title: Madhvacharya

text: Madhvacharya established eight "mathas" (monasteries) in Udupi with his eight disciples as its head along with Padmanabha Tirtha Matha. The Udupi Ashta Mathas are Palimaru matha, Adamaru matha, Krishnapura matha, Puttige matha, Shirur matha, Sodhe matha, Kaniyooru matha and Pejavara matha. These eight surround the "Anantheswara" Krishna Hindu temple. The matha are laid out in a rectangle, the temples on a square grid pattern. The monks in the matha are sannyasis, and the tradition of their studies and succession (Paryaya system) were established by Madhvacharya. The monastery has a pontiff system, that rotates after a fixed period of time. The pontiff is called "Swamiji", and he leads daily Krishna prayers according to Madhva tradition, as well as annual festivals. The process and Vedic mantra rituals for Krishna worship in Dvaita monasteries follow the procedure written by Madhvacharya in "Tantrasara". The Krishna worship neither involves "bali" (sacrifice) nor any fire rituals. The succession ceremony in Dvaita school involves the outgoing Swamiji welcoming the incoming one, then walking together to the icon of Madhvacharya at the entrance of Krishna temple in Udupi, offering water to him, expressing reverence then handing over the same vessel with water that Madhvacharya used when he handed over the leadership of the monastery he founded. The monastery include kitchens, "bhojan-shala", run by monks and volunteers. These serve food daily to nearly 15,000 to 20,000 monks, students and visiting pilgrims without social discrimination. During succession ceremonies, over 80,000 people are served a vegetarian meal by Udupi "bhojan-shalas".


title: Madhvacharya

text: Madhvacharya established a matha with his disciple Padmanabha Tirtha as its head to spread Tattvavada (Dvaita) outside Tulunadu region with the instructions that his disciples Narahari Tirtha, Madhava Tirtha and Akshobhya Tirtha should, in turn, become the successors of this matha. According to Surendranath Dasgupta, Uttaradi Math is the main matha of Padmanabha Tirtha and it was divided twice, and so we end up with three mathas, the other two being Vyasaraja Math and Raghavendra Math. Uttaradi Math, along with Vyasaraja Math and Raghavendra Math, is considered to be the three premier apostolic institutions of Dvaita Vedanta and are jointly referred as "Mathatraya". It is the pontiffs and pandits of the "Mathatraya" that have been the principle architects of post-Madhva Dvaita Vedanta through the centuries. Among the mathas outside of Tulu Nadu region, Uttaradi Matha is the largest. All the mathas outside of the Tulu region are one way or the other descended from Padmanabha Tirtha. Including mathas in Udupi, there are twenty-four Madhva mathas in India. The main center of Madhva's tradition is in Karnataka.


title: Madhvacharya

text: Professor Kiyokazu Okita and Indologist B. N. K. Sharma says, Sannyasis in the lineage of Dvaita school of Vedanta belongs to Ēkadaṇḍi tradition just like the Sanyasi's of Advaita of Adi Shankara.


title: Madhvacharya

text: In 1986 a film directed by G. V. Iyer named "Madhvacharya" was premiered, it was one of the films made entirely in Kannada language.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: The Ford Taurus SHO (Super High Output) is the high-performance variant of the Ford Taurus. Originally intended as a limited-production model, the SHO would be produced for the first three generations of the model line, from the 1989 to the 1999 model years. After an 11-year hiatus, the model was revived for 2010, continuing through the 2019 discontinuation of the Taurus model line.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: In contrast with standard versions of the Taurus, the Taurus SHO was not designed with a Mercury Sable counterpart; however, the 2010-2019 SHO served as the basis for the Ford Police Interceptor Sedan (replacing the long-running Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor). The final version is the only Taurus ever offered with the twin-turbocharged EcoBoost V6 engine.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: The first three generations of the SHO were assembled by Ford at Atlanta Assembly (Hapeville, Georgia); the fourth generation was assembled by Chicago Assembly (Chicago, Illinois).


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: In 1984, executives of the Yamaha Motor Corporation signed a contract with the Ford Motor Company to develop, produce, and supply a compact 60° DOHC V6 engine based upon the existing Vulcan engine for transverse application.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: There has been some confusion about the original intended use of the engine. It was thought this engine was first intended to power a mid-engine sports car, that project (known internally as GN34) was canceled. Patents have been found and pictures of prototype SHO powerplants installed in the Taurus show that the original intent was for the larger FWD setup and the GN34 would have come later. There were a few GN34 prototypes produced, most with standard Vulcan engines and a few other factory swaps, a SHO Ranger being one.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: The SHO differed from the normal Taurus on the exterior by having a Mercury Sable hood, different bumpers, side cladding, and fog lamps. The interior also differed, with sports seats and an 8000 rpm tachometer. The SHO had a Yamaha Built V-6 engine that redlined at 7,000 RPM and became the only Taurus to feature a manual transmission since the 4-cylinder MT-5 was discontinued in that year. The transmission was designed and manufactured by Mazda and had the following gear ratios with a final drive ratio of 3.74:


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: with a quarter mile time of 15.0-15.2 seconds. "Car and Driver" reported in their December 1989 issue a top speed of .


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: A special edition of the SHO called the Plus package became available in late 1990. It came as part of option package #212A and contained different styling cues from the standard SHO, including a plastic 'Power Bulge' hood, chrome window trim, a plastic spoiler without the 3rd brake light, body colored stripe in the lower cladding, black mirrors, black B and C pillars, rod shifter upgrade, and a body color TAURUS badge. There were also some SHOs that came with only part of the package options known in the community as a 'partial plus', but these were really only regular SHOs that received the other options because Ford needed to use up what they had with the body change coming in 1992. White painted pluses had the option of white painted "slicer" wheels. 1991 was the only year that a "Mocha Frost" color option was offered. Also in 91 a green called "Deep Jewel Green Clearcoat Metallic" was available, but only with the plus option.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: The SHO was redesigned for 1992, although it continued with the same powertrain as before: The Yamaha Built V-6 engine and 5-speed manual transmission. The second generation SHO borrowed from the Mercury Sable's front fenders, hood, and headlights, but used a different bumper, fog lamps, and no middle lightbar. The SHO also got unique seats, side cladding, dual exhaust, as well as a unique rear bumper. 1992 models can be visually identified by not containing a rear trunklid spoiler, having downturned exhaust tips, and only a driver's side airbag (later models have both driver's and passenger airbags). For the 1993 model year, the rear brakes on the SHO were converted to solid discs, replacing the vented discs of almost identical dimensions that were used in the 1989–1992 model years.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: The lack of an automatic transmission had hurt sales, which was a situation that Ford rectified for MY 1993 . A 3.2 L version of the Ford SHO V6 engine was introduced for the automatic-equipped SHO, which still had , but now boasted , a increase over the 3.0 L version. It was later discovered by enthusiasts that Ford had put less aggressive intake camshafts in the 3.2L motor to maintain the same horsepower rating as the 3.0L, while still having more torque. The 1993 to 1995 automatics use the AX4S (previously named AXOD-E) transmission with these ratios:


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: For MY 1993, Ford did a minor redesign of the SHO interior, updating the center console. Other changes for 1993 included a trunklid spoiler, with integrated center high mount stop lamp, and "Italian" or directional Slicer wheels. With the addition of Italian slicers the SHO now had right and left specific wheels.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: The 94-95 model years featured very subtle changes. They no longer came with chrome trim around the windows, the door handles were now painted body color, and black was no longer offered as an interior or exterior color.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: By request of "Car and Driver" magazine, a SHO station wagon was created by the Car and Driver staff with the help of Ford engineers. They started with a production Taurus wagon, and from there installed SHO bodywork, including its unique front end. They then replaced the stock engine and drivetrain with SHO drivetrain. Inside, the interior was replicated of that of a high spec SHO sedan, including its sport seats, steering wheel, and included most of the SHO's equipment. The staff then tested it, and took it on a cross country trip. The Car and Driver staff as well as Ford admitted that the SHO wagon was created "just for fun", and was never meant to be a serious production vehicle, though a second example was built, and used for brake testing. Rear tire clearance was a primary hindrance for a production version, with Ford unable to justify the modification of the rear body shell.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: This generation of SHO has become prominent in American pop culture due to comedian Conan O'Brien using a green 1992 model that he personally owns in a number of comedy sketches. He would later facetiously claim to be the main influence behind Ford's decision to revive the model in a 2009 sketch when he "reviewed" the 2010 SHO with a Ford employee.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: For 1996, the SHO was redesigned, following the Ford Taurus (third generation) design . Unlike its predecessors, this SHO was more refined and used less radical bodywork. It differed from the normal Taurus with different seats, Alloy wheels, bumpers, V8 drivetrain, as well as a wind deflector being placed on the driver's side windshield wiper, to keep it on the windshield at high speeds. This SHO model sold in lower numbers than the previous SHO generations, with sales peaking at 9,000 units in 1997. As a result, Ford cut the SHO when redesigning the Taurus for its fourth generation. It was also the only Ford Taurus generation with a V8 Engine.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: A 235 hp (175 kW) aluminum 3.4 L V8 engine with heads from Yamaha and block from Cosworth was specified for the SHO model, but it was given the same four speed transmission as the LX: the manual gearbox option was no longer offered on the SHO. Separation of the camshaft from its sprocket has been implicated in a growing number of engine failures, at around 50,000 miles (80,000 km). This problem can be rectified by having the camshafts welded. The number of engines with failure has been documented at about 1,200 out of about 20,000 engines. Other undocumented cases very likely exist. There was no SHO for the 2000 model year, some believed that the then President of Ford Motor Company Jac Nasser influenced the designers not to design a SHO model for he was focusing on the Premier Automotive Group that consisted of Lincoln, Jaguar, Volvo, Aston-Martin and Land Rover built under that umbrella and the SHO would detract sales to that division of Ford Motor Company.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: The 1996 and later models got the AX4N transmission, which has the same gearsets (and thus the same gear ratios) as the AX4S used in the 1993 to 1995 SHO, except for the final gear at 1:3.77, but had improved torque capacity and shift quality, such as 3-2 downshifts.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: As of 1996, The SHO V8 came with a Semi-Active Ride Controller, (SARC) which modified the hardness and stiffness of driving at different speeds. When energized (Lower speeds) it is full soft, when no power (fast speeds and hard braking), full hard. This included modified suspensions strut and Adaptable Assisted Steering. Each corner of the car can be in either mode and acts independently. This eliminates dive on heavy braking and drastically reduces squat on acceleration. The shock solenoids on all 4 struts and the solenoid on the ZF rack and pinion steering changes their behaviour (hard or soft) based on (independent) suspension sensors and ABS sensor based speed detection.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: The 1996 and 1997 models had sensors on all 4 wheels. The 1998 models only had sensors on the 2 front wheels. The SARC suspension option was deleted on the 1999 models using the same struts of the 1996-2007 (non-SHO) Taurus, but keeping the adjustable power steering option.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: A month after the introduction of the sixth generation Taurus, Ford unveiled the much-awaited return of the SHO at the 2009 Chicago Auto Show.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: After skipping two Ford Taurus generations, the resurrected sport sedan went on sale in the summer of 2009 as a 2010 model. In a first for the SHO nameplate, permanent torque vectoring all-wheel drive was standard. The power-plant was a 3.5L direct-injected Twin-turbo "EcoBoost" V6, which utilized a pair of Garrett GT1549L turbochargers and produced at 5500 rpm and of torque at 1500-5250 rpm. This engine was mated to Ford's 6F55 six-speed SelectShift automatic transmission with a paddle or console activated manual mode.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: The fourth generation SHO came with Ford's new SR1 suspension setup with MacPherson front struts and a multi-link design in the rear. This included SHO-specific shock absorbers, springs, stabilizer bars and strut mount bushings. An optional Performance Package offered better brake pads, recalibrated steering, a "Sport Mode" for the stability control, additional cooling capacity by way of an engine oil cooler, transmission cooler, and PTU cooler; a shorter 3.16 to 1 final drive ratio, summer tires, spare tire delete, mobility kit (tire inflator with sealant), and an Alcantara wrapped steering wheel. Adaptive cruise control was not available with the Performance Package. Notably, many of the features found on the Performance Package (including the power-train) were shared with the EcoBoost version of the 2013-2019 Ford Police Interceptor Sedan.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: Visually, the differences from the regular Taurus were subtle. The 2010-2012 models were even more subtle, sporting a 3-bar chrome wide-toothed grill, SHO C-Pillar logo and 5-spoked wheels. The 2013-2019 model employed a black grille with small honeycomb-shaped/mesh-like look, 19" or optional 20" "flower" design wheels with other 20" designs in later years, and SHO fender badges. They all had a SHO-specific decklid spoiler, dual polished stainless steel exhaust tips, new parking lamp bezels, and a SHO EcoBoost rear logo.


title: Ford Taurus SHO

text: While the 4th generation SHO remained largely unchanged after 2013, 2017 brought a few light updates to the SHO. Ford SYNC 3, which featured both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto was made standard on all SHO's. A revised Sony audio system featuring ClearPhase and Live Acoustics technology was introduced as standard equipment as well. Additonally, two new 20 inch wheel choices were made available. The final update to the SHO was the deletion of the power rear sunshade for the 2019 model year. The 4th generation Taurus SHO ended production along with the rest of the Taurus line on March 1st, 2019.


title: Exterior algebra

text: In mathematics, the exterior algebra, or Grassmann algebra, named after Hermann Grassmann, is an algebra that uses the exterior product or wedge product as its multiplication. In mathematics, the exterior product or wedge product of vectors is an algebraic construction used in geometry to study areas, volumes, and their higher-dimensional analogues. The exterior product of two vectors formula_1 and formula_2 denoted by formula_3 is called a bivector and lives in a space called the "exterior square", a vector space that is distinct from the original space of vectors. The magnitude of formula_4 can be interpreted as the area of the parallelogram with sides formula_1 and formula_2 which in three dimensions can also be computed using the cross product of the two vectors. More generally, all parallel plane surfaces with the same orientation and area have the same bivector as a measure of their oriented area. Like the cross product, the exterior product is anticommutative, meaning that formula_7 for all vectors formula_1 and formula_2 but, unlike the cross product, the exterior product is associative.


title: Exterior algebra

text: When regarded in this manner, the exterior product of two vectors is called a 2-blade. More generally, the exterior product of any number "k" of vectors can be defined and is sometimes called a "k"-blade. It lives in a space known as the "k-"th exterior power. The magnitude of the resulting "k"-blade is the oriented hypervolume of the "k"-dimensional parallelotope whose edges are the given vectors, just as the magnitude of the scalar triple product of vectors in three dimensions gives the volume of the parallelepiped generated by those vectors.


title: Exterior algebra

text: The exterior algebra provides an algebraic setting in which to answer geometric questions. For instance, blades have a concrete geometric interpretation, and objects in the exterior algebra can be manipulated according to a set of unambiguous rules. The exterior algebra contains objects that are not only "k"-blades, but sums of "k"-blades; such a sum is called a "k"-vector. The "k"-blades, because they are simple products of vectors, are called the simple elements of the algebra. The "rank" of any "k"-vector is defined to be the smallest number of simple elements of which it is a sum. The exterior product extends to the full exterior algebra, so that it makes sense to multiply any two elements of the algebra. Equipped with this product, the exterior algebra is an associative algebra, which means that formula_10 for any elements formula_11 The "k"-vectors have degree "k", meaning that they are sums of products of "k" vectors. When elements of different degrees are multiplied, the degrees add like multiplication of polynomials. This means that the exterior algebra is a graded algebra.


title: Exterior algebra

text: The definition of the exterior algebra makes sense for spaces not just of geometric vectors, but of other vector-like objects such as vector fields or functions. In full generality, the exterior algebra can be defined for modules over a commutative ring, and for other structures of interest in abstract algebra. It is one of these more general constructions where the exterior algebra finds one of its most important applications, where it appears as the algebra of differential forms that is fundamental in areas that use differential geometry. The exterior algebra also has many algebraic properties that make it a convenient tool in algebra itself. The association of the exterior algebra to a vector space is a type of functor on vector spaces, which means that it is compatible in a certain way with linear transformations of vector spaces. The exterior algebra is one example of a bialgebra, meaning that its dual space also possesses a product, and this dual product is compatible with the exterior product. This dual algebra is precisely the algebra of alternating multilinear forms, and the pairing between the exterior algebra and its dual is given by the interior product.


title: Exterior algebra

text: The first two examples assume a metric tensor field and an orientation; the third example does not assume either.


title: Exterior algebra

text: The Cartesian plane formula_12 is a real vector space equipped with a basis consisting of a pair of unit vectors


title: Exterior algebra

text: are a pair of given vectors in formula_17 written in components. There is a unique parallelogram having v and w as two of its sides. The "area" of this parallelogram is given by the standard determinant formula:


title: Exterior algebra

text: where the first step uses the distributive law for the exterior product, and the last uses the fact that the exterior product is alternating, and in particular formula_20 (The fact that the exterior product is alternating also forces formula_21) Note that the coefficient in this last expression is precisely the determinant of the matrix . The fact that this may be positive or negative has the intuitive meaning that v and w may be oriented in a counterclockwise or clockwise sense as the vertices of the parallelogram they define. Such an area is called the "signed area" of the parallelogram: the absolute value of the signed area is the ordinary area, and the sign determines its orientation.


title: Exterior algebra

text: The fact that this coefficient is the signed area is not an accident. In fact, it is relatively easy to see that the exterior product should be related to the signed area if one tries to axiomatize this area as an algebraic construct. In detail, if denotes the signed area of the parallelogram of which the pair of vectors v and w form two adjacent sides, then A must satisfy the following properties:


title: Exterior algebra

text: With the exception of the last property, the exterior product of two vectors satisfies the same properties as the area. In a certain sense, the exterior product generalizes the final property by allowing the area of a parallelogram to be compared to that of any chosen parallelogram in a parallel plane (here, the one with sides e and e). In other words, the exterior product provides a "basis-independent" formulation of area.


title: Exterior algebra

text: For vectors in a 3-dimensional oriented vector space with a bilinear scalar product, the exterior algebra is closely related to the cross product and triple product. Using a standard basis , the exterior product of a pair of vectors


title: Exterior algebra

text: where is a basis for the three-dimensional space formula_25 The coefficients above are the same as those in the usual definition of the cross product of vectors in three dimensions with a given orientation, the only differences being that the exterior product is not an ordinary vector, but instead is a 2-vector, and that the exterior product does not depend on the choice of orientation .


title: Exterior algebra

text: where is the basis vector for the one-dimensional space formula_28 The scalar coefficient is the triple product of the three vectors.


title: Exterior algebra

text: The cross product and triple product in a three dimensional Euclidean vector space each admit both geometric and algebraic interpretations, via Hodge star duality. The cross product can be interpreted as a vector which is perpendicular to both u and v and whose magnitude is equal to the area of the parallelogram determined by the two vectors. It can also be interpreted as the vector consisting of the minors of the matrix with columns u and v. The triple product of u, v, and w is a signed scalar representing a geometric oriented volume. Algebraically, it is the determinant of the matrix with columns u, v, and w. The exterior product in three dimensions allows for similar interpretations: it, too, can be identified with oriented lines, areas, volumes, etc., that are spanned by one, two or more vectors. The exterior product generalizes these geometric notions to all vector spaces and to any number of dimensions, even in the absence of a scalar product.


title: Exterior algebra

text: In Einstein's theories of relativity, the electromagnetic field is generally given as a differential 2-form formula_29 in 4-space or as the equivalent alternating tensor field formula_30 the Electromagnetic tensor. Then formula_31 or the equivalent Bianchi identity formula_32


title: Exterior algebra

text: Adding the Lorentz metric and an orientation provides the Hodge star operator formula_33 and thus makes it possible to define formula_34 or the equivalent tensor divergence formula_35 where formula_36


title: Exterior algebra

text: The exterior algebra formula_37 of a vector space over a field is defined as the quotient algebra of the tensor algebra by the two-sided ideal generated by all elements of the form for (i.e. all tensors that can be expressed as the tensor product of a vector in by itself). The ideal "I" contains the ideal "J" generated by elements of the form formula_38 and these ideals coincide if formula_39 (if formula_40 these ideals are different except for the zero vector space).


title: Exterior algebra

text: Its multiplication is called the "exterior product", and denoted . This means that the product of formula_37 is induced by the tensor product of .


title: Exterior algebra

text: As , , and formula_43 the inclusions of and in induce injections of and into formula_44 These injections are commonly considered as inclusions, and called "natural embeddings", "natural injections" or "natural inclusions". The word "canonical" is also commonly used in place of "natural".


title: Exterior algebra

text: The exterior product is by construction "alternating" on elements of formula_45 which means that formula_46 for all formula_47 by the above construction. It follows that the product is also anticommutative on elements of formula_45 for supposing that formula_49


title: Exterior algebra

text: More generally, if "σ" is a permutation of the integers , and "x", "x", ..., "x" are elements of "V", it follows that


title: Exterior algebra

text: In particular, if "x" = "x" for some , then the following generalization of the alternating property also holds:


title: Exterior algebra

text: Together with the distributive property of the exterior product, one further generalization is that if and only if formula_54 is a linearly dependent set of vectors, then


title: Exterior algebra

text: The "k"th exterior power of "V", denoted formula_56 is the vector subspace of formula_37 spanned by elements of the form


title: Exterior algebra

text: If formula_59 then "α" is said to be a "k"-vector. If, furthermore, "α" can be expressed as an exterior product of "k" elements of "V", then "α" is said to be decomposable. Although decomposable "k"-vectors span formula_56 not every element of formula_61 is decomposable. For example, in formula_62 the following 2-vector is not decomposable:


title: Exterior algebra

text: every vector can be written as a linear combination of the basis vectors ; using the bilinearity of the exterior product, this can be expanded to a linear combination of exterior products of those basis vectors. Any exterior product in which the same basis vector appears more than once is zero; any exterior product in which the basis vectors do not appear in the proper order can be reordered, changing the sign whenever two basis vectors change places. In general, the resulting coefficients of the basis -vectors can be computed as the minors of the matrix that describes the vectors in terms of the basis .


title: Exterior algebra

text: where is the dimension of the "vectors", and is the number of vectors in the product. The binomial coefficient produces the correct result, even for exceptional cases; in particular, formula_69 for .


title: Exterior algebra

text: Any element of the exterior algebra can be written as a sum of -vectors. Hence, as a vector space the exterior algebra is a direct sum


title: Exterior algebra

text: (where by convention formula_71 the field underlying , and formula_72), and therefore its dimension is equal to the sum of the binomial coefficients, which is 2.


title: Exterior algebra

text: If formula_59 then it is possible to express "α" as a linear combination of decomposable "k"-vectors:


title: Exterior algebra

text: The rank of the "k"-vector "α" is the minimal number of decomposable "k"-vectors in such an expansion of "α". This is similar to the notion of tensor rank.


title: Exterior algebra

text: Rank is particularly important in the study of 2-vectors . The rank of a 2-vector "α" can be identified with half the rank of the matrix of coefficients of "α" in a basis. Thus if "e" is a basis for "V", then "α" can be expressed uniquely as


title: Exterior algebra

text: where (the matrix of coefficients is skew-symmetric). The rank of the matrix "a" is therefore even, and is twice the rank of the form "α".


title: Exterior algebra

text: The exterior product of a "k"-vector with a "p"-vector is a -vector, once again invoking bilinearity. As a consequence, the direct sum decomposition of the preceding section


title: Exterior algebra

text: In addition to studying the graded structure on the exterior algebra, studies additional graded structures on exterior algebras, such as those on the exterior algebra of a graded module (a module that already carries its own gradation).


title: Exterior algebra

text: Let be a vector space over the field . Informally, multiplication in formula_37 is performed by manipulating symbols and imposing a distributive law, an associative law, and using the identity formula_87 for . Formally, formula_37 is the "most general" algebra in which these rules hold for the multiplication, in the sense that any unital associative -algebra containing with alternating multiplication on must contain a homomorphic image of formula_44 In other words, the exterior algebra has the following universal property:


title: Exterior algebra

text: To construct the most general algebra that contains and whose multiplication is alternating on , it is natural to start with the most general associative algebra that contains , the tensor algebra , and then enforce the alternating property by taking a suitable quotient. We thus take the two-sided ideal in generated by all elements of the form for in , and define formula_37 as the quotient


title: Exterior algebra

text: (and use as the symbol for multiplication in formula_37). It is then straightforward to show that formula_37 contains and satisfies the above universal property.


title: Exterior algebra

text: As a consequence of this construction, the operation of assigning to a vector space its exterior algebra formula_37 is a functor from the category of vector spaces to the category of algebras.


title: Exterior algebra

text: Rather than defining formula_37 first and then identifying the exterior powers formula_61 as certain subspaces, one may alternatively define the spaces formula_61 first and then combine them to form the algebra formula_44 This approach is often used in differential geometry and is described in the next section.


title: Exterior algebra

text: Given a commutative ring "R" and an "R"-module "M", we can define the exterior algebra formula_99 just as above, as a suitable quotient of the tensor algebra T("M"). It will satisfy the analogous universal property. Many of the properties of formula_99 also require that "M" be a projective module. Where finite dimensionality is used, the properties further require that "M" be finitely generated and projective. Generalizations to the most common situations can be found in .


title: Exterior algebra

text: Exterior algebras of vector bundles are frequently considered in geometry and topology. There are no essential differences between the algebraic properties of the exterior algebra of finite-dimensional vector bundles and those of the exterior algebra of finitely generated projective modules, by the Serre–Swan theorem. More general exterior algebras can be defined for sheaves of modules.


title: Exterior algebra

text: If "K" is a field of characteristic 0, then the exterior algebra of a vector space "V" over "K" can be canonically identified with the vector subspace of T("V") consisting of antisymmetric tensors. Recall that the exterior algebra is the quotient of T("V") by the ideal "I" generated by elements of the form .


title: Exterior algebra

text: Let T("V") be the space of homogeneous tensors of degree "r". This is spanned by decomposable tensors


title: Exterior algebra

text: where the sum is taken over the symmetric group of permutations on the symbols This extends by linearity and homogeneity to an operation, also denoted by Alt, on the full tensor algebra T("V"). The image Alt(T("V")) is the alternating tensor algebra, denoted A("V"). This is a vector subspace of T("V"), and it inherits the structure of a graded vector space from that on T("V"). It carries an associative graded product formula_103 defined by


title: Exterior algebra

text: Although this product differs from the tensor product, the kernel of "Alt" is precisely the ideal "I" (again, assuming that "K" has characteristic 0), and there is a canonical isomorphism


title: Exterior algebra

text: Suppose that "V" has finite dimension "n", and that a basis of "V" is given. Then any alternating tensor can be written in index notation as


title: Exterior algebra

text: The components of this tensor are precisely the skew part of the components of the tensor product , denoted by square brackets on the indices:


title: Exterior algebra

text: The interior product may also be described in index notation as follows. Let formula_109 be an antisymmetric tensor of rank "r". Then, for , "i""t" is an alternating tensor of rank , given by


title: Exterior algebra

text: Given two vector spaces "V" and "X" and a natural number "k", an alternating operator from "V" to "X" is a multilinear map


title: Exterior algebra

text: which associates to formula_114 vectors from formula_115 their exterior product, i.e. their corresponding formula_114-vector, is also alternating. In fact, this map is the "most general" alternating operator defined on formula_117 given any other alternating operator formula_118 there exists a unique linear map formula_119 with formula_120 This universal property characterizes the space formula_121 and can serve as its definition.


title: Exterior algebra

text: The above discussion specializes to the case when , the base field. In this case an alternating multilinear function


title: Exterior algebra

text: is called an alternating multilinear form. The set of all alternating multilinear forms is a vector space, as the sum of two such maps, or the product of such a map with a scalar, is again alternating. By the universal property of the exterior power, the space of alternating forms of degree "k" on "V" is naturally isomorphic with the dual vector space formula_123 If "V" is finite-dimensional, then the latter is to formula_124 In particular, if "V" is "n"-dimensional, the dimension of the space of alternating maps from "V" to "K" is the binomial coefficient formula_125


title: Exterior algebra

text: Under such identification, the exterior product takes a concrete form: it produces a new anti-symmetric map from two given ones. Suppose and are two anti-symmetric maps. As in the case of tensor products of multilinear maps, the number of variables of their exterior product is the sum of the numbers of their variables. Depending on the choice of identification of elements of exterior power with multilinear forms, the exterior product is defined as


title: Exterior algebra

text: where, if the characteristic of the base field "K" is 0, the alternation Alt of a multilinear map is defined to be the average of the sign-adjusted values over all the permutations of its variables:


title: Exterior algebra

text: When the field "K" has finite characteristic, an equivalent version of the second expression without any factorials or any constants is well-defined:


title: Exterior algebra

text: Suppose that "V" is finite-dimensional. If "V" denotes the dual space to the vector space "V", then for each , it is possible to define an antiderivation on the algebra formula_130


title: Exterior algebra

text: This derivation is called the interior product with "α", or sometimes the insertion operator, or contraction by "α".


title: Exterior algebra

text: Suppose that formula_132 Then w is a multilinear mapping of "V" to "K", so it is defined by its values on the "k"-fold Cartesian product . If "u", "u", ..., "u" are elements of "V", then define


title: Exterior algebra

text: These three properties are sufficient to characterize the interior product as well as define it in the general infinite-dimensional case.


title: Exterior algebra

text: Suppose that "V" has finite dimension "n". Then the interior product induces a canonical isomorphism of vector spaces


title: Exterior algebra

text: In the geometrical setting, a non-zero element of the top exterior power formula_143 (which is a one-dimensional vector space) is sometimes called a volume form (or orientation form, although this term may sometimes lead to ambiguity). The name orientation form comes from the fact that a choice of preferred top element determines an orientation of the whole exterior algebra, since it is tantamount to fixing an ordered basis of the vector space. Relative to the preferred volume form "σ", the isomorphism is given explicitly by


title: Exterior algebra

text: If, in addition to a volume form, the vector space "V" is equipped with an inner product identifying "V" with "V", then the resulting isomorphism is called the Hodge star operator, which maps an element to its Hodge dual:


title: Exterior algebra

text: The composition of formula_33 with itself maps and is always a scalar multiple of the identity map. In most applications, the volume form is compatible with the inner product in the sense that it is an exterior product of an orthonormal basis of "V". In this case,


title: Exterior algebra

text: where id is the identity mapping, and the inner product has metric signature — "p" pluses and "q" minuses.


title: Exterior algebra

text: For "V" a finite-dimensional space, an inner product (or a pseudo-Euclidean inner product) on "V" defines an isomorphism of "V" with "V", and so also an isomorphism of formula_148 with formula_149 The pairing between these two spaces also takes the form of an inner product. On decomposable "k"-vectors,


title: Exterior algebra

text: the determinant of the matrix of inner products. In the special case , the inner product is the square norm of the "k"-vector, given by the determinant of the Gramian matrix . This is then extended bilinearly (or sesquilinearly in the complex case) to a non-degenerate inner product on formula_151 If "e", , form an orthonormal basis of "V", then the vectors of the form


title: Exterior algebra

text: With respect to the inner product, exterior multiplication and the interior product are mutually adjoint. Specifically, for formula_154 formula_155 and formula_156


title: Exterior algebra

text: Indeed, more generally for formula_159 formula_155 and formula_161 iteration of the above adjoint properties gives


title: Exterior algebra

text: There is a correspondence between the graded dual of the graded algebra formula_37 and alternating multilinear forms on "V". The exterior algebra (as well as the symmetric algebra) inherits a bialgebra structure, and, indeed, a Hopf algebra structure, from the tensor algebra. See the article on tensor algebras for a detailed treatment of the topic.


title: Exterior algebra

text: The exterior product of multilinear forms defined above is dual to a coproduct defined on formula_130 giving the structure of a coalgebra. The coproduct is a linear function which is given by


title: Exterior algebra

text: on elements "v"∈"V". The symbol 1 stands for the unit element of the field "K". Recall that so that the above really does lie in This definition of the coproduct is lifted to the full space formula_37 by (linear) homomorphism.


title: Exterior algebra

text: The correct form of this homomorphism is not what one might naively write, but has to be the one carefully defined in the coalgebra article. In this case, one obtains


title: Exterior algebra

text: where the second summation is taken over all -shuffles. The above is written with a notational trick, to keep track of the field element 1: the trick is to write formula_172 and this is shuffled into various locations during the expansion of the sum over shuffles. The shuffle follows directly from the first axiom of a co-algebra: the relative order of the elements formula_173 is "preserved" in the riffle shuffle: the riffle shuffle merely splits the ordered sequence into two ordered sequences, one on the left, and one on the right.


title: Exterior algebra

text: Observe that the coproduct preserves the grading of the algebra. Extending to the full space formula_130 one has


title: Exterior algebra

text: The tensor symbol ⊗ used in this section should be understood with some caution: it is "not" the same tensor symbol as the one being used in the definition of the alternating product. Intuitively, it is perhaps easiest to think it as just another, but different, tensor product: it is still (bi-)linear, as tensor products should be, but it is the product that is appropriate for the definition of a bialgebra, that is, for creating the object Any lingering doubt can be shaken by pondering the equalities and , which follow from the definition of the coalgebra, as opposed to naive manipulations involving the tensor and wedge symbols. This distinction is developed in greater detail in the article on tensor algebras. Here, there is much less of a problem, in that the alternating product ∧ clearly corresponds to multiplication in the bialgebra, leaving the symbol ⊗ free for use in the definition of the bialgebra. In practice, this presents no particular problem, as long as one avoids the fatal trap of replacing alternating sums of ⊗ by the wedge symbol, with one exception. One can construct an alternating product from ⊗, with the understanding that it works in a different space. Immediately below, an example is given: the alternating product for the "dual space" can be given in terms of the coproduct. The construction of the bialgebra here parallels the construction in the tensor algebra article almost exactly, except for the need to correctly track the alternating signs for the exterior algebra.


title: Exterior algebra

text: In terms of the coproduct, the exterior product on the dual space is just the graded dual of the coproduct:


title: Exterior algebra

text: where the tensor product on the right-hand side is of multilinear linear maps (extended by zero on elements of incompatible homogeneous degree: more precisely, , where "ε" is the counit, as defined presently).


title: Exterior algebra

text: The counit is the homomorphism that returns the 0-graded component of its argument. The coproduct and counit, along with the exterior product, define the structure of a bialgebra on the exterior algebra.


title: Exterior algebra

text: With an antipode defined on homogeneous elements by formula_177 the exterior algebra is furthermore a Hopf algebra.


title: Exterior algebra

text: Suppose that "V" and "W" are a pair of vector spaces and is a linear map. Then, by the universal property, there exists a unique homomorphism of graded algebras


title: Lady Blossom

text: Jeanie Clarke (born 4 April 1959) is an English former professional wrestling manager and author. She is best known for her appearances with the American professional wrestling promotions the United States Wrestling Association and World Championship Wrestling from 1990 to 1991 under the respective ring names Jeanie Adams and Lady Blossom as the valet for "Stunning" Steve Austin. In 2016, Clarke released her autobiography "Through the Shattered Glass".


title: Lady Blossom

text: Clarke originally worked as a model. She travelled to the United States alongside her then-boyfriend, professional wrestler Chris Adams. The couple split up in the early 1980s, and in 1990 Clarke began a relationship with wrestler "Stunning" Steve Austin.


title: Lady Blossom

text: In 1979, Clarke started her wrestling career as a ringside second for her then-boyfriend Chris Adams for the British-based company Joint Promotions. In November 1980, listing magazine TVTimes published a feature on 25 years of wrestling on ITV which included an article in which Clarke - along with the wives of wrestlers Mick McManus, Jackie Pallo and Bruno Ellrington - together discussed the trials and tribulations of being the partner of a wrestler.


title: Lady Blossom

text: In 1990, Clarke's by then ex-boyfriend Adams suggested to her that she should join Dallas, Texas-based promotion World Class Championship Wrestling and the Memphis, Tennessee-based United States Wrestling Association as a valet for "Stunning" Steve Austin. Clarke was billed as Chris' ex-wife "Jeanie Adams" to add an extra dimension to his feud with Austin, a wrestler he had trained at his wrestling school at the Sportatorium. During later bouts between Austin and Adams, Clarke would often catfight with Adams' valet and then-wife, Toni Adams. Clarke also wrestled Adams in a number of intergender tag team matches and a high-profile singles match at the Sportatorium. The original idea of the angle came about in the beginning of 1986 when Adams began his storyline feud with Gino Hernandez.


title: Lady Blossom

text: In 1991, Austin was hired by World Championship Wrestling, where Vivacious Veronica became his valet. After several weeks, Clarke was hired to replace Vivacious Veronica. She was given the name by Dusty Rhodes, who said it was because her "chest was blossoming out of her top". Lady Blossom debuted on 1 June 1991 episode of "WCW Worldwide" by helping Austin defeat Bobby Eaton for the WCW World Television Championship by scratching Eaton in the eyes with her fingernails.


title: Lady Blossom

text: The duo did not have a distinctive gimmick, but they tried to portray themselves as being a couple from high society. Austin came down to the ring in an extravagant robe, whereas Lady Blossom frequently donned a luxurious cleavage-baring evening gown. In a sharp contrast to her time in World Class Championship Wrestling, Lady Blossom did not get an opportunity to speak much on camera—she spoke on camera on less than a handful of occasions throughout her WCW tenure and with a prominent Essex girl accent, at odds with her high society image. Blossom used her actions instead of her words as she did not hesitate to involve herself in Austin's matches in order for him to win and retain his WCW Television title. Blossom frequently interfered in his matches, although her interference backfired from time to time, and she occasionally took bumps.


title: Lady Blossom

text: On one occasion, Lady Blossom hopped onto the ring apron in an attempt to distract the referee from the action in the ring. As she was arguing with the referee, Tracy Smothers inadvertently ran into her just as Austin had moved out of the way. Smothers' collision with Blossom jostled her and she fell to the floor mat a few moments later. Also, Lady Blossom constantly interfered in Austin's TV title matches with P. N. News and thus he retained his title again due to her interference. Right when the 10-minute time limit was drawing near, Blossom interfered in the match just as Austin was about to be pinned, thus causing a disqualification. Blossom's most frequent method of a disrupting a match was to jump on the back of Austin's opponent just as he was about to be pinned. She then scratched Austin's opponent's face with her fingernails. Another instance in which Lady Blossom's interference backfired took place in August 1991 on an episode of "WCW Power Hour" during a TV title match pitting Austin and Ron Simmons. Simmons was on the verge of victory in the match, but Lady Blossom entered the ring and jumped on his back to cause a disqualification.


title: Lady Blossom

text: For a string of weeks in October 1991, both Blossom and Austin did an angle involving a pair of brass knuckles. During Austin's matches, Lady Blossom pulled out of a pair of brass knuckles that was underhandedly hidden underneath her cleavage and tucked inside one of the cups of her bra. When the referee's attention was drawn elsewhere, she pulled the brass knuckles out of her bra and hand the weapon over to Austin so that he could use them on his opponent. Unbeknownst to the official, Austin struck his opponent with the knuckles and then quickly handed them back over to Blossom. Lady Blossom then cleverly concealed the brass knuckles inside of her bra again and behave as if nothing ever happened. Austin then pinned his unconscious opponent for the victory. The couple's shenanigans worked for a few weeks, but they were caught within due time. At the conclusion of a match between Steve Austin and PN News on "WCW Saturday Night", Lady Blossom helped Austin cheat to win yet again. After the match, an enraged Dustin Rhodes came down to ringside to explain to the referee that Austin had cheated in his match by striking his opponent with a pair of brass knuckles and that the weapon was hidden inside of Lady Blossom's dress. Both Blossom and Austin egged Rhodes on to prove to the referee that they had cheated in the match, but he reluctantly refused to place his hand down her dress knowing the potential sexual harassment issues his action caused. Moments later, Madusa arrived on to the scene to confront the perpetrators and attempt to verify Rhodes' claims. Madusa then did what Rhodes was much too uncomfortable to do by literally taking matters into her own hands and sticking her hand inside of Blossom's dress. Madusa was quickly able to pull the concealed weapon out of Blossom's dress and show off her discovery to the crowd. Considering that the referee now had visible evidence that Austin did in fact cheat to win the match, he reversed his decision in favor of News.


title: Lady Blossom

text: Blossom retired from professional wrestling in late 1991 after becoming pregnant with her second daughter. She made her final appearance with WCW on 19 November 1991 at "Clash of the Champions XVII", accompanying Austin to ringside for his title defense against P. N. News.


title: Lady Blossom

text: Clarke had a relationship with professional wrestler Chris Adams for five years, with the couple having a daughter, Jade. Clarke and Adams split up in the early 1980s. Contrary to the wrestling storyline, the two were never actually married in real life. In 1983, in order to stay in the United States, Clarke married professional wrestler William "Billy Jack" Haynes, with the couple later divorcing. In 1990, Clarke began a relationship with professional wrestler Steve Austin. The couple married on 18 December 1992 and had two daughters, Stephanie Britt (born 1992) and Cassidy Skye (born 1996). Clarke and Austin divorced in 1999, with Clarke and her children later returning to the United Kingdom in 2001.


title: Lady Blossom

text: Clarke is credited with helping Austin develop his "Stone Cold" persona. While he was contemplating a change in ring name from "The Ringmaster", she told him to drink his tea before it got "stone cold", and suggested he use the nickname. She was also instrumental in the creation of the "Austin 3:16" catchphrase.


title: Lady Blossom

text: In August 2016, Clarke was presented with an award at the Annual British Wrestlers Reunion in Kent, England.


title: Ekalavya

text: Ekalavya (Sanskrit: एकलव्य, "ékalavya") is a character from the Indian epic Mahābhārata. He was a young prince of the Nishadas, a confederation of forest and hill tribes in ancient India.


title: Ekalavya

text: Ekalavya is called as one of the foremost of Kings in the Rajasuya Yagya where he honours Yudhishthira by offering shoes with respect. Eklavya was noted as a very powerful archer and warrior.


title: Ekalavya

text: In the Mahabharata, Ekalavya was the adopted son of Hiranyadhanus, the chief of Nishada, who found the former when he had been abandoned as an infant by Krishna's uncle and aunt. Ekalavya's adoptive father Hiranyadhanus was the commander of the most powerful king of the period, Jarasandha and Ekalavya himself served under King Jarasandha's army as General. As a youth, Ekalavya beheld Drona teaching archery to the Kauravas and the Pandavas - the royal Kuru princes - and was taken by a desire to learn himself. He approached Drona and respectfully requested to be taken on as a student of archery. The high-born Kshatriya Kuru princes, who took Eklavya for a forest-dweller outside Hindu "varnas", mocked him for considering himself above his station in life, as a tribal, low-born person. Ekalavya leaves, and then watches from the forest when guru Drona teaches the princes. After they had left for the ashram, Ekalavya collected the mud on which his Guru walked, as a symbolic gesture of reverence for his Guru's knowledge and footsteps. He went into the forest and fashioned a statue of Drona under a large banyan tree. He began a disciplined program of self-study over many years. Accepting the statue as his guru, he practised before his guru every single day.


title: Ekalavya

text: One day Drona and his students go out into the forest, accompanied by the Kurus' dog, who starts barking incessantly but then suddenly stops. The Kurus find the dog unhurt but unable to bark due to arrows filling its mouth. This was harmless to the dog but prevented the dog from barking. Drona was amazed but also distressed as he had promised Arjuna that he would make him the greatest archer in the world. Wondering who such a fine archer could be, Drona and his students saw Ekalavya, with his bow. Upon seeing Drona, Ekalavya came and bowed to him.


title: Ekalavya

text: Drona asked Ekalavya where he had learned archery. Ekalavya replied "under you, Guruji", and showed Drona his statue while explaining what he had done. Arjuna is incensed and reminds Drona of his promise to make Arjuna the "greatest archer in the world". Drona decides that Ekalavya would have to pay guru dakshina. Readily, Ekalavya offers to do anything for Drona. Drona asks Ekalavya to cut off his right thumb as Guru Dakshina. Happy and smiling, Ekalavya cuts off the thumb and presents it as Gurudakshina to Dronacharya.


title: Ekalavya

text: The Bhagavata Purana mentions that Ekalavya assisted Jarasandha, when he attacked Mathura, to take revenge of the death of Kansa.In this battle Elkalavya was killed by Lord Krishna, because Krishna knew about the future war of Mahabharat and that Ekalavya could become an obstacle in the establishment of dharma. Later Eklavya was born as Drishtadyumna, son of Drupad, king of Panchala and helped in establishing dharma as he was born as Dronahantak (one born to kill Drona) and killed Acharya Drona, to complete his revenge. In the Malaysian text, there is a mention that King Phalgunadi was killed by Acharya Drona and later Phalgunadi took birth as Eklavya.


title: Ekalavya

text: There is an Ekalavya temple (Hindi: एकलव्य मंदिर) temple in honor of Ekalavya in Khandsa village in Sector 37 of Gurugram city in Haryana state of India. As per folklore, this is the only temple of Ekalavya and it is the place where Ekalavya cut his thumb and offered to guru Drona.


title: Ekalavya

text: In honour of Ekalavya, the Government of India runs an Ekalavya Model Residential School (EMRS) model residential school scheme for Indian tribals.


title: Ekalavya

text: Eklavya inspires a life-long learning philosophy and his presence seems to be a celebration for the masses. In this EklavyaParv, the motto is 'You Create Yourself" and the legend of Eklavya is a testimony that is forwarded by many thinkers as well. The discipleship that Eklavya represents is the best for a student and enables one to be the creator of one's own destiny.


title: Ekalavya

text: The City of Taj, Agra has a large stadium named Ekalavya Sports Stadium at Sadar Bazaar in honour of Ekalavya.


title: Ekalavya

text: In 1982 movie Ekalavya actor Krishna Ghattamaneni played the title character Eklavya. This movie depicts the life of Eklavya.


title: Upright Citizens Brigade

text: The Upright Citizens Brigade is an improvisational and sketch comedy group that emerged from Chicago's ImprovOlympic in 1990. The original incarnation of the group consisted of Matt Besser, Amy Poehler, Ian Roberts, Matt Walsh, Adam McKay, Rick Roman, Horatio Sanz and Drew Franklin. Other early members included Neil Flynn, Armando Diaz, Ali Farahnakian and Rich Fulcher.


title: Upright Citizens Brigade

text: The Upright Citizens Brigade began performing improv and sketch comedy at Kill the Poet in Chicago. Their first show was called "Virtual Reality". The group followed with shows titled "UCBTV", "Conference on the Future of Happiness", "Thunderball", "Bucket of Truth", "Big Dirty Hands", "The Real Real World", and "Punch Your Friend in the Face".


title: Upright Citizens Brigade

text: In 1993, the Upright Citizens Brigade (Matt Besser, Ian Roberts, Amy Poehler, Adam McKay, Rick Roman, and Horatio Sanz) were regular guests on stage at the New Variety produced and hosted by Richard O'Donnell at the Chicago Improv comedy club, 504 N. Wells.


title: Upright Citizens Brigade

text: In 1996, the Upright Citizens Brigade relocated to New York and began performing shows and offering improv training at Solo Arts Group. These shows and classes were so popular that the UCB were able to open their own theater, The Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre, at 161 W. 22nd Street in Chelsea on February 4, 1999, in a former nude dance club. On April 1, 2003, they moved to a new space at 307 W. 26th Street. On November 30, 2017, they moved again to 555 West 42nd Street in Hell's Kitchen. In July 2005, the UCB opened at the Tamarind Theatre in Los Angeles at 5919 Franklin Avenue (between Tamarind & North Bronson Avenue). In 2011, UCB opened a second New York City theater and bar space in the East Village, UCB East, which ran smaller-scale shows for $10 or less. The UCB East permanently closed on February 9, 2019. In its stead, the group once (but no longer) offered three nights of programming per week in the nearby SubCulture theatre on Bleecker Street. The Upright Citizens Brigade has performed in the Comedy Tent at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee.


title: Upright Citizens Brigade

text: The original group, Matt Besser, Matt Walsh, Ian Roberts, and Amy Poehler have had two TV shows—"Upright Citizens Brigade" and "The UCB Show"—and their show "ASSSSCAT" has been televised twice. In addition to this they had a TV movie called "Escape From It's a Wonderful Life" and appeared weekly on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" in the 90s.


title: Upright Citizens Brigade

text: In the way of film, in 2002 they created and starred in the film "Martin & Orloff", and made another movie in 2007 titled "Wild Girls Gone". Neither film was particularly successful or well received.


title: Upright Citizens Brigade

text: The group has participated in web series including the ongoing series "UCB Comedy Originals", created in 2008, which occasionally shows sketches, and "I Hate Being Single", created in 2012.


title: Upright Citizens Brigade

text: In 2016, Universal Cable Productions announced signing Upright Citizens Brigade to a first-look production deal.


title: Upright Citizens Brigade

text: "The Chris Gethard Show" with Chris Gethard and "Broad City" with Ilana Glazer and Abbi Jacobson are examples of successful TV shows that started as UCB experiments.


title: Upright Citizens Brigade

text: Other famous alumni of the training company include comedians Paul Scheer, Rob Huebel, Seth Morris, Aubrey Plaza, Zach Woods, Ellie Kemper, Sasheer Zamata, Nicole Byer, Andrew Daly, Jason Mantzoukas, Nick Kroll, D'Arcy Carden, Jordan Klepper, Milana Vayntrub, and Ben Schwartz, as well as actors Abbi Jacobson, Ilana Glazer, and Kelly Marie Tran, writer-director Kay Cannon, internet personalities Ninja Sex Party, Brennan Lee Mulligan, Emily Axford, and Donald Glover.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown fat makes up the adipose organ together with white adipose tissue (or white fat). Brown adipose tissue is found in almost all mammals.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: Classification of brown fat refers to two distinct cell populations with similar functions. The first shares a common embryological origin with muscle cells, found in larger "classic" deposits. The second develops from white adipocytes that are stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. These adipocytes are found interspersed in white adipose tissue and are also named 'beige' or 'brite' (for "brown in white").


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: Brown adipose tissue is especially abundant in newborns and in hibernating mammals. It is also present and metabolically active in adult humans, but its prevalence decreases as humans age. Its primary function is thermoregulation. In addition to heat produced by shivering muscle, brown adipose tissue produces heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. The therapeutic targeting of brown fat for the treatment of human obesity is an active research field.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: In contrast to white adipocytes, which contain a single lipid droplet, brown adipocytes contain numerous smaller droplets and a much higher number of (iron-containing) mitochondria, which gives the tissue its color. Brown fat also contains more capillaries than white fat. These supply the tissue with oxygen and nutrients and distribute the produced heat throughout the body.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: The presence of brown adipose tissue in adult humans was discovered in 2003 during FDG-PET scans to detect metastatic cancers. Using these scans and data from human autopsies, several brown adipose tissue deposits have been identified. In infants, brown adipose tissue deposits include, but are not limited to: interscapular, supraclavicular, suprarenal, pericardial, para-aortic and around the pancreas, kidney and trachea. These deposits gradually get more white fat-like during adulthood. In adults, the deposits that are most often detected in FDG-PET scans are the supraclavicular, paravertebral, mediastinal, para-aortic and suprarenal ones. It remains to be determined whether these deposits are 'classical' brown adipose tissue or beige/brite fat.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: Brown fat in humans in the scientific and popular literature refers to two cell populations defined by both anatomical location and cellular morphology. Both share the presence of small lipid droplets and numerous iron-rich mitochondria, giving the brown appearance.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: Brown fat cells come from the middle embryo layer, mesoderm, also the source of myocytes (muscle cells), adipocytes, and chondrocytes (cartilage cells).


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: The classic population of brown fat cells and muscle cells both seem to be derived from the same population of stem cells in the mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm. Both have the intrinsic capacity to activate the myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) promoter, a trait only associated with myocytes and this population of brown fat. Progenitors of traditional white fat cells and adrenergically induced brown fat do not have the capacity to activate the Myf5 promoter. Both adipocytes and brown adipocyte may be derived from pericytes, the cells which surround the blood vessels that run through white fat tissue. Notably, this is not the same as the presence of Myf5 protein, which is involved in the development of many tissues.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: Additionally, muscle cells that were cultured with the transcription factor PRDM16 were converted into brown fat cells, and brown fat cells without PRDM16 were converted into muscle cells.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: The mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell utilize fuels to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process involves storing energy as a proton gradient, also known as the proton motive force (PMF), across the mitochondrial inner membrane. This energy is used to synthesize ATP when the protons flow across the membrane (down their concentration gradient) through the ATP synthase complex; this is known as chemiosmosis.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: In endotherms, body heat is maintained by signaling the mitochondria to allow protons to run back along the gradient without producing ATP (proton leak). This can occur since an alternative return route for the protons exists through an uncoupling protein in the inner membrane. This protein, known as uncoupling protein 1 (thermogenin), facilitates the return of the protons after they have been actively pumped out of the mitochondria by the electron transport chain. This alternative route for protons uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and the energy in the PMF is instead released as heat.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: To some degree, all cells of endotherms give off heat, especially when body temperature is below a regulatory threshold. However, brown adipose tissue is highly specialized for this non-shivering thermogenesis. First, each cell has a higher number of mitochondria compared to more typical cells. Second, these mitochondria have a higher-than-normal concentration of thermogenin in the inner membrane.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: In neonates (newborn infants), brown fat makes up about 5% of the body mass and is located on the back, along the upper half of the spine and toward the shoulders. It is of great importance to avoid hypothermia, as lethal cold is a major death risk for premature neonates.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: It was believed that after infants grow up, most of the mitochondria (which are responsible for the brown color) in brown adipose tissue disappear, and the tissue becomes similar in function and appearance to white fat. In rare cases, brown fat continues to grow, rather than involuting; this leads to a tumour known as a hibernoma. It is now known that brown fat is related not to white fat, but to skeletal muscle.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: Studies using positron emission tomography scanning of adult humans have shown that brown adipose tissue is still present in most adults in the upper chest and neck (especially paravertebrally). The remaining deposits become more visible (increasing tracer uptake, meaning more metabolically active) with cold exposure, and less visible if an adrenergic beta blocker is given before the scan. These discoveries could lead to new methods of weight loss, since brown fat takes calories from normal fat and burns it. Scientists have been able to stimulate brown fat growth in mice. One study of APOE knock out mice showed cold exposure could promote atherosclerotic plaque growth and instability. The study mice were subjected to sustained low temperatures of 4 °C for 8 weeks which may have caused a stress condition, due to rapid forced change rather than a safe acclimatisation, that can be used to understand the effect on adult humans of modest reductions of ambient temperature of just 5 to 10 °C. Furthermore, several newer studies have documented the substantial benefits of cold exposure in multiple species including humans, for example researchers concluded that "activation of brown adipose tissue is a powerful therapeutic avenue to ameliorate hyperlipidaemia and protect from atherosclerosis" and that brown fat activation reduces plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels and attenuates diet-induced atherosclerosis development.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: Long-term studies of adult humans are needed to establish a balance of benefit and risk, in combination with historical research of living conditions of recent human generations prior to the current increase of poor health related to excessive accumulation of white fat. Pharmacological approaches using β3-adrenoceptor agonists have been shown to enhance glucose metabolic activity of brown adipose tissue in rodents.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: The interscapular brown adipose tissue is commonly and inappropriately referred to as the "hibernating gland". Whilst believed by many to be a type of gland, it is actually a collection of adipose tissues lying between the scapulae of rodentine mammals. Composed of brown adipose tissue and divided into two lobes, it resembles a primitive gland, regulating the output of a variety of hormones. The function of the tissue appears to be involved in the storage of medium to small lipid chains for consumption during hibernation, the smaller lipid structure allowing for a more rapid path of energy production than glycolysis.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: In studies where the interscapular brown adipose tissue of rats were lesioned, it was demonstrated that the rats had difficulty regulating their normal body-weight.


title: Brown adipose tissue

text: The longest-lived small mammals, bats (30 years) and naked mole rats (32 years), all have remarkably high levels of brown adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue activity.


title: Panama national football team

text: The Panama national football team () represents Panama in men's international football and is governed by the Panamanian Football Federation. The team represents all three FIFA, CONCACAF and the regional UNCAF.


title: Panama national football team

text: Panama qualified for the FIFA World Cup for the first time for the 2018 tournament in Russia and scored their first goal of the World Cup against England, although they lost the match 6–1. They finished bottom of their group.


title: Panama national football team

text: Panama finished as runners-up in the 2005 Gold Cup and 2013 Gold Cup, losing to the United States on both occasions. Panama has also competed in the sub-regional Copa Centroamericana which they won in 2009, beating Costa Rica in the final (0–0 on full-time, 5–3 on penalties). They finished in third place on three occasions (1993, 2011, 2014), and finished as runners-up behind Honduras in the 2017 edition, which they hosted.


title: Panama national football team

text: In the 2011 Gold Cup, Panama was placed into Group C with Canada, United States, and Guadeloupe. They debuted with a 3–2 win over Guadeloupe. In the next match, they beat the United States 2–1. Then they tied 1–1 against Canada, winning their group for the first time in the Gold Cup. They played against El Salvador in the quarter-finals, beating them 5–3 on penalties. They played against the United States again, this time in the semi-finals, although they lost 1–0.


title: Panama national football team

text: In the 2013 Gold Cup, Panama began with a 2–1 win over Mexico, with Gabriel Torres scoring both goals. In the second match, Panama beat Martinique 1–0 with Gabriel Torres scoring the only goal. With two victories, they secured their qualification to the knockout stages. Already being qualified, they tied 0–0 against Canada securing the first place in their group. They easily beat Cuba 6-1 and qualified for the semi-finals with Blas Pérez and Gabriel Torres scoring two goals each. They faced Mexico again in the semifinals and beat them 2–1 to advance to the final for the second time in the competition against the United States, which was their opponent in the 2005 final and beat them on penalties. The Panamanians couldn't get their revenge on them and lost 0–1 with a goal from Brek Shea.


title: Panama national football team

text: Panama came close to advancing out of the fourth round of qualifiers for the 2014 World Cup. In their last match, which was against the United States, they led 2–1 after 90 minutes and were assured to advance to a play-off against New Zealand, but conceded two goals in stoppage time and were eliminated, with Mexico taking the playoff slot instead.


title: Panama national football team

text: In the 2015 Gold Cup, Panama was drawn into Group A, along with the United States, Haiti, and Honduras. All of their games were a 1–1 draws. However this was enough to advanced to the knockout stage as the best ranked third place. In the Quarter-Finals, they played against Trinidad & Tobago, drawing 1-1 after 90 minutes and defeating them 6–5 on penalties. They advanced to the semi-finals against Mexico. Roman Torres scored on behalf of Panama and Andres Guardado scored for Mexico. The first 90 minutes ended in a 1–1 draw. Panama was then defeated 2–1 in extra time after referee Mark Geiger gave Mexico a penalty, which Andres Guardado also scored. With this result, Panama earned the chance to play the third place playoff against the United States. The score was 1-1 after extra time and Panama won 3–2 on penalties, giving them the third place. Mexico ended up defeating Jamaica in the final to crown themselves champions.


title: Panama national football team

text: Four years after failing to qualify for the 2014 World Cup, "Los Canaleros" finally qualified for the World Cup after defeating Costa Rica 2−1 in their final qualifying match, which meant that the United States, who lost to Trinidad and Tobago 2–1, failed to qualify for the first time since 1986. Román Torres, who scored the winning goal in the 87th minute, was subsequently considered a national hero. The day after the match, the President of Panama Juan Carlos Varela declared a national holiday to commemorate the achievement, stating on his Twitter profile: "The voice of the people has been heard... Tomorrow will be a national holiday".


title: Panama national football team

text: The national football team of Panama were drawn in Group G, together with European giants Belgium and England and the African side Tunisia. Their debut World Cup match was against Belgium, on 18 June 2018. "Los Canaleros" initially held on, with the score 0–0 at half-time, before eventually suffering a 3–0 loss. Six days later, Panama faced England, and this time succumbed to a 6–1 defeat; Felipe Baloy's late goal was the nation's first at a World Cup, but it was not enough to save them from elimination. A 2–1 loss to Tunisia in their final game meant that Panama finished bottom of their group - and 32nd and last in the tournament overall - having lost all three of their games and conceded eleven goals.


title: Panama national football team

text: The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.


title: Panama national football team

text: The following players were called up for the friendly matches against Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Cameroon on 6, 10 and 18 November 2022.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel is a Japanese anime film trilogy produced by Ufotable, directed by Tomonori Sudō, written by Akira Hiyama, and featuring music by Yuki Kajiura. The trilogy adapts "Heaven's Feel", the third and final route of the "Fate/stay night" visual novel. It focuses on Shirou Emiya and Sakura Matou who are affected by a conflict between mages known as the Holy Grail War.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: The first film in the trilogy, titled "" premiered in Japan on October 14, 2017, and premiered in the United States between November and December 2017. Its English dub premiered on June 5, 2018 and June 7, 2018 in the United States.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: The second film, titled "" premiered in Japan on January 12, 2019. Aniplex of America released the film in the United States in March 2019.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: The third and final film in the trilogy, titled "", premiered in Japan on August 15, 2020, and premiered in the United States on November 18, 2020.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: It is the fourth anime adaptation of Type-Moon's works by Ufotable, following "The Garden of Sinners" film series, the "Fate/Zero" television series, and the "" television series and also the fourth anime adaptation of the "Fate/stay night" visual novel, after Studio Deen's adaptations "Fate/stay night", a television series, and "", a movie; and Ufotable's adaptation "Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works". The trilogy also is the first anime adaptation of the "Heaven's Feel" route.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: Shirou Emiya, an amateur mage, has been dragged into the Fifth Holy Grail War, a fight to the death among seven mages and their Servants, familiars who are legendary figures from all eras.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: Shirou is determined to win the Holy Grail War to save the world and be a hero of justice, as well keep his friend, Sakura Matou, safe from the war and her abusive brother, Shinji Matou, with the help of his Servant, Saber, and his classmate, Rin Tohsaka. Strange occurrences start happening in the war, and Sakura comes down with a mysterious sickness.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: Despite having lost the war and Saber, Shirou finds himself unable to stop participating in the Holy Grail War. As Sakura is Shirou is determined to keep her safe.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: As Sakura starts succumbing to her mysterious illness, and the mysterious shadow keeps killing people, Shirou and Rin are determined to finish the Holy Grail War.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: As Sakura becomes possessed by shadow, Shirou risks his own body and mind to save her by stopping the tainted Holy Grail, facing his now-corrupted Servant Saber in the process.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: Allying with the wayward priest Kirei Kotomine, fellow competitor Illyasviel von Einzbern and Sakura's displaced Servant Rider, Shirou and Rin enter a race against time to rescue Sakura from madness and end the Holy Grail War once and for all - before the corrupted Grail can bring about the end of the world.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: On July 28, 2014, it was announced that an anime film adaptation of the "Heaven's Feel" route of the "Fate/stay night" series was green-lit at a press conference at Shinagawa, Tokyo, where it was revealed that Ufotable would be adapting. Takahiro Miura would be storyboarding the adaptation. The staff later announced at AnimeJapan 2016 that the film adaptation would be split into three films, with the first film, titled "Presage Flower", scheduled to premiere in 2017.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: "Presage Flower" in its opening weekend reached #1 at the Japanese box office, grossing from 247,509 admissions within two days. It has grossed worldwide as of February 2019, including () in Japan, $4,685,622 in China, $417,439 in South Korea and Australia, $193,833 in the United States and Canada, and $38,781 in Argentina and New Zealand.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: "Lost Butterfly" debuted at the top of Japan's box office selling 363,080 tickets to earn () in three days. The film sold 12% more tickets and earned 18% more in its opening weekend than the first film in the trilogy. By its 12th day, the film surpassed , once again surpassing the record of "Pressage Flower". By February 19, 2019 it has sold over 1million tickets and grossed over () in Japan.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: Overseas, the film grossed () in Hong Kong. The North American debut of the film earned $420,595 at the box office in March 2019. In China, where the film released on 12 July 2019, it debuted with an opening weekend of . As of 14 July 2019, the film has grossed worldwide.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: "Spring Song"'s opening topped the Japanese box office, 270,000 tickets sold for a gross of 474,890,600 yen ($4.48 million) in its opening weekend. The movie made 1 billion yen at the Japanese box office in 11 days, reaching the milestone quicker than the first two films, and sold a total of 620,000 tickets in that time. The film went on to earn more than 1.9 billion yen ($18 million) by October 15, 2020 in Japan, until December 31, it grossed 2 billion yen ($18.8 million) in Japan, making it the highest-grossing film in the "Heaven's Feel" trilogy.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: "Spring Song" went on to earn in South Korea $682,049, in Australia $124,140, in the New Zealand $17,588, in Hong Kong $259,051, in Mexico $75,000


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: In the United States, "Spring Song" opened in 10th place at the box office, with estimated earnings of $200,000 from a limited release in 304 theaters.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: Kim Morrissy from Anime News Network gave "Presage Flower" an overall grade of 'A,' calling it a fine work of cinema and the best "Fate" adaptation yet. As the movie focused more on Sakura, the Fandom Post stated that her interactions with Shirou make the best scenes since Shirou's personality did not differ too much from "Unlimited Blade Works". In another review, the Fandom Post enjoyed how Shirou's posttraumatic stress disorder over the fire in his city is shown connecting the story with the ending of "Fate/Zero", thus exploring deeper area of his past. While the writer enjoyed his interactions with Sakura and Saber, he did not find him as engaging as the Shirou from "Unlimited Blade Works" persona. UK Anime Network criticized his traits, finding them "bland," but they also thought that the anime adaptation was able to capture Nasu's writing properly.


title: Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel

text: Kim Morrissy from Anime News Network gave "Lost Butterfly" an overall grade of 'A', calling "Lost Butterfly" "even better than the first film", and that the film "amped up the stakes considerably".


title: Avantika Vandanapu

text: Avantika Vandanapu (born 1 January 2005), sometimes credited simply as Avantika, is an American actress and dancer. She has worked in several Indian films, predominantly in Telugu language, in addition to commercials. In 2021, she starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie "Spin". She was also the second winner of the Zee TV reality show "Dance India Dance Lil Masters North America".


title: Avantika Vandanapu

text: Vandanapu was born into a Telugu family in San Francisco, California. Her family originally hails from Hyderabad in Telangana, India who emigrated to the United States. She took drama lessons at the American Conservatory Theater.


title: Avantika Vandanapu

text: Vandanapu entered Telugu cinema in 2015 and was signed for two movies. She was selected to play the role of Chutki in 14 Reels Entertainment's "Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha", which was released in February 2016. However, due to the scheduling conflicts, she could not continue with the movie. Vandanapu officially debuted as a child artist in "Brahmotsavam" starring Mahesh Babu, Kajal Aggarwal, Samantha and Pranitha Subhash which started shooting on September 16, 2015. She then appeared in Chandra Shekhar Yeleti's film "Manamantha". Later, she signed on for "Premam" starring Naga Chaitanya and Shruti Hassan, in which she portrays the younger version of Madonna Sebastian.


title: Avantika Vandanapu

text: In 2021, Vandanapu played the lead role of Rhea Kumar in the Disney Channel Original Movie, "Spin" which stars Meera Syal, Abhay Deol, Aryan Simhadri, Michael Bishop, Jahbril Cook, Anna Cathcart and Kerri Medders.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD), or human growth hormone deficiency, is a medical condition resulting from not enough growth hormone (GH). Generally the most noticeable symptom is that an individual attains a short height. Newborns may also present low blood sugar or a small penis size. In adults there may be decreased muscle mass, high cholesterol levels, or poor bone density.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: GHD can be present at birth or develop later in life. Causes may include genetics, trauma, infections, tumors, or radiation therapy. Genes that may be involved include GH1, GHRHR, or BTK. In a third of cases no cause is apparent. The underlying mechanism generally involves problems with the pituitary gland. Some cases are associated with a lack of other pituitary hormones, in which case it is known as combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure growth hormone levels.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Treatment is by growth hormone replacement using synthetic human growth hormone. The frequency of the condition is unclear. Most cases are initially noticed in children. The genetic forms of this disease are estimated to affect about 1 in 7,000 people. Most types occur equally in males and females though males are more often diagnosed.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Severe prenatal deficiency of GH, as occurs in congenital hypopituitarism, has little effect on fetal growth. However, prenatal and congenital deficiency can reduce the size of a male's penis, especially when gonadotropins are also deficient. Besides micropenis in males, additional consequences of severe deficiency in the first days of life can include hypoglycemia and exaggerated jaundice (both direct and indirect hyperbilirubinemia).


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Even congenital GH deficiency does not usually impair length growth until after the first few months of life. From late in the first year until mid-teens, poor growth and/or shortness is the hallmark of childhood GH deficiency. Growth is not as severely affected in GH deficiency as in untreated hypothyroidism, but growth at about half the usual velocity for age is typical. It tends to be accompanied by delayed physical maturation so that bone maturation and puberty may be several years delayed. When severe GH deficiency is present from birth and never treated, adult heights can be as short as 48-65 inches (122–165 cm).


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Severe GH deficiency in early childhood also results in slower muscular development, so that gross motor milestones such as standing, walking, and jumping may be delayed. Body composition (i.e., the relative amounts of bone, muscle, and fat) is affected in many children with severe deficiency, so that mild to moderate chubbiness is common (though GH deficiency alone rarely causes severe obesity). Some severely GH-deficient children have recognizable, cherubic facial features characterized by maxillary hypoplasia and forehead prominence.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Other side effects in children include sparse hair growth and frontal recession, and pili torti and trichorrhexis nodosa are also sometimes present.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Growth hormone deficiency in childhood commonly has no identifiable cause (idiopathic), and adult-onset GHD is commonly due to pituitary tumours and their treatment or to cranial irradiation. A more complete list of causes includes:


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: There are a variety of rare diseases that resemble GH deficiency, including the childhood growth failure, facial appearance, delayed bone age, and low insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels. However, GH testing elicits normal or high levels of GH in the blood, demonstrating that the problem is not due to a deficiency of GH but rather to a reduced sensitivity to its action. Insensitivity to GH is traditionally termed Laron dwarfism, but over the last 15 years many different types of GH resistance have been identified, primarily involving mutations of the GH binding protein or receptors.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Familial isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) can be inherited as an autosomal recessive (type I), autosomal dominant (type II), or X-linked (type III) characteristic.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: As an adult ages, it is normal for the pituitary to produce diminishing amounts of GH and many other hormones, particularly the sex steroids. Physicians, therefore, distinguish between the natural reduction in GH levels which comes with age, and the much lower levels of "true" deficiency. Such deficiency almost always has an identifiable cause, with adult-onset GHD "without" a definable cause ("idiopathic GH deficiency") extremely rare. GH does function in adulthood to maintain muscle and bone mass and strength, and has poorly understood effects on cognition and mood.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Although GH can be readily measured in a blood sample, testing for GH deficiency is constrained by the fact that levels are nearly undetectable for most of the day. This makes simple measurement of GH in a single blood sample useless for detecting deficiency. Physicians, therefore use a combination of indirect and direct criteria in assessing GHD, including:


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: "Provocative tests" involve giving a dose of an agent that will normally provoke a pituitary to release a burst of growth hormone. An intravenous line is established, the agent is given, and small amounts of blood are drawn at 15-minute intervals over the next hour to determine if a rise of GH was provoked. Agents which have been used clinically to stimulate and assess GH secretion are arginine, levodopa, clonidine, epinephrine and propranolol, glucagon, and insulin. An insulin tolerance test has been shown to be reproducible, age-independent, and able to distinguish between GHD and normal adults, and so is the test of choice.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: In childhood and adulthood, the diagnosing doctor will look for these features accompanied by corroboratory evidence of hypopituitarism such as deficiency of other pituitary hormones, a structurally abnormal pituitary, or a history of damage to the pituitary. This would confirm the diagnosis; in the absence of pituitary pathology, further testing would be required.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Growth hormone deficiency can be congenital or acquired in childhood or adult life. It can be partial or complete. It is usually permanent, but sometimes transient. It may be an isolated deficiency or occur in association with deficiencies of other pituitary hormones.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: The term hypopituitarism is often used interchangeably with GH deficiency but more often denotes GH deficiency plus deficiency of at least one other anterior pituitary hormone. When GH deficiency (usually with other anterior pituitary deficiencies) is associated with posterior pituitary hormone deficiency (usually diabetes insipidus), the condition is termed panhypopituitarism.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: GH deficiency is treated by replacing GH with daily injections under the skin or into muscle. Until 1985, growth hormone for treatment was obtained by extraction from human pituitary glands collected at autopsy. Since 1985, recombinant human growth hormone (rHGH) is a recombinant form of human GH produced by genetically engineered bacteria, manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. In both children and adults, costs of treatment in terms of money, effort, and the impact on day-to-day life, are substantial.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: GH treatment is not recommended for children who are not growing despite having normal levels of growth hormone, and in the UK it is not licensed for this use. Children requiring treatment usually receive daily injections of growth hormone. Most pediatric endocrinologists monitor growth and adjust dose every 3–6 months and many of these visits involve blood tests and x-rays. Treatment is usually extended as long as the child is growing, and lifelong continuation may be recommended for those most severely deficient. Nearly painless insulin syringes, pen injectors, or a needle-free delivery system reduce the discomfort. Injection sites include the biceps, thigh, buttocks, and stomach. Injection sites should be rotated daily to avoid lipoatrophy. Treatment is expensive, costing as much as US$10,000 to $40,000 a year in the US.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: GH supplementation is not recommended medically for the physiologic age-related decline in GH/IGF secretion. It may be appropriate in diagnosed adult-onset deficiency, where a weekly dose of approximately 25% of that given to children is given. Lower doses again are called for in the elderly to reduce the incidence of side effects and maintain age-dependent normal levels of IGF-1.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: In many countries, including the UK, the majority view among endocrinologists is that the failure of treatment to provide any demonstrable, measurable benefits in terms of outcomes means treatment is not recommended for all adults with severe GHD, and national guidelines in the UK as set out by NICE suggest three criteria which all need to be met for treatment to be indicated:


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: When treated with GH, a severely deficient child will begin to grow faster within months. In the first year of treatment, the rate of growth may increase from half as fast as other children are growing to twice as fast (e.g., from 1 inch a year to 4 inches, or 2.5 cm to 10). Growth typically slows in subsequent years, but usually remains above normal so that over several years a child who had fallen far behind in his height may grow into the normal height range. Excess adipose tissue may be reduced.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: GH treatment can confer a number of measurable benefits to severely GH-deficient adults, such as enhanced energy and strength, and improved bone density. Muscle mass may increase at the expense of adipose tissue. Although adults with hypopituitarism have been shown to have a reduced life expectancy, and a cardiovascular mortality rate of more than double controls, treatment has not been shown to improve mortality, although blood lipid levels do improve. Similarly, although measurements of bone density improve with treatment, rates of fractures have not been shown to improve.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Effects on quality of life are unproven, with a number of studies finding that adults with GHD had near-normal indicators of QoL at baseline (giving little scope for improvement), and many using outdated dosing strategies. However, it may be that those adults with poor QoL at the start of treatment do benefit.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: The incidence of idiopathic GHD in infants is about 1 in every 3800 live births, and rates in older children are rising as more children survive childhood cancers which are treated with radiotherapy, although exact rates are hard to obtain. The incidence of genuine adult-onset GHD, normally due to pituitary tumours, is estimated at 10 per million.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Like many other 19th century medical terms which lost precise meaning as they gained wider currency, "midget" as a term for someone with severe proportional shortness acquired pejorative connotations and is no longer used in a medical context.


title: Growth hormone deficiency

text: Notable modern pop cultural figures with growth hormone deficiency include actor and comedian Andy Milonakis, who has the appearance and voice of an adolescent boy despite being in his 40s. Argentine footballer Lionel Messi was diagnosed at age 10 with growth hormone deficiency and was subsequently treated.


title: Soggade Chinni Nayana

text: Soggade Chinni Nayana () is a 2016 Indian Telugu-language supernatural drama film directed by Kalyan Krishna Kurasala and written by Satyanand and Ram Mohan P. In addition to producing the film under his Annapurna Studios banner, Nagarjuna played dual roles, starring alongside Ramya Krishna and Lavanya Tripathi. Nassar, Mahadevan, Sampath Raj and Brahmanandam played supporting roles. The film revolves around the soul of Bangarraju, a flirtatious zamindar whom Yama sends back to earth to reconcile his son (Ram "Ramu" Mohan) and his wife Seetha; they are on the brink of divorce. In the process, he learns about his death and its connection with a local Shiva temple.


title: Soggade Chinni Nayana

text: P. S. Vinod and Siddhardh Ramaswami provided the cinematography, and Anup Rubens composed the film's soundtrack and background score. Prawin Pudi edited the film. Principal photography for the film began on 19 November 2014 after it was launched in Hyderabad, and wrapped on 4 October 2015. Most of the film was shot in and around Rajahmundry and Mysore.


title: Soggade Chinni Nayana

text: Produced on a budget of 1520 crore, "Soggade Chinni Nayana" was released worldwide on 15 January 2016 during the Makar Sankranti festival season in 390-410 screens. It received positive reviews from critics and was commercially successful, earning 75 crore globally. The film was remade in Kannada as "Upendra Matte Baa" (2017). A sequel titled "Bangarraju" was released in 2022.


title: Soggade Chinni Nayana

text: Ram "Ramu" Mohan is a socially-inept cardiologist practicing in the United States. His wife, Seetha, feels lonely since Ramu pays very little attention to her because of his work. They decide to divorce and leave for Sivapuram, Rajahmundry, where Ramu's mother Satyabhama lives. Satyabhama, shocked to learn that Ramu and Seetha are divorcing, shouts at a portrait of her deceased husband Bangarraju (a benevolent, flirtatious zamindar who died nearly 30 years ago in an accident).


title: Soggade Chinni Nayana

text: Bangarraju's soul is in Naraka, where he continues to flirt. Yama, at Shiva's command, sends him back to earth because there is a mission only he can fulfill. Bangarraju, who can be seen and heard only by Satyabhama, tries to solve his family's problems. After several unsuccessful attempts, Bangarraju possesses Ramu's body on his birthday. He meets Ramu's young female cousins and invites them to his home. On his way back Ramu meets Suri, a frightened drunk who runs away as Ramu and Bangarraju look identical. To free himself from guilt, Suri later admits that he murdered Bangarraju with a lorry after he was bribed. Before he can disclose more details, Suri dies in an accident and Bangarraju learns that his family is in danger. Ramu spends quality time with his cousins, making Seetha jealous.


title: Soggade Chinni Nayana

text: Bangarraju is confronted by Satyabhama, who is unaware of recent events. He suggests that she help Seetha impress Ramu. At Satyabhama's suggestion, Ramu and Seetha go to a theatre to watch a film. When she is taunted, Ramu (possessed by Bangarraju) overpowers her tormenters. Seetha is pleasantly surprised since Ramu failed to confront the same group earlier in a similar situation. The couple slowly grows closer, and Seetha realizes that Ramu does love her. Bangarraju learns from Athmanandam, a godman who can communicate with souls, that his uncle Rudraraju masterminded his murder. Rudraraju and his cousin, Veerababu, wanted to steal jewelry from a 1,000-year-old temple to Shiva. They murdered Bangarraju, bribing Suri to silence him.