title: Marcus Freeman

text: On December 13, 2016, Freeman joined the Cincinnati Bearcats football staff. After being one of the first hires by Luke Fickell, Freeman transformed the Bearcats into one of the best defenses of the American Athletic Conference (AAC). In 2018, Freeman's defense led the AAC in rushing defense, scoring defense and total defense and ranked among the Top-15 in the NCAA FBS in all three categories. The next season, the Bearcats finished atop the 2019 AAC ranks in scoring defense for the second-straight season and ranked among the league's top three in rushing and total defense.


title: Marcus Freeman

text: Prior to the end of the 2020 season, Freeman had declined a handful of positions to remain at Cincinnati including offers of returning to Ohio State as linebackers coach, linebackers coach for the Tennessee Titans, and defensive coordinator at Michigan State, among other offers. Freeman had been considered by a number of national outlets as one of the rising stars of the college coaching ranks.


title: Marcus Freeman

text: Freeman was a finalist for the Broyles Award and named the 247Sports Defensive Coordinator of the Year, during the 2020 season.


title: Marcus Freeman

text: On January 8, 2021, Freeman was hired as defensive coordinator and linebackers coach for Notre Dame. Freeman was Notre Dame head coach Brian Kelly's top choice for the position. This was announced after reports that he would join LSU as their defensive coordinator.


title: Marcus Freeman

text: On December 3, 2021, Freeman was promoted to become the 30th head coach at the University of Notre Dame, replacing Brian Kelly, who had departed to become the head coach at Louisiana State University. Freeman is the first Korean-American to lead the Irish, and the second African-American, the first being Tyrone Willingham.


title: Marcus Freeman

text: In 2022, following an upset loss to Marshall, Freeman became first head coach in Notre Dame history to start his career at 0–3.


title: Marcus Freeman

text: Marcus Freeman although would end the regular season at 8–4 with wins over UNC, BYU, Syracuse, and Clemson, who were all ranked when Notre Dame defeated them, and losses to Stanford at home and USC at the end of the year.


title: Marcus Freeman

text: In 2010, Freeman married Joanna ("née" Herncane), who he had dated since college. The couple has six children: Vinny, Siena, Gino, Nico, Capri and Rocco. In 2022, Freeman became a Catholic.


title: Sahara Davenport

text: Antoine Ashley (December 17, 1984 – October 1, 2012), better known by the name Sahara Davenport, was an American drag queen, singer, reality television personality, and classically trained dancer. Davenport was best known as a contestant on the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race".


title: Sahara Davenport

text: Davenport appeared on the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" in 2010. She was pegged as "the dancer" when in the first episode she had to "lip-sync for her life" against Shangela, her former classmate at Southern Methodist University (where she earned a BFA in dance at the Meadows School of the Arts). In the second episode, Davenport became a team leader when she and Pandora Boxx won the mini challenge. Sahara won the second episode elimination challenge by leading her team to earn the most money by pole dancing and selling Cherry Pie gift certificates on the streets of Los Angeles. In the fourth episode, Davenport gave a humorous impersonation of Whitney Houston in the "Snatch Game" challenge. In the Wedding Dress episode, she was placed in the bottom two again, but remained safe with her lip sync performance to Martha Wash's "Carry On". Sahara was eliminated in the sixth episode for not conveying enough of a "rock 'n' roll" attitude and being too much of a lady. The first season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars aired following her death, and featured her partner, Manila Luzon, as a contestant. The first episode was dedicated to her memory.


title: Sahara Davenport

text: Davenport's drag sister Kennedy Davenport appeared on season 7 of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and on season 3 of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars", where she placed as runner-up. Her drag niece, Honey Davenport, placed 13th on the 11th season of "Drag Race".


title: Sahara Davenport

text: In 2011, Davenport released her second single "Go Off". A remix EP was later released on January 31, 2012, and featured a remix by Manny Lehman. "Go Off" debuted at number fifty on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Songs, before peaking at number thirty five. The music video for "Go Off" features cameos by Drag Race contestants Manila Luzon and Jiggly Caliente.


title: Sahara Davenport

text: Davenport was born to Angela Ashley Reddish on December 17, 1984. Sahara Davenport resided in New York City with her boyfriend Karl Westerberg, a fellow drag queen who goes by the stage name Manila Luzon and who was a contestant on the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race." During her time on RuPaul's Drag Race, Davenport discussed her use of "designer drugs", such as ketamine, and how her drag mother had to help her out of her addiction. Davenport died of heart failure at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore on October 1, 2012 at age 27.


title: Paulo Bento

text: A defensive midfielder with tackling ability and workrate as his main assets, he played for two of the major three teams in his country, amassing Primeira Liga totals of 284 matches and 16 goals over 11 seasons, and also spent four years in Spain. He represented the Portuguese national team in the 2002 World Cup and Euro 2000.


title: Paulo Bento

text: Bento took up a coaching career in 2005, managing Sporting CP for four years and four months, with relative success, and won a Super League Greece title with Olympiacos. He managed the national teams of his country and South Korea for four years apiece, taking each team to a World Cup and continental tournament.


title: Paulo Bento

text: Born in Lisbon, Bento played professionally in his homeland for C.F. Estrela da Amadora, Vitória de Guimarães and S.L. Benfica, and had a four-year abroad spell with Real Oviedo, helping the Spanish club always retain its La Liga status before moving to Sporting CP, where he finished his career as a player. With the latter, he was part of the star-studded team that achieved the double in 2002 under the direction of Laszlo Bölöni, contributing 31 games and one goal in the Primeira Liga and playing alongside Mário Jardel and João Vieira Pinto among others.


title: Paulo Bento

text: Bento earned 35 caps for the Portugal national team, his first game coming on 15 January 1992 in a 0–0 draw with Spain and his last being the 0–1 loss to South Korea on 14 June 2002 in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. He also played at UEFA Euro 2000 where, along with teammates Abel Xavier – who played with him at Oviedo for two seasons – and Nuno Gomes, he was suspended (in Bento's case for five months) due to bad behaviour, during the semi-final defeat against France.


title: Paulo Bento

text: After an emotional 2004 retirement, aged 35, Bento got the job of Sporting's youth team coach. He won the junior championship in 2005, and developed a base to the future. After the sacking of José Peseiro midway through 2005–06 season, he was promoted to first-team duties in spite of being relatively inexperienced.


title: Paulo Bento

text: Despite a slow start, Bento managed an impressive turnaround of Sporting's fortunes in the second half of the campaign, as a series of ten consecutive wins placed them within distance of leaders and eventual league champions FC Porto, as the former went on to rank second in that and the following seasons, achieving direct qualification to the UEFA Champions League. He was responsible for bringing youth products Nani, João Moutinho and Miguel Veloso into the spotlight.


title: Paulo Bento

text: Bento signed a new two-year contract in June 2007. His side had a turbulent pre-season in preparation for 2007–08, with defense mainstays Rodrigo Tello and Marco Caneira leaving the club while Portuguese international goalkeeper Ricardo was sold to Real Betis. With little resources to invest, the club brought Eastern promises – Marat Izmailov, Vladimir Stojković and Simon Vukčević – aboard.


title: Paulo Bento

text: After a very irregular season, Bento managed to lead the team to an unprecedented third consecutive qualification for the Champions League, with another second-place finish in spite of spending most of the year below third, pipping Guimarães and Benfica in the final matchday. He also retained the Taça de Portugal, beating Porto in the final (2–0 after extra time) after knocking-out eternal rivals Benfica in the last-four stage with a 5–3 win.


title: Paulo Bento

text: Bento's team broke a number of long-standing club records, including the first season without home defeats since 1987, the first capture of back-to-back Portuguese cups since 1974 and the first time since 1962 that Sporting finished three consecutive campaigns in the top two league positions. At the age of 38, he also became only the sixth manager in the history of Portuguese football to win back-to-back Portuguese cups, alongside the likes of János Biri, John Mortimore or José Maria Pedroto.


title: Paulo Bento

text: On 15 July 2008, "The Sun" and "The Daily Telegraph" reported that Manchester United were planning to hire Bento (reportedly Cristiano Ronaldo's friend and former teammate) as manager Alex Ferguson's new assistant after the departure of previous number two Carlos Queiroz to manage the Portuguese national team. He quickly denied any speculation, and reaffirmed his intention to stay put.


title: Paulo Bento

text: On 16 August 2008, Bento managed Sporting to a 2–0 victory in the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira over champions Porto, at the opening of the new season. One of the players that were kept in the team despite heavy criticism, Rui Patrício, was a key element and saved a penalty from Lucho González during the second half; this win raised the manager's tally in cup finals against counterpart Jesualdo Ferreira to 3–0 (2007 and 2008 Supercups, and the 2008 Portuguese Cup), and it also marked the first ever capture of back-to-back Portuguese Supercups in the "Lions"' history.


title: Paulo Bento

text: Already the second-most successful coach in the history of the club in terms of trophies won, only surpassed by József Szabó, Bento gained the nickname "Cup-Eater" as a consequence of the four pieces of silverware added to the Estádio José Alvalade cabinet under his command. He led his team to a 1–0 home defeat of FC Shakhtar Donetsk on 4 November 2008, therefore mathematically securing automatic qualification for the knockout stages of the Champions League for the first time in their history; in the process, they also broke the club's record number of points in UEFA's main competition (nine) and remarkably did so with two matches to spare, becoming the first team to qualify from the group phase (alongside FC Barcelona, from the same group).


title: Paulo Bento

text: Later, Bento and Sporting also broke the record for most goals suffered by a team in a Champions League knockout round, after a 1–12 aggregate elimination at the hands of FC Bayern Munich in the round of 16. In the league, another second place to Porto befell, with the season also featuring the controversial Taça da Liga final loss against Benfica, on penalties.


title: Paulo Bento

text: That Champions League ousting marked the beginning of fan discontent towards Bento, especially regarding the team's playing style, which was perceived as becoming dull and unattractive, as presidential elections were to be held. Supported by the winning candidate José Eduardo Bettencourt, he signed a two-year contract extension; in spite of maintaining the same base squad and adding the talent of Felipe Caicedo or Matías Fernández, Sporting was unable to start the new campaign brightly: knocked out in the Champions League playoff round by ACF Fiorentina on away goals, the side's form slumped quickly and after nine matches they found themselves mired in seventh place, 12 points behind leaders S.C. Braga.


title: Paulo Bento

text: After a 1–1 home draw in the Europa League group stage against FK Ventspils on 5 November 2009, and facing considerable pressure to step down, Bento resigned.


title: Paulo Bento

text: On 20 September 2010, following Queiroz's dismissal after a poor start to the Euro 2012 qualifying campaign, Bento was named his successor, initially until the last match of that stage. His first game in charge was on 8 October, a 3–1 win against Denmark in Porto.


title: Paulo Bento

text: On 17 November 2010, Portugal defeated World Cup champions Spain 4–0 in Lisbon, imposing the largest loss to its Iberian neighbours since 13 June 1963 (6–2 against Scotland, in another friendly). He led the national team to the Euro 2012 semi-finals in Poland and Ukraine, where they narrowly lost to eventual champions Spain on penalties.


title: Paulo Bento

text: Bento led Portugal to a 4–2 aggregate victory over Sweden in the playoffs after a second-place finish in the 2014 World Cup qualifiers, securing a spot at the finals in Brazil. On 9 April 2014, he extended his contract until after Euro 2016, but the national team exited in the World Cup's group stage in spite of a 2–1 win against Ghana in the last match, with the United States progressing on goal difference instead.


title: Paulo Bento

text: On 11 September 2014, after the Euro 2016 qualifying campaign began with a 0–1 home defeat to Albania, the Portuguese Football Federation announced Bento had been fired.


title: Paulo Bento

text: Bento moved abroad for the first time in his managerial career on 11 May 2016, taking the helm at Brazil's Cruzeiro Esporte Clube. His first game, ten days later, was a 2–2 draw at home to Figueirense FC which continued his side's winless start to the season.


title: Paulo Bento

text: On 25 July 2016, Bento resigned from the club following a 1–2 home loss against Sport Club do Recife.


title: Paulo Bento

text: On 11 August 2016, Bento became the head coach of Super League Greece title holders Olympiacos FC. He was sacked on 6 March 2017 with the team seven points clear at the top of the table and qualified for the semi-finals of the domestic cup and last 16 of the Europa League, mainly due to a string of poor performances in official competitions, a three-game losing streak in the league with no goals scored and various press conference comments targeting the "weakness" of certain squad members and the roster as a whole.


title: Paulo Bento

text: On 11 December 2017, Bento was appointed manager at Chongqing Dangdai Lifan FC. The following 22 July, he was relieved of his duties due to poor results.


title: Paulo Bento

text: On 17 August 2018, Bento was appointed manager of South Korea, with a contract to include the 2022 World Cup; he stated he would focus on 'build-up football' as his main strategy, emphasizing on Korea's longer communication of shorter passes and maintaining bigger possession and forwarding skills, which was considered a more unusual style of play as the team was previously used to playing defensively. At the 2019 AFC Asian Cup in the United Arab Emirates, the side were eliminated 1–0 in the quarter-finals by eventual champions Qatar.


title: Paulo Bento

text: Bento led his team to the 2019 EAFF E-1 Football Championship after a 1–0 defeat of Japan. This marked the third time they won the tournament, this being the second consecutive victory over that opposition.


title: Paulo Bento

text: On 1 February 2022, with a 2–0 away win over Syria, the Bento-led Taegeuk Warriors qualified for that year's World Cup, the nation's tenth consecutive edition. On 23 November, in the finals in Qatar, he was booked in the group-stage fixture against Uruguay for dissent near the end of the 0–0 draw. In the next match, a 3–2 loss to Ghana, he was shown a red card for arguing with referee Anthony Taylor after the final whistle. Having qualified for the round of 16 for the first time in 12 years with a 2–1 victory over his native Portugal, he lost 4–1 to Brazil, and left his post shortly after, stating he wanted to take a break and that the decision was made in September; he added he was proud of the team's accomplishments, and felt the squad was one of the best groups he had worked with.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: HMS "Royal Oak" was one of five s built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. Completed in 1916, the ship first saw combat at the Battle of Jutland as part of the Grand Fleet. In peacetime, she served in the Atlantic, Home and Mediterranean fleets, more than once coming under accidental attack. "Royal Oak" drew worldwide attention in 1928 when her senior officers were controversially court-martialled, an event that brought considerable embarrassment to what was then the world's largest navy. Attempts to modernise "Royal Oak" throughout her 25-year career could not fix her fundamental lack of speed and, by the start of the Second World War, she was no longer suitable for front-line duty.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: On 14 October 1939, "Royal Oak" was anchored at Scapa Flow in Orkney, Scotland, when she was torpedoed by the German submarine . Of "Royal Oak"s complement of 1,234 men and boys, 835 were killed that night or died later of their wounds. The loss of the outdated ship—the first of five Royal Navy battleships and battlecruisers sunk in the Second World War—did little to affect the numerical superiority enjoyed by the British navy and its Allies, but it had a considerable effect on wartime morale. The raid made an immediate celebrity and war hero out of the U-boat commander, Günther Prien, who became the first German submarine officer to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Before the sinking of "Royal Oak", the Royal Navy had considered the naval base at Scapa Flow impregnable to submarine attack, but "U-47"s raid demonstrated that the German navy was capable of bringing the war to British home waters. The shock resulted in rapid changes to dockland security and the construction of the Churchill Barriers around Scapa Flow, with the added advantage of being topped by roads running between the islands.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The wreck of "Royal Oak", a designated war grave, lies almost upside down in of water with her hull beneath the surface. In an annual ceremony marking the loss of the ship, Royal Navy divers place a White Ensign underwater at her stern. Unauthorised divers are prohibited from approaching the wreck under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The "Revenge"-class ships were designed as slightly smaller, slower, and more heavily protected versions of the preceding s. As an economy measure they were intended to revert to the previous practice of using both fuel oil and coal, but First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher rescinded the decision for coal in October 1914. While under construction the ships were redesigned to employ oil-fired boilers that increased the power of the engines by over the original specification.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: "Royal Oak" had a length overall of , a beam of and a deep draught of . She had a designed displacement of and displaced at deep load. She was powered by two sets of Parsons steam turbines, each driving two shafts, using steam from 18 Yarrow boilers. The turbines were rated at 40,000 shaft horsepower (30,000 kW) and intended to reach a maximum speed of . During her sea trials on 22 May 1916, the ship reached a top speed of only from . She had a range of at a cruising speed of . Her crew numbered 909 officers and ratings in 1916.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The "Revenge" class was equipped with eight breech-loading (BL) Mk I guns in four twin gun turrets, in two superfiring pairs fore and aft of the superstructure, designated 'A', 'B', 'X', and 'Y' from front to rear. Twelve of the fourteen BL Mk XII guns were mounted in casemates along the broadside of the vessel amidships; the remaining pair were mounted on the shelter deck and were protected by gun shields. Their anti-aircraft (AA) armament consisted of two quick-firing (QF) 20 cwt Mk I guns. The ships were fitted with four submerged 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: "Royal Oak" was completed with two fire-control directors fitted with rangefinders. One was mounted above the conning tower, protected by an armoured hood, and the other was in the spotting top above the tripod foremast. Each turret was also fitted with a 15-foot rangefinder. The main armament could also be controlled by 'X' turret. The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the compass platform on the foremast once they were fitted in March 1917. A torpedo-control director with a 15-foot rangefinder was mounted at the aft end of the superstructure.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The ship's waterline belt consisted of Krupp cemented armour (KC) that was thick between 'A' and 'Y' barbettes and thinned to 4 to 6 inches (102 to 152 mm) towards the ship's ends, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. Above this was a strake of armour 6 inches thick that extended between 'A' and 'X' barbettes. Transverse bulkheads 4 to 6 inches thick ran at an angle from the ends of the thickest part of the waterline belt to 'A' and 'Y' barbettes. The gun turrets were protected by of KC armour, except for the turret roofs which were thick. The barbettes ranged in thickness from above the upper deck, but were only 4 to 6 inches thick below it. The "Revenge"-class ships had multiple armoured decks that ranged from in thickness. The main conning tower had 13 inches of armour on the sides with a 3-inch roof. The torpedo director in the rear superstructure had 6 inches of armour protecting it. After the Battle of Jutland, 1 inch of high-tensile steel was added to the main deck over the magazines and additional anti-flash equipment was installed in the magazines.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The ship was fitted with flying-off platforms, mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'X' turrets, in 1918; from which fighters and reconnaissance aircraft could launch. In 1934 the platforms were removed from the turrets and a catapult was installed on the roof of 'X' turret, along with a crane to recover a seaplane.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: "Royal Oak" was extensively refitted between 1922 and 1924, when her anti-aircraft defences were upgraded by replacing the original three-inch AA guns with a pair of QF Mk V AA guns. A rangefinder was fitted in 'B' turret and a simple high-angle rangefinder was added above the bridge. Underwater protection improved by the addition of anti-torpedo bulges. They were designed to reduce the effect of torpedo detonations and improve stability at the cost of widening the ship's beam by over 13 feet (4 m). They increased her beam to , reduced her draught to , increased her metacentric height to at deep load, and all the changes to her equipment increased her crew to a total of 1,188. Despite the bulges she was able to reach a speed of . A brief refit in early 1927 saw the addition of two more four-inch AA guns and the removal of the six-inch guns from the shelter deck. About 1931, a High-Angle Control System (HACS) Mk I director replaced the high-angle rangefinder on the spotting top. Two years later, the aft pair of torpedo tubes were removed.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The ship received a final refit between 1934 and 1936, when her deck armour was increased to 5 inches (12.7 cm) over the magazines and to 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) over the engine rooms. In addition to a general modernisation of the ship's systems, her anti-aircraft defences were strengthened by replacing the single mounts of the AA guns with twin mounts for the QF 4-inch Mark XVI gun and adding a pair of octuple mounts for two-pounder Mk VIII "pom-pom" guns to sponsons abreast the funnel. Two positions for "pom-pom" anti-aircraft directors were added on new platforms abreast and below the fire-control director in the spotting top. A HACS Mk III director replaced the Mk I in the spotting top and another replaced the torpedo director aft. A pair of quadruple mounts for Vickers .50 machine guns were added abreast the conning tower. The mainmast was reconstructed as a tripod to support the weight of a radio-direction finding office and a second High-Angle Control Station. The forward pair of submerged torpedo tubes were removed and four experimental 21-inch torpedo tubes were added above water forward of 'A' turret.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: "Royal Oak" was laid down at Devonport Royal Dockyard on 15 January 1914. She was launched on 17 November, and after fitting-out was commissioned on 1 May 1916 at a final cost of £2,468,269. Named after the Royal Oak in which Charles II hid following his defeat at the 1651 Battle of Worcester, she was the eighth vessel to bear the name "Royal Oak", replacing a pre-dreadnought scrapped in 1914. Upon completion "Royal Oak" was assigned to the Third Division of the Fourth Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet, under the command of Captain Crawford Maclachlan.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the German High Seas Fleet, composed of 16 dreadnoughts, 6 pre-dreadnoughts, 6 light cruisers, and 31 torpedo boats, departed the Jade early on the morning of 31 May. The fleet sailed in concert with Rear-Admiral Franz von Hipper's five battlecruisers and supporting cruisers and torpedo boats. The Royal Navy's Room 40 had intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation. The Admiralty ordered Admiral John Jellicoe, commander of the Grand Fleettotalling 28 dreadnoughts and 9 battlecruisersto sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet. The initial action was fought primarily by the British and German battlecruiser formations in the afternoon, but by 18:00 the Grand Fleet approached the scene. Fifteen minutes later, Jellicoe gave the order to turn and deploy the fleet for action.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The German cruiser had become disabled by British shellfire, and both sides concentrated in the area, the Germans trying to protect their cruiser and the British attempting to sink her. At 18:29, "Royal Oak" opened fire on the German cruiser, firing four salvoes from her main guns in quick succession, along with her secondary battery. She scored a hit on "Wiesbaden" aft with her third salvo. In return, "Royal Oak" was straddled by a German salvo at 18:33 but was undamaged. German torpedo boats attempted to reach "Wiesbaden" shortly after 19:00, and at 19:07, "Royal Oak"s secondary guns opened fire on them, believing they were instead trying to launch a torpedo attack. By 19:15, "Royal Oak"s gunners had observed the German battlecruiser squadron and opened fire at the leading vessel, . The gunners overestimated the range initially, but by 19:20 had found the correct distance and scored a pair of hits aft, which did not inflict serious damage. "Derfflinger" then disappeared in the haze, so "Royal Oak" shifted fire to the next battlecruiser, . She scored a hit at 19:27 before "Seydlitz" too was lost in the mist.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: While "Royal Oak" was attacking the battlecruisers, a German torpedo boat flotilla launched an attack on the British battleline. "Royal Oak"s secondary guns were the first to open fire, at 19:16, followed quickly by the rest of the British ships. Following the German destroyer attack, the High Seas Fleet disengaged, and "Royal Oak" and the rest of the Grand Fleet saw no further action in the battle. This was, in part, due to confusion aboard the fleet flagship over the exact location and course of the German fleet; without this information, Jellicoe could not bring his fleet to action. At 21:30, the Grand Fleet began to reorganise into its night-time cruising formation. Early on the morning of 1 June, the Grand Fleet combed the area, looking for damaged German ships, but after spending several hours searching, they found none. In the course of the battle, "Royal Oak" had fired 38 rounds from her main battery and 84 rounds from her secondary guns.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Following the battle, "Royal Oak" was reassigned to the First Battle Squadron. On 18 August, the Germans again sortied, this time to bombard Sunderland; Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, the German fleet commander, hoped to draw out the British battlecruisers and destroy them. British signals intelligence decrypted German wireless transmissions, allowing Jellicoe enough time to deploy the Grand Fleet in an attempt to engage in a decisive battle. Both sides withdrew after their opponents' submarines inflicted losses in the action of 19 August 1916: the British cruisers and were both torpedoed and sunk by German U-boats, and the German battleship was damaged by the British submarine . After returning to port, Jellicoe issued an order that prohibited risking the fleet in the southern half of the North Sea due to the overwhelming risk from mines and U-boats. In late 1917, the Germans began using destroyers and light cruisers to raid the British convoys to Norway; this forced the British to deploy capital ships to protect the convoys. In April 1918, the German fleet sortied in an attempt to catch one of the isolated British squadrons, though the convoy had already passed safely. The Grand Fleet sortied too late to catch the retreating Germans, although the battlecruiser was torpedoed and badly damaged by the submarine .


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: On 5 November 1918, in the final week of the First World War, "Royal Oak" was anchored off Burntisland in the Firth of Forth accompanied by the seaplane tender and the light battlecruiser . A sudden Force 10 squall caused "Campania" to drag her anchor, collide with "Royal Oak" and then with "Glorious". Both capital ships suffered only minor damage, but "Campania" was holed by her initial collision with "Royal Oak". The ship's engine rooms flooded, and she settled by the stern and sank five hours later, without loss of life.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918, the Allies interned most of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow. The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser , which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow. The fleet consisted of 370 British, American, and French warships. The High Seas Fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Treaty of Versailles. Konteradmiral Ludwig von Reuter believed the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. That morning, the Grand Fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training manoeuvres, and while they were away von Reuter issued the order to scuttle the High Seas Fleet.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The peacetime reorganisation of the Royal Navy assigned "Royal Oak" to the Second Battle Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet. Modernised by a 1922–24 refit, she was transferred in 1926 to the Mediterranean Fleet, based in Grand Harbour, Malta. In early 1928, this duty saw a notorious incident which the contemporary press dubbed the "Royal Oak Mutiny". What began as a simple dispute between Rear-Admiral Bernard Collard and "Royal Oak"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s two senior officers, Captain Kenneth Dewar and Commander Henry Daniel, over the band at the ship's wardroom dance, descended into a bitter personal feud that spanned several months. Dewar and Daniel accused Collard of "vindictive fault-finding" and openly humiliating and insulting them before their crew; in return, Collard countercharged the two with failing to follow orders and treating him "worse than a midshipman".


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: When Dewar and Daniel wrote letters of complaint to Collard's superior, Vice-Admiral John Kelly, he immediately passed them on to the Commander-in-Chief Admiral Sir Roger Keyes. On realising that the relationship between the two and their flag admiral had irretrievably broken down, Keyes hurriedly convened a Board of Enquiry, the outcome of which was to remove all three men from their posts and send them back to England. The Board sat on the eve of a major naval exercise, which Keyes was obliged to postpone, causing rumours to fly around the fleet that the "Royal Oak" had experienced a mutiny. The story was picked up by the press worldwide, which described the affair with some hyperbole. Public attention reached such proportions as to raise the concerns of the King, who summoned First Lord of the Admiralty William Bridgeman for an explanation.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: For their letters of complaint, Dewar and Daniel were controversially charged with writing "subversive documents". In a pair of highly publicised courts-martial held in Gibraltar, both were found guilty and severely reprimanded, leading Daniel to resign from the Navy. Collard himself was criticised for the excesses of his conduct by the press and in Parliament, and on being denounced by Bridgeman as "unfitted to hold further high command", was forcibly retired from service. Of the three, only Dewar escaped with his career, albeit a damaged one: he remained in the Royal Navy, but in a series of more minor commands. His promotion to rear-admiral, which would normally have been a formality, was delayed until the following year, just one day before his retirement. Daniel attempted a career in journalism, but when this and other ventures were unsuccessful, he disappeared into obscurity amid poor health in South Africa. Collard retreated to private life and never spoke publicly of the incident again. On the retired list, he was promoted from Rear- to Vice-Admiral on 1 April 1931.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The scandal proved an embarrassment to the reputation of the Royal Navy, then the world's largest, and it was satirised at home and abroad through editorials, cartoons, and even a comic jazz oratorio composed by Erwin Schulhoff. One consequence of the damaging affair was an undertaking from the Admiralty to review the means by which naval officers might bring complaints against the conduct of their superiors.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: During the Spanish Civil War, "Royal Oak" was tasked with conducting non-intervention patrols around the Iberian Peninsula. On such a patrol and steaming east of Gibraltar on 2 February 1937, she came under aerial attack by three aircraft of the Republican forces. They dropped three bombs (two of which exploded) within 3 cables (550 m) of the starboard bow, causing no damage. The British chargé d'affaires protested about the incident to the Republican Government, which admitted its error and apologised for the attack. Later that same month, while stationed off Valencia on 23 February 1937 during an aerial bombardment by the Nationalists, she was accidentally struck by an anti-aircraft shell fired from a Republican position. Five men were injured, including "Royal Oak"s captain, T. B. Drew. On this occasion the British did not protest to the Republicans, deeming the incident "an act of God".


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: In May 1937, she and escorted SS "Habana", an ocean liner carrying thousands of Basque child refugees, to the Southampton Docks. In July, as the war in northern Spain flared up, "Royal Oak", along with her sister rescued the steamer "Gordonia" when Spanish Nationalist warships attempted to capture her off Santander. She was unable on 14 July to prevent the seizure of the British freighter "Molton" by the Nationalist cruiser while trying to enter Santander. The merchantmen had been engaged in the evacuation of refugees.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: This same period saw "Royal Oak" star alongside fourteen other Royal Navy vessels in the 1937 British film melodrama "Our Fighting Navy", the plot of which centres around a coup in the fictional South American republic of Bianco. The Royal Navy saw the film as a recruitment opportunity and provided warships and extras. "Royal Oak" portrays a rebel battleship "El Mirante", whose commander forces a British captain (played by Robert Douglas) into choosing between his lover and his duty. The film was poorly received by critics, but gained some redemption through its dramatic scenes of naval action.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: In 1938, "Royal Oak" returned to the Home Fleet and was made flagship of the Second Battle Squadron based in Portsmouth. On 24 November 1938, she returned the body of the British-born Queen Maud of Norway, who had died in London, to Oslo for a state funeral, accompanied by her husband King Haakon VII. Paying off in December 1938, "Royal Oak" was recommissioned the following June, and in 1939 embarked on a short training cruise in the English Channel in preparation for another 30-month tour of the Mediterranean, for which her crew were issued tropical uniforms. As hostilities loomed, the battleship was instead dispatched north to Scapa Flow, and was at anchor there when war was declared on 3 September.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The next few weeks of the Phoney War proved uneventful, but in October 1939 "Royal Oak" joined the search for the , which had been ordered into the North Sea as a diversion for the commerce-raiding heavy cruisers and . The search was ultimately fruitless, particularly for "Royal Oak", whose top speed, by then less than , was inadequate to keep up with the rest of the fleet. On 12 October, "Royal Oak" returned to the defences of Scapa Flow in poor shape, battered by North Atlantic storms. Many of her Carley Floats had been smashed and several of the smaller-calibre guns rendered inoperable through flooding. The mission had underlined the obsolescence of the 25-year-old warship. Concerned that a recent overflight by German reconnaissance aircraft heralded an imminent air attack upon Scapa Flow, Admiral of the Home Fleet Charles Forbes ordered most of the fleet to disperse to safer ports. "Royal Oak" remained behind, her anti-aircraft guns still deemed a useful addition to Scapa's otherwise scanty air defences.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Scapa Flow made a near-ideal anchorage. Situated at the centre of the Orkney Islands off the north coast of Scotland, the natural harbour, large enough to contain the entire Grand Fleet, was surrounded by a ring of islands separated by shallow channels subject to fast-racing tides. That U-boats still posed a threat had long been realised, and a series of countermeasures were installed during the early years of the First World War. Blockships were sunk at critical points; and floating booms deployed to block the three widest channels, operated by tugboats to allow the passage of friendly shipping. It was considered possible, but highly unlikely, that a U-boat commander might attempt to race through undetected before the boom was closed. Two submarines unsuccessfully attempted infiltration during the First World War: on 23 November 1914 was rammed twice before running aground with the capture of her crew, and was detected by hydrophone and destroyed with the loss of all hands on 28 October 1918.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Scapa Flow provided the main anchorage for the British Grand Fleet throughout most of the First World War, but in the interwar period this passed to Rosyth, further south in the Firth of Forth. Scapa Flow was reactivated with the advent of the Second World War, becoming a base for the British Home Fleet. Its natural and artificial defences, while still strong, were recognised as in need of improvement, and in the early weeks of the war were in the process of being strengthened by the provision of additional blockships.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: "Kriegsmarine" Commander of Submarines () Karl Dönitz devised a plan to attack Scapa Flow by submarine within days of the outbreak of war. Its goal would be twofold: first, displacing the Home Fleet from Scapa Flow would slacken the British North Sea blockade and grant Germany greater freedom to attack the Atlantic convoys; second, the blow would be a symbolic act of vengeance, striking at the same location where the German High Seas Fleet had scuttled itself following Germany's defeat in the First World War. Dönitz hand-picked "Kapitänleutnant" Günther Prien for the task, scheduling the raid for the night of 13/14 October 1939, when the tides would be high and the night moonless.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Dönitz was aided by high-quality photographs from a reconnaissance overflight by Siegfried Knemeyer (who received his first Iron Cross for the mission), which revealed the weaknesses of the defences and an abundance of targets. He directed Prien to enter Scapa Flow from the east via Kirk Sound, passing to the north of Lamb Holm, a small, low-lying island between Burray and Mainland. Prien initially mistook the more southerly Skerry Sound for the chosen route, and his sudden realisation that "U-47" was heading for the shallow blocked passage forced him to order a rapid turn to the northeast. On the surface, and illuminated by a bright display of the aurora borealis, the submarine threaded between the sunken blockships "Seriano" and "Numidian", grounding itself temporarily on a cable strung from "Seriano". It was briefly caught in the headlights of a taxi onshore, but the driver raised no alarm. On entering the harbour proper at 00:27 on 14 October, Prien entered a triumphant in the log and set a south-westerly course for several kilometres before reversing direction. To his surprise, the anchorage appeared to be almost empty; unknown to him, Forbes's order to disperse the fleet had removed some of the biggest targets. "U-47" had been heading directly towards four warships, including the newly commissioned light cruiser , anchored off Flotta and Hoy 4 nautical miles (8 km, 5 mi) distant, but Prien gave no indication he had seen them.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: On the reverse course, a lookout on the bridge spotted "Royal Oak" lying approximately 4,400 yards (4,000 m) to the north, correctly identifying her as a battleship of the . Mostly hidden behind her was a second ship, only the bow of which was visible to "U-47". Prien mistook her to be a battlecruiser of the , German intelligence later labelling her . She was in fact the World War I seaplane tender "Pegasus".


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: At 00:58 "U-47" fired a salvo of three torpedoes from its bow tubes, a fourth lodging in its tube. Two failed to find a target, but a single torpedo struck the bow of "Royal Oak" at 01:04, shaking the ship and waking the crew. There was little visible damage, but the starboard anchor chain had been severed, clattering noisily down through its slips. Initially, it was suspected that there had been an explosion in the ship's forward inflammable store, used to store materials such as kerosene. Mindful of the unexplained explosion that had destroyed at Scapa Flow in 1917, an announcement was made over "Royal Oak"s tannoy system to check the magazine temperatures, but many sailors returned to their hammocks, unaware the ship was under attack.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Prien turned his submarine and attempted another shot via his stern tube, but this too missed. Reloading his bow tubes, he doubled back and fired a salvo of three torpedoes, all at "Royal Oak". This time he was successful. At 01:16, all three struck the battleship in quick succession amidships and detonated. The explosions blew a hole in the armoured deck, destroying the Stokers', Boys' and Marines' messes and causing a loss of electrical power. Cordite from a magazine ignited and the ensuing fireball passed rapidly through the ship's internal spaces. "Royal Oak" quickly listed to 15°, sufficient to push the open starboard-side portholes below the waterline. She soon rolled further onto her side to 45°, hanging there for several minutes before disappearing beneath the surface at 01:29, 13 minutes after Prien's second strike. 835 men died with the ship or died later of their wounds. The dead included Rear-Admiral Henry Blagrove, commander of the Second Battle Squadron. 134 of the dead were boy seamen, not yet 18 years old, the largest ever such loss in a single Royal Navy action.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The tender "Daisy 2", skippered by John Gatt, had been tied up for the night to "Royal Oak"s port side. As the sinking battleship began to list to starboard, Gatt ordered "Daisy 2" to be cut loose, his vessel becoming briefly caught on "Royal Oak"s rising anti-torpedo bulge and lifted from the sea before freeing herself.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Many of "Royal Oak"s crew who had managed to jump from the sinking ship were dressed in little more than their nightclothes and were unprepared for the chilling water. A thick layer of fuel oil coated the surface, filling men's lungs and stomachs and hampering their efforts to swim. Of those who attempted the half-mile (800 m) swim to the nearest shore, only a handful survived.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: "Royal Oak"s port side pinnace was manoeuvred away from the sinking ship and paddled away using wooden boards as there had been insufficient time to raise steam. The boat became overladen and capsized 300 metres from "Royal Oak", throwing those on deck into the water and trapping those below.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Gatt switched the lights of "Daisy 2" on and he and his crew managed to pull 386 men from the water, including "Royal Oak"s commander, Captain William Benn. The rescue efforts continued for another two and a half hours until nearly 4:00 am, when Gatt abandoned the search for more survivors and took those he had to "Pegasus". Aided by boats from "Pegasus" and the harbour, he was responsible for rescuing almost all the survivors, an act for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the only military award made by the British in connection with the disaster. "Pegasus" had sent a message by signal lamp to the port signal station about five minutes after the sinking, saying "General. Send all boats", and half an hour later ""Royal Oak" is sinking after several internal explosions". The total number of survivors was 424.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The British were initially confused as to the cause of the sinking, suspecting either an on-board explosion or aerial attack. Once it was realised that a submarine attack was the most likely explanation, steps were rapidly made to seal the anchorage, but "U-47" had already escaped and was on its way back to Germany. The BBC released news of the sinking by late morning on 14 October, and its broadcasts were received by the German listening services and by "U-47" itself. Divers sent down on the morning after the explosion discovered remnants of a German torpedo, confirming the means of attack. On 17 October, First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill officially announced the loss of "Royal Oak" to the House of Commons, first conceding that the raid had been "a remarkable exploit of professional skill and daring", but then declaring that the loss would not materially affect the naval balance of power. An Admiralty board of inquiry convened between 18 and 24 October to establish the circumstances under which the anchorage had been penetrated. In the meantime, the Home Fleet was ordered to remain at safer ports until security issues at Scapa could be addressed. Churchill was obliged to respond to questions in the House as to why "Royal Oak" had had aboard so many boys, most of whom lost their lives. He defended the Royal Navy tradition of sending boys aged 15 to 17 to sea, but the practice was generally discontinued shortly after the disaster, and under 18-year-olds served on active warships in only the most exceptional circumstances.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The Nazi Propaganda Ministry was quick to capitalise on the successful raid, and radio broadcasts by the popular journalist Hans Fritzsche displayed the triumph felt throughout Germany. Prien and his crew reached Wilhelmshaven at 11:44 on 17 October and were immediately greeted as heroes, learning that Prien had been awarded the Iron Cross First Class, and each man of the crew the Iron Cross Second Class. Hitler sent his personal plane to bring the crew to Berlin, where he further invested Prien with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. This decoration, made for the first time to a German submarine officer, later became the customary decoration for successful U-boat commanders. Dönitz was rewarded by promotion from Commodore to Rear-Admiral and was made Flag Officer of U-boats.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Prien was nicknamed "The Bull of Scapa Flow" and his crew decorated "U-47"s conning tower with a snorting bull mascot, later adopted as the emblem of the 7th U-boat Flotilla. He found himself in demand for radio and newspaper interviews, and his 'autobiography' was published the following year, titled . Ghost-written for him by a journalist, Paul Weymar, following some brief interviews with Prien in March and April 1940, the manuscript was edited by the "Oberkommando der Wehrmacht" (the German high command) and the Reich Ministry of Propaganda. It was intended as an adventure story for boys. When Prien received a copy of the book, he angrily made numerous corrections to the text, and when an English translation of the book was published in 1955, Weymar wrote a letter of protest to the British publisher saying that the "demonstrably false" account should not have been published out of context and he donated his royalties to charity.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The Admiralty Board of Inquiry's president was Admiral Reginald Plunkett-Ernle-Erle-Drax, assisted by Admiral Robert Raikes and Captain Gerard Muirhead-Gould. Their official report into the disaster condemned the defences at Scapa Flow, and censured Sir Wilfred French, Admiral Commanding, Orkneys and Shetlands, for their unprepared state. French was placed on the retired list, despite having warned the previous year of Scapa Flow's deficient anti-submarine defences, and volunteering to bring a small ship or submarine himself past the blockships to prove his point. On Churchill's orders, the eastern approaches to Scapa Flow were sealed with concrete causeways linking Lamb Holm, Glimps Holm, Burray and South Ronaldsay to Mainland. Constructed largely by Italian prisoners of war, the Churchill Barriers, as they became known, were essentially complete by September 1944, and were opened officially just after VE Day in May 1945.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: In a second report, the Board of Inquiry considered the actual sinking of "Royal Oak" and the resulting loss of life, which having been in port and in calm water was thought to be "very heavy". The report concluded that the main cause was due to an unusually high number of men having been below the main armoured deck because they had been sent to air defence stations. Their escape was slowed because of the number of watertight doors which were closed. The question of "deadlights" was also considered; these were ventilated metal plates that replaced the glass panes in the scuttles or portholes when ships were in port, allowing the wartime blackout to be observed. It was thought that water flooding through these had hastened the initial heeling over, but having the ventilators closed would not have saved the ship.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: In the years that followed, a rumour circulated that Prien had been guided into Scapa by Alfred Wehring, a German agent living in Orkney in the guise of a Swiss watchmaker named Albert Oertel; following the attack, 'Oertel' supposedly escaped in the submarine "B-06" to Germany. This account of events originated as an article by the journalist Curt Riess in the 16 May 1942 issue of the American magazine "Saturday Evening Post" and was later embellished by other authors. Post-war searches through German and Orcadian archives have failed to find any evidence for the existence of Oertel, Wehring or a submarine named "B-06", and the story is now held to be wholly fictitious. In 1959, the Orkneys' preeminent watchmaker, Mr E. W. Hourton, informed "with the utmost assurance" the editor of "The Orkney Herald" that in his lifetime there had never been a watchmaker named Oertel in Kirkwall nor anyone resembling such a person. Orkney's chief librarian, in a 1983 letter to the historian Nigel West, suggested that the name Albert Oertel was likely a pun on the well-known Albert Hotel in Kirkwall.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: In the immediate aftermath of the sinking, "Royal Oak"s survivors were billeted in the towns and villages of Orkney. A funeral parade for the dead took place at Lyness on Hoy on 16 October; many of the surviving crew, having lost all their own clothing on the ship, attended in borrowed boiler suits and gym shoes. They were generally granted a few days survivors' leave by the navy, and then assigned to ships and roles elsewhere.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Prien did not survive the war: he and "U-47" were lost on 7 March 1941, possibly as a result of an attack by the British destroyer . News of the loss was kept secret by the Nazi government for ten weeks. Several "U-47" crew from the "Royal Oak" mission did survive, having been transferred to other vessels. Some of them subsequently met with their former enemies from "Royal Oak" and forged friendships with them.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The HMS "Royal Oak" Association holds an Act of Remembrance annually at Portsmouth, the "Royal Oak's" home port, on the Saturday nearest to 13 October; originally at the Naval Memorial at Southsea, but in later years at St Ann's Church, Portsmouth Naval Base. At the service on 9 October 2019, eighty years after the sinking, a memorial stone was unveiled in the church by Anne, Princess Royal, the Commodore-in-Chief of HMNB Portsmouth. Some one hundred and fifty relatives and descendants of the crew were in attendance.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Kenneth Toop, who survived the sinking while serving as a boy, first class, on "Royal Oak", served as the Association's honorary secretary for fifteen years. The last remaining survivor of "Royal Oak", Arthur Smith, died on 11 December 2016. Serving as a 17-year-old boy, first class, he had been on watch on the bridge when the ship was struck and jumped from the sinking vessel, swimming in the wrong direction until he was picked up by a boat and transferred to the "Daisy 2".


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Despite the relatively shallow water in which she sank, the majority of bodies could not be recovered from "Royal Oak". Marked by a buoy at , the wreck has been designated a war grave and all diving or other unauthorised forms of exploration are prohibited under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. In clear water conditions, the upturned hull can be seen reaching to within 5 m of the surface. The brass letters that formed "Royal Oak"s name were removed as a keepsake by a recreational diver in the 1970s. They were returned almost twenty years later, and are now displayed in the Scapa Flow visitor centre in Lyness. "Royal Oak"s loss is commemorated in an annual ceremony in which Royal Navy divers place the White Ensign underwater at her stern.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: A memorial at St Magnus Cathedral in nearby Kirkwall displays a plaque dedicated to those who lost their lives, beneath which a book of remembrance lists their names. This list of names was not released by the Government until 40 years after the sinking. Each week a page of the book is turned. The ship's bell was recovered in the 1970s and, after being restored, was added to the memorial in St Magnus. Twenty-six bodies, eight of which could not be identified, were interred at the naval cemetery in nearby Lyness.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: "Royal Oak" sank fully fuelled with approximately 3,000 tons of furnace fuel oil aboard. The oil leaked from the corroding hull at an increased rate during the 1990s and concerns about the environmental impact led the Ministry of Defence to consider plans for extracting it. "Royal Oak"s status as a war grave required that surveys and any proposed techniques for removing the oil be handled sensitively: plans in the 1950s to raise and salvage the wreck had been dropped in response to public opposition. In addition to the ethical concerns, poorly managed efforts could destabilise the wreck, resulting in a mass release of the remaining oil; the ship's magazines also containing many tons of unexploded ordnance.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: The MOD commissioned a series of multi-beam sonar surveys to image the wreck and appraise its condition. The high-resolution sonograms showed "Royal Oak" to be lying almost upside down with her top works forced into the seabed. The tip of the bow had been blown off by "U-47"s first torpedo and a gaping hole on the starboard flank was the result of the triple strike from her second successful salvo. Following several years of delays, Briggs Marine was contracted by the MoD to conduct the task of pumping off the remaining oil. "Royal Oak"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s mid-construction conversion to fuel oil had placed her fuel tanks in unconventional positions, complicating operations. By 2006, all double bottom tanks had been cleared and the task of removing oil from the inner wing tanks with cold cutting equipment began the next year. By 2010, 1,600 tons of fuel oil had been removed, and the wreck was declared to be no longer actively releasing oil into Scapa Flow. Up to 783 m of oil is thought to remain within the ship; plans exist to resume pumping in mid-2021.


title: HMS Royal Oak (08)

text: Rebreather diver Emily Turton announced at the EUROTEK advanced diving conference in December 2018 that an international team of experts were surveying the wreck of "Royal Oak" to create a three-dimensional image of the war grave. This process takes thousands of man-hour dives over several months. The team used an extensive range of technology including videography, underwater photography and 3D photogrammetry to record the wreck. The survey had the full backing of the Royal Navy and the Royal Oak Association.


title: Justise Winslow

text: Justise Jon Winslow (born March 26, 1996) is an American professional basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils, with whom he won the 2015 NCAA Championship.


title: Justise Winslow

text: Winslow was a four-year starter at St. John's School in Houston, Texas. He started and ended his career at St. John's with league championships. He was the 2013 Gatorade Texas Player of the Year and averaged 27.5 points, 13.6 rebounds, 3.5 assists, 2.1 blocks, and 1.8 steals per game as a senior in 2013–14. Winslow was selected as a McDonald's All-American in 2014.


title: Justise Winslow

text: Winslow averaged 14 points and five rebounds in his first five games in a Duke uniform. Duke coach Mike Krzyzewski compared Winslow's game to that of former Duke stars Tommy Amaker and Grant Hill. On February 9, 2015, Winslow was named ACC Freshman of the Week, and later earned honorable mention All-ACC honors. In the NCAA tournament, Winslow averaged 14.3 points and 9.3 rebounds per game en route to a national championship. He played in 39 games for Duke as a freshman, averaging 12.6 points, 6.5 rebounds, 2.1 assists, and 1.3 steals in 29.1 minutes per game.


title: Justise Winslow

text: In April 2015, Winslow declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final three years of collegiate eligibility.


title: Justise Winslow

text: On June 26, 2015, Winslow was selected by the Miami Heat with the 10th overall pick in the 2015 NBA draft. On July 3, 2015, he signed his rookie scale contract with the Heat. He made his debut for the team in their season opener against the Charlotte Hornets on October 28, recording five points and seven rebounds off the bench in a 104–94 win. On November 6, he had a then season-best game with 13 points and eight rebounds in a loss to the Indiana Pacers. On January 11, he made his first career start, recording seven points and three rebounds in a loss to the Golden State Warriors. On February 22, he recorded a season-high 15 points, seven rebounds and four assists in 39 minutes off the bench in a 101–93 win over the Indiana Pacers. On March 14, he topped his season-high mark with 20 points in a 124–119 win over the Denver Nuggets. During his rookie year, coach Erik Spoelstra consistently called on Winslow to defend the most lethal attackers in the league, from LeBron James to James Harden, as he developed into a defensive stopper. At the season's end, he earned NBA All-Rookie Second Team honors.


title: Justise Winslow

text: Winslow started all nine games for the Heat to begin the 2016-17 season before missing the next 16 with a sore left wrist. On December 22, 2016, he had a season-best game with 23 points and 13 rebounds in a 115–107 win over the Los Angeles Lakers, as he set a career high for points and tied a career best in rebounds. On January 5, 2017, Winslow was ruled out for the rest of the season after undergoing surgery to repair a torn labrum in his right shoulder.


title: Justise Winslow

text: Winslow played in all 27 games to begin the 2017-18 season, and he scored a season-high 15 points on December 9 against the Brooklyn Nets. He then missed 14 games with a knee strain between December 15 and January 10. On February 5, he scored 16 points against the Orlando Magic. He twice scored 17 points between February 24 and March 1, before setting a season-best 18 points on April 4 against the Atlanta Hawks. On March 12, he recorded 15 points and a season-high 13 rebounds against the Portland Trail Blazers. In Game 3 of the Heat's first-round playoff series against the Philadelphia 76ers, Winslow scored a season-high 19 points in a 128–108 loss.


title: Justise Winslow

text: On November 3, 2018, in his first start of the 2018-19 season, Winslow had 15 points, 10 rebounds and eight assists in a 123–118 loss to the Atlanta Hawks. On December 10, he scored a career-high 28 points with six 3-pointers in a 108–105 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers. After teammate and starting point guard Goran Dragić suffered a right knee injury, Winslow was named as Miami's starting point guard in mid-December. On December 28, he posted 24 points, 11 rebounds, and seven assists in a 118–94 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. On January 10, he recorded a career-high 11 assists in a 115–99 win over the Boston Celtics.


title: Justise Winslow

text: Winslow played in only 11 games for the Heat during the 2019-20 season as he was sidelined with a back injury.


title: Justise Winslow

text: On February 6, 2020, Winslow was acquired by the Memphis Grizzlies in a three-team trade also involving the Minnesota Timberwolves. On July 21, 2020, the Memphis Grizzlies announced that Winslow had suffered a hip injury during team practice and would miss the rest of 2019–20 season.


title: Justise Winslow

text: On February 4, 2022, Winslow was traded, alongside Eric Bledsoe, Keon Johnson, and a 2025 second-round pick, to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Norman Powell and Robert Covington.


title: Justise Winslow

text: In 2012, Winslow played for the United States at the FIBA Under-17 World Championship, where he was named to the All-Tournament Team. In 2013, he played at the FIBA Under-19 World Championship. In 2014, he played at the FIBA Americas Under-18 Championship.


title: Justise Winslow

text: Winslow is the son of Robin Davis and Rickie Winslow. His father played basketball for the University of Houston from 1983 to 1987, where he was a member of the famed Phi Slama Jama team that included Hakeem Olajuwon and Clyde Drexler, and was selected 28th overall by the Chicago Bulls in the 1987 NBA draft. Winslow has three older brothers, Cedrick, Brandon and Josh; and an older sister, Bianca. His brother, Josh, played football at Dartmouth, while his sister, Bianca, was a basketball player at Houston.


title: Online encyclopedia

text: An online encyclopedia, also called an Internet encyclopedia, or a digital encyclopedia, is an encyclopedia accessible through the internet. Examples include Wikipedia and "Encyclopædia Britannica".


title: Online encyclopedia

text: In January 1995, Project Gutenberg started to publish the ASCII text of the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (1911), but disagreement about the method halted the work after the first volume. For trademark reasons this has been published as the Gutenberg Encyclopedia. Project Gutenberg later restarted work on digitising and proofreading this encyclopedia. Project Gutenberg has published volumes in alphabetic order; the most recent publication is "Volume 17 Slice 8: Matter–Mecklenburg" published on 7 April 2013. The latest "Britannica" was digitized by its publishers, and sold first as a CD-ROM, and later as an online service.


title: Online encyclopedia

text: In 2001, ASCII text of all 28 volumes was published on "Encyclopædia Britannica" Eleventh Edition by source; a copyright claim was added to the materials included. The website no longer exists.


title: Online encyclopedia

text: Other digitization projects have made progress in other titles. One example is "Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)" digitized by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library.


title: Online encyclopedia

text: A successful digitization of an encyclopedia was the Bartleby Project's online adaptation of the "Columbia Encyclopedia", Sixth Edition, in early 2000 and is updated periodically.


title: Online encyclopedia

text: Other websites provide online encyclopedias, some of which are also available on Wikisource, but which may be more complete than those on Wikisource, or maybe different editions (see List of online encyclopedias).


title: Online encyclopedia

text: Another related branch of activity is the creation of new, free content on a volunteer basis. In 1991, the participants of the Usenet newsgroup started a project to produce a real version of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", a fictional encyclopedia used in the works of Douglas Adams. It became known as Project Galactic Guide. Although it originally aimed to contain only real, factual articles, the policy was changed to allow and encourage semi-real and unreal articles as well. Project Galactic Guide contains over 1700 articles, but no new articles have been added since 2000; this is probably partly due to the founding of h2g2, a more official project along similar lines.


title: Online encyclopedia

text: The 1993 Interpedia proposal was planned as an encyclopedia on the Internet to which everyone could contribute materials. The project never left the planning stage and was overtaken by a key branch of old printed encyclopedias.


title: Online encyclopedia

text: Another early online encyclopedia was called the "Global Encyclopedia". In November 1995 a review of it was presented by James Rettig (Assistant Dean of University Libraries for Reference and Information Services) College of William & Mary at the 15th Annual Charleston Conference on library acquisitions and related issues. He said of the "Global Encyclopedia":


title: Online encyclopedia

text: Wikipedia is a free content, multilingual online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteer contributors through a model of open collaboration. It is the largest and most-read reference work in history, Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project called Nupedia.


title: Raja Kumari

text: Svetha Yallapragada Rao (born January 11, 1986), professionally known as Raja Kumari, is an American rapper, songwriter and singer from Claremont, California. Kumari is best known for her collaboration with notable artists including Gwen Stefani, Iggy Azalea, Fifth Harmony, Knife Party, Fall Out Boy. She is also notable for receiving as a songwriter, the BMI Pop Awards in 2016, and featuring on BBC Asian Network programme "Bobby Friction" on July 5, 2016.


title: Raja Kumari

text: Raja Kumari is born as Svetha Yallapragada Rao in Claremont, California to Telugu parents from Andhra Pradesh, India. Kumari holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in religious studies, with an emphasis on South Asian religions.


title: Raja Kumari

text: Her parents played an important role in developing her Indian character and trained her to become an Indian classical dancer who started performing at the age of 5. In an interview with "Rolling Stones", Raja Kumari said that she found it tough and lonely as a South Indian girl growing up in Los Angeles.


title: Raja Kumari

text: While in fifth grade, Kumari discovered hip hop through the Fugees' album "The Score". By the age of 14, she was a noticed freestyle MC known as "Indian Princess" (IP) or "Raja Kumari". She is a trained dancer in Kuchipudi, Kathak, and Bharatanatyam and had given many live performances in Ravindra Bharathi in Hyderabad.


title: Raja Kumari

text: During her artist career, she has contributed to several philanthropic activities through her performances including the creation of a hospital in Bangalore and a meditation hall in Hyderabad for the Vegesna Foundation, a school for children with physical disabilities. As a result, Kumari has been recognized as a benefactor by the Foundation for Indic Philosophy and Culture (Indic Foundation) and has been honored with the Kohinoor Award for excellence in the Classical Arts by the Governor of Tamil Nadu.


title: Raja Kumari

text: Kumari co-wrote, featured in or performed background vocals in a number of notable songs including Fall Out Boy's double-platinum single "Centuries", "Change Your Life" feat. T.I., Vicetone's "Don't You Run", "Brave Enough" by Lindsey Stirling and "Set Me Free" for Baz Luhrmann's original Netflix series "The Get Down" about the birth of Hip Hop. She has also contributed to songs in albums by Gwen Stefani, Fifth Harmony ("Reflection"), Twin Shadow, and Dirty South. Recently she released her debut solo single "Mute" featuring Elvis Brown and produced by Jules Wolfson at Epic Records. which premiered on Paper Magazine's website. In May 2016, Kumari was honored at the 2016 BMI Pop Awards for co-writing the song "Centuries" with Fall Out Boy. In addition, she has a recording contract with Epic Records through L.A. Reid and collaborated with several players in the music industry, including artists Polow Da Don, J.R. Rotem, Timbaland, Rodney Jerkins, Soulshock and Karlin, Tricky Stewart and The-Dream, Justin Tranter and Fernando Garibay. She has also been inspired in her music style by the Indian composer and producer A. R. Rahman. In 2018, she co-wrote and performed the song titled "'Roots"' and "'City Slums'" in collaboration with Divine. She has starred in "Gully Boy" as a judge, which was a cameo appearance. In 2019, she finally made her debut in mother tongue Telugu by featuring in 'Attention Everybody', a single produced by SouthBay (subsidiary of Ramanaidu Studios), Music composed by Kone Kone and the Telugu lyrics penned by Pranav Chaganty, which was a tribute to Telugu actor Venkatesh Daggubati released on his birthday.


title: Raja Kumari

text: She has been nominated for an MTV European Music Awards three times for Best India Act. She hosted the American Music Awards Pre-Show telecast, alongside Lauren Jaregui. Kumari has also been announced as the face of MAC Cosmetics' holiday campaign: #MACStarringYou, in which she appears in adverts and marketing materials around the globe. She was a judge on season one of MTV Hustle, a rap battle competition show.


title: Toby Leonard Moore

text: Toby Leonard Moore (born 28 April 1981) is an Australian actor, best known for his roles as Victor in "John Wick" (2014), as James Wesley in the Netflix series "Daredevil" (2015), and Bryan Connerty in the Showtime series "Billions" (2016–2020). He also appears in "The Unusual Suspects", an Australian production airing on SBS.


title: Toby Leonard Moore

text: Moore was born in Sydney, moving with his family to Hobart, Tasmania, at the age of 11 where he attended St Virgil's College. He is the son of actress and voice artist Robyn Moore, and wanted to be an actor from a young age, doing some work in the Hobart theatre scene and studying acting at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Sydney.


title: Toby Leonard Moore

text: Moore's initial film work involved dubbing Chinese-language films into English. In 2009, he was cast in a small role in the Joss Whedon series "Dollhouse", and in 2010, a recurring role in the World War II miniseries "The Pacific". In 2015, he appeared in "Daredevil" as James Wesley, the right hand man and best friend of Wilson Fisk. Since 2016, he has appeared in "Billions" as Bryan Connerty.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Jem and the Holograms is a 2015 American musical drama film produced and directed by Jon M. Chu, written by Ryan Landels, and starring Aubrey Peeples (as the title character), Stefanie Scott, Hayley Kiyoko, Aurora Perrineau, Ryan Guzman, Molly Ringwald and Juliette Lewis.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Very loosely based on Christy Marx's 1980s animated television series "Jem", the film was produced by Allspark Pictures (a subsidiary of Hasbro Studios) and Blumhouse Productions. Chu's interest in developing a film adaptation of "Jem" is based on having grown up watching the original series with his sisters. He had attempted to make the film 11 years earlier, but was rejected by Universal due to the cost.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: "Jem and the Holograms" was theatrically released on October 23, 2015, by Universal Pictures. The film was a box office bomb, grossing $2 million worldwide on a $5 million budget. It received negative reviews from critics and was panned by fans of the original animated series, although Lewis's performance received some praise.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Jerrica Benton and her younger sister Kimber live with their Aunt Bailey and two foster sisters, Aja and Shana. The four girls frequently videotape themselves playing music and wearing colorful '80s outfits just for fun, but Jerrica is too shy to sing on camera. Jerrica learns one day that, due to Aunt Bailey's financial problems, their house will be auctioned. She vents her emotions by recording a song with Kimber's video camera. She disguises herself by calling herself "Jem", her late father Emmett's nickname for her.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: She is interrupted just before deleting the video and an Internet-obsessed Kimber uploads it onto YouTube. The video attracts millions of views in a single day. Jerrica is offered a record deal by Starlight Productions and travels to Los Angeles with her sisters. They meet music producer Erica Raymond and her son Rio. Erica is polite and courteous with the quartet, but shows particular interest in Jerrica, who she sees as a potential superstar.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: The girls settle down in L.A. and discuss their next move. They have brought along a small robot called 51N3RG.Y (pronounced "synergy"), an invention of Emmett's. The robot suddenly activates itself and leads them on a scavenger hunt. Each clue represents something Jerrica did or wanted to do with her father. The objective is to find several missing pieces designed to fit into the robot to be fully activated. The girls find the first piece on the Santa Monica Pier. They find the second clue in a guitar once owned by Emmett when, by coincidence, the band plays live.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Rio and Jerrica begin to develop romantic feelings, much to Erica's dismay. Erica assigns Rio to another singer in an attempt to keep him away from Jerrica. Aunt Bailey tells Jerrica via FaceTime that their house is going for auction in a few days. Desperate to save the home, Jerrica asks Erica for an advance. Erica says she will oblige if Jerrica agrees to leave her sisters and go solo. Jerrica relents, believing it's for the good of her family. When the others find out, they denounce her for leaving them out of the deal and depart. After a dull solo performance, Jerrica becomes depressed over her mistake and visits the L.A. house where she used to live with Kimber and her father.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Her sisters arrive and reconcile. They vow to help finish the scavenger hunt, along with Rio. Jerrica realizes that the last piece is the earrings Emmett bequeathed to her, but Erica had them taken during her first visit to Starlight. The earrings are now stored in Erica's office. Rio and the girls break into Starlight, almost getting caught by Erica, but succeed. The reward is a final holographic message from Emmett. The group also discover Rio's late father's will, which grants him a majority of Starlight shares, effectively putting him in control of the company.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: With the house safe, Jem and her sisters perform live. Rio chats with rock journalist Lindsey Pierce, who offers the band the "Rolling Stone" cover. Pierce asks Rio what to call the band; he suggests "Jem and the Holograms."


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: In a mid-credits scene, Erica, now terminated from Starlight, seeks out a group of punkish young women in a seedy junkyard. She attempts to convince them to form a band to rival the Holograms, but they decline since Erica dropped them the first time they signed with Starlight. However, when their leader Pizzazz learns that Jem and Rio are an item, she takes Erica inside. Graffiti on the side of their trailer reveals their name as the Misfits.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Cameo appearances from the original TV series cast include: Samantha Newark, the voice of the original Jem, as a hairstylist; Britta Phillips as a stage manager; and "Jem"s creator Christy Marx as Lindsey Pierce, an editor for "Rolling Stone".


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: With the recent successes of the live-action reboots of "G.I. Joe" and "Transformers", Hasbro was rumored to be considering a live-action film with Universal Studios (Hasbro and Universal had signed a six-film contract in 2010), or a new incarnation of the animated series. On March 20, 2014, a live-action motion picture adaptation of "Jem and the Holograms" was announced to be directed by Jon M. Chu.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Chu has said he had spent ten years developing the film with producer Jason Blum. The film's musical producer, Scooter Braun, stated that he drew influence from his work on the career of Justin Bieber. It was later revealed that the original "Jem" writer Christy Marx was not involved in any part of the film's production. In response to her having no part or consultation on the film, Marx defended Chu's sense of ambition for the project via Facebook and left it up to the fans to decide whether or not the project was a "smart decision". Her lack of involvement was not permanent, however, and she was granted a minor speaking role near the end of the movie.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: In April 2014, it was announced that Aubrey Peeples had been cast as Jem, with Stefanie Scott as Kimber, Hayley Kiyoko as Aja, and Aurora Perrineau as Shana. Peeples had admitted being initially unfamiliar with the franchise although she subsequently became familiar with it and became a fan quickly. Other parts were announced throughout the next couple of months with actor Ryan Guzman cast as Rio announced on April 30, Juliette Lewis's involvement on May 19, and Molly Ringwald on May 20. Principal photography began on April 22, 2014, in Van Nuys, later on May 19, shooting was underway in Los Angeles. Shooting ended on May 24, 2014.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: On October 23, 2015, Chu stated he wanted to make a crossover film between "Jem and the Holograms" with "Transformers" and "G.I. Joe".


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: The soundtrack for the film, featuring original compositions and also songs by Hailee Steinfeld and Dawin, was released in North America by Silent Records and Republic Records on October 23, 2015.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: On February 25, 2015, the first official image from the film was released, featuring Peeples as Jem, Scott as Kimber and Kiyoko as Aja performing on stage. On May 12, 2015, director Chu revealed the first official film poster. The next day, on May 13, a trailer was released online, which was attached to the theatrical run of fellow female-centric Universal film "Pitch Perfect 2". On August 11, a second trailer was released, this time featuring the robot 51N3RG.Y (pronounced "synergy") which itself was based on the supercomputer of the original cartoon series, which generates and holographically projects the band's images and creates their special effects during stage performances. Critics responded negatively to the May 2015 trailer, noting that the reboot seems to share little with its animated predecessor. Hillary Crosley Coker of "Jezebel" commented that the film "looks like a less interesting version of "Beyond the Lights". "Uproxx" noted the trailer's low rating on its official YouTube page, while "The Huffington Post Canada" wrote that the changes to the original plot have "disappointed '80s kids everywhere", then highlighted multiple negative fan reactions. Williesha Morris, also writing for "Huffington", criticized the film's re-imagining of the Jerrica character, stating that the original cartoon "represented female empowerment, not angst". Scott and Blum have both addressed the negative reactions by asking fans to reserve judgment until release. Scott stated that "I think that they have to see the movie to understand that things that they think are missing "are" in there." Blum has described the film as being "a hundred percent true to the spirit of "Jem"".


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: "Jem and the Holograms" received a DVD and Blu-ray/DVD combo release on January 19, 2016. Special features include twelve deleted scenes, an audio commentary by director Chu, a gag reel, a music video for "Youngblood" and a featurette titled ""Glam, Glitter, Fashion, and Fame: The Reinvention of Jem"".


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: "Jem and the Holograms" opened theatrically in North America on October 23, 2015, alongside "The Last Witch Hunter", "" and "Rock the Kasbah", as well as the wide release of fellow Universal drama "Steve Jobs". It was initially projected for a $5 million opening weekend, but was lowered to $3 million after Thursday night previews earning $34,000 ($36 per theater average). The film ultimately opened fifteenth at the box office with $1.4 million, the worst opening of 2015, the fourth worst opening ever for a film screening in more than 2,000 theaters and the worst ever for a film released by a major studio. On November 10, just over two weeks later, Universal removed "Jem" from theaters entirely. Jason Guerrasio of "Business Insider" described the pull as "an unheard of move for a movie that was in theaters nationwide."


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: An international roll-out began the same weekend as its North American release, including Slovenia, Croatia, Iceland, Norway, Singapore, the United Kingdom and France. It never made theatrical release in Australia, instead being issued direct-to-DVD.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: "Jem" grossed $2,184,640 in the United States and Canada, and $149,044 overseas, bringing its worldwide total to $2,333,684.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: The film received generally negative reviews from critics and fans of the original animated series. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 22% based on 79 reviews, with an average rating of 3.90/10. The site's consensus reads, ""Jem and the Holograms" ignores its source material's goofy charm in favor of bland by-the-numbers drama." Metacritic gives a score of 42 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Among both positive and negative reviewers alike, Lewis's performance was singled out for praise. Pam Powell of the "Daily Journal" wrote "Juliette Lewis seems to have the most fun role as the evil, self-serving, egomaniac music manager who will stop at nothing to lure the young and trusting singer into her lair. She’s over-the-top, but in a very entertaining way... able to seem completely honest when telling reporters about how genuine and real Jem is immediately following a scene where she’s given the Holograms what amounts to forced corporate makeovers." Dominic Griffin, writing for "Spectrum Culture", noted a "career-best turn from Lewis, operating so many miles ahead of her co-stars and the film they’re all stuck in that she’s ducking clouds, meteorites and the surface of the sun itself, delivering a master class in the expressive power of narrowing one’s eyes at exactly the right moment". Courtney Howard of "Fresh Fiction" wrote "who really steals the show is Lewis. She brings her bonafide rock-star swagger to the fold and plays it to the hilt – never going campy. Her version of a Ra’s-Al-Ghul-esque character in this origin story exudes charisma, sass and dedication."


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Charlie Anders of "io9" wrote "This movie outsources its biggest moments of narrative intensity to random YouTube vids, which is a filmic choice so incomprehensible, I'm tempted to interpret it as some kind of grand statement of Dada anti-meaning." Genevieve Kosky of "Vox" wrote that the movie "not only fails resoundingly as a film, but also fails as a nostalgia piece — which, honestly, might be the greater sin in today’s pop cultureverse", and opined that it should have been more like 2001's adaptation of "Josie and the Pussycats". Scott Tobias of "National Public Radio" concurred, writing "Few critics gave "Josie" enough credit for cleverly subverting the teen-pop musical, but "Jem" preys so rapaciously on its target demographic that it holds the virtues of the earlier film in sharp relief. "Jem and the Holograms" is "Mac and Me" to "Josie and the Pussycats"' "E.T."".


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Geoff Berkshire of "Variety" praised Peeples' performance, noting that she "keeps the film watchable", as well as Lewis as "a nonsensical bitch-on-wheels caricature with offbeat line readings and live-wire energy", and noted that "a generally unremarkable tech package — cinematography, sound, costuming & makeup, etc. — at least provides a modest showcase for costume designer Soyon An, makeup head Mary Klimek and hairstylist Vanessa Price, who come the closest to channeling the vibrant spirit of the "Jem" cartoons that originally made fans fall in love."


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Matt Zoller Seitz, editor-in-chief of RogerEbert.com, gave 3 out of 4 stars, stating that the film "is one of the weirdest big screen adaptations of a cheap TV cartoon that I've seen", giving his observation that the film even sometimes evokes the films of Terrence Malick, a filmmaker known for his films' lush cinematography and reflective nature. Seitz's overall conclusion is that "[the film is] not a good film in terms of plot or tonal consistency, and it offers almost nothing in the way of true conflict, but it's always an observant and sincere movie, and occasionally a beautiful and deep one."


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: Glen Heath Jr, writing for "Little White Lies", wrote that "If Chu can’t quite decide which genre or story to embrace – this version of Jem clumsily mixes rock opera, sci-fi and melodrama – he’s in brilliant control of certain moments that merge new technology and classical Hollywood editing... the film doesn’t deserve the vitriol lobbed at it by dismissive critics and angry fans. Chu’s weird, heartfelt vision has a distinct perspective regarding online wanderlust and understands the vibrancy of color... But most of all it appreciates the tenacious will to be real in a world where everything is an illusion"


title: Jem and the Holograms (film)

text: In March 2014, the film's producers opened an online contest encouraging fans to create short videos describing their love of the original "Jem" animated series and what a film version would mean to them. The winners were initially to be offered a small role in the film; this was later changed to having the videos themselves featured. In the final production, the fan footage was interspersed with clips of celebrities and edited in such a manner that the fans appeared to be talking about the film's version of the characters. The fans with submitted footage were not informed as to how it would be used; this was perceived as fans being misled into providing positive reviews for a film they had not yet seen, resulting in many being upset by the manipulation of their perspectives on the character and series in light of how unlike the original series the premise of the film was.


title: Black and white

text: Black-and-white (B&W or B/W) images combine black and white in a continuous spectrum, producing a range of shades of grey.


title: Black and white

text: The history of various visual media began with black and white, and as technology improved, altered to color. However, there are exceptions to this rule, including black-and-white fine art photography, as well as many film motion pictures and art film(s).


title: Black and white

text: Since the late 1960s, few mainstream films have been shot in black-and-white. The reasons are frequently commercial, as it is difficult to sell a film for television broadcasting if the film is not in color. 1961 was the last year in which the majority of Hollywood films were released in black and white.


title: Black and white

text: In computing terminology, "black-and-white" is sometimes used to refer to a binary image consisting solely of pure black pixels and pure white ones; what would normally be called a black-and-white image, that is, an image containing shades of gray, is referred to in this context as grayscale.


title: John H. Sununu

text: John Henry Sununu (born July 2, 1939) is an American politician who was the 75th governor of New Hampshire from 1983 to 1989 and later White House Chief of Staff under President George H. W. Bush. Born in Cuba to an American father and a Salvadoran mother, he is of Greek, Hispanic and Lebanese descent, making him the first Arab American, Greek American and Hispanic American to be governor of New Hampshire and White House Chief of Staff. He is the father of John E. Sununu, the former United States Senator from New Hampshire, and Christopher Sununu, the current governor of New Hampshire. Sununu was the chairman of the New Hampshire Republican Party from 2009 to 2011.


title: John H. Sununu

text: Sununu was born in Havana, Cuba while his parents were visiting Cuba on a business trip. He is the son of John Saleh Sununu, an international film distributor, and Victoria Sununu (née Dada). His father's family came to the United States from Lebanon, as Greek Orthodox practitioners at the turn of the 20th century and his ancestry was Greek and Lebanese from Jerusalem and Beirut respectively. John Saleh Sununu was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother Victoria Dada was born in El Salvador. Her family were also Greek Orthodox practitioners, of Greek and Hispanic ancestry, and had settled in Central America at the turn of the 20th century. Sununu visited Beirut, Lebanon as a child in the late 1940s. He grew up in New York City and graduated from the La Salle Military Academy on Long Island.


title: John H. Sununu

text: Sununu earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1961, a Master of Science degree in 1963, and a PhD in 1966 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, all in mechanical engineering. He is a member of the Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.


title: John H. Sununu

text: From 1966 to 1982 he taught at Tufts University, where he was an associate professor of mechanical engineering. He was the associate dean of the University's College of Engineering from 1968 to 1973. As of 1988, Sununu retained his title and family tuition benefits from Tufts during an "extremely rare" unpaid six-year leave of absence that coincided with his governorship. He was on the Advisory Board of the Technology and Policy Program at MIT from 1984 until 1989.


title: John H. Sununu

text: A Republican, Sununu held a seat in the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1973 to 1975 for the 5th Rockingham district. Sununu ran for the New Hampshire Senate in 1974 and 1976, but lost the general election both times to Delbert F. Downing. He ran for the Executive Council of New Hampshire in 1978, but lost the general election to Dudley Dudley. He ran for the United States Senate in 1980, but lost the Republican primary to Warren Rudman.


title: John H. Sununu

text: Sununu became New Hampshire's 75th Governor on January 6, 1983, and was re-elected twice to hold the position for three consecutive terms. He was the first Arab-American Governor of New Hampshire. Sununu was chairman of the Coalition of Northeastern Governors, the Republican Governors Association and, in 1987, the National Governors Association.


title: John H. Sununu

text: Sununu angered some when he was the only governor of a U.S. state not to call for repeal of the UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 ("Zionism is racism"). He later reversed his position on this issue and supported the Republicans' pro-Israel 1988 platform.


title: John H. Sununu

text: Sununu was the first White House Chief of Staff for George H. W. Bush, holding the position from 1989 to 1991. "Time" magazine dubbed him "Bush's Bad Cop" on the front cover on May 21, 1990.


title: John H. Sununu

text: Sununu is considered to have engineered Bush's mid-term abandonment of his 1988 campaign promise of . In his report "Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change", Nathaniel Rich wrote that in November 1989 Sununu prevented the signing of a 67-nation commitment at the Noordwijk Climate Conference to freeze carbon dioxide emissions, with a reduction of 20 percent by 2005, and singled him out as a force starting coordinated efforts to bewilder the public on the topic of global warming and changing it from an urgent, nonpartisan and unimpeachable issue to a political one. Interviewed as to his involvement in preventing an agreement, he stated: "It couldn’t have happened, because, frankly, the leaders in the world at that time were at a stage where they were all looking how to seem like they were supporting the policy without having to make hard commitments that would cost their nations serious resources. Frankly, that’s about where we are today."


title: John H. Sununu

text: Sununu is responsible for recommending David Souter of New Hampshire to President George H. W. Bush for appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States, at the behest of his close friend, then-U.S. Senator and fellow New Hampshirite Warren Rudman. "The Wall Street Journal" described the events leading up to the appointment of the "liberal jurist" in a 2000 editorial, saying Rudman in his "Yankee Republican liberalism" took "pride in recounting how he sold Mr. Souter to gullible White House chief of staff John Sununu as a confirmable conservative. Then they both sold the judge to President Bush, who wanted above all else to avoid a confirmation battle [after Robert Bork]." Rudman wrote in his memoir that he had "suspected all along" that Souter would not "overturn activist liberal precedents." Sununu later said that he had "a lot of disappointment" about Souter's positions on the Court and would have preferred him to be more similar to Justice Antonin Scalia.


title: John H. Sununu

text: At the recommendation of George W. Bush, Sununu resigned his White House post on December 4, 1991. He remained at the White House as Counselor to the President until March 1, 1992.


title: John H. Sununu

text: As White House Chief of Staff, Sununu reportedly took personal trips, for skiing and other purposes, and classified them as official, for purposes such as conservation or promoting the Thousand Points of Light. "The Washington Post" wrote that Sununu's jets "took him to fat-cat Republican fund-raisers, ski lodges, golf resorts and even his dentist in Boston." Sununu had paid the government only $892 for his more than $615,000 worth of military jet travel. Sununu said that his use of the jets was necessary because he had to be near a telephone at all times for reasons of national security. Sununu became the subject of much late-night television humor over the incident. Sununu worsened the situation shortly afterwards when, after leaking rumors of financial difficulties in his family, he traveled to a rare stamp auction at Christie's auction house in New York City from Washington in a government limousine, spending $5,000 on rare stamps. Sununu then sent the car and driver back to Washington unoccupied while he returned on a corporate jet. In the course of one week, 45 newspapers ran editorials on Sununu, nearly all of them critical of his actions. Sununu resigned his White House post on December 4, 1991. Sununu repaid over $47,000 to the government for the flights on the orders of White House counsel C. Boyden Gray, with the help of the Republican Party. However, the reimbursements were at commercial rates, which are about one-tenth the cost of the actual flights; one ski trip to Vail, Colorado alone had cost taxpayers $86,330.


title: John H. Sununu

text: From 1963 until 1983, he was President of JHS Engineering Company and Thermal Research Inc. In addition, he helped establish and worked as chief engineer for Astro Dynamics Inc. from 1960 until 1965.


title: John H. Sununu

text: In 2012, Sununu as a national co-chair for the Mitt Romney presidential campaign made controversial comments directed towards then President Barack Obama calling Obama "un-American." After receiving backlash for the comment, Sununu apologized soon afterwards. A few months later, Sununu again caused controversy for the Romney campaign when he said that the reason he believed former Secretary of State, Colin Powell (a Republican) endorsed President Obama over Romney was because both Powell and Obama are the same race. After the election, Sununu blamed Romney's loss to Obama on Obama's supporters being "dependent" on government programs.


title: John H. Sununu

text: Sununu is President of JHS Associates, Ltd. and is a partner in Trinity International Partners, a private financial firm. He is also a member of Honorary Council of Advisors for U.S.-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce (USACC).