title: Dhanvantari

text: Dhanvantari () is the physician of the devas in Hinduism. He is regarded to be an avatar of Vishnu. He is mentioned in the Puranas as the god of Ayurveda.


title: Dhanvantari

text: During his incarnation on earth, he reigned as the King of Kashi, today locally referred to as Varanasi. Dhanvantari is also identified as the great-grandfather of Divodasa, a mythological King of Kashi in the Vishnu Purana.


title: Dhanvantari

text: According to the ancient Sanskrit work "Vishnudharamottara", Dhanvantari is a handsome individual and is to usually be depicted with four hands, with one or two of them carrying a bowl of amrita, the elixir of immortality. Dhanvantari is depicted in a stark resemblance to Vishnu, with four hands, holding the shankha, chakra, jalauka (leech), and a pot containing amrita. He is often shown with a leech in his hand rather than the scriptures, indicating the historical practice of bloodletting.


title: Dhanvantari

text: "The Bala Kanda" of the "Ramayana" and "Bhagavata Purana" state that Dhanvantari emerged from the Ocean of Milk and appeared with the pot of amrita (elixir of immortality) during the "Samudra Mathana," whilst the ocean was being churned by the devas and the asuras, using the Mandara mountain and the serpent Vasuki. The pot of amrita was snatched by the asuras, and after this event, Vishnu's avatar, Mohini, appears and takes the nectar back from the asuras. It is also believed that Dhanvantari promulgated the practice of Ayurveda. Of special mention here is the treatise of "Dhanvantari-Nighantu", which completely elucidates Dhanvantari's medicinal plants.


title: Dhanvantari

text: During the second Dvapara Yuga, the King of Kashi, Dirghatapas, propitiated the physician deity for the birth of a son. The deity agreed to incarnate himself as the desired child as a boon. Dhanavantri proved to be a great king, and is described as the "dispeller of all ailments". He is described to have been exempt from infirmities and recognised as a "master of universal knowledge". The sage Bharadvaja educated him regarding the therapeutic practice of Ayurveda, and further caused him to study medicine. The king created a classification of his knowledge of medicine into eight fields and disseminated it to a number of diverse disciples.


title: Dhanvantari

text: According to the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Dhanvantari, accompanied by his disciples, once journeyed to Kailasha. On the way, a naga named Takshaka emitted a venom-spitting hiss. A disciple plucked the diamond upon the head of Takshaka and hurled it towards the earth. Upon learning these events, the powerful serpent-king Vasuki amassed thousands of serpents under the leadership of Drona, Pundarika, and Dhananjaya against the entourage. The poisonous emissions of all these serpents united to make the disciples of Dhanvantari faint. Immediately, Dhanvantari concocted a medicine made from "vanaspati", allowing his followers to recover and causing the snakes to faint in turn. When Vasuki understood what had transpired, he sent a Shaiva serpent goddess, Manasa, to face Dhanvantari. Manasa sent the disciples of Dhanvantari into a swoon, but since the deity was proficient in the art of "Vishvavidya", he soon restored his disciples to consciousness. When Manasa deemed it impossible to defeat Dhanvantari or his disciples, she held the trishula given to her by Shiva and aimed it at Dhanvantari. Seeing this, Shiva and Brahma appeared before them and restored the peace, sending them all on their way.


title: Dhanvantari

text: In Konkan, There is a Dhanvantari temple at Dapoli, District Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. It belongs to Dongare family and is owned and run by Vaidya Aniruddha Dongare. Many devotees from Konkan and rest of Maharashtra visit the temple and offer their prayers.


title: Dhanvantari

text: There are a few dedicated temples to Dhanvantari in South India especially in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, where ayurveda is highly practised and patronised. The Thottuva Dhanwanthari temple in Kerala is a particularly famous temple, where Lord Dhanvantari's idol is almost six feet tall and facing east. On the right hand the lord holds amrita and with the left hand the lord holds Atta, Shanku and Chakra. The 'Ekadasi' day celebration, which falls on the same day as the 'Guruvayur Ekadasi' is of special significance.


title: Dhanvantari

text: In Tamil Nadu, in the courtyard of Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple (Srirangam), there is a Dhanvantari shrine where daily worship of the deity is performed. In front of this temple there is an engraved stone believed to be from the 12th century. According to the writings on the stone, Garuda Vahana Bhattar, a great ayurvedic physician, established the statue inside the temple. A "prasada" or "tirtham", a herbal decoction, is given to the visitors. The shrine is the oldest Dhanvantari shrine in the state. Another Dhanvantari shrine is found in the second precinct of Varadaraja Perumal Temple in Kanchipuram.


title: Dhanvantari

text: In Varanaseya Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh state, one statue of Dhanvantari is present in the university museum. Two statues are at the headquarters of the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha at New Delhi. There is another statue inside the Ayurveda Maha Sammelan office, Dhanawantari Bhawan at New Delhi and one statue of Dhanvantari is present at Mohyal Ashram in Haridwar.


title: Dhanvantari

text: There is a shikar style temple dedicated to the god in the Jaya Bageshwari neighbourhood of Kathmandu. The temple is near the famous Pashupatinath temple.


title: Dhanvantari

text: Devotees pray to Dhanvantari to seek his blessings for sound health for themselves and others on Dhanteras, two days before Deepavali. It is also celebrated as National Ayurveda Day in India, which was first observed in 2016.


title: We Don't Talk Anymore (Charlie Puth song)

text: "We Don't Talk Anymore" is a song by American singer-songwriter Charlie Puth, featuring vocals from fellow American singer Selena Gomez. It was released on May 24, 2016, as the third single from Puth's debut studio album, "Nine Track Mind". The artists wrote the song with Jacob Kasher Hindlin. Musically, it is a pop song with Puth's tropical-inspired production.


text: The song peaked at number nine on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, earning Puth his second top-10 single and Gomez's sixth and Puth's second highest-charting single as a lead artist to date, behind "Attention". It has also attained the top 10 positions in more than 20 countries, and reached number one in Italy, Lebanon and Romania.


text: Puth created the guitar line during a trip in Japan. He produced the beat in the Philippines and recorded his vocals in Los Angeles. Months later Puth played the song for Selena Gomez, whom he had met previously at an after party following the MTV Video Music Awards. He thought that their voices would complement each other well and then asked her to sing the second verse. Gomez's vocals were recorded in Puth's closet. Her recording session lasted approximately 15 minutes. On December 10, 2015, Puth posted a snippet of the song announcing the collaboration with Gomez. On January 10, 2016, Puth posted a second teaser.


text: "We Don't Talk Anymore" is a pop song with a tropical-inspired production. The song is in the key of C minor and has 100 beats per minute. Bobby Oliver of NJ.com described it as "a pulsing club jam." Lyrically, the song takes perspective from a former couple and their struggle to maintain a normal communication system in the aftermath of their break-up. Puth said the song is about "relationships where you're obsessed with that one person, but then you break it up peacefully, but it's changed. You can't talk to them like friends anymore. You can say you want to remain friends, but it's easier said than done. It’s heartbreaking. 'We Don't Talk Anymore' is basically the conversation a month after that type of breakup."


text: The song was met with critical acclaim from critics. Writing for "Spin", Brennan Carley found the song "wisely trades verses between the two pop forces, cashing in on the trop-house trend" and added that it is "a worthy, breezy slice of pop." Bobby Oliver of NJ.com wrote the song is "wonderfully infectious, and feels destined for hit radio." MTV's Madeline Roth praised the singers' vocals by saying they "blend so beautifully together." Marie Sherman of Fuse said the song is "freaking catchy" and that the chorus would be stuck in people's heads. Lindsey Sullivan of "Billboard" called the song "ridiculously catchy". Idolator's Mike Wass opined that the song "sounds like a smash." Dee Lockett of Vulture.com deemed it "the chillest breakup duet."


text: A live performance video was released on July 19, 2016. It features Puth and Gomez performing with the latter's Revival Tour in Anaheim, California on July 9.


text: The music video premiered on August 2, 2016, on BuzzFeed and was directed by Phil Pinto. It shows Puth and Mirella Cardoso as his love interest. This video does not include the appearance of Gomez, but only used the version of Puth and Gomez. As of October 2021, the video has more than 2.7 billion views and 12 million likes on YouTube and is the site's 32nd most-viewed video. It was nominated for Best Collaboration at 2017 MTV Video Music Awards but lost to Zayn and Taylor Swift's I Don't Wanna Live Forever.


title: A440 (pitch standard)

text: A440 (also known as Stuttgart pitch) is the musical pitch corresponding to an audio frequency of 440 Hz, which serves as a tuning standard for the musical note of A above middle C, or A in scientific pitch notation. It is standardized by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 16. While other frequencies have been (and occasionally still are) used to tune the first A above middle C, A440 is now commonly used as a reference frequency to calibrate acoustic equipment and to tune pianos, violins, and other musical instruments.


title: A440 (pitch standard)

text: Before standardization on 440 Hz, many countries and organizations followed the French standard since the 1860s of 435 Hz, which had also been the Austrian government's 1885 recommendation. Johann Heinrich Scheibler recommended A440 as a standard in 1834 after inventing the "tonometer" to measure pitch, and it was approved by the Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians at a meeting in Stuttgart the same year.


title: A440 (pitch standard)

text: The American music industry reached an informal standard of 440 Hz in 1926, and some began using it in instrument manufacturing.


title: A440 (pitch standard)

text: In 1936, the American Standards Association recommended that the A above middle C be tuned to 440 Hz. This standard was taken up by the International Organization for Standardization in 1955 as Recommendation R 16, before being formalised in 1975 as ISO 16.


title: A440 (pitch standard)

text: It is designated A in scientific pitch notation because it occurs in the octave that starts with the fourth C key on a standard 88-key piano keyboard. On MIDI, A440 is note 69 (0x45 hexadecimal).


title: A440 (pitch standard)

text: A440 is widely used as concert pitch in the United Kingdom and the United States. In continental Europe the frequency of A commonly varies between 440 Hz and 444 Hz.


title: A440 (pitch standard)

text: In the period instrument movement, a consensus has arisen around a modern "baroque pitch" of 415 Hz (with 440 Hz corresponding to A), a 'baroque' pitch for some special church music (in particular, some German church music, e.g. the pre-Leipzig period cantatas of Bach) known as "Chorton pitch" at 466 Hz (with 440 Hz corresponding to A), and "classical pitch" at 427–430 Hz.


title: A440 (pitch standard)

text: A440 is often used as a tuning reference in just intonation regardless of the fundamental note or key.


title: A440 (pitch standard)

text: The US time and frequency station WWV broadcasts a 440 Hz signal at two minutes past every hour, with WWVH broadcasting the same tone at the first minute past every hour. This was added in 1936 to aid orchestras in tuning their instruments.


title: C9 League

text: The C9 League () is an alliance of nine universities in China, initiated by the Chinese Central Government to promote the development and reputation of higher education in China in 2009. Collectively, universities in the C9 League account for 3% of the country's researchers, but receive 10% of national research expenditures. They produce 20% of the nation's academic publications and 30% of total citations. "People's Daily", an official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party, refers to the C9 League as "China's Ivy League."


title: C9 League

text: The C9 members are viewed as some of the most prestigious universities of all Chinese universities and consistently rank among the best in the world. All nine universities ranked in the top 11, including seven at the top of the 2021 Best Chinese University Rankings, a sub-ranking of Academic Rankings of World Universities (ARWU). Since 2019, two of the C9 members (Tsinghua and Peking) have been ranked the two best universities in Asia-Oceania region and emerging countries, according to the THE World University Rankings."" In the 2023 QS World University Rankings, two C9 Leagues rank in the top 15 globally (Peking 12th and Tsinghua 14th).


title: C9 League

text: The grouping has been compared to other elite university groupings around the world, such as the Ivy League, AAU, Oxbridge, U15, and Group of Eight.


title: C9 League

text: C9 League schools are allocated special resources, and have special arrangements for sharing resources with one another. They have a higher fraction of elite academics who have been awarded one of China's top academic honors, the Thousand Talents Plan Professorship and the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Professorship, and often have a few who have been awarded both. C9 League schools receive substantial funding from both national and local governments in order to build new research centers, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad.


title: C9 League

text: On November 7, 2014, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) officially participated in the activities of the C9 League. The C9 Alliance’s standard will be used as a criteria for evaluating the external admissions score of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), which has actually become a tenth member. However, it was not an official member. The Alliance is still called C9 League, which means that the total number of member universities is 9.


title: C9 League

text: All the C9 League schools are members of several categories of national key universities, including the former Project 211, the former Plan 111, the former Project 985 and the current Double First Class University Plan, representing China's most prestigious universities.


title: C9 League

text: The C9 members' undergraduate program is highly competitive. Seven of the C9 members are at the top as the hardest universities to get into, namely Peking University, Tsinghua University, Fudan University, Nanjing University, Zhejiang University, University of Science and Technology of China, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Only less than 0.2% of National Higher Education Entrance Examination ("Gaokao") takers get admitted every year (as a comparison to 0.6% of SAT-takers accepted in the five most selective Ivy League schools in 2012). Over ten million students take the Gaokao every year, and less than 2.2 million take the SAT: these rates are not directly comparable.


title: C9 League

text: The C9 members are viewed as some of the most prestigious universities of all Chinese universities and consistently rank among the best in the world. All nine universities ranked in the top 11, including seven at the top of the 2021 Best Chinese University Rankings, a sub-ranking of Academic Rankings of World Universities (ARWU). Since 2019, two of the C9 members (Tsinghua and Peking) have been the two best universities in the whole of Asia-Oceania region and emerging countries, according to the THE World University Rankings, THE Asia University Rankings and the THE Emerging Economies University Rankings"." Moreover, the C9 league has dominated the QS BRICS University Rankings and the THE Emerging Economies University Rankings, claiming seven of the top 10 spots for both rankings. In the QS Asia University Rankings, five of the C9 universities appear in the Asia Top 10.


title: C9 League

text: All the C9 members are ranked in the world's top 100 universities according to the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities, the University Ranking by Academic Performance, and the SCImago Rankings. All the C9 members are ranked in the world's top 150 universities in the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the Nature Index Annual Tables. Seven of the C9 universities are ranked among the top 150 universities in the world according to the "Academic Ranking of World Universities", the "QS World University Rankings", the "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" and the "U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking"."" The C9 League as a grouping has been rapidly catching up with other elite groupings in terms of global rankings, even collectively passing Canada’s U15 and the UK's Russell Group within the ARWU league table in 2015.


title: C9 League

text: Internationally, Tsinghua and Peking were regarded as the two most reputable Chinese universities by "THE World Reputation Rankings," where they ranked 9th and 13th in the world as of 2022, respectively, together with Shanghai Jiao Tong and Fudan in the top 40, University of Science and Technology of China, Zhejiang and Nanjing in the top 100, and Xi'an Jiaotong and Harbin Institute of Technology in the global top 200 universities.


title: C9 League

text: Tsinghua and Peking graduates are highly desired worldwide, with its Graduate Employability rankings placed at 6th and 19th in the world respectively in 2020 QS Graduate Employability Rankings, together with Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Zhejiang University in the Global Top 50th Universities with high-achieving graduates every year.


title: C9 League

text: The C9 League is a signatory member of the worldwide association of leading research universities, including the Association of American Universities (USA), the League of European Research Universities (Europe) and the Group of Eight (Australia), that signed the prestigious Hefei Statement ("the ten characteristics of contemporary research universities") in 2013.


title: C9 League

text: The Chinese government made several categories of national key universities in history. One of the earlier groups is the Project 211, which was established in 1995 to strengthen research standards in China’s top universities, with universities that exceed a threshold receiving significantly increased funds. By 2008, 116 higher education institutions were members of the Project 211.


title: C9 League

text: Another more selective group is the Project 985, established in 1998. The Chinese government included 39 high-level research universities offering comprehensive and leading education in the Project 985, and capped their memberships to these 39 in 2011.


title: C9 League

text: The most selective group is the C9 League, established by the Chinese central government at the 100th anniversary of Peking University on May 4, 1998, as part of the Project 985 with the goal of advancing Chinese higher education by formalizing an elite group of universities to foster better students and share resources. Nine universities were selected and allocated funding, and on October 10, 2009, the relationship between these nine universities was formalized into China's C9 League. Inspired by the C9 league universities, the Excellence League, a similar alliance of leading Chinese universities with strong backgrounds in engineering, was also established in 2010.


title: C9 League

text: The current project, established in 2015, is the Double First Class University Plan to create 42 world-class universities by 2050.


title: C9 League

text: In October 2015, the State Council of the People's Republic of China published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First Class Universities and First Class Disciplines' (Double First Class University Plan), which made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China, comprehensively integrating previous projects including C9 League, Project 211, Project 985, etc. In September 2017, the full list of the universities and their disciplines of the Double First Class University Plan was released by the Ministry of Education of China, the Ministry of Finance of China and the National Development and Reform Commission of China.


title: C9 League

text: According to the list, 140 universities have been approved as ‘Double First Class Universities’ by the central government of China. The Double First Class University Plan underlines that driving the overall development of universities by building and strengthening their faculties and departments, and eventually developing the 140 listed elite universities into world-class universities by 2050.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: "The Bells" is the fifth episode of the eighth season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series "Game of Thrones." The 72nd and penultimate episode of the series overall, it was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Miguel Sapochnik. It first aired on HBO on May 12, 2019.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: "The Bells" features the final battle for control of the Iron Throne, with an army led by Daenerys Targaryen commencing its assault on Cersei Lannister and the people of King's Landing. In the episode, Tyrion Lannister betrays Varys and reveals Varys's treason to Daenerys; Jaime Lannister is freed by Tyrion; Arya Stark and Sandor "The Hound" Clegane seek personal vengeance; Jon Snow prepares to lead the ground forces against the Lannister army; and Drogon, mounted by Daenerys, burns the city down. The episode received a polarized response from critics and audiences alike. Critics praised the episode's visuals, as well as the acting and direction, but criticized the pacing and logic of the story, as well as its handling of the character arcs of Tyrion, Jaime, Cersei, Grey Worm, Varys, and particularly Daenerys.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: The episode received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for Lena Headey and Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Series, winning for Outstanding Fantasy/Sci-Fi Costumes and Outstanding Special Visual Effects.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: As Varys writes a letter about Jon Snow's true heritage, one of his "little birds" informs him that Daenerys continues to refuse food. He tells the child to "try again at supper". Soon after, Varys implores Jon to take the Iron Throne, but Jon refuses to betray Daenerys. Tyrion informs Daenerys of Varys' plot, and she has Drogon burn him alive. Later, Daenerys bemoans not having the love of the people in Westeros. Jon assures Daenerys that he loves her. However, when he halts their intimacy, Daenerys resigns herself to using fear to rule Westeros. Tyrion implores Daenerys to spare the commoners of King's Landing if the city bells ring, indicating surrender. Daenerys appears to accept. She then informs Tyrion that Jaime has been captured on his way to King's Landing and warns Tyrion not to fail her again.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Tyrion arrives at the Targaryen forces' camp and frees Jaime so that, if the capital falls, Jaime can take Cersei to Pentos and live safely in seclusion.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: The next day, Arya Stark and Sandor Clegane enter the Red Keep amongst the civilians Cersei is using as human shields. The battle begins: Daenerys and Drogon burn the Iron Fleet and the Golden Company, and destroy the city's defences. Grey Worm kills Harry Strickland, and Daenerys' army storms King's Landing. Outmatched, the Lannister forces drop their weapons and the city rings the bells in surrender. However, Daenerys does not accept the surrender and, atop Drogon, burns the city while her army participates in the massacre on the ground. Horrified by this turn of events, Jon unsuccessfully tries to stop his men from attacking, before he and Davos have them fall back as the city burns.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: As Jaime makes his way to the Red Keep to rescue Cersei, he encounters and fights Euron. He mortally wounds Euron but is gravely injured himself. Sandor convinces Arya to give up vengeance against Cersei and they part ways as friends. As Cersei and Qyburn attempt to escape, Sandor arrives and kills the Queensguard in order to fight his brother, Gregor. Gregor kills Qyburn when he attempts to intervene and Cersei flees. They fight while the castle falls around them, with Gregor resistant to Sandor's attacks. Sandor tackles him through a collapsing wall and they fall to their deaths in the fires below. Jaime reunites with Cersei, but they find their escape passage is blocked by rubble. Jaime comforts Cersei as the Red Keep collapses on them and kills them.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Arya experiences the chaos on the streets in King's Landing as she tries to help in the evacuation and is soon knocked unconscious when a tower collapses near her. When she wakes up, she finds the city destroyed and deserted, with many corpses scattered amongst the ash and rubble. She then encounters Harry Strickland's white horse and rides it out of the city.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: For the filming of the episode, the city of Dubrovnik (the stand-in for King's Landing) was recreated on the backlot of their Belfast set. Filming Varys's death scene ultimately ended up taking seven months as rain kept postponing the shoot.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: In a promotional photo of the scene in which Jaime and Cersei embrace at the Red Keep, his right hand is visible instead of the metallic prosthetic the character received in season 4. In the actual episode, only the metallic hand is seen. The error in the image garnered attention in light of the previous episode's coffee cup mistake.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Laura Elphinstone was cast as one of the inhabitants of King's Landing who helped Arya Stark during the dragon attack on the city. The American football quarterback Aaron Rodgers appears in a cameo in this episode.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: The episode was viewed by 12.48 million viewers on its initial live broadcast on HBO, surpassing "The Dragon and the Wolf" as the most-watched episode of the series. An additional 5.9 million viewers watched on streaming platforms, for a total of 18.4 million viewers.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, the episode has an approval rating of 49% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The critical consensus reads: "Death, destruction, and the deterioration of Daenerys' sanity make 'The Bells' an episode for the ages; but too much plot in too little time muddles the story and may leave some viewers feeling its conclusions are unearned." It is the second lowest-rated episode on Rotten Tomatoes, behind the finale "The Iron Throne".


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Lenika Cruz of "The Atlantic" wrote that although she found the special effects stunning and the acting spectacular, this was "the worst "Game of Thrones" episode ever" because the plot was either too obvious or illogical, with the massacre seeming "an unearned negation of the identity [Daenerys] had spent years building for herself". Emily VanDerWerff of "Vox" found the episode grim and absent of sense, but credited director Miguel Sapochnik for "the gorgeous visuals [that] extended beyond the battle scenes." VanDerWerff praised the acting of the cast such as Maisie Williams, Lena Headey, Peter Dinklage, and Emilia Clarke; the latter two, she wrote, made their characters' actions believable even when they were illogical. Alex McLevy of "The A.V. Club" wrote that the episode successfully demonstrated that "the chaos of war makes villains and victims of us all", with the "progression from exhilarating hope to tragic denouement [being] skillfully executed by director Miguel Sapochnik" with better large-scale choreography than in "The Long Night".


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Hugh Montgomery of BBC Culture wrote that characters such as Tyrion, Jaime, Daenerys, and Cersei were "definitively sacrificed to the show's scrambled plotting", and that "Game of Thrones" was previously "a show that intelligently delineated a senseless world", but that it was now nonsense. VanDerWerff stated that Cersei and Jaime's deaths were not given much thought by the writers and were instead simply something to check off a list. Kelly Lawler of "USA Today", saying that the episode lacked substance and was an "absolute disaster", argued that Grey Worm, Daenerys and Varys took actions which were wildly out of character.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Alan Sepinwall of "Rolling Stone" wrote that the episode's "technical genius" and "the visual clarity only made it easier to see how muddled the show has been, from both a narrative and character standpoint, in this home stretch", with the scorpions turning from accurate to useless, Euron surviving Drogon to have a "pointless fight with Jaime", the setting of Cleganebowl being invulnerable while the castle fell, Jaime easily entering the gated Red Keep, and the appearance of "seemingly hundreds of Dothraki" despite most of them apparently dying in 'The Long Night'. Lawler also said that the writers "threw out their own rule book (suddenly the scorpions don't work and Drogon can burn everything?) to pursue gross spectacle".


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Several critics criticized the pacing of events; Lawler wrote that the pacing started off rushed, while Spencer Kornhaber of "The Atlantic" said that the show was "sprinting through plot check marks". Will Bedingfield of "Wired" also felt that the show rushed storylines, seeing the death of Varys as being without the climactic buildup previous seasons had. Sarah Hughes of "The Guardian" said season eight had pacing problems and that this was because season seven also had pacing issues that ensured that the rest of the series would feel "breathless and rushed."


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Daenerys's turn from hero to villain was especially criticized, with many reviewers and fans feeling that, because she was built up as a morally good protagonist for seven seasons, it made no narrative sense, or that it was not executed properly within the provided timescale. Mike Hogan of "Vanity Fair" said that although the show had been clear that Daenerys has a temper, "we have seen her balance that violence with mercy, kindness, and above all shrewdness." Zack Beauchamp of "Vox" argued that Daenerys's previous cruelties were somewhat logical because she killed people who "committed crimes deserving of punishment" and Samwell Tarly's father and brother because they "refused to submit to her rule," but that there was no reason to go after harmless civilians. He said although the show had been "building toward Daenerys becoming the Mad Queen" and this route could have worked, "its execution was sloppy and rushed" and "it felt as if Daenerys had become a monster simply because the show needed her to become a monster, not because it was paying off a thoughtfully developed character turn." "Slate"'s Sam Adams said "the show spent far more time making Dany a hero" than building her up as the Mad Queen.


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: "The Atlantic" staff opened, ""Game of Thrones" could have easily demonstrated the nasty reality of [Daenerys's] fight for Westeros without putting the choice to massacre innocents directly on her shoulders. Instead, 'The Bells' ended up painting one of the most pivotal plot points in the final season as an emotional lashing-out from a tired, lonely, paranoid young woman." Kathryn VanArendonk of "Vulture" also criticized the episode for "ultimately hing[ing] on a trope as painfully stale as 'and then the scary powerful woman goes crazy'." Eliana Dockterman of "Time" criticized the analyses of Daenerys's advisors as also playing "into the terrible trope of the crazed, power-hungry woman" and Tyrion's advice as having kept Daenerys from taking the Iron Throne much earlier and without as much bloodshed. She said she understood the idea of power corrupting "a heroic figure like Daenerys" and Daenerys falling prey to a messiah complex, but that the show needed to evolve her to that point like it evolved other characters to their points. Alan Sepinwall of "Rolling Stone" stated that Daenerys's descent into madness is the kind of development that requires "at least another half of a regular-length GoT season to feel earned."


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Myles McNutt of "The A.V. Club" said that Daenerys's final arc comes down to two aspects – story development and character development. He said Daenerys burning down King's Landing is a logical and effective way of ending the story on a thematic level, adding that how "it reshapes the rest of the episode is a striking reframing of the violence that has defined the show." Character-wise, he felt that the choice was "undeniably trickier" because one might be led to believe that Daenerys's choice was purely reflexive when it was instead due to "a collection of life experiences that left her believing that ruling with fear was the only path ahead of her." He said "the writers failed to create the necessary structure for [the villainous turn]" and they could have better highlighted Daenerys's destiny as a villain by referencing things such as her prophecy in Qarth. "Variety"'s Daniel D'Addario also argued that it made sense that Daenerys would burn the city because her "tactics have always been more deeply rooted in dominance than in empathy." Arguing that the change in Daenerys's arc has likely been planned by George R. R. Martin from the beginning, Vox's Andrew Prokop stated, "If "Game of Thrones" ended with a triumphant Daenerys Targaryen heroically taking the Iron Throne, it wouldn't be "Game of Thrones". This is the show of Ned Stark's death. This is the show of the Red Wedding. This is the ending it was headed toward all along."


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Screen Rant's Alexandra August felt that "ultimately it comes down to your interpretation of Dany's arc and how much that interpretation was diluted by pacing, execution and cultural context, if at all." She pondered different ways she felt the show could have pulled off the arc better, such as Daenerys only choosing to kill Cersei, but concluded that there would eventually be someone else to push her over the edge regardless. Also stating that "there are many ways to interpret" Daenerys's decision to burn the city, Megan Garber of "The Atlantic" said that maybe it was the Targaryen madness having settled in, or her ruthlessness taking over, or a "crazy edit" by the writers, or a decision "that some innocents must die in the present so that many more can live peacefully in the future," or maybe that Daenerys "having recently lost her second dragon and the apparent loyalty of those left in her orbit, she simply made a blunt calculation about power and what will be required to attain it." Garber said that "ambiguity is a powerful tool in storytelling," but that "it is also a difficult one to wield well," and that "Dany is a savior, and Dany is a monster, and it is impossible to know where one ends and the other begins." To Garber, this uncertainty made Daenerys's actions all the more horrific because logic will not always win and "justice won't always save the day."


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss attributed Daenerys's decision to burn the city to having lost almost all of her friends and advisors, no longer trusting Jon Snow, and wanting to reclaim the home that her family built. Benioff said that Jon also being unable to return her affections because they are related played a factor. Weiss stated, "I think that when she says, 'Let it be fear,' she's resigning herself to the fact that she may have to get things done in a way that isn't pleasant." Benioff said that the ruthless side to Daenerys had always been there and that "if Cersei hadn't betrayed her, if Cersei hadn't executed Missandei, if Jon hadn't told her the truth [...] if all of these things had happened in any different way, then I don't think we'd be seeing this side of Daenerys Targaryen." Emilia Clarke said, "Every single thing that's led her to this point, and there she is, alone." VanArendonk expressed disappointment that Weiss and Benioff explained Daenerys's actions as due to her emotions, instead of some "twisted, empathetic logic". Emma Baty of "Cosmopolitan" also criticized the showrunners' response, stating, "Totally, totally. A woman is definitely prone to ending thousands of innocent lives just because her dad did the same, even though in the entire series, she's been insistent on not becoming that person. That checks out!"


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: "People" magazine's Aurelie Corinthios said, "Despite the major plot developments, viewers were left wanting more from a series that has spent the last eight seasons meticulously building up complex characters." She added that "others defended the episode, arguing that while the action was definitely 'rushed,' the main elements still made sense. Plus, didn't we always know we wouldn't get a happy ending?" Lauren Hill of "Chicago Tribune" relayed that the episode "had fans very divided. Some are upset by the character arcs of certain fan favorites while others saw this coming for quite some time."


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: Reviewers made note of negative fan reactions, especially to Daenerys's arc. Estelle Tang of "Elle" stated that many "commented how unbelievable it was for Dany to turn into a violent vengeance-seeker this far into the show's run." "Esquire"'s Gabrielle Bruney said viewers felt that the writers threw out her character development. "The Hollywood Reporter" staff stated that "many "Game of Thrones" viewers see Daenerys' acts as nothing short of a character assassination, laying blame for the treatment of the Dragon Queen, Cersei and the series' other powerful women at the feet of creators David Benioff and Dan Weiss." Mehera Bonner of "Cosmopolitan" wrote that "fans are absolutely devastated" by the episode and that they bemoaned "how the show has been completely ruined by sloppy writing and terrible decisions." She said, "While you could argue that we should have seen a lot of this coming, many fans were... [I don't know]... just hoping for better? Better than Daenerys becoming a Mad Queen just because it's in her family history and better than Jaime reverting to his season 1 personality just because it’s the easy way out."


title: The Bells (Game of Thrones)

text: A petition to HBO for a remake of the eighth season of "Game of Thrones" "that makes sense" was started on Change.org after the preceding episode "The Last of the Starks" aired, but went viral following the initial broadcast of "The Bells". The petition described showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss as "woefully incompetent writers". As of May 18, 2019 (i.e., the evening before the series finale), it has amassed over 1 million signatures. The petition was labelled as "ridiculous" by actor Isaac Hempstead Wright (who plays Bran Stark), and "rude" by actor Jacob Anderson (who plays Grey Worm). Sophie Turner (who plays Sansa) said that "there's always been crazy twists and turns" on "Game of Thrones" and "so Daenerys becoming something of the Mad Queen — it shouldn't be such a negative thing for fans. It's a shock for sure, but I think it's just because it hasn't gone their way." She argued, "All of these petitions and things like that — I think it's disrespectful to the crew, and the writers, and the filmmakers who have worked tirelessly over 10 years, and for 11 months shooting the last season."


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: Air India Express Flight 812 was a scheduled international flight from Dubai to Mangalore. On 22 May 2010, the Boeing 737-800 passenger jet operating the flight, crashed on landing at Mangalore. The captain had continued an unstabilised approach, despite three calls from the first officer to initiate a "go-around", resulting in the aircraft overshooting the runway, falling down a hillside, and bursting into flames. Of the 166 passengers and crew on board, 158 were killed (all six crew members and 152 passengers); only eight survived. This was the first fatal accident involving Air India Express.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: The accident involved a Boeing 737-8NG(SFP), one of the few 737s with a short-field performance package to use for landing in airports with short runways, with the aircraft registration VT-AXV and manufacturer's serial number 36333, line number 2481. The aircraft first flew on 20 December 2007 with the Boeing test registration N1787B and was delivered to Air India Express in January 2008. The crew consisted of Captain Zlatko Glušica, First Officer Harbinder Singh Ahluwalia, and four flight attendants. Glušica, aged 55, was a British and Serbian national with over 10,000 hours of flying and over 7,500 hours of command experience (including 2,440 hours on the Boeing 737), and Ahluwalia, aged 40, was a former employee of Jet Airways who joined Air India Express in 2009, having logged 3,620 flight hours with 3,319 of them on the Boeing 737. Both pilots were based in Mangalore.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: The flight departed Dubai International Airport at 01:06 GST (21:06 UTC). It crashed upon landing at Mangalore International Airport at 06:05 IST (00:35 UTC). Situated in a hilly area, the airport is one of seven Indian airports designated as a "critical airfield" by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation, whose rules at critical airfields prohibit "supervised takeoffs and landings" i.e. only the captain (not the first officer) may pilot an aircraft during takeoff and landing. Both pilots had previous experience with this airport; Captain Glušica had landed at Mangalore 16 times, while First Officer Ahluwalia had flown to the airport 66 times. The airport is one of three airports in India having table top runways (the others being Kozhikode and Lengpui) that require heightened awareness and a very precise landing approach.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: After touching down on the runway 24, the plane overran and crashed down the hill at its far end. The final conversations between air traffic control (ATC) and the pilot prior to the landing showed no indication of distress.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: The then-Civil Aviation Minister, Praful Patel, said that the aircraft was following an instrument landing system (ILS) approach for landing on the newer, longer runway, which was commissioned in 2006. The pilot reported to ATC that it was 'established' on an ILS approach about from touchdown; landing clearance was then given at from touchdown. The aircraft concluded its ILS approach on runway 24, touching down from the start of the runway, leaving in which to stop. It overran the runway and ploughed through a sand arrestor bed, which did not stop it. As the aircraft passed the arrestor bed, its starboard wing collided with the concrete socket of the ILS localiser antenna; it finally plunged over the edge of the table-top about beyond the end of the runway and down the steep hillside, coming to a stop past the top of the slope.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: Television footage from shortly after the crash showed the remains of the aircraft on fire and lying on its belly with smoke rising from the wreckage. The minister also stated that weather conditions were normal with a visibility of , and said wind conditions were calm with no rain at the time of the crash. A drizzle started only after the accident.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: Although 169 names were on the original passenger list, nine did not board the flight. All the bodies were recovered from the wreckage. Karnataka Home Minister V. S. Acharya said eight people were initially reported to have survived, although one later died of his injuries—this was, however, refuted by an Air India spokesman, who confirmed that all initial survivors were alive. The confusion arose after firefighters rescued a young girl who died on the way to hospital. The airport manager at Mangalore, Peter Abraham, confirmed that difficulties existed when trying to reach the plane.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: On 27 July 2010, the names of all the victims were inscribed on a memorial installed near the crash site, which was destroyed by vandals on 5 October 2010.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: "The plane broke in two", said one survivor, "and a dense black smoke invaded the cabin. I jumped out through an opening in the window. Six other passengers followed me. We fled, with the help of the inhabitants of the nearby village". Local villagers were among the first on the scene to help, while an estimated 15 fire trucks, 20 ambulances, and 100 rescue workers were immediately allocated to rescue operations. The Karnataka Western Range Inspector General of Police, Gopal Hosur, said that eight to ten people had been moved to hospitals and that the Karnataka Police force, bomb squad, Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services, Karnataka State Reserve Police and all hospitals were working together to help out. The Central Industrial Security Force sent 150 personnel to Mangalore to help in the relief and rescue operations. Bodies of all of the deceased were recovered from the crash site on the day of the crash, with relatives of the deceased receiving 87 of the bodies.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: After the rapid establishment of a special emergency information service, Praful Patel, the then-Indian Minister for Civil Aviation, arrived from New Delhi to be at the scene and the one-year-in-office celebrations of the UPA government's second tenure were postponed. Patel was soon followed by Karnataka Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa and Kerala Chief Minister V. S. Achuthanandan to take control of the situation. The chairperson of the governing UPA, Sonia Gandhi, issued a message of grief and wished a "speedy recovery" to all. Patel took moral responsibility for the accident and offered to resign his post, an offer rejected by the then-Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh. Many countries and organisations expressed sorrow and condolences to the people of India over the crash.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: The accident was predicted to cost the insurers and their reinsurers ₹350 crore to ₹400 crore (₹3.5 billion to ₹4 billion). Air India's insurer, a consortium led by Reliance General Insurance and comprising Bajaj Allianz, Iffco-Tokio, and HDFC Ergo, paid out US$20 million (about ₹90 crore or ₹900 million) in settlement of the hull loss, and by August 2010, the airline had already received $50 million U.S. dollars (about ₹230 crore or ₹2.3 billion), or 60 per cent of the estimated $70 million (about ₹320 crore or ₹3.2 billion).


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: Initial investigations revealed that the plane landed at least beyond the usual touchdown point on Mangalore's new runway 24. A team of airline officials, staff and officials from the Airports Authority of India and officers of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation were rushed to the scene to investigate the accident and assist with rescue efforts. Boeing also announced that a team would be sent to provide technical assistance following a request from Indian authorities. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation ordered an inquiry into the crash, which began the same day. The US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) also assisted the investigation by sending a team of specialists including a senior air safety investigator, a flight operations specialist, an aircraft systems specialist and technical advisers for Boeing and the Federal Aviation Administration.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: Captain Glušica was given clearance to land, but he suddenly aborted the attempted landing. The aircraft's throttle handle was found in the forward position, suggesting that the pilot had attempted to abort the landing and take off again. The co-pilot Ahluwalia had warned his commander three times to go around instead of landing; the first of these warnings had come before the runway threshold.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was recovered on 23 May, and the flight data recorder (FDR) two days later. The recorders were sent to New Delhi by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation for data acquisition and analysis and subsequently to the US NTSB for investigation. DGCA official Zaidi claimed "better data protection" while unnamed officials mentioned heavy damage to the devices. In direct response to the accident, the Government of India decided to set up an independent air accident enquiry board called the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) that would function independently of the DGCA. Effectively this meant that the DGCA would be the regulator and the CAA the investigator. The Director General of the DGCA said that it would be set up thorough legislation, and would comply with the recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: The enquiry report submitted by the Civil Aviation Ministry said that Glušica slept for over 90 minutes during the flight. According to the NTSB, it was the first instance of snoring recorded on a CVR. Analysis of the accident revealed that had the pilot "deployed detent reverse thrust and applied maximum manual braking at touchdown", the aircraft could have stopped within the paved overrun area of the runway. However, the captain had exacerbated the long landing by attempting a go-around following deployment of the thrust reversers.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: On 3 June 2010, the government of India appointed the former Vice Chief of Air Staff, Air Marshal Bhushan Nilkanth Gokhale, as head of a court of inquiry to investigate the air crash. The "Gokhale Inquiry" was to investigate the reasons behind the crash and submit its findings by 31 August 2010, a deadline later extended by a month to 30 September 2010. The government also appointed four experts to this court of inquiry to assist in the investigation. The Court of Inquiry started its investigations by visiting the crash site on 7 June 2010, and visited all eight crash survivors to gather information.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: On 17 August 2010, the court of inquiry began a three-day public hearing in Mangalore to interview airport officials and witnesses. On day one, airport and airline officials deposed that the aircraft had approached at an altitude higher than usual, and that it had landed beyond the landing zone (LDZ). They also mentioned that the airport's radar was operational from 20 May 2010. The airport chief fire officer testified that crash tenders had taken four minutes to reach the aircraft because the road leading away from the airport perimeter to the crash site was very narrow and undulating. On day two, a transcript of the cockpit to ATC conversation was released, which indicated that the co-pilot had suggested a "go-around" after the pilot informed ATC that it was 'clear to land'.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: Doctors who conducted "post mortem" examinations on the bodies recovered recorded that most victims had died of burns. On day four Air India's flight safety officer informed the inquiry that the aircraft's thrust lever and thrust reverse levers were both in the forward position, possibly indicating that the pilot intended to go around. The inquiry panel stated that information from the FDR would be released at the next hearing of the court of inquiry in New Delhi on 3 September 2010, and that of the CVR soon after. The court of inquiry would submit its report on 30 September 2010.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: On 8 September 2010, details from the CVR and FDR were presented to the court of inquiry. The CVR analysis revealed that one of the pilots was asleep in the cockpit. For 110 minutes, the CVR had picked up no conversation from the pilots, with the report adding that the sound of nasal snoring and deep breathing could be heard during this recording. The FDR analysis indicated that the flight started its final descent at an altitude of , instead of the normal . The aircraft also touched down at the mark on the runway instead of the mark, whereupon the pilot then tried to take off with just of the runway remaining, which resulted in the crash. Both pilots had been aware of the wrong flight path since they are both heard saying, "Flight is taking wrong path and wrong side", while the aircraft's instruments had given repeated warnings of this.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: On 16 November 2010, five months after the court of inquiry was constituted, it submitted its report with input from the NTSB and Boeing, and stated that the cause of this accident was the captain's failure to discontinue the unstabilised approach despite three calls from the first officer to 'go around' and warnings from the enhanced ground proximity warning system. Additional factors included the captain's prolonged sleep during flight, which could have led to sleep inertia and impaired judgment, and the aircraft being given descent clearance closer to the airport than normal due to the unserviceability of the Mangalore Area Control Radar. The flight crew did not plan the descent properly and was high on approach.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: , the DGCA, AAI, Ministry of Aviation, and the government of India have not implemented the recommendations of the 812 crash inquiry committee. Work on runway lengthening has not started. The 812 Foundation, a Mangalore-based trust, has filed criminal charges for negligence against regulatory authorities and the airline. The regulatory authority and other organisations named in the petition are thinking of seeking anticipatory bail for their top officials, as the petition seeks nonbailable arrest warrants against those responsible.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: The then-Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, announced ₹2 lakh or for the families of the dead and for the injured to be allocated from the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund. Karnataka Chief Minister Yeddyurappa had also announced compensation of to the families of the dead. In addition to this, the Civil Aviation Ministry advised that the airline will provide up to ₹72 lakh or to family members of each victim as per the provisions of the Indian Carriage by Air (Amendment) Act which follows the Montreal Convention.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: The airline announced interim compensation of ₹10 lakh or for passengers above 12 years of age, ₹5 lakh or for passengers below 12 years of age, and ₹2 lakh or for every injured passenger. This compensation is over and above the ex-gratia payment announced by the Prime Minister. Additionally, Air India has said it would offer jobs to the survivors. As of 11 June 2010, ₹17 crore or had been distributed as compensation to the families of the victims and to the eight survivors. Victims' families have become increasingly vocal as to the inequitable nature of compensation paid out by Air India, and also of the alleged hostile attitude of the airline's counsel.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: Members of the Democratic Youth Federation of India along with Kasargod MP P Karunkaran staged a protest on 8 September 2010 at the airline's office in Mangalore, where they submitted a memorandum to officials demanding that families of the victims receive early and equitable settlements of compensation due. They also demanded the settlement process be made more transparent by opening it to the media rather than holding sessions in camera.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: On 20 July 2011, based on the petition filed by one of the victims, the Kerala High Court ruled that Air India was liable to pay a no-fault liability of one lakh (1,00,000) SDR or the Indian rupee equivalent of ₹75 lakh or . In its ruling, the court noted that India was a signatory to the Montreal Convention: "It is clear that the intention of lawmakers was to bring about a parity in the matter of payment of compensation to the passengers, irrespective of class of travel, while providing for a 'two-tier system' of compensation as adopted in Montreal convention." The court further ruled that this was over and above any other compensation to which the petitioners are entitled. Air India appealed this order in the Kerala High Court, and on 25 August 2011, the division bench stayed the single bench order on compensation of ₹75 lakh or . However, on 5 September 2011, the Kerala High Court ordered Air India to pay an interim compensation of ₹10 lakh or .


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: The district administration on 27 May 2010 had buried the remains of 12 unidentified and unclaimed victims at a plot on the banks of the Phalguni river belonging to the NMPT on Tannirbhavi Road, just after the exit of Kulur Bridge. A memorial for the victims of the disaster was built by NMPT and the AAI on this site along with a park, and was opened for the annual memorial service on 22 May 2018 the 8th anniversary of the crash. This memorial replaces the one built soon after the crash near the crash site on 27 July 2010, but demolished by persons unknown a few months later.


title: Air India Express Flight 812

text: The events of the crash featured in a series two episode of "Aircrash Confidential", titled "Pilot Fatigue".


title: Eve 6

text: Eve 6 is an American rock band formed in 1995 in Southern California, best known for their hit singles "Inside Out," "Leech," "Here's to the Night," and "Promise." They disbanded in 2004, returned for numerous tours in 2007 with a new lineup, and finally reunited with all three original members in early 2011. They signed to Fearless Records in the spring of that year, and released their fourth album "Speak in Code," containing the singles "Victoria" and "Curtain," in April 2012. In 2021, they released a new EP, Grim Value, and in 2022 will release a full-length album on Velocity Records.


title: Eve 6

text: The band originally consisted of Max Collins (bass, lead vocals), Jon Siebels (guitar, backing vocals), and Nick Meyers (drums). The band formed in 1995 in La Crescenta, California first as Yakoo, then Eleventeen; the name Eve 6 was only adopted later. Their first gig was at Eagle's Coffee Pub in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. Eleventeen had secured a recording contract with RCA while the band's members were still in high school and being managed by Jake Knight. After recording the unreleased "Eleventeen" EP, Meyers left the band, and was replaced by Tony Fagenson.


title: Eve 6

text: The band's final name is a reference to "The X-Files". Fagenson, a fan of the show, suggested the name after seeing an episode titled "Eve," which included a character who went by the name of "Eve 6."


title: Eve 6

text: The band issued the self-titled "Eve 6" in 1998, attaining platinum success with hit singles "Inside Out" and "Leech," the former capturing the No. 1 spot on the Modern Rock charts, spending several weeks on the top ten list on MTV's "Total Request Live," and crossing over successfully to pop/Top 40 radio. The album also includes "Tongue Tied" which was used as a soundtrack for the racing game "Test Drive 6". More widespread recognition came with gold-selling sophomore effort "Horrorscope" (2000), which spawned "Promise," "On the Roof Again," and the Top 40 hit "Here's to the Night."


title: Eve 6

text: The band made appearances on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno," "The Late Show with David Letterman," "Jimmy Kimmel Live!," "Late Night with Conan O'Brien," and "TRL" with Carson Daly, with their videos in constant rotation on MTV, most notably "Here's To The Night" which sat near the top of MTV's "TRL" countdown for much of the summer of 2001. The band then released the more experimental "It's All in Your Head" in 2003, featuring top 10 Modern Rock hit "Think Twice," but parted ways with RCA thereafter. Their rapid rise to prominence at an early age had led to mental and physical exhaustion, and in 2004 Eve 6 announced an indefinite hiatus.


title: Eve 6

text: "There were parts which were fucking incredible, and amazing and awesome, and there were aspects that were terrifying and freaky that you don't know how to handle. I feel like we did some growing up in public," says Collins. "I needed to stop drinking. In order to do that, the wheels had to come off. I don't think I could have done it if the band was still going."


title: Eve 6

text: Relatively poor sales of "It's All in Your Head" (only 192,000 units were sold, compared to the platinum and gold certification for their two previous albums) resulted in Eve 6's release from their contract with RCA. Subsequently, announcing their breakup, Eve 6 played their final show together on July 15, 2004, under the Gateway Arch in St. Louis. Collins had a short lived project called Brotherhood of Lost Dogs. Collins and Fagenson reunited to form a new band called The Sugi Tap. They recorded some demos and played shows throughout the California region during 2006.


title: Eve 6

text: After a year apart, Collins and Fagenson began writing and producing for other artists, including Puddle of Mudd's "We Don't Have to Look Back Now", and collaborating on their new side project, The Sugi Tap. "It was an inspiring time, going down different musical avenues together and trying things we wouldn't have in Eve 6," reflects Fagenson. "Ironically, when we did reform Eve 6 a couple years later, those experiments allowed us to progress the sound of the band more freely than if we had been in the band the whole time."


title: Eve 6

text: After performing for over a year as The Sugi Tap, on October 1, 2007, it was leaked that a newly reunited Eve 6 including Collins and Fagenson, and new guitarist Matt Bair would be going on tour. The Sugi Tap, as a result, was put on indefinite hiatus.


title: Eve 6

text: Collins and Fagenson played extensively as Eve 6 starting in 2008, with guitarist Matt Bair temporarily replacing Siebels who was occupied with his project Monsters Are Waiting. The band spent the next three years touring, writing and reconnecting with fans, then in 2011, armed with new material and management, signed with Fearless Records. A month within inking the deal Collins and Fagenson finally convinced Siebels to return to the fold.


title: Eve 6

text: "After going down some different paths it hit me that there was this thing out there that people wanted and wanted to hear," explains Siebels. "It just clicked and made sense to me. After such a long break I was so happy to be playing with these guys again." Continues Fagenson, "The way [Siebels] hits the strings and puts that muscle into the chords is very distinctive to our band, and that was a welcome piece of the sound that we had missed. Songs that had been kicking around for a couple years got new life with his playing put into them."


title: Eve 6

text: Eve 6 then re-enlisted Don Gilmore (Linkin Park, Dashboard Confessional, Good Charlotte)—who produced the first two Eve 6 full-lengths—to helm the sessions for "Speak in Code". With all the lead time, the album contains a mix of compositions that began as far back as the side project, as well as recent works written in the months leading up to the recording process. "We were really taking a 'best of everything' sort of approach, almost like a band's first album, in which there's a lot of material to choose from," Fagenson notes. "About half the songs were standouts from what Max and I had been working on and demoing over the years, and the other half were newer ideas that came with the inspiration of Jon's return and all that was happening to us at the time. We have a unique process, where each song is sort of its own animal. Don was crucial in helping us tighten everything up, and inspiring Max to dig really deep lyrically and get to some root emotion down there." Explains Collins, "Neil Finn [of Crowded House] once said, 'A great producer is someone whom you admire musically and otherwise, who you feel compelled to show up and show off for.' I feel like Don is that figure for me and the band."


title: Eve 6

text: Eve 6 released their new album "Speak in Code" on April 24, 2012, nearly eight years after parting ways in 2004. It's their fourth full-length release and their debut on new label Fearless Records. It contains the singles "Victoria" and "Curtain", the former receiving substantial airplay on the Modern Rock format in 2012. Music videos were made for both singles and were released on digital outlets such as Vevo and Music Choice. The album takes an updated tack on the band's pop-rock ideology, at times feeling closer to dance-influenced top-40 than the angst-filled rock and roll of the band's original sound. The band toured throughout much of 2012 in support of "Speak In Code", including stints with the All American Rejects and Everclear, and a headlining tour throughout the U.S. The song "Lost & Found" was released as an advance single three months prior to the album's release.


title: Eve 6

text: "Overall I'm really proud of it, and I think we're doing right by our fans, who've waited a long time for us to make another record. I think we're giving them something they'll enjoy," says singer/bassist Max Collins. "Once we got in the studio there was a lot of energy. There aren't any filler moments; each song has its purpose. This is the strongest collection of songs we've ever had on one record."


title: Eve 6

text: "In some of the songs frustration is a theme. I was sort of looking at difficult personal relationships with a humorous spin in some places, and with more earnestness in others," explains Collins. "The title "Speak in Code" is a lyric from 'Curtain,' and there was something kind of evocative about it. In that song, I'm referring to being newly sober and just feeling like an open nerve, feeling freaked out, having people and life being sort of overwhelming. It's almost like people are speaking a language you don't understand."


title: Eve 6

text: On April 7, 2018, drummer Tony Fagenson announced his departure from the group. The band then announced new drummer Ben Hilzinger, formerly of Beautiful Ben and the Unmistakable Stems, on Instagram. He is also the drummer of Fitness, which features Max Collins, as well as Kenny Carkeet (formerly of AWOLNATION).


title: Eve 6

text: In December 2020, multiple media outlets took note of the fact that Max Collins had become a prolific poster to Eve 6's official Twitter account, which was "quickly becoming a trove of internet comedy," including queries to various public figures asking if they "like the heart in a blender song," "choice tidbits ... about his fellow washed stars," and "generic observations about wallet chains, weight gain, and merch with palm trees on it, as well as a running bit about not knowing the difference between Vertical Horizon, Dishwalla, Matchbox 20, et al." Loudwire crowned Collins the "new king of Twitter" and "the anti-Trapt of Twitter," the latter contrasting Collins' celebrated social media posts with those of Trapt lead singer Chris Taylor Brown.


title: Eve 6

text: On February 4, 2021, the band released a music video for their new song "Black Nova," the announcement came with a release of their new EP titled "Grim Value" and release date of June 25, 2021, through Velocity Records. The band released "You Were Right" a collaboration with Bass Drum of Death on February 19, 2021. In April the band streamed a live concert which debuted the new song called "Can We Combine," the next day a music video for that song was released. Another music video for the new EP was released in August for the song "I Wanna Bite Your Face." A cover and music video of Operation Ivy's "Sound System" featured a collaboration by Eve 6 and We Are The Union was premiered on October 7 at Riot Fest. "Good For You (Better Version)" was posted on Facebook by the band on October 23. The new single "Androgyne Friend" premiered on December 5, and in an interview with "Spin Magazine", Collins shared that they would release a new song "on the eve of the 6th of every month, leading up to the release of the rock trio’s self-produced fifth studio album, "Hyperrelevisation" [Velocity Records], late next year." The latest single "Get You" was released on January 5, 2022.


title: Eve 6

text: In early February 2022, Eve 6 joined in Neil Young's protest of streaming service Spotify. Collins told "Fortune", “We're grateful that Neil Young was able to cause this critical mass and get all of this attention on Spotify. That’s making our boycott effort possible...It's making people more receptive to our message, but at the same time it obscures the more interesting and devastating story, which is Spotify’s predatory business practices.” He also stated "that his band generates about 1.3 million streams each month, but most of the money from those streams goes to Sony–the label that owns the rights to his band’s masters. Collins and his bandmates earn under $5,000 each month in total. Artists like Eve 6 are also unable to control whether their music streams on Spotify, but they can control the images on their display page. The Eve 6 banner image now says “delete Spotify” in bold lettering. In continuing their protest of Spotify, the band tweeted that their new song, "Revolushow", a protest song, was "available on Tidal and literally everywhere except Spotify and Amazon".


title: Eve 6

text: On February 9, they announced the Extreme Wealth Tour with We Are the Union, Field Medic, and comedian Jake Flores.


title: Eve 6

text: On August 10 the band announced their fifth album, "Hyper Relevisation" would be released on September 23, 2022. In addition to the announcement, the album cover, the 10 song track-list and the song "Mr. Darkside" was also released. Pre-orders for the album were made available through the bands label.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: "The Waldo Moment" is the third episode in the second series of the British science fiction anthology television series "Black Mirror". It was written by series creator and showrunner Charlie Brooker and directed by Bryn Higgins, and first aired on Channel 4 on 25 February 2013. The episode originated in an idea for "Nathan Barley", an earlier TV show by Brooker and Chris Morris.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: The episode tells the story of Jamie Salter (Daniel Rigby), an unhappy comedian who plays a blue animated bear called Waldo in a satirical television programme. After a politician he interviewed—Liam Munroe (Tobias Menzies)—enters a by-election to become member of parliament, Waldo stands as a candidate. Meanwhile, Jamie and another candidate Gwendolyn Harris (Chloe Pirrie) develop feelings for each other. Waldo's popularity continues to rise, but Jamie becomes increasingly discontented with the role he is playing.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: The episode is in contrast to other "Black Mirror" episodes with its contemporary setting; it explores public distrust of politicians. Initially based in part on the politician and future British prime minister Boris Johnson, the character of Waldo was widely compared to business magnate Donald Trump following his successful 2016 campaign to become President of the United States. The episode was considered by critics to be very poor in comparison to other "Black Mirror" episodes, with criticisms made of its reliance on tropes and its ending. The characters of Waldo and Jamie received mixed reception.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: On a topical comedy show, Jamie Salter (Daniel Rigby) plays Waldo—a vulgar, animated blue bear who interviews public figures under the pretence of a children's television programme. After Conservative politician Liam Munroe (Tobias Menzies) files a complaint over his interview, a television pilot starring Waldo is commissioned. Despite this, Jamie is unsatisfied with his life, particularly over a recent breakup. Executive Jack Napier (Jason Flemyng) notes that Munroe is standing to become a member of parliament in the by-election for the fictional constituency of Stentonford and Hersham. It is agreed that Waldo should also stand.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: Appearing as Waldo via video screens on the side of a van, Jamie goads Munroe into confrontation as he campaigns. Meanwhile, Gwendolyn Harris (Chloe Pirrie) has been chosen as the Labour Party candidate, though the constituency is a safe seat for the Conservatives. Harris and Jamie get drunk together, Jamie expressing his displeasure at being stuck as Waldo and Harris admitting she will not win. They have sex and agree to continue their relationship. Harris' campaign manager Roy (Michael Shaeffer) is alarmed that she talked to Jamie, telling her that she cannot see him during the campaign.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: Waldo and the other candidates are invited to a student-organised hustings, in which Munroe details Jamie's mostly unsuccessful television career and derides his message as meaningless. Jamie attacks both Munroe and Harris as disingenuous career politicians, using information Harris divulged during their encounter. Waldo's rant goes viral on YouTube and receives media coverage; Waldo is interviewed by political pundit Philip Crane (Pip Torrens). Jamie is reluctant to continue as Waldo, but does so after Jack threatens to play him instead. Afterwards, Jack and Jamie meet with American agent Jeff Carter (David Ajala), who talks about the advantages of a cartoon figurehead over a human in spreading political messages abroad.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: Jamie tries to apologise to Harris, but she is furious with him. The next day, Jamie breaks character and urges everyone not to vote for Waldo; Jack assumes his role as Waldo and rants to incite a member of the public to assault Jamie. In hospital, Jamie sees the results of the election: Munroe won, Waldo was second and Harris was third, though Jack, using Waldo, incites a riot. In the final scene, a homeless Jamie is ordered to move on by the police. He sees a screen displaying Waldo on every channel, in different languages. Out of frustration, Jamie throws a bottle at it, but the police taser and attack him.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: "The Waldo Moment" was the third episode of the second series of "Black Mirror", produced by Zeppotron for Endemol. It aired on Channel 4 on 25 February 2013 at 10 p.m. On 22 January 2013, a trailer for the second series was released, featuring a dream sequence, a factory location and a large dust cloud. The advert ran on Channel 4 and in cinemas. A trailer for "The Waldo Moment" premiered on 19 February 2013.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: The episode was written by series creator Charlie Brooker. It originates from an idea by Brooker and Chris Morris, conceived when the pair were writing "Nathan Barley" in 2005. They imagined a politician based on the British virtual band Gorillaz, whose members are animated cartoon characters. When Brooker came to write the episode, he took inspiration for Waldo's character on British politician Boris Johnson, and Ali G was also an inspiration. Jón Gnarr, a stand-up comedian who became mayor of Reykjavík, was another reference point, and after the episode idea was conceived.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: Brooker said that the episode is "asking what satire's about". Some of Jamie's dialogue is based on Brooker's own perspective from his career, such as co-presenting "10 O'Clock Live", a political comedy which ran from 2011 to 2013.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: Brooker commented that the episode was rushed due to time constraints, as he was busy rewriting drafts of another series two episode, "White Bear". He had wanted to do more research, though he did consult with his sister-in-law Rupa Huq, a then-Labour politician. Brooker said in 2018 that the idea should have been executed in a longer format, such as a two-part episode, miniseries or movie. He also wanted Jamie to be in more jeopardy, and to further develop the idea of Waldo as a "lightning rod for dissatisfaction with politicians". He expressed regret at rejecting the idea of having Gwendolyn and Jamie be ex-partners.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: Brooker based Waldo on Ratz, a virtual floating cat head from the first series of 1990s children's show "Live & Kicking". As Waldo was controlled live during filming, using state-of-the-art live animation techniques, several months of pre-production work was done at the design studio Painting Practice. Staff at Passion Pictures worked on animation, having recently developed the animated meerkat Aleksandr for the advertising campaign Compare the Meerkat.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: Bryn Higgins directed the episode. Describing the comedy as "implicit", Higgins aimed to film the episode in the style of a "fairly slick modern thriller". The technology shown in the episode was not too far beyond what was possible at the time, as Brooker wanted the episode to veer away from science fiction. The rig used mapped the emotions and facial movements of the performer onto the Waldo character, and it is seen in the episode. As well as Rigby, four puppeteers controlled Waldo, assigned to the roles of his eyes, his mouth, his body and the rest. Brooker requested Waldo's animation to be purposefully clunky so that the viewer would believe that Jamie was controlling him live.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: The Waldo van was taken to High Wycombe, a town in southeast England, where members of the public were involved in interacting with Waldo. Due to legal concerns, Waldo's penis was not shown in public. Following Liam Munroe's line "He's making the whole system look absurd. Which it may well be, but it built these roads", it was planned for the car to go over a pothole, but this was cut as it looked like a camera mistake.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: "The Waldo Moment" is a political satire and dystopia; it features aspects of dark humour. It differs from most previous episodes in its lack of science fiction elements and absence of technology as a key theme. It bears similarities to the programme's first episode, "The National Anthem", which also has a storyline where "the political process is subverted by the general public's insatiable appetite for stupidity and scandal", according to Sam Parker of "HuffPost".


title: The Waldo Moment

text: "The Waldo Moment" explores distrust and apathy towards politicians. Ryan Lambie of Den of Geek summarised the episode's message in the phrase "self-absorption will be the death of politics", whilst Parker felt that the episode demonstrated "a desire for a more honest form of politics". Serena Davies of "The Telegraph" commented that the episode was "a mockery of the deeply compromised ideals of modern politics", whilst reminding viewers that politicians are "all we've got". Morgan Jeffery of "Digital Spy" analysed that the episode criticises satire and "those who persecute others without having anything meaningful to say", and Emily Yoshida of "Grantland" believed that it exposed the issues of "cheap humour" being leveraged by politicians.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: Boris Johnson, a British politician who became prime minister in 2019, was an inspiration for Waldo's character. Brooker described Johnson as "quite a clown", opining that his image "inoculated him from criticism" and set him apart from other politicians, who were seen as "bland robots parroting the same platitudes". Three years after the episode aired, in 2016, the presidential campaign of Donald Trump began to take off. "The Waldo Moment" was seen as prescient with regards to Trump. Several news reports, including one by Chris Cillizza, political reporter for "The Washington Post", compared Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign to the episode. Brooker also compared Trump to Waldo, describing the latter as "an anti-politics candidate who's raucous and defensive" and "offers nothing". Brooker said that Trump and Johnson were both "entertainers" who "upend normality", and successfully predicted in September 2016 that Trump would win the election. On the night that Trump was elected, the Twitter account for "Black Mirror" posted in response: "This isn't an episode. This isn't marketing. This is reality."


title: The Waldo Moment

text: The episode has also been compared to the 2019 election of Volodymyr Zelenskyy, a satirical actor and comedian, as President of Ukraine. Zelenskyy's campaign was almost exclusively restricted to the internet, with Adrian Karatnycky of "Politico" commenting that his campaign resembled Waldo's in that he "made no public speeches, held no rallies and gave no press conferences". Like Waldo, Zelenskyy had few clear policy positions prior to election. The character of Waldo was also compared to "Professor Pongoo", a candidate in the 2012 Scottish local elections who dressed as a penguin and received more first-preference votes than the Liberal Democrats. The technology in the episode was later compared with "animoji"—avatars in the style of emoji which animate in coordination with the user's facial movements. Animoji were announced in 2017 as a new feature of the iPhone X, and resembled the technology used to animate the fictional Waldo.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: The episode aired on Channel 4 at 10 p.m. on 25 February 2013, and was watched by 1.28 million viewers, according to 7-day data from BARB. In contrast to previous episodes, it drew poor critical reviews at the time of broadcast. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 50% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 6.00/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "'The Waldo Moment' aims for sharp political commentary, but comes off as uninspired as the obnoxious cartoon that runs for office." It was considered to be the weakest episode to date by Yoshida and the weakest of the series by Parker and Richard Edwards of "GamesRadar+", though Luke Owen of "Flickering Myth" found it to be the "best and most ambitious" of the series. "The Waldo Moment" garnered ratings of four out of five stars in "The Arts Desk", 3.5 out of five stars in "GamesRadar+", three out of five stars in "HuffPost" and "The Telegraph", and a C+ rating in "The A.V. Club".


title: The Waldo Moment

text: The characters of Jamie and Waldo received mixed reviews. David Sims of "The A.V. Club" criticised the "frustratingly vague" motivations of Jamie's character, who was "poorly sketched out". Sims further reviewed that Waldo failed to be funny or to make meaningful comments. Edwards also criticised Waldo's dialogue and called him "too two-dimensional". He did, however, laud Waldo's virtual appearance and interactivity as a "fantastic premise" which was "brilliantly executed". Lisa-Marie Ferla of "The Arts Desk" praised the "perfectly-pitched comedy" in Waldo's speech on the student-organised panel.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: The writing was poorly received, with Parker describing it as "unfocused". Edwards found the storyline to be predictable and filled with tropes and Parker wrote that the characterisation in the episode was "riddled with stereotypes". Owen criticised that conclusions to the relationship of Gwendolyn and Jamie were "merely afterthoughts". Sims criticised the American think-tank meeting as "the laziest kind of spoofery" and Edwards concurred, calling it "totally unconvincing". However, in praise of the writing, Yoshida, Ferla and Owen believed the episode's storyline to be plausible.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: The ending was widely criticised. Lambie described it as "sudden" and "on-the-nose", Sims opined that it was "ludicrous", and Jeffery and Davies called it "half-baked" and "hammy", respectively. Lambie believed that the episode's message was clear halfway through; contrastingly, Edwards found the message to be unclear throughout. Owen found the episode to "cram in too much story", saying that its final quarter was paced too quickly.


title: The Waldo Moment

text: Various critics have authored rankings of "Black Mirror" episodes by quality. Lambie commented in 2017 that: "You'll find no critical ranking of episodes the same, but they almost without exception share one thing in common: The Waldo Moment always comes in dead last." Of critics who rated the 23 instalments in the series, "The Waldo Moment" was ranked as follows:


title: The Waldo Moment

text: Additionally, the episode was rated 21st of 22 (excluding "") by reviewers at IndieWire, and 16th of 19 by Eric Anthony Glover of "Entertainment Tonight", who ranked episodes from the first four series. Proma Khosla of Mashable ranked the 22 "Black Mirror" instalments excluding "Bandersnatch" by tone, concluding that "The Waldo Moment" is the most pessimistic episode of the show. Other critics ranked the 13 episodes in "Black Mirror"s first three series, where "The Waldo Moment" placed as follows:


title: Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker)

text: Jonathan Michael Goldstein (born September 2, 1968) is an American screenwriter, television writer/producer, and film director. He has written for numerous situation comedies, including "The PJ's" starring Eddie Murphy, "The Geena Davis Show", "Good Morning Miami", "Four Kings", and "The New Adventures of Old Christine".


title: Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker)

text: He is known in cinema for his collaborative work with John Francis Daley as a film-making duo, whom he met on "The Geena Davis Show". The pair have worked on various projects together. Daley and Goldstein's earlier work was predominantly based in the comedy genre where they were co-screenwriters for "Horrible Bosses" (2011), co-writers for "The Incredible Burt Wonderstone" (2013), co-story writers for "Horrible Bosses 2" (2014), and also co-wrote/co-directed the fifth film in the "National Lampoon's Vacation" film series, "Vacation" (2015). The duo received co-writer credits for "" (2017) with other screenwriters, which was met with critical and financial success; and they co-directed the 2018 black comedy "Game Night", which also met with critical and financial success.


title: Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker)

text: Born in New York City, Goldstein moved to Beachwood, Ohio, in 1980, where he graduated from Beachwood High School in 1986. He attended the University of Michigan and then Harvard Law School, graduating in 1995. He worked for two years as a corporate litigator at the New York office of Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue. Goldstein lives in Los Angeles with his wife, novelist Adena Halpern who he married in 2007.


title: Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker)

text: Finding the legal profession less than fulfilling, he moved to Los Angeles in 1998 to pursue a career in comedy writing. Shortly thereafter, he began writing for network television comedies and eventually films.


title: Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker)

text: In 2007, in collaboration with his writing partner, John Francis Daley, Goldstein sold his first film script, "The $40,000 Man", to New Line Cinema. Since that first sale, Goldstein and Daley have been engaged on a number of other feature projects, including "Hours of Fun", "The Incredible Burt Wonderstone", starring Steve Carell and Jim Carrey, "Cal of the Wild" for Steven Spielberg and "DreamWorks", and an adaptation of the documentary "Of All the Things" for Warner Brothers, also with Steve Carell set to play the lead. New Line's "Horrible Bosses" was released on July 8, 2011 and has made over $200 million in worldwide box office. In 2009, the team were hired to rewrite the sequel to the animated film, "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs".


title: Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker)

text: Goldstein and Daley co-wrote and directed their script for "Vacation", a follow-up to the 1983 comedy film "National Lampoon's Vacation". Ed Helms played the adult Rusty Griswold. The film grossed $104 million in worldwide box office off a budget of $32 million.


title: Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker)

text: Goldstein and Daley wrote the screenplay for the 2017 film "", and were both considered to direct before Jon Watts was hired.


title: Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker)

text: Goldstein and Daley directed the 2018 black comedy "Game Night", based on a screenplay by Mark Perez. The film, starring Jason Bateman and Rachel McAdams, "earned a raft of glowing reviews for its whip-smart script, energetic performances, and deliberate avoidance of modern comedy's ubiquitous tropes," and grossed $117 million at the worldwide box office, versus a $37 million budget. While they did not receive screenwriter credit, they later said they rewrote "almost all of the original script's dialogue, totally overhauled the characters — most notably a creepy cop portrayed by Jesse Plemons — and comprehensively reworked the original script's third act."


title: Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker)

text: In 2018, it was announced that the filmmaking duo would direct a film adaptation of DC Comics' "The Flash" for the DC Extended Universe, but it was announced in July that they have left the project. Despite this, both Goldstein and Daley received story by credit alongside the film's screenwriter, Christina Hodson.


title: Jonathan Goldstein (filmmaker)

text: In 2019, it was announced that Goldstein and Daley were in talks be directing the reboot of "" (2023). In January 2020, it was announced that, in addition to directing, they would be writing a new draft of the screenplay.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Sulfonylureas (UK: sulphonylurea) are a class of organic compounds used in medicine and agriculture, for example as antidiabetic drugs widely used in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2. They act by increasing insulin release from the beta cells in the pancreas. A number of sulfonylureas are also used as herbicides, because they can interfere with plant biosynthesis of certain amino acids. Sulfonylureas are also used experimentally to inhibit interleukin 1 beta release from the NALP3 (or NLRP3) inflammasome.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Sulfonylureas are used primarily for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. Sulfonylureas are ineffective where there is absolute deficiency of insulin production such as in type 1 diabetes or post-pancreatectomy.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Sulfonylureas can be used to treat some types of neonatal diabetes. While historically, people with hyperglycemia and low blood insulin levels were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes by default, it has been found that patients who receive this diagnosis before 6 months of age are often, in fact, candidates for receiving sulfonylureas rather than insulin throughout life.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: A 2011 Cochrane systematic review evaluated the effects on treatment of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) and found that Sulfonylureas did improve metabolic control of glucose at 3 and 12 months, even worsening HbA1c levels in some cases, when compared to insulin. The same review did not find improvement of fasting C-peptide following treatment with sulfonylurea. Still, it is important to highlight that the studies available to be included in this review presented considerable flaws in quality and design.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: While prior sulfonylureas were associated with worse outcomes, newer agents do not appear to increase the risk of death, heart attacks, or strokes. This is further reinforced by a 2020 Cochrane systematic review which did not find enough evidence of reduction of all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke or end-stage renal disease when comparing metformin monotherapy to sulfonylureas. This same review also did not find improvement in health-related quality of life.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: In individuals with impaired-glucose tolerance, a 2019 systematic review only found one suitable trial comparing the effects of Sulphonylurea with Metformin in reduction or delay of risk of developing type 2 diabetes, however this trial did not report patient-relevant outcomes.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Sulfonylureas – as opposed to metformin, the thiazolidinediones, pramlintide and other newer treatments – may induce hypoglycemia as a result of excesses in insulin production and release. Hypoglycemia appears to happen more often with sulfonylureas than compared to other treatments.This typically occurs if the dose is too high, and the patient is fasting. Some people attempt to change eating habits to prevent this, however it can be counterproductive.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Like insulin, sulfonylureas can induce weight gain, mainly as a result of their effect to increase insulin levels and thus utilization of glucose and other metabolic fuels. Other side-effects are: gastrointestinal upset, headache and hypersensitivity reactions.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: The safety of sulfonylurea therapy in pregnancy is unestablished. Prolonged hypoglycemia (4 to 10 days) has been reported in children borne to mothers taking sulfonylureas at the time of delivery. Impairment of liver or kidney function increase the risk of hypoglycemia, and are contraindications. Since other antidiabetic drugs cannot be used either under these circumstances, insulin therapy is typically recommended during pregnancy and in liver and kidney failure, although some of the newer agents offer potentially better options.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: A 2011 Cochrane review found evidence that treatment of LADA using sulfonylureas lead to earlier insulin dependence in approximately 30% of cases.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: A 2014 Cochrane review found tentative evidence that people treated with sulfonylureas have fewer non-fatal cardiovascular events than those treated with metformin (RR 0.7) but a higher risk of severe hypoglycemia (RR 5.6). There was not enough data available to determine the risk of mortality or of cardiovascular mortality. An earlier review by the same group found a statistically significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular death for first generation sulfonylureas relative to placebo (RR 2.6) but there was not enough data to determine the relative risk of first generation sulfonylureas relative to insulin (RR 1.4). Likewise it was not possible to determine the relative mortality risk of second generation sulfonylureas relative to metformin (RR 1.0), insulin (RR 1.0), or placebo. The FDA requires sulfonylureas to carry a label warning regarding increased risk of cardiovascular death.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: A 2020 Cochrane systematic review comparing metformin monotherapy to sulfonylureas did not find enough evidence of reduction of all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke or end-stage renal disease.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Second-generation sulfonylureas have increased potency by weight, compared to first-generation sulfonylureas. Similarly, ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) and the VADT (Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial) studies showed no reduction in heart attack or death in patients assigned to tight glucose control with various drugs.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Drugs that potentiate or prolong the effects of sulfonylureas and therefore increase the risk of hypoglycemia include acetylsalicylic acid and derivatives, allopurinol, sulfonamides, and fibrates. Drugs that worsen glucose tolerance, contravening the effects of antidiabetics, include corticosteroids, isoniazid, oral contraceptives and other estrogens, sympathomimetics, and thyroid hormones. Sulfonylureas tend to interact with a wide variety of other drugs, but these interactions, as well as their clinical significance, vary from substance to substance.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: All pharmacological sulfonylureas contain a central "S"-arylsulfonylurea structure with a "p"-substituent on the phenyl ring (R) and various groups terminating the urea "N" end group (R). Chemically, this functionality can be easily installed by reacting aryl sulfonamides (R—CH—SONH) with isocyanates (R—NCO).


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Sulfonylureas bind to and close ATP-sensitive K (K) channels on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells, which depolarizes the cell by preventing potassium from exiting. This depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca channels. The rise in intracellular calcium leads to increased fusion of insulin granules with the cell membrane, and therefore increased secretion of mature insulin.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: There is some evidence that sulfonylureas also sensitize β-cells to glucose, that they limit glucose production in the liver, that they decrease lipolysis (breakdown and release of fatty acids by adipose tissue) and decrease clearance of insulin by the liver.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: The K channel is an octameric complex of the inward-rectifier potassium ion channel K6.x and sulfonylurea receptor SUR which associate with a stoichiometry of 4:4.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Furthermore, it has been shown that sulfonylureas interact with the nucleotide exchange factor Epac2. Mice lacking this factor exhibited a decreased glucose-lowering effect upon sulfonylurea treatment.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Sulfonylureas were discovered, in 1942, by the chemist Marcel Janbon and co-workers, who were studying sulfonamide antibiotics and discovered that the compound sulfonylurea induced hypoglycemia in animals.


title: Sulfonylurea

text: Research and development (translational research and commercial application development) for sulfonylureas as pharmaceuticals (as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in prediabetes and diabetes) happened in the 1950s and 1960s, as explored at "Tolbutamide § History".