title: Nintendo Direct

text: Since 2017, Japan has hosted region-specific "Indie World" presentations, focusing on indie games published for Nintendo Switch.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Directs focused on "Super Smash Bros." are typically hosted by series creator and director Masahiro Sakurai.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: In North America, the videos were often presented by Nintendo of America president, Reggie Fils-Aimé (before he retired in 2019), and Bill Trinen.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: For international Directs produced in Japan since 2017, Nintendo of America would air a dubbed version of the Direct in English; although a notable exception of having it subtitled instead of dubbed were the "Mr. Sakurai Presents" presentations starting with "Min Min" from "ARMS" in 2020 and up until the final presentation with "Sora" from "Kingdom Hearts" in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic making it difficult to record the voice-overs. Both the presenter and narrator are dubbed by separate narrators.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Since 2017, Nintendo of America has aired presentations focusing on indie games published for Nintendo Switch. Between 2017 and 2019, these were branded as "Nindies Showcase", before aligning their branding to the Japanese "Indie World" banner. These presentations were usually hosted by Bill Trinen.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: European Directs were presented by former Nintendo of Europe president, Satoru Shibata and Ed Valiente. These presentations were also broadcast in Australia.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Australia generally only airs the European output, but one Direct was created specifically for the region, broadcast on September 24, 2014. This Direct was hosted by Tom Enoki.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: For international Directs produced in Japan since 2017, Nintendo of Europe airs the original Japanese audio for the presenters, but uses an English dub for the narrated sections. These are then subtitled for broadcast in other languages. Since 2019, the ""Pokémon" Direct"/""Pokémon" Presents" are the only Directs that are dubbed for Europe and Australia in English, however, they are subtitled in different languages with the English dub.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Since 2017, Nintendo of Europe has broadcast presentations focusing on indie games published for Nintendo Switch. From 2017 to 2018, Nintendo of Europe broadcast the American "Nindies Showcase" presentations. In 2018 and 2019, Nintendo of Europe hosted its own "Indie Highlights" videos. Since 2019, they returned to broadcasting Nintendo of America's presentations, now under the "Indie World" banner.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: South Korea has also aired exclusive Nintendo Directs hosted by Nintendo of Korea president, Hiroyuki Fukuda.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Outside of the general Nintendo Direct presentations, which cover a range of titles, there are also Directs centred around specific titles or series. These are usually presented by the producer or director of the game or series, or employ a narrator.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Since June 2013, in lieu of traditional large-scale Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) press conferences, Nintendo has opted to utilize the Nintendo Direct platform as an alternative method of conveying its news. Speaking at an annual March financial results briefing just two months prior, Nintendo CEO Satoru Iwata stated that the company's decision was determined by the fact that “different people demand different types of information”, and that the Nintendo Direct platform had established itself to the point that Nintendo would “be able to deliver [their] messages more appropriately and effectively … based on the various needs of different groups of people”. Christopher Dring of "GamesIndustry.biz" observed that the last press conference that Nintendo held at E3 in 2012 featured too much of a mix between Nintendo's new hardware for the Wii U and game announcements. Compared to other press conferences held that year, Nintendo's presentation left little for fans of the company to be excited for. By switching to Nintendo Directs, Dring opined that the company was able to better connect to fans using the Nintendo Direct presentations, made the faces of Nintendo's executives more visible, as well as having Directs outside of the E3 cycle to provide more frequent updates on game and hardware releases.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: During the stream of the prerecorded broadcast for E3 2013, Nintendo's website suffered from technical difficulties in the form of overloaded servers, rendering the live video unwatchable for many viewers, and prompting an official apology from Satoru Iwata. Despite these difficulties, Nintendo of America President Reggie Fils-Aimé noted that secondary viewership following the initial broadcast still worked to popularize product promotion.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: The following year, in addition to the Direct, the company added "Nintendo Treehouse: Live @ E3" live streams to their presence at the trade event. Named after the Product Development department at Nintendo of America, these are daily streams from the show floor that feature NoA localization staff and game developers demoing and giving in-depth coverage of titles that were announced during that year's Direct. The year also began a trend of Nintendo hosting a game tournament sometime during the week, in which the participants compete in titles that had yet to be released.


title: Nintendo Direct

text: Alongside Nintendo Direct presentations, other Nintendo-produced online presentations without "Direct" in its name are listed.


title: Kowtow

text: A kowtow is the act of deep respect shown by prostration, that is, kneeling and bowing so low as to have one's head touching the ground. In Sinospheric culture, the kowtow is the highest sign of reverence. It was widely used to show reverence for one's elders, superiors, and especially the Emperor of China, as well as for religious and cultural objects of worship. In modern times, usage of the kowtow has been reduced.


title: Kowtow

text: An alternative Chinese term is "ketou"; however, the meaning is somewhat altered: "kou" () has the general meaning of "knock", whereas "ke" () has the general meaning of "touch upon (a surface)", "tou" () meaning head. The date of this custom's origin is probably sometime during the Spring and Autumn period or the Warring States period of China's history (771–221 BC), because it was a custom by the time of the Qin dynasty (221 BC – 206 BC).


title: Kowtow

text: In Imperial Chinese protocol, the kowtow was performed before the Emperor of China. Depending on the solemnity of the situation different grades of kowtow would be used. In the most solemn of ceremonies, for example at the coronation of a new Emperor, the Emperor's subjects would undertake the ceremony of the "three kneelings and nine kowtows", the so-called grand kowtow, which involves kneeling from a standing position three times, and each time, performing the kowtow three times while kneeling. Immanuel Hsu describes the "full kowtow" as "three kneelings and nine knockings of the head on the ground".


title: Kowtow

text: As government officials represented the majesty of the Emperor while carrying out their duties, commoners were also required to kowtow to them in formal situations. For example, a commoner brought before a local magistrate would be required to kneel and kowtow. A commoner is then required to remain kneeling, whereas a person who has earned a degree in the Imperial examinations is permitted a seat.


title: Kowtow

text: Since one is required by Confucian philosophy to show great reverence to one's parents and grandparents, children may also be required to kowtow to their elderly ancestors, particularly on special occasions. For example, at a wedding, the marrying couple was traditionally required to kowtow to both sets of parents, as acknowledgement of the debt owed for their nurturing.


title: Kowtow

text: Confucius believed there was a natural harmony between the body and mind and therefore, whatever actions were expressed through the body would be transferred over to the mind. Because the body is placed in a low position in the kowtow, the idea is that one will naturally convert to his or her mind a feeling of respect. What one does to oneself influences the mind. Confucian philosophy held that respect was important for a society, making bowing an important ritual.


title: Kowtow

text: The kowtow, and other traditional forms of reverence, were much maligned after the May Fourth Movement. Today, only vestiges of the traditional usage of the kowtow remain. In many situations, the standing bow has replaced the kowtow. For example, some, but not all, people would choose to kowtow before the grave of an ancestor, or while making traditional offerings to an ancestor. Direct descendants may also kowtow at the funeral of an ancestor, while others would simply bow. During a wedding, some couples may kowtow to their respective parents, though the standing bow is today more common. In extreme cases, the kowtow can be used to express profound gratitude, apology, or to beg for forgiveness.


title: Kowtow

text: The kowtow remains alive as part of a formal induction ceremony in certain traditional trades that involve apprenticeship or discipleship. For example, Chinese martial arts schools often require a student to kowtow to a master. Likewise, traditional performing arts often also require the kowtow.


title: Kowtow

text: Prostration is a general practice in Buddhism, and not restricted to China. The kowtow is often performed in groups of three before Buddhist statues and images or tombs of the dead. In Buddhism it is more commonly termed either "worship with the crown (of the head)" (頂禮 ding li) or "casting the five limbs to the earth" (五體投地 wuti tou di)—referring to the two arms, two legs and forehead. For example, in certain ceremonies, a person would perform a sequence of three sets of three kowtows—stand up and kneel down again between each set—as an extreme gesture of respect; hence the term "three kneelings and nine head knockings" (). Also, some Buddhist pilgrims would kowtow once for every three steps made during their long journeys, the number three referring to the Triple Gem of Buddhism, the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha. Prostration is widely practiced in India by Hindus to give utmost respect to their deities in temples and to parents and elders. Nowadays in modern times people show the regards to elders by bowing down and touching their feet.


title: Kowtow

text: The word "kowtow" came into English in the early 19th century to describe the bow itself, but its meaning soon shifted to describe any abject submission or groveling. The term is still commonly used in English with this meaning, disconnected from the physical act and the East Asian context.


title: Kowtow

text: Dutch ambassador Isaac Titsingh did not refuse to kowtow during the course of his 1794–1795 mission to the imperial court of the Qianlong Emperor. The members of the Titsingh mission, including Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest and Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes, made every effort to conform with the demands of the complex Imperial court etiquette.


title: Kowtow

text: The Qing courts gave bitter feedback to the Afghan emir Ahmad Shah when its Afghan envoy, presenting four splendid horses to Qianlong in 1763, refused to perform the kowtow. Coming amid tense relations between the Qing and Durrani empires, Chinese officials forbade the Afghans from sending envoys to Beijing in the future.


title: Kowtow

text: On two occasions, the kowtow was performed by Chinese envoys to a foreign ruler – specifically the Russian Tsar. T'o-Shih, Qing emissary to Russia whose mission to Moscow took place in 1731, kowtowed before Tsarina Anna, as per instructions by the Yongzheng Emperor, as did Desin, who led another mission the next year to the new Russian capital at St. Petersburg. Hsu notes that the Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng's predecessor, explicitly ordered that Russia be given a special status in Qing foreign relations by not being included among tributary states, i.e. recognition as an implicit equal of China.


title: Kowtow

text: The kowtow was often performed in intra-Asian diplomatic relations as well. In 1636, after being defeated by the invading Manchus, King Injo of Joseon (Korea) was forced to surrender by kowtowing three times to pledge tributary status to the Qing Emperor, Hong Taiji. As was customary of all Asian envoys to Qing China, Joseon envoys kowtowed three times to the Qing emperor during their visits to China, continuing until 1896, when the Korean Empire withdrew its tributary status from Qing as a result of the First Sino-Japanese War.


title: Kowtow

text: The King of the Ryukyu Kingdom also had to kneel three times on the ground and touch his head nine times to the ground (), to show his allegiance to the Chinese emperors.


title: Robert Fox (producer)

text: Robert Michael John Fox (born 25 March 1952) is an English theatre and film producer, whose work includes the 2002 film "The Hours".


title: Robert Fox (producer)

text: He was born the third son of theatrical agent Robin Fox and actress Angela Worthington. He is the younger brother of actors Edward Fox and James Fox. The actress Emilia Fox is his niece and the actors Laurence Fox and Freddie Fox are his nephews. His maternal grandfather was playwright Frederick Lonsdale. Fox was educated at Harrow School.


title: Robert Fox (producer)

text: His productions include "Another Country", "Burn This" starring John Malkovich; the world premiere of Arthur Miller's "The Ride Down Mt. Morgan"; Edward Albee's "Three Tall Women"; many plays by David Hare: "Skylight" with Michael Gambon and Lia Williams, "Amy's View" with Judi Dench, and "The Breath of Life" with Maggie Smith and Judi Dench.


title: Robert Fox (producer)

text: Other Fox productions include "Hedda Gabler", "Closer" by Patrick Marber, "The Lady in the Van" by Alan Bennett starring Maggie Smith and directed by Nicholas Hytner; a revival of Pinter's "The Caretaker" with Michael Gambon, "" on Broadway; "The Boy from Oz" starring Hugh Jackman; and "The Pillowman" by Martin McDonagh starring Billy Crudup and Jeff Goldblum.


title: Robert Fox (producer)

text: Fox is currently co-producing two new plays: on Broadway, "The Vertical Hour" by David Hare starring Julianne Moore and Bill Nighy, and in the West End, "Frost/Nixon" by Peter Morgan with Frank Langella and Michael Sheen at the Gielgud Theatre.


title: Robert Fox (producer)

text: Fox executive-produced the film of "Closer", directed by Mike Nichols and starring Julia Roberts, Jude Law, Clive Owen and Natalie Portman. Before that, he produced "The Hours" with Scott Rudin, directed by Stephen Daldry, starring Nicole Kidman, Meryl Streep and Julianne Moore; and "Iris" (Miramax/Mirage) directed by Richard Eyre, starring Judi Dench, Kate Winslet and Jim Broadbent, both of which garnered Oscars in 2003. Other credits include executive producer on "Another Country"; a television film of "Suddenly, Last Summer" with Maggie Smith; and "A Month by the Lake" for starring Vanessa Redgrave, Edward Fox and Uma Thurman. He co-produced "Notes on a Scandal" for Fox Searchlight starring Cate Blanchett and Judi Dench.


title: Robert Fox (producer)

text: Fox is married to Fiona Golfar, with whom he has two children, Joe and Molly. He was previously married to Celestia Sporborg, with whom he had three children, Chloe, Sam and Louisa, and to the actress Natasha Richardson from 1990–1992.


title: Avionics

text: Avionics (a blend of "aviation" and "electronics") are the electronic systems used on aircraft. Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions. These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airborne early warning platform.


title: Avionics

text: The term "avionics" was coined in 1949 by Philip J. Klass, senior editor at "Aviation Week & Space Technology" magazine as a portmanteau of "aviation electronics".


title: Avionics

text: Radio communication was first used in aircraft just prior to World War I. The first airborne radios were in zeppelins, but the military sparked development of light radio sets that could be carried by heavier-than-air craft, so that aerial reconnaissance biplanes could report their observations immediately in case they were shot down. The first experimental radio transmission from an airplane was conducted by the US Navy in August 1910. The first aircraft radios transmitted by radiotelegraphy, so they required two-seat aircraft with a second crewman to tap on a telegraph key to spell out messages by Morse code. During World War I, AM voice two way radio sets were made possible in 1917 by the development of the triode vacuum tube, which were simple enough that the pilot in a single seat aircraft could use it while flying.


title: Avionics

text: Radar, the central technology used today in aircraft navigation and air traffic control, was developed by several nations, mainly in secret, as an air defense system in the 1930s during the runup to World War II. Many modern avionics have their origins in World War II wartime developments. For example, autopilot systems that are commonplace today began as specialized systems to help bomber planes fly steadily enough to hit precision targets from high altitudes. Britain's 1940 decision to share its radar technology with its US ally, particularly the magnetron vacuum tube, in the famous Tizard Mission, significantly shortened the war. Modern avionics is a substantial portion of military aircraft spending. Aircraft like the F-15E and the now retired F-14 have roughly 20 percent of their budget spent on avionics. Most modern helicopters now have budget splits of 60/40 in favour of avionics.


title: Avionics

text: The civilian market has also seen a growth in cost of avionics. Flight control systems (fly-by-wire) and new navigation needs brought on by tighter airspaces, have pushed up development costs. The major change has been the recent boom in consumer flying. As more people begin to use planes as their primary method of transportation, more elaborate methods of controlling aircraft safely in these high restrictive airspaces have been invented.


title: Avionics

text: Avionics plays a heavy role in modernization initiatives like the Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) Next Generation Air Transportation System project in the United States and the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) initiative in Europe. The Joint Planning and Development Office put forth a roadmap for avionics in six areas:


title: Avionics

text: The Aircraft Electronics Association reports $1.73 billion avionics sales for the first three quarters of 2017 in business and general aviation, a 4.1% yearly improvement: 73.5% came from North America, forward-fit represented 42.3% while 57.7% were retrofits as the U.S. deadline of January 1, 2020 for mandatory ADS-B out approach.


title: Avionics

text: The cockpit of an aircraft is a typical location for avionic equipment, including control, monitoring, communication, navigation, weather, and anti-collision systems. The majority of aircraft power their avionics using 14- or 28‑volt DC electrical systems; however, larger, more sophisticated aircraft (such as airliners or military combat aircraft) have AC systems operating at 400 Hz, 115 volts AC. There are several major vendors of flight avionics, including The Boeing Company, Panasonic Avionics Corporation, Honeywell (which now owns Bendix/King), Universal Avionics Systems Corporation, Rockwell Collins (now Collins Aerospace), Thales Group, GE Aviation Systems, Garmin, Raytheon, Parker Hannifin, UTC Aerospace Systems (now Collins Aerospace), Selex ES (now Leonardo S.p.A.), Shadin Avionics, and Avidyne Corporation.


title: Avionics

text: International standards for avionics equipment are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC) and published by ARINC.


title: Avionics

text: Communications connect the flight deck to the ground and the flight deck to the passengers. On‑board communications are provided by public-address systems and aircraft intercoms.


title: Avionics

text: The VHF aviation communication system works on the airband of 118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz. Each channel is spaced from the adjacent ones by 8.33 kHz in Europe, 25 kHz elsewhere. VHF is also used for line of sight communication such as aircraft-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-ATC. Amplitude modulation (AM) is used, and the conversation is performed in simplex mode. Aircraft communication can also take place using HF (especially for trans-oceanic flights) or satellite communication.


title: Avionics

text: Air navigation is the determination of position and direction on or above the surface of the Earth. Avionics can use satellite navigation systems (such as GPS and WAAS), inertial navigation system (INS), ground-based radio navigation systems (such as VOR or LORAN), or any combination thereof. Some navigation systems such as GPS calculate the position automatically and display it to the flight crew on moving map displays. Older ground-based Navigation systems such as VOR or LORAN requires a pilot or navigator to plot the intersection of signals on a paper map to determine an aircraft's location; modern systems calculate the position automatically and display it to the flight crew on moving map displays.


title: Avionics

text: The first hints of glass cockpits emerged in the 1970s when flight-worthy cathode ray tube (CRT) screens began to replace electromechanical displays, gauges and instruments. A "glass" cockpit refers to the use of computer monitors instead of gauges and other analog displays. Aircraft were getting progressively more displays, dials and information dashboards that eventually competed for space and pilot attention. In the 1970s, the average aircraft had more than 100 cockpit instruments and controls.


title: Avionics

text: Glass cockpits started to come into being with the Gulfstream G‑IV private jet in 1985. One of the key challenges in glass cockpits is to balance how much control is automated and how much the pilot should do manually. Generally they try to automate flight operations while keeping the pilot constantly informed.


title: Avionics

text: Aircraft have means of automatically controlling flight. Autopilot was first invented by Lawrence Sperry during World War I to fly bomber planes steady enough to hit accurate targets from 25,000 feet. When it was first adopted by the U.S. military, a Honeywell engineer sat in the back seat with bolt cutters to disconnect the autopilot in case of emergency. Nowadays most commercial planes are equipped with aircraft flight control systems in order to reduce pilot error and workload at landing or takeoff.


title: Avionics

text: The first simple commercial auto-pilots were used to control heading and altitude and had limited authority on things like thrust and flight control surfaces. In helicopters, auto-stabilization was used in a similar way. The first systems were electromechanical. The advent of fly-by-wire and electro-actuated flight surfaces (rather than the traditional hydraulic) has increased safety. As with displays and instruments, critical devices that were electro-mechanical had a finite life. With safety critical systems, the software is very strictly tested.


title: Avionics

text: Fuel Quantity Indication System (FQIS) monitors the amount of fuel aboard. Using various sensors, such as capacitance tubes, temperature sensors, densitometers & level sensors, the FQIS computer calculates the mass of fuel remaining on board.


title: Avionics

text: Fuel Control and Monitoring System (FCMS) reports fuel remaining on board in a similar manner, but, by controlling pumps & valves, also manages fuel transfers around various tanks.


title: Avionics

text: To supplement air traffic control, most large transport aircraft and many smaller ones use a traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS), which can detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision. Smaller aircraft may use simpler traffic alerting systems such as TPAS, which are passive (they do not actively interrogate the transponders of other aircraft) and do not provide advisories for conflict resolution.


title: Avionics

text: To help avoid controlled flight into terrain (CFIT), aircraft use systems such as ground-proximity warning systems (GPWS), which use radar altimeters as a key element. One of the major weaknesses of GPWS is the lack of "look-ahead" information, because it only provides altitude above terrain "look-down". In order to overcome this weakness, modern aircraft use a terrain awareness warning system (TAWS).


title: Avionics

text: Commercial aircraft cockpit data recorders, commonly known as "black boxes", store flight information and audio from the cockpit. They are often recovered from an aircraft after a crash to determine control settings and other parameters during the incident.


title: Avionics

text: Weather systems such as weather radar (typically Arinc 708 on commercial aircraft) and lightning detectors are important for aircraft flying at night or in instrument meteorological conditions, where it is not possible for pilots to see the weather ahead. Heavy precipitation (as sensed by radar) or severe turbulence (as sensed by lightning activity) are both indications of strong convective activity and severe turbulence, and weather systems allow pilots to deviate around these areas.


title: Avionics

text: Lightning detectors like the Stormscope or Strikefinder have become inexpensive enough that they are practical for light aircraft. In addition to radar and lightning detection, observations and extended radar pictures (such as NEXRAD) are now available through satellite data connections, allowing pilots to see weather conditions far beyond the range of their own in-flight systems. Modern displays allow weather information to be integrated with moving maps, terrain, and traffic onto a single screen, greatly simplifying navigation.


title: Avionics

text: Modern weather systems also include wind shear and turbulence detection and terrain and traffic warning systems. In‑plane weather avionics are especially popular in Africa, India, and other countries where air-travel is a growing market, but ground support is not as well developed.


title: Avionics

text: There has been a progression towards centralized control of the multiple complex systems fitted to aircraft, including engine monitoring and management. Health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS) are integrated with aircraft management computers to give maintainers early warnings of parts that will need replacement.


title: Avionics

text: The integrated modular avionics concept proposes an integrated architecture with application software portable across an assembly of common hardware modules. It has been used in fourth generation jet fighters and the latest generation of airliners.


title: Avionics

text: Military aircraft have been designed either to deliver a weapon or to be the eyes and ears of other weapon systems. The vast array of sensors available to the military is used for whatever tactical means required. As with aircraft management, the bigger sensor platforms (like the E‑3D, JSTARS, ASTOR, Nimrod MRA4, Merlin HM Mk 1) have mission-management computers.


title: Avionics

text: While aircraft communications provide the backbone for safe flight, the tactical systems are designed to withstand the rigors of the battle field. UHF, VHF Tactical (30–88 MHz) and SatCom systems combined with ECCM methods, and cryptography secure the communications. Data links such as Link 11, 16, 22 and BOWMAN, JTRS and even TETRA provide the means of transmitting data (such as images, targeting information etc.).


title: Avionics

text: Airborne radar was one of the first tactical sensors. The benefit of altitude providing range has meant a significant focus on airborne radar technologies. Radars include airborne early warning (AEW), anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and even weather radar (Arinc 708) and ground tracking/proximity radar.


title: Avionics

text: The military uses radar in fast jets to help pilots fly at low levels. While the civil market has had weather radar for a while, there are strict rules about using it to navigate the aircraft.


title: Avionics

text: Dipping sonar fitted to a range of military helicopters allows the helicopter to protect shipping assets from submarines or surface threats. Maritime support aircraft can drop active and passive sonar devices (sonobuoys) and these are also used to determine the location of enemy submarines.


title: Avionics

text: Electro-optic systems include devices such as the head-up display (HUD), forward looking infrared (FLIR), infrared search and track and other passive infrared devices (Passive infrared sensor). These are all used to provide imagery and information to the flight crew. This imagery is used for everything from search and rescue to navigational aids and target acquisition.


title: Avionics

text: Electronic support measures and defensive aids systems are used extensively to gather information about threats or possible threats. They can be used to launch devices (in some cases automatically) to counter direct threats against the aircraft. They are also used to determine the state of a threat and identify it.


title: Avionics

text: The avionics systems in military, commercial and advanced models of civilian aircraft are interconnected using an avionics databus. Common avionics databus protocols, with their primary application, include:


title: Milunka Savić

text: Milunka Savić CMG (; 28 June 1892 or 10 August 1888 – 5 October 1973) was a Serbian war heroine who fought in the Balkan Wars and in World War I. She is the most-decorated female combatant in the recorded history of warfare.


title: Milunka Savić

text: Savić was born in 1888, in the village of Koprivnica, near Novi Pazar, in Serbia. In 1912, her brother who was ill with tuberculosis received call-up papers for mobilization for the First Balkan War. She chose to go in his place—cutting her hair and donning men's clothes and joining the Serbian army. She quickly saw combat and received her first medal and was promoted to corporal in the Battle of Bregalnica. Engaged in battle, she sustained wounds and it was only then, when recovering from her injuries in hospital, that her true gender was revealed, much to the surprise of the attending physicians.


title: Milunka Savić

text: "Savic was called before her commanding officer. They didn't want to punish her, because she had proven a valuable and highly competent soldier. The military deployment that had resulted in her sex being revealed had been her tenth. But neither was it suitable for a young woman to be in combat. She was offered a transfer to the Nursing division. Savic stood at attention and insisted she only wanted to fight for her country as a combatant. The officer said he'd think it over and give her his answer the next day. Still standing at attention, Savic responded, "I will wait." It is said he only made her stand an hour before agreeing to send her back to the infantry."


title: Milunka Savić

text: In 1914, in the early days of World War I, Savić was awarded her first Karađorđe Star with Swords after the Battle of Kolubara. She received her second Karađorđe Star (with Swords) after the Battle of the Crna Bend in 1916 when she captured 23 Bulgarian soldiers single-handedly.


title: Milunka Savić

text: She was awarded the French Légion d’Honneur (Legion of Honour) twice, as well as the Russian Cross of St. George, the British medal of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael, and the Serbian Miloš Obilić medal. She was the sole female recipient of the French Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 with the gold palm attribute for service in World War I.


title: Milunka Savić

text: She was demobilised in 1919, and turned down an offer to move to France, where she was eligible to collect a comfortable French army pension. Instead, she chose to live in Belgrade and found work as a postal worker. In 1923, she married Veljko Gligorijević, whom she met in Mostar, and divorced immediately after the birth of their daughter Milena. She also adopted three other daughters. In the interwar period, Milunka was largely forgotten by the general public. She worked several menial jobs up to 1927, after which she had steady employment as a cleaning lady in the State Mortgage Bank. Eight years later, she was promoted to cleaning the offices of the general manager.


title: Milunka Savić

text: During the German occupation of Serbia in World War II, Milunka refused to attend a banquet organized by Milan Nedić, which was to be attended by German generals and officers. She was arrested and taken to Banjica concentration camp, where she was imprisoned for ten months.


title: Milunka Savić

text: In 1945, with the arrival of socialism to power, she was given a state pension, and continued to live in her house in Belgrade's Voždovac neighborhood. By the late 1950s her daughter was hospitalized, and she was living in a crumbling house in Voždovac with her three adopted children: Milka, a forgotten child from the railway station in Stalac; Radmila-Višnja; and Zorka, a fatherless girl from Dalmatia. Later, when she attended the jubilee celebrations wearing her military medals, other military officers spoke with her and heard of her courageous actions. News spread and at last she gained recognition. In 1972, public pressure and a newspaper article highlighting her difficult housing and financial situation led to her being given a small apartment by the Belgrade City Assembly.


title: Milunka Savić

text: A memorial complex with a permanent exhibition devoted to Milunka Savić was opened in October 2020 in Jošanička Banja.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: MTV Entertainment Studios is the film and television production arm of MTV Entertainment Group, a subsidiary of the Paramount Media Networks division of Paramount Global. Founded in 1991 as MTV Productions, it is a consolidation of the former MTV Films group established in 1996 and the MTV Production Development/MTV Studios group of 2003–2021, it has produced original television shows like "Beavis and Butt-Head", "Æon Flux", "Jackass", "My Super Sweet 16", "Daria", "Celebrity Deathmatch", "Clone High" and "The Real World" and films such as "Election", "Joe's Apartment" and "Napoleon Dynamite". Its films are released by fellow Paramount Global division Paramount Pictures. The MTV Films unit was once part of Paramount Players until 2020.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: MTV Productions originally started in 1991, and went into expansion two years later, with Doug Herzog serving as president of the unit. Its expansion was to produce shows for theatrical release, broadcast TV and cable, syndication and the international marketplace. MTV then signed a two-picture deal with Geffen Pictures to start making motion pictures afterwards.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: Only one movie came out of the deal due to the 1994 acquisition of Paramount Pictures by MTV's parent company Viacom, "Joe's Apartment", based on a short aired on MTV, came out on July 26, 1996, which grossed $4.6 million on a $13 million budget, making it a box office bomb. Shortly afterwards, MTV Productions tried for an entertainment strip "Real Time", to be distributed by Viacom Enterprises, which was owned by MTV's parent Viacom, and scheduled on air for the 1994–95 season, but it was never materialized.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: Shortly after Viacom bought out Paramount Pictures, Paramount began to distribute material from MTV and Nickelodeon, with their respective movie divisions. Shortly after "The Arsenio Hall Show" was cancelled, Paramount began distributing and producing MTV's "The Jon Stewart Show" for the syndication market.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: In 1994, the Paramount Television Group and MTV Productions signed a deal to develop projects commissioned by MTV, and gave Paramount the right of first refusal on projects developed by MTV. By 1995, David Gale was named head of MTV Films.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: MTV developed its first feature film in collaboration with Paramount Pictures, "Beavis and Butt-Head Do America", based on the MTV cartoon "Beavis and Butt-Head", which grossed $63.1 million on a $12 million budget.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: For the 1997–98 television season, MTV Productions has briefly dabbled into network television production, in conjunction with Paramount Network Television, sister sibling of Viacom, to produce the NBC comedy "Jenny", the UPN (then-sister of MTV) comedy "Hitz", and the WB drama "Three", but none of them got success beyond its first season.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: On August 21, 1998, MTV Films has released another film, "Dead Man on Campus", which starred Tom Everett Scott and Mark-Paul Gosselaar, which met negative reviews from critics, and it was a box office bomb, grossing $15.1 million on a $14 million budget.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: MTV Films made its next feature film project, "200 Cigarettes", released on February 26, 1999, which was a box office bomb, grossing $6.8 million on a $6 million budget.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: In 2001, MTV produced "Zoolander" under the VH1 Films branding, which grossed $60.7 million on a $28 million budget.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: In 2003, MTV announced a theatrical feature film adaptation of "Celebrity Deathmatch", with creator Eric Fogel as writer, producer, and director, but it was cancelled by the end of the year before production could begin due to MTV being less interested in animation.


title: MTV Entertainment Studios

text: On August 21, 2006, Nickelodeon Movies, Comedy Central Films, and MTV Films became full labels of the Paramount Motion Pictures Group. By 2017, Paramount Players was created as a joint venture with MTV Films, Nickelodeon Movies, and BET Films. In 2019, MTV Studios launched MTV Documentary Films, a label producing and acquiring documentary features. In 2020, MTV Films was folded into MTV Studios. The following year, MTV Studios became MTV Entertainment Studios, encompassing content for and based on all of MTV Entertainment Group's brands.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Alan David Hansen (born 13 June 1955) is a Scottish former footballer and BBC television football pundit. He played as a central defender for Partick Thistle, for the successful Liverpool team of the late 1970s and 1980s, and for the Scotland national team. As a football pundit, Hansen became known for his outspoken views, particularly on teams' defensive performances, frequently criticising what he believed was "diabolical" or "shocking" defending. He co-hosted "Match of the Day" from 1992 to 2014.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen was born in Sauchie, Clackmannanshire, Scotland, and attended Lornshill Academy and supported Rangers growing up. His paternal grandfather was Danish. Hansen played his early football (along with his older brother John, a one-club player) at Scottish Junior league club, Sauchie Juniors near Alloa.


title: Alan Hansen

text: At the age of 15, Hansen ran into a plate-glass panel after playing volleyball and was left with a large scar on his forehead. The glass was in a brand-new youth club which Hansen attended. During his two-hour hospital stay he had 27 stitches in his head. He sued the education authority and won the case. Hansen stopped playing football between the ages of 15 and 17 and concentrated on playing golf, with aspirations of becoming a professional. His father and brother wanted Hansen to play football, so he accepted the offer of a trial with Hibernian when he was 17. Hibernian manager Eddie Turnbull offered Hansen a professional contract, but he refused because it would have stopped him from playing golf competitively.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen turned down the opportunity to study at the University of Aberdeen, in order to join his older brother John at Partick Thistle. During the summer while his application was being processed, he worked for six weeks in the offices of General Accident insurance — which he hated. As a trainee, Hansen attended the 1971 Scottish League Cup Final, seeing a Partick Thistle side that included his brother John create one of the biggest shocks ever in Scottish football by defeating favourites Celtic 4–1 at Hampden Park.


title: Alan Hansen

text: After breaking into the first team at Thistle, Hansen was watched by top clubs, including Bob Paisley's Liverpool. In 1975–76 season Hansen played 21 times as Thistle won the Scottish First Division championship to gain entry into the Scottish Premier Division. By the end of the following season Hansen had 35 first team appearances, before moving south of the border to Liverpool on 5 May 1977. After arriving at Anfield, the nickname which he loathed for years ("Stretch") was forgotten and a new nickname "Jockey" was born.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen cost Liverpool £100,000. He made his debut on 24 September 1977 in a league match at Anfield. Derby County were the visitors and were beaten by a single goal scored by Terry McDermott. Hansen hit his first goal the following month on 19 October during a European Cup 2nd round 1st leg tie at Anfield. He opened the scoring in the 14th minute as Liverpool demolished East German side Dynamo Dresden 5–1.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen was put into the first team sporadically throughout the season. He was not in the side which lost the 1978 League Cup final replay to Nottingham Forest, but he was selected for the Liverpool side which won the 1978 European Cup Final 1–0 over FC Bruges at Wembley, on a goal by Kenny Dalglish. Hansen managed 18 appearances in the First Division that season, where Liverpool finished runners-up to Nottingham Forest.


title: Alan Hansen

text: In the following season, 1978–79, Hansen was a regular in the team as Liverpool regained the league title. The team's final points tally of 68 was a record under the two points for a win system, and they conceded only four goals at home at Anfield. When long-serving club captain Emlyn Hughes was sold to Wolves, Hansen became an automatic first-choice central defender in the team, and Liverpool's domination of English club football continued in the 1979–80 season with another league title.


title: Alan Hansen

text: In the 1980–81 season, Liverpool won two trophies, but did not win a third consecutive league title as Aston Villa finished as English champions. Liverpool won their first League Cup in 1981, defeating West Ham United 2–1 in a replay at Villa Park. Hansen also won his second European Cup winners medal in 1981, Liverpool defeating Real Madrid 1–0 at the Parc des Princes in Paris on 27 May.


title: Alan Hansen

text: The league title returned to Anfield in the 1981–82 season, and Liverpool also retained the League Cup in 1982 with a 3–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur, although Hansen missed this victory with injury. Liverpool did not retain the European Cup in 1982, surprisingly losing in the quarter-final to CSKA Sofia 2–1 on aggregate.


title: Alan Hansen

text: In the 1982–83 season, Liverpool once again took the league title and held on to the League Cup in 1983, defeating Manchester United 2–1 after extra-time in the final at Wembley. Bob Paisley, who signed Hansen for Liverpool in 1977, retired at the end of the 1982–83 season and was replaced as manager by long-serving coach Joe Fagan.


title: Alan Hansen

text: In the 1983–84 season, Liverpool completed a treble of trophies in Fagan's first season as manager, winning the league title, League Cup and European Cup. Hansen was involved in a controversial incident in the League Cup final at Wembley when he appeared to handle a shot on the goal line. Despite protests from opponents and Merseyside rivals Everton, no penalty was given. Liverpool won the final after a replay at Maine Road.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Liverpool reached the 1984 European Cup final after beating Romanian champions Dinamo Bucharest 3–1 on aggregate in the semi-final. The first leg at Anfield was an ill-tempered affair with Liverpool captain Graeme Souness breaking the jaw of a Bucharest midfielder. Hansen played in the European Cup final victory over A.S. Roma, which Liverpool won on a penalty shoot-out after the match ended 1–1 in front of a crowd of 69,000 at Roma's home stadium, the Stadio Olimpico.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Liverpool did not win a trophy in the 1984–85 season and were banned from all European competition after the 1985 European Cup Final which pitted Liverpool against the Italian giants Juventus at Heysel was preceded by rioting which caused the deaths of 39 people, including 32 Italian Juventus fans. Liverpool lost the match 1–0. Hansen would never play in a European tie again.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Manager Joe Fagan retired after the Heysel disaster, and Hansen's friend, teammate and fellow Scotsman Kenny Dalglish was appointed as player-manager. He gave Hansen the captaincy and the season ended in triumph, as in 1986 Liverpool became only the third side in the 20th century to complete a League and FA Cup "double", following Tottenham in 1961 and Arsenal in 1971. Hansen lifted both trophies as captain and earned his first FA Cup winners' medal, thereby completing the domestic set.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Liverpool failed to win a trophy in the 1986–87 season, losing the League Cup final at Wembley when Arsenal defeated them 2–1, while Merseyside rivals Everton took the league title. In the 1987–88 season they lost just twice in the league winning the title with Hansen as skipper. Liverpool also reached the FA Cup final, but were denied a second "double" when they were beaten 1–0 by Wimbledon in one of the competition's biggest shocks. Two days later, 31,000 attended Anfield for Hansen's testimonial match against an England XI preparing for UEFA Euro 1988.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen was restricted to just six league appearances in the 1988–89 season as a result of a dislocated left knee sustained in a pre-season friendly against Atlético Madrid in Spain. Hansen played in the 1989 FA Cup final at Wembley, which Liverpool won 3–2 in extra-time against Everton, though Hansen did not lift the trophy as captain. The honour was given to teammate Ronnie Whelan who had deputised in Hansen's absence through injury and retained the role even after the club's first choice captain was fit again. Hansen did not have any objections to Whelan keeping the captaincy that season.


title: Alan Hansen

text: After winning the 1989 FA Cup, Liverpool were denied a second "double" in four seasons when they lost the League title to Arsenal on 26 May 1989. Michael Thomas scored a crucial last minute goal for Arsenal at Anfield that gave the North Londoners a 2–0 win. This resulted in Arsenal winning the league title on goals scored after the two teams had finished the season with the same number of points and exactly the same goal difference.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen made more appearances the following season but his persistent knee problems continued to affect his fitness although he still captained Liverpool to another League title, which made it eight individually for Hansen, which was a record at the time. The club came close to the "double" yet again, but lost an FA Cup semi-final 4–3 in extra-time to Crystal Palace at Villa Park.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen was unable to play in any competitive games during the 1990–91 season (when Liverpool finished second in the league and were trophyless for only the third time since Hansen's arrival 14 years earlier) and he retired in March 1991, a month after Kenny Dalglish resigned as manager. At this stage Ronnie Moran was caretaker manager until the appointment of Graeme Souness in the permanent position shortly afterwards.


title: Alan Hansen

text: In Hansen's playing career for Liverpool, his winners medals include 8 league titles, 3 European Cups, 2 FA Cups and 4 League Cups.


title: Alan Hansen

text: On 15 April 1989, the Hillsborough disaster claimed the lives of 94 Liverpool fans (eventually rising to 97). Hansen was selected for the FA Cup semi-final match against Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough, playing the opening six minutes of the match before it was abandoned. Hansen attended 12 funerals and visited the injured in hospital.


title: Alan Hansen

text: In his autobiography, Hansen described the tragedy as "the blackest period of my life". He wrote: "The number of broken hearts was incalculable. The immediate aftermath, when Kenny Dalglish and the players attended the funerals and tried to show support for the grieving families took more out of me emotionally than any other experience I have gone through." On "Match of the Day" in April 2009, Hansen spoke emotionally about the tragedy. He said: "It was a horrific time, traumatic for everybody. It must never be forgotten." In 2010, Hansen said that each of the funerals that he attended after Hillsborough got harder. "The emotional scars will be there forever,” he said.


title: Alan Hansen

text: In an article in "The Daily Telegraph", Hansen responded to the Hillsborough Independent Panel report of September 2012, by writing: "I have encountered ignorance about Hillsborough on many occasions, finding myself having to correct the inaccurate version of events. The report explicitly removes the excuse of ignorance for those who misunderstood the tragedy. Each sentence in it reads as a tribute to the honesty, integrity and dignity of the families and is an acknowledgement of everything they have been saying since those first, scurrilous accusations surfaced."


title: Alan Hansen

text: Having previously appeared for the under-23 side, Hansen made his full debut for Scotland on 19 May 1979 in a British Home Championship match against Wales in front of 20,000 spectators at Ninian Park, Cardiff. Scotland manager Jock Stein gave debuts to four Scottish players that day – George Burley, John Wark, Paul Hegarty and Hansen. Hosts Wales won the match 3–0 against a somewhat inexperienced Scottish line-up, with striker John Toshack scoring a hat-trick for Wales.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen's second Scotland cap came the following month on 2 June 1979 in a prestigious Saturday afternoon friendly match at Glasgow's Hampden Park against reigning World Champions Argentina. On the hottest day in Glasgow for 30 years, the 61,000 sun-drenched crowd at Hampden Park saw the South Americans beat Scotland 3–1, with an 18-year-old Diego Maradona scoring his first international goal for Argentina in a virtuoso display of skill and trickery. In an interview in 2007, Hansen said that Maradona was "without a shadow of a doubt the best player I came up against. He was virtually unplayable – even at 18."


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen played for Scotland in the 1982 World Cup in Spain. The team failed to progress beyond the qualifying group, having drawn 2–2 with the USSR when Scotland needed a win to progress in the tournament. An accidental collision between Hansen and central defensive partner Willie Miller allowed USSR striker Ramaz Shengelia through to score the Soviets' second goal.


title: Alan Hansen

text: A formidable Scotland central defensive partnership was formed between Willie Miller and Alex McLeish of Aberdeen, who were managed by Alex Ferguson. Ferguson, who took charge of the national team after the sudden death of Jock Stein, dropped Hansen from the squad for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico. Hansen disagreed with the decision, as he felt that his form in the 1985–86 season (when Liverpool had won a league and cup double) was near his best. Hansen had played infrequently for Scotland before the tournament, and had often withdrawn from squads. Hansen won the last of his 26 Scotland caps in 1987.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen was offered the Huddersfield Town job in 1992, following the sacking of Eoin Hand, but he turned it down. There were strong rumours that Hansen would be approached to take over as manager of Liverpool after his former captain Graeme Souness was sacked by the club in 1994. Hansen ruled himself out by stating that, despite his great affection for the club, he simply was not interested in coaching or management; a position he has maintained ever since Roy Evans got the job. Hansen also turned down an offer in 1995 to manage Manchester City, following the sacking of Brian Horton.


title: Alan Hansen

text: After rejecting the idea of management, when he retired from football in 1991 he planned to take three months off. After his wife pointed out that nobody had contacted them during his rest period, he started calling the networks. Sky Television employed Hansen as a pundit and summariser almost as soon as he ceased playing, and soon he had established enough of a reputation as a considered observer and thinker within the game for the BBC to approach him. He began working for BBC Radio 5 Live, before moving on to "Match of the Day". Hansen was employed for 22 years as the main pundit for the BBC's football coverage (rights to show matches or highlights permitting) and was known as a calm, authoritative, and rational analyst of the game who is particularly keen on highlighting the triumphs and "shocking", "poor" or "diabolical" mistakes of defenders and commenting on "mediocre" performances. He became a columnist for "The Daily Telegraph", "Telegraph.co.uk" and the BBC Sport website on football issues and has also worked as a motivational speaker.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen is known for coining the phrase "you can't win anything with kids", having made the remark following Manchester United's 3–1 defeat to Aston Villa on the opening day of the 1995–96 FA Premier League season. After selling three high-profile players (Paul Ince, Mark Hughes, and Andrei Kanchelskis) in the summer of 1995, United had introduced youth team players Paul Scholes, David Beckham, Nicky Butt and Gary Neville into the first team. United proved Hansen wrong by winning a league and cup double that season. Hansen still continues to this day to repeat this phrase for humorous effect. He later said that the phrase "made him" as a pundit, as people would shout it at him in public places.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Commentating on the Argentina–Romania match in the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Hansen said that "the Argentine defender warrants shooting for a mistake like that". The previous day, Colombian defender Andrés Escobar had been shot dead, a killing widely attributed to punishment for an own goal Escobar scored in Colombia's 2–1 loss to the United States earlier in the same tournament. The BBC issued a public apology for Hansen's poor choice of words.


title: Alan Hansen

text: During an appearance on "Match of the Day" on 21 December 2011, while discussing the prominence of racism in English football following allegations against Premier League players Luis Suárez and John Terry, Hansen caused controversy after twice using the word "coloured" in reference to black footballers. The BBC received 82 complaints by the following morning while some, including Shamrock Rovers player Rohan Ricketts, criticised Hansen's choice of words on social network Twitter. Ricketts tweeted: "He is part of the problem when using that word. We are BLACK Alan!". Others defended his use of words. "The Daily Telegraph" blogger and commentator Toby Young wrote: "In his defence, Hansen could cite the fact that America's foremost civil rights group is the NAACP which stands for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. If it's acceptable for the NAACP to use the word "coloured", why isn't it acceptable for him?" Hansen issued an apology the following day, saying "'I unreservedly apologise for any offence caused – this was never my intention and I deeply regret the use of the word."


title: Alan Hansen

text: In May 2013, it was reported that Hansen's BBC contract was due to expire after the 2014 FIFA World Cup. On 5 September 2013, Hansen announced he would retire as a "Match of the Day" pundit following the 2014 World Cup. His last appearance on "Match of the Day" itself came on 11 May 2014, the final day of the 2013–14 English l league season, with his last appearance as an analyst being for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final two months later.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Away from football analysis, Hansen is a keen golfer, and he is a member of Hillside Golf Club playing off a handicap of three and regularly returns to the town of his birth near Alloa in Clackmannanshire, Scotland to participate in celebrity golf tournaments in aid of various charities. He has hosted documentaries on the sport and worked at the Masters Tournament for the BBC. He has also presented programmes on the rise in status and wealth of the modern footballer and has appeared in television adverts, such as for Carlsberg and Morrisons supermarkets.


title: Alan Hansen

text: Hansen lives in Southport with his wife Janet. They have been married since 1980, and have a son, Adam, and a daughter, Lucy.


title: Alan Hansen

text: During the 2014 Scottish independence referendum Hansen was a supporter of the Better Together campaign against Scottish independence.


title: Exothermic reaction

text: In thermochemistry, an exothermic reaction is a "reaction for which the overall standard enthalpy change Δ"H"⚬ is negative." Exothermic reactions usually release heat. The term is often confused with exergonic reaction, which IUPAC defines as "... a reaction for which the overall standard Gibbs energy change Δ"G"⚬ is negative." A strongly exothermic reaction will usually also be exergonic because Δ"H"⚬ makes a major contribution to Δ"G"⚬. Most of the spectacular chemical reactions that are demonstrated in classrooms are exothermic and exergonic. The opposite is an endothermic reaction, which usually takes up heat and is driven by an entropy increase in the system.


title: Exothermic reaction

text: Examples are numerous: combustion, the thermite reaction, combining strong acids and bases, polymerizations. As an example in everyday life, hand warmers make use of the oxidation of iron to achieve an exothermic reaction:


title: Exothermic reaction

text: A particularly important class of exothermic reactions is combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel, e.g. the burning of natural gas:


title: Exothermic reaction

text: Uncontrolled exothermic reactions, those leading to fires and explosions, are wasteful because it is difficult to capture the released energy. Nature effects combustion reactions under highly controlled conditions, avoiding fires and explosions, in aerobic respiration so as to capture the released energy, e.g. for the formation of ATP.


title: Exothermic reaction

text: The enthalpy of a chemical system is essentially its energy. The enthalpy change Δ"H" for a reaction is equal to the heat "q" transferred out of (or into) a closed system at constant pressure without in- or output of electrical energy. Heat production or absorption in a chemical reaction is measured using calorimetry, e.g. with a bomb calorimeter. One common laboratory instrument is the reaction calorimeter, where the heat flow from or into the reaction vessel is monitored. The heat release and corresponding energy change, Δ, of a combustion reaction can be measured particularly accurately.


title: Exothermic reaction

text: The measured heat energy released in an exothermic reaction is converted to Δ"H"⚬ in Joule per mole (formerly cal/mol). The "standard" enthalpy change Δ"H"⚬ is essentially the enthalpy change when the stoichiometric coefficients in the reaction are considered as the amounts of reactants and products (in mole); usually, the initial and final temperature is assumed to be 25 °C. For gas-phase reactions, Δ"H"⚬ values are related to bond energies to a good approximation by:


title: Exothermic reaction

text: where a larger value (the higher energy of the reactants) is subtracted from a smaller value (the lower energy of the products). For example, when hydrogen burns:


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: "Bam Bam" is a song by Cuban-American singer Camila Cabello, featuring vocals from English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released through Epic Records as the second single from Cabello's third studio album, "Familia", on March 4, 2022. "Bam Bam" is a Latin pop song with a tropical and salsa-infused pre-chorus and chorus. It marks the second collaboration between Cabello and Sheeran, following the earlier single, "South of the Border" (which also featured American rapper Cardi B), from Sheeran's fourth studio album, "No.6 Collaborations Project" (2019).


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: "Bam Bam" reached number five on the "Billboard" Global 200 singles chart, Cabello's highest peak since the chart's creation in 2020. "Bam Bam" peaked at number twenty-one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and peaked inside the top 10 in over 15 countries. In November 2022, the song won the NRJ Music Award for Collaboration of the Year. It was also nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2023 Grammy Awards.


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: On February 6, 2022, Cabello posted a video of her sitting in a car and lip-syncing the lyrics to "Bam Bam". She announced the song on February 21, 2022, referring to Sheeran as "one of my favorite people and artists ever". The song's cover art sees Cabello sitting on a curb with ruined makeup. Six days later, she shared another snippet on the video-sharing app TikTok, which saw her singing in both English and Spanish. On March 2, Cabello and Sheeran posted a joint teaser on Instagram.


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: "Bam Bam" received positive reviews from critics. Official Charts Company reviewed the song prior to release calling it "a break up bop" and dubbed the track as "a song of acceptance, hope and happiness". "Vulture" called it "a bona fide breakup bop". "Rolling Stone" stated in their review that "Camila Cabello brought the "azúcar" to all the right places with the release of her salsa-infused "Bam Bam" featuring Ed Sheeran." "Billboard" described the song as a "gyrating pop number [that] oozes Latin charm, with a warm tropical breeze blowing through" Katie Bain for "Billboard" described it as "a really catchy, accessible and breezy song that’s easy to like"


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: "Bam Bam" is also nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group at the upcoming 2023 Grammy Awards, Cabello's fourth nomination, and second in the Best Pop Duo/Group Category.


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: In its first week after release "Bam Bam" landed at number 23 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and rose in its eighth week to a peak of 21, making it Cabello's 7th highest charting song ever on the Hot 100. Bam Bam became Cabello's eighth top-40 hit on the Hot 100. The song debuted at Number 2 on the US Digital Song Sales chart. Bam Bam peaked at number 8 on the US Pop Airplay chart, Cabello's 8th Top 10 entry and highest since her release of "My Oh My" in 2020. Bam Bam charted for 20 weeks on the BB100 before going recurrent and exiting.


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: Bam Bam debuted at number 10 on the "Billboard" Global 200 marking Cabello's highest entry on the chart, it then rose and peaked at number 5 on the chart, marking Cabello's first top 5 entry.


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: In the UK, "Bam Bam" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at Number 22, before rising to number 7, marking Cabello's fifth Top 10 entry. In Ireland, Bam Bam peaked at number 4 on the Irish Singles Chart.


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: In Canada "Bam Bam" debuted at Number 10 on the Canadian Hot 100, before rising to number 4, making it Cabello's 3rd Top 5 hit in Canada. It peaked at number 4 on the Canada AC, and number 2 on Canadian Pop Radio.


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: In Australia "Bam Bam" debuted at Number 19 on the ARIA Singles Chart, before reaching a new peak of 11, marking Cabello's third highest charting song in Australia, it remained at number 11 for two consecutive weeks.


title: Bam Bam (Camila Cabello song)

text: Overall "Bam Bam" has reached the Top 10 in 18 countries. "Bam Bam" is currently the 2nd most streamed female lead song released in 2022 on Spotify as of November 2022. It also spent its first 100 days after release inside the top 10 of the iTunes Worldwide Chart. The music platform Deezer announced "Bam Bam" was the most streamed female song of 2022 on the platform, and 3rd most overall.


title: Gary Wright

text: Gary Malcolm Wright (born April 26, 1943) is an American musician and composer best known for his 1976 hit songs "Dream Weaver" and "Love Is Alive", and for his role in helping establish the synthesizer as a leading instrument in rock and pop music. Wright's breakthrough album, "The Dream Weaver" (1975), came after he had spent seven years in London as, alternately, a member of the British blues rock band Spooky Tooth and a solo artist on A&M Records. While in England, he played keyboards on former Beatle George Harrison's triple album "All Things Must Pass" (1970), so beginning a friendship that inspired the Indian religious themes and spirituality inherent in Wright's subsequent songwriting. His work since the late 1980s has embraced world music and the new age genre, although none of his post-1976 releases have matched the same level of popularity as "The Dream Weaver".


title: Gary Wright

text: A former child actor, Wright performed on Broadway in the hit musical "Fanny" before studying medicine and then psychology in New York and Berlin. After meeting Chris Blackwell of Island Records in Europe, Wright moved to London, where he helped establish Spooky Tooth as a popular live act. He also served as the band's principal songwriter on their recordings – among them, the well-regarded albums "Spooky Two" (1969) and "You Broke My Heart So I Busted Your Jaw" (1973). His solo album "Footprint" (1971), recorded with contributions from Harrison, coincided with the formation of Wright's short-lived band Wonderwheel, which included guitarist Mick Jones. Also, during the early 1970s, Wright played on notable recordings by B.B. King, Jerry Lee Lewis, Ringo Starr, Harry Nilsson and Ronnie Spector, while his musical association with Harrison endured until shortly before the latter's death in 2001.


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright turned to film soundtrack work in the early 1980s, including re-recording his most popular song, "Dream Weaver", for the 1992 comedy "Wayne's World". Following Spooky Tooth's reunion tour in 2004, Wright has performed live frequently, either as a member of Starr's All-Starr Band, with his own live band, or on subsequent Spooky Tooth reunions. Wright's most recent solo albums, including "Waiting to Catch the Light" (2008) and "Connected" (2010), have all been issued on his Larklio record label. In 2014, Jeremy P. Tarcher published Wright's autobiography, "Dream Weaver: Music, Meditation, and My Friendship with George Harrison".


title: Gary Wright

text: Gary Wright was born and raised in Cresskill, New Jersey.<ref name="Wright bio/AM"></ref> A child actor, he made his TV debut at the age of seven, on the show "Captain Video and His Video Rangers", filmed in New York. He appeared in TV and radio commercials before being offered a part in the 1954 Broadway production of the musical "Fanny". Wright played the role of Cesario, the son of Fanny, who was played by future "Brady Bunch" matriarch Florence Henderson. He spent two years with the production, during which he performed with Henderson on "The Ed Sullivan Show".


title: Gary Wright

text: Having studied piano and organ, Wright led various local rock bands while attending Tenafly High School in Tenafly, New Jersey. In 1959, he made his first commercial recording, with Billy Markle at NBC Radio's New York studios.<ref name="Markle/GW"></ref> Credited to Gary & Billy, the single "Working After School" was released on 20th Century Fox Records in 1960.


title: Gary Wright

text: Seeing music as "too unstable" a career choice, as he later put it, Wright studied to become a doctor at the College of William & Mary in Virginia and New York University before attending Downstate Medical College for a year,<ref name="Voger/Hippiefest"></ref> all the while continuing to perform with local bands.<ref name="Perry/VintageR"></ref> Having specialized in psychology in New York, he then went to West Germany in 1966<ref name= "vonBF/dprp"></ref> to complete his studies at the Free University of Berlin.


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright has described his initial musical influences as "early R&B" – namely, Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, James Brown and Bobby Bland – along with rock 'n' roll artists Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis, and the Beatles. While in Europe in 1967, Wright abandoned his plans to become a doctor and instead toured locally with a band he had formed, the New York Times. When the latter supported the English group Traffic – at Oslo in Norway, according to Wright – he met Island Records founder Chris Blackwell. Wright recalls that he and Blackwell had a mutual friend in Jimmy Miller, the New York-born producer of Island acts such as the Spencer Davis Group and Traffic.


title: Gary Wright

text: Blackwell invited Wright to London, where he joined English singer and pianist Mike Harrison and drummer Mike Kellie in their band Art (formerly the VIPs). The group soon changed its name to Spooky Tooth, with Wright as joint lead vocalist and Hammond organ player. While noting the band's lack of significant commercial success over its career, "The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll" describes Spooky Tooth as "a bastion of Britain's hard-rock scene".


title: Gary Wright

text: Spooky Tooth's first album was "It's All About", released on Island in June 1968. Produced by Miller, it contained the Wright-composed "Sunshine Help Me" and six songs he co-wrote with either Miller, Harrison or Luther Grosvenor, the band's guitarist. "Spooky Two", often considered the band's best work, followed in March 1969, with Miller again producing. Wright composed or co-composed seven of the album's eight songs, including "That Was Only Yesterday" and "Better By You, Better Than Me". "Spooky Two" sold well in America but, like "It's All About", it failed to place on the UK's top 40 albums chart.


title: Gary Wright

text: The third Spooky Tooth album was "Ceremony", a Wright-instigated collaboration with French electronic music pioneer Pierre Henry, released in December 1969. Songwriting for all the tracks was credited to Henry and Wright, after the latter had passed the band's recordings on to Henry for what "The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia" terms "processed "musique concrète" overdubs".


title: Gary Wright

text: Although Wright had traditionally provided an experimental influence within Spooky Tooth, he regretted the change of musical direction, saying in a 1973 interview: "We should have really taken off after "Spooky Two" but we got into the absurd situation of letting Pierre Henry make the "Ceremony" album. Then he took it back to France and remixed it."<ref name="Salewicz/LIR">Salewicz, Chris (February 1973). "Spooky Tooth Together Again". "Let It Rock". Available at Rock's Backpages ("subscription required").</ref> With bass player Greg Ridley having already left the band in 1969 to join Humble Pie, Wright departed in January 1970 to pursue a solo career.


title: Gary Wright

text: After signing with A&M Records, Wright recorded "Extraction" (1970) in London with musicians including Kellie, guitarist Hugh McCracken, bassist Klaus Voormann and drummer Alan White.<ref name="AM/Extraction credits"></ref> Wright co-produced the album with Andy Johns, who had been the recording engineer on "Spooky Two" and "Ceremony". The album included "Get on the Right Road", which was issued as a single, and "The Wrong Time", co-written by Wright and McCracken.


title: Gary Wright

text: Through Voormann, Wright was invited to play piano on former Beatle George Harrison's 1970 triple album "All Things Must Pass". Among what author Nicholas Schaffner later described as "a rock orchestra of almost symphonic proportions, whose credits read like a Who's Who of the music scene", Wright was one of the album's principal keyboard players, together with former Delaney & Bonnie organist Bobby Whitlock. During the sessions, Wright and Harrison established a long-lasting friendship, based on music and their shared interest in Indian religion. In a 2009 interview with vintagerock.com, Wright described Harrison as "my spiritual mentor"; author Robert Rodriguez writes of Wright's "unique" place among musicians with whom Harrison collaborated at this time, in that Wright was neither an established star nor a friend from the years before Harrison achieved fame as a Beatle, and nor was he a "studio pro".


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright played on all of Harrison's subsequent solo albums during the 1970s, as well as on other releases that the ex-Beatle produced for Apple Records. These included two hit singles by Harrison's former bandmate Ringo Starr over 1971–72, "It Don't Come Easy" and "Back Off Boogaloo", and a 1971 comeback single by ex-Ronette Ronnie Spector, "Try Some, Buy Some".


title: Gary Wright

text: To promote "Extraction", Wright formed the band Wonderwheel in April 1971,<ref name="Robinson/Spooky bio"></ref> with a lineup comprising guitarist Jerry Donahue – soon replaced by Mick Jones – Archie Legget (bass) and Bryson Graham (drums). Donahue was among the many musicians on Wright's second album, "Footprint" (1971), along with George Harrison and "All Things Must Pass" contributors such as Voormann, White, Jim Gordon, Bobby Keys and John Barham. Produced by Wright, the album included "Stand for Our Rights", a call for social unity, partly inspired by the Vietnam War, "Two Faced Man" and "Love to Survive". In November 1971, Wright and Wonderwheel performed "Two Faced Man" on "The Dick Cavett Show" in New York, with Harrison accompanying on slide guitar. Wright has expressed gratitude for Harrison's support during this stage of his career, citing the ex-Beatle's uncredited production on "Footprint"<ref name="Flucke/Popdose"></ref> and his arranging the "Dick Cavett Show" appearance. Despite this exposure, like "Extraction", the album failed to chart.


title: Gary Wright

text: Among other recordings over this period, Wright played piano on Harry Nilsson's 1972 hit "Without You" and accompanied B.B. King, Starr, Gordon, Voormann and others on "B.B. King in London" (1971), which included Wright's composition "Wet Hayshark". He later participated in London sessions by Jerry Lee Lewis, issued as the double album "The Session" (1973). Wright also produced an eponymous album by folk rock band Howl the Good, released on the Rare Earth label.


title: Gary Wright

text: In 1972, Wright moved to Devon with Wonderwheel to work on songs for a new album, titled "Ring of Changes". With Tom Duffey having replaced Leggett on bass, the band recorded the songs at Olympic and Apple studios in London. After issuing "I Know" as an advance single, A&M chose to cancel the album. Wright also wrote the soundtrack for a film by former Olympic skier Willy Bogner, "Benjamin" (1972), from which the German label Ariola Records released "Goodbye Sunday" as a single that year. The full soundtrack album, recorded with Jones, Leggett and Graham, was issued by Ariola in 1974.


title: Gary Wright

text: In September 1972, Wright decided to disband Wonderwheel and re-form Spooky Tooth.<ref name="Rosen/MW">Rosen, Steven (November 1973). "The Return of Spooky Tooth". "Music World". Available at Rock's Backpages ("subscription required").</ref> Shortly before doing so, he participated in sessions for Harrison's "Living in the Material World" (1973), an album that Wright describes as "a beautiful masterpiece" and his favorite Harrison album. Talking to Chris Salewicz of "Let It Rock" in early 1973, Wright explained his decision to abandon his solo career: "I think my main talent is getting the music together and arranging it. I'm not a showman and so I couldn't be a Cat Stevens out front with just backing musicians, which I was expected to be with Wonderwheel." In his autobiography, however, Wright says that it was his disappointment at A&M's rejection of "Ring of Changes" that led him to contact Blackwell about re-forming Spooky Tooth.


title: Gary Wright

text: The only members from the original lineup, Wright and Mike Harrison relaunched Spooky Tooth with Jones and Graham from Wonderwheel, and Chris Stewart, formerly the bassist with English singer Terry Reid. Salewicz visited the band while they were recording at Island Studios and remarked of Wright's role in the group, "it is clear who is the leader of this brand of Spooky Tooth, and, I suspect, of the original, too"; Salewicz described Wright as "urbane, loquacious with the remnants of a New Jersey accent, and a touch of Dudley Moore about the face".


title: Gary Wright

text: On their new album, "You Broke My Heart So I Busted Your Jaw" (1973), Wright composed six of the eight tracks, including "Cotton Growing Man", "Wildfire" and "Self Seeking Man", and co-wrote the remaining two. With the group's standing having been elevated since 1970 – a situation that music journalist Steven Rosen likened at the time to the Yardbirds, the Move and other 1960s bands after their break-up – Spooky Tooth toured extensively to promote the album. "Rolling Stone" reviewer Jon Tiven praised Wright's songwriting on "You Broke My Heart", adding: "there is tremendous consistency to these originals ... and 'Wildfire' is ample proof that Gary could have written for the Temptations if he really wanted to."


title: Gary Wright

text: The band released a follow-up, "Witness", in November 1973, by which point Graham had departed, with Mike Kellie returning on drums. By February 1974, Stewart and Harrison had also left. In January that year, Wright accompanied George Harrison to India, where they journeyed to Varanasi (Benares), the Hindu spiritual capital of India, and home to Harrison's friend Ravi Shankar. The visit would influence the spiritual quality of Wright's lyrics when he returned to his solo career.


title: Gary Wright

text: In England, he and Harrison worked together on "The Place I Love" (1974), the debut album by English duo Splinter. In addition to playing keyboards, Wright served as what author Simon Leng terms "a sounding board and musical amanuensis" on the project, which was the first album released on Harrison's Dark Horse record label. Wright regrouped with Spooky Tooth for a final album, "The Mirror" (1974), with Mike Patto as their new vocalist. Following further personnel changes, "The Mirror" was issued by Goodear Records in the UK in October 1974, a month after Wright had disbanded the group.


title: Gary Wright

text: After Spooky Tooth's break-up, Wright returned to New Jersey and began compiling songs for his third solo album. Under the guidance of new manager Dee Anthony, he chose to sign with Warner Bros. Records, mainly because the company had no keyboard virtuosos among its other acts.<ref name="CC//MM">Charlesworth, Chris (June 5, 1976). "Gary Wright: Wright at Last". "Melody Maker". Available at Rock's Backpages ("subscription required").</ref> Wright says that it was while routining his songs with all his stage equipment set up – Hammond organ, Hohner Clavinet, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Minimoog and ARP String Ensemble – together with a drum machine, that he decided to record the album "all on keyboards", without guitars. He acknowledges that artists such as Stevie Wonder had similarly released keyboard-dominated music, but "[Wonder] used brass and he used other things as well". On Wright's debut album for Warner Bros., "The Dream Weaver" (1975), he, David Foster and Bobby Lyle played a variety of keyboard instruments, supported only by drummers Jim Keltner and Andy Newmark,<ref name="DreamWeaver/AM"></ref> apart from a guitar part on the track "Power of Love" by Ronnie Montrose. Jason Ankeny of AllMusic describes "The Dream Weaver" as "one of the first [rock albums] created solely via synthesizer technology".


title: Gary Wright

text: The album was issued in July 1975 and enjoyed minimal success in America until the release of its second single, "Dream Weaver", in November. The song, which Wright had written on acoustic guitar after his visit to India with Harrison, went on to peak at number 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 1 on the "Cash Box" singles chart. Becoming Wright's biggest hit, "Dream Weaver" sold over 1 million copies in the US and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA in March 1976. The album climbed to number 7 on the "Billboard" 200<ref name="BB albums/AM"></ref> and was certified platinum. "Love Is Alive", originally the album's lead single, then hit number 2 on the Hot 100, and "Made to Love You" peaked at number 79. Although neither "The Dream Weaver" or its singles charted in the UK, the album was a big seller in West Germany, where, Wright says, Spooky Tooth had been "the number one band" during 1969.


title: Gary Wright

text: Following the album's release, Wright toured extensively with a band comprising three keyboard players and a drummer. His elder sister Lorna, also a professional singer, joined the tour band as his backing vocalist. Subsidized by synthesizer manufacturers Moog and Oberheim, Wright became one of the first musicians to perform with a portable keyboard, in the style of Edgar Winter. Shawn Perry of vintagerock.com credits Wright with being "as responsible for the emergence of the synthesizer as a mainstream instrument as Keith Emerson and ... Rick Wakeman", while Robert Rodriguez describes Wright as a pioneer in both "the integration of synthesizers into analog recordings" and the use of the keyboard–guitar hybrid known as the keytar.


title: Gary Wright

text: Among his live performances in 1976, Wright shared the bill with Yes and Peter Frampton at the US Bicentennial concert held at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia, playing to a crowd estimated at 120,000.<ref name="Welch//MM">Welch, Chris (June 26, 1976). "Yes, Peter Frampton, Gary Wright: JFK Stadium, Philadelphia". "Melody Maker". Available at Rock's Backpages ("subscription required").</ref> Wright then supported Frampton on a European tour, by which time a fourth keyboard player had been added to the band.<ref name="Salewicz/NME">Salewicz, Chris (October 30, 1976). "Peter Frampton: Empire Pool, Wembley, London". "NME". Available at Rock's Backpages ("subscription required").</ref> Amid this success, A&M issued "That Was Only Yesterday" (1976) – a compilation containing tracks from Wright's albums for the label and selections by Spooky Tooth – which charted at number 172 in America.


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright started recording his follow-up to "The Dream Weaver" in summer 1976, before which Chris Charlesworth of "Melody Maker" reported that it would be "a logical development" of its predecessor and "again based entirely around what he can do with various types of keyboards". Titled "The Light of Smiles" (1977), the album included "I Am the Sky", for which Wright gave a songwriting credit to the late Indian guru and Kriya Yoga teacher, Paramahansa Yogananda. The latter's poem "The Light of Smiles", taken from his book "Metaphysical Meditations", appeared on the inner sleeve to Wright's new album. Wright had acknowledged the guru as his inspiration for the title of "The Dream Weaver", and he later said of Yogananda's "Autobiography of a Yogi": "It's a fantastic book and you won't want to put it down when you start reading it. Even, not from a spiritual point of view, but as a piece of literature, it's a total classic ..."


title: Gary Wright

text: Produced again by Wright, "The Light of Smiles" featured Wright, Foster, Peter Relich and others on a range of keyboard instruments, including Moog, Oberheim and ARP synthesizers, and drumming contributions from Art Wood and Keltner. Issued by Warner Bros. in January 1977, neither the album nor its lead single, "Phantom Writer", matched the popularity of Wright's earlier releases for the label. On the US "Billboard" charts, "The Light of Smiles" climbed to number 23, while "Phantom Writer" peaked at number 43.


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright continued to record albums for Warner Bros. until 1981, with only limited commercial success. Released in late 1977, "Touch and Gone" charted at number 117 in America, with its title track reaching number 73. "Headin' Home", which AllMusic's Joe Viglione describes as "an album seemingly driven by a serious relationship in crisis", peaked at number 147 in 1979. In between these two albums, Wright played on "If You Believe", a song he co-wrote with Harrison in England on New Year's Day 1978, which appeared on Harrison's eponymous 1979 album.


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright's last chart success in America was in 1981, when his album "The Right Place", co-produced with Dean Parks, climbed to number 79. The single "Really Wanna Know You", which Wright co-wrote with Scottish singer Ali Thomson, peaked at number 16 that year. A second single from the album, "Heartbeat", appeared on "Billboard"s Bubbling Under listings, at number 107.


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright's subsequent releases focused on film soundtracks and forays into world music. After writing the score for Alan Rudolph's 1982 thriller "Endangered Species", he supplied the soundtrack to another skiing-themed movie by Willy Bogner, "Fire and Ice" (1986), which hit number 1 on the German albums chart. Wright also contributed the song "Hold on to Your Vision" to the soundtrack of "Cobra", a 1986 action movie starring Sylvester Stallone.<ref name="Wright/Largo"></ref>


title: Gary Wright

text: Among notable cover versions of Wright's songs during this period, Chaka Khan recorded "Love Is Alive" (retitled "My Love Is Alive") for her 1984 album "I Feel for You", which became an RIAA-certified million-seller. A cover of his Spooky Tooth composition "Better By You, Better Than Me", by English heavy metal band Judas Priest, was at the center of a 1990 court case regarding subliminal messages in song lyrics, after two Nevadan teenagers had enacted a suicide pact five years before. From 1989 through to the late 1990s, samples of Wright's "Dream Weaver", "Love Is Alive" and "Can't Find the Judge" variously featured in songs by popular rap and hip-hop artists Tone Lōc, Dream Warriors, 3rd Bass and Mýa.


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright himself re-recorded "Dream Weaver" for the 1992 comedy "Wayne's World", the soundtrack album for which topped the US charts. The song has since appeared in the films "The People vs. Larry Flynt" (1996) and "Toy Story 3" (2010). He later provided "We Can Fly" for another Bogner film, "Ski to the Max", released in IMAX cinemas in October 2000.


title: Gary Wright

text: In 1988, Wright released "Who I Am" on A&M-distributed Cypress Records. Among the album's contributors were Western musicians such as Harrison, White and Keltner, a group of South Indian percussionists, and Indian classical violinists L. Subramaniam and L. Shankar. The previous year, Wright had contributed to Harrison's album "Cloud Nine" (1987), for which he co-wrote "That's What It Takes" with Harrison and Jeff Lynne, and played keyboards on songs such as "When We Was Fab". One of the tracks from "Who I Am", "Blind Alley", was used in the 1988 horror film "Spellbinder".


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright's next solo album was "First Signs of Life" (1995), recorded in Rio de Janeiro and at his own High Wave Studios in Los Angeles, and issued on the Triloka/Worldly record label.<ref name="Discog/GW site"></ref> The album combined Brazilian rhythms with elements of African vocal tradition, creating what AllMusic's reviewer describes as "an infectious worldbeat hybrid", where "the musicians' performances radiate sincerity and joy".<ref name="AM/First Signs"></ref> "First Signs of Life" featured guest appearances from drummer Terry Bozzio, Brazilian guitarist Ricardo Silveira and Harrison. The song "Don't Try to Own Me", co-written with Duane Hitchings, was later included on Rhino Records' "Best of Gary Wright: The Dream Weaver" – a 1998 compilation spanning his solo career from 1970 onwards, and featuring extensive liner notes by Wright.<ref name="AM/Best of GW"></ref>


title: Gary Wright

text: "Human Love" (1999) included new versions of "Wildfire" and "The Wrong Time",<ref name="AM/Human Love"></ref> as well as "If You Believe in Heaven", a song written with Graham Gouldman that had first appeared on "Best of Gary Wright". The album was co-produced by German world-music producer Marlon Klein and released on the High Wave Music label. Contributors to the sessions, held at High Wave and at Exil Musik in Bielefeld, included Hindustani classical vocalist Lakshmi Shankar, Lynne and German composer Roman Bunka.


title: Gary Wright

text: Having dedicated much of his time during the 1990s to his family, Wright subsequently resumed a more active musical career, starting with Spooky Tooth's 2004 reunion. Their album and DVD "Nomad Poets Live in Germany" (2007) features Wright, Mike Harrison and Kellie from the band's original lineup. Wright's past work has continued to inspire rap and dance tracks in the 21st century; samples of "Heartbeat" appear in songs by Jay-Z and Diam's, while Topmodelz covered the song in 2007. Other artists who have used samples from Wright's 1975–81 recordings include Dilated Peoples, Atmosphere, Infamous Mobb, T.I. and Armand Van Helden, the last of whom incorporated part of "Comin' Apart" (from "The Right Place") in his 2004 club hit "My My My". In addition, Eminem used "interpolations" from Spooky Tooth's "Self Seeking Man" in his song "Spend Some Time" (released on "Encore" in 2004).


title: Gary Wright

text: In the summer of 2008, Wright joined Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band for a North American tour, with Edgar Winter also in the lineup. The All-Starr Band's album and DVD "Live at the Greek Theatre 2008" (2010) includes Wright's performance of "Dream Weaver". Wright later described the tour as "a lot of fun" and "a big boost" for his career.


title: Gary Wright

text: Two solo releases by Wright followed in late 2008, including the new-age album "Waiting to Catch the Light". A collection of instrumental pieces from "several years" before, he describes it as "an atmospheric, ambient music kind of an album", performed on "vintage analog synthesizers ... all [recorded] on analog tape". Also issued on Larkio, Wright's own record label, the EP "The Light of a Million Suns" consisted of unreleased tracks from his previous album projects, together with a new version of "Love Is Alive", sung by his son Dorian.


title: Gary Wright

text: In May 2009, Wright rejoined Spooky Tooth to participate in a series of London concerts celebrating the 50th anniversary of Island Records' founding, before performing further shows with the band in Germany. In June the following year, he released the album "Connected", which marked a return to his more pop- and rock-oriented sound of the 1970s. Starr, Joe Walsh and Jeff "Skunk" Baxter made guest appearances on the track "Satisfied",<ref name="Greco/VintageR"></ref> which Wright co-wrote with songwriter Bobby Hart. As a posthumous tribute to his friend George Harrison, the Deluxe Digital Edition of "Connected" included "Never Give Up", which he and Harrison recorded in 1989, while the iTunes version added "To Discover Yourself", a song that the two musicians wrote together in 1971. Wright recorded the latter song on the day of Harrison's death in November 2001. He also contributed to Martin Scorsese's 2011 documentary "" and supplied personal reminisces and family photographs for Olivia Harrison's book of the same title.


title: Gary Wright

text: In 2010 and 2011, Wright toured again with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. Following a summer 2011 tour of Europe with Starr, Wright participated in the Hippiefest US tour with artists such as Felix Cavaliere, Mark Farner, Dave Mason and Rick Derringer, before returning to Europe for shows with his own band late that year.


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright resides in Palos Verdes Estates, California with wife Rose, whom he married in 1985. He was previously married to Christina, who, as Tina Wright, received co-writing credits on Wright's songs "I'm Alive" (from "The Mirror"), "Feel for Me" ("The Dream Weaver") and "I'm the One Who'll Be by Your Side" ("Headin' Home").<ref name="Viglione/Home"></ref> He has two adult sons, Dorian and Justin. Justin is a member of the band Intangible. Wright has a sister, Lorna Dune, who recorded the song "Midnight Joey". The song was an answer song to Joey Powers' "Midnight Mary" in 1962.


title: Gary Wright

text: Wright has spoken out on the importance of creative opportunities for children in the public educational system, and expressed his opposition to the prevalence of free music downloading and its disadvantage to artists. In 2008, he voiced his support for Barack Obama's presidential campaign, during which "Dream Weaver" was a song adopted for the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.<ref name="Klein/HuffPost"></ref> That year, Wright discussed the message behind "Dream Weaver" with "Huffington Post" writer and political activist Howie Klein, saying: "With "Wayne's World" and all that, the perception of the song's meaning got a little bit changed for a lot of people. It's a very spiritual song. 'Dream Weaver' is really a song whose lyrical content is about the consciousness of the Universe: God moving us through the night – delusion and suffering – into the Higher Realms."


title: Gary Wright

text: In August 2014, Wright announced the imminent publication of his autobiography, "Dream Weaver: Music, Meditation, and My Friendship with George Harrison". Coinciding with the book's release, Wright's Warner Bros. albums were reissued for digital download.


title: Laverne Pavlinac

text: Laverne Arlyce Pavlinac (née Johnson; December 19, 1932 March 4, 2003) was an American woman who falsely confessed to assisting in the 1990 murder of 23-year-old Taunja Bennett of Portland, Oregon; she also implicated her boyfriend, John Sosnovske, in Bennett's murder. Both Pavlinac and Sosnovske were convicted, with Pavlinac receiving a 10-year sentence. They served almost 6 years before both were exonerated after serial killer Keith Jesperson confessed to Bennett's murder.


title: Laverne Pavlinac

text: Pavlinac was born Laverne Johnson on December 19, 1932 in Marshland, Oregon. She was raised in Clatskanie, where she graduated from Clatskanie High School in 1950. She worked as an aide at Dammasch State Hospital in Wilsonville, and resided in West Linn. In 1950, she married Warren Brown, who died in 1978. She subsequently married Rudy Pavlinac that year, but the marriage was short-lived, as he died in 1979.


title: Laverne Pavlinac

text: On February 5, 1990, the Multnomah County Police Department received an anonymous phone call from a woman claiming she overheard a man in a bar bragging about committing the murder of 23-year-old Taunja Bennett, of Portland, Oregon. Bennett had gone missing on January 21, and was found deceased on January 22, lying on the side of an embankment along the Old Columbia River Highway in the Columbia River Gorge, east of Portland. She had been beaten, sexually assaulted, and strangled to death. The anonymous caller identified the braggart as 39-year-old John Sosnovske, but his name was misspelled in the report, which prevented a follow-up from the sheriff's office. The following week, another call was placed to Clackamas County police; in this report, Sosnovske's name was correctly transcribed, and law enforcement began investigating him as a potential suspect. At the time, Sosnovske was a parolee who had previous DUI offenses. Through police correspondence with Sosnovske's parole officer, it was determined that the caller who implicated him was Laverne Pavlinac, Sosnovske's 58-year-old girlfriend.


title: Laverne Pavlinac

text: Both Pavlinac and Sosnovske were separately interviewed by law enforcement, and Pavlinac was sent home with a recording wire, which police hoped would record Sosnovske implicating himself in conversation; however, Sosnovske failed to implicate himself. In subsequent interviews, Pavlinac told law enforcement that on the night of January 21, she had received a phone call from Sosnovske, who told her he was "in trouble" and asked her to meet him at a truck stop in Troutdale. Upon her arrival, she claimed that Sosnovske was hiding between two large trailers, and that the body of Bennett lay wrapped in a blanket at his feet. Pavlinac initially thought she was ill, but was told by Sosnovske that she was in fact dead. Pavlinac claimed the two rolled Bennett's body into a shower curtain that she had brought, and disposed of her body along the Old Columbia River Highway, around east in the Columbia River Gorge. She also stated that before disposing of Bennett's body, Sosnovske cut a piece of fabric from her jeans to keep as a souvenir.


title: Laverne Pavlinac

text: Pavlinac accompanied law enforcement to the truck stop, where she identified the specific location she claimed to have seen Sosnovske standing with Bennett's body; she also accompanied them to the location where Bennett's body had been found, accurately identifying it. Based on Pavlinac's interviews with law enforcement, Sosnovske was arrested.


title: Laverne Pavlinac

text: Following Sosnovske's arrest, a forensic analysis of Pavlinac's vehicle was completed, but no evidence indicating a body had been transported in it was found. The shower curtain, which Pavlinac claimed was thrown out of the car along the side of Interstate 84, was also not located. Pavlinac's story was also at odds with several eyewitness accounts which placed Bennett at a bar approximately from where Pavlinac claimed Sosnovske met Bennett. These eyewitnesses stated that they saw Bennett playing pool with two unidentified men, neither of whom was Sosnovske.