title: The Time Tunnel

text: In the course of the series, Doug, Tony, and the Time Tunnel personnel discover that events of the past can be altered to some extent by the intrusion of the time travelers, and in a few cases, their historical research allows for it. Episode 26 ("Attack of the Barbarians") explores the scenario of one of the time travelers falling in love with someone from the past: Tony and the Princess Serit, daughter of Kublai Khan. Marco Polo tells Doug, "Can they not touch each other?" History itself hints at the possibility of Serit marrying Tony as Ann informs General Kirk. The historical information on Billy the Kid's victims alarms Ann, Ray, and the General, as it records that he killed two strangers near Lincoln, New Mexico, in April 1881—just when Tony, Doug, and Billy the Kid are brought together.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: The production used sets, stock footage, and props left over from the large number of period dramas made by the 20th Century Fox film company. Even black-and-white shots purporting to show the "Titanic" sinking were tinted for use in this color production. Only a few actors were costumed for a given episode, interspersed with cuts of great masses of people similarly dressed from original features. Only one set was constructed for the show, that of the "Time Tunnel" main control room. For the pilot episode, a large control room set was built, and a longer Time Tunnel was created using optical matte shots. After the pilot episode, location changes occurred for the production of the series; Colbert and Darren shot their scenes in another studio, on the 20th Century Fox backlot, or on location, while those who portrayed the Time Tunnel personnel filmed all their scenes on a revised and smaller Time Tunnel control room set (due to the production having to use a smaller sound stage than used during the pilot filming). Some episodes featured space aliens who wore costumes and carried props originally created for other Irwin Allen television and film productions. Prop sets were similarly reused. The prop computer, however, had an unusual degree of verisimilitude because it was an array of memory modules from the Air Force's recently decommissioned SAGE computer.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: Continuity errors and errors in historical fact occurred in the series. In the premiere episode, "Rendezvous with Yesterday", Captain Smith of the "Titanic" is called "Malcolm", when historically, his name was "Edward". The names of the secondary officers are also fictitious, though Walter Lord's best-selling nonfiction book about the event, "A Night to Remember", had been released nine years earlier. Tony states that he was born in 1938. A few episodes later in "The Day the Sky Fell in", he states he was seven when Pearl Harbor was attacked on 7 December 1941, which would make the year of his birth 1934, or possibly 1933, if later than 7 December.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: The theme tune for "The Time Tunnel" was composed by John Williams (credited, as in "Lost in Space", as "Johnny Williams"). GNP Crescendo later released an album featuring Williams' work and the score composed by George Duning for the episode "The Death Merchant".


title: The Time Tunnel

text: The series won an Emmy Award in 1967, for Individual Achievements in Cinematography. The award went to L.B. "Bill" Abbott, for his photographic special effects.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: While the episodes were first shown in 1966, the show's setting begins in 1968, two years into the then-future.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: Although "The Time Tunnel" was scheduled on Fridays (often considered the "Friday night death slot" for TV programs), the ratings for the series were solid. ABC pointed to "The Time Tunnel" as one of the few successes in a disastrous schedule.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: A series titled "The Legend of Custer" was lobbied to drop "The Time Tunnel" in favor of "Custer". The network headquarters gave green light for "Custer", and "The Time Tunnel" was cancelled.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: "The Legend of Custer" was itself cancelled after airing 17 low-rated episodes, skewered by critics and performed worse than "The Time Tunnel".


title: The Time Tunnel

text: In January 1967 a promotional novel, "The Time Tunnel", was published by Pyramid Books. The author was Murray Leinster, who had previously written a novel of the same name in 1964, completely unrelated to the television series. Leinster used four of the main characters: Tony Newman, Doug Phillips, General Kirk, and Ann MacGregor as well as the initial antagonist Senator Clark. Unlike the television series, Project Tic-Toc is secretly begun and financed through the Defense Department without the consent of Congress. General Kirk is a retired Air Force General rather than an active duty Army General. Senator Clark, rather than urging immediate human time travel as he does in the TV series, demands that Project Tic-Toc refrain from going forward with it. He does this in the interests of humanity, which, in his view, would be adversely affected by a person from the future intruding into the past: ancestors of persons now living could be killed by a time traveler resulting in their descendants now living ceasing to exist or inventions and developments of the past being changed resulting in the wiping out of what exists in the present day.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: Tony and Doug's relocation to Johnstown, Pennsylvania just before the Johnstown Flood of May 31, 1889 allows them the opportunity of saving the life of Senator Clark's grandmother, Julie Bowen. If Tony and Doug had not gone back in time and saved her, Senator Clark would have ceased to exist.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: The second time and place Tony and Doug are relocated to is the Texas prairie near Adobe Walls, Texas, June 26, 1874. They are picked up by a traveling group of hunters tracking bison at the scene of the massacre of another group of bison hunters by Comanche warriors. Tony and Doug travel with them to Adobe Walls just in time for the historic battle on June 27. Knowing about the impending attack and the incident of the cracking of the ridgepole of the sod roof of Hanrahan's saloon where Tony and Doug were staying, they caused the cracking themselves by shooting at the pole. This effectively awakened the sleeping hunters, making them ready to repulse the attack of the Native American warriors. Tony and Doug were able to assist the historic Bat Masterson in his exploits in the battle.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: Tony and Doug's final adventure before being returned to the Time Tunnel took them to Saint Louis, Missouri sometime in the distant future. The American populace is menaced by aliens setting up a force field. Tony and Doug were able to utilize a vehicle capable of moving in both time and space developed by the Time Tunnel while they were in Adobe Walls. It is a floating platform with rails operated by Ann MacGregor back in the Time Tunnel control room. They appear to anyone seeing them as people riding on a flying carpet. In the Saint Louis library Doug finds out that he will marry Ann MacGregor, who is in love with him, and they will have three children. With the help of the "time traveler" platform they are able to destroy the flimsy alien craft and return to the Time Tunnel complex.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: This was followed later in the year by "Timeslip: Time Tunnel Adventure" #2, the last novel based on the TV series, written again by Murray Leinster. The front and back covers feature photos from the series.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: In "Timeslip", an experimental nuclear missile was sent through the Time Tunnel - but something went wrong, and it wound up at the bottom of a pond within Mexico City, in the 1840s. In the present (1968), excavation equipment was moving toward the site - any day a bulldozer blade might set it off, destroying a mighty city and plunging the world into war. Time travelers Tony Newman and Doug Phillips had only one chance to head off disaster - to go through the Time Tunnel and make the accident "unhappen." The trouble was, there was a war on in the past - and the bomb was in enemy territory.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: There were two issues put out by Gold Key Comics (Western Publishing Co.) in 1966-1967. These were reprinted by Hermes Press in 2012.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Region 1 in 2006 in two volumes. Volume Two includes the unaired 2002 pilot and the made-for-TV film "The Time Travelers" as special features. The DVD box sets include nearly all full-length, uncut and unedited original network prints, but one episode, "Chase Through Time", was edited.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: In Region 2, Revelation Films released the entire series on DVD in the UK in one complete series box set.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: In Region 4, Madman Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in Australia on August 20, 2014.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: In Region B, Revelation Films has released the entire series on Blu-ray in the UK in one set. Though made for the UK, the Blu-ray set is in fact all-region and plays in US players.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: "The Time Tunnel" 1967 ABC-TV Japanese book with record album. 33⅓ RPM record licensed and manufactured for exclusive release in Japan by Asahi Sonorama company and was released during the show's original airing in 1967. The record is pressed in blue-vinyl and contains the time-travel drama "Adventure in the Lost World." The highlight of this package is the colorful 12-page booklet which showcases original storybook artwork of the record's episode with the intrepid time travelers being terrorized by rampaging dinosaurs and angry cavemen.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: An album of music from the series, featuring the episodes "Rendezvous With Yesterday" (tracks 2-4) and "The Death Merchant" (tracks 5 and 6) was released by GNP Crescendo as part of the collection "The Fantasy Worlds of Irwin Allen".


title: The Time Tunnel

text: "The Time Tunnel" 1966 boxed board game from Ideal Toys (No. 2326-7). The playing board design shows characters and events from the prehistoric era into the future. The box insert has a spinner board and other parts include playing cards, tokens, and marker disks. The second game is "The Time Tunnel: Spin-To-Win", a 1967 boxed board game from Pressman Toys, which features a box insert playing board that has a tunnel-like design representing different past years in history and plastic tops are spun on the playing board to determine "Time Travels."


title: The Time Tunnel

text: Pinball games - Bally Manufacturing created a pinball called Time Tunnel in 1971 based loosely on the TV series, but production was stopped due to copyright infringement. The game was re-released with revised artwork as Space Time.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: In 1982, five feature-length television films were assembled from 10 complete individual episodes with portions of the first episode as introductory material. "Aliens from Another Planet", was produced using episodes 24 ("Chase Through Time") and 18 ("Visitors from Beyond the Stars"). "Revenge of the Gods" was a compilation of episodes 7 ("Revenge of the Gods") and 20 ("The Walls of Jericho). "Old Legends Never Die" edited together episodes 27 ("Merlin the Magician") and 16 ("The Revenge of Robin Hood"). "Kill or Be Killed" comprised episodes 4 ("The Day the Sky Fell In") and 17 ("Kill Two by Two"). "Raiders from Outer Space" was compiled from episodes 28 ("The Kidnappers") and 2 ("One Way to the Moon").


title: The Time Tunnel

text: To date, three attempts have been made to resurrect the show. Two produced a pilot episode, and another got no further than a script.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: In 2002, Fox showed interest in remaking this series. A pilot was produced by Twentieth Century Fox Television, Fox Television Studios, and Regency Television in association with Irwin Allen Properties. Kevin Burns and Jon Jashni were executive producers. Sheila Allen was credited as one of the producers. The series was not ordered by Fox so as to make room in its schedule for Joss Whedon's "Firefly".


title: The Time Tunnel

text: The pilot had a darker and more serious tone than the original 1966 series. Doug Phillips (David Conrad) is the main character, and Tony Newman's character was replaced by Toni Newman, a minor female character. The unaired pilot episode is available on DVD from Fox Home Entertainment on "The Time Tunnel: Volume Two", Disc Four.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: In this remake, the 2002 Time Tunnel is a Department of Energy research project into nuclear fusion, which produces nearly limitless energy. When the reactor was initiated (not shown in the episode), that caused an unintended "time storm" which uncontrollably changed history. The DOE was able to anchor one end of the storm by using the Tunnel like a lightning rod.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: On their way into the tunnel complex, Flynn tells Doug Phillips, a former friend, that the latter has been recruited because he has a detailed knowledge of the Battle of Hürtgen Forest. The head of the Time Tunnel project likens their team to FEMA—they don't send a team back for a rain storm but they do for hurricanes. However, they can only go through time to where the other end of the storm is at the current moment, so they have a limited period to fix what is wrong and to be retrieved by the Time Tunnel.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: The team (Doug, Toni, Flynn, J.D., and Wix) must travel to the Battle of Hürtgen Forest in 1944 Germany during World War II. They plan to retrieve a person moved there by the time storm from 1546. During the mission, Doug Phillips meets his grandfather, a soldier who will be killed in the battle. Doug knows this, but cannot tell his ancestor and save his life because it would change history. Toni Newman tells Doug she used to have three brothers and two sisters before the time storm accident but is now an only child. The time travelers learn the displaced person is a now-confused medieval monk who carries bubonic plague. When the team is almost captured, two members switch to German uniforms and pretend to be Colonel Klink and (Sergeant) Schultz, complete with fake documents. Everyone who came in contact with the monk is given an antibiotic injection and the time ripples stop. But Flynn has been fatally stabbed, so he reveals Phillips was a bitter man before the time storm, but he now has a family. Flynn tells Phillips this information to give him an incentive to keep the timeline intact.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: The SciFi Channel announced in 2005 it would create a new pilot for its 2006/07 season. Allen's wife, Sheila, and two producers of the 2002 FOX remake (Kevin Burns and Jon Jashni) began work on the new pilot. John Turman ("Hulk") wrote the script. The series never went beyond a pilot script.


title: The Time Tunnel

text: A recurring sketch called "Drunk In Time" starred Alexei Sayle and Peter Capaldi as two men so inebriated that they weren't aware they were time travellers. Featuring a mock up of the original Project Tic-Toc set and animated Time Tunnel-style title sequence, the main characters are also called Doug and Tony. The six sketches featured in "The All New Alexei Sayle Show" in 1995.


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: Robin Jeanne DiAngelo (née Taylor; born September 8, 1956) is an American author working in the fields of critical discourse analysis and whiteness studies. She formerly served as a tenured professor of multicultural education at Westfield State University and is currently an affiliate associate professor of education at the University of Washington. She is known for her work pertaining to "white fragility", an expression she coined in 2011 and explored further in a 2018 book entitled "White Fragility: Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism".


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: DiAngelo was born Robin Jeanne Taylor into a working-class family in San Jose, California, the youngest of three daughters born to Robert Z. Taylor and Maryanne Jeanne DiAngelo. She lived with her mother in poverty until her death from cancer, after which she and her siblings lived with her father. She had a child in her mid-20s, becoming a single mother. Before beginning college at the age of 30, she was a waitress.


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: She has written that her "experience of poverty would have been different had [she] not been white", reflecting that although she feels that she faced "class oppression", she also benefited from "racial privilege".


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: DiAngelo earned a B.A. with a double major in sociology and history from Seattle University in 1991, where she graduated "summa cum laude" and was the class valedictorian.


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: DiAngelo received her Ph.D. in multicultural education from the University of Washington in 2004, with a dissertation entitled "Whiteness in racial dialogue: a discourse analysis". Her Ph.D. committee was chaired by James A. Banks.


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: In 2007, she joined the faculty of Westfield State University, where she was named an associate professor of multicultural education in 2014. She resigned from her position at Westfield in 2015. She now holds the position of affiliate associate professor of education at the University of Washington. She was granted two honorary doctoral degrees from Starr King Seminary (2019) and Lewis & Clark College (2017).


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: DiAngelo has worked for over 20 years providing racial justice training for schools, non-profits, universities and businesses. She argues that racism is embedded throughout America's political systems and culture. In a 2019 article for "The New Yorker", the columnist Kelefa Sanneh characterized DiAngelo as "perhaps the country's most visible expert in anti-bias training, a practice that is also an industry, and from all appearances a prospering one".


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: DiAngelo has published a number of academic articles on race, privilege, and education and written several books. Her first book, co-written with Ozlem Sensoy, "Is Everyone Really Equal? An Introduction to Key Concepts in Critical Social Justice Education" won both the American Educational Research Association's Critics' Choice Book Award (2012) and the Society of Professors of Education Book Award (2018).


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: DiAngelo is known for her work regarding "white fragility", a term she coined in a 2011 paper in "The International Journal of Critical Pedagogy". She has defined the concept of white fragility as "a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves." In the paper, she argues that, "White people in the U.S. and other white settler colonialist societies live in a racially insular social environment. This insulation builds our expectations for racial comfort while at the same time lowering our stamina for enduring racial stress. I term this lack of racial stamina White Fragility. White Fragility is a state in which even a minimal challenge to the white position becomes intolerable, triggering a range of defensive moves including: argumentation, invalidation, silence, withdrawal and claims of being attacked and misunderstood. These moves function to reinstate white racial equilibrium and maintain control." As of 2016, she regularly gives workshops on the topic. In 2017 the term white fragility was shortlisted by the Oxford Dictionary for Word of the Year.


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: DiAngelo became a leading figure in the field and industry of "antiracism training". Scholars dispute whether antiracism training achieves its intended purpose and whether in some cases could backfire. According to Harvard University sociologist Frank Dobbin, there is no evidence to indicate that anti-bias training leads to increases in the number of women or people of color in management positions. A 2009 "Annual Review of Psychology" study concluded, "We currently do not know whether a wide range of programs and policies tend to work on average," with the authors of the study stating in 2020 that as the quality of studies increases, the effect size of anti-bias training dwindles.


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: In June 2018, DiAngelo published the book "White Fragility: Why It's So Hard for White People to Talk About Racism". The book debuted on the "New York Times" bestseller list and remained on the list for 155 weeks. It has been translated into eleven languages, including French, Italian, German, Japanese, Dutch and Portuguese. In June 2020, during the George Floyd protests, it reached number one on the "New York Times" list. The July 26, 2020 edition of the list marked the book's 97th week in the Paperback Nonfiction category, where it was ranked number one. The book received mixed critical reception, with positive reviews in sources including "New Statesman, The New Yorker, Publishers Weekly," and the "Los Angeles Review of Books", and negative reviews in sources including "The Atlantic" and "The Washington Post". "Publishers Weekly" praised the book as "a thoughtful, instructive, and comprehensive book on challenging racism." Isaac Chotiner, in "The New Yorker", said that in the wake of the Murder of George Floyd and the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement, DiAngelo's book served as a guide for many of the millions of Americans questioning systematic racism, though he notes that some critics have described her definition of white fragility as broad, reductive, and condescending towards people of color.


title: Robin DiAngelo

text: In February 2021, an online training course bearing her name came under scrutiny after a major social media backlash against The Coca-Cola Company, following the leak of pictures showing parts of an employee webinar. The course, called "Confronting Racism" and offered on the LinkedIn Learning platform, attracted negative publicity concerning DiAngelo's claim that "To be less white is to: be less oppressive, less arrogant, less certain, less defensive, less ignorant, more humble". It also showed DiAngelo asking viewers to "break with white solidarity". A Coca-Cola spokesperson later stated that the course was not a compulsory part of their employee training program, and specified that it is "not the focus of the company's curriculum," adding that the course was "part of a learning plan to help build an inclusive workplace". The course was swiftly removed from the LinkedIn Learning and the Microsoft Learning platforms. According to DiAngelo, the clips containing her advice to "be less white" came from a 2018 interview conducted with a different company and were being used by Coca-Cola alongside other materials without her knowledge or approval.


title: Paula Wagner

text: Paula Kauffman Wagner (born Paula Sue Kauffman) is an American film producer and film executive. Her most recent credits include the film "Marshall" starring Chadwick Boseman, Kate Hudson, Sterling K. Brown, and Josh Gad as well as the Broadway, West End, and US Tour productions of "".


title: Paula Wagner

text: Wagner was born Paula Sue Kauffman in Youngstown, Ohio. Her mother, Sue Anna (née Shofstall), was a news magazine editor from Oklahoma, and her father, Edmund Jamison "Ned" Kauffman, Jr., was a business owner. While in Youngstown, Wagner frequently performed at the local playhouse. She received her BFA from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where she currently sits on the board of trustees.


title: Paula Wagner

text: In her early career in New York, Wagner played several ensemble parts in the 1971 stage production of "Lenny". Some of her additional credits include the role of Helena in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" at Yale Repertory Theatre as well as Maggie in "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" at the Cleveland Play House. Her first marriage, to set designer Robin Wagner, brought her into the industry's A-list circles; she was present when director Michael Bennett shared ideas with Robin for "A Chorus Line"".


title: Paula Wagner

text: After her work on the stage, Wagner became a talent agent at Creative Artists Agency (CAA) in Los Angeles, where she signed and represented Tom Cruise. In July 1992, after representing Cruise for eleven years, she and Cruise co-founded the independent film production company Cruise/Wagner Productions. For the next fourteen years, Wagner and Cruise produced a wide range of films that earned numerous awards and widespread critical praise, and were global box office successes. The first film released under the C/W Productions banner was the international hit "", the success of which brought the company the 1997Producers Guild of America's Nova Award for Most Promising Producers in Theatrical Motion Pictures.


title: Paula Wagner

text: C/W Productions went on to produce such films as "The Others", "The Last Samurai", "Vanilla Sky", "Without Limits", "Shattered Glass", "Narc", "Elizabethtown", and "Ask the Dust", as well as Steven Spielberg's "War of the Worlds" (which Wagner executive produced). C/W Productions was responsible for the original Mission: Impossible film trilogy (Mission: Impossible 2 and Mission: Impossible III). In all, films produced by C/W Productions earned more than $2.9 billion in worldwide box office receipts.


title: Paula Wagner

text: Wagner continues to work as a film producer and studio executive, developing films, theatre, and television through her company Chestnut Ridge Productions.


title: Paula Wagner

text: Through Chestnut Ridge Productions, her most recent film was "Marshall", starring Chadwick Boseman, Josh Gad, Kate Hudson, and Sterling K. Brown; a story of a true law case early in the career of Thurgood Marshall. The movie was critically acclaimed and was nominated for one Academy Award.


title: Paula Wagner

text: Her Broadway producing credits include "" which also opened a production in Hamburg, Germany in September 2019, a production in on the West End in February 2020; there is a US National Tour in the works. Other Broadway theatrical productions include "The Heiress" starring Jessica Chastain, David Strathairn, and Dan Stevens and directed by Moisés Kaufman; it opened in the fall of 2012. She also produced the Broadway premiere of Craig Wright’s acclaimed play "Grace", directed by Dexter Bullard and starring Paul Rudd, Michael Shannon, Kate Arrington, and Ed Asner in October 2012 and Terrence McNally’s Tony-nominated play "Mothers and Sons".


title: Paula Wagner

text: In addition to her work in film and theatre, Wagner also has produced for television and numerous awards ceremonies. She was an executive producer on the critically acclaimed and award winning Lifetime original movie "Five", five short films directed by five female directors. She produced the Governors Awards ceremony for the Motion Picture Academy in 2013 and produced both the 2011 and 2012 Producers Guild of America Award show.


title: Paula Wagner

text: Wagner served on the board of the National Film Preservation Foundation through the Library of Congress and Carnegie Mellon University, where she received her degree and is an adjunct faculty member in the Master in Entertainment Industry Management program through the Heinz College.


title: Paula Wagner

text: Wagner is a member of the American Cinematheque's Board of Directors and the Executive Committee of the UCLA’s School of Theater, Film and Television. She is also a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the Producers Guild of America (PGA), The Broadway League and is an ambassador of ReFrame for Women In Film, a formal action plan to further gender parity in the media industry.


title: Paula Wagner

text: Wagner was honored by Premiere magazine with the Women in Hollywood Icon Award in 2001. In October 2006, she received the Sherry Lansing Award from the Big Brothers and Big Sisters Organization. She was also honored by the Costume Designers Guild with its Swarovski President's Award in 2008. In 2012, she was an honoree at the Deauville Film Festival. She was one of the recipients of the Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards in 2016, and the Camerimage Producer with Unique Visual Sensitivity award in 2017. Her film Marshall won the Chicago “audience film festival award”.


title: Paula Wagner

text: Wagner is married to Rick Nicita, CEO of management and production company RP Media. They have two sons, Zachary and Jesse.


title: Forward caste

text: Forward caste is a term used casually in India to denote castes which are on average considered ahead of other castes economically and educationally. Forward castes account for about 30.8% of the population based on Schedule 10 of available data from the National Sample Survey Organisation 55th (1999–2000) and National Sample Survey Organisation 61st Rounds (2004–05) Round Survey.


title: Forward caste

text: Those groups that qualify for reservation benefits are listed as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Other backward class and Economically Weaker Section. They can avail defined quotas amongst other benefits for education, special government schemes, government employment and political representation. The lists of Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward class are compiled irrespective of religion. The lists are subject to change from time to time, dependent upon educational and economic factors due to which a number of so called forward castes have been classified as Other Backward Class.


title: Forward caste

text: , forward castes had to compete only in the open category, as they are considered socially, educationally, and economically advanced. At that time the reservation proportion stood at 50% in central-government educational institutions and central-government jobs. However, due to rigorous demand and the relative financial weakness of the people of the General category, the Government of India introduced another 10% as EWS quota for them which makes total reservation to around 60% . However, in certain states, such as Tamil Nadu, the reservation percentage is around 69%.


title: Forward caste

text: Before 2019, forward castes were only allowed to compete for seats in the unreserved category in educational institutions and central government jobs, regardless of their educational/economical status in society. A significant percentage of the forward caste lives below the poverty line, and more than 30% of the members of this community are illiterate. To meet their aspirations, demands have been raised for providing separate reservations for the poor among forward caste populations. Many political parties like BJP, Samajwadi Party, LJP, Rastriya Janata Dal, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Bahujan Samaj Party have supported proposals for providing a separate reservation for the poor among the forward castes. These parties account for over 400 of the 542 members in the current parliament, as well as holding power in most states in the union.


title: Forward caste

text: State and central governments have not released adequate data regarding representation of various communities in their services and admissions to educational institutions. Most of the private companies in India do not collect data regarding community of their employees.


title: Forward caste

text: During April 2006, India's Human Resource Minister announced that 27% seats will be reserved exclusively for candidates from Other Backward class in addition to existing 22.5% reservation for Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes.


title: Forward caste

text: The implementation of OBC reservation meant that 50% of seats are available in open competition. All communities can compete in open competition which means forward castes must secure between 72% and 78% of the 'open competition' seats in order to maintain their representation in keeping with their estimated population of 36-39%, whereas other communities will get major number of seats through exclusive reservations. This has resulted in protests from Forward caste community members and supporters from other communities under the banner of Youth For Equality and by All India Anti Reservation Front. They have pointed out the following as reasons for their protests:


title: Forward caste

text: Many states do not have 27% of Other Backward class population, as per national sample surveys. (This includes major Indian states like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Punjab, West Bengal). Some Indian states like Assam , Goa , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Uttarakhand , have more than 50% Forward castes population, which means the number of seats secured by Forward castes will not be equal to their population proportion even if they secure 100% seats in open competition in central government institutions of these states. Central government, however, excluded 27% reservations to Other Backward class to the areas with high tribal populations.


title: Forward caste

text: However, on 7 January 2019, the Union Council of Ministers approved 10% reservation for the forward castes in government jobs and educational institutions. This group is classified as the Economically Weaker Section (EWS). The cabinet decided that this would be over and above the existing 50% reservation for SC/ST/OBC categories.


title: Apologize (OneRepublic song)

text: "Apologize" (also spelled "Apologise" internationally) is a song written by Ryan Tedder, which first appeared on Timbaland's second studio album "Shock Value". It was then released as the third single from that album (fourth in Australia), along with the original recording by OneRepublic. It accordingly also served as the lead single for OneRepublic's debut album "Dreaming Out Loud", produced by Greg Wells. Timbaland's version omits the guitar solo after the second verse in the original, and includes an extra line of percussion, new backing vocals, and added sound samples, in addition to sound mixing and a few other minor changes. The song was the biggest radio airplay hit in the history of the Mainstream Top 40 chart in the United States, with 10,394 plays in one week, until its record was broken by Leona Lewis's "Bleeding Love", which was also co-written by Tedder. The song was a major hit internationally, reaching number one in 16 countries, including Australia, Austria, Canada, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, Turkey, and the Netherlands, as well as staying at number one for eight consecutive weeks on the "Billboard" Pop 100 chart. The song peaked at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100, staying in the top-10 for 25 weeks, and spent 13 weeks at number one in Canada.


title: Apologize (OneRepublic song)

text: "Apologize" earned the band a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and was ranked number 50 on the list of the "Billboard" Hot 100's All-Time Top Songs list from the chart's first 50 years. It spent 25 consecutive weeks in the top 10, the longest stay there for any song since "Smooth" by Santana featuring Rob Thomas, which spent 30 weeks in 1999. It was also ranked number 10 on "Billboard"'s Hot 100 Songs of the Decade.


title: Apologize (OneRepublic song)

text: An official video associated with the remix was filmed on September 19, 2007, and released in early October. The video premiered on VH1's Top 20 Countdown on October 27, 2007. The video was directed by Robert Hales and was shot in a recording studio showing OneRepublic performing the song. The video also includes scenes from a New Year's Eve countdown party, starring actor Brian A. Pollack. In a third version of the video, also directed by Robert Hales and associated with the remix, Timbaland is portrayed remixing the song himself. A European version of the video features clips of the film "Keinohrhasen", starring Til Schweiger. A Japanese version of the video was also made available for a short time. It features the same footage as the original but has more scenes from different camera angles. It also features footage of people falling and floating in the air in slow motion. The music video currently has 502 million views.


title: Apologize (OneRepublic song)

text: "Apologize" was OneRepublic's breakout hit. In the United States, "Apologize" peaked at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for four non-consecutive weeks, first blocked from the top spot for two weeks by Chris Brown's "Kiss Kiss" and then for two weeks by Alicia Keys' "No One". It spent 11 weeks at number three and 25 weeks inside the top 10 and peaked at number three for 10 weeks on the Hot 100 Airplay. It also topped the "Billboard" Pop 100 and became the third single from "Shock Value" to have topped the chart. It also became the album's first number-one single on the "Billboard" Adult Top 40. It is also the second consecutive single from "Shock Value" to reach number one on the US Mainstream Top 40 radio. It became only the tenth song to sell over 5 million by May 2011 in the US. As of February 2014, it had sold 5,819,000 copies. In late 2009, the song was ranked in tenth place on the Billboard Hot 100 Decade-End chart, making it the highest-ranking song and the only top-10 ranking song on there to not top the weekly Billboard Hot 100 chart.


title: Apologize (OneRepublic song)

text: In the UK, "Apologize" climbed to number 32 on the strength of digital downloads alone, and peaked at number three. The song spent 28 consecutive weeks in the top 40 and 13 weeks in the top 10. The song ended 2007 as the year's sixteenth biggest selling single in Britain. In Australia, the single debuted at number 10 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and peaked at number one. It stayed at the top for eight consecutive weeks, and was certified 4× Platinum by ARIA. The song reached number one on both the Canadian Hot 100 and New Zealand RIANZ Chart. It is the most downloaded single of all time in Australia and New Zealand. On "Billboard" official European Hot 100 Singles chart, the song debuted at number 16, making it the highest debut chart position of any new act in the history of the chart. It later entered the top 10. The song went gold in Russia with 100,000 copies sold.


title: Apologize (OneRepublic song)

text: In Germany, the song was downloaded 437,000 times, making it the third best-selling download single of all time behind Lady Gaga's "Poker Face" and Lena Meyer-Landrut's "Satellite".


title: Tanuj Virwani

text: Tanuj Virwani is an Indian actor and model active in the Bollywood industry. He is best known for his role of Vayu Raghavan in the 2017 Amazon Original television series "Inside Edge". He has also played integral roles in Alt Balaji's "Code M" opposite Jennifer Winget and ZEE5's most successful show "Poison". He has earlier started opposite Sunny Leone in the racy thriller "One Night Stand".


title: Tanuj Virwani

text: Along with being an actor he has shown a keen interest towards direction and writing and has made several socially relevant short films. He was recently seen in second season of popular web series Illegal of Voot Select.


title: Tanuj Virwani

text: He is the son of actress Rati Agnihotri. He started his Bollywood career with "Luv U Soniyo", a Hindi movie in 2013, directed by Joe Rajan. He next appeared in 2014 film "Purani Jeans" directed by Tanushri Chatterji Bassu opposite Izabelle Leite and Aditya Seal.


title: Tanuj Virwani

text: He next appeared in Jasmine Moses D'souza's "One Night Stand" opposite Sunny Leone, released in May 2016, then in the 2017 Amazon series "Inside Edge," followed by an appearance in celebrity reality TV show "Box Cricket League".


title: Tanuj Virwani

text: He ventured onto the digital medium with the Emmy nominated series Inside Edge in 2017. He then followed that up with the ZEE5 original Poison which turned out to be a massive hit. He also costarred on Alt Balaji's Code M opposite Jennifer Winget. He also played Don character in Disney+ Hotstar original The Tattoo murders opposite Meera Chopra. Tanuj also seen in Murder Meri Jaan opposite Barkha Singh its a comedy thriller web series on Disney+ Hotstar in 2021. In the same year, he was paired opposite Rashami Desai to play the negative role of Sahil Sharma in Nivedita Basu's crime thriller Tandoor.


title: Chicago River

text: The Chicago River is a system of rivers and canals with a combined length of that runs through the city of Chicago, including its center (the Chicago Loop). Though not especially long, the river is notable because it is one of the reasons for Chicago's geographic importance: the related Chicago Portage is a link between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River Basin, and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico.


title: Chicago River

text: The river is also noteworthy for its natural and human-engineered history. In 1887, the Illinois General Assembly decided to reverse the flow of the Chicago River through civil engineering by taking water from Lake Michigan and discharging it into the Mississippi River watershed, partly in response to concerns created by an extreme weather event in 1885 that threatened the city's water supply. In 1889, the Illinois General Assembly created the Chicago Sanitary District (now the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District) to replace the Illinois and Michigan Canal with the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, a much larger waterway, because the former had become inadequate to serve the city's increasing sewage and commercial navigation needs. Completed by 1900, the project reversed the flow of the main stem and South Branch of the Chicago River by using a series of canal locks and increasing the flow from Lake Michigan into the river, causing the river to empty into the new canal instead. In 1999, the system was named a "Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium" by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).


title: Chicago River

text: The river is represented on the Municipal Flag of Chicago by two horizontal blue stripes. Its three branches serve as the inspiration for the Municipal Device, a three-branched, Y-shaped symbol that is found on many buildings and other structures throughout Chicago.


title: Chicago River

text: When it followed its natural course, the North and South Branches of the Chicago River converged at Wolf Point to form the main stem, which jogged southward from the present course of the river to avoid a baymouth bar, entering Lake Michigan at about the level of present-day Madison Street. Today, the main stem of the Chicago River flows west from Lake Michigan to Wolf Point, where it converges with the North Branch to form the South Branch, which flows southwest and empties into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal.


title: Chicago River

text: Early settlers named the North Branch of the Chicago River the Guarie River, or Gary's River, after a trader who may have settled the west bank of the river a short distance north of Wolf Point, at what is now Fulton Street. The source of the North Branch is in the northern suburbs of Chicago where its three principal tributaries converge. The Skokie River—or East Fork—rises from a flat area, historically a wetland, near Park City, Illinois to the west of the city of Waukegan. It then flows southward, paralleling the edge of Lake Michigan, through wetlands, the Greenbelt Forest Preserve and a number of golf courses towards Highland Park, Illinois. South of Highland Park the river passes the Chicago Botanic Gardens and through an area of former marshlands known as the Skokie Lagoons. The Middle Fork arises near Rondout, Illinois and flows southwards through Lake Forest and Highland Park. These two tributaries merge at Watersmeet Woods west of Wilmette. From there the North Branch flows south towards Morton Grove. The West Fork rises near Mettawa and flows south through Lincolnshire, Bannockburn, Deerfield, and Northbrook, meeting the North Branch at Morton Grove. In recognition of the work of Ralph Frese in promoting canoeing on and conservation of Chicago-area rivers, the forest preserve district of Cook County, Illinois has designated a section of the East Fork and North Branch from Willow Road in Northfield to Dempster Street in Morton Grove the "Ralph Frese River Trail".


title: Chicago River

text: The North Branch continues southwards through Niles, entering the city of Chicago near the intersection of Milwaukee Avenue and Devon Avenue, from where it serves as the boundary of the Forest Glen community area with Norwood Park and Jefferson Park. This stretch of the river meanders in a south-easterly direction, passing through golf courses and forest preserves until it reaches Foster Avenue, where it passes through residential neighborhoods on the north side of the Albany Park community area. In River Park the river meets the North Shore Channel, a drainage canal built between 1907 and 1910 to increase the flow of the North Branch and help flush pollution into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. From the confluence with the North Shore Channel south to Belmont Avenue the North Branch flows through mostly residential neighborhoods in a man-made channel that was dug to straighten and deepen the river, helping it to carry the additional flow from the North Shore Channel.


title: Chicago River

text: South of Belmont the North Branch is lined with a mixture of residential developments, retail parks, and industry until it reaches the industrial area known as the Clybourn Corridor. Here it passes beneath the Cortland Street Drawbridge, which was the first 'Chicago-style' fixed-trunnion bascule bridge built in the United States, and is designated as an ASCE Civil Engineering Landmark and a Chicago Landmark.


title: Chicago River

text: At North Avenue, south of the North Avenue Bridge, the North Branch divides, the original course of the river makes a curve along the west side of Goose Island, whilst the North Branch Canal cuts off the bend, forming the island. The North Branch Canal—or Ogden's Canal—was completed in 1857, and was originally wide and deep allowing craft navigating the river to avoid the bend. The 1902 Cherry Avenue Bridge, just south of North Avenue, was constructed to carry the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway onto Goose Island. It is a rare example of an asymmetric bob-tail swing bridge and was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2007. From Goose Island the North Branch continues to flow south east to Wolf Point where it joins the main stem.


title: Chicago River

text: The source of the main stem of the Chicago River is Lake Michigan. Water enters the river through sluice gates at the Chicago River Controlling Works with a small additional flow provided for the passage of boats between the river and Lake Michigan through the Chicago Harbor Lock. The surface level of the river is maintained at below the Chicago City Datum ( above mean sea level) except for when there is excessive storm run-off into the river or when the level of the lake is more than 2 feet below the Chicago City Datum. Acoustic velocity meters at the Columbus Drive Bridge and the T. J. O'Brien lock on the Calumet River monitor the diversion of water from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River basin, which is limited to an average of per second per year over the 40-year period from 1980 to 2020.


title: Chicago River

text: The main stem flows west from the controlling works at Lake Michigan; passing beneath the Outer Drive, Columbus Drive, Michigan Avenue, Wabash Avenue, State Street, Dearborn Street, Clark Street, La Salle Street, Wells Street, and Franklin Street bridges "en route" to its confluence with the North Branch at Wolf Point. At McClurg Court it passes the Nicholas J Melas Centennial Fountain, which was built in 1989 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago; between May and October the fountain sends an arc of water over the river for ten minutes every hour. On the north bank of the river, near the Chicago Landmark Michigan Avenue Bridge, is Pioneer Court, which marks the site of the homestead of Jean Baptiste Point du Sable who is recognized as the founder of Chicago. On the south bank of the river is the site of Fort Dearborn, an army fort, first established in 1803. Notable buildings surrounding this area include the NBC Tower, the Tribune Tower, and the Wrigley Building. The river turns slightly to the south west between Michigan Avenue and State Street, passing the Trump International Hotel and Tower, 35 East Wacker, and 330 North Wabash. Turning west again the river passes Marina City, the Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building, and Merchandise Mart, and 333 Wacker Drive.


title: Chicago River

text: Since the early 2000s, the south shore of the main stem has been developed as the Chicago Riverwalk. It provides a linear, lushly landscaped park intended to offer a peaceful escape from the busy Loop and a tourist attraction. Different sections are named Market, Civic, Arcade, and Confluence. The plans reflect ideas first proposed by the Burnham Plan as early as 1909.


title: Chicago River

text: Before reversal, the South Branch generally arose with joining forks in the marshy area called Mud Lake to flow to where it met the North Branch at Wolf Point forming the main branch. Since reversal, the source of the South Branch of the Chicago River is the confluence of the North Branch and main stem at Wolf Point. From here the river flows south passing the Lake Street, Randolph Street, Washington Street, Madison Street, Monroe Street, Adams Street, Jackson Boulevard, Van Buren Street, Ida B. Wells Drive, and Harrison Street bridges before leaving the downtown Loop community area. Notable buildings that line this stretch of the river include the Boeing Company World Headquarters, the Civic Opera House, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Union Station and Willis Tower.


title: Chicago River

text: The river continues southwards past railroad yards and the St. Charles Air Line Bridge. Between Polk and 18th Streets the river originally made a meander to the east; between 1927 and 1929 the river was straightened and moved west at this point to make room for a railroad terminal. The river turns to the southwest at Ping Tom Memorial Park where it passes under the Chicago Landmark Canal Street railroad bridge. The river turns westward where it is crossed by the Dan Ryan Expressway; these immovable bridges have a clearance of requiring large ships that pass underneath to have folding masts.


title: Chicago River

text: At Ashland Avenue the river widens to form the U.S. Turning Basin, the west bank of which was the starting point of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Prior to 1983, this was where the US Coast Guard Rules of the Road, Great Lakes ended & Rules of the Road, Western Rivers began. Since 1983, there is just a single Inland Navigational Rules passed by Congressional Act in 1980 (Public Law 96-591). At the basin the river is joined by a tributary, the South Fork of the river, which is commonly given the nickname Bubbly Creek. A bridge used to span the South Fork at this point that was too low for boats to pass meaning that their cargo needed to be unloaded at the bridge, and the neighborhood at its east end became known as Bridgeport. The river continues to the south west, entering the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal at Damen Avenue. The original West Fork of the South Branch, which before 1935 led towards Mud Lake and the Chicago Portage, has been filled in; a triangular intrusion into the north bank at Damen Avenue marks the place where it diverged from the course of the canal. From there, the water flows down the canal through the southwest side of Chicago and southwestern suburbs and, in time, into the Des Plaines River between Crest Hill on the west and Lockport on the east, just north of the border between Crest Hill and Joliet, Illinois, eventually reaching the Gulf of Mexico.


title: Chicago River

text: The United States Geological Survey monitors water flow at a number of sites in the Chicago River system. Discharge from the North Branch is measured at Grand Avenue; between 2004 and 2010 this averaged per second. During the winter months as much as 75% of the flow in the North Branch is due to the discharge of treated sewage from the North Side Water Reclamation Plant into the North Shore Channel. Flow on the main stem is measured at Columbus Drive; between 2000 and 2006 this averaged per second.


title: Chicago River

text: The name Chicago derives from 17th century French rendering of a Native American term for ramps ("Allium tricoccum"), a type of edible wild leek, which grew abundantly near the river. The river, and its region, were named after this plant.


title: Chicago River

text: Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette, though probably not the first Europeans to visit the area, are the first recorded to have visited the Chicago River in 1673, when they wrote of their discovery of the geographically vital Chicago Portage. Marquette returned in 1674, camped a few days near the mouth of the river, then moved on to the Chicago River–Des Plaines River portage, where he stayed through the winter of 1674–75. The Fox Wars effectively closed the Chicago area to Europeans in the first part of the 18th century. The first non-native to re-settle in the area may have been a trader named Guillory, who might have had a trading post near Wolf Point on the Chicago River in around 1778. In 1823 a government expedition used the name Gary River (phonetic spelling of "Guillory") to refer to the north branch of the Chicago River.


title: Chicago River

text: Jean Baptiste Point du Sable is widely regarded as the first permanent resident of Chicago; he built a farm on the northern bank at the mouth of the river in the 1780s. The earliest known record of Pointe du Sable living in Chicago is the diary of Hugh Heward, who made a journey through Illinois in the spring of 1790. Antoine Ouilmette claimed to have arrived in Chicago shortly after this in July 1790.


title: Chicago River

text: In 1795, in a then minor part of the Treaty of Greenville, an Indian confederation granted treaty rights to the United States, to a parcel of land at the mouth of the "Chicago River". This was followed by the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis and Treaty of Chicago, which ceded additional land in the Chicago area. In 1803, Fort Dearborn was constructed on the bank opposite what had been Point du Sable's settlement, on the site of the present-day Michigan Avenue Bridge. Lieutenant James Strode Swearingen, who led the troops from Detroit to Chicago to establish the fort, described the river as being about wide and upwards of deep at the place where the fort was intended to be built; the riverbanks were high on the south side and on the north.


title: Chicago River

text: Between 1816 and 1828 soldiers from Fort Dearborn cut channels through the sandbar at the mouth of the river to allow yawls to bring supplies to the fort. These channels rapidly clogged with sand requiring a new one to be cut. On March 2, 1833 $25,000 was appropriated by Congress for harbor works, and work began in June of that year under the supervision of Major George Bender, the commandant at Fort Dearborn. In January 1834 James Allen took over the supervision of this work and, aided by a February storm that breached the sandbar, on July 12, 1834 the harbor works had progressed enough to allow a schooner, the "Illinois" to sail up the river to Wolf Point and dock at the wharf of Newberry & Dole. The initial entrance through the sandbar was wide and deep, flanked by piers long on the south wall and long to the north. Allen's work continued, and by October 1837 the still unfinished piers had been extended to respectively.


title: Chicago River

text: In 1848, the Illinois and Michigan canal linked the river to the Illinois River and the Mississippi Valley across the Chicago Portage. This canal was the farthest west, and the last, of a series of United States' government land grant canals. It provided the only water route from New York City to New Orleans through the country's interior and Chicago.


title: Chicago River

text: During the last ice age, the area that became Chicago was covered by Lake Chicago, which drained south into the Mississippi Valley. As the ice and water retreated, a short ridge was exposed about a mile inland, which generally separated the Great Lakes' watershed from the Mississippi Valley, except in times of heavy precipitation or when winter ice flows prevented drainage. By the time Europeans arrived, the Chicago River flowed sluggishly into Lake Michigan from Chicago's flat plain. As Chicago grew, this allowed sewage and other pollution into the clean-water source for the city, contributing to several public health problems, like typhoid fever. Starting in 1848, much of the Chicago River's flow was also diverted across the Chicago Portage into the Illinois and Michigan Canal. In 1871, the old canal was deepened in an attempt to completely reverse the river's flow but the reversal of the river only lasted one season.


title: Chicago River

text: Finally, in 1900, the Sanitary District of Chicago, then headed by William Boldenweck, completely reversed the flow of the main stem and South Branch of the river using a series of canal locks, increasing the river's flow from Lake Michigan and causing it to empty into the newly completed Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. In 1999, this system was named a "Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium" by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Before this time, the Chicago River was known by many local residents of Chicago as "the stinking river" because of the massive amounts of sewage and pollution that poured into the river from Chicago's booming industrial economy.


title: Chicago River

text: Through the 1980s, the river was quite dirty and often filled with garbage; however, during the 1990s, it underwent extensive cleaning as part of an effort at beautification by Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley.


title: Chicago River

text: In 2005, researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign created a three-dimensional, hydrodynamic simulation of the Chicago River, which suggested that density currents are the cause of an observed bi-directional wintertime flow in the river. At the surface, the river flows east to west, away from Lake Michigan, as expected. But deep below, near the riverbed, water seasonally travels west to east, toward the lake.


title: Chicago River

text: All outflows from the Great Lakes Basin are regulated by the joint U.S.-Canadian Great Lakes Commission, and the outflow through the Chicago River is set under a U.S. Supreme Court decision (1967, modified 1980 and 1997). The city of Chicago is allowed to remove of water from the Great Lakes system; about half of this, , is sent down the Chicago River, while the rest is used for drinking water. In late 2005, the Chicago-based Alliance for the Great Lakes proposed re-separating the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins to address such ecological concerns as the spread of invasive species.


title: Chicago River

text: In 1915, the SS "Eastland", an excursion boat docked at the Clark Street bridge, rolled over, killing 844 passengers. Many of the passengers were trapped by moving objects such as pianos and tables. The site is now the location of a memorial dedicated in 1989. The marker was stolen in 2000 and replaced in 2003. There are plans to build an outdoor exhibit at the site as well.


title: Chicago River

text: On April 13, 1992, a flood occurred when a pile driven into the riverbed caused stress fractures in the wall of a long-abandoned tunnel of the Chicago Tunnel Company near the Kinzie Street railroad bridge. Most of the network of underground freight railway, which encompasses much of downtown, was eventually flooded, along with the lower levels of buildings it once serviced and attached underground shops and pedestrian ways.


title: Chicago River

text: The first bridge across the Chicago River was constructed over the North Branch near the present day Kinzie Street in 1832. A second bridge, over the South Branch near Randolph Street, was added in 1833. The first moveable bridge was constructed across the main stem at Dearborn Street in 1834. Today, the Chicago River has 38 movable bridges spanning it, down from a peak of 52 bridges. These bridges are of several different types, including trunnion bascule, Scherzer rolling lift, swing bridges, and vertical-lift bridges.


title: Chicago River

text: The Chicago River has been highly affected by industrial and residential development with attendant changes to the quality of the water and riverbanks. Several species of freshwater fish are known to inhabit the river, including largemouth and smallmouth bass, rock bass, crappie, bluegill, catfish, and carp. The river also has a large population of crayfish. The South Fork of the Main (South) Branch, which was the primary sewer for the Union Stock Yards and the meat packing industry, was once so polluted that it became known as Bubbly Creek. Illinois has issued advisories regarding eating fish from the river due to PCB and mercury contamination, including a "do not eat" advisory for carp more than 12 inches long. There are concerns that silver carp and bighead carp, now invasive species in the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, may reach the Great Lakes through the Chicago River. Despite the pollution concerns, the Chicago River remains a very popular target for freshwater recreational fishing. In 2006, the Chicago Park District started the annual "Mayor Daley's Chicago River Fishing Festival", which has increased in popularity with each year. A program on the north channel next to Goose Island seeks to increase wildlife habitat through the use of floating plant islands. The program is managed by the non-profit conservation group Urban Rivers with assistance from the Shedd Aquarium. Between 2013 and 2016, the Chicago Park District opened four boat houses, two on the south branch and two on the north, for river recreation.


title: Chicago River

text: As part of a more than fifty-year-old Chicago tradition, the Chicago River is dyed green in observance of St. Patrick's Day. The actual event occurs on the Saturday on or before March 17.


title: Chicago River

text: The tradition of dyeing the river green arose by accident when plumbers used fluorescein dye to trace sources of illegal pollution discharges. The dyeing of the river is still sponsored by the local plumbers union. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) disallowed the use of fluorescein for this purpose, since it was shown to be harmful to the river. The parade committee switched to a mix involving forty pounds of powdered vegetable dye. Though the committee closely guards the exact formula, they insist that it has been tested and verified safe for the environment.


title: Chicago River

text: The environmental organization Friends of the Chicago River disapproves of dyeing the river, saying the practice "gives the impression that it is lifeless and artificial", adding "Friends doesn’t think that the river should be treated as a decoration for an annual holiday, but treasured and cared for as the wonderful natural and recreational resource it deserves to be".


title: Chicago River

text: In 2009 First Lady Michelle Obama, a Chicago native, inspired by the river tradition, requested that the White House fountains be dyed green to celebrate St. Patrick's Day.


title: Chicago River

text: For the Chicago Cubs rally and parade for their 2016 World Series Championship celebrations, the river was dyed Cubs blue. Friends of the Chicago River executive director Margaret Frisbie told the Chicago Sun-Times, "We do not want to set a precedent where, every time we want to celebrate, we dye the river a different color and potentially hurt the aquatic life that lives in it. While it may seem festive, it’s actually potentially harming a natural resource."


title: Chicago River

text: The southwest bridgehouse of the DuSable Bridge (Michigan Avenue) serves as a museum on the river, its history, its challenges, and its renaissance. The McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum is a 5-floor, 1,613-square-foot (149.9 m) museum that opened on June 10, 2006; it is named for Robert R. McCormick, formerly owner of the "Chicago Tribune" and president of the Chicago Sanitary District. The Robert R. McCormick Foundation was the major donor that helped meet the $950,000 cost to open the museum. It is run by the Friends of the Chicago River, a non-profit environmental organization. Visitors are also allowed to access the bridge's gear room; during the spring and fall bridge lifting visitors can see the bridge gears in operation as the leaves are raised and lowered. Due to its small size and tight access stairway only 79 people are allowed inside the museum at any one time. In October 2019, Chicago Tribune cultural arts writer Steve Johnson profiled the museum, calling its gear room where the DuSable Bridge mechanics can be viewed "a little chamber of heaven for infrastructure nerds".


title: Chicago River

text: The US Army Corps of Engineers have monitored the development of harbors and channels for navigation on the Great Lakes since the early 1800s. They began monitoring hydrological conditions and lake levels in 1918. A December 26, 2012 report revealed that Chicago District navigation infrastructure did receive significant impacts from Hurricane Sandy with some areas experiencing severe shoaling. Chicago Shoreline Project mitigated the damage of the storm event.


title: Chicago River

text: The same report noted that the low Great Lakes levels were drought-induced, caused by a very hot, dry summer and a lack of a solid snowpack in the winter of 2012. At the time of the report, December 2012, Lake Michigan-Huron was 28 inches below its long-term average which is near the record lows of 1964. Historic lake levels for Lake Michigan reported from 1918 to 1998 show that the low levels observed in 1964 were the lowest since 1918. In 2012 Lake Michigan-Huron's seasonal rise was about 4 inches where it usually is about 12 inches. Normally the Chicago River water level is two feet lower than the lake and therefore does not flow into the lake. If the lake level falls too low threatening to reverse the river flow, the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago would be forced to close locks between the lake and river for longer periods of time, limiting navigation. A reversal flow of the Chicago River into Lake Michigan would have a negative impact on navigation and on the quality of Lake Michigan water, which is the source of drinking water. Chicago's raw sewage in the river is normally carried upstream toward the Mississippi River which flows south towards the Gulf of Mexico. On January 9, 2013 Chicago meteorologists announced 320 days without at least one inch of snowfall. Water levels in the lake started to level off with the river and sewage was visible at the cusp of the locks, just a few hundred feet from Lake Michigan. David St. Pierre, executive director of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago warned the low lake levels were nearing a point of real concern. However, the District maintains that it is not possible for the river to reverse due to low lake level alone.


title: Chicago River

text: Measurements taken by the US Army Corps in January 2013 revealed that both Lake Michigan and Lake Huron had reached their "lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918, and the lakes could set additional records over the next few months, the corps said. The lakes were 74 centimetres (29 inches) below their long-term average and had declined 43 centimetres (17 inches) since January 2012".


title: Raf Simons

text: Beginning in furniture design, Simons launched his own menswear label in 1995. He was creative director at Jil Sander (2005–2012), Christian Dior (2012–2015), and Calvin Klein (2016–2018). As of 1 April 2020, he is the co-creative director of Prada, in partnership with Miuccia Prada.


title: Raf Simons

text: Raf Simons was born on 12 January 1968 in Neerpelt, Belgium, to Jacques Simons, an army night watchman, and Alda Beckers, a house cleaner.


title: Raf Simons

text: Simons graduated in Industrial Design and Furniture Design from LUCA School of Arts in Genk in 1991. During this time, Simons congregated at Antwerp cafe Witzli-Poetzli with the likes of Olivier Rizzo, Willy Vanderperre, David Vandewal and then-girlfriend Veronique Branquinho to discuss fashion, namely Helmut Lang and Martin Margiela.


title: Raf Simons

text: He began working as a furniture designer for various galleries, having previously interned at the design studio of Walter Van Beirendonck between 1991 and 1993.


title: Raf Simons

text: Van Beirendonck took him to Paris Fashion Week and that was when Simons first saw a fashion show—Martin Margiela’s all-white show in 1991—which inspired Simons to turn to fashion design.


title: Raf Simons

text: Encouraged by Linda Loppa, head of the fashion department at the Antwerp Royal Academy, Simons became a self-trained menswear designer and launched his "Raf Simons" label in 1995. His first collection was in Fall–Winter 1995, and featured two street models in a video presentation. From Fall–Winter 1995 to Spring–Summer 1997, Simons's collections were shown either in presentations or videos. Fall–Winter 1997 saw his first runway show in Paris, France, with a look of 'American college students and English schoolboys with a background of New Wave and Punk'. Simons's early aesthetic incorporated youth culture from divergent sources, such as the Spring–Summer 2000 collection taking inspiration from both MENSA students and the Gabba youth subculture (a predominantly Dutch and Belgian movement associated with hardcore techno music). Music has formed an integral part of Simons’s work, with references to musical figures such as the Manic Street Preachers's Richey Edwards and Joy Division’s Ian Curtis and his Fall–Winter 1998 collection ("Radioactivity") featuring looks modelled after members of German electro band Kraftwerk.


title: Raf Simons

text: In March 2000, Simons shut down his company to take a sabbatical after his Fall–Winter 2000 collection ("Confusion"). Following a new deal with Belgian manufacturer, Gysemans Clothing Industry, the company was started back up again for Fall–Winter 2001. During this time, Simons's international prominence grew with the collection for Spring–Summer 2002 ("Woe Onto Those Who Spit On The Fear Generation ...The Wind Will Blow It Back") becoming one of his most influential due to its 'layered, hooded, sinister image of the urban guerrilla'. The company was restructured in October 2004 with a distribution deal with Futurenet (Europe and USA) and Mitsui & Co. (Asia), followed by a license agreement with Futurepresent (joint-venture of Futurenet and Mitsui Italia). This deal came to an end with the Spring–Summer 2011 collection.


title: Raf Simons

text: The aesthetic of the "Raf Simons" brand has changed since 2005, as former Arena Homme Plus editor Jo-Ann Furniss asserts: "The key turning point was A/W 04-05 ("Waves"), when the obsessive youth culture codes of his past were turned into clothes that were purely about shape and form." In June 2005, "Raf by Raf Simons" was launched, which was sold at a lower price point. Simons also released the book "Raf Simons: Redux" about the first 10 years of his career. Alongside the publication, there was also an exhibition of Simons's work and an outdoor fashion show at the Pitti Immagine Uomo tradeshow in Florence, Italy for a retrospective of the designer's career at the age of 38.


title: Raf Simons

text: In 2008, two flagship "Raf Simons" stand-alone stores opened in Tokyo and Osaka, Japan, in collaboration with the artists Sterling Ruby and Roger Hiorns. The Autumn–Winter 2009 collection saw the first "Raf Simons" advertising campaign, photographed by Willy Vanderperre. In 2011, "Raf by Raf Simons" was replaced by "Raf Simons 1995", a diffusion line incorporating elements from Simons's early collections. "Raf Simons 1995" also includes homeware, namely blankets and cushions.


title: Raf Simons

text: On November 21st 2022, Raf Simons announced via its Social Media Channels that the SS23 collection would be the last collection from the label before he closes it down after the end of the season.


title: Raf Simons

text: Since 2008, Simons has created collections in collaboration with British brand Fred Perry. From Spring–Summer 2008 onwards, Simons has collaborated with Linda Farrow on a collection of sunglasses for the brand. Since Fall–Winter 2009, Simons has also collaborated with running shoe manufacturer Asics. For the Fall–Winter 2013 show, a new limited-edition footwear collaboration with Adidas was announced featuring five different designs.


title: Raf Simons

text: Simons has designed three collaborations with American bag manufacture Eastpak: Spring–Summer 2008, Fall–Winter 2008 and Spring–Summer 2009. The collaboration has continued for the Fall–Winter 2013 season.


title: Raf Simons

text: In 2009, Simons used denim bleached by artist Sterling Ruby to create a capsule collection of denim wear jeans and jackets. In 2014, Simons once again collaborated with Ruby, jointly designing a Fall–Winter 2014 collection, which was presented in place of Simon's eponymous line and carried the label 'Raf Simons/Sterling Ruby'.


title: Raf Simons

text: In 2014 Raf Simons began a collaboration with the Danish design and textile company Kvadrat that would translate into a collection of textiles and accessories. The Kvadrat/Raf Simons collection received great recognition in the media and is distinguished by the blending of colour and materials for which the designer is known in the fashion world. Raf Simons would later come to include the Kvadrat/Raf Simons textiles in his A/W 15 menswear collection.


title: Raf Simons

text: In 2016, Raf Simons collaborated with the Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation for his Spring–Summer 2017 collection. The collection debuted at Pitti Uomo in Florence, Italy.


title: Raf Simons

text: In June 2005, Simons was appointed as Creative Director for the Jil Sander label, by its owner the Prada Group (which was later acquired by Change Capital Partners and then GIBO Co. SpA, the Italian subsidiary of Japanese firm Onward Holdings Co. Ltd). This marked the first occasion when the designer had created women's clothing and accessories, whilst also designing the brand's male collections.


title: Raf Simons

text: During his tenure at "Jil Sander", Simons moved the brand's aesthetic from an austere minimalism and expanded its commercial appeal with the creation of a womenswear diffusion line, "Jil Sander Navy". In 2010, Simons's work was seen to take a more fanciful turn when he presented the first of three couture-inspired collections, all of which played with the shapes, colors, and proportions associated with haute couture, and were his most feminine to date.


title: Raf Simons

text: Rumors that Simons was a serious candidate to replace Yves Saint Laurent designer Stefano Pilati surfaced in the press several times—most recently in September 2011. Later, the press reported that Simons was interviewing for the creative director slot at Christian Dior, which had remained vacant since John Galliano was fired in March 2011. Simons's last collection for "Jil Sander" was Fall–Winter 2012, following his dismissal by Onward Holdings in favour of Jil Sander's return. The collection was well received.


title: Raf Simons

text: In April 2012, it was announced that Simons would replace John Galliano as creative director at the helm of Dior, ending a period of transition after Galliano's dismissal from the role. However, he did not design the menswear collections, as fellow Belgian designer Kris van Assche remained as Dior Homme creative director.


title: Raf Simons

text: Simons's first collection for Haute Couture Fall–Winter 2012 was well-received as the designer focused on the 1950s by playing with some of Christian Dior's famous silhouettes: the A line and the H line, and the Bar jacket.


title: Raf Simons

text: Simons said he aims “to bring some emotion back, to what I felt in the nineties, because I see a lot of amazing clothes, but I don’t see a lot of emotion now.”


title: Raf Simons

text: In 2014, Frédéric Tcheng wrote and directed a documentary, called "Dior and I", or "Dior et moi" in French, about Raf Simons "as he created his first couture collection for Dior". The documentary's world premiere was at the Tribeca Film Festival.


title: Raf Simons

text: On October 22, 2015, Simons resigned from his post as the Creative Director of Womenswear for Christian Dior following a three and a half year stint at the brand. In a statement, the designer stated "It is a decision based entirely and equally on my desire to focus on other interests in my life, including my own brand, and passions that drive me outside my work." The departure was reportedly amicable and no replacement was immediately named.


title: Raf Simons

text: On August 2, 2016, Calvin Klein, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of PVH Corp., announced Simon's appointment as chief creative officer of the brand.


title: Raf Simons

text: As CCO, Simons led the creative strategy of the Calvin Klein brand globally across the Calvin Klein Collection, Calvin Klein Platinum, Calvin Klein, Calvin Klein Jeans, Calvin Klein Underwear and Calvin Klein Home brands. He also oversaw all aspects of Design, Global Marketing and Communications, and Visual Creative Services. Following his arrival, Calvin Klein entered into an agreement with the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts on allowing Simons unprecedented access to the Warhol archive for three years.


title: Raf Simons

text: Simons' first collection debuted for the Fall 2017 season, on which the "New York Magazine" stated that "The Most Anticipated Fashion Show in Decades Turned Out to Be Brilliant".


title: Raf Simons

text: In December 2018, Calvin Klein and Simons announced they are ‘amicably parting ways’, after Calvin Klein "decided on a new brand direction different from Simons" creative vision.


title: Raf Simons

text: In 2020, Miuccia Prada and Patrizio Bertelli, the creative director and chief executive of the Prada Group, announced Simons's appointment as co-creative director of Prada. The first co-designed collection is to be unveiled for spring–summer 2021 during a fashion show in Milan in September.


title: Raf Simons

text: Since 2000, Simons has acted as a consultant for the Cigrang Freres art collection in Belgium. He also collects art personally, with his private collection including works by Evan Holloway, Mike Kelley, Sterling Ruby, Cindy Sherman and Brian Calvin. Between October 2000 and June 2005, Simons taught fashion at the University of Applied Arts Vienna, leaving due to his growing commitments to the Jil Sander brand.


title: Raf Simons

text: Simons has curated a number of exhibitions including: "Guided by Heroe"s in Hasselt, Belgium and "The Fourth Sex" in Florence, Italy. An accompanying publication to the former was released in 2003, which was edited by Simons and Francesco Bonami. In 2011, he also curated the three-day exhibition and event "The Avant/Garde Diaries: Transmission1" in collaboration with Mercedes Benz, featuring the work of Peter Saville, Konstantin Grcic, Peter de Potter and These New Puritans.


title: Raf Simons

text: The designer has collaborated with a number of artists in both his eponymous collections and for Jil Sander, including Franky Claeys ("Raf Simons" Spring–Summer 1998 "Black Palms") and Peter Saville ("Raf Simons" Fall–Winter 2003 "Closer"). His designs have also featured the work of Pablo Picasso ("Jil Sander" Spring–Summer 2012) and Brian Calvin ("Raf Simons" Fall–Winter 2012 "Run Fall Run").


title: Raf Simons

text: Long-term collaborators include photographer Willy Vanderperre, first assistant/general manager Robbie Sneders, stylist Olivier Rizzo and artist Peter de Potter. During June 1996, Simons participated at the "2001 (-3)" exhibition, curated by Terry Jones, during Biennale della Moda, Florence. The photography series and book "Isolated Heroes" was the result of the collaboration with British photographer David Sims in the summer of 1999, which featured models dressed in "Raf Simons" Spring–Summer 2000. "Isolated Heroes" was a travelling exhibition during 2000–01.


title: Raf Simons

text: In February 2001, Simons was a special guest editor of "i-D Magazine", no. 206, The Inspiration Issue, featuring a cover photographed by Willy Vanderperre and styled by Olivier Rizzo.


title: Raf Simons

text: In 2008, Kanye West interviewed Simons for "Interview", stating that he inspired his fourth studio album "808s & Heartbreak". In 2015, he would cite Simons as a primary influence for his first runway collection (known as Yeezy Season 1).


title: Raf Simons

text: Simons has been popular with various musicians such as blackbear, Rihanna, Kendrick Lamar, Travis Scott, Future, Raekwon, ASAP Rocky, Lil Uzi Vert, Big Sean, Drake, and Juice Wrld, who have either referenced him, worn his clothing, or openly admired his work. In 2017, the popular New York based rap group known as A$AP MOB released a song called "RAF", featuring Quavo, Playboi Carti, Lil Uzi Vert and Frank Ocean. The official music video was released on July 24.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Flavor of Love is an American reality television dating game show starring Flavor Flav of the rap group Public Enemy.


title: Flavor of Love

text: While not a direct spin-off, the show was a result of Brigitte Nielsen and Flavor Flav's failed relationship on "Strange Love", as well as "The Surreal Life". Those two series as well as Flavor of Love (Seasons 1-2 only) have aired in repeats on TV Guide Network.


title: Flavor of Love

text: On May 14, 2008, it was announced that "Flavor of Love 3" would be the final "Flavor of Love". After 3 seasons, Flavor Flav chose to not marry or date any of the winners from any of the three seasons. Instead, it was revealed that he would marry Liz, the mother of his seventh child, Karma, on the Season 3 reunion show.


title: Flavor of Love

text: The show was a ratings success for VH1. The "Flavor of Love 2" finale was the second highest-rated non-sports basic cable show of 2006.


title: Flavor of Love

text: The show was part of VH1's Celeb-reality lineup and its format is similar to that of "The Bachelor". Twenty different ladies compete for Flavor Flav's heart as they live together in a mansion in Encino, California. He is helped in his quest by his bodyguard and chauffeur named "Big Rick." He was also assisted by his mother, as well as his former romantic partner Brigitte Nielsen in the first season, and Tiffany Pollard in the second. The show also helped spin off a string of similar VH1 "Love" shows, including "I Love New York", "Rock of Love", and "Real Chance of Love". There were secondary spin-off shows featuring contestants on "Flavor of Love", such as "", and "I Love Money".


title: Flavor of Love

text: In the show, each contestant is given a nickname by Flav and is referred to by that nickname for as long as she remains in the competition, as Flav says he can remember nicknames more so than real names. Flavor of Love features a clock ceremony where contestants who are not eliminated receive gold clocks to wear around their necks with their picture and nickname behind the hands of the clock. When a contestant is eliminated, her real name is then revealed, followed by a champagne toast.


title: Flavor of Love

text: There are a few basic elements of the show's format that have been consistent through each season of production. Throughout the season the contestants compete for intimate dates with Flav by competing in various challenges. Also, Flav brings the few remaining women's parents on in the third or second to last episode. Finally, the season finale takes place in a tropical destination. The two finalists and Flav spend the last two days at a luxurious resort preceding his final decision.


title: Flavor of Love

text: The week following the finale an all-cast reunion is typically aired. The host, La La Vazquez, spends this time reviewing the most memorable moments and interviewing the contestants after they have seen the season. This is also when the viewer finds out if Flav is still with the woman he chose and what they have been up to since the season wrapped.


title: Flavor of Love

text: VH1 has also introduced an internet component into the show. Viewers can create profiles, interact with contestants and other fans, and stay current with news at flavorofloveworld.com. In season 3, fans even got to vote online to elect five of the contestants, though Flav sent four of them home in the premiere episode.


title: Flavor of Love

text: William Jonathan Drayton Jr. (Flavor Flav of the rap group Public Enemy) is the bachelor looking for love.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Nicole Deannae Alexander is the winner of the first season. After the show, she started acting and modeling. Hoopz and Flavor Flav broke up soon after the show ended. She has since gone on to compete in the VH1 series I Love Money, winning the grand prize of $250,000. She dated Shaquille O'Neal.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Chandra Davis is the winner of the second season. She has her own line of jeans called D-Cut, and participated in a 2009 national tour of the Vagina Monologues with an all-black cast, most of whom are also former reality show contestants. Davis also appeared on I Love Money 3 along with Buckeey.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Tresha is the winner of the third season. Tresha entered the competition with her sister Trisha (Thing 1, who was eliminated after the "Never-Wed Challenge"). Although Tresha eliminated in episode 12, she was brought back in episode 13, and subsequently won the competition. She was dumped on the reunion show when Flav decided to reunite with Liz, the mother of his son Karma.


title: Flavor of Love

text: The mother of Flav's youngest child, Karma. Flav said she was the right one the whole time and proposed to her on the reunion show of Season 3.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Big Rick is Flavor's assistant and bodyguard. He and Flav met in 2004 while in Las Vegas at the Hard Rock Hotel Casino while shooting for Flav's other show, Strange Love. Big Rick used to work at a detention facility in Florida.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Tiffany Pollard was the runner up of both the first and the second seasons. After the show, she appeared on her own reality dating show, "I Love New York", which aired for two seasons, as well as "New York Goes to Hollywood" and "New York Goes to Work".


title: Flavor of Love

text: Brooke Thompson finished in third-place on the first season. She gained notoriety after spitting on Tiffany Pollard shortly after her elimination. After the show, she received the Best Fight Award (with Pollard) at the Fox Reality Awards in 2006. She now has a clothing line called Pumkin Apparel, which includes a shirt that reads “Pumkin spit on me and I like it…”


title: Flavor of Love

text: She appeared on and I Love Money. She has also appeared on Judge Jeanine Pirro, the Family Feud as a member of the Gardiner family, and Playboy TV's "Foursome" in 2009.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Saaphyri Windsor was disqualified in the first episode of season two after fighting with another contestant. After the show, she appeared on , winning the competition. She currently has her own lip balm line called Lip Chap and her own brand of weave hair called Saaphyri's Ultimate Indian Hair. She placed fifth on VH1's I Love Money 2. It can also be noted that Windsor holds the record for being the only contestant in the series that did not receive a nickname.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Becky Johnston appeared on Flavor of Love 2. She threw her shoe at Tiffany Pollard during the "After the Lovin"' reunion, almost hitting New York. After the show, she appeared on and I Love Money 2.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Jennifer Toof appeared on Flavor of Love 2 where she was eliminated on the show's fourth episode after Flav discovered she had posed in a pornographic magazine. After the show, she appeared on and the first season of I Love Money.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Larissa Aurora appeared on Flavor of Love 2. After the show, she appeared on . Later on, during the show's reunion special, she got into an argument with Charm School's "headmistress"' actress Mo'Nique. In Flavor of Love season 2 she finished in fourth place.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Shay Johnson appeared on Flavor of Love 2. After the show, she appeared on . Then later was a contestant on the unaired 3rd season of I Love Money 3, along with Deelishis.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Schatar Taylor appeared on Flavor of Love, where she gained notoriety for trying to microwave a raw chicken. After the show, she appeared on .


title: Flavor of Love

text: Cristal Steverson appeared on Flavor of Love. After the show, she appeared on and worked as a temporary radio personality for Hot 107.9, where she interviewed Crunk&B trio, Taurus.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Leilene Ondrade appeared on Flavor of Love. After the show, she was the runner-up of and later appeared on I Love Money 2.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Heather Crawford appeared on Flavor of Love 2. After the show, she appeared on . In Flavor of Love season 2 she finished in third place.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Courtney Jackson appeared on Flavor of Love. After the show, she appeared on . In Flavor of Love season 1 she finished in fourth place.


title: Flavor of Love

text: Thela Brown appeared on Flavor of Love. After the show, she was the first contestant to get expelled on


title: Flavor of Love

text: Domenique Majors appeared on Flavor of Love 2. After the show, she appeared on the first season of I Love Money, where she was eliminated on the second episode, placing 16th.


title: Flavor of Love

text: After the second season of "Flavor of Love", VH1 first aired a spin-off series entitled "I Love New York", featuring the twice rejected Flavorette Tiffany "New York" Pollard. The first season premiered in January 2007, following a similar format to "The Bachelorette" and "Flavor of Love". After the first season concluded, a second season premiered in October of the same year.


title: Flavor of Love

text: The first season, "", premiered on April 15, 2007, featuring 13 contestants from the first two seasons of "Flavor of Love". The contestants strive to develop proper etiquette and to become strong women, with the ultimate prize of $50,000 and the title of "Charm School Queen". Season two, "", premiered on October 12, 2008, featuring contestants from "Rock of Love". Season three, "Charm School with Ricki Lake", premiered May 11, 2009, featuring contestants from "Real Chance of Love" and "Rock of Love Bus". Season two and three doubled the prize money to $100,000.


title: Flavor of Love

text: A number of contestants from "Flavor of Love", "Real Chance of Love", "Rock of Love" and "I Love New York" are brought together in a mansion in Huatulco, Mexico to compete in a co-ed battle of mental and physical challenges to win $250,000. The first season's winner was Nicole "Hoopz" Alexander. The second season's winner was Angela "Myammee" Pitts. The fourth winner was Mindy Hall. The canceled third season winner was Ryan Jenkins, but it has never aired.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: The Reichstag ("Diet of the Realm"), officially the Großdeutscher Reichstag ("Greater-German Reichstag") after 1938, was the parliament of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. In effect it essentially served as a rubber stamp parliament. Following the Nazi seizure of power and the enactment of the Enabling Act of 1933, it was meant only as a rubber stamp for the actions of Adolf Hitler's dictatorship — always by unanimous consent — and to listen to Hitler's speeches. In this purely ceremonial role, the Reichstag convened only 20 times, the last on 26 April 1942. The President of the Reichstag () throughout this period was Hermann Göring.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: During this period, the Reichstag was sometimes derisively referred to by the German public as the ""teuerste Gesangsverein Deutschlands"" (the most expensive singing club in Germany) due to frequent singing of the national anthem during sessions. To avoid holding scheduled elections during World War II, in 1943 Hitler extended the term of office of the current Reichstag (elected in late 1938 to serve in 1939–1943) to serve a special eight-year term to end on 30 January 1947.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: In 1920–1923 and from 1930 on, the Weimar Republic's democratically elected "Reichstag" could be circumvented by two legal instruments not provided (as such) by the constitution:


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: The former practice became more and more common after 1930. Due to the Reichstag's complex system of proportional representation, it was extremely difficult for a government to have a stable majority. Frequently, when a Chancellor was voted out of office, his successor could not be assured of a majority. As a result, Chancellors were forced to use Article 48 simply to conduct the ordinary business of government.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: Following the Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933, Hitler persuaded President Paul von Hindenburg to issue the Decree for the Protection of People and State, which suspended most of the civil rights enshrined in the constitution. When elections in March did not yield a Nazi majority, Hitler had to rely on his coalition partner, the German National People's Party (DNVP), to command a majority in the Reichstag.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: At the new Reichstag's first session, Hitler introduced the Enabling Act of 1933, which allowed the government to enact laws on its own authority for a four-year period. With certain exceptions (which were in practice disregarded), those laws could deviate from articles in the constitution. Though formally only the Government as a whole could enact laws, Hitler in effect exercised that right by himself.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: The Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all deputies from the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and detain several deputies from the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Several other SPD deputies saw the writing on the wall and fled into exile. Ultimately, the Enabling Act passed by a margin of 444–94, with only the SPD voting against it. However, the session took place in such an intimidating atmosphere that even if all 81 KPD deputies and 120 SPD deputies had been present, the Enabling Act would have still passed by more than the two-thirds majority required.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: Before the summer was out, all other parties had either been banned or intimidated into closing down (some were even intimidated into joining NSDAP), and the Nazi Party was the only legally permitted party in Germany for all intents and purposes, Germany had become a one-party state with the passage of the Enabling Act. With the formal ban of opposition parties in July, the provision of Article 48 that allowed the Reichstag to demand the cancellation of the emergency measures was effectively negated.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: In the parliamentary elections of 12 November 1933, voters were presented with a single list from the Nazi Party under far-from-secret conditions (see below). The list carried with 92.1 percent of the vote. As a measure of the great care Hitler took to give his dictatorship the appearance of legal sanction, the Enabling Act was subsequently renewed by the Reichstag in 1937 and 1941.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: The Reichstag only met 12 times between 1933 and 1939, and enacted only four laws—the Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich of 1934 (which turned Germany into a highly centralized state) and the three Nuremberg Laws of 1935. All passed unanimously. It would only meet eight more times after the start of the war. On January 30, 1939, in the aftermath of Kristallnacht and rising international tensions, Adolf Hitler made a speech proclaiming that a war would lead to the "annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe." On September 1, 1939, Hitler addressed the Reichstag announcing the invasion of Poland and the beginning of World War II.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: The original Reichstag building () was unusable after the Reichstag fire, so the Kroll Opera House was modified into a legislative chamber and served as the location of all parliamentary sessions during the Third Reich. It was chosen both for its convenient location facing the Reichstag building and for its seating capacity. The Kroll Opera House was devastated by Allied bombing on November 12, 1943 (coincidentally, the tenth anniversary of the first Nazi Reichstag's election). It was then essentially destroyed in the Battle of Berlin in 1945.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: The federal election in March 1933 was the last all-German election prior to World War II that was competitive. From then on, while elections were still held, voters were presented with a single list comprising Nazis and "guests" of the party. These "guests", however, fully supported Hitler in any event. Elections during this time were not secret; voters were often threatened with severe reprisals if they failed to vote or dared to vote no. Under the circumstances, the Nazi list carried with well over 90 percent of the vote each time.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: Until enactment of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, Jews, Poles and other ethnic minorities still held nominal citizenship rights. Not only were they allowed to vote, but in districts known to have large populations of minorities the Nazis often abstained from engaging in tactics used elsewhere to compel the electorate to vote in favour of the regime. In essence, the Nazis tacitly encouraged minorities to vote against them so that their propaganda could cite the relatively unfavourable results in districts known to have large minority populations as proof of disloyalty to the Reich. Following the enactment of the Nuremberg Laws, Jews and other ethnic minorities were excluded from the electoral process altogether and the number of negative and invalid votes recorded fell dramatically – from more than five million in the referendum held in 1934 to barely half a million in the vote held in 1936.


title: Reichstag (Nazi Germany)

text: Of the three elections held during this period, only the first was held independently. The other two were held alongside special referendums. The most famous of these was the plebiscite on the Anschluss with Austria in 1938. That vote officially recorded a 99.7% "yes". Following the Anschluss, the Reichstag became the "Großdeutsche Reichstag" (roughly translated the Greater German Imperial Diet).