title: Cenk Tosun

text: In Turkey's failed qualification campaign for the 2018 World Cup, Tosun scored five goals. These were braces in both matches against Finland, and the only goal of a home win over eventual qualifiers Croatia on 5 September 2017. On 1 June 2018, Tosun scored a penalty to open a 2–2 friendly draw with Tunisia in Geneva, then was sent-off for the first time in his career for a confrontation with the Turkish fans; he said he intervened because he thought his father was being attacked in the crowd.


title: Cenk Tosun

text: Tosun was Turkey's top scorer with five goals in Turkey's successful UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying. These included braces in home and away 4–0 wins over Moldova.


title: Cenk Tosun

text: Tosun has said his ability is equal with his left and right foot, as his father Senol forbade him from using his right foot in an attempt to strengthen his left. As a boy, he idolised Argentine forward Gabriel Batistuta. While Tosun likens himself to Mario Gómez and Zlatan Ibrahimović, "The Times" writer Gary Jacob instead found him more similar to the English strikers Kevin Davies and Andy Carroll for his physicality.


title: Cenk Tosun

text: On 11 October 2019, Tosun scored in the 90th minute of a 1–0 home win over Albania in a Euro 2020 qualifier, and was one of the Turkish players who participated in a "military salute" goal celebration. That same day, he published a photograph on Instagram in which he stated support for soldiers involved in the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The Nissan MR engine family consists of straight-four 16-valve all-aluminium automobile engines with variable valve timing co-developed by Renault and Nissan. Renault calls it the M engine. Other noteworthy features of this engine family include acoustically equal runner lengths and a tumble control valve for the intake manifold, a "silent" timing chain, mirror finished crankshaft and camshaft journals, and offset cylinder placement in an attempt for increased efficiency.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The MR engine family features 'under stress' manufacture, meaning while the block is being bored, a torque plate puts the block under stress. The block becomes temporarily distorted until the head is torqued onto it, at which point the block is pulled into the correct shape.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The MR16DDT is a DIG-T (Direct Injection Gasoline-Turbocharged) inline-four 16-valve engine, with a bore x stroke of . It was first introduced in the Nissan Juke small SUV in the autumn of 2010. Output is and of torque. The 2014 Juke NISMO RS FWD produced and . In 2015, the Nissan Teana received this 1.6 Turbo as a replacement for the earlier 2.0-liter naturally aspirated engine. In 2013, it entered Renault's lineup in the Sport Clio as the M5Mt, where it generates and .


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The MR18DE is a version with bore and stroke of and a power of , developed by Nissan, and first installed in the Nissan Tiida in 2004.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: From July 6, 2006 this engine is also fitted to Nissan Livina Geniss for China version and the Nissan Grand Livina for Indonesia and Malaysia. Output is at 5200 rpm and at 4800 rpm.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The MRA8DE is a engine, different from the MR18DE as it has a twin variable valve timing system on both the intake and exhaust valves and uses a diamond-like carbon coating. Bore and stroke is . It produces at 6000 rpm and at 3600 rpm, and has a compression ratio of 9.9:1.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The MR18DDT is a engine, different from the MR18DE and MRA8DE as it has a turbocharged, twin variable valve timing system on both the intake and exhaust valves and uses a diamond-like carbon coating. Bore and stroke is . It produces at 6000 rpm and at 3600 rpm, and has a compression ratio of 9.0:1. It is used in the Renault and Alpine vehicles since 2015, where it is named M5Pt.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The MR20DE, a engine, was the first MR series engine developed by Nissan as a replacement for the QR20DE. It is an undersquare engine, its bore and stroke being . It was first introduced in the Lafesta and Serena MPVs and Renault Samsung SM5 in early 2005. In November 2006, it entered Renault's lineup in the Clio III as the M4R, where it generates .


title: Nissan MR engine

text: This engine is available with Nissan's XTRONIC CVT continuously variable transmission in several applications.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: A detuned version, with instead of , was added to the new Bluebird Sylphy in late 2006. In the new Nissan X-Trail, Qashqai and C-Platform Sentra, the MR20DE produces at 5100 rpm and of torque at 4800 rpm. Middle East version of the MR20DE engine that goes in the Nissan Qashqai produces at 5200 rpm and of torque at 4400 rpm.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The MR20DD is a engine developed by Nissan with direct injection and twin variable valve timing control. The MR20DD engine is "SU-LEV" certified in Japan, and produces at 5600 rpm and of torque at 4400 rpm. Export models claim at 5200 rpm and at 4400 RPM. In 2016, it entered Renault's lineup in the Koleos II as the M5R, where it generates .


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The Australian & New Zealand markets Nissan Qashqai ST and Ti models use a variant of the MR20DD which achieves at 6000 rpm and at 4400 rpm.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The MR20DD Hybrid is a Hybrid engine developed by Nissan with direct injection and twin variable valve timing control. The MR20DD Hybrid engine is "SU-LEV" certified in Japan, and produces at 6000 rpm and of torque at 4400 rpm. with Synchronous Electric Motor produces and of torque and Lithium-Ion battery, for a combined power of .


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The MR20DD S-Hybrid is a Hybrid engine developed by Nissan with direct injection and twin variable valve timing control. The MR20DD S-Hybrid engine is MHEV "SU-LEV" certified in Japan, and produces at 6000 rpm and of torque at 4400 rpm. with Synchronous Electric Motor and 48V battery.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The M9R and M9T are a family of straight-four 16-valve turbocharged diesel engines co-developed by Nissan and/or Renault, and also Mercedes-Benz Group in the case of the M9T/OM699. Following Renault's designation plan, the last letter (M9R resp. M9T) is to indicate the swept volume of 2.0 L resp. 2.3 litres. Despite the similar names, the diesel engines are only loosely related to the MR gasoline engines. As of late 2018, a new version of the M9R using adBlue and with slightly different internal dimensions replaced the original M9R.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: Features of the diesel engines include a cast-iron block, aluminium alloy cylinder head with double overhead camshafts, 16-valve layout and a bushes timing chain. The M9T is directed to heavier vehicles like the Nissan Navara or the Renault Master. It features a bore and stroke of for a total displacement of , balancer shafts, typical speeds are 3500 rpm for maximum power and 1250 rpm for maximum torque.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: Low output versions of the M9R for the Renault Trafic II at had been replaced by the Renault R engine with the introduction of the Trafic III, while versions starting from include VNT chargers. The top version of the Navara utilizes the M9T with twin-turbochargers and . During production period engines had been updated up to Euro 6 (in early 2017).


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The M9R is a 16-valve turbocharged diesel engine developed by the Renault–Nissan Alliance, and first installed in the Renault Laguna in 2006. It is available in the tune in Nissan Qashqai, Nissan X-Trail, Renault Mégane, Renault Koleos and Renault Laguna models. In this trim the engine achieves maximum power at 4000 rpm and maximum torque of at 2000 rpm. A form with particulate filter is available in Renault Laguna and Nissan X-Trail models. A variant is also available on the Laguna GT. In both engines maximum power is achieved at 3750 rpm and maximum torque is available from 1750 rpm.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The 2.0 dCi engine in all its versions complies with the Euro 4 and 5 standards for exhaust emissions. The New Mégane and New Laguna respectively emitted /km and /km of CO and the version of New Laguna 2.0 dCi emits /km of CO; they all comply with the Euro 5 standards for exhaust emissions.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: In 2011 the M9R engines has been updated with an optional package to lower exhaust emissions (Euro5) and fuel consumption. These engines are tagged "2.0 Energy dCi 130" resp. "2.0 Energy dCi 150", typically maximum power is available at 3750 rpm and maximum torque at a minimum of 1750 rpm. The package comprises:


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The CO values were thus reduced to /km for the Laguna both the 2.0 Energy dCi 130 and 2.0 Energy dCi 150.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: Towards the end of 2018, the 2-liter M9R engine became the "M9R Gen 5" when it received a thorough redesign to comply with the increasingly stringent anti-pollution regulations: first of all the engine dimensions were changed, from to - using the same bore as the larger M9T but with nearly no change in displacement, which increases by 2 cc to 1997 cc. Another important innovation introduced with this update was the BluedCi technology, which involves the installation of a small tank of adBlue, a chemical additive that is injected upstream of the catalyst and which, when combined with the exhaust gas, causes a reaction chemistry within the catalyst itself. This reaction transforms most of the nitrogen oxides into harmless nitrogen and water vapor. This engine debuted in two power levels, , in the Renault Talisman II 2.0 Blue dCi which was produced from December 2018. In December 2020 a single 190 PS version replaced both of the earlier versions.


title: Nissan MR engine

text: The M9T is a version specifically designed for light commercial vehicles that is manufactured by Renault in Cléon. It was introduced on the Renault Master and its badge engineered derivatives, initially with power ranging from to , and torque ratings starting at up to . Later, it was also introduced to the Nissan Navara and the Mercedes-Benz X-Class. Nissan calls it the YS23 while in Mercedes-Benz vehicles, it is named the OM699. The engines with lower power ratings feature a single fixed geometry turbocharger, while the more powerful versions have a variable-geometry turbocharger or twin-turbochargers. The engines are compliant with the Euro 6 emission regulations.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. When awarding the prize in 1970, the Swedish Royal Academies stated that he "has done more than any other contemporary economist to raise the level of scientific analysis in economic theory". Economic historian Randall E. Parker has called him the "Father of Modern Economics", and "The New York Times" considers him to be the "foremost academic economist of the 20th century".


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson was likely the most influential economist of the latter half of the 20th century. In 1996, when he was awarded the National Medal of Science, considered to be America's top science-honor, President Bill Clinton commended Samuelson for his "fundamental contributions to economic science" for over 60 years. Samuelson considered mathematics to be the "natural language" for economists and contributed significantly to the mathematical foundations of economics with his book "Foundations of Economic Analysis". He was author of the best-selling economics textbook of all time: "", first published in 1948. It was the second American textbook that attempted to explain the principles of Keynesian economics. It is now in its 19th edition, having sold nearly 4 million copies in 40 languages. James Poterba, former head of MIT's Department of Economics, noted that by his book, Samuelson "leaves an immense legacy, as a researcher and a teacher, as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands".


title: Paul Samuelson

text: He entered the University of Chicago at age 16, during the depths of the Great Depression, and received his PhD in economics from Harvard. After graduating, he became an assistant professor of economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) when he was 25 years of age and a full professor at age 32. In 1966, he was named Institute Professor, MIT's highest faculty honor. He spent his career at MIT, where he was instrumental in turning its Department of Economics into a world-renowned institution by attracting other noted economists to join the faculty, including later winners of the Nobel Prize Robert Solow, Franco Modigliani, Robert C. Merton, Joseph Stiglitz, and Paul Krugman.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: He served as an advisor to Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, and was a consultant to the United States Treasury, the Bureau of the Budget and the President's Council of Economic Advisers. Samuelson wrote a weekly column for "Newsweek" magazine along with Chicago School economist Milton Friedman, where they represented opposing sides: Samuelson, as a self described "Cafeteria Keynesian", claimed taking the Keynesian perspective but only accepting what he felt was good in it. By contrast, Friedman represented the monetarist perspective. Together with Henry Wallich, their 1967 columns earned the magazine a Gerald Loeb Special Award in 1968.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson worked in many theoretical fields, including: consumer theory; welfare economics; capital; finance, particularly the efficient-market hypothesis; public finance, particularly optimal allocation; international economics, particularly the Balassa–Samuelson effect and the Heckscher–Ohlin model; macroeconomics, particularly the overlapping generations model; and market economics.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson was born in Gary, Indiana, on May 15, 1915, to Frank Samuelson, a pharmacist, and Ella "née" Lipton. His family, he later said, was "made up of upwardly mobile Jewish immigrants from Poland who had prospered considerably in World War I, because Gary was a brand new steel-town when my family went there". In 1923, Samuelson moved to Chicago where he graduated from Hyde Park High School (now Hyde Park Career Academy). He then studied at the University of Chicago and received his Bachelor of Arts degree there in 1935. He said he was born as an economist, at 8.00am on January 2, 1932, in the University of Chicago classroom. The lecture mentioned as the cause was on the British economist Thomas Malthus, who most famously studied population growth and its effects. Samuelson felt there was a dissonance between neoclassical economics and the way the system seemed to behave; he said Henry Simons and Frank Knight were a big influence on him. He next completed his Master of Arts degree in 1936, and his Doctor of Philosophy in 1941 at Harvard University. He won the David A. Wells prize in 1941 for writing the best doctoral dissertation at Harvard University in economics, for a thesis titled "Foundations of Analytical Economics", which later turned into "Foundations of Economic Analysis". As a graduate student at Harvard, Samuelson studied economics under Joseph Schumpeter, Wassily Leontief, Gottfried Haberler, and the "American Keynes" Alvin Hansen. Samuelson moved to MIT as an assistant professor in 1940 and remained there until his death.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson's family included many well-known economists, including brother Robert Summers, sister-in-law Anita Summers, brother-in-law Kenneth Arrow and nephew Larry Summers.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson died after a brief illness on December 13, 2009, at the age of 94. His death was announced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. James M. Poterba, an economics professor at MIT and the president of the National Bureau of Economic Research, commented that Samuelson "leaves an immense legacy, as a researcher and a teacher, as one of the giants on whose shoulders every contemporary economist stands". Susan Hockfield, the president of MIT, said that Samuelson "transformed everything he touched: the theoretical foundations of his field, the way economics was taught around the world, the ethos and stature of his department, the investment practices of MIT, and the lives of his colleagues and students".


title: Paul Samuelson

text: As professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Samuelson worked in many fields, including:


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson is considered one of the founders of neo-Keynesian economics and a seminal figure in the development of neoclassical economics. In awarding him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences the committee stated:


title: Paul Samuelson

text: He was also essential in creating the neoclassical synthesis, which ostensibly incorporated Keynesian and neoclassical principles and still dominates current mainstream economics. In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Stanislaw Ulam once challenged Samuelson to name one theory in all of the social sciences that is both true and nontrivial. Several years later, Samuelson responded with David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage: "That it is logically true need not be argued before a mathematician; that is not trivial is attested by the thousands of important and intelligent men who have never been able to grasp the doctrine for themselves or to believe it after it was explained to them."


title: Paul Samuelson

text: For many years, Samuelson wrote a column for "Newsweek". One article included Samuelson's most quoted remark and a favorite economics joke:


title: Paul Samuelson

text: To prove that Wall Street is an early omen of movements still to come in GNP, commentators quote economic studies alleging that market downturns predicted four out of the last five recessions. That is an understatement. Wall Street indexes predicted nine out of the last five recessions! And its mistakes were beauties.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: In the early editions of his famous, bestselling economics textbook Paul Samuelson joked that GDP falls when a man "marries his maid".


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Paul Samuelson's book "Foundations of Economic Analysis" (1946) is considered his magnum opus. It is derived from his doctoral dissertation, and was inspired by the classical thermodynamic methods. The book proposes to:


title: Paul Samuelson

text: in order to derive "a general theory of economic theories" (Samuelson, 1983, p. xxvi). The book showed how these goals could be parsimoniously and fruitfully achieved, using the language of the mathematics applied to diverse subfields of economics. The book proposes two general hypotheses as sufficient for its purposes:


title: Paul Samuelson

text: In the first tenet, his views presented the idea that all actors, whether firms or consumers, are striving to maximize something. They could be attempting to maximize profits, utility, or wealth, but it did not matter because their efforts to improve their well-being would provide a basic model for all actors in an economic system. His second tenet was focused on providing insight on the workings of equilibrium in an economy. Generally in a market, supply would equal demand. However, he urged that this might not be the case and that the important thing to look at was a system's natural resting point. "Foundations" presents the question of how an equilibrium would react when it is moved from its optimal point. Samuelson was also influential in providing explanations on how the changes in certain factors can affect an economic system. For example, he could explain the economic effect of changes in taxes or new technologies.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: In the course of analysis, "comparative statics", (the analysis of changes in equilibrium of the system that result from a parameter change of the system) is formalized and clearly stated.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: The chapter on welfare economics "attempt(s) to give a brief but fairly complete survey of the whole field of welfare economics" (Samuelson, 1947, p. 252). It also exposits on and develops what became commonly called the Bergson–Samuelson social welfare function. It shows how to represent (in the maximization calculus) all real-valued economic measures of any belief system that is required to rank consistently different feasible social configurations in an ethical sense as "better than", "worse than", or "indifferent to" each other (p. 221).


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson is also author (and since 1985 co-author) of an influential principles textbook, "", first published in 1948 (19th ed. as of 2010; multiple reprints). The book sold more than 300,000 copies of each edition from 1961 through 1976 and was translated in the forty-one languages. As of 2018, it has sold over four million copies. William Nordhaus joined as co-author on the 12th edition (1985). Sometime before 1988, it had become the best-selling economics textbook of all time.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson was once quoted as saying, "Let those who will write the nation's laws if I can write its textbooks." Written in the shadow of the Great Depression and the Second World War, it helped to popularize the insights of John Maynard Keynes. A main focus was how to avoid, or at least mitigate, the recurring slumps in economic activity.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson wrote: "It is not too much to say that the widespread creation of dictatorships and the resulting World War II stemmed in no small measure from the world's failure to meet this basic economic problem [the Great Depression] adequately." This reflected the concern of Keynes himself with the economic causes of war and the importance of economic policy in promoting peace.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson's book was the second to introduce Keynesian economics to a wide audience, and was by far the most successful. Canadian economist Lorie Tarshis, who had been a student attending Keynes's lectures at Harvard in the 1930s, published in 1947 an introductory textbook that incorporated his lecture notes, titled "Elements of Economics".


title: Paul Samuelson

text: There are 388 papers in Samuelson's "Collected Scientific Papers". Stanley Fischer (1987, p. 234) writes that taken together they are "unique in their verve, breadth of economic and general knowledge, mastery of setting, and generosity of allusions to predecessors".


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson was co-editor, along with William A. Barnett, of "Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists" (Blackwell Publishing, 2007), a collection of interviews with notable economists of the 20th century.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson's textbook was a watershed in introducing a serious study of business cycles in the economics curriculum. It was particularly timely because it followed the Great Depression, which had only ended because of the fiscal stimulus of World War II. The study of business cycles along with the introduction of the Keynesian approach of aggregate demand set the stage for the macroeconomic revolution in America, which then diffused throughout the world through translations into every major language. Generations of students, who then became teachers, learned their first and most influential lessons from Samuelson's "Economics." It attracted many imitators, who became successful in different niches of the college market.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: The text was not without criticism. While it praised the "mixed economy" of market and government, some found that too radical and attacked it as socialist. As a precursor to criticisms of Samuelson's "Economics" textbook, Lorie Tarshis's textbook was attacked by trustees of, and donors to, American colleges and universities as preaching a "socialist heresy". Piling on, William F. Buckley, Jr., in his 1951 book, "God and Man at Yale," devoted an entire chapter, attacking both Samuelson's and Tarshis' textbooks. For Samuelson's book, Buckley drew from the "Educational Examiner" and credited it as an "excellent review of Samuelson's text." ("Note to Chapter Two." p. 234) For Tarshis' book, Buckley drew from Merwin K. Hart's organization : "I am also grateful to the National Economic Council for its telling analysis of the Tarshis." ("Note to Chapter Two." p. 234) Buckley essentially characterized both as – in the words of Paul Davidson – "communist inspired". Buckley, for the rest of his life, defended the criticisms set forth in his book.


title: Paul Samuelson

text: One criticism – of a concept that Samuelson added to his "Economics" textbook – was the comparison of USA growth rates with those of the USSR, which, according to the criticism, was inconsistent with historical GNP differences. The textbook's 1967 edition (7th ed.) extrapolates (projects) the possibility of USSR/US real GNP parity between 1977 and 1995. Each subsequent edition extrapolates a date range further in the future until those graphs were dropped from the 1985 edition (12th ed.).


title: Paul Samuelson

text: Samuelson, together with Robert Solow, helped develop and popularize the mathematics of the Phillips Curve. The curve suggested that unemployment and inflation were inversely related; with the advent of stagflation in the 1970s some economists including Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek attacked the economics based on the Phillips Curve as questionable or mistaken.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: Six Thinking Hats was written by Dr. Edward de Bono. "Six Thinking Hats" and the associated idea parallel thinking provide a means for groups to plan thinking processes in a detailed and cohesive way, and in doing so to think together more effectively.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: The premise of the method is that the human brain thinks in a number of distinct ways which can be deliberately challenged, and hence planned for use in a structured way allowing one to develop tactics for thinking about particular issues. De Bono identifies six distinct directions in which the brain can be challenged. In each of these directions the brain will identify and bring into conscious thought certain aspects of issues being considered (e.g. gut instinct, pessimistic judgement, neutral facts). Some may feel that using the hats is unnatural, uncomfortable or even counterproductive and against their better judgement.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: A compelling example presented is sensitivity to "mismatch" stimuli. This is presented as a valuable survival instinct, because, in the natural world: the thing that is out of the ordinary may well be dangerous. This mode is identified as the root of negative judgement and critical thinking.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: Colored hats are used as metaphors for each direction. Switching to a direction is symbolized by the act of putting on a colored hat, either literally or metaphorically. This metaphor of using an imaginary hat or cap as a symbol for a different thinking direction was first mentioned by De Bono as early as 1971 in his book "Lateral Thinking for Management" when describing a brainstorming framework. These metaphors allow for a more complete and elaborate segregation of the thinking directions. The six thinking hats indicate problems and solutions about an idea the thinker may come up with.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: Similarly, "The Five Stages of Thinking" method—a set of tools corresponding to all six thinking hats—first appears in his CoRT Thinking Programme in 1973:


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: Having identified the six modes of thinking that can be accessed, distinct programs can be created. These are sequences of hats which encompass and structure the thinking process toward a distinct goal. A number of these are included in the materials provided to support the franchised training of the six hats method; however it is often necessary to adapt them to suit an individual purpose. Also, programs are often "emergent", which is to say that the group might plan the first few hats then the facilitator will see what seems to be the right way to go.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: Sequences always begin and end with a blue hat; the group agrees together how they will think, then they do the thinking, then they evaluate the outcomes of that thinking and what they should do next.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: Sequences (and indeed hats) may be used by individuals working alone or in groups. Example programs are shown below, each hat is typically used for approximately 2 minutes at a time – although at the start of a process an extended white hat session is common to get everyone onto the same page, and the red hat is recommended to be used for a very short period to get a visceral gut reaction – about 30 seconds, and in practice often takes the form of dot-voting.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: Speedo researchers are said to have tried the six thinking hats in the creation of swimsuits. "They tried the "Six Thinking Hats" method of brainstorming, a green hat for creative ways to attack a problem, a black one to look at the feasibility of those ideas."


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: Typically, a project will begin with an extended white hat action, as facts are assembled. Thereafter each hat is used for a few minutes at a time only, except the red hat which is limited to a very short 30 seconds or so to ensure that it is an instinctive gut reaction, rather than a form of judgement. This pace is believed to have a positive impact on the thinking process, in accordance with Malcolm Gladwell's theories on "blink" thinking.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: De Bono believed that the key to a successful use of the Six Thinking Hats methodology was the deliberate focusing of the discussion on a particular approach as needed during the meeting or collaboration session. For instance, a meeting may be called to review a particular problem and to develop a solution for the problem. The Six Thinking Hats method could then be used in a sequence to first explore the problem, then develop a set of solutions, and to finally choose a solution through critical examination of the solution set.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: The meeting may start with everyone assuming the Blue hat to discuss how the meeting will be conducted and to develop the goals and objectives. The discussion may then move to Red hat thinking in order to collect opinions and reactions to the problem. This phase may also be used to develop constraints for the actual solution such as who will be affected by the problem and/or solutions. Next the discussion may move to the (Yellow then) Green hat in order to generate ideas and possible solutions. Next the discussion may move between White hat thinking as part of developing information and Black hat thinking to develop criticisms of the solution set.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: Because everyone is focused on a particular approach at any one time, the group tends to be more collaborative than if one person is reacting emotionally (Red hat) while another person is trying to be objective (White hat) and still another person is being critical of the points which emerge from the discussion (Black hat). The hats aid individuals in addressing problems from a variety of angles, and focus individuals on deficiencies in the way that they approach problem solving.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: In 2005, the tool found some use in the United Kingdom innovation sector, where it was offered by some facilitation companies and had been trialled within the United Kingdom's civil service.


title: Six Thinking Hats

text: In 2009, Swedish newspapers noticed that the municipality of Laholm had purchased 300 thinking hats for the amount of 18,000 Swedish krona (about 2000 USD). The hats were used only once, but were later lent to the national financial crimes enforcement bureau, Ekobrottsmyndigheten.


title: Merchandising

text: Merchandising is any practice which contributes to the sale of products to a retail consumer. At a retail in-store level, merchandising refers to displaying products that are for sale in a creative way that entices customers to purchase more items or products.


title: Merchandising

text: In retail commerce, visual display merchandising means merchandise sales using product design, selection, packaging, pricing, and display that stimulates consumers to spend more. This includes disciplines and discounting, physical presentation of products and displays, and the decisions about which products should be presented to which customers at what time. Often in a retail setting, creatively tying in related products or accessories is a great way to entice consumers to purchase more.


title: Merchandising

text: Merchandising helps to understand the ordinary dating notation for the terms of payment of an invoice. Codified discounting solves pricing problems including markups and markdowns. It helps to find the net price of an item after single or multiple trade discounts and can calculate a single discount rate that is equivalent to a series of multiple discounts. Further, it helps to calculate the amount of cash discount for which a payment qualifies.


title: Merchandising

text: The annual cycle of merchandising differs between countries and even within them, particularly relating to cultural customs like holidays, and seasonal issues like climate and local sporting and recreation. Events such as Chinese festivals and Japanese festivals are incorporated in an annual cycle of shop decorations and merchandise promotion.


title: Merchandising

text: In the United States, the basic retail cycle begins in early January with merchandise for Valentine's Day, which is not until mid-February. Presidents' Day sales are held shortly thereafter. Following this, Easter is the major holiday, while springtime clothing and garden-related merchandise is already arriving at stores, often as early as mid-winter (toward the beginning of this section, St. Patrick's Day merchandise, including green items and products pertaining to Irish culture, is also promoted). Mother's Day and Father's Day are next, with graduation gifts (typically small consumer electronics like digital cameras) often being marketed as "dads and grads" in June (though most college semesters end in May; the grads portion usually refers to high school graduation, which ends one to two weeks after Father's Day in many U.S. states). Summer merchandise is next, including patriotic-themed products with the American flag, out by Memorial Day in preparation for Independence Day (with Flag Day in between). By July, back-to-school is on the shelves and autumn merchandise is already arriving, and at some arts and crafts stores, Christmas decorations.


title: Merchandising

text: (Often, a Christmas in July celebration is held around this time.) The back-to-school market is promoted heavily in August, when there are no holidays to promote. By September, particularly after Labor Day, summer merchandise is on final closeout and overstock of school supplies is marked-down some as well, and Halloween (and often even more of the Christmas) merchandise is appearing. As the Halloween decorations and costumes dwindle in October, Christmas is already being pushed on consumers, and by the day after Halloween retailers are going full-force with advertising, even though the "official" season doesn't start until the day after Thanksgiving. Christmas clearance sales begin even before Christmas at many retailers, though others begin on the day after Christmas and continue on at least until New Year's Day but sometimes as far out as February.


title: Merchandising

text: Merchandising also varies within retail chains, where stores in places like Buffalo might carry snow blowers, while stores in Florida and southern California might instead carry beach clothing and barbecue grills all year. Coastal-area stores might carry water skiing equipment, while ones near mountain ranges would likely have snow skiing and snowboarding gear if there are ski areas nearby.


title: Merchandising

text: In the supply chain, merchandising is the practice of making products in retail outlets available to consumers, primarily by stocking shelves and displays. While this used to be done exclusively by the stores' employees, many retailers have found substantial savings in requiring it to be done by the manufacturer, vendor, or wholesaler that provides the products to the retail store. In the United Kingdom, there are a number of organizations that supply merchandising services to support retail outlets with general stock replenishment and merchandising support in new stores. By doing this, retail stores have been able to substantially reduce the number of employees needed to run the store.


title: Merchandising

text: While stocking shelves and building displays is often done when the product is delivered, it is increasingly a separate activity from delivering the product. In grocery stores, for example, almost all products delivered directly to the store from a manufacturer or wholesaler will be stocked by the manufacturer's/wholesaler's employee who is a full-time merchandiser. Product categories where this is common are Beverage (all types, alcoholic and non-alcoholic), packaged baked goods (bread and pastries), magazines and books, and health and beauty products.


title: Merchandising

text: For major food manufacturers in the beverage and baked goods industries, their merchandisers are often the single largest employee group within the company. For nationwide branded goods manufacturers such as The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo, their respective merchandiser work forces number in the thousands.


title: Merchandising

text: In marketing, one of the definitions of merchandising is the practice in which the brand or image from one product or service is used to sell another. Trademarked brand names, logos, or character images are licensed to manufacturers of products such as toys or clothing, which then make items in or emblazoned with the image of the license, hoping they'll sell better than the same item with no such image. For the owners of the IP (intellectual property) in question, merchandising is a very popular source of revenue, due to the low cost of letting a third party manufacture the merchandise, while the IP owners collect the merchandising (royalty) fees.


title: Merchandising

text: In 1903, a year after publishing "The Tale of Peter Rabbit", English author Beatrix Potter created the first Peter Rabbit soft toy and registered him at the Patent Office in London, making Peter the oldest licensed fictional character. Erica Wagner of "The Times" states, "Beatrix Potter was the first to recognise that content—as we now call the stuff that makes up a book or a film—was only the beginning. In 1903, Peter hopped outside his pages to become a patented soft toy, which gave him the distinction of being not only Mr. McGregor‘s mortal enemy, but also becoming the first licensed character".


title: Merchandising

text: Merchandising for children is most prominently seen in connection with films and videogames, usually those in current release and with television shows oriented towards children.


title: Merchandising

text: Merchandising, especially in connection with child-oriented films, TV shows and literature, often consists of toys made in the likeness of the show or book’s characters (action figures) or items which they use. This was first seen with the Peter Rabbit soft toy in 1903, with the "Smithsonian" magazine stating Beatrix Potter "created a system that continues to benefit all licensed characters, from Mickey Mouse to Harry Potter." However, sometimes it can be the other way around, with the show written to include the toys, as advertising for the merchandise.


title: Merchandising

text: Sometimes merchandising from a television show can grow far beyond the original show, even lasting decades after the show has largely disappeared from popularity. In other cases, large amounts of merchandise can be generated from a pitifully small amount of source material (Mashimaro).


title: Merchandising

text: The most common adult-oriented merchandising is that related to professional sports teams (and their players).


title: Merchandising

text: A smaller niche in merchandising is the marketing of more adult-oriented products in connection with similarly adult-oriented films and TV shows. This is common especially with the science fiction and horror genres. Occasionally, shows which were intended more for children find a following among adults (for example, "Gundam" model kits). An early example of this phenomenon was the cartoon character Little Lulu, who became licensed to products for adults, such as Kleenex facial tissue.


title: Merchandising

text: Sometimes a brand of non-media products can achieve enough recognition and respect that simply putting its name or images on a completely unrelated item can sell that item. An example is Harley-Davidson branded clothing.


title: Merchandising

text: Idol goods or idol merchandise are various types of merchandise related to celebrities ("idols"). Consumption of idol goods is a significant part of the idol fandom. Such goods create and reinforce a more physical connection between fans and celebrities.


title: Merchandising

text: Examples of common idol goods include stationery items, compact discs, photo albums, calendars, telephone cards, T-shirts (see also concert T-shirt), key chains, lapel pins, and various other goods. Virtual idols can be considered an idol good themselves as they can be bought and sold. An idol can have a tremendous effect on sales of merchandise, an example being David Beckham upon his arrival at Real Madrid in 2003, with an Adidas spokesman stating, "Put Beckham's name on any product and Real Madrid didn't stop selling".


title: Merchandising

text: In the 1960s The Beatles were pioneers in conventional retailing in music, setting up their own retail store in London, Apple Boutique, that sold Beatles merchandise.


title: Rio Grande Valley Vipers

text: The Rio Grande Valley Vipers are an American professional basketball team of the NBA G League based in Edinburg, Texas, and are affiliated with the Houston Rockets. The Vipers play their home games at the Bert Ogden Arena. The Vipers have won four league titles in 2010, 2013, 2019, and 2022, the most for any club in league history, and they also have made the most championship series in league history, having made it six times to the finals. They are also the earliest champion to still play in their original city along with one of only two teams (the other being the Fort Wayne Mad Ants) to have played in every league season since 2007. The Vipers entered a single-partnership affiliation agreement with the Houston Rockets during the 2009–10 season. Previously, they were affiliated with the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2007–08 season and the New Orleans Hornets from 2007 to 2009.


title: Rio Grande Valley Vipers

text: After the finish of the 2006–07 season, the D-League announced an expansion to Hidalgo, Texas, with the team being christened the "Rio Grande Valley Vipers", becoming the 14th team in league history, and they would play at Dodge Arena. In their debut season of 2007–08, they finished with a 21–29 record, failing to qualify for the playoffs. In March 2008, four games before the season ended, inaugural head coach Bob Hoffman announced his resignation, as he decided to pursue a coaching job in college basketball.


title: Rio Grande Valley Vipers

text: The next season, they finished with the same record, failing to advance to the playoffs for the second year in a row. In 2009, the Vipers and the Houston Rockets entered into a single-affiliation partnership in which the Rockets controlled the team's basketball operations, while the business affairs would be handled by owner Alonzo Cantu. On August 18, 2009, the Rockets fired Clay Moser as coach, and named Chris Finch as coach on September 29. The result paid immediate dividends in the 2009–10 season, as the Vipers enjoyed their most successful season. Led by league MVP Mike Harris, and coach of the year in Chris Finch, the Vipers went 34–16 to lead the Western Conference and earned the franchise's first playoff berth. In the playoffs, the Vipers beat both the Reno Bighorns and Austin Toros in three games each to reach the D League Finals. They then met the Tulsa 66ers in the Finals. They won Game 1 on April 25 by a score of 124–107 in Tulsa before returning home for Game 2 on April 27, which had an attendance of 6,198 to see them at the Arena, the most to see a Vipers game in their history. Harris led all scorers with 26 points, but it came down to the buzzer that resulted in a three-point attempt by Craig Winder that went in to provide a 94–91 victory to win the first championship in team history, which was also the first championship for the region since the Edinburg Roadrunners in 2004.


title: Rio Grande Valley Vipers

text: In the 2012-13 season, the Vipers went 35–15 on the heels of a 10-game winning streak to close out the season, and it was second-best among all D-League teams. In the postseason, they beat the Maine Red Claws and the Tulsa 66ers in two-game sweeps to reach the finals for the third time in four seasons. The Vipers faced the Santa Cruz Warriors, doing so in a two-game sweep that had them win Game 1 112–102 on April 25 before winning at home 102–91 on April 27 to win their second league title while also becoming the second team (and first since the 2008-09 playoffs) in the best-of-three era to go undefeated in D-League postseason play. Andrew Goudelock won the NBA Development League Most Valuable Player Award and got called up by the Los Angeles Lakers. In November of that year, the Vipers announced Gianluca Pascucci as the general manager and Nevada Smith as the head coach. Smith's teams received notice for their fast pace and eclectic shooting from the three-point line, continuing a trend set in 2009 (under previous coach Chris Finch) where the Vipers outpaced their NBA counterpart in the Houston Rockets each time, while shooting at a three-point rate higher than them all but once from 2009 to 2014); this reflected the vision of Rockets general manager Daryl Morey in seeing the Vipers as a laboratory for potential strategies to grow in the NBA. The 2013-14 team started on a hot streak, winning their first 9 games of the season; the 10 wins from the previous season combined with the nine here made for a 19-game winning streak, the longest streak in D-League regular-season history. While the Vipers finished 30–20 for a fifth-place finish among all teams, they shot a whopping 2,268 three-point attempts, which averaged to 45 shots a game.


title: Rio Grande Valley Vipers

text: On February 26, 2015, the Vipers broke ground on a new arena in Edinburg called Bert Ogden Arena, which was originally scheduled for completion in October 2016. The arena was reportedly initially designed to house 8,500 seats, along with being a venue used for entertainment. The Vipers would serve as the main tenant and operator (with the City of Edinburg acting as owner of the arena), complete with a 40-by-20 foot jumbotron, the largest in the league. The arena was half-funded by sales taxes to go with private funding that resulted in an initial estimated cost of $68 million. On August 18 of that year, the Vipers named Matt Brase their new head coach.


title: Rio Grande Valley Vipers

text: After a few delays, the new arena was announced to have a grand opening in June 2018, with the Vipers beginning play in the arena for the 2018–19 season, with an end cost of $88 million. The 2017-18 season was the 1th and final season for the team at their original arena (originally known as Dodge Arena before rebranding to State Farm Arena), and they were the longest tenant to ever play in the venue. On April 12, 2019, the Vipers won their third championship in a 129–112 game three win against the Long Island Nets, having rallied from a loss in the first game to win two straight, with Isaiah Hartenstein scoring 30 points in the clinching game to lead the Vipers to victory.


title: Rio Grande Valley Vipers

text: The Vipers have seen two of their coaches become head coaches in the NBA, Nick Nurse and Chris Finch, with the former being the first coach to lead both an NBA and NBA G-League team to championships. On October 1, 2019, assistant coach Mahmoud Abdelfattah was promoted to head coach after Joseph Blair left for an assistant job with the Philadelphia 76ers; Abdelfattah became the first Palestinian and Muslim head coach in NBA/NBA G League history. Travis Stockbridge was named general manager, becoming the youngest general manager in NBA G League history at the age of 25.


title: Rio Grande Valley Vipers

text: In the 2021-22 season, the Vipers became the second team in league history to sweep the major three G League awards: the NBA G League Coach of the Year Award for Mahmoud Abdelfattah (just the second Vipers coach to win the award), NBA G League Most Valuable Player Award for Trevelin Queen (the third Viper to win the award), and the NBA G League Team Executive of the Year Award for general manager Travis Stockbridge (the second Vipers executive to win the award). They reached the postseason for the tenth time in their fifteen season history, becoming the fourth team in league history to reach the postseason ten times; they reached the NBA G League Finals for the sixth time, doing so with victories over the Texas Legends in the Conference Semifinal and the Agua Caliente Clippers in the Conference Final. On April 12, they won 145–128 in Game 1; the points scored by the Vipers was an NBA G League Finals record, and the 44 points scored by Trevelin Queen is second-most in finals history. Daishen Nix (31 points, 12 rebounds, 11 assists) and Anthony Lamb (10 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists) each recorded triple-doubles, which is the first occasion of a triple-double since 2013 and the first ever G League Finals game to feature two triple doubles. On April 14, they defeated the Blue Coats 131–114 to win their fourth title.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: Luis Alberto Aparicio Alejandro Lacalle Pou (; "Luis Lacalle" locally or ; born 10 August 1973) is a Uruguayan politician and lawyer serving as President of Uruguay since 1 March 2020.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: Son of former president Luis Alberto Lacalle, Lacalle Pou attended The British Schools of Montevideo and graduated from Catholic University of Uruguay in 1998 with a law degree. A member of the National Party, he was first elected to the Chamber of Representatives at the 1999 election as a National Representative for the Canelones Department, a position he held from 2000 to 2015. During the first session of the 47th Legislature (2011–2012) he chaired the lower house of the General Assembly. He also served as Senator from 2015 to 2019. He ran unsuccessfully for president in 2014. Five years later, he defeated the Broad Front nominee and former mayor of Montevideo Daniel Martínez in the 2019 general election and was elected President of Uruguay with 50.79% of the vote in the second round. At the age of 46, Lacalle Pou ended the 15-year leftist rule in the country and became the youngest president since the end of the dictatorship in 1985.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: Luis Alberto Aparicio Alejandro Lacalle Pou was born on 10 August 1973 in Montevideo. He is the son of former president Luis Alberto Lacalle and former first lady and senator Julia Pou. He has two siblings, Pilar and Juan José, and is the great-grandson of Luis Alberto de Herrera, on his paternal side.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: He lived in the "barrio" Pocitos during childhood and adolescence. When his father took office as president in 1990, his family moved to the Suárez presidential residence in "barrio" Prado. At the age of 14, a medical consultation in the United States revealed that he had a growth hormone problem. He underwent treatment with hormone injections that allowed him to reach an adult height of 1.70 meters.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: He was educated at The British Schools of Montevideo. As his final years at the school coincided with his father's elevation to the presidency, a guard was posted at the school gates while he and his younger brother attended class. Resisting official protocol to be taken to school in a car by government escort, he instead preferred to drive himself in an old family vehicle. In 1993 he enrolled at the Catholic University of Uruguay to study law, graduating in 1998. At that time he was a marijuana and cocaine user. He is also passionate about surfing, which he has practiced since his childhood.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: Lacalle Pou is married to Lorena Ponce de León, a landscape architect who is involved with him in politics, and has three children, two of whom were born through in vitro fertilization.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: In the 1999 general elections, he was elected representative for Canelones, serving the 2000–2005 term. He was re-elected in 2004 under the herrerismo faction of the National Party, a movement founded by his great-grandfather, Luis Alberto de Herrera. In the 2009 general elections, he was elected for a third consecutive time and served until 2015.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: As leader of the opposition, he opposes the most emblematic laws of the left-wing governments (legalization of abortion, recognition of gay marriage, law on the workday of agricultural workers, laws in favor of domestic workers, etc.). He defines himself as very religious, which is why he emphasizes his commitment against abortion.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: He was a candidate for Intendant of Canelones in the 2010 municipal election, obtaining 22.82% of the votes and being defeated by Marcos Carámbula of the Broad Front.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: On 30 March 2014, Lacalle Pou launched his bid for the presidency. On 1 June 2014 he was nominated as candidate of his party for the presidential elections in October, in which he was elected Senator of the Republic. He was defeated on the second round of presidential election on 30 November 2014.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: In the 2019 presidential primaries, Lacalle Pou competed against Enrique Antía, Carlos Iafigliola, again Jorge Larrañaga and against the new candidate Juan Sartori, with whom he maintained a tense relationship. Lacalle Pou accused him of spreading fake news, some of these cases were brought to justice. Lacalle Pou won by 53% of the votes, enough to announce Beatriz Argimón the same night of 30 June as a vice president candidate.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: In the first round of the 2019 general election, held on Sunday, 27 October 2019, he obtained second place with 28.62% of the votes. As no presidential candidate received a majority of voting, a runoff election took place on 24 November. In the runoff, Luis Lacalle Pou garnered 48.71% of the unofficial vote. His opponent, Broad Front candidate and former intendant of Montevideo, Daniel Martínez obtained 47.51% of the vote. The Electoral Court of Uruguay would publish the official results by Friday, 29 November 2019, as observed votes were still to be counted, totaling more than the difference between the two candidates, thus being too close to call. Daniel Martinez did not concede the race then, awaiting the official count. Lacalle Pou unofficially declared himself the winner, as the votes already counted marked an irreversible trend. Martínez conceded defeat on 28 November 2019. On 30 November, final votes counts confirmed Lacalle Pou as the winner with 48.8% of the total votes cast over Martínez with 47.3%. He was the first National/Blanco candidate to win the presidency since his father left office in 1995. His election also marked only the fourth time in 154 years that the Blancos had been elected to lead the government.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: Lacalle took office on 1 March 2020. After the constitutional oath before the General Assembly, he paraded down with Vice President Beatriz Argimón along Libertador Avenue in a 1937 Ford V8 convertible that belonged to his great-grandfather, Luis Alberto de Herrera. The parade ended in Plaza Independencia, where he received the presidential sash from the outgoing President Tabaré Vázquez.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: With a coalition of five parties, ranging from the centre-right to the extreme right, he intends to pursue a policy of austerity. During his campaign, he promised to cut government spending in order to reduce the public deficit. Claiming to be a liberal, he declared that he wanted to favour business leaders in the face of "tax pressure". He proposed before his inauguration to establish an attractive tax policy to attract wealthy foreigners. The left-wing party Frente Amplio deplores initiatives that could lead to a "setback" for the country, which risks becoming a "tax haven" again, as it was in the past.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: Lacalle had announced during his electoral campaign the introduction of a package of government measures through an urgent consideration law, a prerogative of the Executive Power in Uruguay that allows it to send to the General Assembly a bill with a peremptory term of 90 days, expired which is approved in the affirmative form if the General Assembly is not issued to the contrary. The 2020 coronavirus pandemic delayed the presentation of the bill, which finally formally entered the Parliament on 23 April 2020.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: Lacalle announced his cabinet on 16 December 2019, which is formed by an electoral alliance, the Coalición Multicolor, which is made up of the National Party, the Colorado Party, Open Cabildo, the Independent Party and the Party of the People. He declared that it was going to be a "government of action", and that he wanted to form a "government that talks a lot with the people".


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: During Lacalle Pou's first days of presidency, Uruguay's foreign relations shifted substantially from those under Broad Front. After taking office, he condemned the government of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela. And also Lacalle decided not to invite him to his inauguration stating "it is a personal decision, which I take care of. This is not the Chancellery, this is not protocol, this is my person who made this decision". The presidents of Cuba and Nicaragua were not invited either. However, the Lacalle government refused to recognize Guaidó as legitimate President of Venezuela and instead recognized him as President of the National Assembly stating that recognizing Guaidó at the same time that Maduro is in power is a "step that for now we cannot take." In January 2021, the Lacalle government refused to recognize the new National Assembly, and stated that the Maduro's "dictatorial regime" violates the "rule of law."


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: Lacalle's government ordered the withdrawal of Uruguay from the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), arguing that it occurred because "it is an organization that became an ideological political alliance contrary to the country's objectives of linking." In addition, it was reported that the country would return to the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR) and that the government would support Luis Almagro in a re-election to the post of president of the Organization of American States. Lacalle has been in favor of a relaxation of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) rules, such as the common external tariff. He has also proposed to deepen the free trade zone.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: The COVID-19 pandemic emerged within the first days of Lacalle Pou's presidency. The first four cases, all imported, were reported on 13 March. On 14 March, Lacalle requested the cancellation of public performances, and the closure of some public places. An awareness campaign was launched and citizens were advised to stay home. A two-week suspension of classes at public and private schools was also announced. On 16 March, Lacalle issued an order to close all border crossings except Carrasco International Airport. The border with Argentina was closed effective 17 March at midnight.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: Lacalle refused to implement the lockdown, appealing for "individual freedom". On April, 17 he informed that his administration decided to create a group, made up of experts that would define methods and studies to advise the government. The experts would be: the mathematician, electrical engineer, and academic from the Latin American Academy of Sciences, Fernando Paganini; Dr. Rafael Radi, the first Uruguayan scientist at the National Academy of Sciences of the United States and president of the National Academy of Sciences of Uruguay; and Dr. Henry Cohen, President of the National Academy of Medicine and awarded as a Master by the World Gastroenterology Organisation in 2019. The group disbanded after 14 months.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: At the beginning, its measures were praised, when the country was facing a relative control of the situation and a low number of cases per day. By the beginning of 2021, infections started to increase to almost 8,000 cases per day, until the end of July when it started to decrease again. In January 2022, daily cases peaked at 14,000 cases per day for four months before declining.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: In April 2020, the Lacalle administration presented a bill "of urgent consideration" –power of the Executive Branch of the Government according to Article 168 of the Constitution. It contained modifications in different areas, such as the economy, public safety, education, and work. It was approved in both the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives, and signed into law on July 9, 2020. Opposition to the law consisted of the national trade union center PIT-CNT and the opposition party Broad Front, which launched a campaign to collect signatures to file a referendum appeal on 135 articles of the law. Finally, a referendum was held on March 27, 2022, in which the option not to repeal 135 of the law was imposed with 50% of the votes, compared to the option in favor of repeal with 48%.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: The government's plan to privatize public companies such as the telecommunications company ANTEL, the port of Montevideo and the national oil company ANCAP, led to large-scale demonstrations on September 15, 2021, in a well-attended 24-hour general strike called by the trade union movement. The strikers and demonstrators also want the government to take measures to fight unemployment and increase low wages.


title: Luis Lacalle Pou

text: Lacalle Pou, who has played many sports (rugby, soccer, tennis, boxing, etc.) in his youth, now enjoys surfing, a sport he has been practicing since the 1980s. He married Lorena Ponce de León in 2000, in a service conducted by Daniel Sturla in the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral. Together, they have three children: Luis Alberto, Violeta and Manuel. In May of 2022 the couple announced their separation and plans to get divorced.


title: Kami Cotler

text: Kami Cotler (born June 17, 1965) is an American actress and educator. She is best known for her role as young Elizabeth Walton, which she played in the series "The Waltons", and the television film "The Homecoming: A Christmas Story" (1971) which inspired it, as well as a number of later "Waltons" reunion productions.


title: Kami Cotler

text: Cotler reduced her acting roles while she attended the University of California, Berkeley, earning a degree in Social Sciences. Her first teaching job was at a small rural Virginia school in the Blue Ridge Mountains, much like the fictional one she attended on "The Waltons." Cotler returned to California in 2001 and took a position teaching 9th grade at Environmental Charter High School. In 2004, Cotler accepted the job as co-director of the Ocean Charter School, a position held until 2007 when she started her own educational consulting business. She served as the founding Principal of Environmental Charter Middle School, an educational facility in southern Los Angeles County, California. Cotler is a past board member of the American Montessori Society.


title: Kami Cotler

text: In addition to working as an educator, Cotler ran her own boutique travel company and managed a San Francisco cafe. She has reprised her role as the youngest Walton child in each of the Waltons' reunion movies and she occasionally makes speeches and personal appearances. In 2010, Cotler was seen on a "Waltons" cast reunion and series retrospective that aired on cable network INSP. She is married and has two children.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The Gospel of Barnabas is a non-canonical, pseudepigraphical gospel reportedly written by the early Christian disciple Barnabas, who (in this work) is one of the apostles of Jesus. It is about the same length as the four canonical gospels combined, largely harmonised from stories in the canonical gospels with Islamic elements such as the denial of Jesus' crucifixion. The gospel presents a detailed account of the life of Jesus. It begins with the nativity of Jesus, which includes the annunciation by the archangel Gabriel to Mary which precedes Jesus' birth. The gospel follows his ministry, ending with the message of Jesus to spread his teachings around the world. Judas Iscariot replaced Jesus at the crucifixion.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The gospel survives in two manuscripts (in Italian and Spanish), both dated to the Middle Ages. It is one of three works with Barnabas' name; the others are the Epistle of Barnabas and the Acts of Barnabas, although they are not related to each other. The earliest mention of the Gospel of Barnabas was in a 1634 manuscript by a Morisco which was found in Madrid, and the published reference to it may have been in the 1715 book "Menagiana" by the French poet Bernard de la Monnoye.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The gospel's origins and author have been debated; several theories are speculative, and none has general acceptance. The Gospel of Barnabas is dated to the 13th to 15th centuries, much too late to have been written by Barnabas (). Many of its teachings are synchronous with those in the Quran and oppose the Bible, especially the New Testament; some, however, contradict the Quran.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The Gospel of Barnabas, as long as the four canonical gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) combined, contains 222 chapters and about 75,000 words. Its original title, appearing on the cover of the Italian manuscript, is "The True Gospel of Jesus, Called Christ, a New Prophet Sent by God to the World: According to the Description of Barnabas His Apostle"; it follows a critique by the author, who claims to be the biblical Barnabas, of "all them that dwell upon the earth desireth peace and consolation" (including Paul the Apostle) who are "deceived by Satan into preaching a 'most impious doctrine' by 'calling Jesus son of God, repudiating the circumcision [...] and permitting every unclean meat'."


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: It appears to be a gospel harmony, focusing on the ministry and passion of Jesus. The gospel begins with combined elements of Matthew and Luke, such as the annunciation by the archangel Gabriel to Mary, the Adoration of the Magi, the massacre of the Innocents, the circumcision of Jesus, and his finding in the Temple. It then jumps to Jesus at age 30, when he goes to the Mount of Olives with his mother to gather olives; while praying there, he received the gospel from Gabriel. After this revelation, he tells his mother that he will no longer live with her. Jesus later goes to Jerusalem and begins preaching there. He appoints twelve apostles to accompany him during his ministry; the gospel mentions only ten, including Barnabas. The gospel follows teachings attributed to Jesus about the origins of circumcision, condemnation of the uncircumcised, and the life of Abraham (including his destruction of idols and the sacrifice of his son Ishmael).


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Chapter 39 contains the first of Jesus' nine mentions of Muhammad by name. The gospel recounts the transfiguration of Jesus and his proclamation of the messiah, Muhammad, who will come after him. After a number of his parables and teachings it describes his passion, beginning with his confrontations with the scribes and Pharisees about the woman taken in adultery. Mary is told by Gabriel about her son's forthcoming crucifixion and his protection from it; the high priest, Herod Antipas, and Pontius Pilate discuss what to do about him. Jesus and his disciples hide in Nicodemus' house, where they have the Last Supper. Judas Iscariot betrays him for thirty pieces of silver; God then commands Gabriel, Michael, Raphael, and Uriel to save Jesus by taking him "out by the window that looketh toward the South" to the third heaven.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Judas, whose face and speech are changed to resemble those of Jesus, returns to the house while the other disciples are sleeping. He is surprised to know that they think he is Jesus, and he is arrested. Pilate orders his crucifixion, and he is placed in Joseph of Arimathea's tomb. Jesus prays for the ability to see his mother and disciples and tell them what actually happened. He turns to Barnabas, whom he charges with writing about what occurred. The gospel ends with the dispersion of the disciples and another criticism of Paul.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The Gospel of Barnabas is dated from the 14th to the 17th centuries, too late to have been written by the biblical Barnabas (). It is one of three extant works bearing his name, along with the Epistle of Barnabas and the Acts of Barnabas. A "Gospel according to Barnabas" was first mentioned in the sixth-century Gelasian Decree, and was condemned as apocryphal. Another mention of a gospel using his name is in the seventh-century "List of the Sixty Books", or the "Catalogue of the Sixty Canonical Books". Historians are uncertain whether these refer to this Gospel of Barnabas, since no quotes have been preserved for confirmation.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The earliest reference to the gospel may have been in a 1634 letter in the Biblioteca Nacional de España written in Tunisia by Ibrahim al-Taybil (Juan Pérez in Spanish), an Arabic-Spanish translator and author. He referred to the "Gospel of Saint Barnabas, where one can find the light". The first published reference to the gospel was by the French poet Bernard de la Monnoye in his 1715 book, "Menagiana". Dutch orientalist Adriaan Reland referred to the gospel's Spanish version in his 1717 ("On the Mohammedan Religion"). The following year, a reference to the Italian version appeared in the Irish philosopher John Toland's ("The Nazarenes"). British Orientalist George Sale cited the Italian and Spanish manuscripts in his 1734 "The Preliminary Discourse to the Koran".


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: In , Toland said that he was shown the manuscript he called the "Mahometan Gospel" in 1709 in Amsterdam through an ambassador in the city and the anti-Trinitarian scholar Jean Frederic Cramer (counsellor of Frederick I of Prussia). His description is not detailed, and provides no information about the gospel's general contents. However, he quotes the opening of the gospel ("The true Gospel of Jesus called Christ, a new prophet sent by God to the world, according to the relation of Barnabas his apostle"); a fragment ("The Apostle Barnabas says, 'He gets the worst of it who overcomes in evil contentions; because he thus comes to have the more sin), and the ending:


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Jesus being gone, the Disciples scattered themselves into many parts of Israel, and of the rest of the world; and the truth, being hated of Satan, was persecuted by fals[e]hood, as it ever happens. For certain wicked man, under pretence of being Disciples, preached that Jesus was dead, and not risen again: others preached that Jesus was truly dead, and risen again: others preached, and still continued to preach, that Jesus is the Son of God, among which persons Paul has been deceived. We therefore, according to the measure of our knowledge, do preach to those who fear God, to the end that they may be saved at the last day of divine judgment; Amen. The end of the Gospel.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Dated to the end of the sixteenth century, the manuscript was anonymous. Toland observed that it was written on a "Turkish paper delicately gummed and polished", bound in the "Turkish manner", and the fine quality of its ink and orthography led him to assume that it was at least three hundred years old. In the appendix of his book, Toland wrote: "[I]t was an octavo volume six inches long, four broad, and one-and-a-half thick, and containing 229 leaves, each of about eighteen and nineteen lines." The manuscript was obtsined by Prince Eugene of Savoy in 1738 through Cramer, who wrote in a dedicatory preface that no Christian had ever been allowed to see it "although they strove with all means at their disposal to find it and take a look at it". It is currently held by the Austrian National Library.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The scholars Lonsdale and Laura Ragg published an English translation of the Italian manuscript by Oxford University Press in 1907. An Arabic translation, at the initiative of the Egyptian scholar Rashid Rida, was published the following year and became popular in the Muslim world; Saʿādeh, a Christian, translated it. Rida began publishing promotional excerpts and information about the Arabic translation before its publication in July 1907 in his magazine, . The Raggs' English translation (without their critical preface) became popular in 1973 in Pakistan, when it was published by M. A. Rahim and promoted as the "true gospel of Jesus" by local newspapers. In Indonesia, it was translated in 1969, 1970, and 1980; the 1970 translation, by and Abubakar Basymeleh, was republished with additional footnotes in 1987. Translations in Dutch (1990), German (1994), modern Italian, Persian (1927), Spanish, Turkish, and Urdu (1916) have also been published.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The Spanish manuscript was lost for more than a century; Sale became the only source for a detailed description in his 1734 book, "The Koran". He wrote, "The book is a moderate quarto [...] written in a very legible hand, but a little damaged towards the latter end. It contains two hundred and twenty-two chapters of unequal length, and four hundred and twenty pages." Sale saw the manuscript while it was still in the possession of rector George Holme. It later passed to Thomas Monkhouse, a fellow of The Queen's College, Oxford, and was seen by the Reverend Joseph White. White quoted several extracts from the English translation in a 1784 lecture, before the gospel's whereabouts became unknown.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: A Spanish Gospel of Barnabas was found at the University of Sydney's Fisher Library, among the books of Australian politician Charles Nicholson, in 1976. A copy of Sale's manuscript, made between 1736 and 1745, it is incomplete and has differences from the Italian manuscript; the subheaders of chapters 1–27 are missing. Only the first third of chapter 120 exists, ending on page 116 with a note: "Cap. 121 to 200 wanting". The next page continues with chapter 200, chapter 199 in the Italian manuscript (a discrepancy which continues until chapter 222 in the Spanish manuscript, 221 in the Italian). The Spanish 218th chapter has different lines, and the subheader ("In which the passion of Judas the Betrayer is recounted"). The Italian chapter 222 is missing from the Spanish manuscript. J. E. Fletcher, who discovered the latter, published his findings in the October 1976 issue of .


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Scholars note parallels in the manuscript to a series of Morisco forgeries (collectively known as the Lead Books of Sacromonte), which may date it to the 16th century. Claiming to be a translation of an Italian manuscriptprobably not the extant oneit opens with a prologue by Fra Marino (likely a pseudonym). According to Fra Marino, he first encountered writings by the Church Father Irenaeus which criticized Paul and referred to the Gospel of Barnabas. While with his friend Pope Sixtus V at a Vatican City library, he then found a copy of the Gospel of Barnabas and converted to Islam after reading it. Mustafa de Aranda, an Aragonese Muslim who lived in Istanbul (then Constantinople), is identified in the translator's note as the translator of the Italian manuscript into Spanish. Nothing further is known about this, and none of Irenaeus' writings mentioned the gospel. Through the University of Granada, Luis Bernabé Pons published the incomplete Spanish manuscript (with missing parts derived from the Italian manuscript) in a 1998 book entitled ("The Moorish Text of the Gospel of Saint Barnabas").


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: In 1985, Turkish media reported that an alleged Syriac-language copy of the Gospel of Barnabas had been found in the city of Hakkâri. The find was later confirmed as a canonical Bible.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: In February 2012, the Turkish press reported that the Ministry of Culture and Tourism confirmed that a 52-page biblical manuscript thought to be the Gospel of Barnabas had been deposited at the Ethnography Museum of Ankara. The manuscript was reportedly found in Cyprus in 2000 in a police anti-smuggling operation, and had been in a police repository since then. Photographs of a cover page were widely published, on which can be read an inscription in a neo-Aramaic hand: "In the name of our Lord, this book is written on the hands of the monks of the high monastery in Nineveh, in the 1,500th year of our Lord."


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: This finding was reported by the mass media as being a 1500-year-old manuscript of the Gospel of Barnabas with prophecies of the coming of Muhammad perhaps confusing the date inscription, which would be 1,500 AD with 1,500 years ago. No further report has been published.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The Gospel of Barnabas is probably of late-medieval or later origin, since its author is familiar with works during this period. Nothing is known about its author, however; many hypotheses have been made, but none is conclusive. Researchers who argue for an Italian origin note its similarities to Dante Alighieri's early-14th-century "Divine Comedy". Barnabas says that God made nine heavens (in contrast to the Quran's seven, and uses Dante's catchphrase ("false and lying gods") three times. Others also find textual similarities between passages in the gospel and late-medieval vernacular harmonies of the canonical gospels, speculated as deriving from a lost Vetus Latina version of the second-century "Diatessaron".


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The gospel has been hypothesized as having Spanish origins or connections. Spanish academic Mikel de Epalza suggested that the Italian manuscript was created by a Spaniard, with elements of Tuscan and Venetian dialects. Epalza said that the author may have been a Spanish student at the University of Bologna (where the dialects were spoken), since Spaniards commonly studied there during the Middle Ages. Analysis indicates linguistic errors in the manuscript, demonstrating the author's unfamiliarity with Italian. Author David Fox wrote about Arabic gospel forgeries written in 1588 by two Moriscos in Granada, theorizing that the Gospel of Barnabas may have been another Morisco forgery.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: This theory also leads other researchers to advocate a Spanish priority; they believe that the preface in the Spanish manuscript was a fabrication, a "mere literary device". According to Luis Bernabé Pons, the Lead Books of Sacromonte (found in Granada in 1595) were meant to begin the Gospel of Barnabas. The books, written on round lead leaves, deal with the arrival of James the Great and his disciples in Spain. The books say that James was tasked to hide them in Spain, where a priest (helped by Arabs) would discover them. The "great conqueror king of the Arab kings"probably referring to the Ottoman Empirelater summoned a council in Cyprus, the traditional site of Barnabas' martyrdom. Pons said that Barnabus' name was used because the Lead Books were "suspected and scrutinized" for Islamic content, including the . The plan failed when the Moriscos were expelled between 1609 and 1614.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: A comparison of the Italian and Spanish texts indicates several places where the Spanish reading appears secondary; words or phrases necessary for meaning are missing from the Spanish text, but appear in the Italian. Biblical scholar Jan Joosten hypothesized a lost Italian original, which he dated to the mid-14th century and may have been used by both manuscripts. Joosten noted that the Spanish text adapts a number of "Italianisms". The Italian text uses the conjunction ("therefore"), and the Spanish text reads ("however"); the Italian word is the one required in the context. Only the Spanish reading makes sense in several passages, however, and many features of the Italian text are not found in the Spanish.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Jan Slomp wrote in "Islamochristiana" that the names in the Spanish manuscript (Fra Marino and Mustafa de Aranda) may refer to the same person, since converts at the time often changed their names. Slomp said that they may have been a Jew, with the name "Fra Marino" based on : a derisive term for (Jewish converts to Catholicism). Other theories about an Arabic original are based on Sale's description of an Arabic gospel popular among Muslims, attributed to Barnabas, which he had never seen. The Raggs assumed that Sale misunderstood Toland's challenge to Muslims in "Nazarenus" to produce a gospel similar to Barnabas'. No further proof for it exists, and Sale's conjecture has been generally dismissed by researchers.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The Gospel of Barnabas contains geographic, historic, and linguistic anachronisms. According to the Raggs, they prove its medieval origins and the author's ignorance of first-century Palestine. Anachronisms include:


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Scholarly analysis indicates that the Gospel of Barnabas had an anti-Pauline tone, most clearly shown in its prologue and epilogue; these depict Paul preaching a perverted version of Jesus' teachings, and as "deceived" in thinking that Jesus was God (or the Son of God). In his "Connecting with Muslims: A Guide to Communicating Effectively" (2014), Lebanese author and Christian missionary Fouad Masri called the gospel anachronistic; in the Acts of the Apostles, Barnabus was Paul's best friend and not an enemy. For the "Journal of Higher Criticism", R. Blackhirst wrote that the Epistle to the Galatians account of conflict between Paul and Barnabas may have been why the gospel's author attributed it to Barnabas.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: In the Gospel of Barnabas, Jesus was not crucified. Judas Iscariot (whose face was made to resemble his) replaced him on the cross, and Jesus was raised into heaven by God. This agrees with the mainstream interpretations of An-Nisa 157–158, affirming that Jesus was not crucified but instead his lookalike was:


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: "We killed Christ, Jesus the son of Mary, the messenger of God." And they did not kill him, and they did not crucify him, but it was made to appear so to them. And those who have differed about it are in doubt about it: they do not have knowledge about it, but only the following of supposition. They did not kill him for certain. God raised him up unto Himself; and God is Exalted in Power, Wise.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Like the Quran, in its narrative of Jesus' crucifixion the gospel is thought to be influenced by (or adopt) docetism: a heterodox doctrine that Jesus' human form was an illusion. David Sox wrote that the Gospel of Barnabus' portrayal of Judas Iscariot is more sympathetic than that in the canonical gospels, where he is cast as a villainous betrayer; in Christian tradition, his name is synonymous with one who deceives under the guise of friendship. The Raggs said that since the alleged substitution in the Quran is unnamed and unexplained, the author of the gospel attempted to fill this void.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Ghulam Murtaza Azad described the gospel as a medieval forgery in "Islamic Studies", but found its narrative more reasonable than that of the canonical gospels: "A man who is not religious minded can hardly believe that a person who wrought such great miracles could not save himself from humiliation and cross. The Christians say that he was crucified in order to save mankind from their sins. This explanation of crucifixion is strange and difficult to understand. And stranger than that is that the traitor was saved and the master was hanged." In his "Understand My Muslim People" (2004), Abraham Sarker wrote that the narrative is popular in Quranic exegesis.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: In accordance with As-Saff 6, Muslims believe that Jesus was the forerunner of Muhammad and predicted Muhammad's coming:


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: And remember Jesus, the son of Mary, said: 'O Children of Israel! I am the apostle of God (sent) to you, confirming that which is between my hands from the Torah, and giving glad tidings of an apostle to come after me, whose name shall be Ahmad.' But, when he came to them with clear signs, they said, 'this is evident sorcery.'


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: In Islam, the word (Arabic for "the praised one") refers to Muhammad. The Gospel of Barnabas contains a number of sayings attributed to Jesus, who Muslims believe predicted the coming of Muhammad. The gospel places Jesus in the role played by John the Baptist in the canonical gospels; this appears to contradict the Quran, however, which says that Jesus was the promised messiah.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: According to the Nicene Creed, the concept of the Trinity means that God is one and also exists consubstantially as three persons (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit); Jesus is the Son. Trinitarianism is rejected by Islam, which believes in the concept of (indivisible oneness) and considers the Trinity a equating God with his creation. Muslims believe that, like other Islamic prophets, Jesus was human and never claimed to be God. The Gospel of Barnabas contains statements, attributed to Jesus, in which he denies being the Son of God. The gospel says that Jesus appeared to be crucified as punishment for people who claimed his divinity, and Muhammad was sent later to reveal the deception.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The Gospel of Barnabas is not accepted by Christians, who consider it inferior to the four canonical gospels and a forgery. According to Togardo Siburian of the , it is often used "by [Muslim] propagandists in a guerrilla manner to prey on Christians with weak theological commitments. This is what is said to be the efficacy of the book, as new material for the stealth 'Islamization' of Christian churches today." Jan Joosten called it a "hotchpotch of Christian, Jewish, and Muslim materials". J. N. J. Kritzinger wrote for "Religion in Southern Africa" that the gospel is an obstacle to Christian–Muslim interfaith dialogue, and neither side should use it to discredit the other's religion. Christian theologian Norman Geisler criticised Muslims who use it to validate their arguments:


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: It is not surprising that Muslim apologists appeal to the Gospel of Barnabas in that it supports a central Islamic teaching in contrast to the New Testament. It claims that Jesus did not die on the cross [...] Rather, it argues that Judas Iscariot died in Jesus' stead [...] having been substituted for him at the last minute. This view has been adopted by many Muslims, since the vast majority of them believe that someone else was substituted on the cross for Jesus.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Jan Slomp wrote that it was difficult to understand the absence of mentions of the gospel in early Islamic writings if it had existed since antiquity, a view shared by A. H. Mathias Zahniser in his "The Mission and Death of Jesus in Islam and Christianity" (2017). Slomp called it a "conscious attempt at imitating a "Diatessaron"". Egyptian Catholic philosopher wrote for the 1971 "Encyclopaedia of Islam", "The appearance of a forgery entitled the Gospel of Barnabas put into the hands of the Muslim polemicists [...] a new weapon whose effects on the ordinary public, and even on some insufficiently informed members of universities are felt even today." A critical book, William F. Campbell's "The Gospel of Barnabas: Its True Value", was published in 1989.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The Gospel of Barnabas is a bestseller in the Muslim world, and popular in Islamic apologetics. Some have identified it as the Injil, one of four Islamic holy books sent by God. About the gospel's generally-positive reception in the Muslim world, Scottish orientalist W. Montgomery Watt said that it is not uncommon for Muslims to be persuaded to believe in it without question; some are unaware of the scholarly consensus that it is a forgery. According to German scholar Christine Schirrmacher, Muslim positivity about the gospel is based on its claim of being written by an eyewitness and disagreement (favoured by Islam) with mainstream Christian doctrines.


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: Among Muslims, the gospel was first cited by Pakistani scholar Rahmatullah Kairanawi in his (1853). It became more popular after the 1908 publication of Rashid Rida's Arabic translation. According to Pakistani scholar Abul A'la Maududi, the Gospel of Barnabus is "more genuine than the four canonical gospels". Rida agreed that it was "superior" to the canonical gospels in its "divine knowledge, glorification of the Creator, and knowledge of ethics, manners and values". During a 1940 course at Al-Azhar University, Egyptian intellectual Muhammad Abu Zahra challenged Christians to study and refute the gospel: "The most significant service to the religions and to humanity would be that the church take the trouble to study the gospel according to Barnabas and refute it and to bring us the proofs on which this refutation is based."


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: At a 1976 Christian–Muslim dialogue in Libya, each Muslim delegate first received copies of the Gospel of Barnabas and the Quran; the gospel was withdrawn after a protest by the Vatican. Rahim published "Jesus: A Prophet of Islam", defending the gospel, in 1979. M. A. Yusseff wrote in "The Dead Sea Scrolls, The Gospel of Barnabas, and the New Testament" (1985) that no other gospels can equal its authenticity. A 2007 Iranian film, "The Messiah", was apparently based on the gospel and was the first film to depict Jesus from Christian and Islamic perspectives. It had a mixed critical response, praised for "generating interfaith dialogue" but criticised for its controversial account of the crucifixion. Director Nader Talebzadeh said, "I pray for Christians. They've been misled. They will realize one day the true story."


title: Gospel of Barnabas

text: The Gospel of Barnabas is criticized by Muslim scholars, who reject it partially or completely. According to American scholar Amina Inloes, the many differences between the gospel and the Quran dilute its importance. In the January 1977 issue of the "Islamic World League" journal, Syrian writer Yahya al-Hashimi called it a polemic by a Jew to generate hostility between Christians and Muslims. Al-Hashimi said that there was no need to use apocryphal gospels to prove that Muhammad was a prophet, because he believed Muhammad had been foretold by Jesus as the Paraclete in the Gospel of John. Egyptian literary critic Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad cited several reasons to reject the gospel, including the use of Andalusi Arabic phrases and teachings which conflict with the Quran.


title: Spencer List

text: Spencer List (born April 6, 1998) is an American actor. List is best known from the Fox show "Fringe" where he played a mysterious mute child in the episode "Inner Child". He has played Carter in "The Fosters" and its spin-off "Good Trouble". He has also been on "" in which he played Tate, the son of Leland Orser's character, Kevin Walker. List appeared in Jack Ketchum's "Offspring" in 2009. He made a guest appearance on the Disney Channel show "Bunk'd" in the episode "Luke's Back" as a Camp Champion camper named Eric (alongside his twin sister, Peyton List, who portrays Emma Ross, a camp counselor in training for Camp Kikiwaka).


title: 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season

text: The 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season (known as Harvey Norman Super Rugby Pacific in Australia and DHL Super Rugby Pacific in New Zealand) is the 27th season of Super Rugby, an annual rugby union competition organised by SANZAAR between teams from Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Samoa and Tonga. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the previous seasons were replaced with Super Rugby Unlocked, Super Rugby Aotearoa and Super Rugby AU in 2020, and Super Rugby Aotearoa, Super Rugby AU, and Super Rugby Trans-Tasman in 2021. The 2022 edition will revert to a 12-team competition, with a single pool replacing the geographical conference system, as well as introducing a new name for the reformatted competition. The season is expected to run from 18 February, with the final to be played on 18 June - culminating before the start of the mid-year international window.


title: 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season

text: With the exclusion or withdrawal of the Argentine , the Japanese , and the South African , , and sides at the conclusion of the 2020 Super Rugby season, three new teams were announced to make up the 12 team tournament. The Fiji Rugby Union's domestic team, the , having previously competed in the Australian National Rugby Championship from 2017 to 2019, were announced as one addition to the competition. The newly created franchise, representing players from Samoa and Tonga and other Pacific Islands, also successfully put forth a bid to join the competition. The also returned to Super Rugby, following their exclusion at the end of the 2017 Super Rugby season and following on from their inclusion in Super Rugby AU and Super Rugby Trans-Tasman in both 2020 and 2021.


title: 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season

text: The competition was again affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with the competitions fixtures being revised in December 2021, due to border restriction in New Zealand. Then in January, the announced their Round 1 and Round 4 home matches would be swapped to away matches, due to border restrictions in Western Australia. In February, it was announced that the New Zealand sides (and ) would enter a bio-bubble in Queenstown, New Zealand due to the threat of COVID-19 with all NZ-based matches being played at or . Despite this, it was announced that the Round 1 match between and the would be postponed due to COVID-19 cases within the Moana Pasifika squad.


title: 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season

text: The 12 participating teams will not be divided into geographical conferences, instead playing 14 regular season games: the 12 teams facing each other once in a home-and-away format for 11 games, and the remaining 3 games to be played with an emphasis on derby matches; with the Fijian Drua associated with the Australian sides and Moana Pasifika with the New Zealand sides, given they were based there. It is likely that the Drua and Moana Pasifika will also develop a rivalry, both being Pacific Island teams.


title: 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season

text: The top eight teams at the conclusion of the regular season qualified for the play-offs. For the quarterfinals, the first-ranked team played the eighth-ranked team, the second-ranked team played the seventh-ranked, the third-ranked played the sixth-ranked and the fourth-ranked team played the fifth-ranked. The quarterfinal winners progressed to the Semifinal, and the winners of the semifinals advanced to the final. The higher ranked team hosted each playoff match.


title: 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season

text: The table below shows each team's progression throughout the season. For each round, their cumulative points total is shown with the overall log position in brackets:


title: 2022 Super Rugby Pacific season

text: The fixtures for the 2022 Super Rugby Pacific competition were released on 15 November 2021. On 23 December 2021, a revised draw was announced due to complications surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Nintendo Direct is a series of online presentation or live shows produced by Nintendo, where information regarding the company's upcoming content or franchises is presented, such as information about games and consoles. The presentations began in Japan and North America with the first edition on October 21, 2011, before later expanding to Europe, Australia, and South Korea.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: For subjects of a general worldwide appeal, a single Nintendo Direct is often localized for a simultaneous international broadcast. Usually, these will be recorded in Japanese and presented by a Japanese presenter. Prior to Nintendo president Satoru Iwata's death, he would host Directs in both English and Japanese, with other languages' presentations being subtitled.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Upon Iwata's death, Nintendo Directs did not receive a worldwide host until 2017, when Yoshiaki Koizumi from Nintendo EPD took over this role. Since 2018, Koizumi has shared this responsibility with Shinya Takahashi. E3 Directs sometimes featured Reggie Fils-Aime as a host for a short period of time until his departure in 2019.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Since 2017, the Japanese presenter and any narrators' roles will be dubbed or subtitled for international release, including into English.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Presentations scheduled for around the time of the Electronic Entertainment Expo were originally produced by Nintendo of America, presented in English and dubbed or subtitled into other languages for international broadcast. Since 2019, E3 directs are produced by Nintendo of Japan, presented in Japanese and dubbed or subtitled into other languages for international broadcast.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: In Japan, Nintendo Directs were most commonly presented by Nintendo's global president Satoru Iwata until his death in 2015. Yoshiaki Koizumi started serving as host in 2017. Shinya Takahashi started sharing the hosting duties with Koizumi in 2018.