title: NF-κB

text: In tumor cells, NF-κB activity is enhanced, as for example, in 41% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer and pancreatic tumors. This is either due to mutations in genes encoding the NF-κB transcription factors themselves or in genes that control NF-κB activity (such as IκB genes); in addition, some tumor cells secrete factors that cause NF-κB to become active. Blocking NF-κB can cause tumor cells to stop proliferating, to die, or to become more sensitive to the action of anti-tumor agents. Thus, NF-κB is the subject of much active research among pharmaceutical companies as a target for anti-cancer therapy.


title: NF-κB

text: However, even though convincing experimental data have identified NF-κB as a critical promoter of tumorigenesis, which creates a solid rationale for the development of antitumor therapy that is based upon suppression of NF-κB activity, caution should be exercised when considering anti-NF-κB activity as a broad therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment as data has also shown that NF-κB activity enhances tumor cell sensitivity to apoptosis and senescence. In addition, it has been shown that canonical NF-κB is a Fas transcription activator and the alternative NF-κB is a Fas transcription repressor. Therefore, NF-κB promotes Fas-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells, and thus inhibition of NF-κB may suppress Fas-mediated apoptosis to impair host immune cell-mediated tumor suppression.


title: NF-κB

text: Because NF-κB controls many genes involved in inflammation, it is not surprising that NF-κB is found to be chronically active in many inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, sepsis, gastritis, asthma, atherosclerosis and others. It is important to note though, that elevation of some NF-κB activators, such as osteoprotegerin (OPG), are associated with elevated mortality, especially from cardiovascular diseases. Elevated NF-κB has also been associated with schizophrenia. Recently, NF-κB activation has been suggested as a possible molecular mechanism for the catabolic effects of cigarette smoke in skeletal muscle and sarcopenia. Research has shown that during inflammation the function of a cell depends on signals it activates in response to contact with adjacent cells and to combinations of hormones, especially cytokines that act on it through specific receptors. A cell's phenotype within a tissue develops through mutual stimulation of feedback signals that coordinate its function with other cells; this is especially evident during reprogramming of cell function when a tissue is exposed to inflammation, because cells alter their phenotype, and gradually express combinations of genes that prepare the tissue for regeneration after the cause of inflammation is removed. Particularly important are feedback responses that develop between tissue resident cells, and circulating cells of the immune system.


title: NF-κB

text: Fidelity of feedback responses between diverse cell types and the immune system depends on the integrity of mechanisms that limit the range of genes activated by NF-κB, allowing only expression of genes which contribute to an effective immune response and subsequently, a complete restoration of tissue function after resolution of inflammation. In cancer, mechanisms that regulate gene expression in response to inflammatory stimuli are altered to the point that a cell ceases to link its survival with the mechanisms that coordinate its phenotype and its function with the rest of the tissue. This is often evident in severely compromised regulation of NF-κB activity, which allows cancer cells to express abnormal cohorts of NF-κB target genes. This results in not only the cancer cells functioning abnormally: cells of surrounding tissue alter their function and cease to support the organism exclusively. Additionally, several types of cells in the microenvironment of cancer may change their phenotypes to support cancer growth. Inflammation, therefore, is a process that tests the fidelity of tissue components because the process that leads to tissue regeneration requires coordination of gene expression between diverse cell types.


title: NF-κB

text: NEMO deficiency syndrome is a rare genetic condition relating to a fault in IKBKG that in turn activates NF-κB. It mostly affects males and has a highly variable set of symptoms and prognoses.


title: NF-κB

text: NF-κB is increasingly expressed with obesity and aging, resulting in reduced levels of the anti-inflammatory, pro-autophagy, anti-insulin resistance protein sirtuin 1. NF-κB increases the levels of the microRNA miR-34a (which inhibits nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD synthesis) by binding to its promoter region. resulting in lower levels of sirtuin 1.


title: NF-κB

text: NF-κB and interleukin 1 alpha mutually induce each other in senescent cells in a positive feedback loop causing the production of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. NF-κB and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-degrading enzyme CD38 also mutually induce each other.


title: NF-κB

text: NF-κB is one of several induced transcriptional targets of ΔFosB which facilitates the development and maintenance of an addiction to a stimulus. In the caudate putamen, NF-κB induction is associated with increases in locomotion, whereas in the nucleus accumbens, NF-κB induction enhances the positive reinforcing effect of a drug through reward sensitization.


title: NF-κB

text: Many natural products (including anti-oxidants) that have been promoted to have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity have also been shown to inhibit NF-κB. There is a controversial US patent (US patent 6,410,516) that applies to the discovery and use of agents that can block NF-κB for therapeutic purposes. This patent is involved in several lawsuits, including Ariad v. Lilly. Recent work by Karin, Ben-Neriah and others has highlighted the importance of the connection between NF-κB, inflammation, and cancer, and underscored the value of therapies that regulate the activity of NF-κB.


title: NF-κB

text: Extracts from a number of herbs and dietary plants are efficient inhibitors of NF-κB activation in vitro. Nobiletin, a flavonoid isolated from citrus peels, has been shown to inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. The circumsporozoite protein of "Plasmodium falciparum" has been shown to be an inhibitor of NF-κB.


title: NF-κB

text: Aberrant activation of NF-κB is frequently observed in many cancers. Moreover, suppression of NF-κB limits the proliferation of cancer cells. In addition, NF-κB is a key player in the inflammatory response. Hence methods of inhibiting NF-κB signaling has potential therapeutic application in cancer and inflammatory diseases.


title: NF-κB

text: Both the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways require proteasomal degradation of regulatory pathway components for NF-κB signalling to occur. The proteosome inhibitor Bortezomib broadly blocks this activity and is approved for treatment of NF-κB driven Mantle Cell Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma.


title: NF-κB

text: The discovery that activation of NF-κB nuclear translocation can be separated from the elevation of oxidant stress gives a promising avenue of development for strategies targeting NF-κB inhibition.


title: NF-κB

text: The drug denosumab acts to raise bone mineral density and reduce fracture rates in many patient sub-groups by inhibiting RANKL. RANKL acts through its receptor RANK, which in turn promotes NF-κB,


title: NF-κB

text: Disulfiram, olmesartan and dithiocarbamates can inhibit the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling cascade. Effort to develop direct NF-κB inhibitor has emerged with compounds such as (-)-DHMEQ, PBS-1086, IT-603 and IT-901. (-)-DHMEQ and PBS-1086 are irreversible binder to NF-κB while IT-603 and IT-901 are reversible binder. DHMEQ covalently binds to Cys 38 of p65.


title: NF-κB

text: Anatabine's antiinflammatory effects are claimed to result from modulation of NF-κB activity. However the studies purporting its benefit use abnormally high doses in the millimolar range (similar to the extracellular potassium concentration), which are unlikely to be achieved in humans.


title: NF-κB

text: BAY 11-7082 has also been identified as a drug that can inhibit the NF-κB signaling cascade. It is capable of preventing the phosphorylation of IKK-α in an irreversible manner such that there is down regulation of NF-κB activation.


title: NF-κB

text: It has been shown that administration of BAY 11-7082 rescued renal functionality in diabetic-induced Sprague-Dawley rats by suppressing NF-κB regulated oxidative stress.


title: NF-κB

text: Research has shown that the N-acylethanolamine, palmitoylethanolamide is capable of PPAR-mediated inhibition of NF-κB.


title: NF-κB

text: The biological target of iguratimod, a drug marketed to treat rheumatoid arthritis in Japan and China, was unknown as of 2015, but the primary mechanism of action appeared to be preventing NF-κB activation.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Joseph Christian Leyendecker (March 23, 1874 – July 25, 1951) was a German-American illustrator, considered one of the preeminent American illustrators of the early 20th century. He is best known for his poster, book and advertising illustrations, the trade character known as The Arrow Collar Man, and his numerous covers for "The Saturday Evening Post". Between 1896 and 1950, he painted more than 400 magazine covers. During the Golden Age of American Illustration, for "The Saturday Evening Post" alone, he produced 322 covers, and many advertisement illustrations for its interior pages. No other artist, until the arrival of Norman Rockwell two decades later, was so solidly identified with one publication. He "virtually invented the whole idea of modern magazine design."


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Leyendecker (called 'J.C.' or 'Joe') was born on March 23, 1874 in Montabaur, Germany to Peter Leyendecker (1838–1916) and Elizabeth Ortseifen Leyendecker (1845–1905). He was the first-born son; his brother Francis Xavier was born three years later. A sister, Mary Augusta, the third and last child, arrived after the family emigrated to America.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: In 1882, the Leyendecker family immigrated to Chicago, Illinois, where Elizabeth's brother Adam Ortseifen was vice-president of the successful McAvoy Brewing Company. After working in late adolescence for a Chicago engraving firm, J. Manz & Company, and completing his first commercial commission of 60 Bible illustrations for the Powers Brothers Company, J. C. sought formal artistic training at the school of the Chicago Art Institute.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: In 1895, the April–September issue of "The Inland Printer" had an introduction to J.C. Leyendecker. The article described his work for J. Manz & Company, and his intention to study in Paris. It featured one of his sketches, and two book covers he had illustrated, provided by E.A. Weeks, a Chicago publisher between 1893 and 1899. That year, Leyendecker created his first poster, also for E.A. Weeks, for the book "One Fair Daughter" by Frank Frankfort Moore.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: After studying drawing and anatomy under John Vanderpoel at the Chicago Art Institute, J. C. and younger brother Frank enrolled in the Académie Julian in Paris for a year, where they were exposed to the work of Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chéret, and Alphonse Mucha, a leader in the French Art Nouveau movement.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: In 1897, the Leyendecker brothers returned to America and set up residence in an apartment in Hyde Park, Illinois. They had a studio in Chicago's Fine Arts Building at 410 South Michigan Ave. On May 20, 1899 of that year, Joe received his first commission for a "Saturday Evening Post" cover – the beginning of his forty-four-year association with the most popular magazine in the country. Ultimately he would produce 322 covers for the magazine, introducing many iconic visual images and traditions including the New Year's Baby, the pudgy red-garbed rendition of Santa Claus, flowers for Mother's Day, and firecrackers on the 4th of July.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: In 1900, Joe, Frank, and their sister Mary moved to New York City, then the center of the US commercial art, advertising and publishing industries. During the next decade, both brothers began lucrative long-term working relationships with apparel manufactures including Interwoven Socks, Hartmarx, B. Kuppenheimer & Co., and Cluett, Peabody & Company. The latter resulted in Leyendecker's most important commission when he was hired to develop a series of images of the Arrow brand of detachable shirt collars. Leyendecker's Arrow Collar Man, as well as the images he later created for Kuppenheimer Suits and Interwoven Socks, came to define the fashionable American male during the early decades of the twentieth century. Leyendecker often used his favorite model and life partner, Charles Beach (1881–1954).


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Another important commission for Leyendecker was from Kellogg's, the breakfast food manufacturer. As part of a major advertising campaign, he created a series of twenty "Kellogg's Kids" to promote Kellogg's Corn Flakes.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: In 1914, the Leyendeckers, accompanied by Charles Beach, moved into a large home and art studio in New Rochelle, New York, where J. C. would reside for the remainder of his life. During the first World War, in addition to his many commissions for magazine covers and men's fashion advertisements, J. C. also painted recruitment posters for the United States military and the war effort.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: The 1920s were in many ways the apex of Leyendecker's career, with some of his most recognizable work being completed during this time. Modern advertising had come into its own, with Leyendecker widely regarded as among the preeminent American commercial artists. This popularity extended beyond the commercial, and into Leyendecker's personal life, where he and Charles Beach hosted large galas attended by people of consequence from all sectors. The parties they hosted at their New Rochelle home/studio were important social and celebrity making events.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: As the 1920s marked the apex of J. C. Leyendecker's career, so the 1930s marked the beginning of its decline. Around 1930–31, Cluett, Peabody, & Co. ceased using Leyendecker's illustrations in its advertisements for shirts and ties as the collar industry seriously declined after 1921. During this time, the always shy Leyendecker became more and more reclusive, rarely speaking with people outside of his sister Mary Augusta and Charles (Frank had died in 1924 as a result of an addiction-riddled lifestyle). Perhaps in reaction to his pervasive popularity in the previous decade, or as a result of the new economic reality following the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the number of commissions Leyendecker received steadily declined. In 1936, the editor at the "Saturday Evening Post" for all of Leyendecker's career up to that point, George Horace Lorimer, retired, and was replaced by Wesley Winans Stout (1937–1942) and then Ben Hibbs (1942–1962), both of whom rarely commissioned Leyendecker to illustrate covers.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Leyendecker's last cover for the "Saturday Evening Post" was of a New Year Baby for January 2, 1943, thus ending the artist's most lucrative and celebrated string of commissions. New commissions continued to filter in, but slowly. Among the most prominent were posters for the United States Department of War, in which Leyendecker depicted commanding officers of the armed forces encouraging the purchases of bonds to support the nation's efforts in World War II.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Many biographers have speculated on J. C. Leyendecker's sexuality, often attributing the apparent homoerotic aesthetic of his work to a homosexual identity. Without question, Leyendecker excelled at depicting male homosocial spaces (locker rooms, clubhouses, tailoring shops) and extraordinarily handsome young men in curious poses or exchanging glances. Leyendecker never married, and he lived with another man, Charles Beach, for much of his adult life. Beach was Leyendcker's studio manager and frequent model, and is assumed to have been his lover.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: While Beach often organized the famous gala-like social gatherings that Leyendecker was known for in the 1920s, he apparently also contributed largely to Leyendecker's social isolation in his later years. Beach reportedly forbade outside contact with the artist in the last months of his life.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Due to his success as an illustrator, Leyendecker enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle which in many ways embodied the mood of the Roaring Twenties. However, when commissions began to wane in the 1930s, he was forced to curtail spending considerably. By the time of his death, Leyendecker had let all of the household staff at his New Rochelle estate go, with he and Beach attempting to maintain the extensive estate themselves. Leyendecker left a tidy estate equally split between his sister and Beach.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Leyendecker is buried alongside parents and brother Frank at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. Charles Allwood Beach died of a heart attack on 21 June 1954 at New Rochelle. The exact location of his burial is unknown. Although the register for St. Paul's Church, New Rochelle, indicates internment at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York, the cemetery has no record of the burial.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Examples of his work can be found in the collections of the Haggin Museum in Stockton, CA, the National Museum of American Illustration in Newport, RI, and in the Pritzker Military Museum & Library in Chicago, IL.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: As the premier cover illustrator for the enormously popular "Saturday Evening Post" for much of the first half of the 20th century, Leyendecker's work both reflected and helped mold many of the visual aspects of the era's culture in America. The mainstream image of Santa Claus as a jolly fat man in a red fur-trimmed coat was popularized by Leyendecker, as was the image of the New Year Baby. depicting a young bellhop carrying hyacinths. It was created as a commemoration of President Woodrow Wilson's declaration of Mother's Day as an official holiday that year.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Leyendecker was a chief influence upon, and friend of, Norman Rockwell, who was a pallbearer at Leyendecker's funeral. In particular, the early work of Norman Rockwell for the "Saturday Evening Post" bears a strong superficial resemblance to that of Leyendecker. While today it is generally accepted that Norman Rockwell established the best-known visual images of Americana, in many cases they are derivative of Leyendecker's work, or reinterpretations of visual themes established by Rockwell's idol.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: The visual style of Leyendecker's art inspired the graphics in "The Dagger of Amon Ra", a video game, as well as designs in "Team Fortress 2", a first-person shooter for the PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Leyendecker's work inspired George Lucas and will be part of the collection of the anticipated Lucas Museum of Narrative Art.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Leyendecker's "Beat-up Boy, Football Hero", which appeared on the cover of "The Saturday Evening Post" on November 21, 1914, sold for $4.12 million on May 7, 2021. The previous world record for a J. C. Leyendecker original was set in December 2020, when Sotheby's sold his 1930 work "Carousel Ride" for $516,100.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: Costume designer Carol Cutshall used Leyendecker's illustrations as inspiration for the costumes created for "Anne Rice's Interview with the Vampire" on AMC, a 2022 television series adaptation of the 1976 novel by American author Anne Rice. Of the clothing designed specifically for the male characters Louis de Pointe du Lac and Lestat de Lioncourt, Cutshall said, in part, "And the whole first two episodes, their style sense in many ways is a love letter to Leyendecker. Some things are just perfectly pulled from – like their formalwear, their tuxedos that they wear to the opera in 1917, and the black pinstripe suit with the green tie and the white boutonniere that Lestat wears to the du Lac family home for dinner – those are from a Leyendecker illustration." Cutshall also referenced Louis and Lestat's clothing being created from Leyendecker's illustrations as a way to draw a parallel between Louis and Lestat, who were shown in the series as having to keep their romantic relationship hidden from the public in the 1910s and 1920s, and Leyendecker and his life partner, Charles Beach.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: "In Love with the Arrow Collar Man", a play written by Lance Ringel and directed by Chuck Muckle at Theatre 80 St. Marks from November to December 2017, dramatizes the life of Leyendecker and his life partner Charles Beach.


title: J. C. Leyendecker

text: "Coded", a 2021 film documentary, tells the story of Leyendecker and premiered at the TriBeCa Film Festival in 2021.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibers from wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags. Mixed with water and other chemical or plant-based additives, pulp is the major raw material used in papermaking and the industrial production of other paper products.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Before the widely acknowledged invention of papermaking by Cai Lun in China around 105 AD, paper-like writing materials such as papyrus and amate were produced by ancient civilizations using plant materials which were largely unprocessed. Strips of bark or bast material were woven together, beaten into rough sheets, dried, and polished by hand. Pulp used in modern and traditional papermaking is distinguished by the process which produces a finer, more regular slurry of cellulose fibers which are pulled out of solution by a screen and dried to form sheets or rolls. The earliest paper produced in China consisted of bast fibers from the paper mulberry (kozo) plant along with hemp rag and net scraps. By the 6th century, the mulberry tree was domesticated by farmers in China specifically for the purpose of producing pulp to be used in the papermaking process. In addition to mulberry, pulp was also made from bamboo, hibiscus bark, blue sandalwood, straw, and cotton. Papermaking using pulp made from hemp and linen fibers from tattered clothing, fishing nets and fabric bags spread to Europe in the 13th century, with an ever-increasing use of rags being central to the manufacture and affordability of rag paper, a factor in the development of printing. By the 1800s, production demands on the newly industrialized papermaking and printing industries led to a shift in raw materials, most notably the use of pulpwood and other tree products which today make up more than 95% of global pulp production.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: The use of wood pulp and the invention of automatic paper machines in the late 18th- and early 19th-century contributed to paper's status as an inexpensive commodity in modern times. While some of the earliest examples of paper made from wood pulp include works published by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1765 and Matthias Koops in 1800, large-scale wood paper production began in the 1840s with unique, simultaneous developments in mechanical pulping made by Friedrich Gottlob Keller in Germany and by Charles Fenerty in Nova Scotia. Chemical processes quickly followed, first with J. Roth's use of sulfurous acid to treat wood, then by Benjamin Tilghman's U.S. patent on the use of calcium bisulfite, Ca(HSO), to pulp wood in 1867. Almost a decade later, the first commercial sulfite pulp mill was built, in Sweden. It used magnesium as the counter ion and was based on work by Carl Daniel Ekman. By 1900, sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process, the sulfate, or kraft, process, was developed by Carl F. Dahl in 1879; the first kraft mill started, in Sweden, in 1890. The invention of the recovery boiler, by G.H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s, allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and to produce stronger fibres, made the kraft process the dominant pulping process, starting in the 1940s.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Global production of wood pulp in 2006 was 175 million tons (160 million tonnes). In the previous year, 63 million tons (57 million tonnes) of market pulp (not made into paper in the same facility) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21 percent of the total, followed by the United States at 16 percent. The wood fiber sources required for pulping are "45% sawmill residue, 21% logs and chips, and 34% recycled paper" (Canada, 2014). Chemical pulp made up 93% of market pulp.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: The timber resources used to make wood pulp are referred to as pulpwood. While in theory any tree can be used for pulp-making, coniferous trees are preferred because the cellulose fibers in the pulp of these species are longer, and therefore make stronger paper.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Some of the most commonly used softwood trees for paper making include spruce, pine, fir, larch and hemlock, and hardwoods such as eucalyptus, aspen and birch. There is also increasing interest in genetically modified tree species (such as GM eucalyptus and GM poplar) because of several major benefits these can provide, such as increased ease of breaking down lignin and increased growth rate.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: A pulp mill is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other plant fibre source into a thick fiberboard which can be shipped to a paper mill for further processing. Pulp can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical or fully chemical methods (kraft and sulfite processes). The finished product may be either bleached or non-bleached, depending on the customer requirements.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Wood and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main components (apart from water): cellulose fibers (desired for papermaking), lignin (a three-dimensional polymer that binds the cellulose fibres together) and hemicelluloses (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers). The aim of pulping is to break down the bulk structure of the fibre source, be it chips, stems or other plant parts, into the constituent fibres.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Chemical pulping achieves this by degrading the lignin and hemicellulose into small, water-soluble molecules which can be washed away from the cellulose fibres without depolymerizing the cellulose fibres (chemically depolymerizing the cellulose weakens the fibres). The various mechanical pulping methods, such as groundwood (GW) and refiner mechanical pulping (RMP), physically tear the cellulose fibres one from another. Much of the lignin remains adhering to the fibres. Strength is impaired because the fibres may be cut. There are a number of related hybrid pulping methods that use a combination of chemical and thermal treatment to begin an abbreviated chemical pulping process, followed immediately by a mechanical treatment to separate the fibres. These hybrid methods include thermomechanical pulping, also known as TMP, and chemithermomechanical pulping, also known as CTMP. The chemical and thermal treatments reduce the amount of energy subsequently required by the mechanical treatment, and also reduce the amount of strength loss suffered by the fibres.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Most pulp mills use good forest management practices in harvesting trees to ensure that they have a sustainable source of raw materials. One of the major complaints about harvesting wood for pulp mills is that it reduces the biodiversity of the harvested forest. Pulp tree plantations account for 16 percent of world pulp production, old-growth forests 9 percent, and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the rest. Reforestation is practiced in most areas, so trees are a renewable resource. The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative), PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification), and other bodies certify paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: The number of trees consumed depends on whether mechanical processes or chemical processes are used. It has been estimated that based on a mixture of softwoods and hardwoods 12 metres (40 ft) tall and 15–20 centimetres (6–8 in) in diameter, it would take an average of 24 trees to produce 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of printing and writing paper, using the kraft process (chemical pulping). Mechanical pulping is about twice as efficient in using trees, since almost all of the wood is used to make fibre, therefore it takes about 12 trees to make 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of mechanical pulp or newsprint.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Wood chipping is the act and industry of chipping wood for pulp, but also for other processed wood products and mulch. Only the heartwood and sapwood are useful for making pulp. Bark contains relatively few useful fibers and is removed and used as fuel to provide steam for use in the pulp mill. Most pulping processes require that the wood be chipped and screened to provide uniform sized chips.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Manufactured grindstones with embedded silicon carbide or aluminum oxide can be used to grind small wood logs called "bolts" to make stone pulp (SGW). If the wood is steamed prior to grinding it is known as pressure ground wood pulp (PGW). Most modern mills use chips rather than logs and ridged metal discs called refiner plates instead of grindstones. If the chips are just ground up with the plates, the pulp is called refiner mechanical pulp (RMP) and if the chips are steamed while being refined the pulp is called thermomechanical pulp (TMP). Steam treatment significantly reduces the total energy needed to make the pulp and decreases the damage (cutting) to fibres. Mechanical pulps are used for products that require less strength, such as newsprint and paperboards.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Thermomechanical pulp is pulp produced by processing wood chips using heat (thus "thermo-") and a mechanical refining movement (thus "-mechanical"). It is a two-stage process where the logs are first stripped of their bark and converted into small chips. These chips have a moisture content of around 25–30 percent. A mechanical force is applied to the wood chips in a crushing or grinding action which generates heat and water vapour and softens the lignin thus separating the individual fibres. The pulp is then screened and cleaned, any clumps of fibre are reprocessed. This process gives a high yield of fibre from the timber (around 95 percent) and as the lignin has not been removed, the fibres are hard and rigid.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Wood chips can be pre-treated with sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate and other chemicals prior to refining with equipment similar to a mechanical mill. The conditions of the chemical treatment are much less vigorous (lower temperature, shorter time, less extreme pH) than in a chemical pulping process since the goal is to make the fibers easier to refine, not to remove lignin as in a fully chemical process. Pulps made using these hybrid processes are known as chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP).


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Chemical pulp is produced by combining wood chips and chemicals in large vessels called digesters. There, heat and chemicals break down lignin, which binds cellulose fibres together, without seriously degrading the cellulose fibres. Chemical pulp is used for materials that need to be stronger or combined with mechanical pulps to give a product different characteristics. The kraft process is the dominant chemical pulping method, with the sulfite process second. Historically soda pulping was the first successful chemical pulping method.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Recycled pulp is also called deinked pulp (DIP). DIP is recycled paper which has been processed by chemicals, thus removing printing inks and other unwanted elements and freed the paper fibres. The process is called deinking.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: DIP is used as raw material in papermaking. Many newsprint, toilet paper and facial tissue grades commonly contain 100 percent deinked pulp and in many other grades, such as lightweight coated for offset and printing and writing papers for office and home use, DIP makes up a substantial proportion of the furnish.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Organosolv pulping uses organic solvents at temperatures above 140 °C to break down lignin and hemicellulose into soluble fragments. The pulping liquor is easily recovered by distillation. The reason for using a solvent is to make the lignin more soluble in the cooking liquor. Most common used solvents are methanol, ethanol, formic acid and acetic acid often in combination with water.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Research is under way to develop biopulping (biological pulping), similar to chemical pulping but using certain species of fungi that are able to break down the unwanted lignin, but not the cellulose fibres. In the biopulping process, the fungal enzyme lignin peroxidase selectively digests lignin to leave remaining cellulose fibres. This could have major environmental benefits in reducing the pollution associated with chemical pulping. The pulp is bleached using chlorine dioxide stage followed by neutralization and calcium hypochlorite. The oxidizing agent in either case oxidizes and destroys the dyes formed from the tannins of the wood and accentuated (reinforced) by sulfides present in it.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Steam exploded fibre is a pulping and extraction technique that has been applied to wood and other fibrous organic material.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: The pulp produced up to this point in the process can be bleached to produce a white paper product. The chemicals used to bleach pulp have been a source of environmental concern, and recently the pulp industry has been using alternatives to chlorine, such as chlorine dioxide, oxygen, ozone and hydrogen peroxide.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Pulp made from non-wood plant sources or recycled textiles is manufactured today largely as a speciality product for fine-printing and art purposes. Modern machine- and hand-made art papers made with cotton, linen, hemp, abaca, kozo, and other fibers are often valued for their longer, stronger fibers and their lower lignin content. Lignin, present in virtually all plant materials, contributes to the acidification and eventual breakdown of paper products, often characterized by the browning and embrittling of paper with a high lignin content such as newsprint. 100% cotton or a combination of cotton and linen pulp is widely used to produce documents intended for long-term use, such as certificates, currency, and passports.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Today, some groups advocate using field crop fibre or agricultural residues instead of wood fibre as a more sustainable means of production.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: There is enough straw to meet much of North America's book, magazine, catalogue and copy paper needs. Agricultural-based paper does not come from tree farms. Some agricultural residue pulps take less time to cook than wood pulps. That means agricultural-based paper uses less energy, less water and fewer chemicals. Pulp made from wheat and flax straw has half the ecological footprint of pulp made from forests.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Hemp paper is a possible replacement, but processing infrastructure, storage costs and the low usability percentage of the plant means it is not a ready substitute.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: However, wood is also a renewable resource, with about 90 percent of pulp coming from plantations or reforested areas. Non-wood fibre sources account for about 5–10 percent of global pulp production, for a variety of reasons, including seasonal availability, problems with chemical recovery, brightness of the pulp etc. In China, as of 2009, a higher proportion of non-wood pulp processing increased use of water and energy.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Nonwovens are in some applications alternatives to paper made from wood pulp, like filter paper or tea bags.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Market pulp is any variety of pulp that is produced in one location, dried and shipped to another location for further processing. Important quality parameters for pulp not directly related to the fibres are brightness, dirt levels, viscosity and ash content. In 2004 it accounted for about 55 million metric tons of market pulp.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Air dry pulp is the most common form to sell pulp. This is pulp dried to about 10 percent moisture content. It is normally delivered as sheeted bales of 250 kg. The reason to leave 10 percent moisture in the pulp is that this minimizes the fibre to fibre bonding and makes it easier to disperse the pulp in water for further processing to paper.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Roll pulp or "reel pulp" is the most common delivery form of pulp to non traditional pulp markets. Fluff pulp is normally shipped on rolls (reels). This pulp is dried to 5–6 percent moisture content. At the customer this is going to a comminution process to prepare for further processing.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Some pulps are flash dried. This is done by pressing the pulp to about 50 percent moisture content and then let it fall through silos that are 15–17 m high. Gas fired hot air is the normal heat source. The temperature is well above the char point of cellulose, but large amount of moisture in the fibre wall and lumen prevents the fibres from being incinerated. It is often not dried down to 10 percent moisture (air dry). The bales are not as densely packed as air dry pulp.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: The major environmental impacts of producing wood pulp come from its impact on forest sources and from its waste products.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: The impact of logging to provide the raw material for wood pulp is an area of intense debate. Modern logging practices, using forest management seek to provide a reliable, renewable source of raw materials for pulp mills. The practice of clear cutting is a particularly sensitive issue since it is a very visible effect of logging. Reforestation, the planting of tree seedlings on logged areas, has also been criticized for decreasing biodiversity because reforested areas are monocultures.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10 percent of wood pulp, but is one of the most controversial issues.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: The process effluents are treated in a biological effluent treatment plant, which guarantees that the effluents are not toxic in the recipient.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Mechanical pulp is not a major cause for environmental concern since most of the organic material is retained in the pulp, and the chemicals used (hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite) produce benign byproducts (water and sodium sulfate (finally), respectively).


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Chemical pulp mills, especially kraft mills, are energy self-sufficient and very nearly closed cycle with respect to inorganic chemicals.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Bleaching with chlorine produces large amounts of organochlorine compounds, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Many mills have adopted alternatives to chlorinated bleaching agents thereby reducing emissions of organochlorine pollution.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: The kraft pulping reaction in particular releases foul-smelling compounds. The hydrogen sulfide reagent that degrades lignin structure also causes some demethylation to produce methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide. These same compounds are released during many forms of microbial decay, including the internal microbial action in Camembert cheese, although the kraft process is a chemical one and does not involve any microbial degradation. These compounds have extremely low odor thresholds and disagreeable smells.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: The main applications for pulp are paper and board production. The furnish of pulps used depends on the quality on the finished paper. Important quality parameters are wood furnish, brightness, viscosity, extractives, dirt count and strength.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: Speciality pulp grades have many other applications. Dissolving pulp is used in making regenerated cellulose that is used textile and cellophane production. It is also used to make cellulose derivatives. Fluff pulp is used in diapers, feminine hygiene products and nonwovens.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: The Fourdrinier Machine is the basis for most modern papermaking, and it has been used in some variation since its conception. It accomplishes all the steps needed to transform pulp into a final paper product.


title: Pulp (paper)

text: In 2009, NBSK pulp sold for $650/ton in the United States. The price had dropped due to falling demand when newspapers reduced their size, in part, as a result of the recession.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: Anil Agarwal (born 1954) is an Indian Billionaire who is the founder and Chairman of Vedanta Resources Limited. He controls Vedanta Resources through Volcan Investments, a holding vehicle with a 100% stake in the business.Anil Agarwal's family have $4 billion net worth.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: Agarwal was born and brought in DELHI in a Marwadi family in Patna, Bihar, India. His father Dwarka Prasad Agarwal had a small aluminium conductor business. He studied at Miller High School, Patna. He decided to join his father's business, making aluminium conductors instead of going to university. At 19, he left Patna for Mumbai (then Bombay) to explore career opportunities.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: In the mid-1970s, he began trading in scrap metal, collecting it from cable companies in other states and selling it in Mumbai. In 1976, Anil Agarwal acquired Shamsher Sterling Corporation, a manufacturer of enameled copper, among other products, with a bank loan. For the next 10 years, he ran both businesses. In 1986, he set up a factory to manufacture jelly-filled cables, creating Sterlite Industries. He soon realized that the profitability of his business was volatile, fluctuating with the prices of his raw materials: copper and aluminium. So he decided to control his input costs by manufacturing the metals instead of buying them.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: In 1993, Sterlite Industries became the first private sector company in India to set up a copper smelter and refinery. In 1995, Sterlite Industries acquired Madras Aluminium, a 'sick' company that had been shut down for 4 years and held by the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR). The next step of the backward integration process seemed natural: mining.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: His first opportunity came when the government announced a disinvestment program. In 2001, he acquired 51 percent in Bharat Aluminium Company (BALCO) for an amount of INR 551.50 crore, a public sector undertaking; in the very next year, he acquired a majority stake (nearly 65 per cent) in state-run HZL(Hindustan Zinc Limited). Both the companies were considered sleepy and inefficient mining firms.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: To access international capital markets, Anil Agarwal and his team incorporated Vedanta Resources Plc in 2003 in London. At the time of its listing, Vedanta Resources Plc, was the first Indian firm to be listed on London Stock Exchange, on 10 December 2003, Vedanta Resources became the parent company of the group through a process of internal restructuring of group companies and their shareholding.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: In 2004 Vedanta Resources Plc announced a global bond offering and acquired Konkola Copper Mines in Zambia, Africa. In 2007, Vedanta Resources acquired a controlling stake in Sesa Goa Limited, India's largest producer-exporter of iron ore, and in 2010, the company acquired South African miner Anglo American's portfolio of zinc assets in Namibia, Ireland and South Africa. The next year, Vedanta Resources acquired controlling stake in Cairn India, India's largest private sector oil-producing firm. The merger of Sesa Goa and Sterlite Industries was announced in 2012, as part of the Vedanta Group's consolidation.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: Vedanta Resources, headquartered in London, is a globally diversified natural resources conglomerate, with interests in zinc, lead, silver, copper, iron ore, aluminium, power generation, and oil and gas. The greatest share of its assets, however, is in India; Agarwal lives in London.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: In October 2017, it was announced that Agrawal's Volcan Holdings Plc had taken a 19% stake in mining company Anglo American, making him biggest shareholder of the company.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: According to Forbes Vedanta and Foxconn in 2022 will jointly invest about $20 billion to build semiconductor and display plants in the Indian state of Gujarat, with Vendanta having 60% stakes in the venture.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: In 2004, a committee of the Indian Supreme Court charged that Vedanta had dumped thousands of tons of arsenic-bearing slag near its factory in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, resulting in major poisoning of the environment and neighbouring population. In 2005, another committee of the Indian Supreme Court charged that Vedanta had forced over one hundred indigenous families from their homes in the Indian state of Odisha, where it sought to mine bauxite. According to the committee's report: "An atmosphere of fear was created through the hired goons", and residents were "beaten up by the employees of M/s Vedanta". Vedanta's actions in Odisha were rebuked by the British commerce agency, and the Church of England investment funds sold their shares in the company in protest. In Zambia, Vedanta dumped hazardous waste into the Kafue River, from its copper mine there, according to a lawsuit filed by 2,000 residents, resulting in widespread human illness and the death of fish. A local judge stated: "This was lack of corporate responsibility and criminal, and a tipping point for corporate recklessness". In 2014, an audit was begun by Zambian officials due to suspicions that Vedanta has not been paying its proper fees to the government. In addition, "hundreds of former mine workers are fighting Vedanta for severance or disability pay."


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: In March and April 2018, there were renewed mass-protests against the company's plans of setting up a second smelting complex and to demand a shutdown of its Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) smelting plants, on grounds of violating environmental regulations. On 22 May 2018 the protests took a deadlier turn as 13 people were killed and several others injured, following a police shooting. Section 144 was imposed to control the situation.The Justice Aruna Jagadeesan Commission has not found any “specific evidence” that points to the involvement of either Sterlite Industries, as claimed by a few activist groups, or any outfit, as alleged by the then government and a few individuals such as actor Rajinikanth, in the violence of May 22, 2018.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: In 1992, Anil Agarwal created the Vedanta Foundation as the vehicle through which the group companies would carry out their philanthropic programs and activities. In the financial year 2013–14, the Vedanta group companies and the Vedanta foundation invested US$49.0 million in building hospitals, schools and infrastructure, conserving the environment and funding community programs that improve health, education and livelihood of over 4.1 million people. The initiatives were undertaken in partnership with the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Among his inspirations, Agarwal counts Andrew Carnegie and David Rockefeller who built public works with their fortunes, and Bill Gates. The activities funded by his philanthropy are focused on child welfare, women empowerment and education.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: Anil Agarwal was ranked second in Hurun India Philanthropy List 2014 for his personal donation of Rs. 1,796 crore (about $360 million). He was ranked 25th in the Hurun India Rich List with a personal fortune of 12,316cr.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: In 2015, the Vedanta group in partnership with Ministry for Women and Child development inaugurated the first "Nand Ghar" or modern anganwadi, of the 4,000 planned to set up. Agarwal has pledged to donate 75% of his family's wealth to charity, saying he was inspired by Bill Gates.


title: Anil Agarwal (industrialist)

text: Vedanta was stripped of international safety awards after it was found it failed to declare its involvement one of the worst industrial accidents in India's history.


title: 3Blue1Brown

text: 3Blue1Brown is a math YouTube channel created and run by Grant Sanderson. The channel focuses on teaching higher mathematics from a visual perspective, and on the process of discovery and inquiry-based learning in mathematics, which Sanderson calls "inventing math". , the channel has 4.85 million subscribers.


title: 3Blue1Brown

text: Sanderson graduated from Stanford University in 2015 with a bachelor's degree in math. He worked for Khan Academy from 2015 to 2016 as part of their content fellowship program, producing videos and articles about multivariable calculus, after which he started focusing his full attention on 3Blue1Brown.


title: 3Blue1Brown

text: 3Blue1Brown started as a personal programming project in early 2015. In a podcast of "Showmakers", Sanderson explained that he wanted to practice his coding skills and decided to make a graphics library in Python, which eventually became the open-source project "Manim" (short for Mathematical Animation engine). To have a goal for the project, he decided to create a video with the library and upload it to YouTube. On March 4, 2015, he uploaded his first video. He started to publish more videos and to improve the graphics tool.


title: 3Blue1Brown

text: In 2020, Grant Sanderson became one of the creators and lecturers of the MIT course "Introduction to Computational Thinking", together with Alan Edelman, David Sanders, James Schloss, and Benoit Forget. The course uses the Julia programming language and Grant Sanderson's animations to explain various topics: convolutions, image processing, COVID-19 data visualization, epidemic modelling, ray tracing, introduction to climate modelling, ocean modelling, and the algorithms that lie behind these topics.


title: 3Blue1Brown

text: 3Blue1Brown videos are themed around visualizing math, including pure math such as number theory and topology as well as more applied topics in computer science and physics. The visuals are predominantly generated by Manim, a Python animation library written by Sanderson, though occasionally visuals are drawn from other software such as macOS's Grapher application.


title: 3Blue1Brown

text: The channel's videos have been featured in "Popular Mechanics," "ABC News", and "Quanta Magazine". Sanderson appeared on the podcasts of Numberphile, Lex Fridman, the Art of Problem Solving, Siraj Raval, and Showmakers.


title: 3Blue1Brown

text: In February 2022, Sanderson determined that the best starting word on the game "Wordle" was codice_1. Later on, he stated that the code he wrote to determine the best starting word had a bug in it.


title: 3Blue1Brown

text: In January 2020, Sanderson delivered a talk in "An Evening with Grant Sanderson", hosted by the Stanford Speakers Bureau. Sanderson offered his perspective on engaging with math: instead of prioritizing usefulness, he emphasizes emotion, wonder and imagination. He aims to "bring life to math" with visuals, graphics, and animations. In August 2021, Sanderson was one of several featured speakers at SIGGRAPH 2021.


title: 3Blue1Brown

text: In November 2022, Sanderson delivered a keynote speech titled "What can algorithms teach us about education?" at the 17th Dutch National Informatics Congress CelerIT hosted by Stichting Nationaal Informatica Congres (SNiC). Sanders offered his perspective on how mathematics education should evolve in the future and related his findings with the way neural networks learn, he emphasizes the need for students to grasp concepts and understand them.


title: Beefalo

text: Beefalo constitute a hybrid offspring of domestic cattle ("Bos taurus"), usually a male in managed breeding programs, and the American bison ("Bison bison"), usually a female in managed breeding programs. The breed was created to combine the characteristics of both animals for beef production.


title: Beefalo

text: Beefalo are primarily cattle in genetics and appearance, with the breed association defining a full Beefalo as one with three-eighths (37.5%) bison genetics, while animals with higher percentages of bison genetics are called "bison hybrids".


title: Beefalo

text: Accidental crosses were noticed as long ago as 1749 in the Southern states of North America, during British colonization. Cattle and bison were first intentionally crossbred during the mid-19th century.


title: Beefalo

text: One of the first efforts to cross-breed bison and domestic cattle was in 1815 by Mr. Robert Wickliffe of Lexington, Kentucky. Mr. Robert Wickliffe's experiments continued for up to 30 years.


title: Beefalo

text: Another early deliberate attempt to cross-breed bison with cattle was made by Colonel Samuel Bedson, warden of Stoney Mountain Penitentiary, Winnipeg, in 1880. Bedson bought eight bison from a captive herd of James McKay and inter-bred them with Durham cattle. The hybrids raised by Bedson were described by naturalist Ernest Thompson Seton:


title: Beefalo

text: After seeing thousands of cattle die in a Kansas blizzard in 1886, Charles "Buffalo" Jones, a co-founder of Garden City, Kansas, also worked to cross bison and cattle at a ranch near the future Grand Canyon National Park, with the hope the animals could survive the harsh winters. He called the result "cattalo" in 1888. Mossom Martin Boyd of Bobcaygeon, Ontario first started the practice in Canada, publishing about some of his outcomes in the Journal of Heredity. After his death in 1914, the Canadian government continued experiments in crossbreeding up to 1964, with little success. For example, in 1936 the Canadian government had successfully cross-bred only 30 cattalos.


title: Beefalo

text: It was found early on that crossing a male bison with a domestic cow would produce few offspring, but that crossing a domestic bull with a bison cow apparently solved the problem. The female offspring proved fertile, but rarely so for the males. Although the cattalo performed well, the mating problems meant the breeder had to maintain a herd of wild and difficult-to-handle bison cows.


title: Beefalo

text: In 1965, Jim Burnett of Montana produced a hybrid bull that was fertile. Soon after, Cory Skowronek of California formed the World Beefalo Association and began marketing the hybrids as a new breed. The new name, Beefalo, was meant to separate this hybrid from the problems associated with the old cattalo hybrids. The breed was eventually set at being genetically at least five-eighths "Bos taurus" and at most three-eighths "Bison bison".


title: Beefalo

text: A United States Department of Agriculture study found Beefalo meat, like bison meat, to be lower in fat and cholesterol than standard beef cattle.


title: Beefalo

text: In 1983, the three main Beefalo registration groups reorganized under the American Beefalo World Registry. Until November 2008, there were two Beefalo associations, the American Beefalo World Registry and American Beefalo International. These organizations jointly formed the American Beefalo Association, Inc., which currently operates as the registering body for Beefalo in the United States.


title: Beefalo

text: Most current bison herds are “genetically polluted”, meaning that they are partly crossbred with cattle. There are only four genetically unmixed American bison herds left, and only two that are also free of brucellosis: the Wind Cave bison herd that roams Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota; and the Henry Mountains herd in the Henry Mountains of Utah.


title: Beefalo

text: Dr. Dirk Van Vuren, formerly of the University of Kansas, however, points out that "The bison today that carry cattle DNA look exactly like bison, function exactly like bison and in fact are bison. For conservation groups, the interest is that they are not totally pure."


title: Beefalo

text: The term "cattalo", a portmanteau of "cattle" and "buffalo", is defined by United States law as a cross of bison and cattle which have a bison appearance.


title: Beefalo

text: In some American states, cattalo are regulated as "exotic animals", along with pure bison and deer. However, in most states, bison and hybrids which are raised solely for livestock purposes similar to cattle, are considered domestic animals like cattle, and do not require special permits.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Nina Nesbitt (born ) is a Scottish singer and songwriter. She has two top 40 singles, and is known for her single "Stay Out", which peaked at No. 21 on the UK Singles Chart in April 2013.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Her first EP, "The Apple Tree", was released in April 2012 and peaked at No. 6 on the iTunes download charts after receiving airplay on BBC Radio 1, and also peaked at the top of the iTunes singer/songwriter chart. The "Way in the World" EP and single were released on 23 July 2013, as a follow-up to "Stay Out". In August 2013, she recorded a cover version of Fleetwood Mac's "Don't Stop", for a new John Lewis advertising campaign, subsequently charting at number 61. Nesbitt released her debut studio album, "Peroxide", on 17 February 2014.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: As a songwriter, she has written for other artists including Jessie Ware, Olivia Holt, Don Diablo and The Shires. In February 2019, Nesbitt released her second studio album, "The Sun Will Come Up, the Seasons Will Change". In September 2022, she released her third studio album "Älskar".


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Nesbitt was born on 11 July 1994 in Livingston, and attended the small village school in Bellsquarry, Livingston. At 12, she moved to Balerno, a suburb of Edinburgh, and attended Balerno Community High School. Neither of her parents are musical - her father, Mike, worked in the electronics industry and her mother Caty, who is originally from Sweden, was a childcare worker.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Nesbitt plays the guitar, piano and flute. She began playing the guitar at the age of fifteen. After hearing Taylor Swift's album "Fearless" (2008), she uploaded her first cover to YouTube. The site's positive feedback inspired her to continue writing and recording songs in her bedroom, and uploading the videos to her YouTube channel. As a child, she competed in regional and national gymnastic competitions for both Pentland Rhythmic Gymnastics Club and Scotland. She was also part of the Scottish Team training for the Commonwealth Games.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Nesbitt met musician Ed Sheeran before a radio gig he was scheduled to perform in Edinburgh. After asking him for advice for aspiring singer-songwriters, and playing him a song on his guitar, she was invited to support him on his European tour. She was also invited to support Example after he heard her cover of his song "Stay Awake". She also appeared in the music video for Sheeran's single "Drunk".


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Her second EP, "The Apple Tree", was released in April 2012 via AWAL and reached No. 6 on the iTunes download charts after receiving airplay on BBC Radio 1, and also reached No. 1 on the iTunes singer/songwriter chart. On 9 October 2012, Nesbitt embarked on her second UK headline tour, to support the release of her debut single, "Boy", under new label, Island Records. The tour included support from singer-songwriter Josh Kumra and singer-songwriter Billy Lockett. The tour commenced on 9 October 2012 at Òran Mór, Glasgow, Scotland and finished on 18 October 2012 at Dingwalls, London, England. Her third EP, "Stay Out", was released on 8 April 2013; its title track of the same name entered the charts at No. 21 in April 2013. Her next EP, "Way in the World", was released on 21 July 2013. The title track was released as a single, and the music video released on 12 June 2013. Nesbitt's next single was a cover of the Fleetwood Mac song, "Don't Stop", and is used in an advert for the department store John Lewis. On 6 September 2013, Nesbitt sang "Flower of Scotland" at Hampden Park before Scotland faced Belgium in a Group A World Cup Qualifier.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: On 25 November 2013, Nesbitt announced on her Twitter and Facebook pages that her debut studio album, "Peroxide", would be released on 17 February 2014 in the United Kingdom. Nesbitt did an album signing tour around the UK, starting in Edinburgh on the day the album was released. "Peroxide" entered the UK Album Charts at number 1 in Scotland and 11 in the rest of the UK. The lead single from the album, "Selfies" was released on 9 February 2014. She released her fifth EP, "Nina Nesbitt", exclusively in the US on 1 April 2014.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: In 2016, Nesbitt announced the release of her newest EP, "Modern Love", featuring her "radical new look." She also announced a three-date UK Tour, that took place from 26 to 28 January. Following its World Exclusive on Radio 1, her single "Chewing Gum" became available for download on Apple Music and Spotify on 10 January. On 27 April, Nesbitt performed at the Young Scot Awards at Edinburgh's International Conference Centre. In June, she started the project "Songs I Wrote for You", where she asked her fans to send her their personal love stories and she would write a song about it. In October 2016, she released a five-track EP titled "Life in Colour" with the songs of the project under her own label.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: In May 2016, Nesbitt disclosed that she had left her record label and was now an independent artist. In November 2016, Nesbitt signed a recording contract with indie label Cooking Vinyl. On 2 July 2017, she served as a supporting act for Justin Bieber during British Summer Time in Hyde Park, London. She released a new single, "The Moments I'm Missing", on 14 July 2017. On 8 September 2017 she released her next single, "The Best You Had""", which was made Greg James' 'Tune of the Week' on Radio 1 and added to the Radio 1 playlist. Taylor Swift later added "The Best You Had" to her 'Favourite Songs' playlist on Apple Music and Spotify, while actress Chloë Grace Moretz tweeted about the song to her followers. Nesbitt then released "Somebody Special" as the third single from her second album.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: In October 2017, she played two intimate shows in New York City and Los Angeles. In December 2017, Nesbitt won the 'Evolution Award' at the SSE Scottish Music Awards.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Between March and April 2018, Nesbitt toured the United States with Jake Bugg. She also revealed new track "Psychopath" for the launch of Spotify's 'Louder Together', a program bringing artists together to collaborate on an original Spotify Singles song in the spirit of community, empowerment and inspiration.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: The titular track "The Sun Will Come Up, the Seasons Will Change" was released as a promotional single in May. Nesbitt has said that it is "like a self-help song and she hopes that people can listen to it in times of need and be reminded that things are constantly changing". The song was also featured in an episode of "Life Sentence", an American television series.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: In summer 2018, Nesbitt played twelve festivals in the UK, and also performed at SXSW, Midem and The Great Escape. She later sold out three consecutive London shows (at Heaven, The Islington and Camden Assembly), and supported acts such as James Arthur, Jesse McCartney, MAX and Lewis Capaldi on tours.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: On 10 August 2018, Nesbitt released her fourth single from the album, "Loyal to Me", which was produced by Fraser T. Smith. In October 2018, Nesbitt announced that her second album, "The Sun Will Come Up, the Seasons Will Change" will be released on 1 February 2019 through Cooking Vinyl.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: "The Sun Will Come Up, the Seasons Will Change" was released on 1 February 2019, to a positive critic reaction. The Independent awarded the record four stars and The Times gave it three, whilst CelebMix awarded the album five stars saying, "February is far too early to talk about albums of the year. But, really, is it going to get better than this?". On the same day, Nesbitt also released a new music video for her fifth single from the album, titled "Is It Really Me You're Missing?". Nesbitt then embarked on a headlining tour to support "The Sun Will Come Up, the Seasons Will Change", with the North American and UK legs spanning from February to April. She also toured in Australia and New Zealand from 28 May to 1 June.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: In March 2019, it was announced that Nesbitt would be supporting Jess Glynne on the American leg of the Always in Between Tour.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Leading up to the release of her third studio album, "Älskar", on 2 September 2022, Nesbitt released several singles including "Summer Fling" and "Life's a Bitch" (which are featured as bonus tracks on the deluxe version of the album).


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Further songs released prior to the albums official release that are included on the standard edition of the album include include: "When You Lose Someone", "Dinner Table", "Pressure Makes Diamonds", "No Time (For My Life to Suck)", and "Colours of You".


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Nesbitt was part of the mothers2mothers fund raising dinner, raising half a million pounds for the charity. She also attended the Women in the World Summit, discussing the impact of body image in the Internet era.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: She has worked with brands such as Calvin Klein and American Eagle and was chosen to attend the Women in the World Summit alongside Nicole Kidman and Cara Delevingne.


title: Nina Nesbitt

text: Nesbitt was in a relationship with singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran and she appeared in his music video for "Drunk" in 2012. She wrote most of her album, "Peroxide" (2014), about Sheeran, while she was the subject of Sheeran's songs "Nina" and "Photograph".


title: Juan Pablo Di Pace

text: Juan Pablo Di Pace (born 25 July 1979) is an Argentine actor and singer. He began his career in the United Kingdom, performing in a number of musicals and appearing in films like "Survival Island" (2005) and "Mamma Mia!" (2008). He later moved to Spain, starring in several television series from 2009 to 2013. In 2014, Di Pace began starring as Nicolas Treviño in the TNT drama series "Dallas". From 2016 to 2020, he played the role of Kimmy Gibbler's estranged husband, Fernando, on "Fuller House", a spin-off series of "Full House".


title: Juan Pablo Di Pace

text: Di Pace was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and moved to Spain when he was twelve. He was raised Catholic. He lived in London for ten years. He speaks fluent Spanish, Italian and English. At age 17, he was awarded a scholarship to attend the United World College of the Adriatic in Duino, Trieste, Italy, and later studied theatre at the London Studio Centre.


title: Juan Pablo Di Pace

text: Prior to joining the big screen, Di Pace appeared in the London musical "Chicago" and fronted posters for the production shown all over the United Kingdom. He also played the role of Danny Zuko in the Trieste production of "Grease" in Italy, partly directed by Di Pace. For two years, he was Tony Manero in the 2009–2010 Spanish production of "Saturday Night Fever" in Madrid, produced by Stage Entertainment, which won him critical acclaim by the European press. In 2011-12 he starred in the original Spanish production of "Más de cien mentiras" produced by Drive Entertainment.


title: Juan Pablo Di Pace

text: Di Pace has made several appearances on British television, such as the BBC One comedy "The Catherine Tate Show", BBC One film "Aftersun", BBC One series "New Tricks" and BBC Scotland soap "River City", which he joined in 2005 playing the character of Luca Rossi. His on-screen debut was in the 2005 film "Survival Island". He is also featured in "Mamma Mia!" (2008).


title: Juan Pablo Di Pace

text: Upon moving to Spain he played regular roles in TV series such as "Supercharly", "Angel o Demonio", "Los Hombres de Paco", "90-60-90", and "El Don de Alba". In 2011 he starred in the final season of "Física o Química,". Di Pace also starred in the video for the 2004 Eric Prydz hit "Call On Me". In the video, he is the only man amongst a group of women in an aerobics class. He also directed and starred in the sequel "What a Feeling" by Hughes Corporation in 2006, which is loosely based on dance sequences from "Flashdance" and "Dirty Dancing". In 2008 he directed a music video for Katie Melua, in which he appears opposite his sister, María Victoria Di Pace. In 2009 he appeared on the videoclip ""Time Is Running Out"" by Muse.


title: Juan Pablo Di Pace

text: In 2013, Di Pace was cast as series regular billionaire businessman Nicolas Treviño for season 3 of the TNT drama series "Dallas". In 2016, Di Pace appears in a recurring role as Fernando, the fiancé and ex-husband of Kimmy Gibbler on the Netflix series "Fuller House". Starting in the second season he was promoted to the main cast.


title: Juan Pablo Di Pace

text: In 2018, he was announced as one of the celebrities to compete on season 27 of "Dancing with the Stars", being paired with the professional dancer Cheryl Burke. Despite earning five perfect scores and holding the highest average of the season, they were eliminated in the semi-final in a double elimination with Joe Amabile and Jenna Johnson, and tied for fifth place.


title: Juan Pablo Di Pace

text: Di Pace came out publicly as gay in July 2019. Before this, he said of his sexuality, "Acceptance was my fuel, and when that is the case, like an addict, you do whatever it takes to get a fix. I figured if I changed my fucking self, I could be in."


title: 27th Critics' Choice Awards

text: The 27th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on March 13, 2022, at the Fairmont Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles, California and the Savoy Hotel in London, honoring the finest achievements of filmmaking and television programming in 2021. The ceremony was simulcast on The CW and TBS, and hosted by Taye Diggs and Nicole Byer; this was Diggs' fourth consecutive time as host. The television nominations were announced on December 6, 2021. The film nominations were announced on December 13, 2021.


title: 27th Critics' Choice Awards

text: "Belfast" and "West Side Story" led the film nominations with 11 each, followed by "Dune" and "The Power of the Dog" with 10 each. "Succession" led the television nominations with eight, followed by "Evil" and "Mare of Easttown" with five each. Overall, Netflix received a total of 42 nominations, 24 for film and 18 for television, the most for any studio or network.


title: 27th Critics' Choice Awards

text: On December 22, 2021, the ceremony, originally slated for January 9, 2022, was delayed due to COVID-19 pandemic-related concerns—involving the Omicron variant widespread surge in the United States. On January 13, 2022, it was announced that the ceremony would take place on March 13, 2022.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: Mohammed al-Khamis bin Yusef bin Hassan al-Alawi (), also known as Sidi Mohammed bin Yusef () or Mohammed V () (10 August 1909 – 26 February 1961), was Sultan of Morocco from 1927 to 1953; he was recognized as Sultan again upon his return from exile in 1955, and as King from 1957 to 1961. Upon the death of his father, Yusef bin Hassan, he succeeded to the throne. He was a member of the 'Alawi dynasty.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: Mohammed bin Yusef was born on 10 August 1909 in Fes, and was the youngest of his three brothers. In March 1912, the Treaty of Fes was signed, turning Morocco into a French protectorate after a French invasion from the west and the east, resulting in an eventual capture of the capital, Fes. While Mohammed's father Yusef bin Hassan spent most of his time in the new capital, Rabat, Mohammed spent most of his time in the Royal Palace in Fes, where he received education in the traditional Moroccan way, Arabic religious lessons. However, Mohammed also learned the French language, which he did not master, as it was necessary to communicate with French authorities.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: Mohammed V was one of the sons of Sultan Yusef, who was enthroned by the French in September 1912 and his wife Yaqut. On 18 November 1927, a "young and timid" 17-year-old Muhammad bin Yusef was enthroned after the death of his father and the departure of Hubert Lyautey.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: He married Hanila bint Mamoun in 1925 and in 1928, he married Abla bint Tahar, the latter gave birth to Hassan II in 1929. Finally he married Bahia bint Antar.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: At the time of Mohammed's enthronement, the French colonial authorities were "pushing for a more assertive 'native policy.'" On 16 May 1930, Sultan Muhammad V signed the Berber Dahir, which changed the legal system in parts of Morocco where Berber languages were primarily spoken ("Bled es-Siba"), while the legal system in the rest of the country ("Bled al-Makhzen") remained the way it had been before the French invasion. Although the sultan was under no duress, he was only 20 years old. This "dhahir" "electrified the nation"; it was sharply criticized by Moroccan nationalists and catalyzed the .


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: Sultan Muhammad V participated in the Anfa Conference hosted in Casablanca during World War II. On 22 January 1943, he met privately with the US president Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Prime Minister of the UK Winston Churchill. At this dinner, Roosevelt assured the sultan that "the post-war scene and the pre-war scene would ... sharply differ, especially as they related to the colonial question." The sultan's 14-year-old son and future king of Morocco, Hassan II, also attended and later stated that Roosevelt said, "Ten years from now your country will be independent."


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: "There are competing accounts of exactly what Mohammed V did or did not do for the Moroccan Jewish community" during the Holocaust. However, "though a subject of debate, most scholars stress the benevolence of Mohammed V toward the Jews" during the Vichy era. Mohammed reportedly refused to sign off on efforts by Vichy officials to impose anti-Jewish legislation upon Morocco and deport the country's 250,000 Jews to their deaths in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps in Europe. The sultan's stand was "based as much on the insult the Vichy "diktats" posed to his claim of sovereignty over all his subjects, including the Jews, as on his humanitarian instincts." Partial Nazi race measures were enacted in Morocco over Mohammed's objection, and Mohammed did sign, under the instructions of Vichy officials, two decrees that barred Jews from certain schools and positions.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: Nevertheless, Mohammed is highly esteemed by Moroccan Jews who credit him for protecting their community from the Nazi and Vichy French government, and Mohammed V has been honored by Jewish organizations for his role in protecting his Jewish subjects during the Holocaust. Some historians maintain that Mohammed's anti-Nazi role has been exaggerated; historian Michel Abitol writes that while Mohammed V was compelled by Vichy officials to sign the anti-Jewish dahirs, "he was more passive than Moncef Bay (ruler of Tunisia during the Second World War) in that he did not take any side and did not engage in any public act that could be interpreted as a rejection of Vichy's policy."


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: Sultan Muhammad V was a central figure in the independence movement in Morocco, or as it is also called: the Revolution of the King and the People (). This grew from protests regarding the Berber Dahir of 16 May 1930. He was critical of early movements for reform in French colonial administration in Morocco before becoming a supporter of independence later on.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: His central position in the Proclamation of Independence of Morocco further boosted his image as a national symbol. On 9 and 10 April 1947, he delivered two momentous speeches respectively at the Mendoubia and Grand Mosque of Tangier, together known as the Tangier Speech, appealing for the independence of Morocco without calling out specific colonial powers.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: In 1947, the rapid progress of the nationalist movement prompted Sidi Mohammed to demand independence for the first time during the Tangier speech, where he also called for the union of the Arabs and Morocco's membership of the Arab League which was founded in 1945, in which he praised, emphasized the close ties between Morocco and the rest of the Arab world. This rapprochement between the monarchy and the nationalist movement, whose projects differ, can be explained, according to historian Bernard Cubertafond, by the fact that "each side needs the other: the national movement sees the growing popularity of the king and his prudent but gradual emancipation from a protector who, in fact, left the treaty of 1912 to come to direct administration; the king cannot, except to discredit himself, cut himself off from a nationalist movement bringing together the living forces of his country and the elite of his youth, and he needs this power of protest to impose changes on France”.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: From then on, relations became strained with the French authorities, in particular with the new Resident General, General Alphonse Juin, who applied severe measures and pressured the sultan to disavow the Istiqlal and distance himself from nationalist claims. The break with France was consummated in 1951 and Sidi Mohammed concluded with the nationalists the pact of Tangier to fight for independence. The appointment of a new Resident General, General Augustin Guillaume , accentuated the dissension between Mohammed V and France. Further demonstrations turn into riots in Morocco in 1952, notably in Casablanca, while Sidi Mohammed gives the Moroccan cause an international audience at the UN with the support of the United States.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: On 20 August 1953 (the eve of Eid al-Adha), the French colonial authorities forced Mohammed V, an important national symbol in the growing Moroccan independence movement, into exile in Corsica along with his family. His first cousin once removed, Mohammed Ben Aarafa, called the "French sultan," was made a puppet monarch and placed on the throne. In response, Muhammad Zarqtuni bombed Casablanca's Central Market on Christmas Eve of that year.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: Mohammed V and his family were then transferred to Madagascar in January 1954. Mohammed V returned from exile on 16 November 1955, and was again recognized as Sultan after active opposition to the French protectorate. The situation became so tense that in 1955, the Moroccan nationalists, who enjoyed support in Libya, Algeria (with the FLN) and Egypt forced the French government to negotiate and recall the sultan. In February 1956 he successfully negotiated with France and Spain for the independence of Morocco.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: Mohammed V supported the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) in the struggle for Algerian Independence and offered to facilitate the participation of FLN leaders in a conference with Habib Bourguiba in Tunis. On October 22, 1956, French forces hijacked a Moroccan airplane carrying leaders of the FLN during the ongoing Algerian War. The plane, which was carrying Ahmed Ben Bella, Hocine Aït Ahmed, and Mohamed Boudiaf, was destined to leave from Palma de Mallorca for Tunis, but French forces redirected the flight to occupied Algiers, where the FLN leaders were arrested.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: As Mohammed V returned to the throne, he suppressed many insurgencies, especially in the south and in the Rif. In 1957, he took the title of King of Morocco, to symbolise the unity of the country despite the divisions between Arabs and Berbers. In terms of domestic policy, upon his return he allowed the first congress of the Istiqlal, which formed various governments under his reign. He authorized the creation of trade unions, but the unrest and the strikes lead him to take full power in the last years of his reign.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: During his reign, the Moroccan Liberation Army waged war against Spain and France, and successfully captured most of Ifni as well as Cape Juby and parts of Spanish Sahara. With the treaty of Angra de Cintra, Morocco annexed Cape Juby and the surroundings of Ifni, while the rest of the remaining colony was ceded by Spain in 1969.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: He died at 51 years old 26 February 1961 following complications of a minor operation he had undergone.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: Mohammed V's nisbah is Mohammed bin Yusef bin Hassan bin Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman bin Hisham bin Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Ismail bin Sharif bin Ali bin Muhammad bin Ali bin Youssef bin Ali bin Al Hassan bin Muhammad bin Al Hassan bin Qasim bin Muhammad bin Abi Al Qasim bin Muhammad bin Al-Hassan bin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Arafa bin Al-Hassan bin Abi Bakr bin Ali bin Al-Hasan bin Ahmed bin Ismail bin Al-Qasim bin Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya bin Abdullah al-Kamil bin Hassan al-Muthanna bin Hasan bin Ali bin Abi Talib bin Abd al-Muttalib bin Hashim.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: The Mohammed V International Airport, Stade Mohammed V and Mohammed V Square in Casablanca, the Mohammed V University and Mohammadia School of Engineering in Rabat are named after him, as well as numerous universities and public spaces across Morocco. There is an Avenue Mohammed V in nearly every Moroccan city and a major one in Tunis, Tunisia, and in Algiers, Algeria.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: In December 2007, "The Jewish Daily Forward" reported on a secret diplomatic initiative by the Moroccan government to have Mohammed V admitted to the Righteous Among the Nations.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: His first wife was Hanila bint Mamoun. They married in 1925. She was the mother of his first daughter Fatima Zohra.


title: Mohammed V of Morocco

text: His second wife was his first cousin Abla bint Tahar. She was the daughter of Mohammed Tahar bin Hassan, son of Hassan I of Morocco. She married Mohammed V in 1928 and died in Rabat on 1 March 1992. She gave birth to five children: the future King Hassan II, Aisha, Malika, Abdallah and Nuzha.


title: Suck It and See

text: Suck It and See is the fourth studio album by English rock band Arctic Monkeys, released on 6 June 2011 by Domino Recording Company. It was produced by the band's longtime collaborator James Ford and was recorded at Sound City Studios in Los Angeles in early 2011, using mostly live takes opposed to overdubbing.


title: Suck It and See

text: Musically, "Suck It and See" represents a departure for the band following the darker sound of its predecessor "Humbug" (2009), instead featuring guitar pop and psychedelic pop. The album's title, a British phrase meaning "give it a try", was viewed as provocative in the United States and subsequently censored in some locations.


title: Suck It and See

text: Upon release, the album was promoted with various singles and topped the UK Albums Chart and has been certified platinum in the country. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics, with many calling it an improvement over its predecessor. Critics generally complimented the band's style shift, although opinion varied on Turner's lyrics.


title: Suck It and See

text: Arctic Monkeys wrote the album throughout 2010, with frontman Alex Turner writing the majority of the songs in New York, telling "Metro" magazine: "I wrote a lot of the new album while I was living in New York and I found myself using more English colloquialisms than ever." Recording took place at Sound City Studios in Los Angeles, California with producer James Ford over five weeks in January–February 2011. Turner has commented that rather than going into the studio with only rough sketches of songs, and making heavy use of overdubbing, the band focused much of their time rehearsing written songs together, coming up with new ideas in the process. Turner stated that the band recorded most of the album live in the studio, "So that meant we could really concentrate on beefing up the guitar sounds."


title: Suck It and See

text: "Suck It and See" represents a departure for the band after the darker sound of their previous album "Humbug" (2009). Speaking to "NME" shortly before the album's release, drummer Matt Helders promised to deliver a more "instant", "poppy", and "vintage" sound in comparison to "Humbug". Featuring a wide variety of styles, commentators have characterised the music as guitar pop, indie rock, indie pop, and psychedelic pop. "Consequence of Sound" further noted the presence of surf rock and the band's "own interpretation" of glam rock. "Q" magazine calls the album "the sound of a band drawing back the curtains and letting the sunshine in".


title: Suck It and See

text: The track "Piledriver Waltz" was first released on Turner's debut EP, "Submarine", where it was credited to Turner as a solo artist, featuring Ford on drums. The version included on "Suck It and See" is a re-recording with the whole band involved.


title: Suck It and See

text: According to Turner, the title is "an old Britishism, like a bit Dick Van Dyke-y, like 'give it a try' almost – it'd be a slogan for some candy." He acknowledged that saying "[didn't] really travel very well". The band settled on "Suck It and See" as the title after debating between titles such as "The Rain-Shaped Shimmer Trap", "The Thunder-Suckle Fuzz Canyon", "The Blond-O-Sonic Rape Alarm", and "Thriller", according to a band interview in the "NME".


title: Suck It and See

text: In the United States, the title on the cover sleeve was covered by a sticker in certain big-box retailers. In an interview with British radio station XFM, Turner said, "They think it is rude, disrespectful and they're putting a sticker over it in America in certain stores, big ones." The English idiom "suck it and see" means that something must be tried first, appearing, for example, in a 2010 "The Economist" headline and (as "suck 'em and see") in the advertising slogan of Fisherman's Friend lozenges.


title: Suck It and See

text: On 4 March 2011, the band premièred on its website a new track called "Brick by Brick" with lead vocals by Matt Helders. Helders explained that this is not a single, just a tease of what is coming and that is it is going to be on the upcoming album. The album's title and release date were unveiled six days later on 10 March.


title: Suck It and See

text: Arctic Monkeys embarked in May 2011 on their Suck It and See Tour. They headlined the Benicàssim Festival 2011 alongside the Strokes, Arcade Fire and Primal Scream. They also headlined Oxegen 2011, Super Bock Super Rock 2011, V Festival 2011, Rock Werchter and T in The Park. They confirmed on 7 February that they were playing two "massive homecoming shows" at the Don Valley Bowl in Sheffield on 10 and 11 June, support included Miles Kane, Anna Calvi, the Vaccines and Dead Sons and Mabel Love, clips from the show were also used in the music video for "The Hellcat Spangled Shalalala". They played at Lollapalooza in Chicago, Illinois from 5–7 August 2011. On 21 August, they also played at Lowlands, the Netherlands. The tour continued until March 2012.


title: Suck It and See

text: On 13 May, Arctic Monkeys appeared on "Later... with Jools Holland" and performed four tracks from the album: "Library Pictures", "Don't Sit Down 'Cause I've Moved Your Chair", "Reckless Serenade" and "The Hellcat Spangled Shalalala".


title: Suck It and See

text: Four singles were released to promote the album. The lead single, "Don't Sit Down 'Cause I've Moved Your Chair", was released digitally on 12 April 2011, and on 16 April three thousand 7" vinyl copies were released worldwide by the band as part of Record Store Day, backed with "Brick by Brick". It was given a wider release on 30 May 2011, available on 10" vinyl and digital download with backed with "The Blond-O-Sonic Shimmer Trap" and "I.D.S.T.", and on 7" vinyl, backed with "I.D.S.T.".


title: Suck It and See

text: The second single taken from the album, "The Hellcat Spangled Shalalala", was released on 15 August 2011, backed with a new Death Ramps track featuring Miles Kane, "Little Illusion Machine (Wirral Riddler)". Most of the stock was burned because of the London riots. A limited edition 7" Vinyl of the single was then released over the band's website on 14 August. The song reached No. 15. in Belgium. On 31 October 2011, the title track "Suck It and See" was released as the third single, backed with a new song, "Evil Twin". They performed the song on "The Graham Norton Show" on 28 October. The fourth and final single, "Black Treacle", was released on 23 January 2012, backed with a second new Death Ramps song, "You & I", featuring Richard Hawley. In March, the band embarked on a North American stadium tour supporting the Black Keys.


title: Suck It and See

text: The album has been successful commercially. In its first week of release, the album debuted at number one in the United Kingdom, selling over 82,000 units and knocking Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" off the top spot. In its second week, the album sold a further 34,910 units in the UK. The album sold 154,000 units in its first week worldwide, selling 333,000 units overall. On 30 May, a week before official release, Domino Records streamed the entire album on SoundCloud. Within a few hours of being made public, the first two tracks had reached over 10,000 listens each, and by the end of the week, each had accrued over 100,000 plays.


title: Suck It and See

text: "Suck It and See" received positive reviews from critics, with a 74 rating at Metacritic based on 32 critics.


title: Suck It and See

text: Jody Rosen of "Rolling Stone" called the album the band's best since their debut. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated: ""Suck It and See" may be at the opposite end of the spectrum from "Humbug" – it's concentrated and purposeful where its predecessor sprawled – yet it still demands attention from the listener, delivering its rewards according to just how much time you're willing to devote." Although Andrew Perry of "The Daily Telegraph" felt the record was an improvement over "Humbug", he still writes that the album contains "jangling riffs" and "laugh-out-loud lyrics that would make Morrissey proud". Similarly, "The Guardian"s Alexis Petridis also considered "Suck It and See" to be an improvement over its predecessor, complimenting the band's style shift. Nevertheless, he felt some tracks were not that memorable, while some of Turner's lyrics were below average in comparison to previous efforts. Overall, Petridis calls "Suck It and See" "the first Arctic Monkeys album that tries to ensnare the listener with its tunes," as opposed to guitar riffs and lyrics, and represents the band becoming "an increasingly well-rounded rock band." Marc Hogan of "Pitchfork" also gave the album a positive review, calling it the band's "most rewarding" record to date. Unlike other reviewers, Hogan complimented Turner's lyrics, calling them "always keenly-observed", further complimenting the music as "ever-proficient". He overall praised the group's evolution up to that point. In July, the album won Mojo award for the Best Album of 2011. "Mojo" placed the album at number 39 on its list of "Top 50 albums of 2011."


title: Suck It and See

text: The album still received some mixed reviews. Evan Rytlewski of "The A.V. Club" criticised Turner's lyrics as less sly and sophisticated, while also finding the songs themselves to be slower and less memorable than their previous efforts. Kyle Anderson of "Entertainment Weekly" found that although the album "hits hard", "the boyish energy of their early work is still missed." Dorian Lynksey of "The Word" was also mixed, stating that "an overload of hyper-chiselled lyricism and a touch too much of yer manly riff-rock." "NME" named the album cover, an artwork free cream monochrome after the styling of the Beatles' White Album, as one of the worst in history.


title: Suck It and See

text: Retrospectively, reviewers have typically placed "Suck It and See" in the middle-low tier in rankings of the band's studio albums. In 2015, "NME" ranked "Suck It and See" fourth of the band's five albums up to that point. Lisa Wright writes that the album displayed a variety of styles that "showed a band absolutely in control of what they were doing and one that could bend ideas and genres to fit to their own shape." In 2018, "Consequence of Sound" ranked "Suck It and See" fourth of the band's six albums up to that point. Sarah Midkiff states: "While experimental, it's a distillation of their previous works, emerging stylistically confident in their choices." The same year, the album was given the same ranking by the Evening Standard, with Harry Fletcher stating that although the record lacked strong singles and "standout moments", he gave praise to Turner's lyrics, calling them some of his finest up to that point.


title: Nickmercs

text: Nicholas Kolcheff (born November 21, 1990), better known as Nickmercs (stylized in all caps), is an American Twitch streamer, YouTuber and co-owner of FaZe Clan who plays "Fortnite Battle Royale", "" and "Apex Legends".


title: Nickmercs

text: Kolcheff is from Detroit, Michigan. He first built his name as a "Gears of War" professional in the late 2000s. He won the Gears of War 2 National Championship in 2009. He also played "Halo" professionally. During this time he had multiple confrontations with Ninja due to trash talking.


title: Nickmercs

text: He started streaming on Justin.tv in 2010. He used his success in "Gears of War" to build a following. He created his YouTube channel in 2011 and made videos of "Call of Duty" and later "Outlast". In 2018, Kolcheff joined Matthew "Nadeshot" Haag's organization 100 Thieves as a content creator. Kolcheff's channel consistently streamed to 5000+ viewers daily and his stream popped off when his squad broke the world record for total kills in "Fortnite" with 54, the record was later broken by xPolitics, MannyinCali, TozSlays, and JuicyMutt with 59 kills. Kolcheff won the first "Fortnite" Friday with SypherPK and earned $2,500.


title: Nickmercs

text: Kolcheff is known for his aggressive play style, genius movement and domination in close quarters combat. He has earned over $130,000 in "Fortnite" prizes. Kolcheff developed an early rivalry with fellow streamer, Aydan, due to both being controller players. They are no longer rivals and often team with each other.


title: Nickmercs

text: In May 2019, Kolcheff had a falling out and split from 100 Thieves citing failed promises and poor management. He joined FaZe Clan later that month.


title: Nickmercs

text: Despite offers from rival streaming services, Kolcheff said he would stay with Twitch. Kolcheff has garnered upwards of 70,000 viewers on Twitch. He is estimated to have earned $6 million in 2019 and was the 10th highest earning gamer that year.


title: Nickmercs

text: Nick is known in the gaming community as the leader of the MFAM, one of the most close knit gaming communities. He often gives back to his community through giveaways, supporting smaller streamers and putting together the MFAM bar-b-que, a free event for the MFAM members and their families. The BBQ features an array of games, food, and giveaways.


title: Nickmercs

text: On July 8, 2019, Kolcheff proposed to his longtime girlfriend Emumita Bonita on stream. They later married on October 10, 2020.


title: Ahmose I

text: Ahmose I (, reconstructed /ʔaʕaħ'maːsjə/ (MK), Egyptological pronunciation "Ahmose", sometimes written as "Amosis" or "Aahmes", meaning "Iah (the Moon) is born") was a pharaoh and founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power. He was a member of the Theban royal house, the son of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and brother of the last pharaoh of the Seventeenth dynasty, Kamose. During the reign of his father or grandfather, Thebes rebelled against the Hyksos, the rulers of Lower Egypt. When he was seven years old, his father was killed, and he was about ten when his brother died of unknown causes after reigning only three years. Ahmose I assumed the throne after the death of his brother, and upon coronation became known as nb-pḥtj-rꜥ "The Lord of Strength is Ra".


title: Ahmose I

text: During his reign, Ahmose completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the Nile Delta, restored Theban rule over the whole of Egypt and successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan. He then reorganized the administration of the country, reopened quarries, mines and trade routes and began massive construction projects of a type that had not been undertaken since the time of the Middle Kingdom. This building program culminated in the construction of the last pyramid built by native Egyptian rulers. Ahmose's reign laid the foundations for the New Kingdom, under which Egyptian power reached its peak. His reign is usually dated to the mid-16th century BC.