title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: An alveolus consists of an epithelial layer of simple squamous epithelium (very thin, flattened cells), and an extracellular matrix surrounded by capillaries. The epithelial lining is part of the alveolar membrane, also known as the respiratory membrane, that allows the exchange of gases. The membrane has several layers – a layer of alveolar lining fluid that contains surfactant, the epithelial layer and its basement membrane; a thin interstitial space between the epithelial lining and the capillary membrane; a capillary basement membrane that often fuses with the alveolar basement membrane, and the capillary endothelial membrane. The whole membrane however is only between 0.2 μm at its thinnest part and 0.6 μm at its thickest.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: In the alveolar walls there are interconnecting air passages between the alveoli known as the pores of Kohn. The alveolar septa that separate the alveoli in the alveolar sac contain some collagen fibers and elastic fibers. The septa also house the enmeshed capillary network that surrounds each alveolus. The elastic fibres allow the alveoli to stretch when they fill with air during inhalation. They then spring back during exhalation in order to expel the carbon dioxide-rich air.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: There are three major types of alveolar cell. Two types are pneumocytes or pneumonocytes known as type I and type II cells found in the alveolar wall, and a large phagocytic cell known as an alveolar macrophage that moves about in the lumens of the alveoli, and in the connective tissue between them. Type I cells, also called type I pneumocytes, or type I alveolar cells, are squamous, thin and flat and form the structure of the alveoli. Type II cells, also called type II pneumocytes or type II alveolar cells, release pulmonary surfactant to lower surface tension, and can also differentiate to replace damaged type I cells.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Development of the earliest structures that will contain alveoli begins on day 22 and is divided into five stages: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar stage.The alveolar stage begins approximately 36 weeks into development. Immature alveoli appear as bulges from the sacculi which invade the primary septa. As the sacculi develop, the protrusions in the primary septa become larger; new septations are longer and thinner and are known as secondary septa. Secondary septa are responsible for the final division of the sacculi into alveoli. Majority of alveolar division occurs within the first 6 months but continue to develop until 3 years of age. To create a thinner diffusion barrier, the double-layer capillary network fuse into one network, each one closely associated with two alveoli as they develop.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: In the first three years of life, the enlargement of lungs is a consequence of the increasing number of alveoli; after this point, both the number and size of alveoli increases until the development of lungs finishes at approximately 8 years of age.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Type I cells are the larger of the two cell types; they are thin, flat epithelial lining cells (membranous pneumocytes), that form the structure of the alveoli. They are squamous (giving more surface area to each cell) and have long cytoplasmic extensions that cover more than 95% of the alveolar surface.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Type I cells are involved in the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and blood. These cells are extremely thin – sometimes only 25 nm – the electron microscope was needed to prove that all alveoli are lined with epithelium. This thin lining enables a fast diffusion of gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the surrounding capillaries.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: The nucleus of a type I cell occupies a large area of free cytoplasm and its organelles are clustered around it reducing the thickness of the cell. This also keeps the thickness of the blood-air barrier reduced to a minimum.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: The cytoplasm in the thin portion contains pinocytotic vesicles which may play a role in the removal of small particulate contaminants from the outer surface. In addition to desmosomes, all type I alveolar cells have occluding junctions that prevent the leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar air space.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: The relatively low solubility (and hence rate of diffusion) of oxygen, necessitates the large internal surface area (about 80 square m [96 square yards]) and very thin walls of the alveoli. Weaving between the capillaries and helping to support them is an extracellular matrix, a meshlike fabric of elastic and collagenous fibres. The collagen fibres, being more rigid, give the wall firmness, while the elastic fibres permit expansion and contraction of the walls during breathing.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Type I pneumocytes are unable to replicate and are susceptible to toxic insults. In the event of damage, type II cells can proliferate and differentiate into type I cells to compensate.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Type II cells are cuboidal and much smaller than type I cells. They are the most numerous cells in the alveoli, yet do not cover as much surface area as the squamous type I cells. Type II cells (granulous pneumocytes) in the alveolar wall contain secretory organelles known as lamellar bodies or lamellar granules, that fuse with the cell membranes and secrete pulmonary surfactant. This surfactant is a film of fatty substances, a group of phospholipids that reduce alveolar surface tension. The phospholipids are stored in the lamellar bodies. Without this coating, the alveoli would collapse. The surfactant is continuously released by exocytosis. Reinflation of the alveoli following exhalation is made easier by the surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the thin fluid lining of the alveoli. The fluid coating is produced by the body in order to facilitate the transfer of gases between blood and alveolar air, and the type II cells are typically found at the blood–air barrier.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Type II cells start to develop at about 26 weeks of gestation, secreting small amounts of surfactant. However, adequate amounts of surfactant are not secreted until about 35 weeks of gestation – this is the main reason for increased rates of infant respiratory distress syndrome, which drastically reduces at ages above 35 weeks gestation.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Type II cells are also capable of cellular division, giving rise to more type I and II alveolar cells when the lung tissue is damaged.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: MUC1, a human gene associated with type II pneumocytes, has been identified as a marker in lung cancer.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: The importance of the type 2 lung alveolar cells in the development of severe respiratory symptoms of COVID-19 and potential mechanisms on how these cells are protected by the SSRI-s fluvoxamine and fluoxetin was summarized in a review in April 2022.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: The alveolar macrophages reside on the internal luminal surfaces of the alveoli, the alveolar ducts, and the bronchioles. They are mobile scavengers that serve to engulf foreign particles in the lungs, such as dust, bacteria, carbon particles, and blood cells from injuries. They are also called "pulmonary macrophages", and "dust cells".


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Insufficient surfactant in the alveoli is one of the causes that can contribute to atelectasis (collapse of part or all of the lung). Without pulmonary surfactant, atelectasis is a certainty. Insufficient surfactant in the lungs of preterm infants causes infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS).


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Impaired surfactant regulation can cause an accumulation of surfactant proteins to build up in the alveoli in a condition called pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. This results in impaired gas exchange.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung tissue, which can be caused by both viruses and bacteria. Cytokines and fluids are released into the alveolar cavity, interstitium, or both, in response to infection, causing the effective surface area of gas exchange to be reduced. In severe cases where cellular respiration cannot be maintained, supplemental oxygen may be required.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Almost any type of lung tumor or lung cancer can compress the alveoli and reduce gas exchange capacity. In some cases the tumor will fill the alveoli.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: A pulmonary contusion is a bruise of the lung tissue caused by trauma. Damaged capillaries can cause blood and other fluids to accumulate in the tissue of the lung, impairing gas exchange .


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Pulmonary edema is the buildup of fluid in the parenchyma and alveoli usually caused by left ventricular heart failure, or by damage to the lung or its vasculature.


title: Pulmonary alveolus

text: Because of the high expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in type II alveolar cells, the lungs are susceptible to infections by some coronaviruses including the viruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).


title: Islam in Japan

text: The history of Islam in Japan is relatively brief in relation to the religion's longstanding presence in other nearby countries. Islam is one of the smallest minority faiths in Japan, representing around 0.15% of the total population as of 2020. There were isolated occasions of Muslims in Japan before the 19th century. Today, Muslims are made up of largely immigrant communities, as well as, though smaller, the ethnic Japanese community.


title: Islam in Japan

text: There are isolated records of contact between Islam and Japan before the opening of the country in 1853, possibly as early as the 1700s; some Muslims did arrive in earlier centuries, although these were isolated incidents. Some elements of Islamic philosophy were also distilled as far as back as the Heian period through Chinese and Southeast Asian sources.


title: Islam in Japan

text: The earliest Muslim records of Japan can be found in the works of the Persian cartographer Ibn Khordadbeh, who has been understood by Michael Jan de Goeje to mention Japan as the "lands of Waqwaq" twice: ""East of China are the lands of Waqwaq, which are so rich in gold that the inhabitants make the chains for their dogs and the collars for their monkeys of this metal. They manufacture tunics woven with gold. Excellent ebony wood is found there." And: "Gold and ebony are exported from Waqwaq."" Mahmud Kashgari's 11th century atlas indicates the land routes of the Silk Road and Japan in the map's easternmost extent.


title: Islam in Japan

text: During that period there was contact between the Hui, general Lan Yu of the Ming dynasty and the swordsmiths of Japan. According to Chinese sources, Lan Yu owned 10,000 Katana, Hongwu Emperor was displeased with the general's links with Kyoto and more than 15,000 people were implicated for alleged treason and executed.


title: Islam in Japan

text: In the 13th century, a manuscript written by Persians from Quanzhou in China for the Japanese monk Keisei was brought back to Japan.


title: Islam in Japan

text: Early European accounts of Muslims and their contacts with Japan were maintained by Portuguese sailors who mention a passenger aboard their ship, an Arab who had preached Islam to the people of Japan. He had sailed to the islands in Malacca in 1555.


title: Islam in Japan

text: The first modern Muslim contacts were with Indonesians who served aboard British and Dutch ships in the late 19th century.


title: Islam in Japan

text: In the late 1870s, the biography of Muhammad was translated into Japanese. This helped Islam spread and reach the Japanese people, but only as a part of the history of cultures.


title: Islam in Japan

text: Another important contact was made in 1890 when Sultan and Caliph Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire dispatched a naval vessel to Japan for the purpose of saluting the visit of Japanese Prince Komatsu Akihito to the capital of Constantinople several years earlier. This frigate was called the "Ertugrul", and was destroyed in a storm on the way back along the coast of Wakayama Prefecture on September 16, 1890. The Kushimoto Turkish Memorial and Museum are dedicated in honor of the drowned diplomats and sailors.


title: Islam in Japan

text: In 1891, an Ottoman crew who were shipwrecked on the Japanese coast the previous year were assisted in their return back to Constantinople by the Imperial Japanese navy. Shotaro Noda, a journalist who accompanied them, became the earliest known Japanese convert during his stay in the Ottoman capital.


title: Islam in Japan

text: In the wake of the October Revolution, several hundred Tatar Muslim refugees from Central Asia and Russia were given asylum in Japan, settling in several main cities and formed small communities. Some Japanese converted to Islam through contact with these Muslims. Historian Caeser E. Farah documented that in 1909 the Russian-born Ayaz İshaki and writer Abdurreshid Ibrahim (1857–1944), were the first Muslims who successfully converted the first ethnic Japanese, when Kotaro Yamaoka converted in 1909 in Bombay after contacting Ibrahim and took the name Omar Yamaoka. Yamaoka became the first Japanese to go on the Hajj. Yamaoka and Ibrahim were traveling with the support of nationalistic Japanese groups like Black Dragon Society (Kokuryūkai). Yamaoka in fact had been with the intelligence service in Manchuria since the Russo-Japanese war. His official reason for traveling was to seek the Ottoman Sultan and Caliph's approval for building a mosque in Tokyo. This approval was granted in 1910. The Tokyo Mosque, was finally completed on 12 May 1938, with generous financial support from the zaibatsu. Its first imams were Abdul-Rashid Ibrahim and Abdülhay Kurban Ali (Muhammed-Gabdulkhay Kurbangaliev) (1889–1972). However, Japan’s first mosque, the Kobe Mosque was built in 1935, with the support of the Turko-Tatar community of traders there. On 12 May 1938, a Mosque was dedicated in Tokyo. Another early Japanese convert was Bunpachiro Ariga, who about the same time as Yamaoka went to India for trading purposes and converted to Islam under the influence of local Muslims there, and subsequently took the name Ahmed Ariga. Yamada Toajiro was for almost 20 years from 1892 the only resident Japanese trader in Constantinople. During this time he served unofficially as consul. He converted to Islam, and took the name Abdul Khalil, and made a pilgrimage to Mecca on his way home.


title: Islam in Japan

text: In the late Meiji period, close relations were forged between Japanese military elites with an Asianist agenda and Muslims to find a common cause with those suffering under the yoke of Western hegemony. In 1906, widespread propaganda campaigns were aimed at Muslim nations with journals reporting that a Congress of religions was to be held in Japan where the Japanese would seriously consider adopting Islam as the national religion and that the Emperor was at the point of becoming a Muslim.


title: Islam in Japan

text: Nationalistic organizations like the Ajia Gikai were instrumental in petitioning the Japanese government on matters such as officially recognizing Islam, along with Shintoism, Christianity and Buddhism as a religion in Japan, and in providing funding and training to Muslim resistance movements in Southeast Asia, such as the Hizbullah, a resistance group funded by Japan in the Dutch Indies. The founded in 1930, was the first official Islamic organisation in Japan. It had the support of imperialistic circles during World War II, and caused an "Islamic Studies Book". During this period, over 100 books and journals on Islam were published in Japan. While these organizations had their primary aim in intellectually equipping Japan's forces and intellectuals with better knowledge and understanding of the Islamic world, dismissing them as mere attempts to further Japan's aims for a "Greater Asia" does not reflect the nature of depth of these studies. Japanese and Muslim academia in their common aims of defeating Western colonialism had been forging ties since the early twentieth century, and with the destruction of the last remaining Muslim power, the Ottoman Empire, the advent of hostilities in World War II and the possibility of the same fate awaiting Japan, these academic and political exchanges and the alliances created reached a head. Therefore, they were extremely active in forging links with academia and Muslim leaders and revolutionaries, many of whom were invited to Japan.


title: Islam in Japan

text: Shūmei Ōkawa, by far the highest-placed and most prominent figure in both Japanese government and academia in the matter of Japanese-Islamic exchange and studies, managed to complete his translation of the "Qur'an" in prison, while being prosecuted as an alleged class-A war criminal by the victorious Allied forces for being an 'organ of propaganda'. Charges were dropped due to the results of psychiatric tests.


title: Islam in Japan

text: The Turks have been the biggest Muslim community in Japan until recently. The Japanese invasion of China and South East Asian regions during the Second World War brought the Japanese in contact with Muslims. Those who converted to Islam through them returned to Japan and established in 1953 the first Japanese Muslim organisation, the "Japan Muslim Association", which was officially granted recognition as a religious organization by the Japanese government in June 1968. The second president of the association was the Umar Mita, who was typical of the old generation, learning Islam in the territories occupied by the Japanese Empire. He was working for the Manshu Railway Company, which virtually controlled the Japanese territory in the northeastern province of China at that time. Through his contacts with Chinese Muslims, he became a Muslim in Peking. When he returned to Japan after the war, he made the Hajj, the first Japanese in the post-war period to do so. He also made a Japanese translation of the Qur'an from a Muslim perspective for the first time. Aljazeera also made a documentary regarding Islam and Japan called "Road to Hajj – Japan".


title: Islam in Japan

text: The economic boom in the country in the 1980s saw an influx of immigrants to Japan, including from majority Muslim nations. These immigrants and their descendants form the majority of Muslims in the country. Today, there are Muslim student associations at some Japanese universities.


title: Islam in Japan

text: In 1941, one of the chief sponsors of the Tokyo Mosque asserted that the number of Muslims in Japan numbered 600, with just three or four being native Japanese. Some sources state that in 1982 the Muslims numbered 30,000 (half were natives). Of the ethnically Japanese Muslims, the majority are thought to be ethnic Japanese women who married immigrant Muslims who arrived during the economic boom of the 1980s, but there are also a small number of intellectuals, including university professors, who have converted. Most estimates of the Muslim population give a range around 100,000 total. Islam remains a minority religion in Japan, and there is no evidence as to whether its numbers are increasing. Conversion is more prominent among young ethnic Japanese married women, as claimed by "The Modern Religion" as early as the 1990s.


title: Islam in Japan

text: The true size of the current Muslim population in Japan remains a matter of speculation. Japanese scholars such as Hiroshi Kojima of the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research and Keiko Sakurai of Waseda University suggest a Muslim population of around 70,000, of which perhaps 90% are resident foreigners and about 10% native Japanese. Of the immigrant communities, in order of population size, are Indonesians, Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 185,000 Muslims in Japan in 2010. For 2019 it was estimated that the numbers rose to 230,000, due to the more friendly policies towards immigration, the Japanese converts being estimated at around 50,000, and Japan now has more than 110 mosques compared to 24 in 2001. As of 2020; Nearly half of the Muslims in Japan were Indonesians, Filipinos, and Malaysians. Another 2019 estimate places the total number at 200,000, with a ratio of 90:10 for those of foreign origin to native Japanese converts.


title: Islam in Japan

text: The Muslim population is also young suggesting the permanent Muslim population will establish a second and third generation.


title: Islam in Japan

text: Islam remains a statistical minority in Japan, and as a result it remains "alien" or "foreign" to most Japanese. Its association with Islamic terrorism has resulted in a generally negative or at least apprehensive perception to many Japanese. In a 2012 survey conducted in the large city of Fukuoka, about 63% of respondents felt that Islam was an "extremist" religion, and 49% believed the religion was "frightening." A smaller 22% agreed with the view that "Islam is a religion of peace." Other surveys from other cities conducted in the same study found that more Japanese supported immigration in general than opposed it, but that the reverse was true concerning Islamic immigration specifically (although those who responded as unsure were the most common for both of these questions).


title: Islam in Japan

text: According to japanfocus.org, there were 30 to 40 single-story mosques in Japan plus another 100 or more apartment rooms set aside for prayers in the absence of more suitable facilities. 90% of these mosques use the 2nd floor for religious activities and the first floor as a halal shop (imported food; mainly from Indonesia and Malaysia), due to financial problems, as membership is too low to cover the expenses. Most of these Mosques have only a capacity of 30 to 50 people. In 2016, the first ever mosque tailored for native Japanese worshipers (as opposed to services in foreign languages) was opened.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water is a survival horror video game developed by Koei Tecmo. The fifth main entry in the "Fatal Frame" series, it was originally published by Nintendo for the Wii U in Japan in September 2014 and worldwide in October 2015. A remaster for eighth and ninth generation consoles and Windows, this time published by Koei Tecmo, was released worldwide in October 2021.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: As with previous games in the series, players navigate areas filled with hostile ghosts which must be fought by taking photographs using the Camera Obscura, which is directly controlled using the Wii U GamePad. A post-endgame story featuring Ayane, a character from the company's "Dead or Alive" series, is also available featuring altered gameplay mechanics. The story, which is set on the fictional Hikami Mountain, focuses on three protagonists who are drawn into supernatural events revolving the area, including an ancient ritual to seal away the Black Water, a malevolent force corrupting the surrounding spirits that is tied to the fate of the titular shrine maiden Ose Kurosawa.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Planning for the game began in 2011, during production of the of "". Series co-creator Keisuke Kikuchi proposed the project when he saw that the Wii U GamePad could be used as the Camera Obscura. Kikuchi and fellow co-creator Makoto Shibata returned to their respective posts of producer and director, together with staff from "" and developers new to the series. The cast went through several revisions during development, while the staff experimented with the capacities of the new hardware. Japanese singer Tsuki Amano returned from earlier entries to perform the theme song. Upon its original release, the game received mixed reviews. Reviewers greatly praised its use of the gamepad and dark atmosphere, while opinions were mixed on its story, pacing and controls. The remaster also received mixed reviews, though the Nintendo Switch version received considerably more praise than the other ports.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: "Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water" is a survival horror video game that puts the player in control of three different characters traversing a number of environments across Hikami Mountain from a third-person perspective, including ruined buildings and dark forests. Characters navigate environments using an interactive map, and can either walk or perform a sprint. During exploration, the characters are confronted by hostile ghosts that attack and damage them through touch. If a ghost grabs the character, they can either dodge or break free from their grip.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: The only means of defense and attack for the characters is the Camera Obscura, an antique camera that is used from a first-person perspective. The camera is controlled using the Wii U GamePad, with shots of varying proximity and angles affecting how much damage the ghost takes. The most damaging is a "fatal frame", which hits a ghost's weak spot. During combat, after a shot is taken, fragments of a ghost will appear around them.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Aside from the Camera Obscura, other factors are present in play. The characters can glimpse pieces of a ghost's past upon defeating them or when they launch a special attack. Characters can also concentrate on items in the environment related to missing people, generating a shade that leads them to the person's location. A wetness meter tracks how damp the character gets when navigating environments. The amount of wetness has positive and negative effects on the character: being wet increases the damage done by the Camera Obscura while increasing the number of ghosts present in an area and attacks causing more damage. In addition, characters can be inflicted with a status ailment from dark-colored ghosts or from a special attack: this ailment decreases vision and defense, and deteriorating health. The ailment is only lifted by defeating all the enemies in the area or using an item to remove all wetness.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: In addition to the three main characters' story arcs, a special episode features "Dead or Alive" protagonist Ayane. Unlike the other characters, she does not have access to a Camera Obscura, so she must avoid ghosts. If she begins running or gets close to a ghost, they will attack. Ayane can use a special "script of hiding" to make herself temporarily invisible, and when she is caught, she can use a special item to throw back and stun them so she can escape.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: "Maiden of Black Water" takes place on the fictional Hikami Mountain, a place infamous for suicides and spiritual happenings connected with local bodies of water. In the past, resident shrine maidens would use their mind-reading abilities to help guide people to a peaceful death. In time, they would grow too emotional to perform their abilities, and they would be sacrificed as an Eternal Flower to keep a malevolent otherworldly power called the Black Water at bay. The story follows three different protagonists: Yuri Kozukata, who has the ability to bring people back from the shadow world into the real world due to her descent from the Hikami shrine maidens; Ren Hojo, an author and friend of Yuri who goes to the mountain to research his new book; and Miu Hinasaki, the daughter of first "Fatal Frame" protagonist Miku Hinasaki.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Among the ghosts they encounter are Shiragiku, a young shrine maiden whose sacrifice has preserved her as a wandering spirit; and Kyozo Kururugi, a man who initially went to die on the mountain but developed an insane fear of the shrine maidens due to their mind-reading powers, killing many maidens and priests before committing suicide and becoming a hostile ghost. Many of those Kururugi slew became ghosts in their own right. The central story revolves around Ose Kurosawa, whose near-death experience had left her with powerful sixth sense abilities. Because of this, she became a shrine maiden and is chosen as an Eternal Flower. Prior to the ritual, her photograph was taken by Kunihiko Asou, creator of the Camera Obscura. They fell in love, and when the time came for the ritual, Ose's feelings for Kunihiko and the pain of the shrine maidens murdered by Kururugi caused the ritual to fail. The Black Water was unleashed and Ose became a hostile spirit that corrupted the mountain and its ghosts.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Miu, who initially goes there to help Yuri, sees a vision of her mother on the mountain. Later venturing there on her own, she learns that her father was Miku's dead brother Mafuyu. Miku goes to see her brother one last time, two endings play out. In the "Bad" ending, Miku goes into the afterlife to be with Mafuyu, leaving Miu all alone. In the "Good" ending, Miku is saved from the mountain's power by Miu.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Ren, while helping Yuri and Miu, regularly crosses paths with Shiragiku and learns that recurring dreams he has been having are the inherited memories of his ancestor Asou. Depending on his actions, he either unites or breaks up with Ose as Asou's present-day avatar, or puts Shiragiku to rest and returns to the living world.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Yuri's search through the mountain leads to her encountering many of the powerful ghosts and using her Camera Obscura to lay them to rest. Learning of Ose's history, she heads to a final confrontation with her. Depending on where she sees Ose, two endings play out. In the "Bad" ending, Yuri commits suicide with Ose and the curse goes on claiming more victims. In the "Good" ending, Yuri frees Ose from her duty, allowing her and the other spirits to pass on, while Yuri returns to the world of the living with Hisoka by her side. If the player gets the "Good" ending, a post-credits scene plays where Rui wakes up to find Ren in front of her, before he tells her he will remain by her side forever.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: The initial inspiration for the game came to series co-creator and producer Keisuke Kikuchi after the Wii U's introduction to the industry: similar to his reaction to the Wii for "", Kikuchi saw multiple gameplay possibilities in the Wii U's gamepad, especially the gamepad becoming the game's Camera Obscura. He was the first to propose the concept to Nintendo, with it becoming a joint production between Koei Tecmo and Nintendo SPD as with "Mask of the Lunar Eclipse". The staff included Kikuchi, series co-creator and director Makoto Shibata; and Toshiharu Izuno and Tohru Osawa from Nintendo, who had previously worked on "Mask of the Lunar Eclipse". Planning began in 2011, during development of the of "". The key themes are water and the fear of being wet, with the game's key color being black. These themes were inspired by Shibata's memories of visiting Los Angeles in 2008; compared to the damp summer atmosphere and accompanying supernatural feeling he experienced in Japan, he felt he could not find any ghosts in the local dry American summer. This experience emphasized his view of dampness as an important part of ghost encounters. As with previous games, he made it thinking that it might be the final entry in the series. "Maiden of Black Water" features a theme song performed by Tsuki Amano, "In This Cage"; Amano had contributed theme songs to the series since "Crimson Butterfly". In addition, it features a second theme song by Japanese singer AuJu titled "Higanbana". This too tied in with the wish to create something new for the series, along with showing its status as a high-end game with the inclusion of two theme songs.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: The team used traditional Japanese horror as an aesthetic starting point as with earlier "Fatal Frame" titles, with the main purpose being to make it as frightening for players as possible. In aid of this, the flashback videos and core concept of rescuing people from supernatural hot spots was brought in, although several proposed elements related to this ended up being cut. The main cast went through revisions, although a male character was decided upon early on. Yuri was created relatively quickly, but the team had trouble deciding who the third character would be. An initial idea of having Miku Hinasaki as a playable character was dropped as her story arc had been resolved in earlier games. Instead, the character of Miu was created, with Kikuchi initially thinking her name was a typing error with Miku's name before reading the full story draft. Ren was initially going to record events on the mountain to offer a different perspective. The relationship between Ren and his assistant Rui Kagamiya was modeled after that between the character Kogoro Akechi and his live-in assistant Yoshio Kobayashi. The female characters' clothing was designed to make them look "sexy" when it got wet. The story and characters combined elements from four previous proposals for games in the series. "Maiden of Black Water" features the largest number of storylines up to that point, but due to the amount of narrative he wanted to include, Shibata ended up neglecting other elements such as Mount Hikami's history of suicides. The mountain setting was also taken from one of these scrapped storylines. Mount Hikami was originally suggested by Nintendo, based around multiple real locations in Japan, particularly Mount Osore and the Tōjinbō sea cliffs.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: As it was the first game on a new console, the development team was largely made up of people new to the series, including designers Akira Ohtani and Yuki Sakamoto. While the use of the Wii U gamepad became central to gameplay, several other elements were considered by the developers but did not make it into the final game. These included combat, puzzle and navigation mechanics involving the analogue sticks to promote higher immersion; and using the gamepad's microphone to blow on objects within the game environment. Alongside making a game for dedicated series players, they also added adjustments for new players, partly due to the multimedia developments that were underway. Among these changes were adding helpful gameplay features and creating more conversation cutscenes to make the story easier to understand. The pace of gameplay was also made similar to an action game as opposed to previous entries. A mechanic being tested in the game was the necessity to keep dry, initially inspired by the sweating mechanic from "Dead or Alive 5". While this was toned down, dampness being tied to the character's well-being remained in the game as both a story and gameplay concept. This aspect was suggested by Ohtani.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: The capacities of the Wii U meant that more experimentation with graphics could be done. During the making of the game, the team watched a lot of scary online videos, along with studying lighting and the appearance of being wet. In addition, the flashback cutscenes were made to look grainy and low-quality compared to the present-day cutscenes. While they had initially been visually similar to rest of the game, part of the series' appeal was the fear evoked by unseen objects, so they added distortions. The graphics engine used technology from "Dead or Alive 5", with one of the main points of aesthetic similarity was the sexy look of the female characters. To achieve this look, Kikuchi's team collaborated closely with the "Dead or Alive" development team. The inclusion of Ayane in the game was suggested by Izuno after Ayane's image was used in the initial proposal for "Maiden of Black Water". Seeing as her dark character seemed suited to the series, he asked for her inclusion. Team Ninja co-founder Yosuke Hayashi was also keen to see her included. The main idea was that included a popular character from another Koei Tecmo franchise might help broaden the series' fanbase. In bringing her into the game, they attempted to preserve as much of her sex appeal as possible, such as how much her breasts would jiggle. During this process, they frequently received advice from Team Ninja. The shift onto more powerful hardware also enabled the team to incorporate more graphic scenes, which contributed to it receiving a higher CERO rating than previous titles.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: The game was first announced in April 2014, alongside multiple media expansions to the franchise, including a Japanese live-action film and an original novel and comic. Its title and release date were revealed during a special Niconico livestream in July. The digital version's large size required the purchasing of an additional external drive for those who did not own a Deluxe Wii U. It was initially claimed by Koei Tecmo's European branch that the game would not be released outside Japan. Its release in Western territories was initially hinted at by Tomonobu Itagaki, who said through his Facebook account that Kikuchi would release the game in North America.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: During a Nintendo Direct presentation in April 2015, a Western release for the game was confirmed in both Europe and North America, with two titles: "Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water" for North America and "Project Zero: Maiden of Black Water" for Europe. "Maiden of Black Water" was released in Europe on October 30 and in North America on October 22. In Australia, the game released a day after the European version on October 31. The localization was suggested to have been due to fan requests.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: In Europe and Australia, the game was exclusively available as a Limited Edition version at retail, as well as a digital version on the Nintendo eShop. While the retail version contained the complete game, the digital version was offered in a free-to-start manner, in which players could experience the game's prologue and first two chapters for free, after which they are given the choice whether or not to pay for unlocking the remaining ones. In North America, only the digital version was available on the Nintendo eShop. This announcement triggered a fan campaign spearheaded by Operation Rainfall to request a physical release for North America. The Western release included Nintendo-themed costumes based on popular characters Princess Zelda and Samus Aran. These costumes replaced lingerie and swimsuit outfits featured in the Japanese release.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: During E3 2021, it was revealed that the game will be ported to Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S in 2021. The new versions of the game will feature remastered visuals, new costumes and additional photo features. The bikinis from the Japanese Wii U version and their western Nintendo counterparts are omitted.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: "Maiden of Black Water" received mixed reviews among critics worldwide; achieving an overall score of 67/100 on review aggregator website Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews" based on 58 critical reviews.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: "Game Informer" writer Tim Turi called the main cast "wooden", referred to the large supporting cast as "vapid", and said that the drawn-out structure of the game harmed the initial premise while also relying too heavily on written documents in the environment for storytelling. "GameSpot"s Alexa Ray Corriea was unimpressed by the story, saying that early story revelations and backtracking hurt the pacing and dramatic value, while the main characters were underdeveloped. She also felt that the game's darker themes were treated as window dressing rather than used to the full. Daniel Krupa of "IGN" praised the atmosphere and the disturbing nature of the backstory, and the way the three main characters' roles were balanced out. "Nintendo World Report"s Andrew Brown cited the main cast as being more "down to earth and relatable" than those from previous games in the series, and said that it was easy for players to sympathize with the ghosts encountered. Ryan Bates of "Game Revolution", while enjoying the creepy atmosphere, found the number of characters introduced early on confusing. "VideoGamer.com"s Tom Orry praised the character and enemy design, while faulting the English dub and feeling that the female characters' revealing outfits clashed with the game's atmosphere. "Eurogamer"s Aoife Wilson was highly critical, calling the story "half-baked" and generally faulting the characters in comparison to previous games in the series. "Famitsu" similarly criticized the attire of female characters disrupting the atmosphere. "Dengeki", while again faulting the female characters' clothing, praised the game's use of Japanese horror elements to disturbing effect.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Corriea praised the graphics and lighting effects, although saying they were "not the sharpest". Brown, while noting some blurry textures and blocky structures, generally cited the lighting and other graphic effects as one of the game's high points. "Dengeki" also noted the game's graphics, stating that their quality and realistic character movement gave the main characters a high quality feel.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Krupa enjoyed both the use of the Wii U gamepad as the Camera Obscura and combat for most of the game, but found later sections tedious due to repetitive battles. Corriea liked the use of the gamepad despite some control issues, Bates was highly positive about the thrill it brought into battles, while Turi found that the function did not bring long-term enjoyment and that backtracking through environments negatively impacted on the experience. Wilson likewise enjoyed the gamepad's role in the game, while faulting most other aspects including the high amount of health items and character controls. Orry said that the new controls made combat more claustrophobic than in previous games, while Brown enjoyed the immersion the gamepad brought. "Famitsu" was highly positive about the use of the gamepad, saying that it felt like you were in the midst of battles. These sentiments were echoed by "Dengeki", but stated that some combat situations made aiming difficult. Multiple reviewers mentioned and generally faulted the stiff controls and character movement.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: During its opening week, the game debuted at #7 in Media Create's sales charts, with opening sales of 27,505 units. The following week, it dropped to #11, selling a further 7,105 units and, at that point, bringing total sales to that point to 34,610. Its total sales in 2014 reached 46,099 units, putting it at #142 in the year's best-selling game titles.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Neil Bolt of the horror magazine "Bloody Disgusting", gave the game three and a half stars out of five, and wrote that the key of the game "is patience in lining up and focusing shots to maximize damage" and added that "its claustrophobic encounters (...) add an unnerving edge to what would otherwise be fairly pedestrian combat". Bolt also said that, despite some flaws, the return of the game was a "new experience."


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: "Famitsu"'s reports of physical video game sales in Japan from October 25 to October 31, 2021, estimated that the game sold 22,196 units on PlayStation 4 and 20,586 units on Switch for a total of 42,782 sales during its debut. In its second week, it sold 9,778 physical copies on the Switch and 4,135 physical copies for the PlayStation 4, bringing its total number of physical sales in Japan to 56,695 copies. In its third week, the PlayStation 4 version sold a further 1,991 copies for a total of 28,332 physical copies sold on PlayStation 4. In Taiwan, the PlayStation 4 version debuted at number 4 while the Switch version debuted at number 5. The following week, the PlayStation 4 version remained at number four on the Taiwanese video game chart. Koei Tecmo announced in January 2022 that the game had passed sales of 340,000 worldwide by December 2021.


title: Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water

text: Yuri Kozukata became the basis of a DLC costume in the Nintendo Switch version of "Nights of Azure 2" and reappeared as a summonable Assist Trophy in "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate".


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Hidilyn Francisco Diaz-Naranjo (; born February 20, 1991) is a Filipino World and Olympic champion weightlifter and airwoman, the first Filipino to ever win an Olympic gold medal for the Philippines. She is also an Olympic weightlifting record holder by winning the women's 55 kg category for weightlifting at the 2020 Summer Olympics.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In her early weightlifting years, she was a bronze medalist in the 2007 SEA Games in Thailand and achieved 10th place at the 2006 Asian Games in the 53-kilogram class. While she was a student and representing Universidad de Zamboanga, she won two golds and one silver in the Asian Youth/Junior Weightlifting Championship held in Jeonju, South Korea.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: She competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she was the youngest competitor in the women's 58-kg category.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In the 2016 Summer Olympics, Diaz won the silver medal in the women's 53-kg weight division, the first Filipino to win a medal in a non-boxing event since 1936 and ending the Philippines' 20-year Olympic medal drought.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: On July 26, 2021, at the 2020 Summer Olympics for the women's 55 kg category for weightlifting, Diaz won the first ever gold medal for the Philippines, setting Olympic records for the 55 kg division in the clean and jerk at 127 kg and in the total at 224 kg.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Hidilyn Diaz is the fifth of six children of Eduardo and Emelita Diaz. Her father was a tricycle driver before becoming a farmer and a fisherman. She grew up wanting to be a banker and trying several sports, like basketball and volleyball. Her cousin, Allen Jayfrus Diaz, taught her the basics of weightlifting.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: She attended the Zamboanga A.E. Colleges (later Universidad de Zamboanga; UZ) for her high school studies under a scholarship. In college, she pursued a bachelor's degree in computer science in the same school. However, Diaz stopped attending the university as a third year irregular student as she found her degree unsuitable for her. She also claimed that it distracted her training. After her success in the 2016 Olympics, Diaz decided to continue her tertiary education and intended to pursue a degree related to sports in Manila.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In January 2017, Diaz received a scholarship to study business management at De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In 2019, Diaz went on a leave of absence for her schooling as she had focused on Olympic Preparation after winning the Asian Games.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In 2020, Diaz had re-enrolled into online classes since the Summer Olympics had been postponed to July 2021.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: First learning weightlifting from her older cousins, Diaz initially lifted using makeshift barbells made of mag wheels or concrete. Prior to high school, Diaz joined the University of Zamboanga's (UZ) extension program to train in weightlifting under her cousin Catalino Diaz who is also her first coach. Elementary students not enrolled in UZ were able to train under the program by Institute of Human Kinetics director Elbert Atilano. She had to do part-time work; selling vegetables and fish and washing jeepneys to fund her transportation to a local gymnasium. Diaz first competition was the 2002 Batang Pinoy in Puerto Princesa. She went on to compete in various local and national competitions and secured support from the local government. Diaz became part of the Philippine national weightlifting team at age 13.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Diaz was selected as a wild card entry to the Summer Olympics by the Philippine Weightlifting Association in early 2008. She is the first female weightlifter to compete for the Philippines in the Olympics, and the sixth weightlifter overall (the first being Rodrigo del Rosario competing in 1948 London Olympics). Competing in the women's 58-kg class, 17-year-old Diaz lifted 85-kg in the snatch and 107-kg in the clean and jerk for a 192-kg total, breaking the Philippine record that she herself set at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games. Although she placed second to last in a field of 12 weightlifters, her performance was praised and considered promising for her age. Philippine Sports Commission Chairman William Ramirez once commented that she competed there to gain valuable experience and predicted that she would be a strong contender in future competitions.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Diaz became the first Filipina weightlifter to compete in two consecutive Olympics, by qualifying in the women's weightlifting under 58 kg through the Continental and World Qualifying Tournaments. She was ranked ninth in her event heading to the Olympics. During the 2012 London Olympics, Diaz was chosen to be the flagbearer during the Opening Ceremony.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: She was coached by Tony Agustin, and they projected a 225 kg lift, above her personal best of 219 kg. She successfully lifted a personal best of 97 kg in the snatch, 12th best among the 19 competitors. However her 118 kg Clean and Jerk was unsuccessful after three attempts. She was one of two competitors (along with Lina Rivas of Colombia) to end with an official result of "Did not finish" (DNF) in the event.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Hidilyn Diaz weighed around 56.28 kg during her first Olympic campaign, making her the lightest among competitors. Come 2012 Olympics, Hidilyn Diaz increased her weight to 57.70 kg but still struggled making it to the top half of the competition. Trying to improve her chances of landing a podium finish at the 2016 Rio Olympics, Diaz decided to drop weight from under 58 kg to under 53 kg. This proved to be effective as she recently snatched the gold medal in the 1st Southeast Asian Weightlifting Championship in Bangkok. She managed to lift a 98 kg snatch and a 115 kg clean and jerk for a 213 kg total. The same mark is good for 4th place in the 2012 London Olympics.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In the Asian Weightlifting Championships, Diaz copped a gold medal in 2015 and a bronze medal in 2016. She also earned three bronze medals for the clean, jerk and snatch events in the 53 kg division of the IWF World Weightlifting Championship held in Houston, Texas on November 22, 2015, to claim a spot in the 2016 Rio Olympics.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In March 2016, Diaz dominated the women's 58 kg event of the 2015-16 Philippine National Games National Finals held at Lingayen Town Plaza, Lingayen, Pangasinan, with a 92 kg snatch and 120 kg clean and jerk (new personal best) combined into 212 kg.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Diaz competed in her 3rd consecutive Olympics in the women's 53kg weightlifting category with the intention of at least winning a bronze medal. Diaz surpassed her own personal target and won the silver medal at the event, after successfully clinching a lift of 88 kg in her second attempt in snatch event (placed 6th) and 111 kg and 112 kg in the first and second attempts in the clean and jerk event (placed 2nd). This was the first medal for the Philippines in the Summer Olympics after 20 years. This was also the first non-boxing medal for the nation since 1936. Aside from being the first Filipina weightlifter to compete in three consecutive Olympics, she also became the first Filipino woman and the second person from Zamboanga and Mindanao to win an Olympic medal (after Simeon Toribio, bronze medal winner of men's high jump in the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games).


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: On August 8, 2016, she returned to her hometown, Zamboanga City and was welcomed as a Hero of the city, From receiving numerous incentives from the Philippine president, Philippine Sports Commission and her local city., she was able to buy land for her sibling and for her gym.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Diaz participated in the women's 53 kg event in the 2018 Asian Games in Jakarta, Indonesia. Two months prior to the Asian Games, she recruited Gao Kaowen who was previously coach of the Chinese national women's army team. In the women's 53 kg in the 2018 Asian Games, Diaz had a total lift of 207 kg, beating Turkmenistan's Kristina Shermetova (206 kg) and Thailand's Surodchana Khambao (201 kg) to deliver the Philippines' first gold in the 2018 games, as well as being the first Filipino weightlifter of any gender to win a gold medal in the Asian Games.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: After winning a bronze in the 2017 World Championships, Diaz again won a bronze in the 2019 edition of the same event. She also won a silver in the 2019 Asian Championship, and another gold in the 2019 Southeast Asian Games in Manila. In January 2020, Diaz won the gold medal in the women's 55 kg event at the Roma 2020 World Cup in Rome, Italy.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: On July 26, 2021, Diaz won the gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. This was the first ever gold medal won by a Filipino athlete since the country's first appearance in the Olympics in 1924. She set new Olympic weightlifting records by lifting 127 kg in the "Clean and Jerk" and lifting a total weight of 224 kg.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Diaz's achievements at the 2020 Summer Olympics were remarkable, as she was previously stranded in Malaysia from February 2020 until July 2021, due to travel restrictions imposed by governments to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on guidance by her coach, Gao Kaiwen, Diaz initially went to train in Malaysia in February 2020 because Gao thought it would be better for her as she focused on qualifying for Tokyo. However, once Malaysia implemented its Movement Control Order in April 2020, which closed gyms within the capital region of Kuala Lumpur (Klang Valley), she improvised by using bamboo sticks and large water bottles as makeshift weightlifting equipment. In October 2020, she relocated to the southern coastal state of Malacca where they have been living in a house owned by a Malaysian weightlifting official in Jasin. However, the Malaysian government later implemented periodic restrictions on gyms and sporting activities within 2021 (to reduce social interaction and contain the spread of the coronavirus), forcing her to work out in the house's sweltering open-air carport in the immediate months prior to the 2020 Summer Olympics.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Diaz also fought mental breakdown during her ordeal, especially with the postponement of the 2020 Olympics, and credits her team, including sports psychologist Dr. Karen Katrina Trinidad and Project: Steady with trauma therapist for her well-being. She also kept busy during her training overseas during COVID-19 lockdown by cooking, attending meetings, and studying.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In recognition of winning the first gold medal for the Philippines at any Olympic Games, she was awarded PHP 35.5 million (approximately US$660,000) along with a house and a lot. The financial and asset awards, were jointly given by both the national government and tycoons from the private sector. Under Philippine law, the Philippine Sports Commission guarantees a 10 million-peso incentive for every Olympic gold medal per Republic Act 10699.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: On May 20, 2022, Olympic champion Hidilyn Diaz won her second gold medal win during the 31st Southeast Asian Games.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In December 2022, she won the gold medal in the women's 55kg event at the World Weightlifting Championships held in Bogotá, Colombia.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Diaz was recruited into the Philippine Air Force (PAF) through the military arm's Direct Enlistment Program in 2013. She was initially assigned to the Air Force Special Service Group. She was also given an Air Force Specialty Code skill in recreation in weightlifting. In 2014, she was given a promotion from the rank of Airwoman to Airwoman Second Class. Diaz was also a recipient of a Military Merit Medal for organizing PAF events and a Presidential Citation Unit Badge. When Diaz was training for her stint at the 2016 Summer Olympics, she was assigned to PAF Personnel Management Center on a temporary basis. For her achievement at the Olympics, she was given a promotion by the PAF. The extent of the promotion was initially not disclosed but it was later reported that Diaz was promoted to the rank of Airwoman First Class. Diaz was consecutively promoted to the rank of Sergeant after the 2018 Asian Games. On July 27, 2021, following Diaz's success in competing for the gold medal in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Lt. Gen. Allen Paredes, the Philippine Air Force's commanding general, approved Diaz's promotion from Sergeant, to Staff Sergeant.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Diaz is a devout Catholic and credits her faith with inspiring her athletic achievements. She wore a Miraculous Medal at the 2020 Olympic medaling ceremony, which she said is "a sign of our prayers and faith in Mama Mary and Jesus Christ."


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Diaz married her fiancé and coach, Julius Naranjo, in a ceremony held at St. Ignatius Church in the Philippine Military Academy grounds, Baguio, on July 26, 2022, exactly a year after she clinched the country's first Olympic gold medal in the 2020 Summer Olympics. Naranjo is a former weightlifter who competed for Guam in international competitions and a professional weightlifting coach, a strength and conditioning coach, and filmmaker. Their relationship was featured on an episode of GMA Network's "Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho". Diaz first met with Naranjo at the 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: In April 2019, Diaz was surprised to find her name listed among those included in a matrix of personalities allegedly involved in an ouster plot against president Rodrigo Duterte, as presented by Salvador Panelo who was Presidential Spokesperson at the time. She initially found the allegation laughable, and numerous government officials came to her defense, saying the inclusion of her name and that of fellow athlete Gretchen Ho was ridiculous, but Diaz eventually came to the realization that the inclusion of her name was a threat to her safety and that of her family. Panelo later backtracked on the inclusion of Diaz and Ho's names, saying they were not part of the alleged conspiracy.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: Diaz's life leading to her silver medal win in the 2016 Summer Olympics was dramatized in an episode of "Maalaala Mo Kaya", a drama anthology series, aired on September 24, 2016. She was portrayed by Jane Oineza.


title: Hidilyn Diaz

text: On February 14, 2017, Diaz was awarded as the Athlete of the Year of the Philippine Sportswriters Association. She is also the recipient of two honors from the Philippine House of Representatives; the Congressional Medals of Distinction (CMD) in 2016 and the Congressional Medal of Excellence (CME) in 2021. The CME, intended for Filipino Olympic gold medalists, was instituted by the Congress' lower house after Diaz won the first ever gold medal for the country in the 2020 Summer Olympics.


title: Auston Trusty

text: Auston Levi-Jesaiah Trusty (born August 12, 1998) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defender for club Birmingham City, on loan from club Arsenal. He previously played in the USL Championship for Bethlehem Steel and in Major League Soccer for the Philadelphia Union and the Colorado Rapids, and has represented his country at under-age levels.


title: Auston Trusty

text: Born in Media, Pennsylvania, Trusty began playing soccer with Nether United Soccer Club in Wallingford. He attended and played for Penncrest High School before joining the SockerClub youth setup of the Philadelphia Union in 2011.


title: Auston Trusty

text: In 2016, Trusty signed an amateur United Soccer League contract with the Philadelphia Union reserve affiliate Bethlehem Steel. The contract with the Steel allowed Trusty to remain eligible to play college soccer with the North Carolina Tar Heels. He made his debut for the Steel on April 10, 2016 against New York Red Bulls II, starting in the 0–4 defeat.


title: Auston Trusty

text: On August 10, 2016, Trusty signed a homegrown player deal with the Philadelphia Union, electing not to join the Tar Heels. Despite his signing, Trusty did not make his debut for the Union until March 3, 2018 in the club's season opener against the New England Revolution. He finished his first season with the Union having played every minute of the season as the club finished sixth in the Eastern Conference. He also scored his first professional goal on September 15 against the Montreal Impact, a 1–4 defeat.


title: Auston Trusty

text: Going into the 2019 season, Trusty continued his game streak, playing in an additional seven matches before being sent off during a match against the LA Galaxy on April 13. Following his suspension, Trusty would start 15 more matches until July 2019.


title: Auston Trusty

text: On November 20, 2019, Trusty was traded to the Colorado Rapids in exchange for up to $750,000 in allocation money, including performance-based thresholds, as well as a percentage of a future transfer. He made his debut for the club on July 17, 2020 against Sporting Kansas City in the MLS is Back Tournament, coming off the bench. Following his debut season with the Rapids, Trusty signed a new contract on December 16, keeping him with the club through the 2023 season.


title: Auston Trusty

text: On January 31, 2022, Trusty signed with Premier League club Arsenal, although he would stay on loan with the Colorado Rapids until July 17, 2022. He played his last game for the Rapids on July 5, returned to Arsenal, and was immediately loaned to EFL Championship (English second-tier) club Birmingham City for the 2022–23 season.


title: Auston Trusty

text: Trusty has represented the United States at the under-20 level. On May 17, 2017, Trusty was included in Tab Ramos' squad for the FIFA U-20 World Cup, replacing the injured Marlon Fossey. He scored one goal during the tournament, the fifth in a 6–0 victory over New Zealand on June 1.


title: Auston Trusty

text: On December 20, 2018, Trusty, alongside then teammate Mark McKenzie, received his first call-up to the senior United States squad for their January 2019 camp.


title: David Ramsey

text: David Paul Ramsey (born November 17, 1971) is an American actor, director, and martial artist, best known for his roles in The CW Arrowverse series "Arrow", "The Flash", "Supergirl", and "Batwoman" as John Diggle / Spartan, portraying Diggle and Bass Reeves in "Legends of Tomorrow", recurring as an alternate universe version of Diggle in "Superman & Lois", recurring as Anton Briggs on the Showtime TV series "Dexter", and starring in the film "Mother and Child" (2009) as Joseph.


title: David Ramsey

text: From 1997 to 1998, he starred in the UPN sitcom "Good News", as pastor David Randolph. In 2000, he starred as Muhammad Ali in the Fox television film "". That year, he appeared in "Pay It Forward" and started a recurring role in "For Your Love". In 2001, he starred as Vince Lee in the South African comedy film "Mr Bones". He has also starred in recurring roles in "All of Us", "The West Wing", "", "Ghost Whisperer", "Wildfire", and "Hollywood Residential". From 2008 to 2009, he appeared in 17 episodes of "Dexter" as Anton Briggs, a pot-smoking confidential informant who has an affair with Debra Morgan in Season 3 and at the start of Season 4. In 2010, he appeared in an episode of "Grey's Anatomy" and in the short-lived NBC courtroom drama series "Outlaw". From 2012 to 2020, he appeared in the main cast of CW's superhero show "Arrow", as John Diggle, a military veteran who is Oliver's partner, confidant, bodyguard, and later gained an alter ego, Spartan, since the fourth season. The season seven episode "Past Sins" was Ramsey's directorial debut. As part of the greater Arrowverse, Ramsey has reprised his role as Diggle on "The Flash", "Legends of Tomorrow", "Supergirl" and "Batwoman", as well as portraying an alternate version of the character on the non-Arrowverse "Superman & Lois". Ramsey also starred in the TV series "Blue Bloods" as Mayor Carter Poole.


title: David Ramsey

text: Ramsey is an accomplished martial artist, with a black belt in Jeet Kune Do. He has also studied boxing, taekwondo and Wing Chun, and trained in kickboxing under Benny "Jet" Urquidez.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Barbara Jean Lee (née Tutt; born July 16, 1946) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for . Now in her 12th term, Lee has served since 1998, and is a member of the Democratic Party. The district, numbered as the 9th district from 1998 to 2013, is based in Oakland and covers most of the northern part of Alameda County. According to the Cook Partisan Voting Index, it is one of the nation's most Democratic districts, with a rating of D+40.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee is a former chair of the Congressional Black Caucus (2009–2011) and the chair emeritus and former co-chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus (2005–2009). She is the vice chair and a founding member of the Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus. Lee has also co-chaired the House Democratic Steering Committee since 2019. She has played a major role in the antiwar movement, notably in her vocal criticism of the Iraq War and for being the only member of Congress to vote against the authorization of use of force following the September 11 attacks.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee was born Barbara Jean Tutt in El Paso, Texas, the daughter of Mildred Adaire (née Parish) and Garvin Alexander Tutt, a lieutenant colonel. Lee is African-American, and according to a DNA analysis, she descends primarily from the people of Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone. She was raised Catholic.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee moved from Texas to California in 1960 with her military family parents, and attended San Fernando High School in the Pacoima neighborhood of Los Angeles. A divorcee before she turned 20, Lee was a young single mother of two receiving public assistance when she began attending Mills College. She received an MSW from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1975.


title: Barbara Lee

text: As president of the Mills College Black Student Union, Lee invited Representative Shirley Chisholm to speak on campus and went on to work on Chisholm's 1972 presidential campaign, serving as her delegate at the 1972 Democratic National Convention. Also as a student, she was a volunteer at the Oakland chapter of the Black Panther Party's Community Learning Center and worked on Panther co-founder Bobby Seale's 1973 Oakland mayoral campaign.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee was a staff member for U.S. Representative Ron Dellums as well as a member of the California State Assembly and the California State Senate before entering the U.S. House of Representatives. She was elected to Congress for the 9th district in a 1998 special election with 66% of the vote, and won the general election later that year with 82.8% of the vote. She has since been reelected to the House of Representatives 13 times, representing the 9th district (1998-2013), 13th district (2013-2023), and the 12th district (beginning in 2023).


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee's voting record as a member of the House was ranked by the "National Journal" in 2007, based on roll-call votes on economic, social and foreign policy issues in 2006. Lee scored an overall 84.3%, meaning she voted with a more liberal stance than 84.3% of the House. "National Journal" scored Lee as voting 82% liberal on economic issues, 92% liberal on social issues, and 65% liberal on foreign policy. The 92% rating on social issues came from Lee being grouped with 35 other House legislators who all tied for the highest, most liberal ranking. Lee received a 97% progressive rating from "The Progressive Punch" and a 4% conservative rating from the American Conservative Union. In 2016, GovTrack's 2015 Report Card on members in Congress ranked Lee the 3rd most progressive member of the House.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee endorsed Barack Obama for president in the 2008 Democratic primary. In February 2019 she endorsed Kamala Harris in the 2020 Democratic primary.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee gained national attention in 2001 as the only member of congress to vote against the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF), stating that she voted no not because she opposed military action but because she believed the AUMF, as written, granted the president overly broad powers to wage war at a time when the facts regarding the situation were not yet clear. She "warned her colleagues to be 'careful not to embark on an open-ended war with neither an exit strategy nor a focused target. Lee has said:It was a blank check to the president to attack anyone involved in the September 11 events—anywhere, in any country, without regard to our nation's long-term foreign policy, economic and national security interests, and without time limit. In granting these overly broad powers, the Congress failed its responsibility to understand the dimensions of its declaration. I could not support such a grant of war-making authority to the president; I believe it would put more innocent lives at risk. The president has the constitutional authority to protect the nation from further attack, and he has mobilized the armed forces to do just that. The Congress should have waited for the facts to be presented and then acted with fuller knowledge of the consequences of our action.Her vote made national news and a large and extremely polarized response, with the volume of calls gridlocking the switchboard of her Capitol Hill office. Although it appears to have reflected the beliefs of the majority of her constituents, the majority of responses from elsewhere in the nation were angry and hostile, some calling her "communist" and a "traitor". Many of the responses included death threats against her or her family to the point that the Capitol Police provided round-the-clock plainclothes bodyguards. Lee was also criticized by politicians and in editorial pages of conservative-leaning newspapers, e.g. John Fund's column in "The Wall Street Journal." In 2002, she received the Seán MacBride Peace Prize from the International Peace Bureau for her vote.


title: Barbara Lee

text: In her speech, she quoted Nathan D. Baxter, dean of National Cathedral: "As we act, let us not become the evil that we deplore."


title: Barbara Lee

text: On June 29, 2017, the House Appropriations Committee approved Lee's amendment to repeal the 2001 AUMF that was the foundation of the U.S.'s post-September 11 military actions. The amendment, if passed, would have required that the AUMF be scrapped within 240 days. In June 2021, Lee sponsored a bipartisan bill in the House to repeal the AUMF, which passed, 268 to 161. A similar bipartisan bill is set to be examined by the Senate.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Although Lee is considered a progressive Democrat, she has occasionally split with members of her party throughout her career, especially on foreign policy. She voted to limit military operations in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, against authorizing air strikes, and for a Republican-backed plan to completely withdraw U.S. troops from the operation, all in 1999. Lee voted against the Iraq War Resolution in 2002. She was one of only 46 Democrats to vote for the Online Freedom of Speech Act of 2005. Lee was one of only 13 Democrats to vote against an emergency supplemental appropriations bill in 2007 which, among other things, funded the Iraq War but required withdrawal of U.S. forces to begin by October 1, but in favor of overriding President Bush's veto of the measure on May 2. In November 2009 Lee was one of 36 representatives to vote against House Resolution 867, which condemned the UN's Goldstone Report. She voted to withdraw troops from Afghanistan in 2010 and 2011. Lee also voted in favor of similar resolutions involving troop withdrawal from Pakistan and, most recently, Libya. She joined her Republican colleagues, one of 70 Democrats to do so, in voting against a resolution to authorize limited use of force in Libya. Lee was also one of only 36 Democrats to vote to limit funds appropriated for military operations in Libya.


title: Barbara Lee

text: In an August 2017 interview, Lee said of President Donald Trump's comments on North Korea, "His saber-rattling is putting the world at risk. The United States should be the grown-up in the room", and that his rhetoric reminded her of news about the Cuban Missile Crisis during her mid-teens, adding, "the words of war weren't as profound and dangerous and scary [then] as they are now."


title: Barbara Lee

text: In September 2018, Lee was one of 11 House Democrats to sign a statement announcing their intent "to introduce a new, privileged resolution in September invoking the War Powers Resolution of 1973 to withdraw U.S. Armed Forces from engaging in the Saudi-led coalition's conflict with the Houthis should additional escalations continue and progress fail to be made towards a peace agreement."


title: Barbara Lee

text: In April 2019, after the House passed the resolution withdrawing American support for the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen, Lee was one of nine lawmakers to sign a letter to Trump requesting a meeting with him and urging him to sign "Senate Joint Resolution 7, which invokes the War Powers Act of 1973 to end unauthorized US military participation in the Saudi-led coalition's armed conflict against Yemen's Houthi forces, initiated in 2015 by the Obama administration." They asserted the "Saudi-led coalition's imposition of an air-land-and-sea blockade as part of its war against Yemen's Houthis has continued to prevent the unimpeded distribution of these vital commodities, contributing to the suffering and death of vast numbers of civilians throughout the country" and that Trump's approval of the resolution would send a "powerful signal to the Saudi-led coalition to bring the four-year-old war to a close".


title: Barbara Lee

text: In July 2019, Lee voted against a House resolution condemning the Global Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions Movement targeting Israel. The resolution passed 398–17.


title: Barbara Lee

text: In October 2020, Lee co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo condemning Azerbaijan's offensive operations against the Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee is a strong advocate for legislation restricting the availability of guns. She participated in the 2016 sit-in against gun violence in the House of Representatives. Democratic members of Congress adopted the slogan "No Bill, No Break" in an attempt to push the introduction of legislation increasing restrictions on guns. In a statement on the sit-in, Lee said:


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee introduced the Women and Climate Change Act in February 2018. The bill aims to create a Federal Interagency Working Group on Women and Climate Change. Lee said of the Act, "Climate change is already impacting communities around the world with a disproportionate effect on the world's poorest residents. Women make up the majority of the world's poor and are especially vulnerable to abrupt changes in the environment. As leaders in their families, women are called upon to find food and clean water, secure safe housing, and care for loved ones. As climate change worsens, provoking historic droughts, rising sea levels and violent storms, women and girls will bear the brunt of this global crisis".


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee is the author of the Shirley A. Chisholm United States-Caribbean Educational Exchange Act, which would enhance U.S. foreign relations with CARICOM nations. This act directs the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to develop a comprehensive program that extends and expands existing primary and secondary school initiatives in the Caribbean to provide teacher training methods and increased community involvement in school activities. The bill is named for Shirley Chisholm, who helped inspire Lee to become involved in politics when Chisholm ran for the Democratic nomination for president; Lee was the Chisholm campaign's Northern California Chair.


title: Barbara Lee

text: In 1968, Lee began volunteering at the Black Panther Party's Community Learning Center in Oakland. She also worked on Bobby Seale's 1973 campaign for mayor of Oakland.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee disagreed with the National Park Service removing funding for a Black Panther Legacy Project in 2017. She released a statement saying, "It is outrageous that the National Park Service has stripped resources from the Black Panther Party Research, Interpretation & Memory Project. The Black Panther Party was an integral part of the civil rights movement and the public has a right to know their history. I call upon the National Park Service and the Department of Interior to provide a full explanation as to why these critical federal resources have been taken away".


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee has supported a number of efforts to reform cannabis laws in Congress. In 2018, she introduced the Marijuana Justice Act to remove cannabis from the Controlled Substances Act, penalize states that enforce cannabis laws disproportionately (regarding race or income status), and enact other social justice-related reforms. Additional legislation Lee has introduced includes the States' Medical Marijuana Property Rights Protection Act, Veterans Medical Marijuana Safe Harbor Act, Restraining Excessive Federal Enforcement & Regulations of Cannabis (REFER) Act, and the Realizing Equitable & Sustainable Participation in Emerging Cannabis Trades (RESPECT) Resolution. Lee was an original cosponsor of the Ending Federal Marijuana Prohibition Act when it was first introduced in 2011. In January 2019, she was named a co-chair of the Congressional Cannabis Caucus.


title: Barbara Lee

text: In 2001, Lee and other House members objected to counting Florida's electoral votes in the 2000 presidential election after a contentious recount. Because no senator joined their objection, it was dismissed by Senate President Al Gore, who lost the election to George W. Bush.


title: Barbara Lee

text: In 2005, Lee was one of 31 House Democrats who voted not to accept Ohio's electoral votes in the 2004 presidential election. Bush won Ohio by 118,457 votes.


title: Barbara Lee

text: After the 2016 presidential election, Lee objected to Michigan's and West Virginia's electoral votes. Because no senator joined her objections, they were dismissed. Donald Trump won Michigan by slightly over 10,000 votes and West Virginia by over 300,000 votes.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee called for a 10% cut to the military budget of the United States. She backed an amendment to reduce the size of the $740 billion National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, but a majority of Democrats and Republicans rejected it.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee has made affordable housing in the East Bay area and beyond a top priority. She has supported and backed legislation meant to expand home ownership opportunities, improve public housing quality, and assist the homeless.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee was strongly critical of the Stupak–Pitts Amendment, which places restrictions on health insurance plans providing coverage for abortions in the context of the Affordable Health Care for America Act. She supports Medicare for All.


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee is pro-choice. On September 30, 2021, in a hearing of the Congressional Committee on Oversight and Reform, she recounted having to travel to Mexico for a "back-alley" abortion in the 1960s. "I'm sharing my story even though I truly believe it is personal and really nobody's business—and certainly not the business of politicians. But I'm compelled to speak out because of the real risks of the clock being turned back to those days before "Roe vs. Wade"", she said. Lee opposed the 2022 overturning of "Roe v. Wade", which she called an "attack on reproductive freedom" and blamed on a "decades-long coordinated strategic assault on women's rights by right-wing extremists".


title: Barbara Lee

text: On September 29, 2008, Lee was one of 95 Democrats to vote against the defeated Emergency Economic Stabilization Act. She voted for a modified version on October 3.


title: Barbara Lee

text: In 2002, Lee's opposition to the death penalty was recognized by Death Penalty Focus, which gave her the Mario Cuomo Act of Courage Award.


title: Barbara Lee

text: In March 2018, Lee said, "I unequivocally condemn Minister Farrakhan's anti-Semitic and hateful comments."


title: Barbara Lee

text: On November 30, 2018, House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi announced that she had recommended Lee to become one of three co-chairs of the Steering and Policy Committee, alongside Rosa DeLauro and Eric Swalwell. The change was approved on December 11, 2018.


title: Barbara Lee

text: On March 15, 2013, Lee announced the official relaunch of the Congressional Social Work Caucus to the 113th Congress as its new chair.


title: Barbara Lee

text: On November 28, 2018, Lee lost an attempt to become chair of the House Democratic Caucus to Hakeem Jeffries. She blamed ageism and sexism for her defeat.


title: Barbara Lee

text: In 2002, the Peace Abbey in Boston gave Lee the Courage of Conscience Award for her vote against the call to war after the September 11 attacks. In her speech, she said, "let us not become the evil that we deplore."


title: Barbara Lee

text: In 2003, Lee was recognized as a Woman of Peace at the Global Exchange Human Rights Awards in San Francisco with Bianca Jagger, Arundhati Roy and Kathy Kelly. In 2010, Lee took the food stamp challenge and also appeared in the documentary film "Food Stamped".


title: Barbara Lee

text: In 2014, Lee, Hill Harper, and Meagan Good contributed to Enitan Bereola II's bestselling book "Gentlewoman: Etiquette for a Lady, from a Gentleman."


title: Barbara Lee

text: Lee was married before and divorced by the age of 20, raising her two sons as a single parent. They now both work in the insurance industry: Tony Lee is the CEO of Dickerson Employee Benefits, an African-American owned insurance brokerage/consulting firms, and Craig Lee is a senior executive at State Farm.


title: Sylph

text: A sylph (also called sylphid) is an air spirit stemming from the 16th-century works of Paracelsus, who describes sylphs as (invisible) beings of the air, his elementals of air. A significant number of subsequent literary and occult works have been inspired by Paracelsus's concept: Robert Alfred Vaughan noted that "the wild but poetical fantasies" of Paracelsus had probably exercised a larger influence over his age and the subsequent one than is generally supposed, particularly on the Rosicrucians, but that through the 18th century they had become reduced to "machinery for the playwright" and "opera figurantes with wings of gauze and spangles".


title: Sylph

text: "Sylph" is possibly a blend of from Latin "sylvestris" and "nympha", "sylvestris" being a common synonym for sylph in Paracelsus. Anthon and Trollope note a similar usage in the "Aeneid", where "silvestris" is taken as an elliptical form of "nympha silvestris" ("forest nymph"). Jacob Grimm uses this phrase as a gloss for the Anglo-Saxon "wudu-mær" (roughly equivalent to "woodmare"), which he also takes as a metaphorical name for an echo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, a near contemporary of Paracelsus and coiner of the word "gas", uses "sylvestris" in the sense of "wild" to describe gaseous emissions, which may be connected to the Paracelsian usage. Thorpe's "Northern Mythology" connects the adjective "sylvestres" and the related "silvaticas" to European wild man legends. A related idea is that "sylph" is from a hyper-urbane respelling of a Latin neologism "silves", but in either case this connection to the Latin root "silva" ("forest") is supported by Paracelsus' use of "sylphes" as a synonym for "schrötlein", a German word for a tree spirit or especially an earth spirit in his "Liber de Sanguine ultra Mortem".


title: Sylph

text: An alternative theory is that it derives from silphē (), which a number of etymological sources gloss as "moth". French etymological sources often derive it from a Latin word "sylphus", glossed as "genius" (in the Latin sense, a type of spirit) and only known from an inscription rather than literary Latin. The "Deutsches Wörterbuch" however indicates that this idea arises from a 19th-century misreading of the inscription in question. Similarly, the σίλφη etymology can be dismissed from the lack of an objective historical and thus semantic connection. The idea of an intentional portmanteau is also considered doubtful, though extensive evidence can be found that indicates that Paracelsus considered the various sylvan spirits and wild men of legend to be examples of sylphs, which he occasionally took to be earth elementals rather than air elementals.


title: Sylph

text: The Swiss German physician and alchemist Paracelsus first coined the term sylph in the 16th century to describe an air spirit in his overarching scheme of elemental spirits associated with the four Classical elements. Paracelsus drew from earlier sources, but his systematic treatment of the idea was definitive, with the names of three of the four types having originated in his works. The other three elemental spirits named were Gnomes (earth), Salamanders (fire), and Undines (water). These ideas were adopted in Rosicrucianism and were widely encountered in subsequent hermetic literature.


title: Sylph

text: In the "Liber de Nymphis" of the "Philosophia Magna", Paracelsus discusses the characteristics of the elementals at length. Sylphs, he says, are rougher, coarser, taller, and stronger than humans. The elementals are said to be able to move through their own elements as human beings move through air. Because of this, sylphs are the closest to humans in his conception because they move through air like we do, while in fire they burn, in water they drown, and in earth, they get stuck.


title: Sylph

text: Sylphs are mentioned by that name in the 1668 German novel "Simplicius Simplicissimus", though the author seems to have taken them to be water spirits.


title: Sylph

text: The French pseudo-novel "Comte de Gabalis" (1670) was important in passing sylphs into the literary sphere. It appears to have originated the derivative term "sylphid" (French "sylphide"), which it uses as the feminine counterpart to "sylph". While modern scholars consider "Comte de Gabalis" to have been intended as a satire of occult philosophy, many of its contemporaries considered it to be an earnest exposition of occult lore. Its author, Abbé de Montfaucon de Villars, was assassinated on the road in 1673 and one rumor had it that he had been killed by a gang of sylphs for disclosing their secrets.


title: Sylph

text: One of the best-known discussions of sylphs comes with Alexander Pope. In "Rape of the Lock" (final ed. 1717), Pope satirizes French Rosicrucian and alchemical writings when he invents a theory to explain the sylph. In a parody of heroic poetry and the "dark" and "mysterious" alchemical literature, and in particular the sometimes esoterically Classical heroic poetry of the 18th century in England and France, Pope pretends to have a new alchemy, in which the sylph is the mystically, chemically condensed humors of peevish women. In Pope's poem, women who are full of spleen and vanity turn into sylphs when they die because their spirits are too full of dark vapors to ascend to the skies. Belinda, the heroine of Pope's poem, is attended by a small army of sylphs, who foster her vanity and guard her beauty.


title: Sylph

text: The poem is a parody of Paracelsian ideas, inasmuch as Pope imitates the pseudo-science of alchemy to explain the seriousness with which vain women approach the dressing room. In a slight parody of the divine battle in Pope's "Rape of the Lock", when the Baron of the poem attempts to cut a lock of Belinda's hair, the sylphs interpose their airy bodies between the blades of the scissors (to no effect whatsoever).


title: Sylph

text: Ariel, the chief sylph in "the Rape of the Lock", has the same name as Prospero's servant Ariel in Shakespeare's "The Tempest" (ca. 1611), and Shakespeare's character is described literally as an "airy spirit" in the "dramatis personae". This name is generally thought to have been original with Shakespeare, though the exact inspiration for the character is unclear. Pope explicitly cited "Comte de Gabalis" as a source for elemental lore in the dedication.


title: Sylph

text: In the 1778 British novel "The Sylph", a sylph appears as a guardian spirit for the female protagonist.


title: Sylph

text: By 1765, the French author Jean-François Marmontel had found the sylph legend notable enough that he included among his "Moral Tales" the story of "the Sylph-Husband," in which a young woman obsessed with the idea of marrying a sylph is deluded into falling in love with her arranged-husband after he impersonates one.


title: Sylph

text: In Fernando Pessoa's "Book of Disquiet", (entry 214 - New Directions, 2017) he writes (translated from the Portuguese by Margaret Jill Costa): "And as with books so with everything else...Given that anything can be dreamed to serve as a real interruption to the silent flow of my days, I raise eyes of weary protest to the sylph who is mine alone, to the poor girl who, had she only learned to sing, could perhaps have been a siren".


title: Sylph

text: The famous ballet "La Sylphide" ("The (Female) Sylph", Paris, 1832) is a prominent example of sylph lore in theater in the 19th century. It appeared in a second version in Denmark in 1836. A similarly themed opera "The Mountain Sylph" appeared in England in 1834. Sylphs again took to the stage in the 1909 ballet "Les Sylphides".


title: Sylph

text: Because of their association with the ballet "La Sylphide", where sylphs are identified with fairies and the medieval legends of fairyland, as well as a confusion with other "airy spirits" (e.g., in William Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream"), a slender girl may be referred to as a sylph.


title: Sylph

text: "Sylph" has passed into general language as a term for minor spirits, elementals, or faeries of the air. Fantasy authors will sometimes employ sylphs in their fiction, for example creating giant artistic clouds in the skies with airy wings.


title: Oriented strand board

text: Oriented strand board (OSB) is a type of engineered wood similar to particle board, formed by adding adhesives and then compressing layers of wood strands (flakes) in specific orientations. It was invented by Armin Elmendorf in California in 1963. OSB may have a rough and variegated surface with the individual strips of around , lying unevenly across each other, and is produced in a variety of types and thicknesses.


title: Oriented strand board

text: OSB is a material with favorable mechanical properties that make it particularly suitable for load-bearing applications in construction. It is now more popular than plywood, commanding 66% of the North American structural panel market. The most common uses are as sheathing in walls, flooring, and roof decking. For exterior wall applications, panels are available with a radiant-barrier layer laminated to one side; this eases installation and increases energy performance of the building envelope. OSB is also used in furniture production.


title: Oriented strand board

text: Oriented strand board is manufactured in wide mats from cross-oriented layers of thin, rectangular wooden strips compressed and bonded together with wax and synthetic resin adhesives.


title: Oriented strand board

text: The adhesive resins types used include: urea-formaldehyde (OSB type 1, nonstructural, nonwaterproof); isocyanate-based glue (or PMDI poly-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate based) in inner regions with melamine-urea-formaldehyde or phenol formaldehyde resin glues at surface (OSB type 2, structural, water resistant on face); phenol formaldehyde resin throughout (OSB types 3 and 4, structural, for use in damp and outside environments).


title: Oriented strand board

text: The layers are created by shredding the wood into strips, which are sifted and then oriented on a belt or wire-mesh caul (a heated, ventilated support) and coated with the resin. The layers thus built up are transferred to a forming line and cross-orientated so that strips on the external layers are aligned to the panel's strength axis, while the internal layers are perpendicular. The number of layers placed is determined partly by the thickness of the panel, but is limited by the equipment installed at the manufacturing site. Individual layers can also vary in thickness to give different finished panel thicknesses (typically, a layer will produce a panel thickness). The mat is placed in a thermal press to compress the flakes and bond them by heat activation and curing of the resin that has been coated on the flakes. Individual panels are then cut from the mats into finished sizes. Most of the world's OSB is made in the United States and Canada in large production facilities.


title: Oriented strand board

text: Materials other than wood have been used to produce products similar to OSB. Oriented structural straw board is an engineered board made by splitting straw and formed by adding P-MDI adhesives and then hot compressing layers of straw in specific orientations. Strand board can also be made from bagasse.


title: Oriented strand board

text: In 2005, Canadian production was ( basis) of which () were exported, almost entirely to the United States. In 2014, Romania became the largest OSB exporting country in Europe, with 28% of the exports going to Russia and 16% to Ukraine.


title: Oriented strand board

text: Adjustments to the manufacturing process can affect thickness, panel size, strength, and rigidity. OSB panels have no internal gaps or voids, and can be water-resistant, although they do require additional membranes to achieve impermeability to water and are not recommended for exterior use. The finished product has properties similar to plywood, but is uniform and cheaper. However, in 2021 the price spiked 5 to 600% going from under $10 to near $50 per 4x8 sheet for 7/16" nominal, before correcting into 2022. When tested to failure, OSB has a greater load-bearing capacity than milled wood panels. It has replaced plywood in many environments, especially the North American structural panel market.


title: Oriented strand board

text: While OSB does not have a continuous grain like a natural wood, it does have an axis along which its strength is greatest. This can be seen by observing the alignment of the surface wood chips.


title: Oriented strand board

text: All wood-based structural use panels can be cut and installed with the same types of equipment as for solid wood.


title: Oriented strand board

text: The resins used to create OSB have raised questions regarding the potential for OSB to emit volatile organic compounds such as formaldehyde. Urea-formaldehyde is more toxic and should be avoided in home use. Phenol-formaldehyde products are considered to be relatively hazard-free. Some newer types of OSB, so-called "new-generation" OSB panels, use isocyanate resins that do not contain formaldehyde and are considered nonvolatile when cured. Industry trade groups assert that formaldehyde emissions from North American OSB are "negligible or nonexistent".


title: Oriented strand board

text: Some manufacturers treat the wood chips with various borate compounds that are toxic to termites, wood-boring beetles, molds, and fungi, but not mammals in applied doses.


title: Oriented strand board

text: Five grades of OSB are defined in EN 300 in terms of their mechanical performance and relative resistance to moisture:


title: Mozambique Drill

text: The Mozambique Drill, also known as the Failure Drill, or Failure to Stop drill and, informally, as "two to the body, one to the head," is a close-quarters shooting technique that requires the shooter to fire twice into the torso of a target (known as a double tap or hammered pair to the center of mass), and follow up with a more difficult head shot that, if properly placed, will instantaneously stop the target if the previous shots failed to do so.


title: Mozambique Drill

text: According to anecdotal history, the technique originated with a Rhodesian mercenary, Mike Rousseau, engaged in the Mozambican War of Independence (1964–1974). Fighting at the airport at Lourenço Marques (modern-day Maputo), Rousseau rounded a corner and encountered an enemy combatant, armed with an AK-47 assault rifle, at 10 paces (). Rousseau immediately brought up his Browning HP35 pistol and fired two bullets into the target's upper chest, usually enough to incapacitate or kill outright. Seeing that the fighter was still advancing, Rousseau attempted a head shot that hit the guerrilla through the base of his neck, severing the spinal cord. Rousseau related the story to an acquaintance, small arms expert Jeff Cooper, founder of the Gunsite Academy shooting school, who incorporated the "Mozambique Drill" into his modern technique shooting method.


title: Mozambique Drill

text: The Mozambique Drill was incorporated in the Gunsite curriculum from the late 1970s. In 1980, two Los Angeles Police Department SWAT officers, Larry Mudgett and John Helms, attended pistol training at Gunsite and received permission from Cooper to teach the technique to the LAPD, and to rename it the Failure Drill (concerned that "Mozambique" might have racist overtones).