title: Chris Masters

text: Christopher Todd Mordetzky (born January 8, 1983) is an American professional wrestler, currently signed to National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) under the ring name Chris Adonis as a member of Strictly Business. He is a former two-time National Champion in NWA. He is best known for his time in WWE, under the ring name Chris Masters. He is also known for his time in Impact Wrestling, under the ring name Chris Adonis and for his appearances for Qatar Pro Wrestling, where he is the current QPW Tag Team Champions with Carlito.


title: Chris Masters

text: After being trained in Ultimate Pro Wrestling, Mordetzky signed a development contract with WWE and was sent to WWE's farm territory Ohio Valley Wrestling. In 2005, he debuted in WWE as "The Masterpiece" Chris Masters, a wrestler in a great body shape, using "The Masterlock" as finisher, a full nelson hold. During his early career in WWE, Masters had a storyline around the Masterlock, a submission nobody could break. He would challenge several wrestlers to the Masterlock Challenge, where he rewarded the winner with a prize if they could break it. The Masterlock Challenge storyline ended after Bobby Lashley broke the hold on March 20, 2007. He was released in 2007 and worked on the independent circuit for two years, making his return to WWE in 2009. Masters would spend the next two years in WWE, until he was released again in 2011. Since then, he has worked on the independent circuit and had notable stints in Global Force Wrestling (GFW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).


title: Chris Masters

text: Christopher Todd Mordetzky was born on January 8, 1983 in Santa Monica, California to Diane Mordetzky.


title: Chris Masters

text: Mordetzky began training for a wrestling career at the age of 16 in Ultimate Pro Wrestling. He trained there for one year and suffered an injury, leaving him out of action for three months. During this time, Mordetzky learned that WWE was recruiting talent from UPW, and he took time off from wrestling for nearly three years to pursue a powerful physique that would interest World Wrestling Entertainment.


title: Chris Masters

text: His work paid off, as WWE offered him a developmental contract in 2003, training him at its developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). At OVW, he developed his wrestling skills and refined his character, achieving success in both the singles and tag team divisions. When Mordetzky was called up to the main roster, WWE showed vignettes outlining him as "The Masterpiece", touting him as having a body so perfect, it would appear he was sculpted out of stone. Mordetzky credits Matt Morgan for creating the "Masterpiece" gimmick, and said Vince McMahon encouraged him to emulate former wrestler Paul Orndorff.


title: Chris Masters

text: "The Masterpiece" Chris Masters made his debut in WWE on "Raw" as a villain, drawing attention to his physique in bodybuilding poses during his entrance to the ring. On the February 21, 2005 episode of "Raw", Masters made his debut by defeating Stevie Richards. During the contest, Masters broke Richards' nose performing the Polish Hammer. The Polish Hammer continued to be a signature move of Masters' for months after this first match, but with warning that it would only be used in striking an opponent's chest.


title: Chris Masters

text: Masters made a claim that his version of the full nelson hold, which he dubbed the Master Lock, was unbreakable. Masters began a series of contests he would call "Master Lock Challenges" where Masters would put an opponent in the Master Lock and the opponent would try to break free before Masters made him submit or pass out. Masters would go on to log more full nelson submission victories than any wrestler in WWE history, breaking the record previously held by Kurt Angle. Originally he would call out plants from the crowd, placing a $1,000 prize of his own money to be paid to anyone who could break free from the Master Lock. At Backlash, he defeated Melissa Coates in a Master Lock Challenge. He engaged in feuds with lower-card wrestlers, Val Venis and Sgt. Slaughter, who both failed to break the Master Lock. Using villainous tactics, he often attacked the wrestlers beforehand and frequently cheated (for example using a low-blow to escape Sgt. Slaughter's cobra clutch). Masters increased the offered reward each week up to $20,000 and sometimes threw in a bonus. After defeating the 400-pound Rosey on July 18, Masters defiantly stated "it doesn't matter how big they are!", prompting The Big Show to accept a Master Lock Challenge. In accordance with his villainous persona, Masters fled, refusing a match with the Big Show.


title: Chris Masters

text: In late August, Masters entered a feud with Shawn Michaels, leading to a tag match between himself and Carlito against Ric Flair and Michaels. During the match, Masters defeated Ric Flair by submission. Masters regularly teamed with Carlito, albeit in a rigid business relationship. Michaels competed in a Master Lock Challenge on September 5. Masters, upset at the vigorous resistance of Michaels, released the hold and beat him with a steel chair before re-applying the hold. The Master Lock Challenge, which had not decided a clear victor between the two, led to a match at Unforgiven which Michaels won.


title: Chris Masters

text: Masters, alongside fellow Raw wrestler, Edge, was one of several wrestlers to "invade" SmackDown! in preparation for the match between the SmackDown! and Raw brands at Survivor Series. The two ambushed Rey Mysterio, leading to a tag match at Taboo Tuesday against Mysterio and Matt Hardy. Edge chose not to participate, so Masters teamed with Edge's replacement, Gene Snitsky. Masters and Snitsky lost when Mysterio pinned Masters. At Survivor Series, Masters competed in a five-on-five Survivor Series match between SmackDown! and Raw wrestlers. During the match, there appeared to be a near-break in the Master Lock by Bobby Lashley, who "powered out" of the hold. As the hold was never completely locked in, however, the "Master Lock" had not been officially broken. Masters was eliminated by Rey Mysterio.


title: Chris Masters

text: Masters then set his sights on WWE Champion John Cena, attacking him after a match and forcing him to pass out with the Master Lock. This set up a Triple Threat Submission Match for the November 28 edition of "Raw" with Cena defending his title against Masters and Kurt Angle, with whom he had already been feuding. The idea was to put Cena at a major disadvantage and guarantee a new champion; Masters and Angle, who used the ankle lock as a submission finisher, both were submission experts while Cena did not employ a submission hold as part of his repertoire at the time. On that night, however, Cena emerged victorious by making Masters tap out to his new submission finisher, the STFU.


title: Chris Masters

text: Masters portrayed the role of a bailiff during the mock trial for then General Manager Eric Bischoff on the December 5 episode of "Raw", with WWE Chairman Vince McMahon as judge. Upon being called to the stand to testify for Bischoff's defense, he was asked to give his name, which he did saying his name was Chris Masters. He was immediately accused of perjury and disqualified as a witness, as McMahon broke kayfabe and stated that Masters' real name was Chris Mordetzky.


title: Chris Masters

text: On December 12, Chris Masters defeated Viscera on an episode of "Raw" to gain a spot in the Elimination Chamber match for John Cena's WWE Championship at New Year's Revolution. Viscera was shown to be too big to cinch on the Master Lock until being grounded. On the December 26 episode of "Raw", Masters faced Chavo Guerrero, in a Beat the Clock match to determine who would be the final entrant to be released from his pod in the Elimination Chamber. Masters had to defeat Guerrero in 5 minutes and 56 seconds, which was the time set by Michaels (when he defeated Snitsky in the opening match of the show). Guerrero managed to survive the Master Lock long enough so that Masters was unable to beat the clock. At New Year's Revolution (which also took place on Masters' 23rd birthday), Masters was eliminated from the Elimination Chamber match when Carlito double-crossed him by delivering a low blow while he had Cena in the Master Lock and then used a roll-up for the pin. On January 9, after some heated words with Carlito, both men had a tag match against two men who were also having difficulties, Kurt Angle and Shawn Michaels. During the match, Michaels walked backstage, leaving Angle to fend for himself. Masters saw the opportunity and applied the Master Lock to Angle, thus gaining the victory. On January 16, Masters challenged Cena to take part in a Master Lock Challenge. Cena accepted the challenge and displayed signs that


title: Chris Masters

text: he might in fact break out of the hold, until Edge attacked Cena with his title belt and ended the challenge.


title: Chris Masters

text: At the Royal Rumble, Masters again worked together with Carlito, but Carlito again double-crossed him and eliminated him from the match. On the February 6 episode of "Raw" both men were entered into a Road to WrestleMania Tournament, to determine the number one contender for a WWE Championship match at WrestleMania 22. In Masters' first round matchup, he would use the ropes for leverage in a victory against Kane to secure himself a place in the second round against the winner of a later match between Carlito and Rob Van Dam. Van Dam won that match. The next week on "Raw", Van Dam was able to beat Masters and advance to the tournament final. After this, Masters continued to feud with one half of the World Tag Team Champions, Big Show, while Masters' on and off teammate Carlito would feud with Kane. On the February 27 episode of "Raw", McMahon offered Shawn Michaels' former tag team partner Marty Jannetty a WWE contract in exchange for kissing his exposed buttocks in the middle of the wrestling ring. When Jannetty hesitated, McMahon changed the condition to winning a Master Lock Challenge, and summoned Masters to the ring. After applying the Master Lock, McMahon ordered Masters to force Jannetty's face against his buttocks. Masters failed to complete this instruction as Shawn Michaels interrupted and knocked out Masters. Michaels was then attacked by Shane McMahon, who forced him to kiss Mr. McMahon's buttocks instead. On the March 6 episode of "Raw", McMahon publicly thanked everyone who encouraged the previous week's events, and officially awarded Masters and Carlito a World Tag Team Championship match at WrestleMania 22. At WrestleMania 22, the pair, known as "The Masters of Cool", lost the match to Big Show and Kane. The pair argued amongst themselves after the match. Even though Carlito had repeatedly betrayed Masters over the previous months, it was Carlito who turned face. During the next "Raw", Masters began to feud with Carlito after Carlito attacked him from behind. This led to a match between the two men at Backlash which Carlito won.


title: Chris Masters

text: After this, Masters pursued the WWE Intercontinental Championship but would leave for several months to go to drug rehab due to an addiction of painkillers. Before leaving, Masters was on the May 22 episode of "Raw", losing a match to John Cena despite low blowing John Cena for two times in a row. He returned to the ring during an OVW television taping on August 6. He had lost much of his muscle mass, appearing much slimmer, although he still had some definition in his arms and abdomen. On the August 28 episode of "Raw", Masters made his return against Cena. Along with less muscle mass, he sported a goatee and mustache leading Jerry "The King" Lawler to refer to him as a "leaner and meaner" Chris Masters. This change of image was short-lived, however, as Masters shaved the goatee and regained some of his muscle mass. When Masters returned, he was put in lower-card matches including a short feud with Super Crazy, who had moved from "SmackDown!", with Masters coming out on the losing end of their matches. The pair would also compete in a losing effort, along with four other Superstars, in a Six-Pack Challenge for the Intercontinental Championship. Masters gained his first victory since his return against Jerry Lawler on the November 6 episode of "Raw" in a match where Eric Bischoff, General Manager for the night, forced Lawler to be first handcuffed to the top rope. Masters continued the feud with Lawler for a few weeks with Lawler also losing a Master Lock Challenge before defeating Masters.


title: Chris Masters

text: On the December 4 episode of "Raw", Jonathan Coachman set up a Master Lock Challenge against John Cena for the WWE Championship. Masters appearing to have the challenge won but he released the hold for a short time, allowing Cena to reverse the hold into his own Master Lock, forcing Masters to submit, retaining his title, and making Cena the first to win the Master Lock Challenge. At the start of 2007, Masters would restart his feud with Carlito, which led to several matches between the two. The first was a one-on-one contest at New Year's Revolution won by Masters. In a rematch the next night on "Raw", Carlito came out victorious. On the January 15 episode of "Raw", Ron Simmons, with interference from Super Crazy, almost "won" the Master Lock Challenge. An attempted Master Lock Challenge for The Great Khali on the February 26 episode of "Raw" did not occur when Masters was unable to apply the hold to Khali. The Master Lock was first officially broken on the March 19 episode of "Raw", by ECW World Champion Bobby Lashley. after Masters debuted it more than two years ago.


title: Chris Masters

text: In May and June, Masters challenged Santino Marella for the Intercontinental Championship, losing four times via roll-up. However, on the May 28 episode of "Raw", he defeated Marella in the Master Lock Challenge.


title: Chris Masters

text: On the June 11 episode of "Raw", Masters was drafted to the SmackDown! brand as part of the 2007 WWE draft. While on "SmackDown!" he was used sporadically including a few Master Lock Challenges. He had entered into a feud with Chuck Palumbo competing in several matches and an attempted Master Lock Challenge that did not begin as Masters fled the ring after Palumbo realized Masters was trying to trick him. Following this, Masters was suspended for 30 days for failing a drug test. Masters returned to "SmackDown!" on October 5, applying the Master Lock to Palumbo. Masters suffered a dislocated elbow during his last match, which would have sidelined him for four months. On November 2, 2007, it was reported that Masters had been suspended for 60 days for having violated WWE's Substance Abuse and Drug Policy a second time. Six days later, Mordetzky was released from his WWE contract on November 8, 2007.


title: Chris Masters

text: On December 20, 2007, Mordetzky made his first wrestling appearance since his departure from WWE, competing under the name Chris Moore for Antonio Inoki's Inoki Genome Federation at the event Genome2: Inoki Fighting Xmas in Tokyo, Japan, defeating Ryuji Yanagisawa. Mordetzky also appeared under his Chris Masters ring name and gimmick at Harley Race's World League Wrestling show on December 29, during a Lumberjack match between Branden Tatum and Dinn T. Moore. Tatum pinned Moore after Masters applied the Master Lock behind the referee's back. He soon won the WLW Heavyweight Championship, his first singles title, on February 9, 2008 from Keith Walker. He later lost the title to Derek McQuinn on May 25. In May 2008, news reports revealed that Mordetzky had signed a one-year contract with Nu-Wrestling Evolution.


title: Chris Masters

text: Mordetzky wrestled on the independent circuit in Australia and New Zealand appearing for New Zealand Wide Pro Wrestling on April 23, 2009 in Lower Hutt. He defeated Adam Avalanche and Rufguts in a Triple Threat match at the show Power Play 6.


title: Chris Masters

text: Masters also competed in Europe for American Wrestling Rampage, in the UK for Varsity Pro Wrestling and Puerto Rico for the World Wrestling Council.


title: Chris Masters

text: Mordetzky returned to the World Wrestling Entertainment on July 27, 2009, reprising his character as "The Masterpiece" Chris Masters. He entered the ring with both an abridged Titantron and entrance theme, displaying his signature poses as he walked down the ring. He also used this titantron in 2007. Mordetzky did not take the mic and little commentary was made on his absence. He faced Montel Vontavious Porter in a match that resulted in a double-countout after he applied the Master Lock submission to MVP outside the ring. A mini feud continued between the two as Porter was able to score a pinfall victory over Masters the following week to end the feud.


title: Chris Masters

text: In November 2009, Mordetzky began a face turn, entertaining fans with a Tony Holland-style pec dance. On the November 2 episode of "Raw", Mordetzky entered the "Raw's Got Talent" show hosted by guest host Ozzy Osbourne, Sharon Osbourne, and The Great Khali, where he performed a "special performance art piece"; he flexed his pecs to the beat of Ozzy's song "Crazy Train", earning a positive crowd reaction. Masters later recalled that he was not a fan of the "pec dancing" gimmick, but made the best of it for the company. On the December 7 episode of "Raw", Masters cemented his face turn by saving Eve Torres and Hornswoggle from Chavo Guerrero after applying the Master Lock. After that, Masters and Torres began an on-screen relationship.


title: Chris Masters

text: Masters mostly engaged in lower-card feuds throughout 2010 and 2011. Some wrestling observers have speculated that his character was being reduced to a comedic role because WWE hoped to avoid negative publicity tied to his past Talent and Wellness Violations. Following WrestleMania XXVI, Masters was not active on-screen for over 30 days.


title: Chris Masters

text: Masters was drafted back to the "SmackDown" brand on April 26 during the Supplemental Draft. In his first match on the brand, he defeated Chavo Guerrero. Masters found himself lossless in singles matches from May to September, winning eleven singles matches during that period, where all the matches took place on "Superstars". Masters was announced as one of the men to compete in the Traditional Survivor Series Elimination Tag Team match as part of Team Mysterio, teaming with Rey Mysterio, Big Show, Kofi Kingston and Montel Vontavious Porter to take on Team Del Rio (Alberto Del Rio, Tyler Reks, Jack Swagger, Drew McIntyre and "Dashing" Cody Rhodes). On the November 19 episode of "SmackDown", Masters lost to Swagger in a Survivor Series Showdown match. Later that same night, he competed in a 10-Man Survivor Series Showdown Battle Royal where he eliminated Rhodes, though later on in the match he was eliminated, the Battle Royal was won by Mysterio and Big Show (as it was a team vs team battle royal). At the Survivor Series pay-per-view, Masters was eliminated by Del Rio, but his team still went on to win. In late 2010, Masters mentored Byron Saxton on NXT. In February and March 2011, Masters would feud with Tyler Reks on "Superstars", and Masters won all four matches they had with each other. A push and possible gimmick change was rumored, but never materialized.


title: Chris Masters

text: On April 26, 2011 Masters was drafted back to the Raw brand as part of the 2011 supplemental draft but never wrestled on Raw in his four months as a Raw wrestler. His last appearance on WWE programming was against Jack Swagger on August 4, 2011 episode of "Superstars" in a losing effort. On August 5, 2011, Mordetzky was released from his contract by WWE. His release (as well as the releases of Vladimir Kozlov and David Hart Smith) was referenced in a worked shoot moment on the August 8 episode of "Raw" by WWE Champion CM Punk.


title: Chris Masters

text: In December 2011, Mordetzky joined the Ring Ka King promotion, a branch of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling for India under the name American Adonis. There he defeated Roscoe Jackson, but was defeated by Indian wrestler Mahabali Veera. In December 2011, Mordetzky was also revealed to be involved in the Wrestling Retribution Project under the ring name "Concrete". Mordetzky appeared on the World Wrestling Fan Xperience (WWFX) Champions Showcase Tour in Manila, Philippines on February 4, 2012, where he wrestled under the name Chris Master. There he was defeated against fellow WWE alumni MVP. In April 2012, Mordetzky participated in the Revolution event for (IPW:UK) in London. Other wrestlers at the event were WWE Tough Enough Season 5 contestant Matt Cross and WWE alumni and friend Carlito.


title: Chris Masters

text: In June 2012, Mordetzky was defeated by Robbie E in a dark match for Impact Wrestling. Mordetzky has also been involved in many other wrestling events since his release from WWE such as Southside Wrestling (UK) beating El Ligero, Dutch Pro Wrestling (DPW), Fire Star Pro Wrestling, Big Time Wrestling (BTW), World Star Wrestling (WSW), Vendetta Pro Wrestling and Tommy Dreamer's House Of Hardcore (HOH). October 26, 2012, Masters was defeated by Matt Hardy in the Big Time Wrestling 16th Anniversary Show. On October 27, 2012, Masters defeated Rik Luxury, Sean Casey and then-Champion Chavo Guerrero Jr. in a Four-Way Elimination match for the Vendetta Pro Wrestling Heavyweight Championship.


title: Chris Masters

text: On December 9, 2012, Masters made his Preston City Wrestling (PCW) debut losing to Kris Travis at PCW Festive Fury 2012. On March 1, 2014, Masters won the Road to Glory Tournament, earning the right to a match for the PCW Heavyweight Championship. On August 1, 2014, Masters defeated Joey Hayes to become PCW Heavyweight Champion at Preston City Wrestling's third anniversary show with Lionheart as the special referee.


title: Chris Masters

text: On April 20, 2013, Masters unsuccessfully challenged Rob Conway for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. On January 24, 2014, Masters won the Real Canadian Wrestling (RCW) Canadian Heavyweight Championship. Masters lost the title the next day. On March 29, 2014, at International Wrestling Federation's Breaking Ground, Masters was defeated by Chris Hero. On June 26 Masters defeated Ken Kerbis & Kronus in a triple threat match for the AWO Championship at the All Wrestling Organization annual show Wrestlefest in Tira, Israel. On 1 November 2014, Masters faced 'The One' Simon Lancaster at the RDW 10th Anniversary Show, the match ended in a draw when the RDW champion, Spyda, attacked both men. Masters then went on to aid Lancaster in a match against Spyda, winning Lancaster the championship. On May 6, 2015, Global Force Wrestling (GFW) announced Mordetzky as part of their roster. He made his debut for the promotion on June 12, defeating Dustin Starr.


title: Chris Masters

text: On November 29, 2014, Masters lost the PCW Heavyweight Championship in a three-way elimination match to Uhaa Nation during a PCW/ROH Supershow of Honor event the match also included Dave Mastiff. On March 14, 2015, Masters defeated Uhaa Nation in a loser leaves PCW no disqualification match to regain the PCW Heavyweight Championship at PCW Road To Glory 2015. On July 11, 2015, Masters lost the PCW Heavyweight Championship to Dave Mastiff at the PCW Tribute To The Troops 2 event.


title: Chris Masters

text: In 2015, Mordetzky initially made his Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) debut on the July 27, 2015 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where he competed in a King of the Mountain match for the vacant TNA King of the Mountain Championship. Robbie E, Eric Young, Lashley and the winner of the match, P. J. Black were the other participants. On the following "Impact Wrestling" the Global Force stable cut a promo in the ring challenging TNA. Mordetzky took the microphone and demanded a TNA opponent, revealed to be Bobby Lashley. The match ended in a no contest after the Global Force stable interrupted the match. On the September 9th episode of "Impact Wrestling", Mordetzky defeated Drew Galloway in a Lumberjack match. On the September 16 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Team GFW (Mordetzky, Brian Myers, Jeff Jarrett, Eric Young and Sonjay Dutt) lost to Team TNA (Drew Galloway, Lashley, Eddie Edwards, Bram and Davey Richards) in a Lethal Lockdown match.


title: Chris Masters

text: On the April 6 episode of "Impact", Mordetzky returned to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling under the ring name Chris Adonis. In his debut he competed in an eight-man tag team match by teaming with Matt Morgan, Magnus and Alberto El Patron against Lashley, Bram, L. A. Knight and Tyrus in a winning effort. On the April 20 episode of "Impact", Adonis attacked Moose from behind, establishing himself as a heel in the process. During the following weeks, Adonis formed an alliance with Eli Drake against Moose. On the June 8 episode of "Impact", Adonis lost a GFW Global Title Match to Alberto El Patron. At Slammiversary XV, Adonis and Drake were defeated by Moose and DeAngelo Williams.


title: Chris Masters

text: Afterwards, he frequently helped Drake to retain his Impact Global Championship. On the July 27 episode of "Impact", Adonis, Eli Drake and Ethan Carter III defeated Eddie Edwards, Naomichi Marufuji and Moose in a six-man tag team match. On August 24, on "Impact", Adonis competed in the Gauntlet for the Gold match for the GFW Global Championship, which Drake won. Adonis and Drake then transitioned into a storyline with Johnny Impact, facing him in tag team and singles matches. On January 13, 2018, Mordetzky officially confirmed on his Twitter account that he had officially parted ways with Impact Wrestling. According to Mordetzsky, he left the promotion due to the low salary and the fact that the company did not have any plans for him besides being a manager for Eli Drake.


title: Chris Masters

text: On March 12, National Wrestling Alliance announced on their social media, that Mordetzky would make his NWA debut at NWA Back For The Attack. Adonis defeated Trevor Murdoch on the March 30 episode of NWA Power, in a no disqualification match, to win the NWA National Championship. After this, Adonis turned heel when he aligned with Thom Latimer and NWA World Heavyweight Champion Nick Aldis, as the new member of Strictly Business. On May 25, 2021, Adonis vacated the NWA National Championship to participate in the battle royal to receive an NWA World Heavyweight Championship match at NWA When Our Shadows Fall; the match was won by Trevor Murdoch. Adonis would defeat JTG in the tournament final to win the National Championship. He would lose the title against Anthony Mayweather on February 11, 2022.


title: Chris Masters

text: Mordetzky is of Polish and Jewish ancestry. He has stated that The Ultimate Warrior and Shawn Michaels were two of his favorite wrestlers while growing up. When asked what it was like wrestling Michaels, Mordetzky replied, "It was a dream come true. That's something I'll take with me to my grave. He was my childhood idol, I idolize the guy, and I still trip out that I got to wrestle him on a pay-per-view. How many people get to do that? How many people get to wrestle their idol?"


title: Chris Masters

text: Mordetzky claims that the biggest misconception that most people have about him is that he's just a bodybuilder.


title: Chris Masters

text: John Cena went on record to say that Chris Masters is the strongest competitor he has faced in his career. Though Masters never defeated Cena in the ring, Masters defeated Cena in an arm-wrestling match. Masters put Cena out in the Master Lock hold on three separate non-match occasions. Masters is one of only two competitors (the other being Rusev) to bring John Cena to unconsciousness once, let alone three times as he did.


title: Chris Masters

text: Mordetzky is good friends with WWE wrestlers Randy Orton, Bobby Lashley and Shelton Benjamin, along with WWE alumni John Morrison, Carlito, Chavo Guerrero Jr., and Rob Van Dam. Mordetzky has appeared on both Van Dam's radio show "RVD-Radio" and internet-based reality television show "RVD-TV". The Wrestling Observer reported that Vince McMahon only re-hired Masters in 2009 at the recommendation of Randy Orton.


title: Chris Masters

text: A tweet posted to his Twitter profile in March 2013 stated that Mordetzky saved his mother's life from a criminal who had committed arson at her home. It was reported that he had pulled a tree from the ground with his bare hands and used it to open a path to his mother's windows, freeing her.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Chung-Ang University (CAU; ) is a private research university in Seoul, South Korea. It is widely regarded as one of the best universities in South Korea. The university operates two campuses: main campus located in Dongjak District, Seoul, and an additional campus in Anseong, Gyeonggi Province. CAU consists of 16 undergraduate colleges and 16 graduate schools.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Starting as a church-run kindergarten in 1916, CAU transformed into a school for female kindergarten teachers in 1922 and was granted university status in 1953. The university held its centennial in 2018. It has 33,600 undergraduates, 5,200 graduates, 700 professors and 500 more part-time teaching staff.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Established in 1918, CAU has endured through the painful course of Korea's modern history, upholding its ideal of "Truth and Justice".


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The symbol of Central University is Blue Dragon. The blue dragon statue represents the dragon to the universe toward the outer world by ascending and ascending the earth with the dragon blessed. Blue Dragon, a symbol of divine, majestic and prosperous, represents the sacredness, authority and freedom of the university and means the eternal prosperity of Chung Ang University. In addition, each part of the Blue Dragon Prize is a source of greatness, exploration of truth, class polishing, school development and prosperity of space exploration.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Chung-Ang University began with the establishment of Chung-Ang Kindergarten as an annex to the Chung-Ang Methodist Church located in Insa-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul, in April 1918.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In 1922, the Japanese enacted legislation against kindergartens to restrict expansion, however, other kindergartens including Susong, Kyungsung and Taewha, and kindergartens in Gaesung and Pyongyang were founded by 1924.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The social conventions in the 1920s made it difficult to recruit female students but a Teacher Training Program was established and kindergarten teachers were educated, which can be seen as a development in the modern history of teaching in Korea. Undeterred by the hostile conditions, graduates were posted to kindergartens in cities including Hamhung, Hweryung, Busan, Masan, Jeonju, Anak, Cheonan, Sariwon, and Milyang. Thus, the Chung-Ang Kindergarten Teacher Training Program took on the role of a Professional Educational Institution.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: By 1922, the Chung-Ang Teacher Training Program, in partnership with the Community Education Movement of various Japanese-Resistance organizations, was promoted to a Kindergarten Teacher Training School. Although its legal status was registered as a miscellaneous school, its standing in social perception was considered equivalent to that of a professional school with a 3-year degree course.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The reformed Chung-Ang Teacher Training School continued to face obstacles in management. With ten students, the school was forced to relocate to a private residence in 1932 due to financial and personal circumstances of the management.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In 1933, Louise Yim ("Im Young-Shin") took over the helm and was appointed as the principal at the age of 34. She was a graduate of Kijeon School for Women, and was previously imprisoned for 6 months for leading the Samil Independence Movement at Jeonju. She later graduated from Kwangdoo High School in Japan and was further awarded her M.A in the United States. She infamously sent pictures of the Japanese massacring Koreans during the Gwandong earthquake to Dr. Syngman Rhee, who was operating the Korean Independence Movement in the US.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: After nine years in U.S., she returned to Korea in January 1932 and was determined to devote herself to the nation, which was still under Japanese rule. As she toured the country for her first role as the director of the YWCA, she realized that she needed to start with education to save the people.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Her savings of 30,000 dollars earned from farming, truck driving, and vegetable wholesale operation in U.S. was used to purchase a site at Heukseok-dong on which to build a school and took leadership of Chung-Ang Teacher Training School. Through Yim, Chung-Ang began to envisage its development as the cradle of national education.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Despite its relocation to Heukseok-dong, Chung-Ang Teacher Training School lacked facilities. So Yim rented Pearson Bible School to hold classes. However, there was a limit to Yim's personal finances and with the Japanese prohibiting contributions, the development of the School continued to face financial difficulties.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Believing that the only solution was to raise funds from U.S., Dr. Yim worked to promote donations in the U.S. As a result, she was able to return home having established the Pfeiffer Foundation in U.S. to financially support Chung-Ang Teacher Training School.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: With this, the first stone building was erected on the grounds of Heukseok-dong in April 1937, to become Young-Shin Hall upon its completion in May 1938, which forms the heart of Chung-Ang today.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Students subsequently founded Chosun Kindergarten Education Society, and took charge of the social education plan through concerts, plays and literary activities.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In 1937, the Japanese waged war against China, and in 1941 attacked Pearl Harbor, signalling the start of the Pacific War with the U.S. declaring war against Japan. Chung-Ang Teacher Training School was heavily targeted in view of the fact that Yim was educated in U.S. and a devout Christian.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The Communications Unit of the Japanese Army attempted to take possession of the school, but their efforts were blocked by the strong resistance of Yim. By the end of WW2, under pressure from the Japanese forces, the school was no longer able to admit new students, and the school was closed in 1944.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: As Japan was defeated and Korea liberated, Dr. Yim reopened the doors to Chung-Ang Teacher Training School on 28 September 1945, and established the school motto, "Live in Truth, Live for Justice".


title: Chung-Ang University

text: On 1 October of the same year, Chung-Ang Teacher Training School was re-organised under the name of Chung-Ang Professional School for Women and followed by the Admissions Ceremony. The Foundation, Chung-Ang Culture Institute, was established in November 1946, and its legal registration was completed by the following year.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In April 1947, the school was again reorganised into Chung-Ang College for Women, and then to Chung-Ang College in May 1948, establishing itself as a co-educational institution.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Whilst Dr. Yim served as a national diplomat in the United Nations, obtaining their endorsement to build a new Korea, she also continued her efforts in developing the school and was appointed dean and chairman of the board.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Although the college celebrated its first conferment of a bachelor's degree in May 1950, it was again indefinitely closed due to the outbreak of the June 25 Korean War. Students were re-admitted subsequent to the September 28 reclaim of the Country, but soon the school had to flee to Busan and set up a temporary office there in the event of January 4 Retreat of Korea's allied forces.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Upon Dr. Yim's return to the country in April 1951 after completing her diplomatic duties in U.S., the school started to give lectures in Song-do, Busan. Later, it installed branch campuses and lectures in Iri and Seoul.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Chung-Ang College continued to provide education during the war times. As a result, the second, third and fourth bachelor's degree Conferment were held during the war years in Busan, in 1951, 1952 and 1953.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The school continued to provide education during the evacuation to Busan and was recognised as a comprehensive university in February 1953. Thus, with nine departments under four component faculties including the College of Liberal Arts & Science, College of Law, College of Business, and College of Pharmacy, and a Graduate School, Dr. Yim was appointed as chancellor of the university.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The teaching faculty returned from Busan to its original site in Heukseok-dong, Seoul, in August, following the declaration of ceasefire in the Korean War in July of the same year. However, lectures had to be taught in temporary buildings as the site was still occupied by the U.S. Army. The site was eventually recovered after one semester in April 1954, and the area reorganised for the development of the university.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The university continued to expand to the scale of 19 departments under four faculties, and a population of 2,850, between 1955 and 1959.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: To accommodate the increase in departments and students, a four-storey building, Pfeiffer Hall, was constructed across approximately 2,500 pyeong (1 pyeong =3.1m) in 1956, and Chung-Ang Library constructed across approximately 3,800 pyeong in 1959.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Concurrently, International Culture Research Institute was established to enhance research activities.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Partnerships were forged with Young-Shin Junior High School, Young-Shin Girls' Junior High School, Nakyang Junior High School, Nakyang Technical High School.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: 1960 saw the 4.19 Revolution, where the CAU students educated under the motto of "Truth and Justice" protested against the March 1960 Rigged Elections. Furthermore, despite the many challenges faced with the control policy affecting student-intake for the alleged qualitative improvement of universities, which was introduced in the wake of the 5.16 Military Coup in 1961, CAU was able to appoint Dr. Sung-Hee Yim as its second chancellor on 2 October 1961. Later Yim was re-appointed as the third chancellor, she was able to continue ensuring the internal stability of the university.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In January 1965, the College of Liberal Arts & Science was segregated into the College of Liberal Arts, College of Science & Engineering and College of Education, whilst the College of Law, College of Business, and College of Pharmacy were combined to form six colleges. Furthermore, the partnered Middle School and High School were renamed in affiliation with the College of Education, and an affiliate Elementary School was newly established under the Foundation, allowing the delivery of a coherent educational philosophy from kindergarten to graduate school.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In February 1967, the Graduate School of Social Development was established to train specialists and promote industrial links. In 1968, the university was again reorganised into the eight component faculties, including College of Liberal Art, College of Science & Engineering, College of Education, College of Law, College of Political Science & Economics, College of Business Administration, College of Agriculture, and College of Pharmacy, for the systemization of education impacting the affiliate organisations.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The College of Medicine was installed in December 1971, and Sung Shim Hospital, based in Jung-gu, Seoul, was incorporated as an affiliate hospital.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: July 1961 saw the construction of Jin Sun Hall across approximately 1,400 pyeong, and the University Theatre across 1,920 pyeong. In October of the same year, the Social Development Hall was constructed across 1,600 pyeong. The Archives were reorganised to mark the 50th anniversary in 1968. The Blue Dragon Monument was erected to safe-guard artefacts and documents for the next 100 years, and Seungdang Hall built. Bobst Hall, covering 3,200 pyeong, was built the following year, December 1969. The Sung Shim Hospital of 1,395 pyeong was affiliated.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: By this time, the founder of CAU, Yim was over 70 years old and finding the workload physically gruelling. Thus, she charged Dr. Chull Soon Yim to succeed her as the fourth chancellor of CAU.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The College of Liberal Arts and College of Science & Engineering were restructured into the College of Liberal Arts & Science and College of Engineering in 1972. In the field of art, CAU merged with Seorabol Art College, which was operated by the Seorabol Art Institute, in June 1972, and further reorganised the establishment under the College of Arts in 1974. Two affiliate schools were constructed in 1978, and the Graduate School of International Management and Graduate School of Education installed in January 1979.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Jin Sun Hall was extended in October 1972 for construction of 3,100 pyeong of Seorabol Hall, and 2,400 pyeong devoted to the construction of Natural Hall as part of the College of Medicine in 1974. The Students' Union Building was constructed in December 1976 over 2,000 pyeong, and in June 1978, a new annex provided over 1,450 pyeong for the affiliate Sung Shim Hospital, based in Pil-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In March 1980, lecture halls, dormitories and a Students' Union were built across 2,417 pyeong, 1,706 pyeong, and 597 pyeong of land respectively in Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, to create the Anseong Campus.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Following the end of his term as chancellor, Dr. Chull Soon Yim was succeeded by the professor of philosophy, Dr. Suk-Hee Lee, as the fifth chancellor in May 1980.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The Graduate School of Journalism was established in November 1980 to train professional journalists, and Heukseok-dong equipped with education facilities accordingly. In December, a 0.9-acre annex was built for the affiliate hospital to improve the education environment for the College of Medicine.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In October 1981, faculties in Anseong were reorganised under the College of Foreign Languages, College of Social Science, and College of Home Economics. Seoul and Anseong sites were listed as the university's primary and secondary campus, respectively. The Department of Music was segregated from the College of Arts and newly established as the College of Music in October 1981. The College of Agriculture was reorganised as the College of Industrial Science. The Graduate School of Construction Engineering was added to the roster of faculties in September 1983. After the establishment of the College of Construction Engineering in the secondary campus in Ansung in October 1984, the secondary campus had seven colleges.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In November 1982, the Professor Research Center was built over 636 pyeong, and 626 pyeong was spared for the College of Agriculture experiment area. In December, the building for the College of Arts was built over 4,874 pyeong. Continuing the investments, 1,192 pyeong for the Music College lecture area, 714 pyeong for the assembly area, and 423 pyeong for the swimming pool was established in August 1983. In September, the Gymnasium was finished over 655 pyeong. In December 1984, the 1,145 pyeong building was erected for the College of Music; finally, 5,068 pyeong was given for the third faculty residence. By the end, the campus had a modern look.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Dr. Byoung Jip Moon succeeded to Dr. Suk Hee Lee as the sixth president in March 1985. Moon began to reorganize the management operating system. The Office of Career Planning was established. The management of the Chung-Ang Cultural Institute and the Medical Center were modified. The departments of French Language & Literature and Japanese Language & Literature were reinstalled, and the Department of Industrial Information created. The construction of a Central Library in the second campus was promoted.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: As his first assignment upon election, he oversaw the evaluation of the Korean Council for University Education, marketing of capital, BK21, establishment of the Professional Graduate School of Law, and other national enterprises.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Restructuring of the Education Science Technology Faculty, which had been the greatest pending issue, was so successful it was nominated a leading university and awarded grant maintenance (KRW 9,100,000,000) comparable to that of major competitor universities, in spite of its 1-year probationary period.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Following the restructuring of the undergraduate programmes, recruiting of new admissions, registration of current students, financial situation and overall management records of the three professional schools and 11 specialised schools, were analysed to identify the areas for improvement and enhance teaching quality. Thus, 32 out of 42 staff from the professional schools and specialized schools were reassigned to the general graduate school, and 10 positions reduced. The members reassigned to the general graduate school have been resourced to serve as the primary models in forming the Research Priority Group (Staff), for the construction of a research-centred regime.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: DRAGON 2018 (2001–2004), which was the development plan devised under the 11th university president to carry the university towards the university target vision by the Centenary Anniversary, was re-branded as CAU2018+ (2005–2008). CAU2018+ lists the valuation index for various industries and the source of expected revenue in detail. To accomplish the goals, CAU2018+ was implemented in two stages.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: For the first four years of Dr. Bum Hoon Park's term in office, resources were heavily invested in education/research equipment. Thus, the nation's largest Law Hall was constructed in February 2007, and a master plan drawn up for the construction of the Pharmacy and Natural Science R&D Centers around the Main Entrance in Campus 1, and an Engineering R&D Center by the Gymnasium,


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In 2008, the Media Practice Section was established in the Law Hall and 400 additional wards were added in the affiliate hospital. Accordingly, the Chung-Ang Site Construction Plan, included in the CAU2018+ Development Plan was set in motion.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In November 2007, authorisation was obtained from Hannam-si, for developing a tertiary, Hannam Campus. Camp Colbern, which was previously a US Army installation of 86,000 pyeong will be renovated for the purpose. A team will be banded per subject field to oversee the management.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: 244 full-time teaching staff were recruited between 2005 and 2009, and in the first semester of 2009, 25 full-time and part-time staff were recruited.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: KRW 40 billion of development funds, KRW 166.3 billion of external research grant, and KRW 17.3 billion in government aid allocated as a government-funded enterprise have been secured over the 4 years since Dr. Bum Hoon Park's inauguration into office. The sum of KRW 223.6 billion is the largest amount secured financially in the history of the university.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In May 2008, a global corporation, Doosan Group, was incorporated as an educational institution, and Yong-Sung Park was elected as the ninth chairman of the board.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The appointment of Chairman Park, who negotiated the industry-shift of Doosan Group from consumer goods to heavy industry, symbolises the rebirth of the university. Within 80 days of taking office, a meeting was held with the teaching staff on 27 August 2008, where the CAU2018+ Mid-Term Development Plans were announced along with the new strategy direction of "Choice and Concentrate, Strengthening of Executive Ability, Establishment of Virtuous Cycle Structure".


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The Degree Management System has been strengthened to encourage students to study diligently, as in order to graduate, students have been made to attain a minimum level in compulsory subjects such as English and Accounting.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In order to the support this type of research, education and practice more effectively, an R&D Center for the College of Pharmacy and new Dormitories for students were constructed, the Central Library renovated, and the hospital extended to fit 300 additional wards.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Research projects are also being supported by the Special Committee for Strengthening the Research Marketability.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Such changes have already resulted in the designation of six new companies in the second stages of the BK21 enterprise, and a budget of KRW 6 billion being allocated to the leading research team, thus implementing the "choice and concentrate" strategy.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The direct election system for presidency was abolished, and replaced by the appointment system. Consequently, the 12th president, Dr. Bum Hee Park, was re-appointed into office as the consecutive 13th president.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The largest project being persevered by Dr. Bum Hee Park and the corporation, is the establishment of Hannam Campus. In 2007, a memorandum of understanding was exchanged with Hannam, and thus preparation for the creation of Hannam Campus are currently underway.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: As of February 2009, Chung-Ang University, as a comprehensive institution, has produced one general graduate school, five professional graduate schools, 11 specialised graduate schools, 18 modularised colleges in the campuses across Seoul and Anseong, and issued a total of 147,196 Bachelor's degrees, 29,940 Master's degrees, and 4,275 Doctorates.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: In March 2014 Chung-Ang University began accepting video game players into their Department of Sport Science.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The existing faculty-based system has been replaced by a functional vice president system in 2014 and each college is operated by the dean of each college. As of 2014, there are 12 colleges and 49 departments.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The postgraduate programmes in Chung-Ang University are categorised into General Graduate School, Professional Schools and Specialised Graduate Schools.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The international student population in Chung-Ang University reaches approximately 2,000. Approximately 200 exchange students are admitted into Chung-Ang University per year.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The admissions ratio at Chung-Ang University is 7.45% based on 2014 statistics. (73,021 applicants for 5,443 places)


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Chung-Ang University (CAU) ranked third in the category of social sciences and fifth in education among Korean universities in the 2020 Times Higher Education (THE) University Rankings.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: According to the 2019 Korea University Rankings by JoongAng Ilbo, CAU ranked first in the fields of film, drama and theatre studies.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Main Administration Building: The university headquarters can be seen upon passing the Middle Entrance. This white building is where the offices of the President, Student Affairs, General Affairs and Public Relations Department can be found.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Emancipation Square, in the center of the university, is sheltered by Seorabol Hall, the Central Library and the Student Union Hall. The area is enjoyed by students seeking relaxation, and also during festivities.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The Blue Dragon Monument and Blue Dragon Pond, near the Middle Entrance, were installed in 1968 to commemorate the university's 50th anniversary. The Blue Dragon Monument depicts the moment of ascension from its embrace of the Earth, with the blessing of seven miniature dragons, and is symbolic of the prosperity of Chung-Ang University.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Student Union Hall & Student Cultural Hall. The Student Union Hall is inhabited by student societies and eateries, including the cafeteria, "Seulkimaru", and CAU Burger, stationery shops, travel agents and women's restrooms amongst others. The Student Cultural Hall is home to the student newspaper, UBS Broadcasting Network, and Chung-Ang Culture.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Young-Shin Hall, situated by the Main Entrance, was completed in May 1938. During the oppressive time in Korean history when Japanese colonialists prohibited the collecting of financial aid, donations had to be amassed from the U.S. As a result, the Pfeiffer Foundation was born.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: College Buildings include the College of Law (Law Building), Seorabol Hall, Bobst Hall, Pfeiffer Hall, College of Natural Science (Natural Science Building), College of Medicine (Medical Building), College of Pharmacy (Pharmacy Building), and the Institute of Performing Arts.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The College of Law Building, constructed in 2007, is shared by the School of Business Administration, College of Education and the College of Law. Facilities include student cafeterias and staff cafeterias, computer rooms, the Law Library, assembly hall and postgraduate rooms.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Blue Mir Hall was constructed in August 2010. It can accommodate 955 students and has been equipped with restaurants, convenience stores, sports facilities and cafes.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Seorabol Hall is an eight-story building across from the College of Law, home to the College of Liberal Arts and College of Education.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Bobst Hall: As the first of two Engineering Buildings, the space is mainly used by Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Chemical Engineering students. The building is behind the Student Cultural Hall and is furnished with labs and research space.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Engineering Building 2 supplements the first Engineering Building. The space is mainly used by students of Computer Science and Engineering and Architectural Engineering, working in the computer labs and design labs.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Natural Science Building is constructed of distinctive red bricks and is inhabited by the Department of Physics, Chemistry, Life Science and Math Statistics.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Medical Building is spread over two sites near the Student Union Hall and the Central Library consisting of Medical Building 1 and Medical Building 2.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Pfeiffer Hall and R&D Center: The College of Pharmacy is in Pfeiffer Hall, which boasts an array of laboratories.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Art Center building, also known as the Media & Performance Theatre, is stage to the School of Mass Communication and School of Drama and Film Studies. University functions and performances are held in its halls.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Gymnasium is located by the back entrance together with the Professor Research Center. The grounds are host to the Career Fair each term.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: The Anseong Campus is located in Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do. The secondary campus was established in 1979, subsequent to the recognition of Chung-Ang as a university in 1948.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: College of Arts Precinct consists of four buildings, including the Modelling Hall, Theatre, Crafts Hall, and Sculpture Hall. The College of Arts is an art institute that teaches ten genres from literature, sculpture and performance to visual and design. The lectures are open to students in Creative Writing, Korean Painting, Western Painting, Arts & Crafts, Photography, Dance, Sculpture, and Industrial Design,


title: Chung-Ang University

text: School of Music Precinct has three buildings in the School of Music Precinct: Music Building 1, Music Building 2, and a third named Young-Shin Music Hall. The School of Music is mainly frequented by students of Composition, Voice, Piano and Orchestral Instruments.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Lakeside Theatre is a stage erected at the side of a lake, serving as an open-air arena for Summer performances. The surrounding garden is equipped with trees and benches.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: College of Biotechnology & Natural Resources Precinct has five buildings in the Biotechnology & Natural Resources Precinct: Circular building(Won hyung gwan), Biotechnology building 1, Biotechnology building 2, Biotechnology building 3 and a Living Modified Organisms Laboratory. The College of Biotechnology & Natural Resources is an important institution that leads biotechnology and research to Chung-ang University.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Chung-Ang University Healthcare System provides healthcare to the residents in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, running two hospitals, each located in Seoul and Gwangmyeong.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: Founded in 1968 as the first domestic association of medical school professors, Chung-Ang University Hospital established its foundation for a new takeoff by moving from Pil-dong to Heukseok-dong in 2004. In 2011, Yongsan Hospital finished its 27-year-old history and relocated to merge with the Chung-Ang University Hospital. CAUHS opened its fourth hospital, Chung-Ang University Gwangmyeong Hospital in March 2022.


title: Chung-Ang University

text: CAU 2018 builds on the accomplishments of Dragon 2018, and outlines the improved development plans for Chung-Ang University as achievable short-term targets, with the ultimate aim to be listed within 100 of internationally renowned universities by 2018, commemorating Chung-Ang University's Centennial Year. The implementation will be segmented into the Chung-Ang Person Cultivation Plan, Chung-Ang Team Formation Plan and the Chung-Ang Site Construction Plan, for education, research and environment respectively.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Feral pigeons (Columba livia domestica or Columba livia forma urbana), also called city doves, city pigeons, or street pigeons, are descendants of domestic pigeons ("Columba livia domestica") that have returned to the wild. The domestic pigeon was originally bred from the wild rock dove, which naturally inhabits sea-cliffs and mountains. Rock, domestic, and feral pigeons are all the same species and will readily interbreed. Feral pigeons find the ledges of buildings to be a substitute for sea cliffs, have become adapted to urban life, and are abundant in towns and cities throughout much of the world.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Owing to their abilities to create large amounts of excrement and be an occasional disease vector to humans combined with crop and property damage, pigeons are largely considered a nuisance and an invasive species, often being disparagingly referred to as 'rats with wings'. Actions are taken in many municipalities to lower their numbers or completely eradicate them.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Feral pigeons are essentially the same size and shape as the original wild rock dove, but often display far greater variation in colour and pattern than their wild ancestors. The blue-barred pattern which the original wild rock dove displays is generally less common in more urban areas. Urban pigeons tend to have darker plumage than those in more rural areas.


title: Feral pigeon

text: In the U.K., pigeons are covered under the "General Licences" and can be humanely culled by the land owner or their agent for a variety of reasons (mainly crop protection). It is illegal to kill/destroy nests for any reason other than those listed under the general licences.


title: Feral pigeon

text: In the U.S., the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which protects native birds, does not apply to feral pigeons, common starlings or house sparrows, because they are introduced species. It is usually legal to kill feral pigeons in the United States; methods such as poisons may be regulated, however.


title: Feral pigeon

text: In India, pigeons are protected under Section 428 and Section 429 of the Indian Penal Code. Wild pigeons are further protected under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Many city squares have large pigeon populations, such as Washington Square Park in New York City, George Square in Glasgow, the Piazza San Marco in Venice, Dam Square in Amsterdam, The Gateway of India and Kabutarkhana in Mumbai and (prior to 2000) Trafalgar Square in London.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Feral pigeons often only have small populations within cities relative to the number of humans. For example, the breeding population of feral pigeons in Sheffield, England in summer 2005 was estimated at 12,130 individuals (95% confidence interval 7757–18,970), in a city with a human population of about 500,000. Despite this, feral pigeons usually reach their highest densities in the central portions of cities, so they are frequently encountered by people, which may lead to conflict.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Feral pigeons are widely considered pests, and are famous for being reservoirs and vectors of multiple human and livestock diseases. However, It is rare that a pigeon will transmit a disease to humans due to their immune system. Although feral pigeons pose sporadic health risks to humans, the risk is very low, even for humans involved in occupations that bring them into close contact with nesting sites.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Pigeons often cause significant pollution with their droppings, though there is little evidence of them driving out other bird species. Pigeons are labeled an invasive species in North America by the USDA.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Peregrine falcons, which are also originally cliff dwellers, have also adapted to the skyscrapers of large cities and often feed exclusively on rock doves. Some cities actively encourage this through falcon breeding programs. Projects include the Unibase Falcon Project and the Victorian Peregrine Project.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Other predators of the pigeon have been recorded, including Eurasian sparrowhawks, crows and gulls. In London, the population of Great white pelicans at St. James's Park have also been recorded killing and consuming pigeons despite alternative food sources being available. In cities in Western Europe, European herring gulls may occasionally hunt and consume feral pigeons in addition to other birds and small mammals.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Larger birds of prey occasionally take advantage of this population as well. In New York City, the abundance of feral pigeons (and other small animals) has created such a conducive environment for predators that the red-tailed hawk has begun to return in very small numbers, including the notable Pale Male.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Due to their non-selective nature, most avian poisons have been banned. In the United States market, only 4-aminopyridine (Avitrol) and DRC-1339 remain registered by EPA. DRC-1339 is limited to USDA use only, while 4-AP is a restricted-use pesticide, for use only by licensed applicators.


title: Feral pigeon

text: The use of poisons has been proven to be fairly ineffective, however, as pigeons can breed very quickly, and their numbers are determined by how much food is available; that is, they breed more often when more food is provided to them. When pigeons are poisoned, surviving birds do not leave the area. On the contrary, they are left with more food per bird than before. This attracts pigeons from outside areas as well as encouraging more breeding, and populations are re-established quickly. An additional problem with poisoning is that it also kills pigeon predators. Due to this, in cities with peregrine falcon programs it is typically illegal to poison pigeons.


title: Feral pigeon

text: A more effective tactic to reduce the number of feral pigeons is deprivation. Cities around the world have discovered that not feeding their local birds results in a steady population decrease in only a few years. As scavengers, pigeons will still pick at garbage bags containing discarded food or at leftovers carelessly dropped on the ground, but securely disposing of foodstuffs will greatly reduce scavenger populations. Feeding of pigeons is banned in parts of Venice, Italy.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Long-term reduction of feral pigeon populations can be achieved by restricting food supply, which in turn involves legislation and litter (garbage) control. Some cities have deliberately established favorable nesting places for pigeons—nesting places that can easily be reached by city workers who regularly remove eggs, thereby limiting their reproductive success. In addition, pigeon populations may be reduced by bird control systems that successfully reduce nesting sites.


title: Feral pigeon

text: In 1998, in response to conservation groups and the public interest, the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC), a USDA/APHIS laboratory in Fort Collins, Colorado, started work on nicarbazin, a promising compound for avian contraception. Originally developed for use in resident Canada geese, nicarbazin was introduced for use as a contraceptive for feral pigeons in 2007.


title: Feral pigeon

text: The active ingredient, nicarbazin, interferes with the viability of eggs by binding the ZP-3 sperm receptor site in the egg. This unique contraceptive action is non-hormonal and fully reversible.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Registered by the EPA as a pesticide (EPA Reg. No. 80224-1), "OvoControl P", brand of nicarbazin, is increasingly used in urban areas and industrial sites to control pigeon populations. Declared safe and humane, the new technology is environmentally benign and does not represent a secondary toxicity hazard to raptors or scavengers.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Avian contraception has the support of a range of animal welfare groups including the Humane Society of the United States, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Avian contraceptives are also perceived by civilians as an acceptable method for population control, over other methods such as prohibition to feeding or extermination.


title: Feral pigeon

text: When eggs are removed in artificial pigeon houses, the interval between reproductive attempts is strongly reduced, which reduces the efficiency of the method. Dummy egg nesting programs have therefore been tested in some cities with mixed results. There, the eggs are removed and replaced with dummy eggs. The real eggs are then destroyed. One such structure, in Batman Park in Melbourne, Australia, was unsuccessful in attracting pigeons and has since been removed. The loft used in Melbourne was on stilts, with a cage door allowing access from beneath for accessing the structure at night when the pigeons are asleep.


title: Feral pigeon

text: Estimating the population size of pigeons is necessary for monitoring and control programs of pigeons in parks and other urban areas. The methods used for estimating populations sizes are:


title: Chief minister (India)

text: In India, a chief minister is the elected head of government of each state out of the 28 states and sometimes a union territory (UT; currently, only the UTs of Delhi and Puducherry have serving chief ministers). According to the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's head, but "de facto" executive authority rests with the chief minister.


title: Chief minister (India)

text: Following elections to the State legislative assembly or Vidhan Sabha in a state, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints and swears in the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Based on the Westminster system, given that they retain the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term can last for the length of the assembly's life, a maximum of five years. There are no limits to the number of terms that the chief minister can serve. A chief minister heads a state government's council of ministers and can be deputised in that role by a deputy chief minister. The chief minister generally selects the chief secretary and can also allot departments to the cabinet ministers of their state and ministers of state. They also direct the chief secretary to transfer, suspend, or promote officers of their state.


title: Chief minister (India)

text: The Constitution of India sets the principle qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of chief minister. A chief minister must be:


title: Chief minister (India)

text: An individual who is not a member of the legislature can be considered the chief minister provided they get themselves elected to the State Legislature within six months from the date of their appointment. Failing which, they would cease to be the chief minister.


title: Chief minister (India)

text: The chief minister is elected through a majority in the state legislative assembly. This is procedurally established by the vote of confidence in the legislative assembly, as suggested by the governor of the state who is the appointing authority. They are elected for five years. The chief minister shall hold office during the pleasure of the governor.


title: Chief minister (India)

text: Since, according to the constitution, the chief minister is appointed by the governor, the swearing in is done before the governor of the state.


title: Chief minister (India)

text: In the event of a chief minister's resignation, which conventionally occurs after a general election or during a phase of assembly majority transition, the outgoing chief minister holds the informal title of "caretaker" chief minister until the governor either appoints a new chief minister or dissolves the assembly. Since the post is not constitutionally defined, the caretaker chief minister enjoys all the powers a regular chief minister, but cannot to make any major policy decisions or cabinet changes during his or her short tenure as caretaker.


title: Chief minister (India)

text: By Article 164 of the constitution of India, remuneration of the chief minister as well as other ministers are to be decided by the respective state legislatures. Until the legislature of the state decides salary, it shall be as specified in the second schedule.


title: Chief minister (India)

text: The salaries thus vary from state to state. As of 2019, the highest salary is drawn by chief ministers of Telangana, which is and lowest by the chief ministers of Tripura which is legally.


title: Chief minister (India)

text: Various states throughout the history have appointed deputy chief ministers. Despite being not mentioned in the constitution or law, the deputy-chief minister office is often used to pacify factions within the party or coalition. It is similar to the rarely used deputy-prime minister post in the central government of India. During the absence of the chief minister, the deputy-chief minister may chair cabinet meetings and lead the assembly majority. Various deputy chief ministers have also taken the oath of secrecy in line with the one that chief minister takes. This oath has also sparked controversies.


title: Grendel's mother

text: Grendel's mother () is one of three antagonists in the anonymous Old English poem "Beowulf" (c. 700-1000 AD), the other two being Grendel and the dragon. Each antagonist reflects different negative aspects of both the hero Beowulf and the heroic society that the poem is set in. Grendel's mother is introduced in lines 1258b to 1259a as: "Grendles modor/ides, aglæcwif".


title: Grendel's mother

text: Grendel's mother, who is never given a name in the text, is the subject of an ongoing controversy among medieval scholars. This controversy is due to the ambiguity of a few words in Old English which appear in the original "Beowulf" manuscript. While there is agreement over the word "modor" (mother), the phrase "ides, aglæcwif" is the subject of scholarly debate.


title: Grendel's mother

text: The poem, "Beowulf," is contained in the Nowell Codex. As noted in lines 106–114 and lines 1260–1267 of "Beowulf," monsters (which include Grendel's mother and Grendel) are descendants of Cain. After Grendel is killed, Grendel's mother attacks Heorot in revenge. Beowulf then ventures into her cave under a lake, and engages in fierce combat with Grendel's mother. She nearly kills him until he sees an ancient sword, with which he kills her, and beheads the dead Grendel. Beowulf then returns to the surface and to his men at the "ninth hour" (l. 1600, "nōn", about 3 pm).


title: Grendel's mother

text: Some scholars have argued that the female characters in "Beowulf" fulfill certain established roles such as "hostess" (Wealhþeow and Hygd) and peace-weaver (Freawaru and Hildeburh). Grendel's mother and Modthryth (before her marriage to Offa), challenge these roles, and therefore represent "monster-women".


title: Grendel's mother

text: Jane Chance argues in "The Structural Unity of "Beowulf": The Problem of Grendel's Mother" that there are two standard interpretations of the poem: one view which suggests a two-part structure (i.e., the poem is divided between Beowulf's battles with Grendel and with the dragon) and the other, a three-part structure (this interpretation argues that Beowulf's battle with Grendel's mother is structurally separate from his battle with Grendel). Chance stated that, "this view of the structure as two-part has generally prevailed since its inception in J. R. R. Tolkien's ""." In contrast, she argued that the three-part structure has become "increasingly popular". She later developed this argument in "Woman as Hero in Old English Literature."


title: Grendel's mother

text: There is ongoing debate among medieval scholars concerning the ambiguity of certain words in Old English (related to Grendel's mother) which appear in the original "Beowulf" manuscript. Because these terms are ambiguous, scholars disagree over aspects of her nature and appearance. As her exact appearance is never directly described in Old English by the original "Beowulf" poet, part of the debate revolves around what is known, namely her descent from the biblical Cain (who was the first murderer, according to the Abrahamic religions). For some scholars, this descent links her and Grendel to the monsters and giants of the "Cain tradition," while others such as Kevin Kiernan in "Grendel's Heroic Mother" argue that there is "plenty of evidence for defending Grendel's mother as a heroic figure" as she "accepted and adhered to the heroic ethic of the blood-feud, the main difference between Grendel's feckless feud with the noise at Heorot and his mother's purposeful one exacting retribution for the death of her son. In heroic terms, her vengeance for the death of her kinsman Grendel."


title: Grendel's mother

text: This lack of consensus has led to the production of some seminal texts by scholars over the past few decades. One important focus of these articles and books concerns the numerous, and at times opposing, translations of especially the Old English compound "ides aglæcwif" (1259a).


title: Grendel's mother

text: Until the late 1970s, all scholarship on Grendel's mother and translations of the phrase "aglæc-wif" were influenced by the edition of noted "Beowulf" scholar Frederick Klaeber. His edition, "Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg", has been considered a standard in "Beowulf" scholarship since its first publication in 1922. According to Klaeber's glossary, "aglæc-wif" translates as: "wretch, or monster of a woman". Klaeber's glossary also defines "aglæca/æglæca" as "monster, demon, fiend" when referring to Grendel or Grendel's mother, or as "warrior, hero" when referring to the character Beowulf.


title: Grendel's mother

text: Klaeber has influenced many translations of "Beowulf." Notable interpretations of "aglæc-wif" which follow Klaeber include "monstrous hell-bride" (Heaney), "monster-woman" (Chickering) "woman, monster-wife" (Donaldson), "Ugly troll-lady" (Trask) and "monstrous hag" (Kennedy).


title: Grendel's mother

text: Doreen M.E. Gillam's 1961 essay, "The Use of the Term 'Æglæca' in "Beowulf" at Lines 893 and 2592", explores Klaeber's dual use of the term "aglæca/æglæca" for the heroes Sigemund and Beowulf as well as for Grendel and Grendel's mother. She argues that "aglæca/æglæca" is used in works besides "Beowulf" to reference both "devils and human beings". She further argues that this term is used to imply "supernatural", "unnatural" or even "inhuman" characteristics, as well as hostility towards other creatures. Gillam suggests: "Beowulf, the champion of men against monsters, is almost inhuman himself. [Aglæca/æglæca] epitomises, in one word, the altogether exceptional nature of the dragon fight. Beowulf, the champion of good, the 'monster' amongst men, challenges the traditional incarnation of evil, the Dragon: æglæca meets æglæcan."


title: Grendel's mother

text: The Old English "ides", Old High German "itis" and Old Norse "dís" are cognates that all mean "lady", and "idisi" appears as the name of the Valkyries in the only surviving pagan source in Old High German, the "Merseburg Incantations". More generally, in Norse mythology, the "Dísir" ('ladies') are fate goddesses who can be both benevolent and antagonistic towards mortal people.


title: Grendel's mother

text: Consequently, many have pointed out that "dís" is probably the original term for the valkyries (lit. "choosers of the slain"), which in turn would be a kenning for "dís".


title: Grendel's mother

text: A few scholars have drawn from the work of Eric Stanley by exploring the term "ides" as "lady" when discussing Grendel's mother, such as Temple ("Grendel's Lady-Mother", 1986) and Taylor (who argues in his 1994 essay that the term "Ides" indicates that "Grendel's mother is a woman of inherently noble status."). In addition, others have suggested that Grendel's mother may be associated with the Norse figures of the valkyries and of the goddess Gefion who may be an extension of Frigg and Freyja. Freyja, the daughter of the sea god Njörðr, was both a fertility goddess and a goddess of war, battle, death, seiðr, prophecy and was also sometimes associated with the valkyries and disir.


title: Grendel's mother

text: Nora Kershaw Chadwick (1959) and later Helen Damico in two works ("Beowulf's Wealhtheow and the Valkyrie Tradition" and "The Valkyrie Reflex in Old English Literature") argue that Grendel's mother may refer to the myth of the valkyries. Damico states:


title: Grendel's mother

text: Damico later argues in "Beowulf's Wealhtheow and the Valkyrie Tradition" that Wealtheow and Grendel's mother represent different aspects of the valkyries.


title: Grendel's mother

text: Contemporary scholars have suggested that the use of the term "aglæcwif" indicates that Grendel's mother is a woman warrior. In 1979, "Beowulf" scholars Kuhn and Stanley argued against Klaeber's reading of Grendel's mother. In "Old English Aglaeca-Middle Irish Olach" Sherman Kuhn questioned Klaeber's translations of both "aglæc-wif" and of "aglæca / æglæca" when referring to Grendel and Grendel's mother, stating that there are Thus Kuhn suggested aglæca should be defined as "a fighter, valiant warrior, dangerous opponent, one who struggles fiercely". He supported his argument by also stating that "if there were one clear instance of áglæca referring to an unwarlike monster, a peaceful demon, or the like, this definition would fall apart." Kuhn concluded that


title: Grendel's mother

text: Other scholars have offered varying opinions on this topic. Christine Alfano also questioned standard translations related to Grendel's mother. She states that she found a "noticeable disparity between the Grendel's mother originally created by the "Beowulf" poet and the one that occupies contemporary "Beowulf" translations. Instead of being what Sherman Kuhn calls a 'female warrior', the modern Grendel's mother is a monster. This assumption informs almost all areas of "Beowulf" scholarship, although there is little evidence for this characterization in the original Anglo-Saxon work." Melinda Menzer offered a different approach, suggesting that "aglæcwif denotes a woman, a human female, who is also aglæca".


title: Grendel's mother

text: The 1994 DOE translations were supported by George Jack in his 1997 glossary of "Beowulf" and Bruce Mitchell in his 1998 glossary of "Beowulf."


title: Grendel's mother

text: Grendel's mother has been adapted in a number of different media, including film, literature, and graphic novels.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: A cholo or chola is a member of a Chicano and Latino subculture or lifestyle associated with a particular set of dress, behavior, and worldview which originated in Los Angeles. A veterano or veterana is an older member of the same subculture. Other terms referring to male members of the subculture may include vato and vato loco. "Cholo" was first reclaimed by Chicano youth in the 1960s and emerged as a popular identification in the late 1970s. The subculture has historical roots in the Pachuco subculture, but today is largely equated with anti-social behavior, criminal behavior and gang activity.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: "Cholo" was originally used to denote a racialized individual of lower socioeconomic status. It first emerged in the early 17th century as a term used by Spanish colonizers as follows: "The child of a Black male and an Indian female, or of an Indian male and Black female, they call "mulato" and "mulata". The children of these they call "cholos." Cholo is a word from the Windward Islands; it means "dog," not of the purebred variety, but of very disreputable origin; and the Spaniards use it for insult and vituperation." In the latter part of the 19th century, it referred to "culturally marginal" mestizos of Native American origin, being applied to "peasant mestizos as a pejorative ethnic label to distinguish the rich, the upwardly mobile, and other aspiring members ... from the working class."


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: Clearly the origin is complex, Jose Cuellar writes in 1982:Racial and cultural status, along with social class are reflected in the term cholo itself, which was adopted in California in the 1960s by youth following the pachuco tradition, as a label for that identity (Cuellar 1982). In 1571, Fray Alonso de Molina, in his Nahuatl vocabulary (Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana Y Mexicana y Castellana), defined the word xolo as slave, servant, or waiter. The Porrúa Dictionary defines cholo, as used in the Americas, as a civilized Native American or a half-breed or mestizo of a European father and Native American mother. The word has historically been used along the borderland as a derogatory term to mean lower class Mexican migrants, and in the rest of Latin America to mean an acculturating Indian or peasant.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: During the 1930s and 1940s, the Chicano look known as "pachuco" appeared and was associated with the zoot suit and hep cat subcultures. The press at the time accused the "pachucos" in the U.S. of gang membership, petty criminality, and a lack of patriotism during World War II leading to the Zoot Suit Riots. Continuing until the early 1970s, the typical Chicano hairstyle was a variant of the pompadour, piled high on the head and kept in place with large quantities of wet-look gel.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: In the 1960s, the Chicano Movement turned the term "cholo" into a way to express Chicano pride and identity. Since then, it has been more widely reclaimed among Latinos of mixed heritage.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: Cholo style is often associated with wearing some combination of a tartan, flannel, or Pendleton shirt buttoned at the top over a white T-shirt or tanktop, a hair net over short hair combed straight back or a shaved head, a bandana tied around the head and pulled down just above the eyes, reverse baseball caps, dark sunglasses, loose-fitting khaki pants (chinos) or shorts, long chains, long socks, white tennis shoes, and stylized tattoos. The style has been described as both a necessity and a style of empowerment. Cholo style represents a large part of cholo subculture, although it does not represent it in its totality. Cholo style has been identified as combining the loose-fitting comfort of the traditional "huipil" and baggy draping of the zoot suit donned by the pachuco.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: Footwear originally included Stacy Adams dress shoes, and "biscuits" (pointy-toed dress shoes). Modern cholos tend to wear athletic shoes, such as Converse, Nike Cortez, Nike Air Force 1, Vans, Fila, Adidas Stan Smith, Onitsuka Tiger slip-on house shoes, K Swiss or Huarache sandals. Popular cholo brands include Dickies, Ben Davis, Joker, Lowrider, and Bighouse.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: Some cholos, particularly older cholos, wishing to adopt a more traditional look, wear formal wear inspired by zoot suit fashion, including dress shirts with suspenders, and fedoras, but may still retain cholo elements such as a bandana or hair net. In South Texas, cholos are sometimes referred to as chucs or chukes. This term is short for pachucos. Tejano cholos typically make heavy use of starch on their pants but so do traditional Tejanos.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: Adopting cholo style has also been identified as a way for youths to assert their Chicano identity, especially for those who are only English-speaking. James Diego Vigil analyzes how some "barrios" in the United States that were predominately Spanish-speaking in the 1960s became mostly English-speaking by the 1980s. Some use cholo style to deny their anglicization or cultural assimilation as well as to separate themselves from affiliating with Mexican migrants. As stated by Vigil, "much of this interethnic friction revolves around ... competition for scarce job resources, especially between members of the depressed underclass and desperate immigrants." However, it is also cultural, with "Mexicans making fun of a Chicano's inability to speak 'proper' Spanish and conversely" Chicanos and cholos sometimes using interethnic pejoratives against Mexican migrants, such as "chuntaro" and "wetback."


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: Cholo style graffiti is a unique writing and lettering style. The artist Chaz uses a calligraphic variant in his works. Retna's work is inspired by Cholo letters. This designation may also be associated with black ink tattoos, commonly involving calligraphy and art. A cholo might also stereotypically own a lowrider. Another staple of cholo fashion is long hair tied into braids as depicted by actor Danny Trejo.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: The cholo/a subculture has spread to cities in the United States with large Chicano or Latino populations, including New York City. It has also been adopted as a subculture in Japan and has been introduced to Mexico (such as in Nogales, Sonora, and Mexico City) in a modified form as documented in the 2015 photo documentary book "Cholumbianos" by Amanda Watkins.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: Chola style is often associated with wearing some combination of a long white T-shirt or tanktops, sometimes worn under plaid shirts, baggy jeans, flat black shoes, long hair, spiked bangs, dark or heavy eyeliner, and dark lipstick and lip liner. Chola style has been identified as exhibiting "a radically criminalized femininity, situating them in the purview of official and unofficial policing as well as legal and extralegal sanctions." Chola style is perceived with less menace than cholo style, although it has been described as more directly challenging to the gendered expectations placed on women.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: Chicano/a youth who adopt a "cholo" or "chola" culture endure criminalization, police and other institutions equate "cholo" style with a 'gang member'. While older residents in "barrios" initially embraced "chola"s and "cholos" as "a larger subculture not necessarily associated with crime and violence (but rather with a youthful temporary identity), law enforcement agents, ignorant or disdainful of "barrio" life, labeled youth who wore clean white tennis shoes, shaved their heads, or long socks, as deviant."


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: Gilberto Rosas describes the fashion of cholos as a style which has become criminalized–"a radically conditioned choice to be visibly and self-consciously identified with a criminalized class" Because the way cholo style has been criminalized, it commonly excludes cholos from employment opportunities while opening them up to routine police harassment and arrest.


title: Cholo (subculture)

text: In a study of "cholos" in a Southern California community renamed "Riverland" (to protect the confidentiality of the participants), Victor Rios and Patrick Lopez-Aguado discuss how "cholos" are marked as "human targets" and come to understand their own perceived criminality. Rios and Lopez-Aguado identify that "cholos" experience routine harassment and arrest by police. As stated by Rios and Lopez-Aguado, "cholos" remain "steadfast in their stylistic stance because their visible opposition appeared to be the entire point," as it is "intentionally oppositional to the mainstream." "Cholos" are aware that their style will not grant them social mobility and often maintain their style after having been rejected by multiple institutions, including "family, schools, police, and the labor market." Rios and Lopez-Aguado explain:Nonetheless, the feeling of dignity and affirmation often outweighed the punitive consequences meted out by the state... Conscious of the few opportunities to find legitimate career paths, Latino youth adopted appearances they knew would block them from the low-level service positions they were expected to fill. They tapped into racist fears of their inherent criminality to create a public impression that would counter the image of the submissive, stigmatized servant. In a racialized, hyperexploited service economy, these youths deliberately put themselves out of service to retain their dignity.


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: Christopher Jeffrey Richards (born March 28, 2000) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a center-back for club Crystal Palace and the United States national team.


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: Richards was raised in Hoover, Alabama and played youth soccer for Hoover SC. In 2016, Richards was cut from a trial with FC Dallas Academy, and instead joined Texans SC in Houston. Richards then joined FC Dallas Academy in 2017.


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: In May 2018, Richards, alongside FC Dallas colleague Thomas Roberts, went to a 10-day trial at FC Bayern Munich as part of an agreement between the two clubs. As a result of his performance during the trial, in July he was offered a one-year loan with the German club.


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: On July 21, 2018, Richards debuted for Bayern senior team at the 2018 International Champions Cup, replacing Sandro Wagner in the 62nd minute of the 3–1 win against Paris Saint-Germain F.C. During the 2018–19 season, he spent time with Bayern München U19s becoming a team regular starter and getting praises for his aerial abilities and his passing skills. On January 19, 2019, Richards signed a $1.5 million permanent contract with FC Bayern Munich. On August 19, 2019, he made his professional debut when he started for FC Bayern Munich II at the 3. Liga in their 2–1 away win against Hallescher FC. Richards ended up making 30 appearances and scoring 4 goals for Bayern II in a team that won the 3. Liga.


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: On June 20, 2020, Richards made his Bundesliga debut in a 3–1 victory over Freiburg. On September 18 he made his first appearance of the 2020–21 Bundesliga season in Bayern's opener against Schalke 04. He made his first start for Bayern against Hertha BSC on October 4, in which he assisted a Robert Lewandowski goal in the 51st minute of a 4–3 win.


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: On November 25, 2020, Richards made his UEFA Champions League debut for Bayern in a 3–1 victory over Red Bull Salzburg. He exited the game in the 79th minute when he was replaced by Javi Martínez.


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: On February 1, 2021, Richards joined Bundesliga side TSG 1899 Hoffenheim on loan for the remainder of the season.


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: Richards signed a five-year contract with Crystal Palace on July 27, 2022, after being transferred from Bayern Munich for a €12,000,000 fee.


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: In January 2018, Richards was called for the MNT Youth National Team Summit Camp, which gathered 153 players from U16, U17, U18, U19, and U20 Youth National Teams. In May 2018, he made his debut for the United States U20 team in a match against Honduras. On November 12, 2018, Richards was called for the 2018 CONCACAF U-20 Championship as one of the three replacements allowed before the beginning of the "Qualification Stage". He, then, started in two of the three tournament's remaining matches, including the final, a 2–0 win, against Mexico. On May 10, 2019, Richards was included by coach Tab Ramos in the 21-man squad called to represent the United States at the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup. The defender started all the five matches the Americans played in the tournament, including the stunning 3–2 win against heavy favorites, France. Richards played the entire game in all but one of the matches (the one against Nigeria).


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: He received his first call up to the senior United States squad for matches against Wales and Panama in November 2020. Richards subsequently made his national team debut as a late substitute against Panama.


title: Chris Richards (soccer)

text: Richards' father, Ken Richards, played college basketball at Birmingham–Southern College and later professionally in Australia, Bolivia, and Iceland.


title: Meena Harris

text: Meenakshi Ashley Harris (born October 20, 1984) is an American lawyer, children's book author, producer, and founder of the Phenomenal Woman Action Campaign, which creates statement fashion to support charity. In June 2020, Harris released her first book from HarperCollins, entitled "Kamala and Maya's Big Idea", which is based on the story of her mother, Maya Harris, and aunt, Kamala Harris, the 49th Vice President of the United States.


title: Meena Harris

text: Harris was born on October 20, 1984. Her mother, Maya Harris, is a lawyer and policy expert. Her aunt, Kamala Harris, is the Vice President of the United States. Her grandmother, Shyamala Gopalan, was an Indian-American cancer researcher and civil rights activist, and her grandfather, Donald Harris, is a Jamaican-American professor of economics at Stanford and a civil rights activist.


title: Meena Harris

text: Harris received her bachelor's degree from Stanford University in 2006, and her Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 2012. She graduated from Bishop O'Dowd High School in Oakland.


title: Meena Harris

text: She founded "Phenomenal" in 2017, naming her fashion company for a 1978 Maya Angelou poem. It then branched out to include the Phenomenal Woman Action Campaign, founded in 2017 as an organization that brings awareness to social causes. The campaign covers a range of policy issues, including educational excellence and healthcare equity, criminal justice reform, gender parity in STEM, reproductive health, and political representation. Ambassadors for the campaign include Serena Williams, Jessica Alba, Mark Ruffalo, Tracee Ellis Ross, Viola Davis, Yara Shahidi, Janelle Monae, Sarah Silverman, Debbie Allen, Rosario Dawson, Van Jones, Lizzo, Cecile Richards, and more. In September 2018, Harris also coordinated a full-page ad in "The New York Times" with Alicia Garza, founder of the Black Lives Matter Global Network, to demonstrate national support for Christine Blasey Ford and survivors of sexual assault. Harris also operates Phenomenal Media for written content and Phenomenal Productions for videos and visual content. In December 2020, it was announced that she and Brad Jenkins would launch a production studio called Phenomenal Productions.


title: Meena Harris

text: In 2020, Harris released her first children's book from HarperCollins entitled "Kamala and Maya's Big Idea", which is based on the real story of her mother, Maya Harris, and aunt Kamala Harris. On January 19, 2021, she released her second children's book, "Ambitious Girl".


title: Meena Harris

text: During Kamala Harris's successful 2016 campaign for the U.S. Senate, Harris served as a senior advisor on policy and communications. From 2016 to 2017, Harris served as a commissioner on the San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women.


title: Meena Harris

text: Previously, Harris also served as Head of Strategy & Leadership at Uber where her stepfather Tony West is Chief Legal Officer, and worked for international law firm Covington & Burling, Slack Technologies, and Facebook.


title: ASEAN Football Federation

text: The ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) is an organisation within the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) and is an international governing body of association football in Southeast Asia. It consists of the federations of Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.


title: ASEAN Football Federation

text: Despite using "ASEAN" in its name, the AFF is not affiliated with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.