title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: The colony of New Netherland had severe external problems. The population was too small and contentious, and the Company provided little military support. Stuyvesant was usually the loser. The most serious was the economic rivalry with England regarding trade. Secondarily there were small scale military conflicts with neighboring Indian tribes, involving fights between mobile bands on the one hand, and scattered small Dutch outposts on the other. With a large area and limited population, defense was a major challenge. Stuyvesant's greatest success came in dealing with nearby Swedish colonies, which he defeated and annexed in 1655. Relations with the English colony of Connecticut were strained, with disputes over ownership of land in the Connecticut valley, and in eastern Long island. The treaty of Hartford of 1650 was advantageous to the English, as Stuyvesant gave up claims to the Connecticut Valley while gaining only a small portion of Long island. In any case Connecticut settlers ignored the treaty and steadily poured into the Hudson Valley, where they agitated against Stuyvesant. In 1664, England moved to take over New Netherland. The Dutch colonists refused to fight, forcing Stuyvesant's surrender, demonstrating the dilemma of domestic dissatisfaction, small size, and overwhelming external pressures with inadequate military support from the Company that was fixated on profits.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: Stuyvesant became involved in a dispute with Theophilus Eaton, the governor of English New Haven Colony, over the border of the two colonies. In September 1650, a meeting of the commissioners on boundaries took place in Hartford, Connecticut, called the Treaty of Hartford, to settle the border between New Amsterdam and the English colonies to the north and east. The border was arranged to the dissatisfaction of the Nine Men, who declared that "the governor had ceded away enough territory to found fifty colonies each fifty miles square." Stuyvesant then threatened to dissolve the council. A new plan of municipal government was arranged in the Netherlands, and the name "New Amsterdam" was officially declared on 2 February 1653. Stuyvesant made a speech for the occasion, saying that his authority would remain undiminished.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: Stuyvesant was then ordered to the Netherlands, but the order was soon revoked under pressure from the States of Holland and the city of Amsterdam. Stuyvesant prepared against an attack by ordering the citizens to dig a ditch from the North River to the East River and to erect a fortification.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: In 1653, a convention of two deputies from each village in New Netherland demanded reforms, and Stuyvesant commanded that assembly to disperse, saying: "We derive our authority from God and the company, not from a few ignorant subjects."


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: In the summer of 1655, he sailed down the Delaware River with a fleet of seven vessels and about 700 men and took possession of the colony of New Sweden, which was renamed "New Amstel." In his absence, Pavonia was attacked by Native Americans, during the "Peach War" on 15 September 1655.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: In 1657, the directors of the Dutch West India Company wrote to Stuyvesant to tell him that they were not going to be able to send him all the tradesmen that he requested and that he would have to purchase slaves in addition to the tradesmen he would receive.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: During the colonial era, New York City became both a site from which fugitives fled bondage and a destination for runaways. The colonies closest to New Netherland, Connecticut and Maryland, encouraged Dutch slaves to escape and refused to return them. In 1650, Governor Petrus Stuyvesant threatened to offer freedom to Maryland slaves unless that colony stopped sheltering runaways from the Dutch outpost. However, he is also noted as having trafficked minority settlers at auction.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: In 1660, Stuyvesant was quoted as saying that "Nothing is of greater importance than the early instruction of youth." In 1661, New Amsterdam had one grammar school, two free elementary schools, and had licensed 28 schoolmasters.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: Stuyvesant did not tolerate full religious freedom in the colony, and was strongly committed to the supremacy of the Dutch Reformed Church. In 1657 he refused to allow Lutherans the right to organize a church. When he also issued an ordinance forbidding them from worshiping in their own homes, the directors of the Dutch West Indies Company, three of whom were Lutherans, told him to rescind the order and allow private gatherings of Lutherans. The Company position was that more tolerance led to more trade and more profit.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: Freedom of religion was further tested when Stuyvesant refused to allow the permanent settlement of Jewish refugees from Dutch Brazil in New Amsterdam (without passports), and join the handful of existing Jewish traders (with passports from Amsterdam). Stuyvesant attempted to have Jews "in a friendly way to depart" the colony. As he wrote to the Amsterdam Chamber of the Dutch West India Company in 1654, he hoped that "the deceitful race, — such hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ, — be not allowed to further infect and trouble this new colony." He referred to Jews as a "repugnant race" and "usurers", and was concerned that "Jewish settlers should not be granted the same liberties enjoyed by Jews in Holland, lest members of other persecuted minority groups, such as Roman Catholics, be attracted to the colony."


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: Stuyvesant's decision was again rescinded after pressure from the directors of the company. As a result, Jewish immigrants were allowed to stay in the colony as long as their community was self-supporting, however, Stuyvesant and the company would not allow them to build a synagogue, forcing them to worship instead in a private house.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: In 1657, the Quakers, who were newly arrived in the colony, drew his attention. He ordered the public torture of Robert Hodgson, a 23-year-old Quaker convert who had become an influential preacher. Stuyvesant then made an ordinance, punishable by fine and imprisonment, against anyone found guilty of harboring Quakers. That action led to a protest from the citizens of Flushing, which came to be known as the Flushing Remonstrance, considered by some historians a precursor to the United States Constitution's provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: In 1664, King Charles II of England ceded to his brother, the Duke of York, later King James II, a large tract of land that included all of New Netherland. This came at a period of considerable conflict between England and the Netherlands in the Anglo-Dutch Wars. Four English ships bearing 450 men, commanded by Richard Nicolls, seized the Dutch colony. On 30 August 1664, George Cartwright sent the governor a letter demanding surrender. He promised "life, estate, and liberty to all who would submit to the king's authority."


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: On 6 September 1664, Stuyvesant sent Johannes de Decker, a lawyer for the West India Company, and five others to sign the Articles of Capitulation. Nicolls was declared governor, and the city was renamed New York. Stuyvesant obtained civil rights and freedom of religion in the Articles of Capitulation. The Dutch settlers mainly belonged to the Dutch Reformed church, a Calvinist denomination, holding to the Three Forms of Unity (Belgic Confession, Heidelberg Catechism, Canons of Dordt). The English were Anglicans, holding to the 39 Articles, a Protestant confession, with bishops.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: In 1665, Stuyvesant went to the Netherlands to report on his term as governor. On his return to the colony, he spent the remainder of his life on his farm, Stuyvesant Farm, of sixty-two acres outside the city, called the Great Bouwerie, beyond which stretched the woods and swamps of the village of Nieuw Haarlem. A pear tree that he reputedly brought from the Netherlands in 1647 remained at the corner of Thirteenth Street and Third Avenue until 1867 when it was destroyed by a storm, bearing fruit almost to the last. The house was destroyed by fire in 1777. He also built an executive mansion of stone called Whitehall.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: In 1645, Stuyvesant married Judith Bayard (–1687) of the Bayard family. Her brother, Samuel Bayard, was the husband of Stuyvesant's sister, Anna Stuyvesant. Petrus and Judith had two sons together:


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: He died in August 1672 and his body was entombed in the east wall of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery, which sits on the site of Stuyvesant's family chapel.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: The last acknowledged descendant of Peter Stuyvesant to bear his surname was Augustus van Horne Stuyvesant, Jr., who died a bachelor in 1953 at the age of 83 in his mansion at 2 East 79th Street. Rutherfurd Stuyvesant, the 19th-century New York developer, and his descendants are also descended from Peter Stuyvesant; however, Rutherford Stuyvesant's name was changed from Stuyvesant Rutherford in 1863 to satisfy the terms of the 1847 will of Peter Gerard Stuyvesant.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: Stuyvesant and his family were large landowners in the northeastern portion of New Amsterdam, and the Stuyvesant name is currently associated with four places in Manhattan's East Side, near present-day Gramercy Park: the Stuyvesant Town housing complex; the site of the original Stuyvesant High School, still marked Stuyvesant on its front face, on East 15th Street near First Avenue, Stuyvesant Square, a park in the area; and the Stuyvesant Apartments on East 18th Street. The new Stuyvesant High, a premier public high school, is on Chambers Street near the World Trade Center. His farm, called the "Bouwerij" – the seventeenth-century Dutch word for "farm" – was the source for the name of the Manhattan street and surrounding neighborhood named "The Bowery". The contemporary neighborhood of Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn includes Stuyvesant Heights and retains its name. Also named after him are the hamlets of Stuyvesant and Stuyvesant Falls in Columbia County, New York, where descendants of the early Dutch settlers still live and where the Dutch Reformed Church remains an important part of the community, as well as shopping centers, yacht clubs and other buildings and facilities throughout the area where the Dutch colony once was.


title: Peter Stuyvesant

text: The "Peter Stuyvesant Monument" by J. Massey Rhind situated at Bergen Square in Jersey City was dedicated in 1915 to mark the 250th anniversary of the Dutch settlement there


title: Ural-4320

text: The Ural-4320 is a general purpose off-road 6×6 vehicle, produced at the Ural Automotive Plant in Miass, Russia for use in the Russian army. Introduced in 1976, it is still in production today.


title: Ural-4320

text: The wheel arrangement for the Ural-4320 was designed for transporting cargo, people and trailers on all types of roads and terrain. It also serves as a launching platform for the BM-21 "Grad" rocket launcher.


title: Ural-4320

text: Early versions of the Ural-4320 were fitted with the KamAZ-740 V8 diesel engine, ohv, displacement 10,857 cc (bore/stroke ratio ), compression ratio 16:1. Power at 2,600 rpm. Torque at 1,500 rpm.


title: Ural-4320

text: The vehicle was used during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Oryxspioenkop analyzed photographic and video data and found Russia lost at least 478 Ural-4320s (329 destroyed, remainder damaged, abandoned and/or captured).


title: Lisa Rinehart

text: Lisa Rinehart is an American dancer, writer, and video journalist covering the arts, culture, and social issues. She has choreographed productions for the Hudson Valley Shakespeare Festival, New York City's Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and other stages. Rinehart holds a master's degree in Cultural Communications from New York University and studied in the graduate journalism program at City University of New York. She is a former dancer with American Ballet Theatre.


title: Lisa Rinehart

text: She is married to fellow ballet dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov, and has three children with him: Peter Andrew, Anna Katerina, and Sofia-Luisa.


title: Hal Steinbrenner

text: Harold Steinbrenner (born December 3, 1969) is an American businessman best known as the Chairman and Managing General Partner of Yankee Global Enterprises, which owns the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball and minority shares of American soccer club New York City Football Club of Major League Soccer and Italian soccer club AC Milan of Serie A. He and his siblings inherited control of the team from their father, George Steinbrenner, who died in 2010.


title: Hal Steinbrenner

text: Hal Steinbrenner is the younger son of George (1930–2010) and Elizabeth Joan Steinbrenner (nee Zieg) (1935–2018). He has two sisters, Jessica Steinbrenner and Jennifer Steinbrenner (formerly Swindal). He is the younger brother of Hank Steinbrenner, who died in 2020.


title: Hal Steinbrenner

text: Steinbrenner attended Culver Military Academy and went on to graduate from Williams College in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He then earned a Master of Business Administration at the University of Florida in 1994.


title: Hal Steinbrenner

text: Starting in 2007, George Steinbrenner gradually ceded day-to-day control of the Yankees to Hal and his other son, Hank, as his health worsened. Hal Steinbrenner was elected Chairman of the Board of Yankee Global Enterprises on September 28, 2007.


title: Hal Steinbrenner

text: On November 20, 2008, Major League Baseball owners approved the shift of day-to-day control of the Yankees from father George Steinbrenner to Hal Steinbrenner.


title: Hal Steinbrenner

text: Hal Steinbrenner is Chairman and CEO of Steinbrenner Hotel Properties and is on the board of directors of the Boys and Girls Club of Tampa Bay.


title: Hal Steinbrenner

text: He is married to Cristina DiTullio, a native of Staten Island, New York. Steinbrenner has a daughter named Katherine (b. 1998) with his first wife Christina Lavery, whom he divorced in 2007.


title: 2022 Australian Open – Women's singles

text: Ashleigh Barty defeated Danielle Collins in the final, 6–3, 7–6 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2022 Australian Open. She became the first home player to win an Australian Open singles title since Chris O'Neil in 1978. It was Barty's third major singles title, and she won the title without losing a set, dropping just three service games during the tournament.


title: 2022 Australian Open – Women's singles

text: The final also marked Barty's last professional appearance, as she announced her retirement from the sport two months later.


title: 2022 Australian Open – Women's singles

text: Barty retained the world No. 1 singles ranking after Aryna Sabalenka and Barbora Krejčíková lost in the fourth round and quarterfinals, respectively. Collins entered the WTA top 10 rankings for the first time by reaching the final.


title: 2022 Australian Open – Women's singles

text: Alizé Cornet reached her first major singles quarterfinal on her 63rd main-draw appearance, surpassing Tamarine Tanasugarn's all-time record, who reached her maiden quarterfinal at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships on her 45th attempt.


title: 2022 Australian Open – Women's singles

text: Kaia Kanepi becomes the first Estonian to reach the quarterfinals at all four majors after her victory over second seed Aryna Sabalenka in the fourth round.


title: 2022 Australian Open – Women's singles

text: For the first time since 1997, neither Venus nor Serena Williams participated in the Australian Open.


title: 2022 Australian Open – Women's singles

text: This was the last singles major for former world No. 4 and 2011 US Open champion Samantha Stosur, who announced her retirement from the discipline. She lost to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the second round.


title: 2022 Australian Open – Women's singles

text: The following are the seeded players. Seedings are based on WTA rankings as of 10 January 2022. Rank and points before are as of 17 January 2022.


title: 2022 Australian Open – Women's singles

text: Unlike in the men's tournament, points from the 2021 women's singles tournament will be dropped at the end of this year's tournament in addition to the 2020 women's singles tournament as player's points will also be dropped as usual. The "better of 2020/2021 points" for January, February and March were announced by the WTA in September 2021, even though the 2021 tournament was held three weeks later than in 2022. Accordingly, the higher of each player's 2020 or 2021 points will be replaced by her 2022 points at the end of the tournament.


title: 2022 Australian Open – Women's singles

text: † The player did not qualify for the tournament in either 2020 or 2021. Accordingly, points for her 16th best result are deducted instead.


title: Gangsta Boo

text: Lola Chantrelle Mitchell (born August 7, 1979), better known by her stage name Gangsta Boo, is an American rapper, who was born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee. She was the second female member (after K-9) of the Memphis-based hip hop group Three 6 Mafia, where she initially rose to prominence. She left the group and label sometime in 2002, months after the release of her second album, "Both Worlds *69", due to money disputes and issues regarding promotion of her album. She has since released mixtapes alongside artists like La Chat and Yelawolf, as well as some solo music. She has also been featured on albums by clipping. and Run the Jewels. She has been referred to as a pioneer of female rap music.


title: Gangsta Boo

text: Lola Chantrelle Mitchell was born in the Whitehaven area of Memphis, Tennessee, on August 7, 1979. She is from a middle class family that later "moved to the hood" after her parents had divorced. She started rapping at around age 14.


title: Gangsta Boo

text: Boo's first solo album, "Enquiring Minds", was released in 1998 and reached number fifteen on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 46 on the "Billboard" 200. The album featured the surprise hit "Where Dem Dollas At!?".


title: Gangsta Boo

text: Boo released her second album, "Both Worlds *69", in 2001, which reached number eight on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart and number 29 on the "Billboard" 200. In 2003, she released her third album, "". The album peaked at number 53 on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart and 24 on the Independent Albums chart.


title: Gangsta Boo

text: In 2009, Boo released her third official mixtape "The Rumors" (following her previous mixtapes "Street Ringers Vol. 1" & "Still Gangsta"). She also released two mixtapes with DJ Fletch, "Miss.Com" (No DJ Version on iTunes) and "4 Da Hood". On June 27, 2011, she released her mixtape with Trap-A-Holics, "Forever Gangsta". In 2013, she joined the Three 6 Mafia spin-off group Da Mafia 6ix, and was significantly featured on their debut mixtape 6ix Commandments. She departed from the group in 2014. On May 27, 2014, the extended play "Witch", a collaboration with La Chat, was released. On October 14, 2014, Gangsta Boo teamed up with BeatKing and released a collaborative mixtape, "Underground Cassette Tape Music, Vol. 1". In 2018, a successor mixtape titled "Underground Cassette Tape Music, Vol. 2", was released.


title: Gangsta Boo

text: She was featured on Run The Jewels' fourth album, "RTJ4", released in 2020, on the track "walking in the snow".


title: Simulated reality

text: The simulation theory is the hypothesis that reality could be simulated—for example by quantum computer simulation—to a degree indistinguishable from "true" reality. It could contain conscious minds that may or may not know that they live inside a simulation. This is quite different from the current, technologically achievable concept of virtual reality, which is easily distinguished from the experience of actuality. Simulated reality, by contrast, would be hard or impossible to separate from "true" reality. There has been much debate over this topic, ranging from philosophical discourse to practical applications in computing.


title: Simulated reality

text: A version of the simulation hypothesis was first theorized as a part of a philosophical argument on the part of René Descartes, and later by Hans Moravec. The philosopher Nick Bostrom developed an expanded argument examining the probability of our reality being a simulation. His argument states that at least one of the following statements is very likely to be true:


title: Simulated reality

text: Bostrom's argument rests on the premises that given sufficiently advanced technology, it is possible to represent the populated surface of the Earth without recourse to digital physics; that the qualia experienced by a simulated consciousness are comparable or equivalent to those of a naturally occurring human consciousness, and that one or more levels of simulation within simulations would be feasible given only a modest expenditure of computational resources in the real world.


title: Simulated reality

text: First, if one assumes that humans will not be destroyed nor destroy themselves before developing such a technology, and that human descendants will have no overriding legal restrictions or moral compunctions against simulating biospheres or their own historical biosphere, then, Bostrom argues it would be unreasonable to count ourselves among the small minority of genuine organisms who, sooner or later, will be vastly outnumbered by artificial simulations.


title: Simulated reality

text: Epistemologically, it is not impossible to tell whether we are living in a simulation. For example, Bostrom suggests that a window could "pop up" saying: "You are living in a simulation. Click here for more information." However, imperfections in a simulated environment might be difficult for the native inhabitants to identify and for purposes of authenticity, even the simulated memory of a blatant revelation might be purged programmatically. Nonetheless, should any evidence come to light, either for or against the skeptical hypothesis, it would radically alter the aforementioned probability.


title: Simulated reality

text: Computationalism is a philosophy of mind theory stating that cognition is a form of computation. It is relevant to the simulation hypothesis in that it illustrates how a simulation could contain conscious subjects, as required by a "virtual people" simulation. For example, it is well known that physical systems can be simulated to some degree of accuracy. If computationalism is correct and if there is no problem in generating artificial consciousness or cognition, it would establish the theoretical possibility of a simulated reality. Nevertheless, the relationship between cognition and phenomenal qualia of consciousness is disputed. It is possible that consciousness requires a vital substrate that a computer cannot provide and that simulated people, while behaving appropriately, would be philosophical zombies. This would undermine Nick Bostrom's simulation argument; we cannot be a simulated consciousness, if consciousness, as we know it, cannot be simulated. The skeptical hypothesis remains intact, however, and we could still be vatted brains, existing as conscious beings within a simulated environment, even if consciousness cannot be simulated. It has been suggested that whereas virtual reality would enable a participant to experience only three senses (sight, sound and optionally smell), simulated reality would enable all five (including taste and touch).


title: Simulated reality

text: Some theorists have argued that if the "consciousness-is-computation" version of computationalism and mathematical realism (or radical mathematical Platonism) are true then consciousnesses is computation, which in principle is platform independent and thus admits of simulation. This argument states that a "Platonic realm" or ultimate ensemble would contain every algorithm, including those that implement consciousness. Hans Moravec has explored the simulation hypothesis and has argued for a kind of mathematical Platonism according to which every object (including, for example, a stone) can be regarded as implementing every possible computation.


title: Simulated reality

text: A dream could be considered a type of simulation capable of fooling someone who is asleep. As a result, the "dream hypothesis" cannot be ruled out, although it has been argued that common sense and considerations of simplicity rule against it. One of the first philosophers to question the distinction between reality and dreams was Zhuangzi, a Chinese philosopher of the 4th century BC. He phrased the problem as the well-known "Butterfly Dream," which went as follows:


title: Simulated reality

text: Once Zhuangzi dreamt he was a butterfly, a butterfly flitting and fluttering around, happy with himself and doing as he pleased. He didn't know he was Zhuangzi. Suddenly he woke up and there he was, solid and unmistakable Zhuangzi. But he didn't know if he was Zhuangzi who had dreamt he was a butterfly or a butterfly dreaming he was Zhuangzi. Between Zhuangzi and a butterfly there must be "some" distinction! This is called the Transformation of Things. (2, tr. Burton Watson 1968:49)


title: Simulated reality

text: The philosophical underpinnings of this argument are also brought up by Descartes, who was one of the first Western philosophers to do so. In "Meditations on First Philosophy", he states "... there are no certain indications by which we may clearly distinguish wakefulness from sleep", and goes on to conclude that "It is possible that I am dreaming right now and that all of my perceptions are false".


title: Simulated reality

text: Both the dream argument and the simulation hypothesis can be regarded as skeptical hypotheses; however in raising these doubts, just as Descartes noted that his own thinking led him to be convinced of his own existence, the existence of the argument itself is testament to the possibility of its own truth. Another state of mind in which some argue an individual's perceptions have no physical basis in the real world is psychosis, though psychosis may have a physical basis in the real world and explanations vary.


title: Simulated reality

text: The dream hypothesis is also used to develop other philosophical concepts, such as Valberg's personal horizon: what this world would be internal to if "this" were all a dream.


title: Simulated reality

text: In recent years of dream research, the argument of characterizing dreaming as a simulation has become widely accepted, as well as creating theories about the purpose and functions of dreaming. In fact, dream researcher Tore A. Nielsen wrote in his 2010 paper "Dream analysis and classification: The reality simulation perspective" that the idea that dreaming is a complex simulation of the world in consciousness during sleep may be a conception of dreaming and simulated reality that many dream researchers would have a hard time coming to accept. As well, dreams place us in this virtually simulated reality that places many characters and people in our lives in the dream. If dreaming was to be a simulated reality, the question arises whether that can be used to describe to social reality that the dream allows us to be in too.


title: Simulated reality

text: Lucid dreaming is characterized as an idea where the elements of dreaming and waking are combined to a point where the user knows they are dreaming, or waking perhaps. The idea of lucid dreaming also poses evidence to the dream argument, the idea that dreaming and being awake are indistinguishable, because one knows they are dreaming in a lucid dream. They control the characters in the dream and the plot of what is happening to them in the dream. Lucid dreams could be the reality that we all think is a dream which would then make our reality now the dream.


title: Simulated reality

text: Known as the idea of Nested Simulations: the existence of simulated reality is seen to be unprovable in any concrete sense as there is an infinite regress problem with the argument: any evidence that is directly observed could be another simulation itself.


title: Simulated reality

text: Even if we are a simulated reality, there is no way to be sure the beings running the simulation are not themselves a simulation and the operators of "that" simulation are not a simulation.


title: Simulated reality

text: " involves a simulation or an entity in the simulation, creating another instance of the same simulation, running it and using its results" (Pooch and Sullivan 2000).


title: Simulated reality

text: In August 2019, philosopher Preston Greene suggested that it may be best not to find out if we're living in a computer simulation since, if it were found to be true, such knowing may end the simulation.


title: Simulated reality

text: Greene's suggestion is similar to Douglas Adams' humorous idea presented in his 1979 novel "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy": that if anyone in the Universe should actually work out 'The Meaning of Life, the Universe and Everything', it would instantly disappear and be immediately replaced with something "even more complex and inexplicable".


title: Simulated reality

text: If people transition most of their lives to virtual metaverse worlds, there is the potential for those virtual worlds to present those people with false truths, thereby diverging people’s perception of reality from true reality. Whereas fully simulated realities face significant technical challenges to create, divergent virtual realities are easier to manufacture if societies transition to fully operating in virtual metaverse worlds. This near-future variant of the Simulation Hypothesis was explored by professor and science fiction author Tadayoshi Kohno in “The David and the Fig Leaf.”


title: Simulated reality

text: Simulated reality in fiction has been looked at by many authors, game designers and film directors, most notably explored in the 1999 film "The Matrix" and portrayed in the 2018 film "Ready Player One."


title: Simulated reality

text: In 2012, a Der Spiegel editorial article, referring to the computer-generated images of the "Seven Houses for No One" series, prompted debates about simulated reality in architecture: "The young Italian architect Antonino Cardillo took advantage of the fact that fiction and reality can hardly be distinguished. Der Spiegel learned that Cardillo had sent pictures of supposedly built buildings to architecture magazines and made it appear that the houses had actually been built. But these only existed virtually."


title: Simulated reality

text: Elon Musk, the CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, has had much to say about the concept that our reality is a simulation including: "The odds that we are in base reality is one in billions" which he said at a conference in 2016. Musk has also speculated that the odds of us living in a simulated reality or computer made by others is about a 99.9% chance at various other press conferences and events and on the Joe Rogan Podcast.


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur (), formerly Trichur, also known by its historical name Thrissivaperur, is a city and the headquarters of the Thrissur district in Kerala, India. It is the third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala after Kochi and Kozhikode, and the 21st largest in India. The city is built around a hillock called the Thekkinkaadu Maidaanam which seats a large Hindu Shiva Temple. It is located central of the state, and north-west of the state's capital city, Thiruvananthapuram. Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin, and was a point of contact for the Assyrians, Greeks, Persians, Arabs, Romans, Portuguese, Dutch and English.


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history. The city centre contains the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalithakala Akademi and Kerala Sahitya Academy. The city hosts the Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala. The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May, in the Malayalam month 'medam'.


title: Thrissur

text: Religion is important and varied in Thrissur. The city has historically been a centre of Hindu scholarship, and Christianity, Islam and Judaism are believed to have entered the Indian subcontinent through Thrissur and its surrounding areas. Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the Vadakkumnathan temple, Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, and Paramekkavu temple. There are three major Catholic churches, the St. Antony's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane, Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral and Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica, the largest Christian church in India. India's first mosque, Cheraman Juma Masjid, is believed to have been constructed in 629 CE.


title: Thrissur

text: The city is the headquarters of four major scheduled banks, South Indian Bank Ltd, Catholic Syrian Bank, Dhanalakshmi Bank and ESAF Small Finance Bank as well as several chit funds. The city is also a big centre for silks and gold jewellery. Thrissur attracts the largest number of domestic tourists in Kerala.


title: Thrissur

text: Apart from being the cultural nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the Kerala Kalamandalam, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sree Kerala Varma College, St Thomas College, Jawahar Bal Bhavan Thrissur, Kerala Institute of Local Administration, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala Police Academy, Police Dog Training Centre, Kerala Fire and Rescue Services Academy, Excise Academy and Research Centre, Government College Of Music And Performing Arts, Government College of Fine Arts, Government Law College, Government Engineering College and Government Medical College.


title: Thrissur

text: The name Thrissur (Malayalam: തൃശൂര്) is a shortened form of the Malayalam word "Thirusshivaperoor" (തിരുശ്ശിവപ്പേരൂർ, Place of Lord Shiva's Name). The name owes itself to the most prominent feature of the city, that is the Vadakkumnathan Temple, which has Shiva as its presiding deity. Thrissur was known by its anglicised name Trichur until 1990, when the government decided to replace it with its Malayalam name. Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" (Kailasam of the South) in ancient days.


title: Thrissur

text: The presence of numerous prehistoric megaliths and dolmens indicate that Thrissur has been occupied since at least 1000BCE to 500CE.


title: Thrissur

text: The Portuguese had naval influence in many parts of Kerala in the 16th century, including Thrissur. In the beginning of the 17th century the Portuguese naval power was reduced and Dutch became the main naval power. With the help of the Dutch, the royal family of the Kingdom of Cochin recaptured Thrissur from the Zamorin of Calicut in 1710.


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur rose to importance after Maharaja Sakthan Thampuran ascended the throne of Kingdom of Cochin (1769–1805) and made Thrissur his capital. The Maharaja made the city into a major financial and commercial hub of South India, by inviting Syrian Christian families and Brahmins from adjoining areas.


title: Thrissur

text: During 1750–60 Hyder Ali, the Sultan of the powerful Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Thrissur, making it a tributary of Mysore. In 1786, the son of Tipu Sultan of Mysore led another invasion of Thrissur, but retreated after the Srirangapattanam war. In the meantime, Rama Varma X, the successor of Sakthan Thampuran signed a treaty with the East India Company, transforming the state of Cochin into a British Protectorate.


title: Thrissur

text: The Indian independence movement gained momentum after a Committee was formed at the 1919 meeting of the Indian National Congress. The civil disobedience movement attracted many people in Thrissur in subsequent years, and Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 to promote it.


title: Thrissur

text: R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, the controversial Diwan of Cochin Kingdom from 1935 to 1941, developed the city by constructing Thrissur Town Hall and Ramanilayam, buildings which remain important in Kerala politics. Other important civic buildings and infrastructure constructed around this time include the Municipal Corporation Building of Thrissur and the Swaraj Round.


title: Thrissur

text: In 1947, when India gained independence from colonial rule, Thrissur was part of the Kingdom of Cochin. Thrissur district was formed on 1 July 1949, with the headquarters at the city of Thrissur.


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur is the headquarters of Thrissur district, in the centre of the Indian state of Kerala. The city is 75 km north-east of Kochi, 133 km south-west of Coimbatore, 124 km south-east of Kozhikode and 151 km north of Changanacherry. The city is located in a hillock called Thekkinkadu Maidan which is the second highest point in city after the Vilangan Hills. The city has an average altitude of 2.83 metres above sea level.


title: Thrissur

text: From the hillock, the city gradually flattens into the Thrissur-Ponnani Kole Wetlands, which act as a natural drainage for the city. The water from the wetlands flows via rivers into the Laccadive Sea, keeping Thrissur city safe from the major flooding that affects most other cities in Kerala.


title: Thrissur

text: The city is located in midland regions of Kerala, with an extended part of Palakkad plains. The city geologically is composed of Archaean gneisses and crystalline schists. Major parts of city is covered by Archaean rocks. The city lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate (the Indian Plate) and is subject to comparatively little seismic or volcanic activity.


title: Thrissur

text: Under the Köppen climate classification, City of Thrissur features a tropical monsoon climate ("Am"). Summer lasts from March to May which is the hottest time of the year. Summer months are uncomfortable due to higher levels of heat and humidity. Daytime temperatures can rise up to coupled with excessive humidity. Summer is followed by the south-west monsoon from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is cooler, and windy, due to winds from the Western Ghats. Winter months are generally dry and less humid compared to other months of the year. Morning temperatures are usually cool and daytime temperatures hover around .


title: Thrissur

text: The city is drenched in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is approximately . The South-west monsoon generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is while the minimum temperature recorded is . The winter season records a maximum average of and a minimum average of .


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur is home to many Malayaliee entrepreneurs, and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala. Historians say that King Sakthan Thampuran invited Syrian Christian families and Brahmins to settle in Thrissur city from their business centres in adjoining areas. Soon, Thrissur became a flourishing centre of internal trade in Kerala. Thrissur is one of the major manufacturing centres of plain gold and rolled gold jewellery in South India; up to 70% of Kerala's jewellery is manufactured in Thrissur. There are around 3,000 gold ornaments manufacturing units in the city and 40,000-odd artisans and others work in these units. The industry provides direct and indirect employment to 200,000 people in Thrissur. The artisans based in these units, craft nearly 85 percent of one tonne gold which is used per day in Kerala. About 90 tonnes of gold was being used annually in Kerala for manufacturing of ornaments daily.


title: Thrissur

text: According to the Reserve Bank of India, Thrissur has been regarded as a banking town since the 1930s, when 58 banks were headquartered in the city. In the present, the city remains a significant centre for banking and finance, with the headquarters of major banks like South Indian Bank, Catholic Syrian Bank, Dhanalakshmi Bank, and other financial institutions like Manappuram General Finance and Leasing, Kerala State Financial Enterprise and ESAF Small Finance Bank. Many chit funds, a type of Indian savings and credit system, are located in Thrissur. In 2010, an estimated 3,000 chit fund companies were located in Thrissur, employing approximately 35,000 people.


title: Thrissur

text: The city is a hub for the Ayurvedic drug-manufacturing industry. Out of the 850 ayurvedic drug-manufacturing companies in Kerala, about 150, including some of the largest in the state like Oushadhi, Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala, KP Namboodiris, are located in and around the city. Thrissur Ayurveda Cluster, another initiative by a group of Ayurvedic manufacturers of Thrissur, has developed a cluster in KINFRA Park in Koratty in Thrissur District.


title: Thrissur

text: Retail businesses in Thrissur include Kalyan Group, Jos Alukka & Sons, Joyalukkas and Josco Group. InfoPark Thrissur, the fourth technology park in Kerala, is situated in Thrissur District. Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Thrissur. Domestic tourists generally use the city as a hub to explore the highly promoted tourism industry of the state of Kerala. The city with its temples, old churches and its culture, is ranked first in the number of domestic tourists visiting Kerala.


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur has functioned as a municipality since 1921 under the Cochin Municipal Regulations. In 1932, the new corporation building was constructed, and in 1972, several village councils or panchayats were added to the municipality. On 1 October 2000, the municipal town was upgraded to a municipal corporation and took over the towns and villages of Ayyanthole, Koorkkenchery, Nadathara, Vilvattom (part), Ollur and Ollukkara.


title: Thrissur

text: The city is administered by the Thrissur Municipal Corporation, headed by a mayor and comprising three legislative assemblies Thrissur, Ollur and Cherpu. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 52 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years.


title: Thrissur

text: It is the second-largest city corporation in the state of Kerala in India. The corporation, headquartered in the city of Thrissur proper, directly controls power, water supply and solid waste management system in the city. The Thrissur Urban Development Authority and Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) are the agencies that prepare development plan for the city.


title: Thrissur

text: The city is the headquarters of Thrissur City Police and Thrissur Rural Police. The Thrissur City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The city is divided into two sub divisions, Thrissur and Guruvayur. It also operates 14 police stations, including a woman police station and a traffic police station.


title: Thrissur

text: The Thrissur City Police Commissionerate operates out of the erst-while District Armed Police headquarters at Ramavarmapuram. The Thrissur Rural Police has its headquarters at the District Collectorate complex at Ayyanthole. The city is also the headquarters of Inspector General of Police, Thrissur Range, which looks after the law and order of Thrissur District, Palakkad District and Malappuram district. All the Superintendent of Police of these three districts come under his jurisdiction. The city also contains the Kerala Police Academy, Central Prison, Viyyur, Police Dog Training Centre and Excise Academy and Research Centre. Indian Reserve Battalion, new commando unit of Kerala Police is headquartered in Ramavarmapuram. Border Security Force (148 battalion) have its first centre in Kerala in Thrissur only.


title: Thrissur

text: India census, Thrissur city had a population of 315,957. Males constitute 48.2% and females constitute 51.8% of the total population numbering 152,296 and 163,661 respectively. The density of population is 3,130/km. The sex ratio is 1,092/1,000 male. The total number of the households in the city is 66,827. The average family size in the city is 4.27 members. The city has a slum population equivalent to 0.30% of the total city population and 0.37% of the Kerala's slum population. The city has an average literacy rate of 95.5%: male literacy rate is 97% whereas female literacy rate is 94.6%.


title: Thrissur

text: Hindus constitute the majority with 58.42% of the population Christians constitute 24.27% of the population Muslims constitute 17.07% of the population in Thrissur.


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur has played a significant part in the political history of South India. Thrissur City administration is carried out by Municipal Corporation of Thrissur. MK.Varghese (LDF) is the Mayor of Thrissur Municipal Corporation. The city of Thrissur is represented in the Kerala State Assembly by two elected members, one from Thrissur Assembly Constituency and another from Ollur Assembly Constituency. , P. Balachandran is the representative of Thrissur Assembly Constituency and K. Rajan from Ollur Assembly Constituency.


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur city is also a part of the Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. The current MP is T. N. Prathapan of the Indian National Congress. The Lok Sabha seat has primarily been held by the Indian National Congress (seven terms since 1951) and the Communist Party of India (ten terms since 1957).


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur is known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala, the city enjoys a thriving cultural tradition dating back to centuries. Thrissur Pooram, the largest pooram in Kerala, is sometimes referred to as 'the pooram of all poorams'. It is celebrated every year in the month of Medam (mid-April to mid-may) as per the Malayalam calendar. For thirty-six hours, the city plays host to a large gathering of people and elephants.


title: Thrissur

text: Puli Kali, also known as "Kavakali", is another festival, which attracts thousands of people to the city. It is performed by trained artists to entertain people on the occasion of Onam, an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in Kerala. Buon Natale is the cultural festival conducting at Swaraj Round with Christmas celebration. Buon Natale procession entered the Guinness World Records in 2014 for having the maximum number of people dressed up as Santa Claus. Other important festivals celebrated in the city include Christmas, Onam, Diwali, Easter, Eid and Vishu.


title: Thrissur

text: Elephants play a major part in many of the city's festivals. "Aanayoottu" (feeding of elephants), held in Vadakkunnathan Temple in the City annually, is the world's largest elephant feeding ceremony. The ceremony is conducted on the first day of the Malayalam month of Karkidakam.


title: Thrissur

text: Literary lineage of city dates back to early history of Kerala but it came to prominence after Kerala Government set up Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi, Kerala Sahitya Academy, Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy and College of Fine Arts, Thrissur for promoting literature, music and arts in Kerala. After the Indian Independence, Thrissur became the "literary capital of Kerala" as turned to the playground of novelist, poets and orators. In 1952 when Current Books set its first shop in Thrissur by former education Minister Professor Joseph Mundassery, it become the abode of writer's like O. V. Vijayan, Kovilan, V. K. N., Uroob, Edasseri Govindan Nair, M. T. Vasudevan Nair, K. G. Sankara Pillai and Sarah Joseph. The area was later known as "Current Moola" ("Current Corner"). The building that housed the Current Books bookshop was demolished in 2011.


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur is home to prominent Malayalam literary figures like Kovilan, Kunhunni Mash, Sukumar Azhikode, K. Satchidanandan, Mullanezhi, Sarah Joseph, Attoor Ravi Varma, Lalitha Lenin, P. Bhaskaran, Joseph Mundassery.


title: Thrissur

text: The Vadakkunnathan temple, believed to have been founded by the legendary saint Parasurama, is an example of the Kerala style of architecture and houses several sacred shrines and murals delineating graphically, various episodes from the Mahabharata.


title: Thrissur

text: Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, one of the largest Sree Krishna temples in Kerala and Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple which is one of the largest Bagavathi temples in Kerala is also situated in the city. Aykunnu Pandavagiri Devi Temple is situated at Venginisseri village, that around 9 km from city center. Sree Guruvayurappan Temple is located in Guruvayur (28 km from Thrissur); it is also referred to as Bhuloka Vaikunta which means "Holy Abode of Vishnu on Earth".


title: Thrissur

text: Asia's tallest church, the Our Lady of Dolours Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica (Puthan Pally), Our Lady of Lourdes Syro-Malabar Catholic Metropolitan Cathedral which has an underground shrine, Saint Antony's Syro-Malabar Church, Ollur which has been called as "Chinna Roma" (Small Rome) are masterpieces of architecture and indigenous paintings. Saint Euphrasia's tomb and museum also situated in the city. St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayur (28 km from Thrissur) is the first church in India , and Thomas the Apostle performed the first baptism in India here.


title: Thrissur

text: The Chettiyangadi Hanafi Mosque in Thrissur City is one of the oldest mosque in Thrissur. Cheraman Juma Mosque in Kodungallur, (40 km from Thrissur) is the first mosque in India.


title: Thrissur

text: The cuisine of Thrissur is linked to its history, geography, demography and culture. Rice is the staple food. "Achappam", "Kuzhalappam", "Vatteppam", "Unniyappam" and "Pazham Pori" are common snacks. "Vellayappam", a kind of rice hopper is another dish which is special to the city, there have a food street named "vellayappam angadi".


title: Thrissur

text: Thrissur, which has been a centre of learning from ancient times, is developing as a modern education hub. Schools in city are either run publicly by the Kerala Government or privately, some with financial aid from the Government. Education is generally conducted in English or Malayalam, with the former being the majority. Most schools are affiliated with the Kerala State Education Board or Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the Montessori system. There are 93 lower primary schools; 34 upper primary schools; and 78 high schools; and 157 higher secondary schools in the city.


title: Thrissur

text: The city serves as a centre for healthcare in Central Kerala, with people from Thrissur District, Palakkad District, Malappuram District and the northern part of Ernakulam District coming to Thrissur for medical care. There are three medical colleges in the city: Government Medical College, Thrissur, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, and Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute. The Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College also situated in city.


title: Thrissur

text: Football is the most popular sport in the city, and there are two football stadiums in the city, Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium and Thope Stadium.Largest and Highest Temporary Stadium in the World as per GUINNESS BOOK OF WORLD RECORDS built in Trichur corporation ground in 1990 for the occasion of Federaion Cup fotball tournament,which was designed by Er.T.J.ANTONY. International players and former Indian captains C. V. Pappachan, I. M. Vijayan and Jo Paul Ancheri, the young Under 17 World Cup player K. P. Rahul belongs to Thrissur. The N.I. David Memorial Trophy, an annual inter-club football tournament is held in Thrissur every year. The football championship was started in 1996 by the then Superintendent of Police, Thrissur. The city has a floodlit stadium, known as Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium. It also has two indoor stadiums, V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium and a Sports Authority of India (SAI) maintained Thrissur Aquatic Complex with international facilities. Thrissur has contributed many national and international bodybuilding stars to India. Chess prodigy Nihal Sarin is from Thrissur.


title: Thrissur

text: The first Malayalam newspaper which published from Thrissur was "Lokamanyan" in 1920. Then came "Deenabandhu" edited by V. R. Krishnan Ezhuthachan. "Ezhuthachan" started publishing as a weekly in 1941 from Thrissur. It was one of the first periodicals that supported the national movement. As soon as the Quit India movement was started, its editor and staff were sent to jail and publications were banned. Later "Lokamanyan" (1920); "Kerala Chintamani" (1905); "Kerala Kesari" (1924); "Mahatma" (1930); "Gomathy" (1930) and "Navajeevan" of Joseph Mundassery was also published from Thrissur. "The Express" started in 1944 from Thrissur with K Krishanan as the editor is known in Central Kerala for its nationalist and socialist views. Major Malayalam newspapers published in Thrissur include "Malayala Manorama", "Mathrubhumi", "Madhyamam", "Deepika", "Kerala Kaumudi", "Deshabhimani", "Mangalam", "Veekshanam", "Metro Vaartha" and "Janayugom". A number of evening papers, like "General" in Malayalam and "City Journal" in English, are also published from the city. Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu are also available in city.


title: Thrissur

text: The first cinema hall in Kerala, with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by Jose Kattookkaran in 1907. In 1913, the first electrically operated film projector was established in city again by Jose Kattookkaran and was called the "Jose Electrical Bioscope" now known as Jose Theatre.


title: Thrissur

text: A film festival, known as ViBGYOR Film Festival, is held in the city every year. It is an international short and documentary film festival. Telephony services are provided by various players like Aircel, Airtel, Idea cellular, Vodafone, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Docomo, MTS, Uninor, Tata Indicom and the state owned BSNL. BSNL is also offering 3G services in Thrissur. The city also have Broadband wireless services on WiMAX platform.


title: Thrissur

text: Private FM radio stations in the Thrissur are Club FM 104.8 MHz, Radio Mango 91.9  MHz, BEST FM 95 by (Asianet Communications Limited), Red FM 91.1 MHz. All India Radio has an AM (630 kHz) and an FM (101.1 MHz) station for the city. The transmitter of the All India Radio (630 kHz) was commissioned on 4 November 1956. The station started independent broadcasting in 1974. Thrissur has a Doordarshan studio with a low power transmitter located near the studio.


title: Thrissur

text: The city is connected to the North-South Corridor National Highway (India) via the four-lane National Highway 544, previously NH 47. The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such of Kochi, Palakkad and Coimbatore. NH 544 provides two main exit points at Mannuthy and Thalore which is bypass to the Thrissur city.


title: Thrissur

text: The city is largely dependent on private buses, taxis and auto rickshaws for public transport. A transit terminal was announced for Puzhakkal in 2013. Land was transferred to the Thissur Mobility Hub Society on a 99-year lease in 2015.


title: Thrissur

text: State-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services. Thrissur has three bus stations, the Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur in Sakthan Thampuran Nagar, Vadakke Stand (Northern Bus Stand) and the Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station near the Thrissur railway station. State Highway (SH 69) Thrissur-Kuttippuram Road, SH 22 Kodungallur – Shornur Road, SH 75 Thrissur – Kanjani – Vadanappally Road are the three state highways which connect city with its suburbs and municipalities.


title: Thrissur

text: The Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways operates the main rail transport system in Thrissur. There are four railway stations in Thrissur city. Thrissur railway station, one of the four A+ railway station in Kerala provides trains to three directions and lies on the busy Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section.


title: Thrissur

text: It has a satellite station, Punkunnam railway station and two minor stations, Ollur railway station and Mulankunnathukavu railway station. Thrissur railway station also connects to the temple town of Guruvayur by Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line. In addition, Southern Railway is running a suburban railway system connecting Thrissur to Kochi and Palakkad using Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit services (MEMU).


title: Retro style

text: Retro style is imitative or consciously derivative of lifestyles, trends, or art forms from history, including in music, modes, fashions, or attitudes. In popular culture, the "nostalgia cycle" is typically for the two decades that begin 20–30 years ago.


title: Retro style

text: The term "retro" has been in use since 1972 to describe on the one hand, new artifacts that self-consciously refer to particular modes, motifs, techniques, and materials of the past. But on the other hand, many people use the term to categorize styles that have been created in the past. Retro style refers to new things that display characteristics of the past. Unlike the historicism of the Romantic generations, it is mostly the recent past that retro seeks to recapitulate, focusing on the products, fashions, and artistic styles produced since the Industrial Revolution, the successive styles of Modernity. The English word "retro" derives from the Latin prefix "retro", meaning backwards, or in past times.


title: Retro style

text: In France, the word "rétro", an abbreviation for "rétrospectif", gained cultural currency with reevaluations of Charles de Gaulle and France's role in World War II. The French "mode rétro" of the 1970s reappraised in film and novels the conduct of French civilians during the Nazi occupation. The term "rétro" was soon applied to nostalgic French fashions that recalled the same period.


title: Retro style

text: Shortly thereafter "retro" was introduced into English by the fashion and culture press, where it suggests a rather cynical revival of older but relatively recent fashions. In "Simulacra and Simulation", French theorist Jean Baudrillard describes "retro" as a demythologization of the past, distancing the present from the big ideas that drove the modern age.


title: Retro style

text: Most commonly "retro" is used to describe objects and attitudes from the recent past that never seem modern. It suggests a fundamental shift in the way we relate to the past. Different from more traditional forms of revivalism, "retro" suggests a half ironic, half longing consideration of the recent past; it has been called an "unsentimental nostalgia", recalling modern forms that are no longer current. The concept of nostalgia is linked to retro, but the bittersweet desire for things, persons, and situations of the past has an ironic stance in retro style. Retro shows nostalgia with a dose of cynicism and detachment. The desire to capture something from the past and evoke nostalgia is fuelled by dissatisfaction with the present.


title: Retro style

text: Since the 1980s the implications of the word "retro" have been expanding in the application to different mediums. Several fields have adopted the term from the design field.


title: Retro style

text: Until the 1960s, interiors were often decorated with antiques. During the 1960s in London, shops started selling pieces of second-hand furniture. These shops differed from the previous antique shops because they sold daily life objects from the recent past. These objects used to be seen as junk: Victorian enamel signs, stuffed bears, old furniture painted with union jacks, bowler hats etc. A new way of producing and consuming the past emerged and a broader range of objects from the recent past was used for new designs.


title: Retro style

text: Before the word "retro" came into use in the 1970s, the practice of adopting old styles for new designs was already common. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, designers borrowed from the past, for example, classicistic style. The difference is that since the 1960s, people started to refer to the recent past.


title: Retro style

text: In the 1980s, design history emerged as a discipline and several histories of design were published. The access to these overviews and the ability to experiment with computer design programs has caused an increase of retro designed objects in the last decades.


title: Retro style

text: Interior design magazines often show retro style as an interior decoration of mixed styles and objects from the past, second hand and new. For example, 1970s patterned wallpapers, combined with second-hand furniture also from the 1970s, the 1960s, or 1950s. The value of old artifacts has increased, because the objects used to be considered old-fashioned and every day. In this case ‘retro’ indicates a value, which is also partly why today's retailers produce new objects in an old style.


title: Retro style

text: Long before the use of the word "retro", graphic design made reference to earlier graphic characteristics. William Morris can be seen as an example: for book design and other purposes he adopted Medieval production and stylistic models in 1891. Furthermore, in the beginning of the twentieth century, Gothic, Baroque and Rococo motifs were used for new products.


title: Retro style

text: In typography, classicism has always been an influence and throughout the 20th century, and in early woodcut printing as well. The introduction of the technique of photocomposition in the 1960s allowed typographers greater flexibility in the selection and arrangement of type styles and sizes. For example, psychedelic typefaces were developed, gaining inspiration from Art Nouveau and other cultures. Historicist styles are also used in the promotion and packaging of food and household products, referring to childhood memories and domestic nostalgic ideals.


title: Retro style

text: In logo designing, retro logos have been highlighted. Brands have incorporated retro logo designs to highlight their brand's voice and message: clean, classic, and reminiscent of the recent past.


title: Retro style

text: In the 2000s and 2010s, there was a revival of pastel and neon colors, stereotypically associated with 1980s and early 1990s fashion (with the 1980s pastel revival being a rebirth of a 1950s trend). Also at this time, late 1980s-style high-waisted mom jeans made a comeback with female hipsters. In the 2010s and 2020s, 1990s fashion has made a comeback: many of the fabrics and patterns ubiquitous in that decade (such as crushed velvet and floral) are popular now, and Dr. Martens, a shoe brand popular in the 1990s, also made a strong comeback in the early 2010s, as 2011–12 was the British company's best-selling season of all time.


title: Retro style

text: The style now called retro art is a genre of pop art which was developed from the 1940s to 1960s, in response to a need for bold, eye-catching graphics that were easy to reproduce on simple presses available at the time in major centres. Retro advertising art has experienced a resurgence in popularity since its style is distinctive from modern computer-generated styling. Contemporary artist Anne Taintor uses retro advertising art as the centerpiece for her ongoing commentary on the modern woman. Specific styling features include analog machine design and vintage television programs.


title: Retro style

text: A famous example of a retro pop-art character is the more generalized form of the Ward Cleaver-styled J. R. "Bob" Dobbs-esque icon which has been widely played off, copied, and parodied.


title: Retro style

text: Foreshadowed by the Mothers of Invention album Cruising with Ruben & the Jets in 1968, and the revival and parody group Sha Na Na in 1969, the 1970s and 1980s brought about a 1950s–early 1960s revival with films and television shows such as "American Graffiti", "M*A*S*H", "Grease", "Happy Days" and "Peggy Sue Got Married" set in this time period.


title: Retro style

text: Retrogaming is a pastime which is becoming increasingly popular where individuals play video games on vintage computers or a classic game consoles. What constitutes a vintage or retro machine is sometimes open to debate, but typically, most retro gamers are interested in Commodore 64, Amiga 500, Atari 2600, NES, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Dreamcast, SNES, and classic Game Boy games and consoles. Emulation often plays a part in retrogaming if the original hardware is unavailable.


title: Retro style

text: A handful of airlines have chosen to paint a historical livery on a single selected aircraft in their modern fleet, typically as a marketing device or to commemorate an anniversary.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Jamael Orondé "Rondé" Barber (born April 7, 1975) is an American former football cornerback who spent his entire 16-year professional career playing for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He is the identical twin brother of Tiki Barber, a former running back for the New York Giants. Barber grew up in Roanoke, Virginia and played college football for the University of Virginia.


title: Ronde Barber

text: In the 1997 NFL Draft, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected Ronde Barber in the third round as the 66th overall pick. Over the course of his career, Barber was selected to five Pro Bowls, accumulated three first team All-Pro selections, two second-team All-Pro selections, and was selected to the National Football League 2000s All-Decade Team. Additionally, he led the NFL in interceptions in 2001, is the Buccaneers all-time interceptions leader, is one of the two members of the 40/20 club (40+ interceptions, 20+ quarterback sacks) alongside Charles Woodson, and the only member of the 45/25 club (45+ interceptions, 25+ quarterback sacks). After the 2002 season, Barber won Super Bowl XXXVII against the Oakland Raiders. He also holds the record for most consecutive starts by a defensive back. Barber was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2014.


title: Ronde Barber

text: The Barber twin boys were born five weeks premature. Barber was born seven minutes before his identical twin brother Tiki Barber. He was named Jamael Oronde which means "first born son". Tiki was a running back who played for the New York Giants.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Barber is the son of Geraldine Barber and Daniel X Brack. Barber was a star running back at Virginia Tech and later played in the World Football League. His roommate in college was Bruce Arians. His parents separated when Barber was very young. Barber father Daniel X., was a young struggling entertainer that traveled a lot, which did not allow him opportunities to provide suitable financial support and rarely he had time to see his sons when they were growing up. His mother Geraldine worked two, sometimes three jobs to support her three sons. He and Tiki have an older brother, Tarik Barber.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Barber graduated from Cave Spring High School of Roanoke, Virginia in 1993, and was a standout in football, wrestling, and track. In football, Barber was a three-time All-District selection. In track, Barber won the national title in the 55-meter hurdles as a senior in 1993, with a career-best time of 7.18 seconds. He was timed at 14.05 seconds in the 110-meter hurdles. He also won four Group AAA hurdles titles in indoor and outdoor track.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Barber received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Virginia, where he played for the Virginia Cavaliers football team. He redshirted the 1993 season and played for the Cavaliers from the 1994 to 1996 seasons as a defensive back. He was also a kick returner in 1994 and 1996; in 1994, Barber returned 10 kickoffs for 171 yards, and in 1996, he returned 3 for 36 yards. As a defensive back, Barber made 15 interceptions returned for 112 yards in his career with Virginia: 8 for 56 yards in 1994, 4 for 18 yards in 1995, and 3 for 38 yards in 1996. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) recognized Barber as Freshman of the Year after the 1994 season, and Barber earned first-team All-ACC honors in all his three seasons with Virginia. Barber was part of the Virginia teams that won the 1994 Independence Bowl and December 1995 Peach Bowl. After his junior season in 1996, Barber declared for the 1997 NFL Draft. Barber graduated from Virginia in 1997 with a bachelor's degree in commerce with an emphasis in marketing. During Barber’s time at UVa, he was a member of the IMP Society, one of the University’s secret societies.


title: Ronde Barber

text: On January 3, 1997, Barber announced his decision to forgo his final season of eligibility and enter the 1997 NFL Draft. He became only the third player from the University of Virginia to enter the NFL draft with eligibility remaining.


title: Ronde Barber

text: The Tampa Bay Buccaneers drafted Barber in the third round (66th overall) of the 1997 NFL Draft. Barber was the third underclassmen selected in 1997 and was the tenth cornerback. His brother, Tiki Barber, was drafted in the second round (36th overall) by the New York Giants. Ronde and Tiki Barber became only the fourth set of twins to be selected in the same draft in NFL history, following Rich and Ron Saul (1970), Reggie and Raleigh McKenzie (1985), and Keith and Kerry Cash (1991). They also became only the seventh set of twins to play in the league.


title: Ronde Barber

text: As a rookie, Barber played only one game, in Week 5 (September 28) against the Arizona Cardinals. Barber had three tackles. Tampa advanced to the of the playoffs but lost to the Green Bay Packers.


title: Ronde Barber

text: In his second season, Barber started nine games (three as left cornerback and six as right cornerback) and played in all 16 games, recording 68 tackles, 17 passes deflected, 3 sacks, 2 interceptions (returned for 67 yards), 2 forced fumbles, and 12 special teams tackles.


title: Ronde Barber

text: In the 1999 season, Barber again played in all 16 games and started 15 as right cornerback. Improving from his previous seasons, Barber posted 74 tackles, two interceptions (60 yards), one sack, and 16 passes deflected. Making his postseason debut this season, Barber also started both playoff games; the Buccaneers lost the to eventual Super Bowl XXXIV champion St. Louis Rams.


title: Ronde Barber

text: For the first time in his career, Barber started all 16 games in a season in 2000. Barber reached new career bests with 97 tackles, 20 passes deflected, and 5.5 sacks. With his 5.5 sacks, Barber led all NFC defensive backs in sacks. He had two interceptions (46 yards), one forced fumble, one fumble recovery, and six special teams tackles. For the Week 2 (September 10) game, Barber was NFC Defensive Player of the Week for 3 tackles, 2.5 sacks, a forced fumble, and a 24-yard fumble recovery for a touchdown against the Chicago Bears. Picking and returning for 37 yards a pass from former Tampa quarterback Vinny Testaverde, Barber scored his first career touchdown from an interception return in the Week 4 (September 24) 21–17 loss to the New York Jets. In the game on December 31, a 21–3 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, Barber made 5 tackles.


title: Ronde Barber

text: In 2001, Barber started 16 of 16 regular season games and made 71 tackles, 1 sack, 14 passes deflected, and 10 interceptions (86 yards). Barber returned an intercepted pass from Aaron Brooks 36 yards for a touchdown in the Week 15 (December 23) win over the New Orleans Saints. Barber made his first Pro Bowl and All-Pro teams this season.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Starting all 16 games again this season, Barber made 79 tackles, 3 sacks, 17 passes deflected, and returned 2 interceptions for 9 yards. Barber was part of a Tampa secondary that ranked first in total defense and passes defended. Barber also started all three playoff games, including Tampa's Super Bowl XXXVII victory.


title: Ronde Barber

text: In the NFC Championship game on January 19, 2003, Barber picked off a pass from Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb and returned the interception 92 yards for a touchdown late in the fourth quarter to seal Tampa's 27-10 road victory and brought Veterans Stadium to near-silence. Bob Ford of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" labeled this game as "the most ignominious defeat of Andy Reid's head coaching career" because of Barber's interception return. In 2011, "Tampa Bay Times" sportswriter Rick Stroud ranked Barber's interception return for touchdown in the NFC Championship game as the greatest scoring play in team history. Barber also deflected 4 passes in that game. In Tampa's 48–21 victory over the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XXXVII on January 26, 2003, Barber made five tackles.


title: Ronde Barber

text: For the fourth consecutive season, Barber started all 16 regular season games. Barber again continued to make more tackles annually with 97 this season. Additionally, Barber deflected 3 passes, returned 2 interceptions for 53 yards, and forced 3 fumbles. In Week 5 (October 6), a 38–35 overtime loss to the Indianapolis Colts, Barber returned an intercepted pass from Peyton Manning 29 yards for a touchdown.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Starting all 16 regular-season games, Barber made 98 tackles, 3 sacks, 10 passes defended, 3 interceptions returned for 23 yards, and 2 forced fumbles. Chosen as a starter for the 2005 Pro Bowl, Barber made his second career Pro Bowl appearance. This season, Barber also earned first-team All-Pro honors from the Associated Press. For the second time since the 2002 Super Bowl championship season, Tampa's pass defense was number one in the league, and Tampa's total defense was in the top ten for the eighth straight season.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Barber had 99 tackles, 2 sacks, 15 passes defended, and 5 interceptions returned for 105 yards in 16 games (all starts) in 2005. Barber intercepted three passes (returned for 70 yards) from Saints quarterback Aaron Brooks on December 4 (Week 13) in Tampa's 10–3 win over New Orleans, including one in the end zone in the Saints' final drive. On December 11, in the Week 14 game against the Carolina Panthers, he became the first cornerback in the history of the NFL to record at least 20 interceptions and 20 sacks in his career. Tampa lost the Wild Card game 17–10 to the Washington Redskins, and Barber made 8 tackles that game. Barber made his third career Pro Bowl appearance in the 2006 Pro Bowl.


title: Ronde Barber

text: In 2006, starting 16 of 16 regular-season games, Barber had 98 tackles and 13 passes deflected. He also returned 3 interceptions for 103 yards; two of those interceptions Barber returned for touchdowns. On October 22 (Week 7) against Philadelphia, Barber became the first player in Buccaneers history to return two interceptions for touchdowns in one regular-season game. After Barber scored in the second quarter on a 37-yard return of an interception from Donovan McNabb, Tampa took a 17–0 lead late in the third quarter with Barber's 66-yard interception return of a McNabb pass. Despite a late comeback by the Eagles, Tampa won 23–21 on a last-second field goal by Matt Bryant. Barber made his fourth career and third consecutive Pro Bowl in the 2007 Pro Bowl.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Prior to the season, the team voted Barber as defensive captain. In 16 games, Barber made 58 tackles, one sack, 14 passes deflected, 2 interceptions returned for 32 yards (including a 29-yard touchdown run), and one forced fumble. On November 25, 2007, he took the record from Donnie Abraham for the most interceptions in Buccaneers team history by catching his 32nd against the Washington Redskins. In a 37–3 victory over the Atlanta Falcons on Week 15 (December 16), Barber returned an interception of Chris Redman 29 yards for a touchdown.


title: Ronde Barber

text: In 2008, starting 16 of 16 regular season games for the ninth straight season, Barber made 75 tackles, 2 sacks, 12 passes defended, and 4 interceptions returned for 69 yards (including a 65-yard return for touchdown). Again a team defensive captain, Barber made his fifth career and most recent Pro Bowl appearance in the 2009 Pro Bowl. In the Week 12 (November 23), a 38–20 win over the hosting Detroit Lions, Barber intercepted Lions quarterback Daunte Culpepper twice and returned one interception 65 yards for a touchdown.


title: Ronde Barber

text: In the 2009 regular season, Barber made 77 tackles, 2 sacks, 6 passes defended, and 2 forced fumbles in 16 games (all starts). However, for the first time since his 1997 rookie season, Barber did not intercept a pass the entire season. Barber had some crucial plays on special teams: in Week 4 (October 4) against the Washington Redskins, Barber blocked an extra point kick by Shaun Suisham. In the Week 9 win over the Green Bay Packers, Barber returned a punt blocked by Geno Hayes 31 yards for a tying touchdown. Along with Tony Dungy, Derrick Brooks, and Warren Sapp, Barber was voted to the NFL 2000s All-Decade Team prior to the 2010 Pro Bowl.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Barber made 82 tackles, defended 13 passes, and returned 3 interceptions for 98 yards in 16 games. With his 172nd consecutive start in Week 6 (October 17), Barber surpassed Dick LeBeau for most consecutive starts by an NFL cornerback and played in his 200th career game two weeks later. On November 21, 2010, Barber became the only player in NFL history with at least 25 sacks (26 total) and 40 interceptions with a 21–0 win over the San Francisco 49ers.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Starting all 16 games as a right cornerback, Barber had 79 tackles, 9 passes defended, 1 safety, and 3 interceptions returned for 12 yards. On October 23 (Week 7), in an NFL International Series game against the Chicago Bears held in London, England, Barber recorded his first career safety when he tackled Matt Forte in the end zone.


title: Ronde Barber

text: On May 15, 2012, Barber officially switched positions to become a free safety. Barber started all 16 games for the 13th straight season and had 91 tackles, 13 passes defended, 4 interceptions returned for 160 yards, and a forced fumble. On Week 6 (October 14) against the Kansas City Chiefs, Barber intercepted a pass from Brady Quinn and returned the interception 78 yards for a touchdown during the third quarter and also blocked a punt.


title: Ronde Barber

text: In this season's roster, Barber was the only member of the Super Bowl XXXVII championship team still active with the team. Responding to media speculation about retirement, Barber commented in December: "I’m not ready to make a decision on it. I’m pretty sure it will play itself out when the time comes."


title: Ronde Barber

text: On May 8, 2013, Barber announced his retirement. At the time of his retirement, he was the active leader in defensive touchdowns scored, with 14.


title: Ronde Barber

text: After his retirement, Barber joined Fox Sports as an NFL color analyst. From 2013 to 2019 he called "NFL on Fox" telecasts with Chris Myers and Kenny Albert, and contributed to studio programming on Fox Sports 1.


title: Ronde Barber

text: Ronde Barber lives in Keystone, Florida. In Spring 2001 he married Filipino American Claudia Patron. She was a marketing and event planner. She is now with Diabetic Charitable Services. They have two daughters Yammile Rose and Justyce Rosina.


title: Wallace Huo

text: Wallace Huo Chien-hwa (, born 26 December 1979) is a Taiwanese actor, singer and producer. He is known for his roles in "At Dolphin Bay" (2003), "Chinese Paladin 3" (2009), "Swordsman" (2013), "Battle of Changsha" (2014), "The Journey of Flower" (2015), "Love Me If You Dare" (2015) and "Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace" (2018)


title: Wallace Huo

text: Huo ranked 82nd on "Forbes" China Celebrity 100 list in 2014, 48th in 2015, 22nd in 2017, and 66th in 2019.


title: Wallace Huo

text: Huo was born in Taipei, Taiwan on 26 December 1979 to Liu Yu and Huo Chao-Ku. He has one brother, Huo Chien-yuan. His family originated from Shandong; his parents were natives of Longkou and Tianjin respectively. His grandfather was a follower of Sun Yat-sen and in October 1949, his family moved to Taiwan. Both his parents worked in the court system and his brother is a police officer. His parents divorced when he was young.


title: Wallace Huo

text: Huo once aspired to be a basketball player but then turned to singing in his early teenage days. With the goal of becoming a singer, Huo joined the entertainment business at the age of 17, as the assistant of Taiwanese TV host Sam Tseng.


title: Wallace Huo

text: Huo rose to fame from the idol drama "At Dolphin Bay" (2003), which achieved a peak rating of 5.11 and became the most popular idol drama of the year.


title: Wallace Huo

text: His role as the talented and capable music director Zhong Xiaogang brought him significant popularity in Taiwan. He was then in great demand by many producers and was cast in seven idol dramas in the same year (a record yet to be broken).


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2004, Huo released his first ever solo album "Start". Owing to his inability to cope with the excessive spotlight during the advertising of the album, he decided to focus on acting thereafter.


title: Wallace Huo

text: His melancholic portrayal of Guihai Yidao received rave reviews from fans and audiences. It proved to be an important turning point of his career, as it introduced him to mainland audiences. The same year, Huo made his big screen debut in the movie "Hands in the Hair" alongside actress Rosamund Kwan.


title: Wallace Huo

text: Huo then took the leading role in various dramas, including "Sound of Colors" alongside actress Ruby Lin, "Romance of Red Dust" opposite Shu Qi, and "Emerald on the Roof" with Sun Li. Huo expressed that his role in "Emerald on the Roof" had taught him how to act, and has a deep impact on him. Huo also starred in kungfu comedy "Love at First Fight", taking on an eccentric and crazy role. His exaggerated expressions and comedic acting showed his ability to take on different roles.


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2009, Huo rose to mainstream popularity with the hit xianxia drama "Chinese Paladin 3", an adaptation from the video game of the same title. His character Xu Changqing and romantic pairing with Tiffany Tang were loved by the audience, and established his popularity in China.


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2011, Huo starred in period action drama "The Vigilantes in Masks" with Cecilia Liu; and historical drama "The Glamorous Imperial Concubine" wherein he played a cold and detached Emperor.


title: Wallace Huo

text: Due to the success of the dramas, Huo was awarded Most Influential Actor at the 2011 Youku Television Awards.


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2012, Huo starred in acclaimed medical drama "Inspire the Life". He then starred in "Lord of Legal Advisors", a mystery series set in the Ming dynasty. The drama premiered in South Korea and became the second-highest viewed Chinese drama in the country after "Scarlet Heart". It was subsequently broadcast in Taiwan in April 2013 and achieved high ratings as well.


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2013, Huo starred in wuxia drama "Swordsman", based on Jin Yong’s classic novel of the same Chinese title. He portrayed the character Linghu Chong. "Swordsman" was a commercial success and scored number one ratings on both TV and streaming websites; the success of the drama once again brought him to limelight.


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2014, Huo starred in "Perfect Couple", written by Tong Hua. It was Huo's first attempt at producing a drama series after the establishment of his own company Huajae Studio, and reunited him with "Chinese Paladin 3" co-star Tiffany Tang. The drama topped online broadcast views, and Huo won the Most Popular Actor in the ancient drama genre at the 2014 China Student Television Festival.


title: Wallace Huo

text: Huo then starred in his first war drama, "Battle of Changsha", directed by Magnolia Award winner Kong Sheng. Huo played a young soldier from a wealthy and renowned family who fought bravely at the front-lines for his country despite all oppositions. "Battle of Changsha" was a critical success, and was the highest rated drama on major streaming website Douban.


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2015, Huo starred in xianxia drama "The Journey of Flower" with Zanilia Zhao. The drama was a huge success in China, achieving a peak rating of 3.89. It is also the first Chinese drama to surpass 20 billion online views. The success of "The Journey of Flower" brought Huo's career to a new high.


title: Wallace Huo

text: He then starred in crime thriller "Love Me If You Dare", which received positive reviews and an international following. Due to his success, Huo was chosen by "China Newsweek" as Artist of the Year. He was distinguished as one of the Most Influential People in China for 2015, a remarkable distinction since he is the only recipient of this award in the field of Performing Arts.


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2016, Huo starred in historical medical drama "The Imperial Doctress", portraying Zhu Qizhen. It was one of the highest rated dramas that year, and Huo was awarded Most Popular Actor and Most Marketable Artist for his performance in "The Imperial Doctress" as well as "Love Me If You Dare" at the 1st China Television Drama Quality Ceremony. He next starred in the crime thriller "Inside or Outside" alongside Korean actor Jang Hyuk and Hong Kong star Simon Yam, as well as romantic comedy film "Suddenly Seventeen" and suspense thriller "Hide and Seek".


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2017, Huo starred in the science fiction suspense film "Reset", produced by Jackie Chan and directed by Korean director, Chang; and war film "Our Time Will Come", directed by award-winning director Ann Hui.


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2018, Huo returned to the small screen in the palace drama "Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace" playing the role of Qianlong Emperor.


title: Wallace Huo

text: In 2019, Huo starred in the period epic drama "The Great Craftsman", reuniting with his "Chinese Paladin 3" and "Reset" co-star Yang Mi. The same year, he starred in the romance drama film "Somewhere Winter" written by Rao Xueman.


title: Wallace Huo

text: On 20 May 2016, Huo confirmed his relationship with actress Ruby Lin, his co-star in "Sound of Colors" (2006) and "The Glamorous Imperial Concubine" (2011). They were married in Bali on 31 July 2016, and held another wedding reception in Taipei on 2 August 2016. Their daughter was born in January 2017.


title: Erector spinae muscles

text: The erector spinae ( ) or spinal erectors is a set of muscles that straighten and rotate the back. The spinal erectors work together with the glutes (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus) to maintain stable posture standing or sitting.


title: Erector spinae muscles

text: The erector spinae is not just one muscle, but a group of muscles and tendons which run more or less the length of the spine on the left and the right, from the sacrum, or sacral region, and hips to the base of the skull. They are also known as the sacrospinalis group of muscles. These muscles lie on either side of the spinous processes of the vertebrae and extend throughout the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical regions. The erector spinae is covered in the lumbar and thoracic regions by the thoracolumbar fascia, and in the cervical region by the nuchal ligament.


title: Erector spinae muscles

text: This large muscular and tendinous mass varies in size and structure at different parts of the vertebral column. In the sacral region, it is narrow and pointed, and at its origin chiefly tendinous in structure. In the lumbar region, it is larger, and forms a thick fleshy mass. Further up, it is subdivided into three columns. They gradually diminish in size as they ascend to be inserted into the vertebrae and ribs.


title: Erector spinae muscles

text: The erector spinae is attached to the medial crest of the sacrum (a slightly raised feature of the sacrum closer towards the midline of the body as opposed to the "lateral" crest which is further away from the midline of the body), to the spinous processes of the lumbar, and the eleventh and twelfth thoracic vertebrae and the supraspinous ligament, to the back part of the inner lip of the iliac crests (the top border of the hips), and to the lateral crests of the sacrum, where it blends with the sacrotuberous and posterior sacroiliac ligaments.


title: Erector spinae muscles

text: The muscular fibers form a large fleshy mass that splits, in the upper lumbar region, into three columns, viz., a lateral (iliocostalis), an intermediate (longissimus), and a medial (spinalis). Each of these consists of three parts, inferior to superior, as follows:


title: Erector spinae muscles

text: The iliocostalis originates from the sacrum, erector spinae aponeurosis, and iliac crest. The iliocostalis has three different insertions according to the parts:


title: Erector spinae muscles

text: The longissimus muscle is the intermediate and the largest of the three columns. It has three parts with different origin and insertion:


title: Erector spinae muscles

text: From lateral to medial, the erector spinae muscles can be remembered using the mnemonic, I Love Spine. I lliocostalis, Love Longissimus and Spine Spinalis.


title: Erector spinae muscles

text: Below are examples of exercises by which the erector spinae can be strengthened for therapeutic or athletic purposes. Additionally, exercises of the glutes may also be beneficial to lower back health. Care should be taken to avoid injury to the lower back when targeting spinal erectors directly. Exercises include, but are not limited to:


title: Series finale

text: A series finale is the final installment of an episodic entertainment series, most often a television series. It may also refer to a final theatrical sequel, the last part of a television miniseries, the last installment of a literary series, or any final episode.


title: Series finale

text: Most early television series consisted of stand-alone episodes rather than continuing story arcs, so there was little reason to provide closure at the end of their runs. Early comedy series that had special finale episodes include "Howdy Doody" in September 1960, "Leave It to Beaver" in June 1963, "Hank" in April 1966, and "The Dick Van Dyke Show" in June 1966. One of the few dramatic series to have a planned finale during this period was "Route 66", which concluded in March 1964 with a two-part episode in which the pair of philosophical drifters ended their journey across America and then went their separate ways.


title: Series finale

text: Considered to be "the series finale that invented the modern-day series finale," the August 1967 final episode of ABC's "The Fugitive", "The Judgment: Part 2", attracted a 72% audience share when broadcast. This remained the highest viewership percentage in U.S. television history until the 1977 finale of the TV mini-series "Roots" (on the same network) and later the 1980 resolution episode of the internationally prominent "Who Shot J.R.?" cliffhanger of CBS' "Dallas".


title: Series finale

text: The most watched series finale in U.S. television history remains the 1983 finale of the CBS war/medical dramedy "M*A*S*H", titled "Goodbye, Farewell and Amen". Viewed by 105.9 million viewers and drawing 77% of those watching televisions at the time, the finale of "M*A*S*H" held the record for most watched telecast of all-time for decades until 2010's Super Bowl XLIV edged it out with 106 million viewers, which coincidentally also aired on CBS. However, "M*A*S*H"'s final episode remains the all-time most-watched U.S. television episode (and so far, the only single television episode in U.S. history to be watched by at least 100 million viewers for a single telecast).


title: Series finale

text: The second-most-watched series finale in U.S. television history was the 1993 finale of the NBC comedy "Cheers", titled "One for the Road". "One for the Road" was watched by between 80.4 million and 93.5 million viewers (estimates vary) while drawing 64% of TVs turned on at the time. To date, "One for the Road" remains the most watched U.S. TV series finale following the rise of cable television, and in terms of sheer viewership numbers for non-sports programming, sits second only to the aforementioned finale of "M*A*S*H"


title: Series finale

text: With only slightly fewer viewers than the series finale of "Cheers" was the finale of its one-time follow-up on NBC's "Must See TV" Thursday night line-up, the absurdist NBC comedy "Seinfeld". The third most-watched U.S. TV series finale in television history, "Seinfeld"s controversial 1998 episode "The Finale" was watched by 76.3 million people, drawing 67% of all televisions turned on at the time – as the "New York Times" put it, "grazing Super Bowl country" in terms of viewership.


title: Series finale

text: With the shift away from network television viewing toward cable television viewing (and later, internet use) that occurred during the decade between the finales of "M*A*S*H" (1983) and "Cheers" (1993) – and continued unabated until and beyond the finale of "Seinfeld" (1998) – it remains debatable which of these three "event" series finales accomplished the most impressive viewership numbers. Moreover, a large gap in viewership numbers exists between the Super Bowl-sized audiences of the "M*A*S*H", "Cheers" and "Seinfeld" finales, and the fourth and fifth most watched series finales in television history – respectively, those of the comedy "Friends" (2004, NBC, 52.5 million viewers) and the detective procedural "Magnum, P.I." (1988, CBS, 50.7 million viewers). The "Friends" finale's ("The Last One") viewership numbers dwarf those of all finales since the start of the new millennium and seem particularly impressive in light of the increased media options since the 1990s "event" finales of "Cheers" (1993) and "Seinfeld" (1998).


title: Series finale

text: No matter how critically lauded during their respective runs, relatively few popular television series finales end up pleasing critics and audiences universally, or escaping controversy. Prominent examples of controversial series finales include the final episodes of the comedies "Roseanne" ("Into That Good Night", 1997), "Seinfeld" ("The Finale", 1998), "How I Met Your Mother" ("Last Forever", 2014), and "Two and a Half Men" ("Of Course He's Dead", 2015), and those of the dramas "The Sopranos" ("Made in America", 2007), "Game of Thrones" (“The Iron Throne”, 2019), "Lost" ("The End", 2010), "True Blood" ("Thank You", 2014), and "Dexter" ("Remember the Monsters?", 2013). The final episodes of "Dexter", "How I Met Your Mother" and "Game of Thrones", in particular, caused massive backlash from both fans and critics upon airing, and are often regarded as the worst finales in recent memory.


title: Series finale

text: Certain endings have proved extremely divisive among viewers immediately on airing, leading to extensive discussions online, but ended up being generally lauded by critics. Notable examples of this trend are the final episodes of "The Sopranos", "The Wire", and "Lost". For example, "The Sopranos" finale caused millions of viewers to temporarily believe they had lost cable service due to an abrupt blackout. However, all three episodes were also nominated for multiple Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Writing, with "The Sopranos" episode even winning.


title: Series finale

text: Several iconic television series have, however, managed to produce final episodes that lived up to both critics' and audiences' expectations. Examples include the twist endings that concluded both the "Newhart" and "St. Elsewhere" finales, the mixture of comedy and resonance that wrapped up "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", "Cheers", "The Nanny", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air", "Friends", "Everybody Loves Raymond", "Mike & Molly", "The Middle", "Superstore", and "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" and the redemption arc that concluded "The Fugitive".


title: Series finale

text: Several more series finales have received unanimous critical and popular acclaim, and are often considered as benchmarks for great TV endings. Recent examples include the finales of "Friday Night Lights" ("Always", 2011), "30 Rock" ("Last Lunch", 2013), "The Office (US)" ("Finale", 2013), "Breaking Bad" ("Felina", 2013), "Community" ("Emotional Consequences of Broadcast Television", 2015), "Mad Men" ("Person To Person", 2015), 's ("Sozin's Comet", 2008), Adventure Time's ("Come Along With Me", 2018), Regular Show's ("A Regular Epic Final Battle", 2017), "Justified" ("The Promise", 2015), "Person of Interest" ("return 0", 2016), "The Leftovers" ("The Book of Nora", 2017), "The Americans" ("START", 2018), Mr. Robot ("Hello Elliot", 2019), "Schitt's Creek" ("Happy Ending", 2020), "The Good Place" ("Whenever You're Ready", 2020), "" ("Victory and Death", 2020), and "Better Call Saul" ("Saul Gone", 2022).


title: Series finale

text: Examples of universally acclaimed finales from earlier in the millennium include those of "The Office (UK)" ("Interview", 2002), "The Shield" ("Family Meeting", 2008), and "Six Feet Under" ("Everyone's Waiting", 2005), the last of which "TV Guide" ranked at No. 22 on their list of "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time".


title: Series finale

text: Television series finales frequently feature fundamental deviations from the central plot line, such as the resolution of a central mystery or problem, (e.g. "Dallas", "Two and a Half Men", "Full House") the separation or return of a major character (e.g. "Cheers", "That '70s Show", "The Office") or an event signifying the end of an era, such as a change to primary setting for the series (e.g. "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", "Boy Meets World", "Martin", "Liv and Maddie")


title: Series finale

text: Series finales will sometimes include clips or characters from the series' past (e.g. "Seinfeld", "Six Feet Under", "Martin", "Star Trek: The Next Generation"), and the ending moments of the episode often take place in the show's primary setting.