title: Ann Sothern

text: After years of struggling and appearing in supporting parts, Ann Sothern found major success with "Maisie". The film was profitable for MGM, as were the string of "Maisie" comedy sequels that followed (box office proceeds from "Maisie" pictures financed MGM's more costly dramas). From 1939 to 1947, she appeared in 10 "Maisie" films. A review of "Swing Shift Maisie" (1943) by "Time" magazine praised Sothern and described her as "one of the smartest comediennes in the business". The popularity of the film series led to her own radio program, "The Adventures of Maisie", broadcast on CBS from 1945 to 1947, on Mutual Broadcasting System in 1952, and in syndication from 1949 to 1953. Due to her popularity from the "Maisie" films, MGM head Louis B. Mayer paid $80,000 to purchase film rights to the Broadway production of "DuBarry Was a Lady" especially for Miss Sothern. When Sothern rejected the revised script, MGM decided to cast Lucille Ball (Sothern's best friend in real life). Shortly after completing filming of "Maisie Gets Her Man" in 1942, Sothern was cast in title role in the film version of "Panama Hattie" (1942), opposite Red Skelton. "Panama Hattie" had been a hit on Broadway with Ethel Merman in the title role, but was plagued with production problems after MGM attempted to shoot the film version. After a disastrous preview in November 1941, MGM decided to delay release to retool the production. The film's original director was replaced, the script was rewritten, and several scenes were reshot. While the film received mediocre to poor reviews, it was a smash box office hit with audiences.


title: Ann Sothern

text: In 1943, she appeared in a seventh Maisie film "Swing Shift Maisie" followed by a role in the war drama "Cry 'Havoc'". The following year, Sothern starred in the eighth Maisie film "Maisie Goes to Reno" before taking time off to have her first child. She returned to the screen in 1946 in "Up Goes Maisie", followed by the final Maisie film "Undercover Maisie". Sothern appeared in two musical films in 1948, "April Showers" opposite Jack Carson and "Words and Music" starring an all-star cast of MGM actors, singers and dancers. In 1949, she appeared in the Academy Award-winning film "A Letter to Three Wives" for 20th Century Fox. Sothern received excellent reviews for her performance but the acclaim failed to stimulate her career, which had begun to wane in the late 1940s. In 1949, Sothern contracted hepatitis which she would battle for the next three years. After Sothern became ill, MGM canceled her contract.


title: Ann Sothern

text: By the early 1950s, Sothern was appearing only in supporting roles, in such films as crime drama "The Blue Gardenia" (1953). In need of money due to her mounting medical bills, she turned to television. In 1953, she was cast as the lead in the series "Private Secretary". Sothern portrayed Susan Camille "Susie" MacNamara, a secretary working for New York City talent agent Peter Sands (Don Porter). The series aired on CBS on alternate weeks with "The Jack Benny Program". "Private Secretary" was a hit with audiences, routinely placing in the top 10, and Sothern was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for her role on the series four times. In 1957, "Private Secretary" was renewed for a fifth season, but Sothern left the series after she had what she later described as a "violent fight" with producer Jack Chertok over profits from the series. Sothern owned 42% of the show and later sued Chertok for $93,000 in back profits from the series.


title: Ann Sothern

text: She returned to television the following year in "The Ann Sothern Show". Sothern starred as Kathleen "Katy" O'Connor, the assistant manager at the fictitious Bartley House Hotel. The series originally co-starred Ernest Truex as Katy's timid boss Jason Macauley, who was routinely outshone by Katy, and bullied by his domineering wife Flora (Reta Shaw). Ratings for the series were weak, and after 23 episodes the show was retooled. Sothern's co-star from "Private Secretary", Don Porter, signed on as Katy's boss James Devery. The addition of Porter added romantic tension to the series and helped to improve ratings. In 1959, the series won a Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy. During the series' second season, Jesse White, who also starred in "Private Secretary", joined the cast. Ratings for the series remained solid until CBS moved "The Ann Sothern Show" to Thursdays for its third season. Scheduled opposite the ABC series "The Untouchables", ratings dropped substantially and "The Ann Sothern Show" was canceled in 1961.


title: Ann Sothern

text: After "The Ann Sothern Show" ended, she returned to films in the political drama "The Best Man" (1964), opposite Henry Fonda and Cliff Robertson. She was nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe for her work in the film. That same year, she portrayed a prostitute in the psychological thriller "Lady in a Cage", starring Olivia de Havilland. In 1965, she had a recurring role on her friend Lucille Ball's "The Lucy Show" as the "Countess Framboise" (née Rosie Harrigan). After Ball's long-time co-star Vivian Vance announced plans to leave the show, the press speculated that Sothern would be Vance's replacement. Sothern denied the rumors and, ultimately, the series continued without Vance or Sothern.


title: Ann Sothern

text: In 1965, Sothern co-starred in the TV comedy series "My Mother the Car", opposite Jerry Van Dyke. The show was typical of then-popular situation comedies featuring a flying nun ("The Flying Nun"), a talking horse ("Mister Ed"), a domestic witch ("Bewitched"), or other surreal premises. Van Dyke played a struggling lawyer and family man who discovers a dilapidated, vintage 1928 automobile in a used-car lot. The antique auto speaks to him — in Ann Sothern's voice. It seems the car is the reincarnation of Van Dyke's mother. Van Dyke restores the car to its original condition and takes it home, where it bemuses his family and becomes the envy of a zealous collector. Sothern was never seen in the series; only her voice was heard, reacting tartly to zany happenings around her.


title: Ann Sothern

text: She continued the rest of the 1960s working in guest roles in television and the occasional film role. In an "Alfred Hitchcock Hour" episode, entitled "Water's Edge", Sothern turned in a most impressive performance. In 1972, Sothern appeared in the Sid and Marty Krofft television special "Fol-de-Rol". The next year, she played the domineering mother of a homicidal son in psychological horror film "The Killing Kind". In 1974, she traveled to Hong Kong to shoot the martial arts film "Golden Needles". She portrayed the role of Ann, a mahjong parlor owner. Sothern's next role was in the 1975 action/comedy film "Crazy Mama" starring Chloris Leachman. For the rest of the decade, health problems forced her to cut back on her career. She worked sporadically in television and in stage productions, including a small role in the horror film "The Manitou" with Tony Curtis (1978).


title: Ann Sothern

text: Sothern returned to television in 1985 in the role of "Ma Finney" in an adaptation of one of her old films, "A Letter to Three Wives". Sothern's final film was "The Whales of August" in 1987. Her role as the neighbor of elderly sisters, played by Lillian Gish and Bette Davis, earned her the only Best Supporting Actress Academy Award nomination of her career. After filming, Sothern retired from acting and moved to Ketchum, Idaho, where she spent her remaining years.


title: Ann Sothern

text: Over the course of her career, Sothern also managed several businesses and production companies. In the 1950s, she opened the Ann Sothern Sewing Center in Sun Valley, Idaho, which sold fabric, patterns, and sewing machines. She also owned a cattle ranch in Idaho named the A Bar S Cattle Company. Sothern owned Vincent Productions, Inc. (named for Sothern's patron saint Vincent de Paul) which produced her first series "Private Secretary", and Anso Productions which produced "The Ann Sothern Show".


title: Ann Sothern

text: In addition to acting, Sothern pursued a musical career. During her hiatus from "Private Secretary" in 1954, she starred in her own nightclub act featured in clubs in Reno, Las Vegas, and Chicago. In the late 1950s, she formed the A Bar S Music Company and released "Sothern Exposure", her first album in 1958.


title: Ann Sothern

text: Sothern married actor and band leader Roger Pryor in September 1936. They separated in September 1941 and Sothern filed for divorce in April 1942, charging Pryor with mental cruelty. Their divorce became final in May 1943. Less than a week after her divorce from Pryor, she married actor Robert Sterling. The couple had one daughter, Patricia Ann "Tisha" Sterling, before divorcing in March 1949.


title: Ann Sothern

text: Shortly after filming "A Letter to Three Wives", Sothern contracted infectious hepatitis after getting an impure serum shot while she was in England for a stage performance. She was confined to her bed where she continued to work on the "Maisie" radio program while she recuperated. Sothern later said that her illness had restored her faith. With the help of friend Richard Egan, she converted to Roman Catholicism in 1952.


title: Ann Sothern

text: In 1974, Sothern was injured while appearing in a Jacksonville, Florida, stock production of "Everybody Loves Opal" when a fake tree fell on her back. The accident left her with a fractured lumbar vertebra and damaged nerves in her legs. Her injuries required hospitalizations where she was put in traction. She was also required to wear back braces. Due to her forced inactivity, Sothern gained a considerable amount of weight. In addition to her physical pain, Sothern also developed depression. Sothern credited her "optimistic belief" and Roman Catholic faith for getting her through. For the remainder of her life, Sothern experienced numbness in her feet and required a cane to walk.


title: Ann Sothern

text: On March 15, 2001, Sothern died from heart failure at her home in Ketchum at the age of 92. She was buried in Ketchum Cemetery.


title: Ann Sothern

text: Sothern has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: for motion pictures, found on 1612 Vine Street; and television, on 1634 Vine Street.


title: Criterion Games

text: Criterion Games is a British video game developer based in Guildford. Founded in January 1996 as a division of Criterion Software, it was owned by Canon Inc. until Criterion Software was sold to Electronic Arts in October 2004. Many of Criterion Games' titles were built on the RenderWare engine, which Criterion Software developed. Notable games developed by Criterion Games include racing video games in the "Burnout" and "Need for Speed" series. As of April 2017, Criterion Games employ approximately 90 people.


title: Criterion Games

text: David Lau-Kee, the founder and leader of Canon Inc.'s European research arm, established Criterion Software as a wholly owned subsidiary of Canon in December 1993 and assumed the managing director role for it. At the time, Canon was seeking to establish a multimedia tool development business, while Lau-Kee had been working on interactive 2D image processing techniques and was looking to extend this to 3D image processing and, in turn, "out-and-out" 3D graphics. Adam Billyard, who served as its chief technology officer, is also credited as a co-founder. Criterion Software's 3D texture mapping and rendering programme, RenderWare, was first released in 1993 as a software library for the C programming language and was adopted by 800 companies worldwide by October 1996. The firm also provided a demo game, "CyberStreet", while fully-fledged games were developed by companies like 47Tek. Meanwhile, competitor Argonaut Software developed full games—including "FX Fighter" and "Alien Odyssey"–to showcase its BRender technology. In response, Criterion Software hired new staff in a 1995 to establish a dedicated game development division. To support this expansion, Criterion Software moved to new offices within Guildford in late 1995. The division, Criterion Studios, was established in January 1996 and announced the month thereafter, at the time employing 25 people. The headcount expanded to around 35 by October.


title: Criterion Games

text: RenderWare was thereafter gradually retooled as a game development programme, with its third iteration, released in 2000, first providing full game engine capabilities. The first game to use this version was "Burnout", which Criterion Studios developed in-tandem. Publishing rights to the game were sold to Acclaim Entertainment, while Criterion Studios retained the intellectual property to the brand and technology. Acclaim published "Burnout" (2000) and its sequel, "" (2002), which accumulated around 2 million sales. Despite this, Acclaim lacked the resources to market them in the United States, its home territory, leading to poor sales in the country. At the same time, Criterion Studios (now named Criterion Games) was frequently approached by Electronic Arts (EA), which eventually signed with Criterion Games for the third release in the series, "" (2004).


title: Criterion Games

text: In July 2004, EA announced that it had reached an agreement with Canon's European arm, Canon Europe, to acquire all of the Criterion Software group, including Criterion Games. The deal was finalised on 19 October 2004, with EA paying . After the purchase, both Criterion and Electronic Arts declared that RenderWare would continue to be made available to third-party customers. However, some clients decided it was too risky to rely on technology owned by a competitor. Electronic Arts have since withdrawn RenderWare from the commercial middleware market, although remnants are still used by internal developers. In mid-2006, the company closed its Derby satellite office, making all of its programmers and support staff redundant. In early March 2007, Electronic Arts combined its Chertsey-based UK development studio and Criterion Games into a new building in central Guildford. Integration of the teams did not occur and the location housed two very separate development studios: Criterion Games and EA Bright Light before Bright Light was shut permanently in 2011. In November 2007, co-founder and CEO David Lau-Kee made the decision to leave Electronic Arts to concentrate on advisory activities within the games industry. Adam Billyard also left Electronic Arts as CTO of EATech in 2007 to pursue other projects.


title: Criterion Games

text: On 14 June 2010, Criterion announced that "" was set for release in November 2010. The software utilises a new game engine named Chameleon. On 1 June 2012, Electronic Arts announced Criterion's second "Need for Speed" title, "", which was released on 30 October 2012. At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012, Criterion Games announced that it had taken sole ownership of the "Need for Speed" franchise.


title: Criterion Games

text: On 28 April 2013, Alex Ward announced via Twitter that the studio is planning to steer away from its tradition in developing racing games and are instead focusing on other genres for future projects. On 13 September 2013, Criterion elected to cut its staff numbers to 17 people total, as 80% (70 people) of the studio moved over to Ghost Games UK to work with "Need for Speed" games.


title: Criterion Games

text: On 3 January 2014, it was announced that Alex Ward and Fiona Sperry left Criterion to found a new studio, Three Fields Entertainment. Their first game "Dangerous Golf", slated for release in May 2016, combined ideas from "Burnout" and "Black" and is to lead them throws a spiritual successor to "Burnout". At the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014, the company announced a new racing project. However, the project was cancelled as Criterion is now focusing on providing additional support to other EA studios in creating future "Star Wars" games. Criterion worked on "Star Wars Battlefront: X-Wing VR Mission", a new virtual reality mission for "Star Wars Battlefront"; the company would return to do additional work for the 2017 sequel.


title: Criterion Games

text: In June 2015, news site Nintendo Life reveals that in early 2011 Nintendo of Europe approached Criterion to work on a pitch for a new "F-Zero" game which they hoped to unveil at E3 that same year alongside the then-unreleased Wii U console, and potentially release the game during the console's launch period. However, the developer was unable to handle the pitch as, at the time, they devoted much of their resources into the development of "" for multiple platforms. The site was tipped by an anonymous, yet "reliable" source, but they had confirmed this information when Criterion co-founder Alex Ward (who left the company in 2014) admitted that Nintendo of Europe did indeed approach the company for a potential "F-Zero" game on the Wii U. Alex Ward also noted on Twitter that Criterion was also offered the opportunity to work on the first "Forza", "Mad Max", a Vauxhall only racer, a "Command & Conquer" first-person shooter and a "Gone in 60 Seconds" game.


title: Criterion Games

text: In 2018, EA announced that "Battlefield V" would have a battle royale mode and would be developed by Criterion. Following the release of the mode (later revealed to be called Firestorm), development was halted soon after with the mode considered a failure by fans. In 2020, Criterion was announced to return as the main developer of the "Need for Speed" series, but work on the title was put on hold as Criterion was assigned to do additional work, including vehicular gameplay, on the next "Battlefield" game in March 2021. The aforementioned game, "Battlefield 2042", was released on November 19, 2021.


title: Criterion Games

text: In May 2022, EA merged Codemasters subsidiary Codemasters Cheshire into Criterion Games to support effort on the "Need for Speed" series as the two companies were already working together on a new title in the series together for months. On 6 October 2022, the project was revealed to be "Need for Speed Unbound", which utilizes DICE's propietary Frostbite engine. "Unbound" was released on December 2, 2022, following which five senior members of Criterion announced their departures from the studio, including the current studio GM, Matt Webster.


title: Criterion Games

text: "GamesIndustry.biz" named Criterion Games among the "best places to work in the UK video games industry" in the "Best Mid-sized Companies" category in 2017, 2018, and 2019.


title: Rite Aid

text: Rite Aid Corporation is an American drugstore chain based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1962 in Scranton, Pennsylvania, by Alex Grass under the name Thrift D Discount Center. The company ranked No. 148 in the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.


title: Rite Aid

text: Rite Aid began in 1962, opening its first store in Scranton, Pennsylvania; it was called Thrift D Discount Center. After several years of growth, Rite Aid adopted its current name and debuted as a public company in 1968. Rite Aid is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol RAD.


title: Rite Aid

text: In late 2015, Walgreens announced that it would acquire Rite Aid for $17.2 billion pending approval. However, on June 29, 2017, over fear of antitrust regulations, Walgreens Boots Alliance announced it would buy roughly half of Rite Aid's stores for $5.18 billion. On September 19, 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) approved a fourth deal agreement for Walgreens to purchase 1,932 stores from Rite Aid for $4.38 billion total.


title: Rite Aid

text: Alex Grass founded the Rite Aid chain in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in September 1962, after marrying into Harrisburg Pennsylvania's Lehrman family in the early 1950s. The first store was called Thrift D Discount Center. The store expanded into five additional states in 1965 and went public as Rite Aid in 1968. It moved to the New York Stock Exchange in 1970. Rite Aid is one of Fortune 500's Largest U.S. Corporations.


title: Rite Aid

text: Ten years after its first store opened, Rite Aid operated 267 locations in 10 states. In 1981, Rite Aid became the third-largest retail drugstore chain in the country. 1983 marked a sales milestone of $1 billion. A 420-store acquisition along the east coast expanded Rite Aid's holdings beyond 2,000 locations.


title: Rite Aid

text: A large number of acquisitions brought the chain to the state of Michigan in 1984. These were of Grand Rapids, Michigan-based Muir Drug and Remes Drug, along with Lippert Pharmacy of Lowell and Herrlich Drug of Flint; one year later, Rite Aid opened stores in Lansing, Michigan through the acquisition of State Vitamin. Expansion into Ohio began in 1987 through the acquisition of Cleveland-based Gray Drug. Among the companies acquired was Baltimore, Maryland's Read's Drug Store. On April 10, 1989, Peoples Drug's 114 unit Lane Drug of Ohio was purchased by Rite Aid.


title: Rite Aid

text: Rite Aid acquired twenty-four Hook's Drug Stores stores in 1994, selling nine of those stores to Perry Drug Stores, a Michigan-based pharmacy chain. One year later, Rite Aid acquired 224 stores from Perry, thus expanding its presence in Michigan even further.


title: Rite Aid

text: In 1996, Rite Aid acquired Thrifty PayLess, a 1,000-store West Coast chain. The acquisition of Thrifty PayLess included the Northwest-based Bi-Mart membership discount stores, which was sold off in 1998. Acquisitions of Harco, Inc. and K&B, Inc. brought Rite Aid into the Gulf Coast area.


title: Rite Aid

text: In the 1990s, Rite Aid partnered with Carl Paladino's Ellicott Development Co. to expand the company's presence in upstate New York.


title: Rite Aid

text: On August 23, 2006, the "Wall Street Journal" announced that Rite Aid would acquire 1,858 Eckerd Pharmacy and Brooks Pharmacy stores from Jean Coutu for US$3.4 billion. The deal closed on June 4, 2007. Rite Aid announced that the two chains would be converted to the Rite Aid name, retiring the 109-year-old Eckerd banner. The merger was signed and completed as of June 4, 2007, with all remaining Eckerd stores converted to Rite Aid by the end of September 2007.


title: Rite Aid

text: In 2015, Rite Aid purchased EnvisionRx, a pharmacy benefit manager, which owns subsidiary PBMs MedTrak, Connect Health Solutions, and Smith Premier Services.


title: Rite Aid

text: General Nutrition Corporation (GNC) and Rite Aid formed a partnership in January 1999, bringing GNC mini-stores within the Rite Aid pharmacies. A partnership with drugstore.com in June 1999 allowed customers of Rite Aid to place medical prescription orders online for same-day, in-store pickup.


title: Rite Aid

text: In March 2018, Walgreens and Rite Aid agreed to a $4.3 billion deal for Walgreens to purchase 1,932 Rite Aid locations and 3 distribution centers.


title: Rite Aid

text: Amazon announced in June 2019, that Amazon shoppers will be able to pick up their purchases at designated counters inside more than 100 Rite Aid stores across the US. The new service is called Counter and launches in the US after finding success in the UK with the Next clothing chain and in Italy with Giunti Al Punto Librerie, Fermopoint and SisalPay stores.


title: Rite Aid

text: In May of 2022, Rite Aid partnered with Homeward, a rural home care startup. Under this partnership, Medicare-eligible customers will be directed to Homeward's clinical services and will have access to Homeward mobile care units.


title: Rite Aid

text: In the late 1990s, Rite Aid performed poorly, and its stock dropped precipitously from $30 to $4.40 At this time, Mary Sammons, of Fred Meyer, was tapped by Leonard Green, of Leonard Green & Partners to become President/COO. She went on to become CEO in 2003.


title: Rite Aid

text: In July 2001, Rite Aid agreed to improve their pharmacy complaint process by implementing a new program to respond to consumer complaints.


title: Rite Aid

text: On July 25, 2004, Rite Aid agreed to pay $7 million to settle allegations that the company had submitted false prescription claims to United States government health insurance programs.


title: Rite Aid

text: In August 2007, Rite Aid acquired approximately 1,850 Brooks and Eckerd Stores throughout the United States in hopes of improving their accessibility to a wider range of consumers. On December 21, 2007, "The New York Times" reported that Rite Aid had record-breaking losses that year, despite the acquisition of the Brooks and Eckerd chains.


title: Rite Aid

text: The following fiscal quarter saw an increase in revenue but a sharp fall in net income as Rite Aid began the integration process. Rite Aid shares fell over 75% between September 2007 and September 2008, closing at a low of $0.98 on September 11, 2008. Rite Aid shares subsequently dropped to $0.20 on March 6, 2009, the all-time low .


title: Rite Aid

text: Rite Aid had a major accounting scandal that led to the departure (and subsequent jail time) of several top ranking executives, including CEO Martin Grass. After serving six years in prison, Martin Grass was released on January 18, 2010. Founder Alex Grass died of cancer on August 27, 2009.


title: Rite Aid

text: In June 2010, John Standley was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to chief executive officer, with former CEO Mary Sammons retaining her position as chairperson; Ken Martindale, previously co-president of Pathmark, was named Chief Operating Officer.


title: Rite Aid

text: In October 2018, a former Rite Aid vice president of advertising and two co-owners of Nuvision Graphics Inc. pleaded guilty to in a $5.7 million kick-back scheme defrauding Rite Aid.


title: Rite Aid

text: In July 2020, the Reuters news agency reported that during the 2010s Rite Aid had deployed facial recognition video surveillance systems and components from FaceFirst, DeepCam LLC, and other vendors at some retail locations in the United States. Cathy Langley, Rite Aid's vice president of asset protection, used the phrase "feature matching" to refer to the systems, a technical term related to the process of image feature extraction in the field of artificial intelligence for video surveillance, and said that usage of the systems resulted in less violence and organized crime in the company's stores, while former vice president of asset protection Bob Oberosler emphasized improved safety for staff and a reduced need for the involvement of law enforcement organizations. In a 2020 statement to Reuters in response to the reporting, Rite Aid said that it had ceased using the facial recognition software and switched off the cameras.


title: Rite Aid

text: According to director of the National Retail Federation Loss Prevention Research Council, which in 2018 called facial recognition technology "a promising new tool" worth evaluating, Rite Aid's surveillance program was either the largest or one of the largest programs in retail. The Home Depot, Menards, Walmart, and 7-Eleven are among other US retailers also engaged in pilot programs or deployments of facial recognition technology.


title: Rite Aid

text: Of the stores examined by Reuters, those in communities where people of color made up the largest racial or ethnic group were three times as likely to have the technology installed, raising concerns related to the substantial history of racial segregation and racial profiling in the United States. Rite Aid said that the selection of locations was "data-driven", based on the theft histories of individual stores, local and national crime data, and site infrastructure.


title: Rite Aid

text: The wellness+ card is Rite Aid's free shopping rewards card that started nationwide on April 18, 2010. It became a part of the newly launched American Express-backed Plenti rewards program in May 2015. Rite Aid introduced wellness+ BonusCash on January 1, 2018. Customers can no longer earn Plenti points; instead, they earn BonusCash that can only be redeemed at Rite Aid. However, Rite Aid would remain a part of the Plenti rewards program, which would end on July 10, 2018. After Plenti was discontinued Rite Aid re-introduced the wellness+ program.


title: Rite Aid

text: On August 23, 2006, the "Wall Street Journal" announced that Rite Aid would be buying the Eckerd Pharmacy and Brooks Pharmacy chains (Brooks Eckerd Pharmacy) from the Quebec-based Jean Coutu Group for US$3.4 billion, and merging the two chains into one dominant pharmacy system. The company's shareholders overwhelmingly approved the merger on January 18, 2007. After some store closures and the conversion of the two chains was completed, Rite Aid became the dominant drug store retailer in the Eastern U.S., and the third largest drug retailer nationwide (behind the faster-growing Walgreens and CVS chains).


title: Rite Aid

text: Similar to what CVS experienced in the Chicago metropolitan area after its purchase of Albertsons drug store chains, the deal gave Rite Aid stores that were too close to each other. (Only 23 stores nationally were sold to Walgreens, The Medicine Shoppe, or independent owners to meet federal regulations.) In many situations, especially in Pennsylvania, where both chains were dominant and had roots in the Commonwealth (Rite Aid originated in Scranton; Eckerd began in Erie, while Thrift Drug was popular in the Pittsburgh area), there were, in some cases, neighboring Rite Aid stores. However, in March 2008, some of these overlapping stores were closed. Most of these stores that closed were pre-existing Rite Aids from before the Eckerd deal, since Eckerd had built newer, more modern stores with drive-through pharmacies and larger space under ownership of both JCPenney and Jean Coutu Group; and the "moved to" sites were converted Eckerds. Employees at the closed stores were transferred to nearby ones, so no layoffs were necessary.


title: Rite Aid

text: Rite Aid had sold some stores to JCPenney's Thrift Drug chain in the mid-1990s shortly before JCPenney's acquisition of Eckerd and had also sold all of their Massachusetts stores to Brooks in 1995, bringing some existing Eckerd and Brooks stores that were once Rite Aids full circle.


title: Rite Aid

text: Because Eckerd was previously owned by JCPenney, Eckerd stores accepted JCPenney charge cards. Since the merger, all Rite Aids take JCPenney charge cards, a policy also followed by competitor CVS pharmacy, which had earlier acquired most of the Eckerd chain in the southeastern United States.


title: Rite Aid

text: With the acquisition of Brooks Eckerd, at its peak in 2008, Rite Aid had a total of 5,059 stores and employed 112,800 people.


title: Rite Aid

text: On January 4, 2008, Rite Aid Corporation announced that it would terminate operation of its 28 Rite Aid stores in the Las Vegas, Nevada, area and had signed an agreement to sell patient prescription files from that metro market to Walgreens. The company said Las Vegas was a non-core market that had not been contributing to overall results, and it had not opened a new store there since 1999. One Nevada store would remain open in Gardnerville, near the California border, where Rite Aid at the time had more than 600 stores.


title: Rite Aid

text: On February 5, 2009, Rite Aid announced that it would terminate operations of seven Rite Aid stores in San Francisco, along with five stores in eastern Idaho through a sale to Walgreens.


title: Rite Aid

text: Rite Aid formerly had a presence in the Columbus, Ohio market, but has since sold off its stores there to CVS.


title: Rite Aid

text: On October 27, 2015, Walgreens announced that it would acquire Rite Aid for $9.4 billion, pending regulatory and shareholder approval. The deal would have resulted in a merger of two of the United States' three largest pharmacy chains. Walgreens planned to keep the Rite Aid name on existing stores when the deal went through, though the long-term plans for the Rite Aid name were unknown. On December 21, 2016, it was announced that Fred's would acquire 865 Rite Aid stores as a result of the merger for $950 million, for antitrust reasons. In January 2017, Rite Aid and Walgreens cut the price of the merger to approximately $6.8 billion and delayed the merger by six months. On January 31, 2017, it was reported that the workers' union 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East, representing 6,000 Rite Aid Corp workers, was opposed to the sale of the Rite Aid stores to Fred's Inc.


title: Rite Aid

text: On June 29, 2017, Walgreens announced the merger was canceled, adding that it would be purchasing 2,186 stores from Rite Aid for $5.2 billion plus a $325 million penalty for canceling. Most experts had thought that the merger would be completed within a few weeks. The merger would have had about 46% of the market share. The revised deal—now not including Fred's at all—effectively would have seen Rite Aid exit the southeastern United States.


title: Rite Aid

text: On September 19, 2017, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) approved a fourth deal agreement, this time allowing Walgreens to purchase only 1,932 Rite-Aid stores for $4.38 billion. The sale was completed on March 27, 2018. Three distribution centers and related inventory were transferred after September 1, 2018, when the stores were rebranded to Walgreens. The 1,932 stores showed banners saying "Pharmacy now operated by Walgreens" or "We now have a Walgreens pharmacy" in the meantime. After the acquisition, Walgreens closed about 600 stores over 18 months starting in spring 2018, mostly Rite Aid stores within a mile of an existing Walgreens.


title: Rite Aid

text: As of fiscal year 2022, Pennsylvania with 494 stores is home to the largest number of Rite Aids, followed by California and New York with 487 and 281 respectively.


title: Rite Aid

text: On February 20, 2018, Albertsons announced plans to acquire the remainder of Rite Aid, including the 2,600 stores not acquired by Walgreens, in a merger of equals, subject to shareholder and regulatory approval. On August 8, 2018, Rite Aid announced that the plan had failed to please shareholders and the proposed acquisition would be cancelled.


title: Rite Aid

text: In October 2020, Rite Aid announced the acquisition of the privately held Bartell Drugs, a 67-location Seattle-area chain, for $95 million. Some customers have criticized the acquisition with reports of heavy staff turnover and computer system glitches.


title: Rite Aid

text: For the second quarter of 2019, Rite Aid reported basic and diluted earnings of -0.34 per share. This is significantly down from prior quarters' report of .20 per share.


title: Rite Aid

text: In the employee seating lawsuit ("Hall v. Rite Aid Corporation", San Diego County Superior Court), the parties reached a class action settlement for $18 million plus institution of a two-year pilot seating program for front-end checkstands. On September 14, 2018, the Court granted preliminary approval of the settlement. On November 16, 2018, the court granted final approval of the settlement.


title: Rite Aid

text: As reported by Rite Aid, the company is a defendant in the consolidated multidistrict litigation proceeding, In re National Prescription Opiate Litigation, pending in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio. Various plaintiffs (such as counties, cities, hospitals, and third-party payors) allege claims concerning the impacts of widespread opioid abuse against defendants along the pharmaceutical supply chain, including manufacturers, wholesale distributors, and retail pharmacy chains.


title: Rite Aid

text: As reported by Rite Aid, the company is involved in two consumer class action lawsuits in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, alleging that it has overcharged customers' insurance companies for prescription drug purchases, resulting in overpayment of co-pays.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: In mathematics, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic, also called the unique factorization theorem and prime factorization theorem, states that every integer greater than 1 can be represented uniquely as a product of prime numbers, up to the order of the factors. For example,


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The theorem says two things about this example: first, that 1200 be represented as a product of primes, and second, that no matter how this is done, there will always be exactly four 2s, one 3, two 5s, and no other primes in the product.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The requirement that the factors be prime is necessary: factorizations containing composite numbers may not be unique


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: This theorem is one of the main reasons why 1 is not considered a prime number: if 1 were prime, then factorization into primes would not be unique; for example, formula_3


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: This theorem generalizes to other algebraic structures, in particular to polynomial rings over a field. These structures are called unique factorization domains.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Book VII, propositions 30, 31 and 32, and Book IX, proposition 14 of Euclid's "Elements" are essentially the statement and proof of the fundamental theorem.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: (In modern terminology: if a prime "p" divides the product "ab", then "p" divides either "a" or "b" or both.) Proposition 30 is referred to as Euclid's lemma, and it is the key in the proof of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: (In modern terminology: every integer greater than one is divided evenly by some prime number.) Proposition 31 is proved directly by infinite descent.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: (In modern terminology: a least common multiple of several prime numbers is not a multiple of any other prime number.) Book IX, proposition 14 is derived from Book VII, proposition 30, and proves partially that the decomposition is unique – a point critically noted by André Weil. Indeed, in this proposition the exponents are all equal to one, so nothing is said for the general case.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Article 16 of Gauss' "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" is an early modern statement and proof employing modular arithmetic.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: where "p" < "p" < ... < "p" are primes and the "n" are positive integers. This representation is commonly extended to all positive integers, including 1, by the convention that the empty product is equal to 1 (the empty product corresponds to "k" = 0).


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: This representation is called the canonical representation of "n", or the standard form of "n". For example,


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Factors "p" = 1 may be inserted without changing the value of "n" (for example, 1000 = 2×3×5). In fact, any positive integer can be uniquely represented as an infinite product taken over all the positive prime numbers:


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: where a finite number of the "n" are positive integers, and the rest are zero. Allowing negative exponents provides a canonical form for positive rational numbers.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The canonical representations of the product, greatest common divisor (GCD), and least common multiple (LCM) of two numbers "a" and "b" can be expressed simply in terms of the canonical representations of "a" and "b" themselves:


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: However, integer factorization, especially of large numbers, is much more difficult than computing products, GCDs, or LCMs. So these formulas have limited use in practice.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Many arithmetic functions are defined using the canonical representation. In particular, the values of additive and multiplicative functions are determined by their values on the powers of prime numbers.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The proof uses Euclid's lemma ("Elements" VII, 30): If a prime divides the product of two integers, then it must divide at least one of these integers.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: It must be shown that every integer greater than is either prime or a product of primes. First, is prime. Then, by strong induction, assume this is true for all numbers greater than and less than . If is prime, there is nothing more to prove. Otherwise, there are integers and , where , and . By the induction hypothesis, and are products of primes. But then is a product of primes.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Suppose, to the contrary, there is an integer that has two distinct prime factorizations. Let be the least such integer and write , where each and is prime. We see that divides , so divides some by Euclid's lemma. Without loss of generality, say divides . Since and are both prime, it follows that . Returning to our factorizations of , we may cancel these two factors to conclude that . We now have two distinct prime factorizations of some integer strictly smaller than , which contradicts the minimality of .


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic can also be proved without using Euclid's lemma. The proof that follows is inspired by Euclid's original version of the Euclidean algorithm.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Assume that formula_7 is the smallest positive integer which is the product of prime numbers in two different ways. Incidentally, this implies that formula_7, if it exists, must be a composite number greater than formula_9. Now, say


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Every formula_11 must be distinct from every formula_12 Otherwise, if say formula_13 then there would exist some positive integer formula_14 that is smaller than and has two distinct prime factorizations. One may also suppose that formula_15 by exchanging the two factorizations, if needed.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: As the positive integers less than have been supposed to have a unique prime factorization, formula_22 must occur in the factorization of either formula_23 or . The latter case is impossible, as , being smaller than , must have a unique prime factorization, and formula_22 differs from every formula_12 The former case is also impossible, as, if formula_22 is a divisor of formula_27 it must be also a divisor of formula_28 which is impossible as formula_22 and formula_30 are distinct primes.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Therefore, there cannot exist a smallest integer with more than a single distinct prime factorization. Every positive integer must either be a prime number itself, which would factor uniquely, or a composite that also factors uniquely into primes, or in the case of the integer formula_9, not factor into any prime.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The first generalization of the theorem is found in Gauss's second monograph (1832) on biquadratic reciprocity. This paper introduced what is now called the ring of Gaussian integers, the set of all complex numbers "a" + "bi" where "a" and "b" are integers. It is now denoted by formula_32 He showed that this ring has the four units ±1 and ±"i", that the non-zero, non-unit numbers fall into two classes, primes and composites, and that (except for order), the composites have unique factorization as a product of primes.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Similarly, in 1844 while working on cubic reciprocity, Eisenstein introduced the ring formula_33, where formula_34   formula_35 is a cube root of unity. This is the ring of Eisenstein integers, and he proved it has the six units formula_36 and that it has unique factorization.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: However, it was also discovered that unique factorization does not always hold. An example is given by formula_37. In this ring one has


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: Examples like this caused the notion of "prime" to be modified. In formula_37 it can be proven that if any of the factors above can be represented as a product, for example, 2 = "ab", then one of "a" or "b" must be a unit. This is the traditional definition of "prime". It can also be proven that none of these factors obeys Euclid's lemma; for example, 2 divides neither (1 + ) nor (1 − ) even though it divides their product 6. In algebraic number theory 2 is called irreducible in formula_37 (only divisible by itself or a unit) but not prime in formula_37 (if it divides a product it must divide one of the factors). The mention of formula_37 is required because 2 is prime and irreducible in formula_43 Using these definitions it can be proven that in any integral domain a prime must be irreducible. Euclid's classical lemma can be rephrased as "in the ring of integers formula_44 every irreducible is prime". This is also true in formula_45 and formula_46 but not in formula_47


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The rings in which factorization into irreducibles is essentially unique are called unique factorization domains. Important examples are polynomial rings over the integers or over a field, Euclidean domains and principal ideal domains.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: In 1843 Kummer introduced the concept of ideal number, which was developed further by Dedekind (1876) into the modern theory of ideals, special subsets of rings. Multiplication is defined for ideals, and the rings in which they have unique factorization are called Dedekind domains.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: There is a version of unique factorization for ordinals, though it requires some additional conditions to ensure uniqueness.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" has been translated from Latin into English and German. The German edition includes all of his papers on number theory: all the proofs of quadratic reciprocity, the determination of the sign of the Gauss sum, the investigations into biquadratic reciprocity, and unpublished notes.


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: The two monographs Gauss published on biquadratic reciprocity have consecutively numbered sections: the first contains §§ 1–23 and the second §§ 24–76. Footnotes referencing these are of the form "Gauss, BQ, § "n"". Footnotes referencing the "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" are of the form "Gauss, DA, Art. "n"".


title: Fundamental theorem of arithmetic

text: These are in Gauss's "Werke", Vol II, pp. 65–92 and 93–148; German translations are pp. 511–533 and 534–586 of the German edition of the "Disquisitiones".


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Andrej Kramarić (; born 19 June 1991) is a Croatian professional footballer who plays as a forward or attacking midfielder for Bundesliga club 1899 Hoffenheim and the Croatia national team.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Kramarić started his football career in his hometown club Dinamo Zagreb and holds the record as the top youth goalscorer in the club's history. Hailed as one of the club's biggest talents, he made his first official appearance for Dinamo at the age of 17. In 2013, after he had a dispute with the Dinamo board of directors, Kramarić was transferred to HNK Rijeka, where he scored 37 times in 42 league games prior to his move to Leicester City for a record £9 million. He played a year-and-a-half there, spending time on loan at 1899 Hoffenheim before moving there permanently. On 29 March 2019, he became the club's all-time top goalscorer. On 24 January 2021, he became Bundesliga all-time top Croatian goalscorer.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Kramarić was capped 53 times at various youth levels for Croatia, scoring 22 goals in total. He took part at the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship, making four appearances for a Croatian team that reached the tournament semi-finals. He made his debut for the senior team in 2014, and later took part at the UEFA European Championship in 2016 and 2020 and the FIFA World Cup in 2018 and 2022, helping Croatia to reach the final of the 2018 tournament.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Kramarić joined Dinamo Zagreb when he was just six years old. During his youth career, he scored over 450 goals for Dinamo youth teams, making him the top youth scorer in club history.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Kramarić made his debut for the Dinamo senior squad on 24 May 2009 in a league match against Zagreb. He made an appearance as a 69th-minute substitute for Josip Tadić. It was also his only match for the Dinamo first-team during the 2008–09 season.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Kramarić was promoted to the first-team squad the following season. He made his first appearance of the season and also debuted in the UEFA Champions League on 15 July in an away match against Pyunik, which finished in a goalless draw. Later that year, Kramarić won his first league title with Dinamo, scoring seven goals in 24 appearances en route. He also made five appearances in the 2009–10 Croatian Cup and scored four goals, and made five appearances in UEFA competitions. The following season turned out to be disappointing for Kramarić, however. With the arrival of new coach Vahid Halilhodžić, Kramarić was mostly used as a late substitute, rarely being used as a match starter. He managed to collect less than 600 minutes of playing time in 17 appearances he made throughout the 2010–11 season, scoring five goals in process. Despite the personal struggle, he won the league and cup double with his team.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: In the first half of the 2011–12 season, Kramarić's status in the club did not change, as he collected only three appearances before the winter break, and the speculations about him leaving the club started to rise. In February 2012, it was announced that Kramarić would be loaned to Prva HNL team Lokomotiva.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: In February 2012, Kramarić was loaned to Lokomotiva until the end of the season. At Lokomotiva, he became one of the most proficient strikers in Southeast Europe, scoring 20 goals in 44 league appearances in the season-and-a-half he spent with the "Lokosi". In his first full season with Lokomotiva, he finished runner-up to Leon Benko in the Prva HNL top goalscorer race with 15 goals. He also helped his team reach the Croatian Cup final in where they were defeated by Hajduk Split.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: There was great excitement when Kramarić returned to Dinamo Zagreb at the start of the 2013–14 season, with many pundits predicting that he would become the ruthless striker Dinamo had been lacking in recent years. He started his returning season coming on as a late substitute in a Croatian Supercup match where Dinamo secured their first trophy of the season by defeating Hajduk Split on penalties. But things for Kramarić did not go very well, as he found himself once again on the bench. He quickly became discouraged and complained to the press about his lack of playing time. This did not bode well with club director Zoran Mamić, who decided to put the young star on the transfer list.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Rijeka were the quickest to react to the falling out between Kramarić and Dinamo, securing his services on 31 August 2013. Kramarić debuted for the team on 15 September, playing in the starting line-up in a Prva HNL league match against Slaven Belupo, in which he also scored his first goal for the team in the 15th minute, the match's only goal. During a Croatian Cup match, Kramarić scored eight goals against BŠK Zmaj. In November 2013, he scored an astonishing goal against Lyon in the Europa League group stage. He scored his first hat-trick of the season against Istra 1961 in a match that ended 3–3, with Kramarić also missing a penalty. He then netted another goal against Rijeka's arch rivals Hajduk Split at the Stadion Poljud. Kramarić finished his first season with Rijeka by winning the Croatian Cup, and scoring 27 goals in all competitions.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: In July 2014, just before the start of the new season, Kramarić won the Croatian Supercup when Rijeka defeated his former club and reigning champions Dinamo Zagreb.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Kramarić opened the new season of the Prva HNL by scoring five goals in the opening two matches, including a hat-trick against Hajduk Split. By the end of October 2014, he had already scored more than 20 goals in all competitions, including a hat-trick in a Europa League match against Feyenoord. On 9 November, Kramarić scored five goals against Lokomotiva in a home match that ended 6–0, a feat that was entered into league annals—for 14 years, no player had scored more than four goals in one match, and in history only two other players have managed to score that number.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: On 8 January 2015, Premier League club Leicester City announced that they had agreed a deal to sign Kramarić on a three-and-a-half-year contract, confirming an earlier announcement by Rijeka. The transfer, however, was dependent on Kramarić being awarded a work permit on appeal, as he did not meet the requirements for one to be automatically granted. Four days after Leicester's announcement, an FA Panel recommended the approval of work permit, clearing the way for Leicester to apply to the UK Border Agency.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: On 16 January, Leicester announced Kramarić had officially joined the club after being granted a UK work permit and that he would wear the number 40. His transfer fee was £9 million, a club record for Leicester. He made his debut the day after signing, replacing striker Jamie Vardy for the last 25 minutes of a 0–1 home defeat against Stoke City. On 10 February, Kramarić scored his first goal for the club in 2–1 away defeat against Arsenal.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Kramarić failed to establish a spot in the starting XI for the early stages of the 2015–16 season. He played only two league games when Leicester became Premier League champions, making him ineligible for a winner's medal (minimum five league games required).


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: On 20 January 2016, Kramarić was loaned to Bundesliga club 1899 Hoffenheim. He made his debut against Bayern Munich on 31 January, then scored his first goal in a draw with Werder Bremen, where he also was sent off in the 77th minute for accumulating two yellow cards. On 30 April he missed a penalty against Ingolstadt 04, however Hoffenheim won 2–1. On 25 May 2016, Kramarić signed for 1899 Hoffenheim on a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: In his debut season, he was Hoffenheim's 2016–17 season top-scorer with 18 goals (15 league goals). On 4 April, Kramarić scored a 21st-minute goal to give Hoffenheim the lead against German champions Bayern Munich, a game which Hoffenheim won 1–0. Kramarić was considered one of Hoffenheim's key players in their 2016–17 campaign in which they finished fourth, alongside Niklas Süle, Sandro Wagner, Ádám Szalai, and Sebastian Rudy.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: On 23 October 2018, Kramarić scored a brace in a 3–3 draw against Lyon in the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League, then he managed to score a goal in each match of the return legs, against Lyon, Shakhtar Donetsk and Manchester City.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: On 29 March 2019, after scoring his forty-seventh goal for Hoffenheim in a 4–1 league victory over Bayer Leverkusen, Kramarić became the club's all-time Bundesliga top goalscorer, surpassing Sejad Salihović who scored 46. On 28 April, he missed a penalty against VfL Wolfsburg at result 1–0 for Hoffenheim and Wolfsburg turned the match over into a 4–1 victory, which left Hoffenheim four points behind fourth position, the last one which gives a chance to compete in the Champions League. It was his second league penalty miss for Hoffenheim, and third in total.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: On 20 June 2020, Kramarić scored in a 4–0 victory over Union Berlin. On the last matchday, 27 June, he scored all four goals in a 4–0 away win against second-placed Borussia Dortmund, becoming the first Hoffenheim player to do so in a Bundesliga match. He also became the first player to score four against Dortmund away in a single game, surpassing Fritz Walter, Erhard Hofeditz and Gerd Müller who had managed to score three. The victory also secured Hoffenheim's sixth place league finish and qualification for the Europa League group stage.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: On 13 September, Kramarić scored both goals in a DFB-Pokal 2–2 draw with Chemnitzer FC, and successfully converted a penalty in a shootout as Hoffenheim won 3–2. On 19 September, in Hoffenheim's first league game of the season, Kramarić scored a hat-trick in the 3–2 victory over Köln. That meant he scored nine goals in three consecutive games for the club, being the club's only goalscorer in all three of them. At the same time, he broke Mario Gómez's record of goals scored in consecutive 1. Bundesliga and 2. Bundesliga matches (7), scoring eight in four consecutive league games. On 27 September, he scored a brace in a 4–1 victory over German and European champions Bayern Munich, ending their 32-game unbeaten streak and 23-game winning streak in all competitions and inflicting the first defeat of the calendar year on them. On 16 October, he was named the Bundesliga Player of the Month. The same day, it was announced that he tested positive for COVID-19. On 24 January 2021, he surpassed Ivica Olić and became Bundesliga all-time top Croatian goalscorer after scoring a brace in a 3–0 victory over Köln and reaching the number of 74 goals. On 15 May, in a 1–1 draw with Arminia Bielefeld, he scored his 19th goal of the season, a record for a Hoffenheim player, surpassing Vedad Ibišević who scored 18 in the 2008–09 season.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Kramarić was capped a total of 53 times for various Croatian youth teams and scored 22 goals in return. His first national team appearance came against Bavaria national team on 31 March 2005. He was then playing for the under-14 team and was capped a total of two times. Kramarić then started competing at the under-16 and under-17 levels. He made a total of seven appearances in friendly matches for the under-16 team and scored four goals. For the under-17 team, he was capped 12 times and scored six goals. He also participated in all of under–17 team's qualifiers for the 2008 European U–17 Championship. At the under-18 level, Kramarić was capped nine times and scored three goals.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: In 2008, he started playing for the under-19 team, with whom he reached he semi-finals of the 2010 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship. He debuted and scored his first goal at under-21 level on 5 September 2009 in a European Championship qualifier against Norway, aged just 18 years and 81 days.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: On 20 August 2014, Kramarić received his first call-up for the senior team under coach Niko Kovač for the friendly match against Cyprus and UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying match against Malta. He made his debut for Croatia on 4 September 2014 in a friendly match against Cyprus and provided an assist for Mario Mandžukić in 18th minute, receiving positive reviews from both critics and national team coach for his debut performance. Kramarić scored his first goal for Croatia in his competitive debut in the qualifying match against Malta. His second goal was scored against Azerbaijan on 13 October 2014.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: On 9 October 2017, he scored two goals in a crucial 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Ukraine, securing Croatia's qualification to playoffs. On 4 June 2018, Kramarić was included in Croatia's final World Cup squad. On 7 July, in the 2018 FIFA World Cup quarter-final match against hosts Russia, he scored Croatia's equaliser in the first half of regulation time. A 1–1 draw after 90 minutes saw the match go into extra-time, and following a 2–2 draw after 120 minutes of play, Croatia once again progressed to the next round in the ensuing shoot-out, winning 4–3 on penalties.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: Kramarić has been described as versatile striker who is mobile enough to run behind defences and rather than waiting for crosses or ball to come to him, tends to run towards the ball, engulfing his opposition with an air of unpredictability about his play. Although naturally a lone striker, his versatility makes him able to play well as a winger or second striker. His former national team coach Niko Kovač compared him with legendary Croatian striker Davor Šuker. In May 2021, his former Hoffenheim coach Julian Nagelsmann named him the best player he had ever worked with.


title: Andrej Kramarić

text: On 31 March 2021, Kramarić married Mia Ćurković in a private ceremony at the Old City Hall in Zagreb Upper Town. In late August 2021, they became the parents of a son they named Viktor.


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: In formal language theory, computer science and linguistics, the Chomsky hierarchy (also referred to as the Chomsky–Schützenberger hierarchy) is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars.


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: This hierarchy of grammars was described by Noam Chomsky in 1956. It is also named after Marcel-Paul Schützenberger, who played a crucial role in the development of the theory of formal languages.


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: A formal grammar of this type consists of a finite set of "production rules" ("left-hand side" → "right-hand side"), where each side consists of a finite sequence of the following symbols:


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: A formal grammar provides an axiom schema for (or "generates") a "formal language", which is a (usually infinite) set of finite-length sequences of symbols that may be constructed by applying production rules to another sequence of symbols (which initially contains just the start symbol). A rule may be applied by replacing an occurrence of the symbols on its left-hand side with those that appear on its right-hand side. A sequence of rule applications is called a "derivation". Such a grammar defines the formal language: all words consisting solely of terminal symbols which can be reached by a derivation from the start symbol.


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: Nonterminals are often represented by uppercase letters, terminals by lowercase letters, and the start symbol by . For example, the grammar with terminals , nonterminals , production rules


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: and start symbol , defines the language of all words of the form formula_1 (i.e. copies of followed by copies of ).


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: Other sequences that can be derived from this grammar are: ""ideas hate great linguists"", and ""ideas generate"". While these sentences are nonsensical, they are syntactically correct. A syntactically incorrect sentence (e.g. ""ideas ideas great hate"") cannot be derived from this grammar. See "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" for a similar example given by Chomsky in 1957; see Phrase structure grammar and Phrase structure rules for more natural language examples and the problems of formal grammar in that area.


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: The following table summarizes each of Chomsky's four types of grammars, the class of language it generates, the type of automaton that recognizes it, and the form its rules must have.


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: Note that the set of grammars corresponding to recursive languages is not a member of this hierarchy; these would be properly between Type-0 and Type-1.


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: Every regular language is context-free, every context-free language is context-sensitive, every context-sensitive language is recursive and every recursive language is recursively enumerable. These are all proper inclusions, meaning that there exist recursively enumerable languages that are not context-sensitive, context-sensitive languages that are not context-free and context-free languages that are not regular.


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: Type-0 grammars include all formal grammars. They generate exactly all languages that can be recognized by a Turing machine. These languages are also known as the "recursively enumerable" or "Turing-recognizable" languages. Note that this is different from the recursive languages, which can be "decided" by an always-halting Turing machine.


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: Type-1 grammars generate context-sensitive languages. These grammars have rules of the form formula_2 with formula_3 a nonterminal and formula_4, formula_5 and formula_6 strings of terminals and/or nonterminals. The strings formula_4 and formula_5 may be empty, but formula_6 must be nonempty. The rule formula_10 is allowed if formula_11 does not appear on the right side of any rule. The languages described by these grammars are exactly all languages that can be recognized by a linear bounded automaton (a nondeterministic Turing machine whose tape is bounded by a constant times the length of the input.)


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: Type-2 grammars generate the context-free languages. These are defined by rules of the form formula_12 with formula_3 being a nonterminal and formula_4 being a string of terminals and/or nonterminals. These languages are exactly all languages that can be recognized by a non-deterministic pushdown automaton. Context-free languages—or rather its subset of deterministic context-free language—are the theoretical basis for the phrase structure of most programming languages, though their syntax also includes context-sensitive name resolution due to declarations and scope. Often a subset of grammars is used to make parsing easier, such as by an LL parser.


title: Chomsky hierarchy

text: Type-3 grammars generate the regular languages. Such a grammar restricts its rules to a single nonterminal on the left-hand side and a right-hand side consisting of a single terminal, possibly followed by a single nonterminal (right regular). Alternatively, the right-hand side of the grammar can consist of a single terminal, possibly preceded by a single nonterminal (left regular). These generate the same languages. However, if left-regular rules and right-regular rules are combined, the language need no longer be regular. The rule formula_15 is also allowed here if formula_11 does not appear on the right side of any rule. These languages are exactly all languages that can be decided by a finite state automaton. Additionally, this family of formal languages can be obtained by regular expressions. Regular languages are commonly used to define search patterns and the lexical structure of programming languages.


title: Steve Strange

text: Stephen John Harrington (28 May 1959 – 12 February 2015), known professionally as Steve Strange, was a Welsh singer. From the late 1970s he was a nightclub host and promoter. He became famous as the leader of the new wave synth-pop group Visage, best known for their single "Fade to Grey", and was one of the most influential figures behind the New Romantic movement of the early 1980s.


title: Steve Strange

text: Harrington was born in Newbridge, Caerphilly, Wales. His grandfather moved with his family to Aldershot, Hampshire, where his father was serving in the British Army as a paratrooper. The family moved back to Wales and lived in Rhyl, Denbighshire, on the north coast, where his parents bought a large guest house and opened sea front cafes. His parents divorced and Harrington moved back to Newbridge in South Wales with his mother, where he attended Newbridge Grammar School. The school merged with a secondary school to form Newbridge Comprehensive School, a year after he arrived there, and he subsequently lost interest in all subjects but art.


title: Steve Strange

text: After attending a Sex Pistols concert at the Castle Cinema in Caerphilly in 1976, Harrington befriended the bass player Glen Matlock. He then arranged gigs for punk bands in his home town and befriended Jean-Jacques Burnel of the Stranglers before leaving for London. Here he worked for Malcolm McLaren and formed a punk band called the Moors Murderers with Soo Catwoman. Additional members included future Pretenders frontwoman Chrissie Hynde, future Clash drummer Topper Headon, future Psychedelic Furs drummer Vince Ely and The Kid (who was formerly in Adam and the Ants, as Mark Ryan). They recorded a song called "Free Hindley". After several gigs, the band split up around early 1978.


title: Steve Strange

text: Later in 1978, Harrington briefly joined the punk/new wave band the Photons (originally from Liverpool) as vocalist and co-songwriter at the behest of David Littler (ex-Spitfire Boys). The band were managed by punk impresario Andy Czezowski.


title: Steve Strange

text: Shortly after leaving the Photons, and using the alias Steve Strange, Harrington joined Visage, with Rusty Egan and Midge Ure from Rich Kids, Billy Currie from Ultravox, and Barry Adamson, John McGeoch and Dave Formula from Magazine. Intended as a studio-based side project, they signed to the small label Radar Records and released their first single "Tar" in 1979. The single was not a success, but the following year, Strange appeared in the video for David Bowie's No. 1 hit "Ashes to Ashes", a song which helped to propel the burgeoning New Romantic fashion movement into the mainstream. Later that year, Visage signed a new record deal with the major label Polydor and released their second single, "Fade to Grey". The single became a top 10 hit in the UK and several other European countries, reaching number one in Germany and Switzerland. As the public face of the band, Strange shot to stardom in Britain and other parts of Europe. Visage enjoyed a string of hit singles and two hit albums before later commercial disappointments led to their break-up in 1985.


title: Steve Strange

text: After the dissolution of Visage, Strange formed the short-lived band Strange Cruise with Wendy Wu (formerly of the Photos). The group signed with EMI Records and released two singles and an album in 1986, though failed to gain any chart success.


title: Steve Strange

text: In 1978, before their success with Visage, Strange and Visage partner Rusty Egan began to make a name for themselves as a nightclub host and DJ respectively. They began organising "Bowie nights" on Tuesdays at Billy's club in Soho, before taking over Tuesdays at the Blitz wine bar in London's Covent Garden in 1979 which became the iconic Blitz Club. Adhering to Strange's strict door policy of admitting only "the weird and wonderful", the club took off and became an essential location in the rise of what would become the New Romantic movement. Strange's door policy was so strict that he famously once refused admittance to Mick Jagger, though Strange would later claim this was because the club was filled to capacity on the night in question and they had already been warned about breaching fire regulations. Following the Blitz, Strange and Egan then fronted the "Club for Heroes" in London's Baker Street on Tuesdays and Thursdays in 1981, before moving to the Camden Palace nightclub in 1982 for two years, which became one of the most famous venues of the era, attracting major celebrities on a regular basis. Their next club venture, "The Playground" in 1984, was less successful.


title: Steve Strange

text: Later in the 1980s, Strange went to Ibiza, Spain, and became an integral part of the budding trance club movement and hosting parties for celebrities such as Sylvester Stallone. In the early 1990s he was the host at the "Double Bass" club in Ibiza.


title: Steve Strange

text: In 2002, Strange took part in the Here and Now Tour, which featured a revival of various 80s pop acts. In 2004, he then formed a new version of Visage, dubbed "Visage Mk II", with various musicians from modern electronic bands. None of the other original members were involved in the project. With a plan to re-record some of the older, classic Visage tracks as well as produce some new material, the project never seemed to fully get off the ground despite some television appearances. The first Visage Mk II song was called "Diary of a Madman", which was made available for download in 2007 in return for a donation to the "Children in Need" appeal. However, after this, no further material from this version of the band surfaced.


title: Steve Strange

text: In 2006, Strange collaborated with electronic music duo Punx Soundcheck for their album "When Machines Rules the World", co-writing and performing on the track "In the Dark".


title: Steve Strange

text: In February 2012, Strange was a guest on the ITV chat show "Loose Women". He said he was still working on a new Visage album and that nine tracks had been completed. In early 2013, Strange announced another new version of Visage featuring himself and former member Steve Barnacle, along with former Ultravox guitarist Robin Simon and vocalist Lauren Duvall. A new album, "Hearts and Knives", was released in May 2013 (the first new Visage album in 29 years). In support of the album, the band made several live appearances in the UK and Europe in 2013.


title: Steve Strange

text: Parallel to recording new Visage material, Strange was also involved in another music project, the Detroit Starrzz. The group, which consisted of Strange and various DJ/remixers, released their first single, "Halo", in 2011. While appearing on the chat show "Loose Women" in February 2012, Strange stated he had recorded a full album with the group, with another single, "Aiming For Gold", to be released later in 2012. The group played at the Citrus Club in Edinburgh on 3 February 2012.


title: Steve Strange

text: Strange was portrayed in Boy George's 2002 stage musical "Taboo" which reflected on the London club scene of the mid-1980s.


title: Steve Strange

text: In 2005, Strange appeared in a Channel 4 documentary called "Whatever Happened to the Gender Benders?", which reflected on the advent of the New Romantic movement of the early 1980s and the prominent roles that Strange, Boy George and Marilyn each played within it.


title: Steve Strange

text: In November 2006, Strange took part in, and went on to win, the BBC reality series for Children in Need "Celebrity Scissorhands". He returned to the show in 2007 and 2008 as Assistant Manager/Image Consultant. In that role, he was in charge of the catwalk, showing all of the best haircuts of the series and also people dressed in 1980s style clothing and make-up.


title: Steve Strange

text: In 2008, Strange (and Visage II keyboardist Sandrine Gouriou) made an appearance in the BBC drama series "Ashes to Ashes" which is set in 1981. In it, they performed the song "Fade to Grey" in a scene set in the "Blitz" nightclub.


title: Steve Strange

text: In 2009, Strange and Rusty Egan appeared in Living TV's "Pop Goes the Band", a series in which pop stars from the 1980s are given a complete makeover in return for a one-off performance. The Visage episode aired on 16 March 2009, and was the first time that the two men had spoken in over 20 years. The episode focused (like others in the series) more on getting them fit in the gym than on the current state of their relationship, though they appeared to get on well enough. At the culmination of the episode, they performed "Fade to Grey".


title: Steve Strange

text: In 2010, Strange was portrayed by actor Marc Warren in the BBC programme "Worried About the Boy", a dramatisation of Boy George's rise to fame. Although the programme was set in the early 1980s, when Strange was in his early 20s, Warren was 43 at the time of production.


title: Steve Strange

text: In January 2011, Strange and Rusty Egan reopened the "Blitz" Club for one night, with performances from Roman Kemp's band Paradise Point and electro punk artist Quilla Constance plus DJ sets from Egan himself.


title: Steve Strange

text: In January 2013, Strange appeared on the Channel 4 News discussing the forthcoming release of David Bowie's album "The Next Day".


title: Steve Strange

text: For many years, Strange was addicted to heroin. In later years he suffered a nervous breakdown, and in November 1999 he was arrested for shoplifting—he was caught stealing a "Teletubbies" doll for his nephew. In court, he was found guilty and given a three-month suspended sentence. The British media publicised the case of a pop star who had fallen on hard times.


title: Steve Strange

text: In 2002, Strange published his autobiography, "Blitzed!", in which he spoke openly about his career, his heroin addiction, his nervous breakdown, his sexuality and his attempts to get his life back together.


title: Steve Strange

text: On 12 February 2015, Strange suffered a heart attack, at the age of 55, whilst in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt; he died later that day in hospital.


title: Steve Strange

text: Spandau Ballet (who also started their musical career in the Blitz Club founded by Strange) dedicated their performance at the Sanremo Music Festival later that night to Strange. The family held a high-profile funeral in Porthcawl which was attended by many prominent figures from the entertainment industry. His coffin was carried by Boy George, Jayce Lewis and Spandau Ballet brothers Martin and Gary Kemp; the funeral concluded with a burial at Jubilee Gardens Cemetery. A heart-shaped gravestone, which the Steve Strange Collective paid for, was unveiled in December 2015.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: Edward Thomas McCaffrey, Jr. (born August 17, 1968) is an American football coach and former wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) for thirteen seasons. McCaffrey played college football for Stanford University and earned first-team All-American honors. The New York Giants chose him in the third round of the 1991 NFL Draft. He also played for the San Francisco 49ers and Denver Broncos. He served as the head coach of the Northern Colorado Bears football team from 2020–2022.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: McCaffrey was born in Waynesboro, Pennsylvania and played high school football at Allentown Central Catholic High School in Allentown, where he competed in the Eastern Pennsylvania Conference. McCaffrey was also a standout basketball player for Allentown Central Catholic High School, leading the school to state titles in 1984 and 1986.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: He played college football at Stanford University. McCaffrey finished his football career as Stanford's 5th all time leader in receptions (146) and third in receiving yards (2,333). He earned first-team All-America and All-Pac-10 Conference honors as a senior in 1990 after catching 61 passes for 917 yards and eight touchdowns. McCaffrey was enshrined in Stanford's athletic Hall of Fame in 1990. At Stanford, he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: McCaffrey was selected by the Giants in the third round (83rd overall) in the 1991 NFL draft. During his thirteen-year career, he won three Super Bowl rings (Super Bowl XXIX, as a 49er; XXXII and XXXIII, as a Bronco) and made a Pro Bowl appearance in 1998. In Denver, he became a reliable target for quarterback John Elway, set a Broncos record for most receptions in a season at the time (with 101 receptions in 2000), and had an exceptional performance in Super Bowl XXXIII, recording five catches for 72 yards. Also in 2000, McCaffrey and teammate Rod Smith became only the second wide receiver duo from the same team to each gain 100 receptions in the same season (see Herman Moore and Brett Perriman).


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: In the opening game of the Broncos' 2001 season, McCaffrey suffered a leg fracture while playing a "Monday Night Football" game with the Broncos against the Giants. He rebounded in the 2002 season with 69 receptions and 903 yards. Hampered by injuries during a disappointing 2003 season, McCaffrey retired on February 29, 2004. He finished his career with 565 career receptions for 7,422 yards along with 55 touchdowns.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: McCaffrey began coaching youth football camps in the summer of 2000. In 2011, he founded SportsEddy, which includes not just football but lacrosse, soccer, baseball and basketball camps. The Ed McCaffrey "Dare to Play" football camp and the "Dare to Cheer" cheerleading camp for individuals with Down syndrome are produced in partnership with the Global Down Syndrome Foundation. McCaffrey also founded the McCaffrey Family Foundation with wife Lisa, to assist children whose medical situation has created an academic or financial hardship.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: He also has his own brand of mustard and horseradish sauce, which can be found in supermarkets across Colorado and into Nebraska. On July 30, 2012, McCaffrey was named the new color analyst for 850 KOA, flagship station of the Denver Broncos Radio Network, replacing Brian Griese. On January 7, 2019, it was announced he would serve as the commissioner of the Pacific Pro Football league, a planned professional development football league founded by Don Yee.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: On December 12, 2019, the University of Northern Colorado hired McCaffrey as head football coach. He was fired from the position on November 21, 2022.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: McCaffrey is the oldest of five children, with two brothers and two sisters: Monica (who played basketball at Georgetown University), Billy (who played basketball at Duke University and Vanderbilt University), Michael, and Meghan.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: McCaffrey met his wife, Lisa (Sime), daughter of Olympic sprinter Dave Sime, while they both attended Stanford University. Together, they have four sons, all of whom have played football.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: Their eldest, Max, was a wide receiver who played college football at Duke. He was on the rosters of several different NFL teams from 2016–2018, and served as the Offensive Coordinator at Northern Colorado under his father.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: Christian McCaffrey was a four-star running back for the Valor Eagles between 2010 and 2014. During that time, he also played wide receiver, cornerback and punter. He broke numerous Colorado high school records including career total touchdowns (141), career all purpose yards (8,845), career touchdown receptions (47), and single season all-purpose yards (3,032). He was the Gatorade Football Player of the Year for Colorado in both 2012 and 2013. He also played basketball. He was a running back for the Stanford Cardinal between 2014, 2015 and 2016, and was the runner-up for the 2015 Heisman Trophy against Alabama's Derrick Henry in the 2015 voting. He left school a year early after the 2016 season and was drafted with the eighth pick in the first round of the 2017 NFL Draft by the Carolina Panthers. Christian was later traded to the San Francisco 49ers in the middle of the 2022-2023 season, following in his dad’s footsteps once again.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: Dylan McCaffrey was a four-star quarterback for Valor Christian who graduated in 2017. His team won the Colorado Class 5A state championship (5A being the highest of the five classes) in three of the four years he played. As the second-ranked quarterback in the country and top-ranked quarterback in Colorado, Dylan received scholarship offers from Duke, Colorado, Rutgers, LSU, Michigan, Washington, UCLA, Colorado State and Penn State. He committed to play college football at Michigan in February 2016. In January 2021, he announced his transfer to Northern Colorado.


title: Ed McCaffrey

text: The youngest son, Luke McCaffrey, graduated Valor Christian in May 2019. He received an offer from Michigan, along with an offer from Nebraska. He committed to Nebraska in June 2018. In February 2021, he announced he was transferring to the University of Louisville. On June 9, 2021, he re-entered the transfer portal, and on June 14, he announced that he was transferring to Rice University.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: Bigg Boss 4 was the fourth season of the Indian reality TV series "Bigg Boss". Kamal Haasan returned as host of the show for the fourth time. The show was launched on 4 October 2020 on Star Vijay and also available on Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: The season's finale took place on 17 January 2021 with Aari Arujunan winning the Bigg Boss title with the most number of votes in bigg boss history., whereas Balaji Murugadoss emerged as the first runner-up and Rio Raj appeared third .


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: Anitha Sampath, Balaji Murugadoss, Ramya Pandian and Suresh Chakravarthi returned as contestants in "Bigg Boss Ultimate (season 1)".


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: This season, the logo is a colorful eye with a pupil that resembles a compass, filled with multiple colours. Every season, the logo of the show is changed based on a particular theme. This theme has also been incorporated in the interiors of the house.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: The house has been completely renovated from Season 3. Rather than warm colours from the last season, this time, the house has been fully designed in vibrant shades with gaudy lights.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: Rooms/Areas in the house include the confession room, living room, kitchen, dining room, store room, two attached bedrooms (along with an attached toilet in one of the rooms), bathroom, garden with some lounging areas, swimming pool (not in use this season), gym (removed), activity room and resting room (Bigg Boss Prison).


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: This season, however, remains as the only season in the Bigg Boss Tamil franchise to have not utilized the 'Secret Room' function, something which has been used in the past three seasons.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: The number of finalists were also increased from four (in Seasons 1, 2 and 3) to six finalists. However, Gabriella Charlton, a finalist, walked out of the house on Day 102.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: It was broadcast on the channel throughout the week at 09:30 PM from 4 October 2020 to 3 January 2021 and, it was broadcast on the channel throughout the weekdays at 10:00 PM and 09:30 PM at the weekends from 4 January 2021 to 17 January 2021.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: There was no in person audience due to the COVID-19 pandemic however they were connected via Zoom to see the Grand Launch and the Weekend episodes. Similarly, there were no guests allowed in Bigg Boss due to the COVID–19 situation. During the thirteenth week however, the parents of the contestants were allowed to come in-person to the house and meet their family members who were participating in the show after two Weeks of quarantine.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: As "Bigg Boss 4" online voting has begun, viewers can vote for their favorite contestant through Hotstar, or by giving a missed call. Voting is only open on Weekdays on Hotstar.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: Each week, two housemates who did not perform well in the Luxury Budget Task, are sent to the Bigg Boss Prison. The cell does not include the luxury facilities which are in the house. It contains a metal cot, another bed on the floor.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: Since Week 9, Bigg Boss is letting its sponsor Hamam choose a caller from the audience, who then chooses and virtually questions a contestant regarding the game. The selected housemate can't refuse to answer the caller, each week the caller will change and be randomly selected from the public.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: On Day 22, the housemates in the Bigg Boss House celebrated the festival Navratri (Vijayadasami), in which the contestants cooked a feast, played village games, danced to songs, and decorated the Bigg Boss House. The episode was also extended to four hours, from the usual one hour. Starting at 6:30 pm rather than the usual 9:30 pm. The events are presented by Anitha.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: Each housemate is given a plain golu doll to be painted and used for Navratri celebrations. At afternoon, the housemates are divided into two teams one is City team and the other is Village team and are given ingredients for the cooking competition. So as each team cooks a dish for the celebration. The cooking competition was judged by Anitha.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: The cooking competition was won by City team. Then there were frames placed in the living room and garden area each one for City team and village team respectively, so that each person can stand back of the frame and express their wishes to their family members. It was continued by seven stones with the same team. The winner of seven stones is again City team. Then the male contestants are asked to praise the women contestants of the house. It is followed by the pooja of Navaratri. Then the contestants were asked express their talents on the stage placed in the garden area. At midnight, everyone sits around the Bonfire and plays Dumb Charades. In this game a player in a team is given a chit with a song name and are asked to act related to the terms in the chit so that their teammates find the song in the chit. The Village team won the Dumb Charades.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: On Day 34, Kamal Haasan celebrated his birthday with housemates. On this day Bigg Boss Tamil and Bigg Boss Telugu had a virtual crossover where the Telugu and Tamil housemates and the hosts Kamal Haasan and Nagarjuna meet each other.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: The housemates in Bigg Boss Tamil had a pre–Diwali Celebration, in which all the housemates participated in activities and games.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: The housemates in Bigg Boss Tamil had a Christmas Celebration, in which all the housemates participated in activities and games.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: On Week 13, family members of the housemates entered the BB house as part of luxury budget task (Freeze Task).


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: On Day 102 the housemates in Bigg Boss Tamil had a Pongal Celebration, in which all the housemates participated in activities and games.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: On Day 105, all the 13 evicted and walked housemates (Rekha, Velmurugan, Suresh, Suchitra, Samyuktha, Sanam, Ramesh, Nisha, Archana, Anitha, Aajeedh, Shivani, and Gabriella) were invited to the Bigg Boss Finale. Some of the housemates performed dance and singing performances on the show. At the end of the show, Aari Arjunan was then declared the Winner of Bigg Boss 4, followed by Balaji Murugadoss, Rio Raj, Ramya Pandian, and Somshekar.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)

text: The main events in the house are summarized in the table below. A typical week begins with nominations, followed by the luxury budget task, captaincy task, and then the eviction of a housemate during the Saturday and Sunday episodes. Tasks, evictions, and other events for a particular week are noted in order of sequence. After every event in each week, the days will be noted, too. For the detailed summary, please expand below


title: Ronnie and Donnie Galyon

text: Ronald Lee Gaylon and Donald Lee Galyon (October 28, 1951 – July 4, 2020) were conjoined twins. According to the 2009 "Guinness World Records", the Galyons were the oldest living set of conjoined twins in the world, and, as of 29 October 2014, possessed the world record for the longest-lived conjoined twins in history when they surpassed prior record holders Chang and Eng Bunker.


title: Ronnie and Donnie Galyon

text: They were born at St. Elizabeth Hospital in Dayton, Ohio, on October 28, 1951, to Wesley and Eileen Galyon. Eileen was not expecting twins. They were joined from the sternum to the groin and shared a set of organs. After a two-year stay in the hospital, it was determined that they could not be safely separated. Local schools deemed the twins a distraction, so they were not formally educated, resulting in their lifelong functional illiteracy.


title: Ronnie and Donnie Galyon

text: With nine children to support, their father Wesley decided to take the twins on the road as a sideshow attraction. The boys were exhibited in sideshows throughout the U.S. and later in Latin America. Their tours made them celebrities and provided an income with which they supported their family.


title: Ronnie and Donnie Galyon

text: In 1991, after three decades in entertainment, the pair retired and moved into their first independent home in Dayton, Ohio, in a house purchased with sideshow earnings. They were active in the community and lived a largely normal life by means of a custom double wheelchair. Although retired from show business, the twins made numerous television appearances. They appeared on "The Jerry Springer Show" in 1997, a Discovery Channel documentary in 1998 and a Channel Five documentary in 2009.


title: Ronnie and Donnie Galyon

text: In 2009, Ronnie developed a life-threatening infection in his lungs, which quickly endangered both twins. After their hospitalization, they required round-the-clock care. Their younger brother Jim and his wife Mary, who lived in the same city, were unable to bring the twins into their home as it was not handicap accessible, until an outpouring of donations and volunteers from the local community assisted in building a special addition to the home. On December 22, 2010, TLC premiered "The World's Oldest Conjoined Twins Move Home", which documented the building process as well as the twins' recovery and their return to the community.


title: Ronnie and Donnie Galyon

text: The twins died of congestive heart failure in a hospice surrounded by their family in their native Dayton, Ohio, on July 4, 2020.


title: Ardhanarishvara

text: The Ardhanarishvara (), is a form of the Hindu deity Shiva combined with his consort Parvati. Ardhanarishvara is depicted as half-male and half-female, equally split down the middle. The right half is usually the male Shiva, illustrating his traditional attributes.


title: Ardhanarishvara

text: The earliest Ardhanarishvara images are dated to the Kushan period, starting from the first century CE. Its iconography evolved and was perfected in the Gupta era. The Puranas and various iconographic treatises write about the mythology and iconography of Ardhanarishvara. Ardhanarishvara remains a popular iconographic form found in most Shiva temples throughout India, though very few temples are dedicated to this deity.


title: Ardhanarishvara

text: Ardhanarishvara represents the synthesis of masculine and feminine energies of the universe (Purusha and Prakriti) and illustrates how Shakti, the female principle of God, is inseparable from (or the same as, according to some interpretations) Shiva, the male principle of God, and vice versa. The union of these principles is exalted as the root and womb of all creation. Another view is that Ardhanarishvara is a symbol of Shiva's all-pervasive nature.


title: Ardhanarishvara

text: The name Ardhanarishvara means "the Lord Who is half woman." Ardhanarishvara is also known by other names like Ardhanaranari ("the half man-woman"), Ardhanarisha ("the Lord who is half woman"), Ardhanarinateshvara ("the Lord of Dance (Who is half-woman),


title: Ardhanarishvara

text: Parangada, Naranari ("man-woman"), Ammaiyappan (a Tamil Name meaning "Mother-Father"), and Ardhayuvatishvara (in Assam, "the Lord whose half is a young woman or girl"). The Gupta-era writer Pushpadanta in his Mahimnastava refers to this form as "dehardhaghatana" ("Thou and She art each the half of one body"). Utpala, commenting on the Brihat Samhita, calls this form Ardha-Gaurishvara ("the Lord whose half is the fair one"; the fair one – Gauri – is an attribute of Parvati). The Vishnudharmottara Purana simply calls this form Gaurishvara ("The Lord/husband of Gauri).


title: Ardhanarishvara

text: The conception of Ardhanarishvara may have been inspired by Vedic literature's composite figure of Yama-Yami, the Vedic descriptions of the primordial Creator Vishvarupa or Prajapati and the fire-god Agni as "bull who is also a cow," the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad's Atman ("Self") in the form of the androgynous cosmic man Purusha and the androgynous myths of the Greek Hermaphroditus and Phrygian Agdistis. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad says that Purusha splits himself into two parts, male and female, and the two halves copulate, producing all life – a theme concurrent in Ardhanarishvara's tales. The Shvetashvatara Upanishad sows the seed of the Puranic Ardhanarishvara. It declares Rudra – the antecedent of the Puranic Shiva – the maker of all and the root of Purusha (the male principle) and Prakriti (the female principle), adhering to Samkhya philosophy. It hints at his androgynous nature, describing him both as male and female.


title: Ardhanarishvara

text: The concept of Ardhanarishvara originated in Kushan and Greek cultures simultaneously; the iconography evolved in the Kushan era (30–375 CE), but was perfected in the Gupta era (320-600 CE). A mid-first century Kushan era stela in the Mathura Museum has a half-male, half-female image, along with three other figures identified with Vishnu, Gaja Lakshmi and Kubera. The male half is ithyphallic or with an "urdhvalinga" and makes an "abhaya mudra" gesture; the female left half holds a mirror and has a rounded breast. This is the earliest representation of Ardhanarishvara, universally recognized. An early Kushan Ardhanarishvara head discovered at Rajghat is displayed at the Mathura Museum. The right male half has matted hair with a skull and crescent moon; the left female half has well-combed hair decorated with flowers and wears a patra-kundala (earring). The face has a common third eye. A terracotta seal discovered in Vaishali has half-man, half-woman features. Early Kushan images show Ardhanarishvara in a simple two-armed form, but later texts and sculptures depict a more complex iconography.


title: Ardhanarishvara

text: Ardhanarishvara is referred to by the Greek author Stobaeus (c. 500 AD) while quoting Bardasanes (c. 154–222 AD), who learnt from an Indian embassy's visit to Syria during the reign of Elagabalus (Antoninus of Emesa) (218–22 AD). A terracotta androgynous bust, excavated at Taxila and dated to the Saka-Parthian era, pictures a bearded man with female breasts.


title: Ardhanarishvara

text: Ardhanarishvara is interpreted as an attempt to syncretise the two principal Hindu sects, Shaivism and Shaktism, dedicated to Shiva and the Great Goddess. A similar syncretic image is Harihara, a composite form of Shiva and Vishnu, the Supreme deity of the Vaishnava sect.