1987) is an American former politician and social services administrator from Agua Dulce, California. A member of the Democratic Party, she served as the U.S. representative for California's 25th congressional district from January to November 2019. Hill is the former executive director of People Assisting the Homeless (PATH), a statewide non-profit organization working to end homelessness throughout California. She won her seat by defeating incumbent Republican Steve Knight in the 2018 midterm elections.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: On October 18, 2019, RedState, a news blog, published a report on an alleged affair between Hill and her Legislative Director, which they both deny. On October 23, 2019, Hill admitted that she had had an inappropriate relationship with a campaign staffer before she became a Member of Congress. On October 27, 2019, she announced she would resign from Congress. Nude photos of Hill were published by the "Daily Mail", a British tabloid. Hill called the release of the photos an invasion of privacy and vowed to advocate for victims of revenge porn. She resigned on November 3, 2019; her last day on the floor was two days earlier.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: In June 2021, Hill was ordered to pay $220,000 to the "Daily Mail" and other media, to reimburse the legal fees these companies spent defending themselves against her accusations. In July 2022, Hill declared bankruptcy.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: Hill was born in Abilene, Texas, and grew up in the Saugus section of Santa Clarita, California. Her mother, Rachel, is a local registered nurse and her father, Mike, is a police lieutenant. Hill attended public schools in the Santa Clarita Valley and graduated from Saugus High School in 2004. She attended California State University, Northridge where she earned a bachelor's degree in English and a Master of Public Administration.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: Hill began her career as a policy advocate at People Assisting the Homeless (PATH), a nonprofit organization developing affordable and supportive services for the homeless in California. Her husband allegedly worked there as well, and it is claimed Hill was his boss. Later as the Executive Director for PATH, she raised the organization from a local force in Los Angeles County to one of the largest nonprofit providers of homes for the homeless in California. Hill helped pass a ballot initiative, Measure H, during spring of 2017 to help alleviate homelessness by providing $1.2 billion in funds for homeless services in Los Angeles County. Hill and her husband also raised goats in Agua Dulce, California.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: On March 8, 2017, Hill announced her candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives for California's 25th congressional district, her home district, challenging incumbent Steve Knight, a Republican who had held the office since 2014. Knight won re-election in 2016.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: In 2018, Hill came in second place in the primary election for California's 25th Congressional District, allowing her to advance to the November 6, 2018, general election, where she again faced Knight. In the general election, she defeated Knight by a 54% vs. 46% tally.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: She was the subject of a documentary-style series of episodes that aired on the HBO show "Vice News Tonight". The series documented the Hill campaign as the "most millennial campaign ever" for Congress. "Vice News Tonight" reportedly planned on doing a follow-up episode regarding Hill's advancement to the general election. In the weeks leading up to the midterm election, Hill was endorsed by former President Barack Obama, who also attended a campaign event in Southern California leading up to the election.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: Hill stated during her race for office that her top issues were addressing healthcare, rebuilding the middle class with policies that address income inequality and affordable housing, and getting big money out of politics. She also stated her support for Medicare for All.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: Hill reportedly ran a grassroots campaign that didn't accept money from corporate political action committees. In the first quarter of 2018, she raised over $400,000, bringing her total to $1,092,025 raised, with more than 9,800 individual contributions and more than 5,100 individual donors.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: Hill supports comprehensive immigration reform while working towards greater funding and security along the southern border to counter primarily illegal drug trafficking and other various crimes. She also supports some form of physical barrier along certain areas of the southern border.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: According to an October 2018 article in "Rolling Stone", Hill is a gun owner, saying, "We have the highest number of law enforcement officials of any district in my county. And we have the second-highest number of veterans of any district in the country. On top of that, a quarter of our district is rural. So people do own guns. That's how my husband and I both grew up. Forty percent of our district owns a gun or lives in a household with a gun."


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: Before the start of the 116th Congress, Hill and Colorado freshman U.S. Representative Joe Neguse were chosen as the freshman class representatives for the Democratic Caucus.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: On October 18, 2019, the conservative political blog "RedState" published allegations that Hill was involved in an extramarital affair with her male legislative director. Hill denied such allegations, with Hill saying that her estranged husband, whom she described as abusive, was doing everything he could to humiliate her, and that her political opponents were exploiting a private matter for political gain. Her husband denied the allegations of abuse. Hill reached out to the Speaker of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi to deny the allegations.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: On October 23, 2019, Hill sent an email to constituents in which she admitted to an inappropriate relationship with a campaign staffer before becoming a member of Congress. The relationship was with a 22-year-old female subordinate recently out of college. "RedState" also published nude photos of Hill as part of the story. Hill said that the U.S. Capitol Police opened an investigation into who may have leaked the photos.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: The House Ethics Committee announced on October 23, 2019, that it would conduct an investigation into the allegation that Hill had an affair with her legislative director, which, if true, would be in violation of House ethics reforms that were implemented in 2018 in response to the #MeToo movement. Hill promised to cooperate with the Congressional ethics investigation regarding allegations of wrongdoing as a member of Congress.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: On October 27, Hill announced via Twitter that she would resign from Congress. She wrote, "This is the hardest thing I have ever had to do, but I believe it is the best thing for my constituents and our country." Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi said Hill made "some errors in judgment that made her continued service as a Member untenable." Hill vowed to combat revenge porn after photos of her were leaked. In her last speech before Congress on October 31, 2019, Hill said there was a "double standard" and "misogynistic culture" that resulted in her decision to step down from her position. In the address to Congress she said, "I'm leaving, but we have men who have been credibly accused of intentional acts of sexual violence and remain in boardrooms, on the Supreme Court, in this very body, and worst of all, in the Oval Office." She closed by saying, "as my final act I voted to move forward with the impeachment of Donald Trump on behalf of the women of the United States of America."


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: On December 7, 2019, Hill penned an op-ed in "The New York Times" in which she described the events that led to her decision to resign, and mentions that she was suicidal during that time period.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: In the special election held in the spring of 2020, Hill endorsed State Assemblywoman Christy Smith, who ultimately lost the election. Hill, whose PAC contributed $200,000, said that Smith had been considered "the mom of Democratic politics" in the district for years, and that "there's no one else that I could even think of that I would want to run for this." Some Democrats regretted Hill's involvement in the campaign.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: After Hill's resignation, Monica Lewinsky reached out and offered to talk about some of the similarities and differences in being the victim of public shaming.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: In December 2020, Hill filed a lawsuit against her ex-husband, the "Daily Mail", and RedState over "non consensual porn". On April 7, 2021, a judge ruled in favor of the "Daily Mail", finding that the photos are protected as "a matter of public issue or public interest" under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Hill's attorneys say they plan to appeal the decision. The judge also ordered Hill to pay roughly $220,000 in fees to the "Daily Mail" and a couple of journalists.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: On April 5, 2021, Hill called for Matt Gaetz to resign in an opinion piece for "Vanity Fair", after it was reported that Gaetz had allegedly shown pictures of naked women he claimed to have slept with, including to colleagues on the House floor. Gaetz had supported Hill after the leak of her photos, and Hill called him an "unlikely friend" during their time in Congress.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: Hill came out as bisexual after high school. She was California's first openly bisexual person to be elected to Congress.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: She had a tattoo of an Iron Cross on her lower groin, which she got after a sexual assault as a teenager. The tattoo has since been covered over after photos were published in 2019.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: In July 2010, Hill married Kenny Heslep, whom she began dating just after high school. They resided in Agua Dulce, California, on their farm, where they fostered rescue animals. Heslep filed for divorce in 2019 and the divorce was settled in October 2020. In December 2020, a judge awarded Hill a restraining order against her ex-husband. By July 2019, Hill was in a romantic relationship with Alex Thomas, a writer. Hill also rented an apartment in Washington, D.C., with freshman representative Lauren Underwood.


title: Katie Hill (politician)

text: Hill's memoir, "She Will Rise: Becoming a Warrior in the Battle for True Equality," in which she shares her experiences from her time in politics, was published in 2020.


title: White Fox

text: , is a Japanese animation studio founded in April 2007 by Gaku Iwasa. The studio's most successful productions include adaptations of "Steins;Gate", and "", and "Akame ga Kill!".


title: White Fox

text: The studio was founded in April 2007 by Gaku Iwasa and other former staff members of OLM's Team Iwasa, which Iwasa lead. Their first production was the anime series "Tears to Tiara". Since then, White Fox has animated shows like "Steins;Gate" and "" and "Akame ga Kill!".


title: John Williams discography

text: John Williams, also formerly credited as Johnny Williams, worked as a jazz pianist and studio musician before starting to compose for television and film. Throughout his career he has directed his own works whenever possible.


title: John Williams discography

text: In a career spanning more than 65 years, he has won five Academy Awards for Best Original Score ("Jaws", "Star Wars", "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial", "Schindler's List") and one for Best Scoring: Adaptation and Original Song Score "(Fiddler on the Roof)". He has won four Golden Globe Awards, seven British Academy Film Awards, and 23 Grammy Awards, and has received several gold and platinum records.


title: John Williams discography

text: This article includes all the works performed by John Williams and the ensembles he conducted during his career, such as the London Symphony Orchestra and the Boston Pops Orchestra, as whose music director he served from 1980 to 1993. It also features a complementary section dedicated to his discography as a composer, which features many compositions which he himself did not record.


title: John Williams discography

text: For reasons of relevance, this section deliberately excludes audiobooks. Over one hundred "Star Wars" audio books have been published since the 1990s, and most of them use the original music composed and performed by John Williams.


title: John Williams discography

text: John Williams himself recorded most of his compositions. However, there are some exceptions, and this section is therefore complementary to the main discography. In addition, it presents a special section dedicated to each of his concert works that have been recorded. As Williams' film works are loved by the public, they were much recorded and continue to be, so another section containing selections of some his works recorded by other artists is also featured.


title: Liga Portugal 2

text: The Liga Portugal 2 (), also known as Liga Portugal 2 SABSEG for sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest division of the Portuguese football league system. At the end of each season, the two top-finishing teams are promoted to the top-tier Primeira Liga and the two lowest-ranked teams are relegated to the third-tier league. Starting with the 2021–22 season, relegated teams will no longer compete in the Campeonato de Portugal, which will become the fourth tier, but in a newly created third-level competition named Liga 3 (League 3).


title: Liga Portugal 2

text: The division began in 1990 as the Segunda Divisão de Honra (Second Division of Honour), superseding the Segunda Divisão (Segunda Divisão) as the second tier of Portuguese football. When the division came under the auspices of the Liga Portuguesa de Futebol Profissional (LPFP) in 1999, it was renamed the Segunda Liga (Second League), a name that was kept until 2016, except between 2005 and 2012, when it was known as the Liga de Honra (League of Honour). Rebranded as LigaPro in 2016, the competition assumed its current naming in the early stages of the 2020–21 season.


title: Liga Portugal 2

text: As of the 2018–19 season, it is contested nationwide by 18 teams, including the reserve sides (B teams) of several top-flight clubs. Twenty different teams have won the division title; the most successful is Paços de Ferreira, with four wins, including the inaugural season and the most recently concluded 2018–19 season.


title: Liga Portugal 2

text: Before 1990, there was only one professional nationwide football league in Portugal, the "Primeira Divisão" (First Division). Lower placed teams were relegated to the "Segunda Divisão" (Second Division), a regional league, while the top teams from that league were promoted to the First Division. Starting with the 1990–91 season, a new second-tier professional league was created, taking the name "Segunda Divisão de Honra", while the previous "Segunda Divisão" became the third-tier league and was renamed "Segunda Divisão B".


title: Liga Portugal 2

text: In 1999, the Portuguese League for Professional Football (LPFP) took control of the two nationwide levels and renamed the league "Segunda Liga" (Second League), while in 2005 it was renamed "Liga de Honra" and the "Segunda Divisão B" reverted to its original name. In 2012, the second tier of Portuguese football was renamed again "Segunda Liga" and in 2016 it was renamed "LigaPro".


title: Liga Portugal 2

text: In the 2016–17 season, there were 22 clubs in the Segunda Liga (24 in the seasons before). Then the number of teams was reduced every season until it reached 18 teams in the 2018–19 season.


title: Liga Portugal 2

text: During the course of a season, each club plays every other team twice — once at their home stadium and once at their opponent's — for a total of 34 games. At the end of each season, the two top teams are promoted to the Primeira Liga and the two lowest ranked teams will be relegated to the new Liga 3 (previously they were relegated to Campeonato de Portugal). There will be also a two-legged promotion/relegation play-off involving the 16th placed teams of Primeira Liga and 3rd placed team from Liga Portugal 2. The B teams cannot be promoted to Primeira Liga but can be demoted if they end the season in one of the relegation positions or if the main team is also relegated.


title: Liga Portugal 2

text: Since 2018–19, all the matches are broadcast by Sport TV, though some of them are only broadcast through online streaming. The exceptions are Benfica B and Porto B home games, broadcast by Benfica TV and Porto Canal.


title: Liga Portugal 2

text: The all-time Liga Portugal 2 table is an overall record of all match results, points, and goals of every team that has played in Liga Portugal 2 since its inception in 1990. The table is accurate as of the end of the 2021–22 season. 2019–20 league standings are not attributed due to the competition being abandoned. For comparison, older seasons have been calculated according to the three-points-per-win rule.


title: Zebra mussel

text: The zebra mussel ("Dreissena polymorpha") is a small freshwater mussel. The species originates from the lakes of southern Russia and Ukraine, but has been accidentally introduced to numerous other areas and has become an invasive species in many countries worldwide. Since the 1980s, the species has invaded the Great Lakes, Hudson River, and Lake Travis.


title: Zebra mussel

text: The species was first described in 1769 by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in the Ural, Volga, and Dnieper Rivers. Zebra mussels get their name from a striped pattern commonly seen on their shells, though it is not universally present. They are usually about the size of a fingernail, but can grow to a maximum length around . Shells are D-shaped, and attached to the substrate with strong byssal fibers, which come out of their umbo on the dorsal (hinged) side.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Zebra mussels and the closely related and ecologically similar quagga mussels are filter-feeding organisms; they remove particles from the water column. Zebra mussels process up to of water per day, per mussel. Some particles are consumed as food, and feces are deposited on the lake floor. Nonfood particles are combined with mucus and other matter and deposited on lake floors as pseudofeces. Since the zebra mussel has become established in Lake Erie, water clarity has increased from 6 inches to up to three feet in some areas. This increased water clarity allows sunlight to penetrate deeper, enabling growth of submerged macrophytes. These plants, when decaying, wash up on shorelines, fouling beaches and causing water-quality problems.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Lake floor food supplies are enriched by zebra mussels as they filter pollution out of the water. This biomass becomes available to bottom-feeding species and to the fish that feed on them. The catch of yellow perch increased 5-fold after the invasion of zebra mussels into Lake St. Clair.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Zebra mussels attach to most substrates, including sand, silt, and harder substrates, but usually juveniles prefer harder, rockier substrates on which to attach. Other mussel species frequently represent the most stable objects in silty substrates, and zebra mussels attach to and often kill these mussels. They build colonies on native unionid clams, reducing their ability to move, feed, and breed, eventually leading to their deaths. This has led to the near extinction of the unionid clams in Lake St. Clair and the western basin of Lake Erie. This pattern is being repeated in Ireland, where zebra mussels have eliminated the two freshwater mussels from several waterways, including some lakes along the River Shannon in 1997.


title: Zebra mussel

text: In 2012, the National University of Ireland, Galway, said "the discovery of zebra mussels ("Dreissena polymorpha") in Lough Derg and the lower Shannon region in 1997 has led to considerable concern about the potential ecological and economic damage that this highly invasive aquatic nuisance species can cause."


title: Zebra mussel

text: The lifespan of a zebra mussel is four to five years. A female zebra mussel begins to reproduce within 6–7 weeks of settling.


title: Zebra mussel

text: An adult female zebra mussel can produce 30,000 to 40,000 eggs in each reproductive cycle, and over 1 million each year. Free-swimming microscopic larvae, called veligers, drift in the water for several weeks and then settle onto any hard surface they can find. Zebra mussels also can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, and adults can even survive out of water for about 7 days.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Research on natural enemies, both in Europe and North America, has focused on predators, particularly birds (36 species) and fish (15 species eating veligers and 38 eating attached mussels). Annually, the wintering waterbirds at Lake Constance decrease zebra mussel biomass in shallow areas by >90%. Biomass reduction in deeper areas varies considerably based on substratum; Werner "et al." observed no reduction at the lowest observed depth of except for a site at Hagnau.


title: Zebra mussel

text: The vast majority of the organism's natural enemies are not present in North America. Ecologically similar species do exist, but these species are unlikely to be able to eliminate those mussels already established and have a limited role in their control unlike their counterparts in Europe.


title: Zebra mussel

text: It is pointed out that crayfish could have a significant impact on the densities of -long zebra mussels. An adult crayfish consumes around 105 zebra mussels every day, or about 6,000 mussels in a season. However, predation rates are significantly reduced at lower water temperatures. Additionally, certain fish, such as the Smallmouth bass, is a predator in the zebra mussels' adopted North American Great Lakes habitat, but in European lakes, fish do not seem to limit the densities of zebra mussels.


title: Zebra mussel

text: There have been some high winter mortalities, for example in the winter of 1994-1995 in the invasive population of Lake Simcoe. Evans "et al.", 2011 attributes this to predation by the crayfish "Orconectes propinquus". Nonetheless this has not been sufficient to eradicate the problem.


title: Zebra mussel

text: On June 4, 2014, Canadian conservation authorities announced that a test using liquid fertilizer to kill invasive zebra mussels was successful. This test was conducted in a lakefront harbor in the western province of Manitoba. However, outbreaks continue in Lake Winnipeg.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Similar tests were run in Illinois, Minnesota, and Michigan, using zequanox, a biopesticide. Niclosamide proves effective in killing invasive zebra mussels in cool waters.


title: Zebra mussel

text: The native distribution of the species is in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in Eurasia. Zebra mussels have become an invasive species in North America, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. They disrupt the ecosystems by monotypic colonization, and damage harbors and waterways, ships and boats, and water-treatment and power plants. Water-treatment plants are most affected because the water intakes bring the microscopic, free-swimming larvae directly into the facilities. Zebra mussels also cling to pipes under the water and clog them.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Grossinger reported it in Hungary in 1794. Kerney and Morton described the rapid colonization of Britain by the zebra mussel, first in Cambridgeshire in the 1820s, London in 1824, and in the Union Canal near Edinburgh in 1834.


title: Zebra mussel

text: In 1827, zebra mussels were seen in the Netherlands at Rotterdam. Canals that artificially link many European waterways facilitated their early dispersal. It is nonindigenous in the Czech Republic in the Elbe River in Bohemia since 1893; in southern Moravia, it is probably native. Around 1920 the mussels reached Lake Mälaren in Sweden.


title: Zebra mussel

text: The first appearance of the organism in northern Italy was in Lake Garda in 1973; in central Italy, they appeared in Tuscany in 2003.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Zebra mussels are present in British waterways. Many water companies are reporting having problems with their water-treatment plants with the mussels attaching themselves to pipeworks. Anglian Water has estimated that it costs £500,000 per year to remove the mussels from their treatment plants. Zebra mussels arguably have also had an effect on fishing, for example at Salford Quays, where their introduction has changed the environment for the fish.


title: Zebra mussel

text: The mussels have displaced native species of molluscs in Lake Constance, reaching densities of up to . The mussels present a food source to waterfowl and have caused bird numbers to double over the last 30 years. By the end of winter, birds decimate zebra mussel populations and reduce them by 95–99% up to the maximum depth reachable by birds of c. . The estimated quantity of consumed zebra mussels is . Zebra mussel populations recover annually, indicating that waterfowl may control infested bodies of water but not reverse the infestation status entirely.


title: Zebra mussel

text: They were first detected in Canada in the Great Lakes in 1988, in Lake St. Clair. They are thought to have been inadvertently introduced into the lakes by the ballast water of ocean-going ships that were traversing the St. Lawrence Seaway. Another possible, but unproven, mode of introduction is on anchors and chains. Since adult zebra mussels can survive out of water for several days or weeks if the temperature is low and humidity is high, chain lockers provide temporary refuge for clusters of adult mussels that could easily be released when transoceanic ships drop anchor in freshwater ports. They have become an invasive species in North America, and as such, they are the target of federal policy to control them, for instance in the National Invasive Species Act (1996).


title: Zebra mussel

text: Using models based on the genetic algorithm for rule-set production (GARP), a group of researchers predicted that the Southeastern United States is moderately to highly likely to be inhabited by zebra mussels and the Midwest unlikely to experience a zebra mussel invasion of water bodies. This model, though, has since been proven incorrect. In 2006, a researcher (also using GARP) predicted invasion as far west as the North Platte River by 2015. As of March 2016, zebra mussels have affected hundreds of lakes in the Midwest including Lake Michigan, and the largest interior lake in Wisconsin, Lake Winnebago.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Congressional researchers have estimated that the zebra mussel has cost businesses and communities over $5 billion since their initial invasion. Zebra mussels have cost power companies alone over $3 billion.


title: Zebra mussel

text: On 2 March 2021, the US Geological Survey was notified that zebra mussels had been discovered in marimo moss balls, a common aquarium plant, sold in pet stores across North America. By 8 March, the invasive species were detected in moss balls in 30 different states at multiple retail locations in the United States. These discoveries were prompted by the initial find at a Petco in Seattle. Infested-moss balls have also been found from online retailers and smaller, independent stores. Though it is more difficult to know the extent of the spread at a larger scale, Wesley Daniel, a fisheries biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey says that about 30% of the inventory pulled from shelves were found to contain the zebra mussels.


title: Zebra mussel

text: After working with UGS, PetSmart and Petco voluntarily recalled their moss balls due to the potential harm zebra mussels could cause to indigenous ecosystems. As of November 2021, nearly 8 months after the recall, marimo moss balls have not returned to shelves.


title: Zebra mussel

text: From their first appearance in American waters in 1988, zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways, including Lake Simcoe in the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi, Hudson, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Cumberland, Missouri, Tennessee, Huron, Colorado, and Arkansas Rivers, and 11 lakes and five river basins in Texas.


title: Zebra mussel

text: In 2009, the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in Laurel Lake in the Berkshires. That same year, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels had been found in Pelican Lake. This was the first confirmed sighting in the Red River Basin, which extends across the international border into the province of Manitoba. In 2013, their presence in Manitoba's Lake Winnipeg was confirmed, and aggressive efforts to eradicate them in 2014 have not succeeded. New contamination was found outside treated areas of Lake Winnipeg in 2015, and they have also been found in the Red River near the lake in Selkirk Park in 2015. Large numbers were seen at Grand Beach in 2017.


title: Zebra mussel

text: In July 2010, the North Dakota Game and Fish Department confirmed the presence of zebra mussel veliger in the Red River between Wahpeton, North Dakota, and Breckenridge, Minnesota. , California similarly reported invasions.


title: Zebra mussel

text: In 2011, an invasion of zebra mussels shut down a water pipeline in the Dallas area. This resulted in reduced water supplies during a drought year, worsening water restrictions across the Dallas area.


title: Zebra mussel

text: A common inference made by scientists predicts that the zebra mussel will continue spreading passively, by ship and by pleasure craft, to more rivers in North America. Trailered boat traffic is the most likely vector for invasion into Western North America. This spread is preventable if boaters thoroughly clean and dry their boats and associated equipment before transporting them to new bodies of water. Since no North American predator or combination of predators has been shown to significantly reduce zebra mussel numbers, such spread would most likely result in permanent establishment of zebra mussels in many North American waterways.


title: Zebra mussel

text: A major decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen was observed in the Seneca River in central New York in the summer of 1993. This decrease was caused by extremely high concentrations of zebra mussels in the watershed. Additionally, the Seneca River had significantly less chlorophyll in the water, which is used as a measure of phytoplankton biomass, because of the presence of zebra mussels.


title: Zebra mussel

text: The cost of fighting the pests at power plants and other water-consuming facilities is substantial, but the magnitude of the damages is a matter of some controversy. According to the Center for Invasive Species Research at the University of California, Riverside, the cost of management of zebra mussel in the Great Lakes alone exceeds $500 million per year. A more conservative study estimated total economic costs of $267 million for electric-generation and water-treatment facilities in the entire United States from 1989 through 2004. In a study conducted by the US Department of State in 2009, the total cost of the zebra mussel invasion is estimated at 3.1 billion over the next 10 years.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Concerns are also high following the contamination of zebra mussels in at home aquariums. If zebra mussels had reached open water in Seattle, Washington, where the first case was confirmed, the invasive species would have cost the state $100 million each year in maintenance for power and water systems.


title: Zebra mussel

text: As with most bivalves, zebra mussels are filter feeders. When in the water, they open their shells to admit detritus. As their shells are very sharp, they are known for cutting people's feet, resulting in the need to wear water shoes wherever they are prevalent.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Since their colonization of the Great Lakes, they have covered the undersides of docks, boats, and anchors. They have also spread into streams and rivers throughout the U.S. In some areas, they completely cover the substrate, sometimes covering other freshwater mussels. They can grow so densely that they block pipelines, clogging water intakes of municipal water supplies and hydroelectric companies. Zebra mussels do not attach to cupronickel alloys, which can be used to coat intake and discharge grates, navigational buoys, boats, and motors where the species tends to congregate.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Zebra mussels are believed to be the source of deadly avian botulism poisoning that has killed tens of thousands of birds in the Great Lakes since the late 1990s. They are edible, but since they are so efficient at filtering water, they tend to accumulate pollutants and toxins, so most experts recommend against consuming zebra mussels.


title: Zebra mussel

text: They are responsible for the near extinction of many species in the Great Lake system by outcompeting native species for food and by growing on top of and suffocating the native clams and mussels.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Zebra mussels affect all classes of algal species, resulting in a shortage of food sources to native species of freshwater mussels and fish in the Great Lakes.


title: Zebra mussel

text: However, zebra mussels and other non-native species are credited with the increased population and size of smallmouth bass in Lake Erie and yellow perch in Lake St. Clair. They cleanse the waters of inland lakes, resulting in increased sunlight penetration and growth of native algae at greater depths. This cleansing also increases water visibility and filters out pollutants. Each quagga and zebra mussel filters about of water per day when confined to small tanks. In lakes, their filtering effects are usually spatially restricted (near the lake bottom) because of nonhomogeneous water column mixing.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Because zebra mussels damage water intakes and other infrastructure, methods such as adding oxidants, flocculants, heat, dewatering, mechanical removal, and pipe coatings are becoming increasingly common.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Zebra mussels cling to boat motors. Boat-owners should follow a few steps prior to putting their boats into a new lake and after removing their boats from infected lakes to stop the spreading of the species. Boat owners should make sure to inspect their boat, trailer, and other recreational equipment that have been in contact with water, remove all mud, plants, or animals, drain all bilge water, live wells, bait buckets, and all other water from their boats, engines and equipment, wash all parts of their boats, paddles, and other equipment that have been in contact with water, and dry their boats and trailers in the sun for five days before launching into another body of water. This is important because adult zebra mussels are able to close their shells and may survive out of water for several days. When washing their boats, boat owners should be sure to wash with warm, soapy water as well.


title: Zebra mussel

text: If marimo moss balls were purchased around the time of the first discovery and recall in March 2021, aquatic hobbyists have been urged to decontaminate the moss balls by either boiling them for at least one minute, freezing for at least 24 hours, or placing them in diluted chlorine bleach. Another way to rid of the zebra mussels can be to submerge the moss balls in undiluted white vinegar for a minimum of 20 minutes. After following one of these methods, the USGS urges owners to bag these moss balls before disposing of them in the trash to prevent spread to local water ways and ecosystems.


title: Zebra mussel

text: Even if moss balls infected with zebra mussels are contained in an aquarium, the concern that they could contaminate local waterways is high, especially in regions and states where they have not yet infested. Aquarium dumping and disposing of unwanted pets is common, according to Eric Fischer with Indiana’s DNR. It is illegal to own, sell, or distribute zebra mussels in the U.S. If spotted, either in an aquarium or out in nature, contact the local DNR in the region resided.


title: House of Mouse

text: Disney's House of Mouse (or simply House of Mouse) is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation that originally aired for three seasons on ABC and Toon Disney from January 13, 2001, to its finale on October 24, 2003, with 52 episodes and 22 newly produced cartoon shorts made for the series. The show focuses on Mickey Mouse and his friends running a cartoon theater dinner club in the fictional ToonTown, catering to many characters from Disney cartoons and animated movies while showcasing a variety of their cartoon shorts. The series is named after a common nickname or epithet for the Walt Disney Company.


title: House of Mouse

text: The animated series is a spin off of the popular short-lived Disney series "Mickey Mouse Works", and featured many Mouse Works shorts as well as selection of brand new shorts; classic Mickey Mouse, Goofy and Donald Duck shorts from the 1930s–50s were also occasionally seen, particularly towards the end of the series' run when the finite backlog of "Mouse Works" shorts had almost been exhausted.


title: House of Mouse

text: The show was generally well-received and became a big hit for Disney. During its time, the animated series held two nominations for awards, while select cast members won two awards for their performances as characters in "House of Mouse". The series featured two direct-to-video films – "" and "Mickey's House of Villains" – along with an all-night marathon of the "House of Mouse", aired on Toon Disney in September 2002 under the title "Night of 1,000 Toons".


title: House of Mouse

text: The basic premise of the show focuses on Mickey Mouse and his friends operating a dinner theater club in downtown ToonTown. Considered a popular venue by the residents, the club is frequented by a host of characters from Disney animated properties; a notable feature of the series is that every film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation prior to the start of the series (between and including "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" and "", with the exception of the CGI "Dinosaur") are featured in the series, along with several Disney animated television shows. Such characters mostly appear as paying guests of the club, with a few voiced in episodes depending on the scripts provided to voice actors, although a number sometimes operate as performers for the club. The animated series is also notable for including many relatively obscure and otherwise rarely used Disney characters, often with speaking parts for the very first time - for example, Li'l Bad Wolf and April, May and June, who had appeared very often in Disney comic books but never before in an animated cartoon, finally made their animated debuts on "House of Mouse". The show also featured some cameos by characters created for other television cartoons and theme park attractions, but these appearances were few and far between.


title: House of Mouse

text: Each episode focuses on a story involving Mickey and his associates facing an issue during an evening's operation of the club, and their efforts to overcome it – the most common plot for episodes involves the group dealing with a serious problem caused by Pete in his attempts to shut down the club and use it for his own gains. These stories, often involving farcical mishaps, tended to act as a wraparound for the cartoon shorts played in between scenes, the theme of the story contributing towards the story-lines of the cartoon shorts shown in the episode. Cartoon shorts played in episodes focused on elements from classic theatrical cartoons of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, though most were reruns from "Mickey Mouse Works", and featured a simple story. Some stories were set to a specific theme for a specific character, but with differing scenarios – for example, one set focused on Mickey seeking to rescue Minnie from Pete, against a different obstacle in each short, while another set focused on Pluto's efforts to get Mickey his paper while facing a different problem.


title: House of Mouse

text: Then vice president of Disney Television Animation at the time, Barry Blumberg, wanted to produce a series that worked as a better format for "Mickey Mouse Works". Roberts "Bobs" Gannaway and Tony Craig aimed to have the series reintroduce Disney characters to a new generation who were only familiar with them via marketing and "homogenized theme-park figures". They wanted to avoid making Mickey Mouse "hip" or "edgy" and retain the characters' personalities as closely as possible. The series was notable in that it allowed the characters to be played with more loosely as Craig stated, "Everybody thought it was really funny to loosen up a bit and let the characters be who they were and have some fun, instead of being so stiff". The crew was not allowed to use any of the characters from "Tarzan" due to licensing issues. Gannaway and Craig also deliberately tried to avoid using characters from "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" due to them being "inherently dramatic", nevertheless, Tantor and Quasimodo would make a couple of cameos in the series.


title: House of Mouse

text: The show was produced by Walt Disney Television, and originally aired from 2001 to 2003, running for 52 episodes. The show is one of many Disney cartoon series made in the widescreen HD format. Like with "Mickey Mouse Works", the animation was outsourced to Toon City in the Philippines. Unlike that series, it was also outsourced to Walt Disney Animation Australia and Walt Disney Animation Japan.


title: House of Mouse

text: "House of Mouse" aired on One Saturday Morning on ABC. It reran from September 3, 2002 to February 4, 2006 on Disney Channel. The show ceased broadcast on U.S. television on February 6, 2009, after being aired for the last time on Toon Disney before becoming Disney XD.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: The Book of Jeremiah () is the second of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, and the second of the Prophets in the Christian Old Testament. The superscription at chapter Jeremiah 1:1–3 identifies the book as "the words of Jeremiah son of Hilkiah". Of all the prophets, Jeremiah comes through most clearly as a person, ruminating to his scribe Baruch about his role as a servant of God with little good news for his audience.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: His book is intended as a message to the Jews in exile in Babylon, explaining the disaster of exile as God's response to Israel's pagan worship: the people, says Jeremiah, are like an unfaithful wife and rebellious children, their infidelity and rebelliousness made judgment inevitable, although restoration and a new covenant are foreshadowed. Authentic oracles of Jeremiah are probably to be found in the poetic sections of chapters 1 –25, but the book as a whole has been heavily edited and added to by the prophet's followers (including, perhaps, his companion, the scribe Baruch) and later generations of Deuteronomists.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: It has come down in two distinct though related versions, one in Hebrew, the other known from a Greek translation. The dates of the two (Greek and Hebrew) can be suggested by the fact that the Greek shows concerns typical of the early Persian period, while the Masoretic (i.e., Hebrew) shows perspectives which, although known in the Persian period, did not reach their realisation until the 2nd century BCE.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: It is difficult to discern any structure in Jeremiah, probably because the book had such a long and complex composition history. It can be divided into roughly six sections:


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: The background to Jeremiah is briefly described in the superscription to the book: Jeremiah began his prophetic mission in the thirteenth year of king Josiah (about 627 BC) and finished in the eleventh year of king Zedekiah (586 BC), "when Jerusalem went into exile in the sixth month". During this period, Josiah changed the Judahite religion, Babylon destroyed Assyria, Egypt briefly imposed vassal status on Judah, Babylon defeated Egypt and made Judah a Babylonian vassal (605 BC), Judah revolted but was subjugated again by Babylon (597 BC), and Judah revolted once more.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: This revolt was the final one: Babylon destroyed Jerusalem and its Temple and exiled its king and many of the leading citizens in 586 BC, ending Judah's existence as an independent or quasi-independent kingdom and inaugurating the Babylonian exile.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: The book can be conveniently divided into biographical, prose and poetic strands, each of which can be summarised separately.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: The biographical material is to be found in chapters 26–29, 32, and 34–44, and focuses on the events leading up to and surrounding the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in 587 BCE; it provides precise dates for the prophet's activities beginning in 609 BCE. The non-biographical prose passages, such as the Temple sermon in chapter 7 and the covenant passage in , are scattered throughout the book; they show clear affinities with the Deuteronomists, the school of writers and editors who shaped the series of history books from Judges to Kings, and while it is unlikely they come directly from Jeremiah, they may well have their roots in traditions about what he said and did.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: The poetic material is found largely in chapters 1–25 and consists of oracles in which the prophet speaks as God's messenger. These passages, dealing with Israel's unfaithfulness to God, the call to repentance, and attacks on the religious and political establishment, are mostly undated and have no clear context, but it is widely accepted that they represent the teachings of Jeremiah and are the earliest stage of the book. Allied to them, and also probably a reflection of the authentic Jeremiah, are further poetic passages of a more personal nature, which have been called Jeremiah's confessions or spiritual diary. In these poems the prophet agonises over the apparent failure of his mission, is consumed by bitterness at those who oppose or ignore him, and accuses God of betraying him.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: Jeremiah exists in two versions: a Greek translation, called the Septuagint, dating from the last few centuries BCE and found in the earliest Christian manuscripts, and the Masoretic Hebrew text of traditional Jewish bibles – the Greek version is shorter than the Hebrew by about one eighth, and arranges the material differently. Equivalents of both versions were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, so that is clear that the differences mark important stages in the transmission of the text.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: Most scholars hold that the Hebrew text underlying the Septuagint version is older than the Masoretic text, and that the Masoretic evolved either from this or from a closely related version. The shorter version ultimately became canonical in Greek Orthodox churches, while the longer was adopted in Judaism and in Western Christian churches.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: It is generally agreed that the three types of material interspersed through the book – poetic, narrative, and biographical – come from different sources or circles. Authentic oracles of Jeremiah are probably to be found in the poetic sections of chapters 1 –25, but the book as a whole has been heavily edited and added to by followers (including perhaps the prophet's companion, the scribe Baruch) and later generations of Deuteronomists. The date of the final versions of the book (Greek and Hebrew) can be suggested by the fact that the Greek shows concerns typical of the early Persian period, while the Masoretic (i.e., Hebrew) shows perspectives which, although known in the Persian period, did not reach their realisation until the 2nd century BCE.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: The Book of Jeremiah grew over a long period of time. The Greek stage, looking forward to the fall of Babylon and aligning in places with Second Isaiah, had already seen major redaction (editing) in terms of overall structure, the superscriptions (sentences identifying following passages as the words of God or of Jeremiah), the assignment of historical settings, and arrangement of material, and may have been completed by the late Exilic period (last half of the 6th century BCE); the initial stages of the Masoretic Hebrew version may have been written not long afterwards, although chapter 33:14–26 points to a setting in post-exilic times.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: According to its opening verses the book records the prophetic utterances of the priest Jeremiah son of Hilkiah, "to whom the word of YHWH came in the days of king Josiah" and after. Jeremiah lived during a turbulent period, the final years of the kingdom of Judah, from the death of king Josiah (609 BCE) and the loss of independence that followed, through the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians and the exile of much its population (587/586). The book depicts a remarkably introspective prophet, impetuous and often angered by the role into which he has been thrust, alternating efforts to warn the people with pleas to God for mercy, until he is ordered to "pray no more for this people." He engages in extensive performance art, walking about in the streets with a yoke about his neck and engaging in other efforts to attract attention. He is taunted and retaliates, is thrown in jail as the result, and at one point is thrown into a pit to die.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: The Deuteronomists were a school or movement who edited the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel and Kings into a more or less unified history of Israel (the so-called Deuteronomistic History) during the Jewish exile in Babylon (6th century BCE). It is argued that the Deuteronomists played an important role in the production of the book of Jeremiah; for example, there is clear Deuteronomistic language in chapter 25, in which the prophet looks back over twenty-three years of unheeded prophecy. From the Deuteronomistic perspective the prophetic role implied, more than anything else, concern with law and covenant after the manner of Moses. On this reading Jeremiah was the last of a long line of prophets sent to warn Israel of the consequences of infidelity to God; unlike the Deuteronomists, for whom the call for repentance was always central, Jeremiah seems at some point in his career to have decided that further intercession was pointless, and that Israel's fate was sealed.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: The book's superscription claims that Jeremiah was active for forty years, from the thirteenth year of Josiah (627 BCE) to the fall of Jerusalem in 587. It is clear from the last chapters of the book, however, that he continued to speak in Egypt after the assassination of Gedaliah, the Babylonian-appointed governor of Judah, in 582. This suggests that the superscription is trying to make a theological point about Jeremiah by comparing him to Moses – whereas Moses spent forty years leading Israel from slavery in Egypt to the Promised Land, Jeremiah's forty years saw Israel exiled from the land and Jeremiah himself ultimately in exile in Egypt.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: Much of Jeremiah's prophetic preaching is based on the theme of the covenant between God and Israel (God would protect the people in return for their exclusive worship of him): Jeremiah insists that the covenant is conditional, and can be broken by Israel's apostasy (worship of gods other than Yahweh, the God of Israel). The people, says Jeremiah, are like an unfaithful wife and rebellious children: their infidelity and rebelliousness makes judgement inevitable. Interspersed with this are references to repentance and renewal, although it is unclear whether Jeremiah thought that repentance could ward off judgement or whether it would have to follow judgement. The theme of restoration is strongest in chapter 31:32, which looks to a future in which a new covenant made with Israel and Judah, one which will not be broken. This is the theme of the "new covenant" passage at chapter 31:31–34, drawing on Israel's past relationship with God through the covenant at Sinai to foresee a new future in which Israel will be obedient to God.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: Scholars from Heinrich Ewald onwards have identified several passages in Jeremiah which can be understood as "confessions": they occur in the first section of the book (chapters 1–25) and are generally identified as Jeremiah 11:18–12.6, 15:10–21, 17:14–18, 18:18–23, and 20:7–18. In these five passages, Jeremiah expresses his discontent with the message he is to deliver, but also his steadfast commitment to the divine call despite the fact that he had not sought it out. Additionally, in several of these "confessions", Jeremiah prays that the Lord will take revenge on his persecutors (for example, Jeremiah 12:3).


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: Jeremiah's "confessions" are a type of individual lament. Such laments are found elsewhere in the psalms and the Book of Job. Like Job, Jeremiah curses the day of his birth (Jeremiah 20:14–18 and Job 3:3–10). Likewise, Jeremiah's exclamation "For I hear the whispering of many: Terror is all around!" matches Psalm 31:13 exactly. However, Jeremiah's laments are made unique by his insistence that he has been called by Yahweh to deliver his messages. These laments "provide a unique look at the prophet's inner struggle with faith, persecution, and human suffering".


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: Prophetic gestures, also known as sign-acts or symbolic actions, were a form of communication in which a message was delivered by performing symbolic actions. Not unique to the book of Jeremiah, these were often bizarre and violated the cultural norms of the time. They served the purposes of both drawing an audience and causing that audience to ask questions, giving the prophet an opportunity to explain the meaning of the behavior. The recorder of the events in the written text (i.e. the author of the text) had neither the same audience nor, potentially, the same intent that Jeremiah had in performing these prophetic gestures.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: The influence of Jeremiah during and after the Exile was considerable in some circles, and three additional books, the Book of Baruch, Lamentations, and the Letter of Jeremiah, were attributed to him in Second Temple Judaism (Judaism in the period between the building of the Second Temple in about 515 BCE and its destruction in 70 CE); in the Greek Septuagint they stand between Jeremiah and the Book of Ezekiel, but only Lamentations is included in modern Jewish or Protestant bibles (the Letter of Jeremiah appears in Catholic bibles as the sixth chapter of Baruch). Jeremiah is mentioned by name in Chronicles and the Book of Ezra, both dating from the later Persian period, and his prophecy that the Babylonian exile would last 70 years was taken up and reapplied by the author of the Book of Daniel in the 2nd century BCE.


title: Book of Jeremiah

text: The understanding of the early Christians that Jesus represented a "new covenant" is based on , in which a future Israel will repent and give God the obedience he demands. The Gospel's portrayal of Jesus as a persecuted prophet owes a great deal to the account of Jeremiah's sufferings in chapters 37–44, as well as to the "Songs of the Suffering Servant" in Isaiah.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: Iván Luis Zamorano Zamora (; born 18 January 1967) is a Chilean former professional footballer who played as a striker. He is regarded as one of Chile's most recognized footballers, along with Marcelo Salas, Leonel Sánchez and Elias Figueroa.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: He was a member of the Chilean national team and played in the 1998 World Cup, four Copa América tournaments, and the Olympics in 2000 with the u-23 team, where he won a bronze medal and was the top scorer of the tournament. He played for several clubs, notably Spanish clubs Sevilla and Real Madrid C.F.; Italian club Inter Milan as well as Liga MX club Club America. He won the 1994–95 La Liga title and was the season's top scorer with Real Madrid. He also won the UEFA Cup with Inter Milan in 1998 as well as the Liga MX title with Club America his first season with the club. A powerful and prolific goal-scorer, he was particularly renowned for his strength and ability in the air, with many of his goals coming from headers.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: In 2004, Zamorano was selected among the FIFA 100, a list of the best living football players in the world compiled by Pelé.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: Born in Santiago, Zamorano started his career in Chile with Cobresal in December 1985. He was loaned out to Chilean Primera Division B club Trasandino (called Cobreandino between 1985–1992) for the 1985–86 season. He returned to the club shortly after and won the 1987 Copa Chile with Cobresal. In 1988, he moved to Europe to Swiss team FC St. Gallen, becoming the league's top scorer in the 1989–90 season, and scoring 37 goals in 61 matches across three seasons. In 1990 Zamorano debuted in the Spanish "Primera División" with Sevilla, where he would play 63 matches and score 23 goals in all competitions before being sold to Real Madrid for $6 million.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: With Real Madrid, between 1992 and 1996, Zamorano won one league, one Copa del Rey, and one Spanish Supercup title. In 1995, under manager Jorge Valdano, Zamorano helped Real Madrid win the Spanish League title, as he scored 28 goals – including a hat–trick against FC Barcelona – and received the Pichichi Trophy as the season's top scorer. That year, he formed a particularly effective attacking partnership with playmaker Michael Laudrup. In the 1992–93 and 1994–95 seasons, he won the "EFE Trophy", which is awarded to the best Ibero-American player in "La Liga" every year by Spanish news agency EFE. In total, Zamorano appeared 173 times for Real Madrid, scoring 101 goals.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: After six seasons in the Spanish league, Zamorano played four seasons in Serie A with Inter Milan, from 1996 to 2000, where he was teammates with Youri Djorkaeff, Diego Simeone, Javier Zanetti, and Ronaldo, among others. He was initially the club's premier striker, holding the coveted number nine shirt. However, upon Baggio's arrival at the club, Ronaldo was forced to give up number ten, and wear number nine, therefore Zamorano had to give up his number but refused to wear another and started wearing a shirt bearing the number '1+8', therefore making him mathematically still a number 9 striker. In May 1998, Inter won the UEFA Cup after beating Lazio in the final 3–0, with Zamorano scoring the opening goal. He had also scored in the second leg of the previous year's final, with the game going to penalties. However, Zamorano missed his penalty as Inter lost the shootout to Schalke 04 4–1.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: Zamorano would move to Mexico in 2001 to play for América for two seasons, winning the "Torneo de Verano" in the first season. He concluded his career playing for Colo-Colo in 2003, making a childhood dream come true. He announced his retirement in July of that year after a professional career spanning more than 16 years.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: Zamorano made his debut at the age of 20 on 19 June 1987, scoring a goal in a 3–1 friendly win against Peru. He scored five goals on 29 April 1997 in a 1998 World Cup qualifier against Venezuela, which ended in a 6–0 victory. He played all four of Chile's matches at the 1998 World Cup; he was an instrumental part of the Chilean team despite failing to score, setting up Marcelo Salas' goal in a 1–1 draw against Austria. In the 2000 Olympic Games, he won the bronze medal, scoring a brace in a 2–0 victory against United States, and was the top scorer with six goals. His last international match, at age 34, was a farewell friendly between Chile and France on 1 September 2001, which Chile won 2–1. Zamorano was capped 69 times, scoring 34 goals.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: Zamorano has a long-term close friendship with his former fellow footballer Fabián Estay, what interrupted from 2001 to 2007 due to the fact that Estay stated that Zamorano didn't support him when he was isolated from the América first team by the club leaders. In addition, Zamorano is the godfather of the Estay's daughter, Renata Ivana.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: Since 2016, he has made his home in Miami, United States, and has worked as a football commentator for media such as Univision and TUDN.


title: Iván Zamorano

text: Zamorano was the promotional face of the new Santiago transport system, Transantiago, which has brought him criticism because of the system's starting failures; some even say his credibility may have been damaged.


title: Zongzi

text: Zongzi (; ), rouzong () or simply zong (Cantonese Jyutping: "zung2") is a traditional Chinese rice dish made of glutinous rice stuffed with different fillings and wrapped in bamboo leaves (generally of the species "Indocalamus tessellatus"), or sometimes with reed or other large flat leaves. They are cooked by steaming or boiling. In the Western world, they are also known as rice dumplings or sticky rice dumplings.


title: Zongzi

text: As it diffused to other regions of Asia over many centuries, "zongzi" became known by various names in different languages and cultures, including "phet htoke" () in Burmese-speaking areas (such as Myanmar), "nom chang" in Cambodia, "machang" in Philippines, "bachang" in Indonesia, "khanom chang" in Laos, and "ba-chang" in Thailand.


title: Zongzi

text: In Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and Taiwan, "zongzi" is known as "bakcang", "bacang", or "zang" (from Hokkien , as Hokkien is commonly used among overseas Chinese). Similarly, "zongzi" is more popularly known as "machang" among Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines.


title: Zongzi

text: Japanese cuisine has leaf-wrapped glutinous rice flour dumplings called "chimaki". They may be tetrahedral, square, rectangular, or long narrow conical in shape.


title: Zongzi

text: In some areas of the United States, particularly California and Texas, "zongzi" are often known as "Chinese tamales".


title: Zongzi

text: In Mauritius, "zongzi" (typically called "zong"), is a traditional dish which continues to be eaten by the Sino-Mauritian and by the Overseas Chinese community. It is especially eaten on the Dragon Boat Festival, a traditional festive event, to commemorate the death of Qu Yuan.


title: Zongzi

text: What has become established popular belief amongst the Chinese is that "zongzi" has since the days of yore been a food-offering to commemorate the death of Qu Yuan, a famous poet from the kingdom of Chu who lived during the Warring States period. Known for his patriotism, Qu Yuan tried to counsel his king to no avail, and drowned himself in the Miluo River in 278 BC. The kind-hearted Chinese people in the same era as Qu Yuan were grateful for Qu Yuan's talent and loyalty to serve the country. They cast rice dumplings into the Miluo River on the day when Qu Yuan was thrown into the river every year, hoping that the fish in the river would eat the rice dumplings without harming Qu Yuan's body.


title: Zongzi

text: Qu Yuan died in 278 BC, but the earliest known documented association between him and the "zong" dumplings occurs much later, in the mid 5th century ("Shishuo Xinyu" , or "A New Account of the Tales of the World")., And a widely observed popular cult around him did not develop until the 6th century AD, as far as can be substantiated by evidence. But by the 6th century, sources attest to the offering of "zongzi" on the Double Fifth Festival (5th day of the 5th month of the lunar calendar) being connected with the figure of Qu Yuan.


title: Zongzi

text: As for the origin myth, a fable recounts that the people commemorated the drowning death of Qu Yuan on the Double Fifth day by casting rice stuffed in bamboo tubes; but the practice changed in the early Eastern Han dynasty (1st century AD), when the ghost of Qu Yuan appeared in a dream to a man named Ou Hui () and instructed him to seal the rice packet with chinaberry (or "Melia") leaves and bind it with colored string, to repel the dragons ("jiaolong") that would otherwise consume them. However, this fable is not attested in contemporary (Han Period) literature, and only known to be recorded centuries later in (, d. 520)'s "Xu Qixieji" ().


title: Zongzi

text: Also, Qu Yuan had (dubiously, by "folklore" or by common belief) become connected with the boat races held on the Double Fifth, datable by another 6th century source. 《荊楚歲時記》(6th c.), under the "Fifth Day of the Fifth Month" heading. Modern media has printed a version of the legend which says that the locals had rushed out in dragonboats to try retrieve his body and threw packets of rice into the river to distract the fish from eating the poet's body.


title: Zongzi

text: "Zongzi" (sticky rice dumplings) are traditionally eaten during the Duanwu Festival (Double Fifth Festival) which falls on the fifth day of the fifth month of the Chinese lunar calendar, and commonly known as the "Dragon Boat Festival" in English. The festival falls each year on a day in late-May to mid-June in the International calendar.


title: Zongzi

text: The practice of eating "zongzi" on the Double Fifth or summer solstice is concretely documented in literature from around the late Han (2nd–3rd centuries). At the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, people made "zong", also called "jiao shu", lit. "horned/angled millet") by wrapping sticky rice with the leaves of the "Zizania latifolia" plant (, a sort of wild rice) and boiling them in lye (grass-and-wood ash water). The name "jiao shu" may imply "ox-horn shape", or cone-shape. That the "zong" or "ziao shu" prepared in this way was eaten on the occasion of the Double Fifth (Duanwu) is documented in works as early as the "Fengsu Tongyi", AD 195). These festive rice dumplings are also similarly described in General Zhou Chu (236–297)'s "Fengtu Ji", "Record of Local Folkways" Various sources claim that this "Fengtu Ji" contains the first documented reference regarding "zongzi", even though it dates somewhat later than the "Fengsu Tongyi".


title: Zongzi

text: In the Jin dynasty (, AD 266–420), "zongzi" was officially a Dragon Boat Festival food. Anecdotally, an official called from the Jin dynasty once sent "zongzi" which used (, the fruit of "Alpinia oxyphylla" or sharp leaf galangal) as additional filling; this type of dumpling was then dubbed "yizhi zong" (, literally "dumplings to increase wisdom"). Later in the Northern and Southern dynasties, mixed "zongzi" appeared, the rice was filled with fillings such as meat, chestnuts, jujubes, red beans, and they were exchanged as gifts to relatives and friends.


title: Zongzi

text: In the 6th century (Sui to early Tang dynasty), the dumpling is also being referred to as "tubular "zong"" (), and they were being made by being packed inside "young bamboo" tubes. The 6th century source for this states that the dumplings were eaten on the Summer Solstice, (instead of the Double Fifth).


title: Zongzi

text: In the Tang dynasty, the shape of "zongzi" appeared conical and diamond-shaped, and the rice which was used to make "zongzi" was as white as jade. "Datang zongzi" (i.e. the "zongzi" eaten in Tang Imperial period) was also recorded in some classical-era Japanese literature, which was heavily influenced by Tang Chinese culture.


title: Zongzi

text: In the Northern Song dynasty period, the "New augmentation to the "Shuowen Jiezi"" () glossed "zong" as rice with reed leaves wrapped around it. "Mijiian Zong" (zongzi with glacé fruit) was also popular in the Song dynasty. Also during the Song Dynasty, there were many preserved fruit "zongzi". At this time also appeared a pavilion filled with "zongzi" for advertising, which showed that eating "zongzi" in the Song dynasty had been very fashionable.


title: Zongzi

text: In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the wrapping material had changed from "gu" (wild rice) leaf to "ruo" (; the "Indocalamus tessellatus" bamboo) leaf, and then to reed leaves,and filled with materials like bean paste, pine nut kernel, pork, walnut, jujube, and so on. The varieties of "zongzi" were more diverse.


title: Zongzi

text: During the Ming and Qing dynasties, "zongzi" became auspicious food. At that time, scholars who took the imperial examinations would eat "pen "zongzi"", which was specially given to them at home, before going to the examination hall. Because it looked long and thin like a writing brush, the pronunciation of "pen "zongzi"" is similar to the Chinese word for "pass", which was for good omen. Ham "zongzi" appeared in the Qing dynasty.


title: Zongzi

text: Every year in early May of the lunar calendar, the Chinese people still soak glutinous rice, wash the leaves and wrap up "zongzi".


title: Zongzi

text: The shapes of "zongzi" vary, and range from being approximately tetrahedral in southern China to an elongated cone in northern China. In the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei, plastic mock-ups of rectangular "zongzi" are displayed as an example of the "zongzi" eaten by Chiang Kai-shek. Wrapping "zongzi" neatly is a skill that is passed down through families, as are the recipes. Making zongzi is traditionally a family event in which everyone helps out.


title: Zongzi

text: While traditional "zongzi" are wrapped in bamboo leaves, the leaves of lotus, reed, maize, banana, canna, shell ginger, and pandan sometimes are used as substitutes in other countries. Each kind of leaf imparts its own unique aroma and flavor to the rice.


title: Zongzi

text: The fillings used for "zongzi" vary from region to region, but the rice used is almost always glutinous rice (also called "sticky rice" or "sweet rice"). Depending on the region, the rice may be lightly precooked by stir-frying or soaked in water before using. In the north, fillings are mostly red bean paste and tapioca or taro. Northern style "zongzi" tend to be sweet and dessert-like. In the northern region of China, "zongzi" filled with jujubes are popular. Southern-style "zongzi", however, tend to be more savoury or salty. Fillings of Southern-style "zongzi" include ham, salted duck egg, pork belly, taro, shredded pork or chicken, Chinese sausage, pork fat, and shiitake mushrooms. However, as the variations of "zongzi" styles have traveled and become mixed, today one can find all kinds of them at traditional markets, and their types are not confined to which side of the Yellow River they originated from.


title: Zongzi

text: "Zongzi" need to be steamed or boiled for several hours depending on how the rice is prepared prior to being added, along with the fillings. With the advent of modern food processing, pre-cooked "zongzi" (usually in vacuum packs or frozen) are now available.


title: Zongzi

text: The Jiaxing Zongzi Culture Museum in Jiaxing, China has exhibits of the cultural history and various styles of "zongzi".


title: The Rose (song)

text: "The Rose" is a pop song written by Amanda McBroom. Bette Midler made the song famous when she recorded it for her 1979 film "The Rose", in which it plays during the closing credits. It has been recorded multiple times, including by Conway Twitty and Westlife who had US Country & Western and UK number one hits with the song, respectively.


title: The Rose (song)

text: "The Rose" was first recorded by Bette Midler for the soundtrack of the 1979 film "The Rose", in which it plays under the closing credits. However, the song was not written for the movie: Amanda McBroom recalls, "I wrote it in 1977 [or] 1978, and I sang it occasionally in clubs. ... Jim Nabors had a local talk show, and I sang ["The Rose"] on his show once." According to McBroom, she wrote "The Rose" in response to her manager's suggestion that she write "some Bob Seger-type tunes" to expedite a record deal: McBroom obliged by writing "The Rose" in 45 minutes. Said McBroom: "'The Rose' is ... just one verse [musically] repeated three times. When I finished it, I realized it doesn't have a bridge or a hook, but I couldn't think of anything to [add]."


title: The Rose (song)

text: McBroom's composition was one of seven songs selected by Midler from thirty song possibilities proffered by Paul A. Rothchild, the producer of "The Rose" soundtrack album. Reportedly Rothchild had listened to over 3,000 songs in order to assemble those thirty possibilities.


title: The Rose (song)

text: Released as the second single from "The Rose" soundtrack album, "The Rose" hit number 1 on the "Cashbox" Top 100 and peaked at number 3 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Additionally, it was number 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart for five weeks running. The single was certified Gold by the RIAA for over a million copies sold in the United States.


title: The Rose (song)

text: Midler won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "The Rose", beating out formidable competition from Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer among others.


title: The Rose (song)

text: There are two mixes of the song. The single mix features orchestration, while the version in the film (and on its soundtrack) includes an extended introduction while doing away with the orchestration in favor of piano-and-vocals only.


title: The Rose (song)

text: "The Rose" did not receive a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Despite not having been recorded prior to the soundtrack of the film "The Rose", the song had not been written for the film. According to McBroom, AMPAS inquired of her if the song had been written for the movie, and McBroom answered honestly (that it had not). McBroom did however win the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for "The Rose", as that award's governing body, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA), does not share AMPAS' official meticulousness over a nominated song's being completely original with its parent film.


title: The Rose (song)

text: In 2004 "The Rose" finished #83 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of the top tunes in American cinema.


title: The Rose (song)

text: Country singer Conway Twitty recorded a cover version in 1982. His version, from his album "Dream Maker", was a number one country hit in US and Canada; it became his 30th number one single on the US country chart.


title: The Rose (song)

text: The Dubliners recorded a duet with the Hothouse Flowers for Rose Week and released "The Rose" as a single in 1991, reaching no. 2 in the Irish Singles Chart.


title: The Rose (song)

text: "The Rose" was covered by Irish boy band Westlife and was released as the first and only single from their seventh studio album "The Love Album" (2006). It reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the group's 14th and most recent number-one single in the United Kingdom. The single has sold over 200,000 copies in the UK to earn a silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).


title: The Rose (song)

text: The video for this single was presented in two versions: one in black and white and the other in color. It shows the emotions and events leading up to a couple's wedding procession. The band members are clad in suits and are shown in a checkered-floor room. During the initial period of the video's release, fans were given the opportunity to customise the music video by digitally adding their names to various elements such as the wedding invitation card.


title: The Rose (song)

text: An adaptation of the song entitled "Hǎo xiǎng nǐ" (好想你, "I Truly Miss You") by Taiwanese singer YoYo (金瑞瑶) was released in 1984. The song was featured in the ending scene of the 1991 Studio Ghibli film "Only Yesterday", directed by Isao Takahata. The ending theme song, sung by Miyako Harumi, is titled "Ai wa Hana, Kimi wa sono Tane" (愛は花、君はその種子, "Love Is a Flower, You Are the Seed"), a Japanese translation of Amanda McBroom's composition "The Rose".


title: The Rose (song)

text: The song appears in "Napoleon Dynamite" in the scene where he is performing with the Happy Hands Club for his class. The song also appeared in the Richard Simmons exercise video "Dance Your Pants Off!". A cover of the song was featured in the 2008 "Family Guy" episode "Baby Not on Board". During the episode, the Griffin family (except for Stewie) sings the song as a family road trip song. The song was also covered in the episode "Maybe Tomorrow" of "True Detective", and in the first episode of the third season of "Goliath".


title: The Rose (song)

text: A six part a cappella arrangement of the song by Nic Raines, created for The King's Singers, was included in the King's Singers 2019 EP release "The Library, Vol. 1" and also in a 2019 music video for YouTube. The song was featured in the 2021 Korean drama series "Youth of May", aired on KBS2.


title: Edam cheese

text: Edam (, ) is a semi-hard cheese that originated in the Netherlands, and is named after the town of Edam in the province of North Holland. Edam is traditionally sold in flat-ended spheres with a pale yellow interior and a coat, or rind, of red paraffin wax. Edam ages and travels well, and does not spoil; it only hardens. These qualities (among others) made it the world's most popular cheese between the 14th and 18th centuries, both at sea and in remote colonies.


title: Edam cheese

text: Most "young" Edam cheese sold in stores has a very mild flavour, slightly salty or nutty, and almost no smell when compared to other cheeses. As the cheese ages, its flavour sharpens, and it becomes firmer. Edam may have as little as 28% fat in dry matter. Modern Edam is softer than other cheeses, such as Cheddar cheese, due to its low fat content.


title: Edam cheese

text: Mild Edam goes well with fruit such as peaches, melons, apricots, and cherries. Aged Edam is often eaten with traditional "cheese fruits" like pears and apples. Like most cheeses, it is commonly eaten on crackers and bread, and may be eaten with crackers following the main course of a meal as a dessert of "cheese and biscuits". Pinot gris, dry Riesling, semidry Riesling, sparkling wine, Chardonnay, and Shiraz/Syrah are some recommended wines to accompany this cheese.


title: Edam cheese

text: In Spain and some of its former colonies, such as the Philippines and many Latin American countries, the cheese is known as queso de bola (ball cheese) and was long considered a delicacy.


title: Edam cheese

text: In the Mexican state of Yucatán, "queso de bola" is prepared as "queso relleno" ("stuffed cheese"). A ball of cheese is cut in half and carved out; it is then stuffed with a mixture of seasoned ground meat, raisins, capers, and olives. Finally, it is braised in chicken stock, and served sliced with the chicken stock that has been thickened with cornstarch and spiced tomato sauce.


title: Edam cheese

text: It is the most common cheese used in the Czech Republic (usually sold under name eidam) and also very often used as base of the snack smažený sýr ("fried cheese"), which is popular in the country and also in neighbouring Slovakia () where it may be served with a slice of ham (), and always with tartar sauce ("tatárska omáčka") or mayonnaise.


title: Edam cheese

text: In Belize, where it was once one of the few commercially available cheeses, it may also be known as "queso de calavera" or "queso de colorado", and usually eaten when well-aged and sharp, commonly with bread and coffee.


title: Edam cheese

text: In Indonesia, Edam cheese is quite popular—due to historical ties with the Netherlands—and is known as "keju edam". Generally it is Edam cheese that is used for cooking "kaasstengels" that is served during Eid ul-Fitr, Christmas, and Chinese New Year. Other Indonesian dishes such as "roti bakar", "kue cubit" and "pannenkoek" can be served with Edam cheese as topping.


title: Edam cheese

text: In the Philippines, "queso de bola" (sometimes spelled "keso de bola") is popular during Christmas in the Philippines, when Filipinos feast with family and friends. It is customarily served with "jamón" and "pandesal" during the "Noche Buena", the traditional feast taken around midnight of Christmas Eve and lasting until the early hours of Christmas Day.


title: Edam cheese

text: The cheese is also associated with Christmas in Sweden and Norway due to its red color, and is often found on the Christmas "Julbord" buffet.


title: Edam cheese

text: Edam has been treated dramatically and humorously in a variety of cultural art forms. In the novel "All Quiet on the Western Front", the main character believes its red outer covering is a sign of impending death. It is a wine aroma nuance in "Sideways" and an object of desire in the animated film "Shopper 13". Edam is a seriocomic pivot in the Australian film "Three Dollars". Actor Jason Flemyng advertised Edam in the UK. Edam was tested by "MythBusters" in episode 128 for its putative suitability as cannon ammunition against a ship's sail, but it bounced off the sail without damaging it.


title: High German languages

text: The High German dialects (), or simply High German (); not to be confused with Standard High German which is commonly also called "High German", comprise the varieties of German spoken south of the Benrath and Uerdingen isoglosses in central and southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and eastern Belgium, as well as in neighbouring portions of France (Alsace and northern Lorraine), Italy (South Tyrol), the Czech Republic (Bohemia), and Poland (Upper Silesia). They are also spoken in diaspora in Romania, Russia, the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chile, and Namibia.


title: High German languages

text: High German is marked by the High German consonant shift, separating it from Low German (Low Saxon) and Low Franconian (including Dutch) within the continental West Germanic dialect continuum.


title: High German languages

text: As a technical term, the "high" in High German is a geographical reference to the group of dialects that forms "High German" (i.e. "Highland" German), out of which developed Standard German, Yiddish and Luxembourgish. It refers to the Central Uplands ("Mittelgebirge") and Alpine areas of central and southern Germany; it also includes Luxembourg, Austria, Liechtenstein, and most of Switzerland. This is opposed to Low German, which is spoken in the lowlands and along the flat sea coasts of the North German Plain.


title: High German languages

text: High German in this broader sense can be subdivided into Upper German ("Oberdeutsch"), Central German ("Mitteldeutsch", this includes Luxembourgish, which itself is now a standard language), and High Franconian German, which is a transitional dialect between the two.


title: High German languages

text: High German is distinguished from other West Germanic varieties in that it took part in the High German consonant shift (c. AD 500). To see this, compare the following:


title: High German languages

text: In the southernmost High Alemannic dialects, there is a further shift; "Sack" (like English/Low German "sack/Sack") is pronounced ( to ).


title: High German languages

text: Old High German evolved from about 500 AD. Around 1200 the Swabian and East Franconian varieties of Middle High German became dominant as a court and poetry language ("Minnesang") under the rule of the House of Hohenstaufen.


title: High German languages

text: The term "High German" as spoken in central and southern Germany (Upper Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Bavaria) and Austria was first documented in the 15th century. Gradually driving back Low German variants since the Early modern period, the Early New High German varieties, especially the East Central German of the Luther Bible, formed an important basis for the development of Standard German.


title: High German languages

text: Divisions between subfamilies within Germanic are rarely precisely defined, because most form continuous clines, with adjacent dialects being mutually intelligible and more separated ones not. In particular, there has never been an original "Proto-High German". For this and other reasons, the idea of representing the relationships between West Germanic language forms in a tree diagram at all is controversial among linguists. What follows should be used with care in the light of this caveat.


title: JTAG

text: JTAG (named after the Joint Test Action Group which codified it) is an industry standard for verifying designs and testing printed circuit boards after manufacture.


title: JTAG

text: JTAG implements standards for on-chip instrumentation in electronic design automation (EDA) as a complementary tool to digital simulation. It specifies the use of a dedicated debug port implementing a serial communications interface for low-overhead access without requiring direct external access to the system address and data buses. The interface connects to an on-chip Test Access Port (TAP) that implements a stateful protocol to access a set of test registers that present chip logic levels and device capabilities of various parts.


title: JTAG

text: The Joint Test Action Group formed in 1985 to develop a method of verifying designs and testing printed circuit boards after manufacture. In 1990 the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers codified the results of the effort in IEEE Standard 1149.1-1990, entitled "Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture".


title: JTAG

text: The JTAG standards have been extended by many semiconductor chip manufacturers with specialized variants to provide vendor-specific features.


title: JTAG

text: In the 1980s, multi-layer circuit boards and integrated circuits (ICs) using ball grid array and similar mounting technologies were becoming standard, and connections were being made between ICs that were not available to probes. The majority of manufacturing and field faults in circuit boards were due to poor solder joints on the boards, imperfections among board connections, or the bonds and bond wires from IC pads to pin lead frames. The Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) was formed in 1985 to provide a pins-out view from one IC pad to another so these faults could be discovered.


title: JTAG

text: The industry standard became an IEEE standard in 1990 as IEEE Std. 1149.1-1990 after many years of initial use. In the same year, Intel released their first processor with JTAG (the 80486) which led to quicker industry adoption by all manufacturers. In 1994, a supplement that contains a description of the boundary scan description language (BSDL) was added. Further refinements regarding the use of all-zeros for EXTEST, separating the use of SAMPLE from PRELOAD and better implementation for OBSERVE_ONLY cells were made and released in 2001. Since 1990, this standard has been adopted by electronics companies around the world. Boundary scan is now mostly synonymous with JTAG, but JTAG has essential uses beyond such manufacturing applications.


title: JTAG

text: Although JTAG's early applications targeted board level testing, here the JTAG standard was designed to assist with device, board, and system testing, diagnosis, and fault isolation. Today JTAG is used as the primary means of accessing sub-blocks of integrated circuits, making it an essential mechanism for debugging embedded systems which might not have any other debug-capable communications channel. On most systems, JTAG-based debugging is available from the very first instruction after CPU reset, letting it assist with development of early boot software which runs before anything is set up. An in-circuit emulator (or, more correctly, a "JTAG adapter") uses JTAG as the transport mechanism to access on-chip debug modules inside the target CPU. Those modules let software developers debug the software of an embedded system directly at the machine instruction level when needed, or (more typically) in terms of high level language source code.


title: JTAG

text: System software debug support is for many software developers the main reason to be interested in JTAG. Many silicon architectures such as PowerPC, MIPS, ARM, and x86 built an entire software debug, instruction tracing, and data tracing infrastructure around the basic JTAG protocol. Frequently individual silicon vendors however only implement parts of these extensions. Some examples are ARM CoreSight and Nexus as well as Intel's BTS (Branch Trace Storage), LBR (Last Branch Record), and IPT (Intel Processor Trace) implementations. There are many other such silicon vendor-specific extensions that may not be documented except under NDA. The adoption of the JTAG standard helped move JTAG-centric debugging environments away from early processor-specific designs. Processors can normally be halted, single stepped, or let run freely. One can set code breakpoints, both for code in RAM (often using a special machine instruction) and in ROM/flash. Data breakpoints are often available, as is bulk data download to RAM. Most designs have "halt mode debugging", but some allow debuggers to access registers and data buses without needing to halt the core being debugged. Some toolchains can use ARM Embedded Trace Macrocell (ETM) modules, or equivalent implementations in other architectures to trigger debugger (or tracing) activity on complex hardware events, like a logic analyzer programmed to ignore the first seven accesses to a register from one particular subroutine.


title: JTAG

text: Sometimes FPGA developers also use JTAG to develop debugging tools. The same JTAG techniques used to debug software running inside a CPU can help debug other digital design blocks inside an FPGA. For example, custom JTAG instructions can be provided to allow reading registers built from arbitrary sets of signals inside the FPGA, providing visibility for behaviors which are invisible to boundary scan operations. Similarly, writing such registers could provide controllability which is not otherwise available.


title: JTAG

text: JTAG allows device programmer hardware to transfer data into internal non-volatile device memory (e.g. CPLDs). Some device programmers serve a double purpose for programming as well as debugging the device. In the case of FPGAs, volatile memory devices can also be programmed via the JTAG port, normally during development work. In addition, internal monitoring capabilities (temperature, voltage and current) may be accessible via the JTAG port.


title: JTAG

text: JTAG programmers are also used to write software and data into flash memory. This is usually done using the same data bus access the CPU would use, and is sometimes handled by the CPU. In other cases the memory chips themselves have JTAG interfaces. Some modern debug architectures provide internal and external bus master access without needing to halt and take over a CPU. In the worst case, it is usually possible to drive external bus signals using the boundary scan facility.


title: JTAG

text: As a practical matter, when developing an embedded system, emulating the instruction store is the fastest way to implement the "debug cycle" (edit, compile, download, test, and debug). This is because the in-circuit emulator simulating an instruction store can be updated very quickly from the development host via, say, USB. Using a serial UART port and bootloader to upload firmware to Flash makes this debug cycle quite slow and possibly expensive in terms of tools; installing firmware into Flash (or SRAM instead of Flash) via JTAG is an intermediate solution between these extremes.


title: JTAG

text: JTAG boundary scan technology provides access to many logic signals of a complex integrated circuit, including the device pins. The signals are represented in the boundary scan register (BSR) accessible via the TAP. This permits testing as well as controlling the states of the signals for testing and debugging. Therefore, both software and hardware (manufacturing) faults may be located and an operating device may be monitored.


title: JTAG

text: When combined with built-in self-test (BIST), the JTAG scan chain enables a low overhead, embedded solution to test an IC for certain static faults (shorts, opens, and logic errors). The scan chain mechanism does not generally help diagnose or test for timing, temperature or other dynamic operational errors that may occur. Test cases are often provided in standardized formats such as SVF, or its binary sibling XSVF, and used in production tests. The ability to perform such testing on finished boards is an essential part of Design For Test in today's products, increasing the number of faults that can be found before products ship to customers.


title: JTAG

text: A JTAG interface is a special interface added to a chip. Depending on the version of JTAG, two, four, or five pins are added. The four and five pin interfaces are designed so that multiple chips on a board can have their JTAG lines daisy-chained together if specific conditions are met. The two pin interface is designed so that multiple chips can be connected in a star topology. In either case a test probe need only connect to a single "JTAG port" to have access to all chips on a circuit board.


title: JTAG

text: The TRST pin is an optional active-low reset to the test logic, usually asynchronous, but sometimes synchronous, depending on the chip. If the pin is not available, the test logic can be reset by switching to the reset state synchronously, using TCK and TMS. Note that resetting test logic doesn't necessarily imply resetting anything else. There are generally some processor-specific JTAG operations which can reset all or part of the chip being debugged.


title: JTAG

text: Since only one data line is available, the protocol is serial. The clock input is at the TCK pin. One bit of data is transferred in from TDI, and out to TDO per TCK rising clock edge. Different instructions can be loaded. Instructions for typical ICs might read the chip ID, sample input pins, drive (or float) output pins, manipulate chip functions, or bypass (pipe TDI to TDO to logically shorten chains of multiple chips).


title: JTAG

text: As with any clocked signal, data presented to TDI must be valid for some chip-specific "Setup" time before and "Hold" time after the relevant (here, rising) clock edge. TDO data is valid for some chip-specific time after the falling edge of TCK.


title: JTAG

text: The maximum operating frequency of TCK varies depending on all chips in the chain (the lowest speed must be used), but it is typically 10-100 MHz (100-10 ns per bit). Also TCK frequencies depend on board layout and JTAG adapter capabilities and state. One chip might have a 40 MHz JTAG clock, but only if it is using a 200 MHz clock for non-JTAG operations; and it might need to use a much slower clock when it is in a low power mode. Accordingly, some JTAG adapters have "adaptive clocking" using an RTCK (Return TCK) signal. Faster TCK frequencies are most useful when JTAG is used to transfer much data, such as when storing a program executable into flash memory.


title: JTAG

text: Clocking changes on TMS steps through a standardized JTAG state machine. The JTAG state machine can reset, access an instruction register, or access data selected by the instruction register.


title: JTAG

text: JTAG platforms often add signals to the handful defined by the IEEE 1149.1 specification. A System Reset (SRST) signal is quite common, letting debuggers reset the whole system, not just the parts with JTAG support. Sometimes there are event signals used to trigger activity by the host or by the device being monitored through JTAG; or, perhaps, additional control lines.


title: JTAG

text: Even though few consumer products provide an explicit JTAG port connector, the connections are often available on the printed circuit board as a remnant from development prototyping and/or production. When exploited, these connections often provide the most viable means for reverse engineering.


title: JTAG

text: Reduced pin count JTAG uses only two wires, a clock wire and a data wire. This is defined as part of the IEEE 1149.7 standard. The connector pins are:


title: JTAG

text: The two wire interface reduced pressure on the number of pins, and devices can be connected in a star topology. The star topology enables some parts of the system to be powered down, while others can still be accessed over JTAG; a daisy chain requires all JTAG interfaces to be powered. Other two-wire interfaces exist, such as Serial Wire Debug.


title: JTAG

text: In JTAG, devices expose one or more "test access ports" (TAPs). The picture above shows three TAPs, which might be individual chips or might be modules inside one chip. A daisy chain of TAPs is called a "scan chain", or (loosely) a target. Scan chains can be arbitrarily long, but in practice twenty TAPs is unusually long.


title: JTAG

text: To use JTAG, a host is connected to the target's JTAG signals (TMS, TCK, TDI, TDO, etc.) through some kind of "JTAG adapter", which may need to handle issues like level shifting and galvanic isolation. The adapter connects to the host using some interface such as USB, PCI, Ethernet, and so forth.


title: JTAG

text: The host communicates with the TAPs by manipulating TMS and TDI in conjunction with TCK, and reading results through TDO (which is the only standard host-side input). TMS/TDI/TCK output transitions create the basic JTAG communication primitive on which higher layer protocols build:


title: JTAG

text: So at a basic level, using JTAG involves reading and writing instructions and their associated data registers; and sometimes involves running a number of test cycles. Behind those registers is hardware that is not specified by JTAG, and which has its own states that is affected by JTAG activities.