title: Gold Base

text: One of the most prominent VIP visitors to Gold Base is the Scientologist actor Tom Cruise, who first visited in August 1989 to have lunch with Miscavige aboard the "Star of California". Miscavige persuaded Cruise to do all of his Scientology training at the base and thereafter Cruise began to commute between the base and Los Angeles by helicopter each weekend. Cruise was given his own VIP condo in a secluded area in the southern part of the base and was assigned his own valet and a personal chef, Sinar Parman, who had previously been Hubbard's cook. The condo was renovated in 1990 when Cruise was wooing Nicole Kidman; on one occasion, Sea Org members were assigned to fill the place with balloons as a surprise for Kidman. Tennis courts were built nearby at a cost of $200,000 when the couple wanted to take up tennis.


title: Gold Base

text: Wright reports that when Miscavige heard that Cruise had a fantasy of running with Kidman through a meadow full of wildflowers, he ordered Sea Org members to plant an area of the desert. It failed to meet expectations, so it was plowed up and laid with grass instead. However, torrential rain triggered a mudslide that washed away the "meadow". Miscavige was said to have held the entire base responsible for ruining the romantic idyll and ordered everyone to work sixteen-hour days to restore it to its former condition. The Church's chief spokesman, Mike Rinder, denied the story to the "Los Angeles Times", saying that "the wildflower planting never occurred and might be a confused version of repairs done after a 1990 mudslide." Rinder himself fled eighteen months later.


title: Gold Base

text: According to Jeff Hawkins, the Church's former marketing director, elaborate measures were taken to ensure that Cruise did not see what was going on elsewhere on the base. He told KESQ-TV: "The staff is not allowed to talk to him. He's been given tours and I've been on the other end of those and they're very orchestrated. They're on walkie-talkies and they go, 'He's going into this building, he's going into that building.' They have certain staff set up and rehearsed in those spaces to give him a certain scripted talk."


title: Gold Base

text: Attempts by law enforcement to investigate conditions at Gold Base have been blocked by legal difficulties and the unwillingness of those on the base to talk to the police. According to Wright, who wrote about the base in his 2013 book "Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the Prison of Belief", the Riverside County sheriff's office has never received a complaint from someone at the base about their treatment there, despite the many accounts of mistreatment. Wright attributes this to the fear that many Scientologists have of bringing shame upon Scientology and of being forced to break off contact with their friends and family members within the Church.


title: Gold Base

text: A few people have brought complaints in the courts. In 2009, the Headleys sued Scientology under the federal Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 for their treatment at the base ("Headley v. Church of Scientology International"). Scientology acknowledged that the rules under which the Headleys lived included a ban on having children, censored mail, monitored phone calls, needing permission to have Internet access and being disciplined through manual labor. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals noted in a ruling given in July 2012 that Marc Headley had been made to clean human excrement by hand from an aeration pond on the compound with no protective equipment, while Claire Headley was banned from the dining hall for up to eight months in 2002. She lost as a result of subsisting on protein bars and water. In addition, she had two abortions to comply with the Sea Org's no-children policy. The Headleys also experienced physical abuse from Scientology executives and saw others being treated violently.


title: Gold Base

text: But the Court also upheld the lower court's dismissal of Headleys' suit against Scientology, with this observation: "The act bars an employer from obtaining another's labor 'by means of' force, physical restraint, serious harm, threats or an improper scheme ... That text is a problem for the Headleys because the record contains little evidence that the defendants obtained the Headleys' labor 'by means of' serious harm, threats or other improper methods."


title: Sophie Lowe

text: Sophie Lowe (born 5 June 1990) is a British-born Australian actress and singer-songwriter. She is known for appearing in films such as "Beautiful Kate", "Autumn Blood", "After the Dark", "Adore", "Road Kill", "Above Suspicion, Medieval" and "Blow the Man Down", and starring in the television series "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland", "The Slap", "The Returned", and "The Beautiful Lie".


title: Sophie Lowe

text: Lowe was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire, England, and moved to Australia with her family in 2000. In her early teens, she signed to Chadwick Models but quit modelling in favour of acting.


title: Sophie Lowe

text: Lowe's first roles were the short films "Kindle", in which she played the lead role Hayley; "Mirage", which was screened at the Montreal World Film Festival, and "He. She. It.", as well as a number of television advertisements before she graduated from The McDonald College in 2008.


title: Sophie Lowe

text: Lowe's first substantial role was as the lead, Kate, in "Beautiful Kate", which was released in 2009. For her role in "Beautiful Kate," she was nominated for an AFI Award for Best Lead Actress. Her other credits include Natalie in the thriller film "Blame", which was released in 2010. "Blame" was screened and received accolades at Cannes Film Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival, the 35th Toronto International Film Festival, the 47th Chicago International Film Festival and Buenos Aires International Film Festival of Independent Cinema.


title: Sophie Lowe

text: In 2013, Lowe and her fellow McDonald College alumnus Rhys Wakefield co-wrote, co-directed, and starred in the short film "A Man Walks Into a Bar..." The film was a finalist at Sydney's Tropfest short film festival. Lowe and Wakefield previously worked together in the 2013 film "After the Dark".


title: Sophie Lowe

text: From 2013 to 2014, Lowe starred as Alice in "Once Upon a Time in Wonderland", a spin-off of the TV series "Once Upon a Time". The series ended after one season.


title: Sophie Lowe

text: In 2015, Lowe starred in "The Beautiful Lie", an Australian television series broadly based on Leo Tolstoy's novel "Anna Karenina", playing Kitty Ballantyne, and filmed "Waiting for the Miracle to Come", the feature film debut of Australian documentary filmmaker Lian Lunson. In 2016, she joined the independent Australian film "Bloom", and Philip Noyce's thriller "Above Suspicion".


title: Sophie Lowe

text: In 2022, she starred in the Czech period drama film, "Medieval," alongside Ben Foster, The film was directed by Petr Jákl and became the most expensive Czech film ever made. She is set to star alongside actress Louisa Krause in the to be announced film "The Dive".


title: Sophie Lowe

text: Lowe is also a singer-songwriter, originally performing under the alias SOLO. In December 2013, she released a five-song EP via the online music retailer Bandcamp. The music video for the song ""Dreaming"", one of the songs from the "SOLO" EP, was directed by actress and "After the Dark" co-star Bonnie Wright. She later dropped the SOLO name and performed under her real name. In October 2015, she re-released independently her first record as Sophie Lowe, titled "EP1." On the next month, in November of 2015, she released her second EP titled "EP2", with seven songs. Her second extendend play saw a departing of her Alt-folk sound, with "EP2" embracing a more Electropop production while remaining as an Alternative record. To promote the project, Lowe released three singles; <nowiki>"</nowiki>"Understand"<nowiki>", "</nowiki>"Pink Flowers"<nowiki>" and "</nowiki>"Breathe"<nowiki>", the first two end up getting a respective music video. As 2020, the music video for "</nowiki>"Understand"<nowiki>"</nowiki> directed by Dean Francis, is no longer avalaible to stream on her YouTube page. The music video for <nowiki>"</nowiki>"Pink Flowers<nowiki>"</nowiki>" was co-directed by Lowe herself and Lily Rolfe.


title: Sophie Lowe

text: Since 2016, Lowe has release a bunch of stand-alone singles, starting in August when she released a collaboration with TWINKIDS titled, ""Mean"" with the music video being directed by Patrick Fileti and herself. In the same year, she starred in the music video from Australian electronic producer Flume and Canadian singer Kai, titled ""Never Be Like You"" alongside actor Sam Reid, which has over 40 million views on YouTube.


title: Sophie Lowe

text: In October 2017, she released the single, ""Trust"". The song went to be featured on tv series such as The Bold Type and Charmed. As November 2022, the single is her most popular song on Spotify with over 1 million streams.


title: Sophie Lowe

text: In September 2018. she released the single, ""Taught You How To Feel"", music video was directed by Bonnie Wright, making this her second collaboration between them, since the single ""Dreaming"" in 2013.


title: Sophie Lowe

text: On 11 May 2021, Lowe released the single, ""I Don't Want You Around"", the music video was directed and edited by herself.


title: Sophie Lowe

text: Speaking to the media in October 2015, Lowe said she had a two-fold focus. When she had free time between acting, she tried to do as much music as she could. She stated that she would not give up acting for the sake of her burgeoning musical career. "There's no way I'm not acting," she said, "because that's my life."


title: Sophie Lowe

text: In 2018, it was confirmed that Lowe was dating Australian singer-songwriter Vance Joy, after he thanked and called her, ""My girlfriend Sophie"" in his acceptence speech at the ARIA Music Awards. They eventually broke-up, without revealing any information on the subject.


title: Razor strop

text: A razor strop or simply a strop (sometimes called a razor strap or strap) is a flexible strip of leather, canvas, denim fabric, balsa wood, or other soft material, used to straighten and polish the blade of a straight razor, a knife, or a woodworking tool such as a chisel. In many cases stropping re-aligns parts of the blade edge that have been bent out of alignment. In other cases, especially when abrasive polishing compound is used, stropping may remove a small amount of metal (functionally equivalent to lapping). Stropping can also burnish (i.e. push metal around on) the blade.


title: Razor strop

text: The strop may be a hanging strop or a hand-held paddle. Various abrasive compounds may be applied to the strop to aid in polishing the blade while stropping to obtain a mirror-like finish. Common abrasive compounds include half-micron diamonds, green chromium(III) oxide, white rouge (aluminum oxide), and jeweller's rouge (iron(III) oxide).


title: Razor strop

text: Stropping is traditionally associated with straight razors used for shaving, as these are the thinnest blades in everyday use, and therefore require frequent stropping. Kitchen knives may be straightened on a honing steel if less sharpness is acceptable. In principle, any blade may be polished by stropping. Custom strops are made to hone irregularly-shaped tools, such as chisels or gouges, and nearly any piece of smooth leather or heavy fabric infused with abrasive compound may be used for stropping.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: Haradanahalli Deve Gowda Kumaraswamy, (born 16 December 1959) known among followers as Kumaranna ("Kumar, the elder brother"), is an Indian politician and businessman who served as the 18th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 23 May 2018 to 23 July 2019. He is a former president of the Karnataka State Janata Dal (Secular) and the son of former Chief Minister of Karnataka & former prime minister of India H. D. Deve Gowda.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: Kumaraswamy has served two terms as the Chief Minister of Karnataka–2006 to 2007 and 2018 to 2019. He resigned from the position of Chief Minister on 23 July 2019 after his coalition government lost a no trust motion in the 15th Assembly to the Bharatiya Janata Party.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: Kumaraswamy was born in Haradanahalli, Holenarasipura taluk of Hassan district, Karnataka to H. D. Deve Gowda and Chennamma.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: He completed primary education in a government school in Hassan district. He finished his high school studies in Bangalore's MES Educational Institution in Jayanagar and Bachelor of Science degree from National College Basavanagudi, Bangalore.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: Kumaraswamy entered politics by winning from Kanakapura (in Ramanagara District) in the 1996 general elections. He sought re-election from Kanakapura in 1998 and lost to M. V. Chandrashekara Murthy. This was Kumaraswamy's worst defeat ever where he lost by such a margin that he even forfeited his deposit.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: He again contested unsuccessfully for a Sathanur assembly seat in 1999 when he was defeated by congress heavyweight D. K. Shivakumar. In 2004, he was elected to represent the Ramanagara assembly segment. When the 2004 state elections resulted in a hung assembly with no party getting enough seats to form a government, the Indian National Congress and Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)) parties decided to come together and form a coalition government. Known for his adaptability and friendly nature, Dharam Singh of the Congress was the unanimous choice of both parties to head the government. He was sworn in as chief minister on 28 May 2004. Forty-two MLAs of Janata Dal (Secular) under Kumaraswamy's leadership left the coalition and the government collapsed. On 28 January 2006, Karnataka Governor T. N. Chaturvedi invited Kumaraswamy to form the government in the state after the resignation of the Congress Government led by Dharam Singh.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: On 27 September 2007, Kumaraswamy said that he would leave office on 3 October as part of a power-sharing agreement between the Janata Dal (Secular) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), despite the calls of some legislators in the JD(S) for him to remain in office for the time being, due to complications in arranging the transfer of power. However, on 4 October 2007, he refused to transfer power to the BJP. Finally, on 8 October 2007, he tendered his resignation to Governor Rameshwar Thakur, and the state was put under President's rule two days later. However, he reconciled later and decided to offer support to the BJP. BJP's B. S. Yeddyurappa was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Karnataka on 12 November 2007.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: But, again refused to support BJP government over a disagreement on sharing of ministries which resulted in Yeddyurappa resignation as Chief Minister on 19 November 2007.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: After the untimely demise of Karnataka state JD(S) President Merajuddin Patel, he was elected unopposed as President of the state unit.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: However, after the by-election results of Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency and Mandya in which his party candidates lost, he resigned from the post of President of the Janata Dal (Secular) State unit, and as leader of the opposition.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: However, party cadres succeeded in convincing him not to quit as leader of opposition in the Karnataka Assembly. In September 2013, A. Krishnappa was selected as Janata Dal-Secular's president for Karnataka, filling the vacancy left by Kumaraswamy.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: In November 2014 Kumaraswamy was elected as Karnataka state Janata Dal (Secular) President. Kumaraswamy is also known for accusing political rivals of corruption.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: In 2018 elections in Karnataka state, JD(S) was the third-largest party but after a post-poll alliance with the Rahul Gandhi led Indian National Congress, he was sworn in as the Chief Minister on 23 May 2018.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: In the 2019 parliament elections, his son Nikhil Gowda contested in the Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency) against an independent candidate Sumalatha, wife of film actor Late Ambareesh. Kumaraswamy took this contest as a prestige and campaigned all across the constituency. In vain his son lost the election by a margin of 1,30,000 odd votes. This was a major setback and abashment to Kumaraswamy in his political career. He also shed tears in a party convention in Mandya, recalling the election loss faced by his son.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: On the month of July 2019, His Government lost its majority when 13 MLAs of Congress and 3 MLAs of his own party resigned to their MLA Posts. BSP MLA Mahesh N & 2 Independent MLAs withdrew their support for H.D.Kumaraswamy led coalition Government in Karnataka. On 23 July Kumaraswamy lost his majority in Karnataka floor test.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: Kumaraswamy resigned to the Chief Minister post, by submitting his resignation letter to governor Vajubhai Vala on 23 July 2019. Then BJP was invited to form the government as the single largest party, by the governor and B. S.Yediyurappa took oath as the Chief Minister of Karnataka by succeeding him.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: Kumaraswamy is into film production and distribution. He has produced several Kannada films including "Chandra Chakori", a huge hit, credited with 365 day-run in theaters. Surya Vamsha which was directed by S. Narayan was the debut movie produced by Kumaraswamy under Chennambika films, named after his mother. In 2016 his banner also produced his son's debut movie Jaguar (2016 film) and his 2nd movie Seetharama Kalyana in 2019.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: In September 2007, Kumaraswamy started the Kannada television channel Kasturi. The channel is now owned and managed by his wife Anitha.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: Kumaraswamy was accused of bigamy which is illegal according to Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 of India. A public interest litigation was filed after media reports of his marriage to Kannada cinema actress Radhika Kumaraswamy surfaced. Since Kumaraswamy is married to his first wife Anitha, his second marriage with Radhika is a violation of law . However a division bench of Karnataka High Court headed by Chief Justice Vikramajit Sen dismissed the case citing "lack of proof".


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: Kumaraswamy and his wife Anitha are facing charges in the Janthakal mining scam. He is accused of pressuring a senior bureaucrat to renew Janthakal Enterprise's lease of iron ore mining for 40 years on the basis of forged documents and violating several rules. The bureaucrat, Ganga Ram Baderiya, was allegedly given kickbacks by Janthakal Enterprise. The owner of Janthakal Enterprises, mining baron Vinod Goel, was arrested in 2015 on charges of forgery. A Special Investigation Team (SIT) is probing this scam on the direction of Supreme Court of India.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: Kumaraswamy and his wife Anitha are accused of misuse of official position in allotment of 80 acres of land to Vishwabharati House Building Cooperative Society Ltd, a private cooperative society, which later made a quid pro quo site allotment to Anitha, during Kumaraswamy's tenure as Chief Minister in 2006.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: In December 2018, Kumaraswamy was caught on tape purportedly instructing someone, allegedly a senior police officer, to avenge the killing of a local Janata Dal (Secular) leader, Honnalagere Prakash. He was heard saying: "He (Prakash) was a good man, I don't know why did they murder him. Kill them (assailants) mercilessly in a shootout, no problem."


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: The video was shared widely on social media and Kumaraswamy came under heavy criticism by the opposing party, accusing him of being irresponsible and skirting proper law and order. His office later issued a statement saying the comments were an emotional reaction to the incident and not orders.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: Kumaraswamy called for a press meet and released a CD containing 35 video clips of the violence during the Mangalore protests against the CAA. The video presented the policemen acting violently against the protesters and beating up the civilians of the city, leading to riots in the city. He accused that the police directly followed the government orders inhumanly and were the main reason for the shoot out that killed 2 people during the protests.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: The BJP in return accused that these video clips are all edited versions of older footages of some other circumstances. They also said that Kumaraswamy is misleading the people by producing inappropriate footages in public that provokes confusion and violence among the people. The BJP included saying that Kumaraswamy, being a senior politician in the state is directly accusing the government officials and the police, which is unacceptable.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: The MP of Mandya Sumalatha Ambareesh accused that the ongoing Illegal Mining in and around the areas of KRS Dam, would bring in a significant damage to the historic reservoir. She directly charged that JDS members headed by H. D. Kumaraswamy were involved in the mining. This further lead to brutal verbal arguments between the two.


title: H. D. Kumaraswamy

text: The verbal spat had begun on July 5 when Kumaraswamy made personal attacks against Sumalatha over the issue of leasing out MySugar factory in Mandya to private industries and illegal mining near KRS dam, which elicited a sharp reaction from the actress-turned politician. Accusations were also made that her phone was being tapped during JDS-Congress tenure. She also hit out at Kumaraswamy and his party colleagues for repeatedly bringing in her late husband and popular actor-turned-politician Ambareesh's name to attack her.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Fish Tank is a 2009 British drama film written and directed by Andrea Arnold. The film is about Mia, a volatile and socially isolated 15-year-old, and her relationship with her mother's new boyfriend. "Fish Tank" was well-received and won the Jury Prize at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. It also won the 2010 BAFTA for Best British Film. It was included in the BBC's The 21st Century's 100 greatest films (compiled in 2016), ranking at no. 65 on the list.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: The film was funded by BBC Films and the UK Film Council. It was theatrically released on 11 September 2009 by Curzon Artificial Eye.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Mia Williams, a volatile and socially isolated 15-year-old, lives on an East London council estate with her single mother, Joanne, and younger sister, Tyler. Mia has just fallen out with her best friend, Keely. She doesn't get along with her precocious sister, nor with her verbally abusive mother. Mia provokes Keely's other friends with physical aggression. Mia regularly practices hip-hop dance alone in a deserted flat in her family's building, drinking alcoholic cider beforehand.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Later, Mia comes across a tethered horse in a Traveller encampment. She tries to free it, only to be caught and chased by two young men, the horse's owners. Billy, the younger of the two, is less hostile to Mia.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Mia's mother Joanne's new boyfriend, Conor, is charming and handsome. He notices Mia's dance moves, and invites Mia and Tyler to come with him and Joanne on a day-trip to the countryside. He introduces them to his favourite song, Bobby Womack's version of "California Dreamin', and shows Mia how to catch a fish using her bare hands. Although Mia is abrupt with Conor, she seeks his attention.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: A social worker visits Joanne regarding Mia, offering a referral to a boarding unit for disengaged teens. Mia flees. At an internet café, Mia takes a poster stuck up in the window by a club that is clearly advertising for erotic dancers. Friends of Keely enter the internet cafe and argue with and attack Mia. Later, Mia visits Conor at work where he is a security guard. Conor encourages her to apply for the dancing audition, lending her a video camera to record an audition on. Their interactions become increasingly flirtatious.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Conor later administers a flirtatious spanking to Mia when she returns, and Mia becomes jealous and angry when she overhears Conor and her mother having sex. After that, Mia assists Billy in stealing a car engine part from a junkyard, appearing to flirt.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Mia is invited by the club to perform in person after sending in her tape. With Joanne passed out drunk upstairs, and after Mia and Conor have also been drinking, Conor asks to see Mia's dance routine. She dances to "California Dreamin', and Conor initiates sex. Conor tells Mia to keep their liaison a secret. The following morning, Mia hears her mother crying as Conor has left. In her anger, Joanne tells Mia she planned to abort her whilst pregnant. Mia tracks Conor down to his middle-class home. He explains that he cannot see her anymore because of her age and drives her to a station. However, Mia returns to his house and sneaks in. She finds a video camera which reveals footage of Conor's partner and their young daughter, Keira. Mia angrily urinates on Conor's living room floor, and then sneaks out of the back door when the family return home.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Mia lingers by Conor's home and eventually leads Keira away from her family. Keira tries to escape Mia, who catches up with her, and in the struggle inadvertently pushes her into the river. Mia pulls Keira out and takes her home anonymously. Conor soon chases Mia down post Keira's return, chasing Mia across a field and forcefully slapping her.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Mia goes to her dance audition, soon realising its true nature. The other participants perform erotic auditions. Mia takes the stage, but as the music she had chosen (Bobby Womack's version of "California Dreamin'" from Conor's CD) starts, she dejectedly leaves the stage.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Mia heads to Billy's home, not finding the horse. Billy tells her that the horse had to be put down, to which Mia responds by breaking down in tears. Billy invites Mia to relocate with him to Cardiff. Mia returns home to pack for the trip, and, despite their coldness, joins Joanne and her sister in synchronised dancing to Nas' "Life's a Bitch". Mia and Billy depart for Wales.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Katie Jarvis, who plays Mia, had no prior acting experience. She was cast for the film after one of Arnold's casting assistants saw her arguing with her boyfriend in , which is the railway station featured in the film.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Principal photography began 28 July 2008 over the course of six weeks, and was filmed in chronological order. Actors were unaware of their characters' trajectories through the film due to only being provided relevant sections of the script at a time.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Location filming took place on the Mardyke Estate in Havering, in the town of Tilbury, and on the A13.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Music features prominently in the film. The song Mia uses at her audition is "California Dreamin'", as covered by Bobby Womack (1968). Characters in the film dance to the song "Me & U" by Cassie and the video for Down 4 U by Ja Rule and Ashanti is shown on screen. Other songs include "Jah Rule (w/ Paul St. Hilaire)" by Rhythm & Sound (Album: W/The Artists), "Life's a Bitch" by Nas, "Just to Get a Rep" by Gang Starr, "Cool Down the Pace" by Gregory Isaacs, "Your House" by Steel Pulse, "Juice" by Eric B and Rakim, "Baby girl" by Wiley, "Show Me Love" (Stonebridge Club Mix) by Robin S, "Get Up Offa That Thing" by James Brown, "In The Fading Light" by New Device, and "Original Nuttah" by Shy FX & UK Apache.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: The film has no non-diegetic music; the entire soundtrack consists of songs and music played by characters within the narrative.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on 14 May 2009. Curzon Artificial Eye and IFC Films acquired United Kingdom and United States distribution rights to the film respectively. The film went onto screen at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, Karlovy Vary Film Festival, Telluride Film Festival, and the Toronto International Film Festival. The film was released in the United Kingdom on 11 September 2009. It was then released in the United States on 15 January 2010.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes reports that 91% of critics reviewed the film positively, based on a sample of 143 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6 out of 10. The consensus states "Cannes Jury Prize-winner "Fish Tank" is gritty British realism at its very best, with flawless performances from newcomer Kate Jarvis, and Michael Fassbender." The "New Yorker"'s David Denby writes, ""Fish Tank" may begin as a patch of lower-class chaos, but it turns into a commanding, emotionally satisfying movie, comparable to such youth-in-trouble classics as "The 400 Blows"".


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: "Fish Tank" was released domestically on 11 September 2009 taking £103,180 on its first weekend and a total of £332,488. As of 15 June 2010, the film earned $374,675 in the United States and $1,612,034 elsewhere, bringing the worldwide total to $1,986,709.


title: Fish Tank (film)

text: A new high-definition digital transfer of the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by The Criterion Collection in February 2011. Extras include three short films by director Andrea Arnold: "Milk" (1998), "Dog" (2001), and the Oscar-winning "Wasp" (2003).


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: Ferran Jutglà Blanch (born 1 February 1999) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Belgian First Division A side Club Brugge.


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: He spent most of his youth at Espanyol, but made no first-team appearances and was released in 2021, going on to play nine games and score twice for Barcelona. In 2022, he signed for Club Brugge for €5 million, winning the Belgian Super Cup in his first game.


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: Born in Sant Julià de Vilatorta, Barcelona, Catalonia, Jutglà joined Espanyol's youth setup in 2012, after representing Sant Julià de Vilatorta CF and Vic Riuprimer REFO FC. He left the former club in 2015, and subsequently played for Vic and Unificación Bellvitge before signing for Sant Andreu in 2017.


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: Initially joining the "Juvenil A" squad, Jutglà made his senior debut on 20 August 2017, playing the last 12 minutes in a 0–0 Tercera División home draw against Santboià. He scored his first senior goal on 3 September, netting his team's second in a 2–0 home win over Pobla de Mafumet.


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: On 14 February 2018, after eight first team matches, Jutglà was transferred to Valencia and immediately returned to the youth setup. He returned to Espanyol on 18 July, but was immediately loaned back to Sant Andreu for the 2018–19 season. He was a regular starter before returning to his parent club in July 2019, and was subsequently assigned to the B-team in Segunda División B.


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: In July 2020, Jutglà was called up for the first team under manager Francisco Rufete for a La Liga game against Eibar, but did not play. On 22 June 2021, despite featuring regularly for the B's, Espanyol announced that Jutglà would leave the club at the expiration of his contract on 30 June.


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: On 22 June 2021, just hours after announcing his departure from Espanyol, Jutglà signed a one-year contract with city rivals FC Barcelona, being initially assigned to the reserves in Primera División RFEF. He made his debut for "Barça B" on 28 August, starting in a 1–1 home draw against Algeciras CF.


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: Jutglà scored his first goal for the B's on 24 September 2021, netting his team's second in a 2–1 home win over Linense. On 11 December, he was called up by first team manager Xavi to trainings.


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: On 12 December 2021, Jutglà made his first team – and La Liga – debut for Barcelona, coming on as a late substitute for goalscorer Abde Ezzalzouli in a 2–2 away draw against Osasuna. On his first match as a starter six days later, he scored the opener of a 3–2 home win over Elche. On 26 May, he announced his departure from the club in a Twitter post.


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: On 8 June 2022, Club Brugge announced the signing of Jutglà on a four-year deal for a transfer fee of €5 million. He made his debut on 17 July, starting in their 1–0 Belgian Super Cup victory over Gent. On 13 September, he converted a penalty in a 4–0 away Champions League group win away to Porto, his first goal in the competition.


title: Ferran Jutglà

text: On 24 May 2022, Jutglà was called up by manager Gerard López of the unofficial Catalonia national football team for a match against Jamaica in Girona, replacing Dani Olmo. In the game the following day, he came on in the 59th minute for hat-trick scorer Gerard Deulofeu and scored the fifth goal of a 6–0 win.


title: Gimbal lock

text: Gimbal lock is the loss of one degree of freedom in a three-dimensional, three-gimbal mechanism that occurs when the axes of two of the three gimbals are driven into a parallel configuration, "locking" the system into rotation in a degenerate two-dimensional space.


title: Gimbal lock

text: The term gimbal-"lock" can be misleading in the sense that none of the individual gimbals are actually restrained. All three gimbals can still rotate freely about their respective axes of suspension. Nevertheless, because of the parallel orientation of two of the gimbals' axes there is no gimbal available to accommodate rotation about one axis, leaving the suspended object effectively locked (i.e. unable to rotate) around that axis.


title: Gimbal lock

text: A gimbal is a ring that is suspended so it can rotate about an axis. Gimbals are typically nested one within another to accommodate rotation about multiple axes.


title: Gimbal lock

text: They appear in gyroscopes and in inertial measurement units to allow the inner gimbal's orientation to remain fixed while the outer gimbal suspension assumes any orientation. In compasses and flywheel energy storage mechanisms they allow objects to remain upright. They are used to orient thrusters on rockets.


title: Gimbal lock

text: Some coordinate systems in mathematics behave as if there were real gimbals used to measure the angles, notably Euler angles.


title: Gimbal lock

text: For cases of three or fewer nested gimbals, gimbal lock inevitably occurs at some point in the system due to properties of covering spaces (described below).


title: Gimbal lock

text: While only two specific orientations produce exact gimbal lock, practical mechanical gimbals encounter difficulties near those orientations. When a set of gimbals is close to the locked configuration, small rotations of the gimbal platform require large motions of the surrounding gimbals. Although the ratio is infinite only at the point of gimbal lock, the practical speed and acceleration limits of the gimbals—due to inertia (resulting from the mass of each gimbal ring), bearing friction, the flow resistance of air or other fluid surrounding the gimbals (if they are not in a vacuum), and other physical and engineering factors—limit the motion of the platform close to that point.


title: Gimbal lock

text: Gimbal lock can occur in gimbal systems with two degrees of freedom such as a theodolite with rotations about an azimuth and elevation in two dimensions. These systems can gimbal lock at zenith and nadir, because at those points azimuth is not well-defined, and rotation in the azimuth direction does not change the direction the theodolite is pointing.


title: Gimbal lock

text: Consider tracking a helicopter flying towards the theodolite from the horizon. The theodolite is a telescope mounted on a tripod so that it can move in azimuth and elevation to track the helicopter. The helicopter flies towards the theodolite and is tracked by the telescope in elevation and azimuth. The helicopter flies immediately above the tripod (i.e. it is at zenith) when it changes direction and flies at 90 degrees to its previous course. The telescope cannot track this maneuver without a discontinuous jump in one or both of the gimbal orientations. There is no continuous motion that allows it to follow the target. It is in gimbal lock. So there is an infinity of directions around zenith for which the telescope cannot continuously track all movements of a target. Note that even if the helicopter does not pass through zenith, but only "near" zenith, so that gimbal lock does not occur, the system must still move exceptionally rapidly to track it, as it rapidly passes from one bearing to the other. The closer to zenith the nearest point is, the faster this must be done, and if it actually goes through zenith, the limit of these "increasingly rapid" movements becomes "infinitely" fast, namely discontinuous.


title: Gimbal lock

text: To recover from gimbal lock the user has to go around the zenith – explicitly: reduce the elevation, change the azimuth to match the azimuth of the target, then change the elevation to match the target.


title: Gimbal lock

text: Mathematically, this corresponds to the fact that spherical coordinates do not define a coordinate chart on the sphere at zenith and nadir. Alternatively, the corresponding map "T"→"S" from the torus "T" to the sphere "S" (given by the point with given azimuth and elevation) is not a covering map at these points.


title: Gimbal lock

text: Consider a case of a level-sensing platform on an aircraft flying due north with its three gimbal axes mutually perpendicular (i.e., roll, pitch and yaw angles each zero). If the aircraft pitches up 90 degrees, the aircraft and platform's yaw axis gimbal becomes parallel to the roll axis gimbal, and changes about yaw can no longer be compensated for.


title: Gimbal lock

text: This problem may be overcome by use of a fourth gimbal, actively driven by a motor so as to maintain a large angle between roll and yaw gimbal axes. Another solution is to rotate one or more of the gimbals to an arbitrary position when gimbal lock is detected and thus reset the device.


title: Gimbal lock

text: Modern practice is to avoid the use of gimbals entirely. In the context of inertial navigation systems, that can be done by mounting the inertial sensors directly to the body of the vehicle (this is called a strapdown system) and integrating sensed rotation and acceleration digitally using quaternion methods to derive vehicle orientation and velocity. Another way to replace gimbals is to use fluid bearings or a flotation chamber.


title: Gimbal lock

text: A well-known gimbal lock incident happened in the Apollo 11 Moon mission. On this spacecraft, a set of gimbals was used on an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The engineers were aware of the gimbal lock problem but had declined to use a fourth gimbal. Some of the reasoning behind this decision is apparent from the following quote:


title: Gimbal lock

text: They preferred an alternate solution using an indicator that would be triggered when near to 85 degrees pitch.


title: Gimbal lock

text: Rather than try to drive the gimbals faster than they could go, the system simply gave up and froze the platform. From this point, the spacecraft would have to be manually moved away from the gimbal lock position, and the platform would have to be manually realigned using the stars as a reference.


title: Gimbal lock

text: After the Lunar Module had landed, Mike Collins aboard the Command Module joked "How about sending me a fourth gimbal for Christmas?"


title: Gimbal lock

text: In robotics, gimbal lock is commonly referred to as "wrist flip", due to the use of a "triple-roll wrist" in robotic arms, where three axes of the wrist, controlling yaw, pitch, and roll, all pass through a common point.


title: Gimbal lock

text: An example of a wrist flip, also called a wrist singularity, is when the path through which the robot is traveling causes the first and third axes of the robot's wrist to line up. The second wrist axis then attempts to spin 180° in zero time to maintain the orientation of the end effector. The result of a singularity can be quite dramatic and can have adverse effects on the robot arm, the end effector, and the process.


title: Gimbal lock

text: The importance of avoiding singularities in robotics has led the American National Standard for Industrial Robots and Robot Systems – Safety Requirements to define it as "a condition caused by the collinear alignment of two or more robot axes resulting in unpredictable robot motion and velocities".


title: Gimbal lock

text: The problem of gimbal lock appears when one uses Euler angles in applied mathematics; developers of 3D computer programs, such as 3D modeling, embedded navigation systems, and video games must take care to avoid it.


title: Gimbal lock

text: In formal language, gimbal lock occurs because the map from Euler angles to rotations (topologically, from the 3-torus "T" to the real projective space RP which is the same as the space of 3d rotations SO3) is not a local homeomorphism at every point, and thus at some points the rank (degrees of freedom) must drop below 3, at which point gimbal lock occurs. Euler angles provide a means for giving a numerical description of any rotation in three-dimensional space using three numbers, but not only is this description not unique, but there are some points where not every change in the target space (rotations) can be realized by a change in the source space (Euler angles). This is a topological constraint – there is no covering map from the 3-torus to the 3-dimensional real projective space; the only (non-trivial) covering map is from the 3-sphere, as in the use of quaternions.


title: Gimbal lock

text: To make a comparison, all the translations can be described using three numbers formula_1, formula_2, and formula_3, as the succession of three consecutive linear movements along three perpendicular axes formula_4, formula_5 and formula_6 axes. The same holds true for rotations: all the rotations can be described using three numbers formula_7, formula_8, and formula_9, as the succession of three rotational movements around three axes that are perpendicular one to the next. This similarity between linear coordinates and angular coordinates makes Euler angles very intuitive, but unfortunately they suffer from the gimbal lock problem.


title: Gimbal lock

text: A rotation in 3D space can be represented numerically with matrices in several ways. One of these representations is:


title: Gimbal lock

text: An example worth examining happens when formula_11. Knowing that formula_12 and formula_13, the above expression becomes equal to:


title: Gimbal lock

text: Changing the values of formula_7 and formula_9 in the above matrix has the same effects: the rotation angle formula_19 changes, but the rotation axis remains in the formula_6 direction: the last column and the first row in the matrix won't change. The only solution for formula_7 and formula_9 to recover different roles is to change formula_8.


title: Gimbal lock

text: It is possible to imagine an airplane rotated by the above-mentioned Euler angles using the X-Y-Z convention. In this case, the first angle - formula_7 is the pitch. Yaw is then set to formula_25 and the final rotation - by formula_9 - is again the airplane's pitch. Because of gimbal lock, it has lost one of the degrees of freedom - in this case the ability to roll.


title: Gimbal lock

text: It is also possible to choose another convention for representing a rotation with a matrix using Euler angles than the X-Y-Z convention above, and also choose other variation intervals for the angles, but in the end there is always at least one value for which a degree of freedom is lost.


title: Gimbal lock

text: The gimbal lock problem does not make Euler angles "invalid" (they always serve as a well-defined coordinate system), but it makes them unsuited for some practical applications.


title: Gimbal lock

text: The cause of gimbal lock is the representation of orientation in calculations as three axial rotations based on Euler angles. A potential solution therefore is to represent the orientation in some other way. This could be as a rotation matrix, a quaternion (see quaternions and spatial rotation), or a similar orientation representation that treats the orientation as a value rather than three separate and related values. Given such a representation, the user stores the orientation as a value. To quantify angular changes produced by a transformation, the orientation change is expressed as a delta angle/axis rotation. The resulting orientation must be re-normalized to prevent the accumulation of floating-point error in successive transformations. For matrices, re-normalizing the result requires converting the matrix into its nearest orthonormal representation. For quaternions, re-normalization requires performing quaternion normalization.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: It was added to "Pokémon Red" and "Blue" by its creator, Game Freak programmer Shigeki Morimoto, as an intended obtainable Pokemon. However, due to a lack of cartridge space, and the inability to write/add additional storyline/plot points to lead up to an in-game encounter with the Pokemon, it was ultimately not obtainable within the game. It was still viewable within the game's background data, which led to the assumption and ultimate confirmation that it was originally intended to be available within the game. As such, its presence within the game's background data has been surrounded by rumors and myths, which contributed to making the "Pokémon" franchise a success. For years, Mew could not be legitimately obtained in the games except through Pokémon distribution events or via glitches.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: Mew's first film appearance was in "" as a main character alongside Mewtwo. The movie revealed that a fossilized Mew eyelash, found in the Guyana jungle by a team of scientists, was used to create Mewtwo, a genetically enhanced Mew clone. Mew later appeared in "" as a main character alongside Lucario; the backstory of the film revolves around Mew's mysterious history and how it came to be so powerful. "" had a mirage version of Mew appear as a main character in the movie who helped Ash and friends try to defeat the Mirage Master.</onlyinclude>


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: Unlike the older characters in the "Pokémon" franchise, Mew's development was not overseen by Ken Sugimori, but by Game Freak programmer Shigeki Morimoto. Morimoto programmed Mew into the game secretly as a prank amongst the staff just prior to its release in Japan. It was intended to be a Pokémon only Game Freak staff members would know about and be able to obtain. Mew was added at the very end of the development of "Pokémon Red" and "Blue" after the removal of debug features, freeing up just enough space to add the character despite being told not to alter the game any further at this point. Though not intended by the developers to be obtainable, due to a glitch, players were able to encounter it.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: In the spring of 1996, Game Freak's president Satoshi Tajiri used the Japanese manga journal "CoroCoro Comic" as an experimental exhibition of Mew and distributed the first cards of it for the card game as free giveaways, which surprised many at Game Freak, including Morimoto. Due to the success of the experiment on April 15, 1996, Game Freak announced a contest to publicly release Mew to 151 winners, with the number referencing the number of Pokemon during that generation and Mew's Pokedex number. Tajiri described using Mew to create hype around an "invisible character" within the game and to keep interest alive in the title and create rumors and myths about the game passed around by word of mouth, which resulted in increased sales for the game.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: Mew is a Psychic-type Pokémon with high stats. Morimoto designed it as a pale pink feliform creature with somewhat large eyes and a long, thin tail that broadens at the end, though the shiny version is blue and rarely distributed. Its skin is covered with a layer of short, fine hair which may only be viewed under a microscope. Its DNA combines the genetic composition of all existing Pokémon species; the game states that scientists within the game view it as being the single ancestor of all other Pokémon. It is shy and rarely seen by humans. It is a Mythical Pokémon, though it was previously classified in non-Japanese media as a Legendary Pokémon alongside Pokémon such as Articuno, Zapdos, Moltres, and Mewtwo. Mew's number in the National Pokédex is 151, the last of the first-generation Pokémon, with 150 being Mewtwo and 152 being Chikorita. In the first-generation games and their remakes, the player can find journal entries in the Pokémon Mansion on Cinnabar Island stating that Mew was discovered deep in the jungles of Guyana, South America, on July 5 of an unspecified year, and named on July 10, and that it "gave birth" to Mewtwo on February 6. Both the Japanese name ミュウ, "Myū", and its romanized form "Mew" are based on the English words "mutant" or "mutation", as well as the onomatopoeia “mew”, the sound a kitten makes, referring to its size and cat-like appearance.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: In the video games, it is possible for Mew to learn any move that can be taught (except for signature moves that only certain Pokemon know, unless if Mew uses the move Copycat). In addition to Ditto and Smeargle (through the Sketch technique), it can "transform" into other Pokémon. In the anime, it is capable of flight, teleportation, shapeshifting (via the move Transform), rendering itself invisible, and summoning bubbles of psychic energy for protection, amusement, or other purposes.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: Mew is mentioned in "Pokémon Red" and "Blue" in the Cinnabar Mansion, in a journal referencing that Mew is in Guyana. For a time, Mew could only be legitimately obtained in the "Pokémon" video games via Nintendo promotional event distributions. Mew was first revealed and made available to the public in the April 1996 issue of "CoroCoro Comics". This issue offered a promotion called the "Legendary Pokémon Offer", where 20 randomly selected entrants could send their cartridges in for Nintendo to add Mew to their games. At Nintendo promotional events soon after the release of "Pokémon Red" and "Blue", players could have it downloaded to their games. This period ended with the release of "My Pokémon Ranch", where Mew was accessible legitimately without an event distribution. Mew also appears as one of the Pokémon that can be released from the Poké Ball item in the "Super Smash Bros." series. When sent out, it flies away from the stage, usually dropping rare items as it does so.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: The creature has also long been accessible by the use of glitches or cheating devices. One of the glitches discovered in "Pokémon Red", "Blue", and "Yellow" involves exploiting programmed events. Walking into the view of a Trainer, then using a Pokémon's "Fly" or "Teleport" move (or "Dig" or the item "Escape Rope" in caves) to escape the area right before the Trainer notices the player, then battling a Pokémon with the correct Special stat in a different area and immediately returning to the original location starts a battle with a wild Mew. It also appeared in several Pokémon games such as "Pokémon Diamond", "Pokémon Pearl", "Pokémon Platinum", "Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver". "Pokémon Black and White", "Pokémon X and Y" and "Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire". Mew also appears in "Pokémon Go" and "New Pokémon Snap". Players can now easily get a Mew by buying a Poke Ball Plus, which contains only one Mew. The Mew from the Poke Ball Plus can be transferred to either "" or "Pokémon Sword and Shield". Mew is also obtainable in "Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl" if save data exists for one of the "Let's Go" games.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: Mew's first major appearance in the "Pokémon" anime was in "", where it served as one of the main characters. It was believed to be long-extinct and "the legendary and rare 'most powerful Pokémon ever. After years of research, scientists used a recombination of Mew's DNA to create Mewtwo, a genetically enhanced clone of Mew who becomes the film's main antagonist. The backstory of "Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew" revolves around Mew's mysterious history and how it came to be so powerful. In the movie, a Pokémon "family tree" is shown; the first Pokémon on it is Mew, and the last is Ho-Oh. In "", Mew appeared in a flashback showing the childhood of Goh, Ash Ketchum's current traveling companion. Ever since that encounter, Goh is currently working his way to Mew by catching all known Pokemon in the world.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: Mew appears in the "Pokémon Adventures" series of "Pokémon" manga. Mew, also known as the "Phantom Pokémon" in the manga, appears in the first chapter when the criminal organization Team Rocket tries to capture it. Pokémon Trainer Red also tries to capture it, but he is easily defeated by Mew. In following chapters, it is revealed that Team Rocket wants to have Mew's DNA to finish the creation of Mewtwo, and Red and Trainer Green join forces to avoid it being captured.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: A promotion in the April 1996 issue of "CoroCoro Comics" called the "Legendary Pokémon Offer" offered the 20 winners the opportunity to send their cartridges in for Nintendo to add Mew to their games. To promote the "Pokémon" franchise, Mew is one of the Pokémon featured in the 1998 painting on the All Nippon Airways Boeing 747-400.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: In September 2006, in celebration of the release of "Lucario and the Mystery of Mew" and , players with a copy of "Ruby", "Sapphire", "Emerald", "FireRed", or "LeafGreen" could go to a Toys "R" Us store to download the creature for free. Included in the DVD of "Lucario and the Mystery of Mew" was a promotional Mew trading card.


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: The revealing and distribution of Mew through organized events has been noted as a major reason for the series' success in Japan, with the Japanese "Legendary Pokémon Offer" receiving over 78,000 entries, exceeding their initial expectation of 3000. Nintendo CEO Satoru Iwata attributed the success of the games to the "Legendary Pokémon Offer"; since then, the weekly sales of "Red" and "Green" began to match its previous monthly sales, and then becoming three to four times larger. However, "Computer and Video Games" magazine criticized the exclusivity of Mew to Nintendo events as one of the worst aspects of "Pokémon", noting that through the use of cheat devices such as the Pro Action Replay to access Mew, they were rendered obsolete. Many fans of the game bought cheat devices only to obtain it. "UGO.com" listed Mew sixth on their list of "The 25 Awesomest Hidden Characters". Authors Tracey West and Katherine Noll called Mew the best Legendary Pokémon and the fifth best Pokémon overall. Kevin Slackie of "Paste" listed Mew as 37th of the best Pokemon. Mew was ranked first in "Complex"s "The 50 Best Pokémon Up to Pokémon Crystal", with Elijah Watson saying Mew is "The genderless creature can learn every single TM and HM move in both Generation I and II Pokemon games." "IGN" readers voted Mew as the sixth-best pocket monster. Dale Bishir of "IGN" described Mew as the most important Pokémon that impacted the franchise's history, and further stated that Mew spurred every fan to spend hours trying to capture it under an otherwise inconspicuous truck in "Pokémon Red and Blue". Bobby Anhalt of "Screen Rant" described Mew as the best legendary Pokemon, and further stated that Mew has been one of the franchise's most elusive beasts, as it has only been available as an event-exclusive Pokémon. Steven Bogos of "The Escapist" listed Mew as twelve of their favorite Pokemon, describing it as the star of the first Pokemon film is as popular as it is because it's so rare. Raymond Padilla of "GamesRadar" claimed that Mew "is one rare, powerful, and extremely versatile Pokemon."


title: Mew (Pokémon)

text: Due to its balanced statistics and ability to learn any move that comes from a Technical or Hidden Machine, Mew is regarded as one of the best Pokémon in "Red", "Blue", and "Yellow". Studies on the impact of fictional characters on children, such as those in "Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon", have noted Mew as popular with younger female children who tend to be drawn to "cute" characters; Mewtwo in comparison was described as a polar opposite, popular with older male children who tend to be drawn to "tough or scary" characters. The book "Media and the Make-believe Worlds of Children" noted a similar comparison, describing Mew as "child-like and gentle, combining characteristics of power and cute" and emphasizing the importance of the contrast for children between it and Mewtwo, and its role as a source of appeal for the character. IGN listed Mew as one of the best Psychic types, alongside Mewtwo, Alakazam, and Starmie. They called it a good contender to Mewtwo, as well as an unpredictable Pokémon due to its ability to use any TM or HMs, items that teach Pokémon attacks. Kevin Knezevic of "GameSpot" stated that Mew has saved Pokémon.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: Game of Thrones is an episodic graphic adventure game developed and published by Telltale Games for Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and Xbox One. It is based on the television series of the same name.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: The game follows the episodic format found in other Telltale titles, where player choices and actions influence later events across the six-episode arc. The story revolves around the northern House Forrester, rulers of Ironrath, whose members, including the five playable characters, attempt to save their family and themselves after ending up on the losing side of the War of the Five Kings. The game includes settings and characters from the series of novels "A Song of Ice and Fire" and the television adaptation. Emilia Clarke, Iwan Rheon, Kit Harrington, Lena Headey, Natalie Dormer, and Peter Dinklage reprise their roles from the television series as Daenerys Targaryen, Ramsay Bolton, Jon Snow, Cersei Lannister, Margaery Tyrell, and Tyrion Lannister, respectively.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: A second season had been planned but was placed on hold in 2017, amid restructuring issues at Telltale Games, and ultimately was cancelled following Telltale's majority studio closure in September 2018. In August 2019, the company returned, but as of August 2022, no news has been made regarding the series future.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: After previous video games based on his works received negative or mediocre critical responses, George R. R. Martin opined that he wanted "a "Game of Thrones" game to be made by a studio that knows how to create a thrilling and interesting story". Telltale Games had found critical success in several licensed adventure games, including their "The Wolf Among Us" and "The Walking Dead" episodic video game series. "Game of Thrones" arose from internal discussions within Telltale of what other popular franchises they wanted to write games around, with much support given for "Game of Thrones", considering its emotional equivalence to "The Walking Dead". They approached HBO with the concept, and after a year of negotiations, were able to secure the license.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: In December 2013, Telltale announced "Game of Thrones" at the 2013 Spike VGX video game awards program. George R. R. Martin stated that his personal assistant, Ty Corey Franck, was working with Telltale Games as a "story consultant". Telltale's CEO Dan Connors explained that the game would not be a prequel to the television series, and that the established world and timeline of "Game of Thrones" allowed Telltale to explore fixed stories in more depth, to appeal to players.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: "Game of Thrones" is an episodic point-and-click graphic adventure fantasy drama video game, released as 6 episodes following the model of Telltale's previous adventure games. The player is able to move their character around some scenes, interacting with objects and initiating conversation trees with non-player characters. Choices made by the player influence events in future episodes. The game switches between the viewpoints of five different characters.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: Each episode contains five points where the player must make a significant decision, choosing from one of two available options. Through Telltale's servers, the game tracks how many players selected which option and lets the player compare their choices to the rest of the player base. The game can be completed regardless of what choices are made in these situations; the main events of the story, as described below, continue regardless of what choices are made, but the presence and behavior of the non-player characters in later scenes is affected by the choices. The game allows the player to make multiple saves, and includes a "rewind" feature where the player can back up and alter a previous decision, thus facilitating the exploration of alternative choices.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: Some scenes are more action-oriented, requiring the player to respond to a series of quick time events. Failure to do these correctly may end the scene with the death of the playable character or another character, but the game will restart at a checkpoint just before that scene to allow the player to try again. In some instances, failure at particular quick time events results in minor game decisions.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: The game takes place concurrently with the television series, from the end of the third season until just prior to the start of the fifth season. The story focuses on House Forrester, a family not introduced in the television series, but mentioned briefly in the novel "A Dance with Dragons". House Forrester hails from Ironrath, a fortress within the Wolfswood forest in the North of Westeros, where they control the valuable Ironwood groves, coveted by many because of the wood's military importance. The game primarily takes place near Ironrath, but also in other locations on the continents of Westeros and Essos.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: Throughout the game, the player controls one of 5 family members or servants of the Forresters, with decisions made by one character affecting the others, and the ultimate fate of the house. Thirteen original playable and non-playable characters were created for the game.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: "Game of Thrones" received mixed reviews from critics praising the narrative, choice driven gameplay, and faithfulness to the source material while criticism was directed towards the graphical glitches and the lack of context for players unfamiliar with the "Game of Thrones" franchise.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: "Episode One – Iron from Ice" received "generally positive" reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave and the Microsoft Windows version 75/100 based on 44 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 77/100 based on 18 reviews, and the Xbox One version 80/100 based on 14 reviews.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: "Episode Two – The Lost Lords" received "mixed or average" reviews. Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 73/100 based on 35 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 69/100 based on 16 reviews, and the Xbox One version 76/100 based on 11 reviews.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: Gamezebo's reviewer noted that Episode 2, in particular, exhibited poor performance on iOS devices, with glitches and stuttering affecting the player's ability to succeed at timed events.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: "Episode Three – The Sword in the Darkness" received "generally positive" reviews. Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 77/100 based on 30 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 70/100 based on 16 reviews, and the Xbox One version 80/100 based on 9 reviews.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: "Episode Four – Sons of Winter" received "generally positive" reviews. Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 77/100 based on 27 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 73/100 based on 15 reviews, and the Xbox One version 80/100 based on 8 reviews.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: "Episode Five – A Nest of Vipers" received "mixed or average" reviews. Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 74/100 based on 25 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 77/100 based on 11 reviews, and the Xbox One version 72/100 based on 10 reviews.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: "Episode Six – The Ice Dragon" received "generally positive" reviews. Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 70/100 based on 24 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 75/100 based on 13 reviews, and the Xbox One version 80/100 based on 7 reviews.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: The first series proved successful, leading Telltale to begin development of a second episodic season. In November 2015, Telltale's Kevin Bruner affirmed that a second season was currently in development. Telltale's Job Stauffer said in an August 2017 interview that, while they were still planning on Season 2, the series was on hold to allow Telltale to focus on their other current projects for release in 2017 and 2018, as well as to see the direction in which the "Game of Thrones" television series (which was, at the time, nearing the end of its run) would go.


title: Game of Thrones (2014 video game)

text: However, on September 21, 2018, the studio had a majority studio closure, laying off most of its staff and cancelling its in-development projects, including the second season of "Game of Thrones".


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: John Gregory Dunne (May 25, 1932 – December 30, 2003) was an American writer. He began his career as a journalist for "Time" magazine before expanding into writing criticism, essays, novels, and screenplays. He often collaborated with his wife, Joan Didion.


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: Dunne was born in Hartford, Connecticut, and was a younger brother of author Dominick Dunne. He was the son of Dorothy Frances (née Burns) and Richard Edwin Dunne (1894–1946), a hospital chief of staff and prominent heart surgeon. With several siblings, he grew up in a large, wealthy Irish Catholic family. Their maternal grandfather, Dominick Francis Burns (1857–1940), founded the Park Street Trust Company.


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: The young Dunne developed a severe stutter and took up writing to express himself. He learned to manage it by observing others. He attended the Portsmouth Priory School and graduated from Princeton University in 1954, where he was member of Tiger Inn.


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: Dunne started working as a journalist in New York City for "Time" magazine. He credited the political essayist Noel Parmentel as a mentor in many ways.


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: In the late 1950s, he met Joan Didion in New York City, where she was an editor at "Vogue". In a 2005 interview, Didion recalled, "We amused each other and I thought he was smart. He knew a lot of stuff that I didn't know, like politics and history. I had managed to go through school without learning much except a lot of poems." He invited her to travel to Connecticut one weekend in 1963 to visit his family: New England Irish Catholic, with six children. Didion said she "liked the set-up, liked being there, and liked him."


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: After they married in 1964, the couple moved to a remote house on the California coast; Didion worked on a novel to follow her debut "Run, River", and Dunne on a book about the California grape pickers' strike. They wrote a jointly bylined column for the "Saturday Evening Post" magazine for years.


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: Dunne and Didion gradually picked up writing work from book publishers and magazines, traveled together on journalism assignments, and established a working pattern that served for the next 40 years. They had a constant advising, consulting, and editing collaboration. Critically acclaimed bestselling books followed for each, including Dunne's "The Studio", his nonfiction account of 20th Century Fox.


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: They also collaborated on a series of screenplays, including "The Panic in Needle Park" (1971), "A Star Is Born" (1976), and "True Confessions" (1981), an adaptation of Dunne's novel of the same name. He wrote a nonfiction book about Hollywood, "."


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: As a literary critic and essayist, Dunne was a frequent contributor to "The New York Review of Books". His essays were collected in two books, "Quintana & Friends" (1980) and "Crooning" (1990).


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: He wrote several novels, among them "True Confessions", based loosely on the Black Dahlia murder, and "Dutch Shea, Jr.". He was the writer and narrator of the 1990 PBS documentary "L.A. is It with John Gregory Dunne", in which he guided viewers through Los Angeles's cultural landscape.


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: Dunne and Didion later moved to Manhattan. He died there of a heart attack on December 30, 2003. His final novel, "Nothing Lost", which was in galleys at the time of his death, was published in 2004.


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: Dunne married Didion on January 30, 1964, at Mission San Juan Bautista in California. He was 31 and she 29. They contemplated filing for divorce in 1969, as Didion famously wrote in one of her essays.


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: Unable to have children, in 1966 they adopted a baby at birth and named her Quintana Roo, after the Mexican state. Quintana died in 2005 after a series of illnesses.


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: Dunne was uncle to actors Griffin Dunne (who co-starred in "An American Werewolf in London") and Dominique Dunne (who co-starred in "Poltergeist").


title: John Gregory Dunne

text: Didion wrote and published "The Year of Magical Thinking" (2005), a memoir of the year following his death, during which their daughter was seriously ill. It won critical acclaim and the National Book Award.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Magomed Mustafaev (born August 2, 1988 in Dagestan) is a Russian mixed martial artist, who competed in the Lightweight division of the UFC. A professional competitor since 2011, he has also competed for M-1 Global.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Magomed Mustafaev was born on February 8, 1988, in the village of Aimaki in modern-day Dagestan. He began training in freestyle wrestling while in elementary school. After high school, he moved to Sochi and started training MMA. He is the winner of the Pankration Black Sea Cup.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Mustafaev made his professional mixed martial arts debut on April 29, 2011, defeating fellow Russian Marat Medzhidov by TKO in the first round. The first loss on his professional record came in his next fight less than three months later against Dagestani Arsen Ubaidulaev due to a rear-naked choke.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Mustafaev faced to Russian MMA prospect Andrei Koshkin on March 14, 2014 at M-1 Challenge 46. He won via submission in the second round.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: On September 1, 2014, Mustafaev competed in the Sochi Star 2014 Welterweight Grand Prix. Mustafaev defeated Amirkhan Adaev and Gleb Morozov both by KO in the first round. Mustafaev followed up with another winning performance against Russian MMA prospect and WSOF fighter Abubakar Nurmagomedov (cousin of Khabib Nurmagomedov) to claim the tournament victory and propel himself into consideration for a shot in a top tier MMA promotion.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Following the tournament victory and a 10 fight win streak in various Russian MMA events, Mustafaev signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship on November 6, 2014. In his move from Russian MMA promotions to the UFC, Mustafaev transitioned from Welterweight to the Lightweight division.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Mustafaev first fought in the UFC opposite Piotr Hallmann on June 20, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 69 in Berlin, Germany. Mustafaev won by TKO (doctor's stoppage) in the second round due to multiple cuts around the eyes of Hallmann.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Mustafaev faced Joe Proctor at UFC 194 on December 12, 2015. He won the fight via TKO in the first round after a liver kick.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Mustafaev faced Kevin Lee at UFC Fight Night 99 on November 19, 2016. He suffered an arm injury and lost the fight by submission due to a rear naked choke in the second round.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: After an extended hiatus, due in part to an arm injury suffered in his last fight, Musafaev faced promotional newcomer Rafael Fiziev on April 20, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 149. Mustafaev won the fight by first round technical knockout. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Mustafaev was expected to face Don Madge on September 7, 2019 at UFC 242. However, on August 18, 2019, it was reported that Mustafaev was removed from the bout for undisclosed reasons.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Mustafaev was scheduled to face Renato Moicano on October 18, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 180. However, Moicano pulled out of the fight in mid-September for undisclosed reasons, and he was replaced by Mateusz Gamrot. In turn, the bout was scrapped entirely for undisclosed reasons.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Mustafaev was expected to face Damir Ismagulov on October 30, 2021 at UFC 267. However at the weigh-ins, Ismagulov came in at 163.5 pounds, missing weight by 7.5 pounds, the bout was subsequently cancelled by the UFC.


title: Magomed Mustafaev

text: Mustafaev was scheduled to face Jamie Mullarkey on October 22, 2022 at UFC 280. However, Mullarkey pulled out in mid-September due to injury, and he was replaced by Yamato Nishikawa. In turn, Nishikawa was forced to withdraw due to contractual issues. The bout was ultimately scrapped from the card.


title: C standard library

text: The C standard library or libc is the standard library for the C programming language, as specified in the ISO C standard. Starting from the original ANSI C standard, it was developed at the same time as the C library POSIX specification, which is a superset of it. Since ANSI C was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization, the C standard library is also called the ISO C library.


title: C standard library

text: The C standard library provides macros, type definitions and functions for tasks such as string handling, mathematical computations, input/output processing, memory management, and several other operating system services.


title: C standard library

text: The application programming interface (API) of the C standard library is declared in a number of header files. Each header file contains one or more function declarations, data type definitions, and macros.


title: C standard library

text: After a long period of stability, three new header files (codice_1, codice_2, and codice_3) were added with "Normative Addendum 1" (NA1), an addition to the C Standard ratified in 1995. Six more header files (codice_4, codice_5, codice_6, codice_7, codice_8, and codice_9) were added with C99, a revision to the C Standard published in 1999, and five more files (codice_10, codice_11, codice_12, codice_13, and codice_14) with C11 in 2011. In total, there are now 29 header files:


title: C standard library

text: Three of the header files (codice_4, codice_11, and codice_13) are conditional features that implementations are not required to support.


title: C standard library

text: The POSIX standard added several nonstandard C headers for Unix-specific functionality. Many have found their way to other architectures. Examples include codice_18 and codice_19. A number of other groups are using other nonstandard headers – the GNU C Library has codice_20, and HP OpenVMS has the codice_21 function.


title: C standard library

text: On Unix-like systems, the authoritative documentation of the actually implemented API is provided in the form of man pages. On most systems, man pages on standard library functions are in section 3; section 7 may contain some more generic pages on underlying concepts (e.g. codice_22 in Linux).


title: C standard library

text: Unix-like systems typically have a C library in shared library form, but the header files (and compiler toolchain) may be absent from an installation so C development may not be possible. The C library is considered part of the operating system on Unix-like systems. The C functions, including the ISO C standard ones, are widely used by programs, and are regarded as if they were not only an implementation of something in the C language, but also "de facto" part of the operating system interface. Unix-like operating systems generally cannot function if the C library is erased. This is true for applications which are dynamically as opposed to statically linked. Further, the kernel itself (at least in the case of Linux) operates independently of any libraries.


title: C standard library

text: On Microsoft Windows, the core system dynamic libraries (DLLs) provide an implementation of the C standard library for the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler v6.0; the C standard library for newer versions of the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler is provided by each compiler individually, as well as "redistributable" packages. Compiled applications written in C are either statically linked with a C library, or linked to a dynamic version of the library that is shipped with these applications, rather than relied upon to be present on the targeted systems. Functions in a compiler's C library are not regarded as interfaces to Microsoft Windows.


title: C standard library

text: Many other implementations exist, provided with both various operating systems and C compilers. Some of the popular implementations are the following:


title: C standard library

text: Some compilers (for example, GCC) provide built-in versions of many of the functions in the C standard library; that is, the implementations of the functions are written into the compiled object file, and the program calls the built-in versions instead of the functions in the C library shared object file. This reduces function-call overhead, especially if function calls are replaced with inline variants, and allows other forms of optimization (as the compiler knows the control-flow characteristics of the built-in variants), but may cause confusion when debugging (for example, the built-in versions cannot be replaced with instrumented variants).


title: C standard library

text: However, the built-in functions must behave like ordinary functions in accordance with ISO C. The main implication is that the program must be able to create a pointer to these functions by taking their address, and invoke the function by means of that pointer. If two pointers to the same function are derived in two different translation units in the program, these two pointers must compare equal; that is, the address comes by resolving the name of the function, which has external (program-wide) linkage.


title: C standard library

text: Under FreeBSD and glibc, some functions such as sin() are not linked in by default and are instead bundled in the mathematical library libm. If any of them are used, the linker must be given the directive codice_23. POSIX requires that the c99 compiler supports codice_23, and that the functions declared in the headers codice_25, codice_4, and codice_5 are available for linking if codice_23 is specified, but does not specify if the functions are linked by default. musl satisfies this requirement by putting everything into a single libc library and providing an empty libm.


title: C standard library

text: According to the C standard the macro codice_29 shall be defined to 1 if the implementation is hosted. A hosted implementation has all the headers specified by the C standard. An implementation can also be "freestanding" which means that these headers will not be present. If an implementation is "freestanding", it shall define codice_29 to 0.


title: C standard library

text: Some functions in the C standard library have been notorious for having buffer overflow vulnerabilities and generally encouraging buggy programming ever since their adoption. The most criticized items are:


title: C standard library

text: Except the extreme case with codice_34, all the security vulnerabilities can be avoided by introducing auxiliary code to perform memory management, bounds checking, input checking, etc. This is often done in the form of wrappers that make standard library functions safer and easier to use. This dates back to as early as "The Practice of Programming" book by B. Kernighan and R. Pike where the authors commonly use wrappers that print error messages and quit the program if an error occurs.


title: C standard library

text: The ISO C committee published Technical reports TR 24731-1 and is working on TR 24731-2 to propose adoption of some functions with bounds checking and automatic buffer allocation, correspondingly. The former has met severe criticism with some praise, the latter received mixed responses. Despite this, TR 24731-1 has been implemented into Microsoft's C standard library and its compiler issues warnings when using old "insecure" functions.


title: C standard library

text: The codice_37 routine is criticized for being thread unsafe and otherwise vulnerable to race conditions.


title: C standard library

text: The error handling of the functions in the C standard library is not consistent and sometimes confusing. According to the Linux manual page codice_38, "The current (version 2.8) situation under glibc is messy. Most (but not all) functions raise exceptions on errors. Some also set "errno". A few functions set "errno", but don't raise an exception. A very few functions do neither."


title: C standard library

text: The original C language provided no built-in functions such as I/O operations, unlike traditional languages such as COBOL and Fortran. Over time, user communities of C shared ideas and implementations of what is now called C standard libraries. Many of these ideas were incorporated eventually into the definition of the standardized C language.


title: C standard library

text: Both Unix and C were created at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During the 1970s the C language became increasingly popular. Many universities and organizations began creating their own variants of the language for their own projects. By the beginning of the 1980s compatibility problems between the various C implementations became apparent. In 1983 the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) formed a committee to establish a standard specification of C known as "ANSI C". This work culminated in the creation of the so-called C89 standard in 1989. Part of the resulting standard was a set of software libraries called the ANSI C standard library.


title: C standard library

text: POSIX, as well as SUS, specify a number of routines that should be available over and above those in the basic C standard library. The POSIX specification includes header files for, among other uses, multi-threading, networking, and regular expressions. These are often implemented alongside the C standard library functionality, with varying degrees of closeness. For example, glibc implements functions such as codice_39 within codice_40, but before NPTL was merged into glibc it constituted a separate library with its own linker flag argument. Often, this POSIX-specified functionality will be regarded as part of the library; the basic C library may be identified as the ANSI or ISO C library.


title: C standard library

text: BSD libc is a superset of the POSIX standard library supported by the C libraries included with BSD operating systems such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and macOS. BSD libc has some extensions that are not defined in the original standard, many of which first appeared in 1994's 4.4BSD release (the first to be largely developed after the first standard was issued in 1989). Some of the extensions of BSD libc are:


title: C standard library

text: Some languages include the functionality of the standard C library in their own libraries. The library may be adapted to better suit the language's structure, but the operational semantics are kept similar. The C++ language, for example, includes the functionality of the C standard library in the namespace codice_54 (e.g., codice_55, codice_56, codice_57), in header files with similar names to the C ones (codice_58, codice_59, codice_60, etc.). Other languages that take similar approaches are D, Perl, Ruby and the main implementation of Python known as CPython. In Python 2, for example, the built-in file objects are defined as "implemented using C's codice_61 package", so that the available operations (open, read, write, etc.) are expected to have the same behavior as the corresponding C functions. Rust has a crate called which allows several C functions, structs, and other type definitions to be used.


title: C standard library

text: The C standard library is small compared to the standard libraries of some other languages. The C library provides a basic set of mathematical functions, string manipulation, type conversions, and file and console-based I/O. It does not include a standard set of "container types" like the C++ Standard Template Library, let alone the complete graphical user interface (GUI) toolkits, networking tools, and profusion of other functionality that Java and the .NET Framework provide as standard. The main advantage of the small standard library is that providing a working ISO C environment is much easier than it is with other languages, and consequently porting C to a new platform is comparatively easy.


title: 1998–99 NBA season

text: The 1998–99 NBA season was the 53rd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, after a new six-year Collective Bargaining Agreement was reached between the NBA and the National Basketball Players Association. All 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule and the 16 teams who qualified for the playoffs played a full post-season schedule. That season's All-Star Game, which would have been held in Philadelphia, was also canceled. The season ended with the San Antonio Spurs winning the franchise's first NBA championship, beating the New York Knicks 4 games to 1 in the 1999 NBA Finals. This was the 50th season since the BAA and NBL had merged into the NBA.


title: 1998–99 NBA season

text: The third lockout in the history of the NBA lasted from July 1, 1998, to January 20, 1999. NBA owners were seeking changes to the league's salary cap system and a ceiling on individual player salaries. The National Basketball Players Association opposed the owners' plans and wanted raises for players who earned the league's minimum salary.


title: 1998–99 NBA season

text: As the labor dispute continued into September, the preseason was shortened to just two games instead of the normal eight, and training camps were postponed indefinitely. By October, it became the first time in NBA history that games were canceled due to a labor dispute. Further games were canceled by November and December, including the league's Christmas games (which had been played on an annual basis since 1947) and All-Star Game, which had been scheduled to be played on February 14, 1999. The preseason consisted of 2 exhibition games.


title: 1998–99 NBA season

text: An agreement between the owners and players was eventually reached on January 18, 1999. When play resumed, the regular season was shortened to 50 games per team, as opposed to the normal 82. To preserve games between teams in the same conference, much of the time missed was made up for by skipping well over half of the games played between teams in the opposite conference. As a result, some teams did not meet each other at all during the course of the shortened season.


title: 1998–99 NBA season

text: Teams in bold advanced to the next round. The numbers to the left of each team indicate the team's seeding in its conference, and the numbers to the right indicate the number of games the team won in that round. The division champions are marked by an asterisk. Home court advantage does not necessarily belong to the higher-seeded team, but instead the team with the better regular season record; teams enjoying the home advantage are shown in italics.


title: Surgeon

text: In modern medicine, a surgeon is a medical professional who performs surgery. Although there are different traditions in different times and places, a modern surgeon usually is also a licensed physician or received the same medical training as physicians before specializing in surgery. There are also surgeons in podiatry, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. It is estimated that surgeons perform over 300 million surgical procedures globally each year.


title: Surgeon

text: The first person to document a surgery was the 6th century BC Indian physician-surgeon, Sushruta. He specialized in cosmetic plastic surgery and even documented an open rhinoplasty procedure. His magnum opus "Suśruta-saṃhitā" is one of the most important surviving ancient treatises on medicine and is considered a foundational text of both Ayurveda and surgery. The treatise addresses all aspects of general medicine, but the translator G. D. Singhal dubbed Sushruta "the father of surgical intervention" on account of the extraordinarily accurate and detailed accounts of surgery to be found in the work.


title: Surgeon

text: After the eventual decline of the Sushruta School of Medicine in India, surgery was largely ignored until the Islamic Golden Age surgeon Al-Zahrawi (936-1013) re-established surgery as an effective medical practice. He is considered the greatest medieval surgeon to have appeared from the Islamic World, and has also been described as the father of surgery. His greatest contribution to medicine is the "Kitab al-Tasrif", a thirty-volume encyclopedia of medical practices. He was the first physician to describe an ectopic pregnancy, and the first physician to identify the hereditary nature of haemophilia.


title: Surgeon

text: His pioneering contributions to the field of surgical procedures and instruments had an enormous impact on surgery but it was not until the 18th century that surgery emerged as a distinct medical discipline in England.


title: Surgeon

text: In Europe, surgery was mostly associated with barber-surgeons who also used their hair-cutting tools to undertake surgical procedures, often at the battlefield and also for their employers. With advances in medicine and physiology, the professions of barbers and surgeons diverged; by the 19th century barber-surgeons had virtually disappeared, and surgeons were almost invariably qualified doctors who had specialized in surgery. Surgeon continued, however, to be used as the title for military medical officers until the end of the 19th century, and the title of Surgeon General continues to exist for both senior military medical officers and senior government public health officers.


title: Surgeon

text: In 1950, the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership. The title "Mister" became a badge of honour, and today, in many Commonwealth countries, a qualified doctor who, after at least four years' training, obtains a surgical qualification (formerly Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, but now also Member of the Royal College of Surgeons or a number of other diplomas) is given the honour of being allowed to revert to calling themselves Mr, Miss, Mrs or Ms in the course of their professional practice, but this time the meaning is different. It is sometimes assumed that the change of title implies consultant status (and some mistakenly think non-surgical consultants are Mr too), but the length of postgraduate medical training outside North America is such that a qualified surgeon may be years away from obtaining such a post: many doctors previously obtained these qualifications in the senior house officer grade, and remained in that grade when they began sub-specialty training. The distinction of Mr (etc.) is also used by surgeons in the Republic of Ireland, some states of Australia, Barbados, New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and some other Commonwealth countries. However, as of August 2021, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons has announced that this practice is being phased out and now encourages the use of Dr or appropriate academic titles such as Professor.


title: Surgeon

text: In many English-speaking countries the "military" title of surgeon is applied to any medical practitioner, due to the historical evolution of the term. The US Army Medical Corps retains various surgeon United States military occupation codes in the ranks of officer pay grades, for military personnel dedicated to performing surgery on wounded soldiers.


title: Surgeon

text: Some physicians who are general practitioners or specialists in family medicine or emergency medicine may perform limited ranges of minor, common, or emergency surgery. Anesthesia often accompanies surgery, and anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists may oversee this aspect of surgery. Surgeon's assistant, surgical nurses, surgical technologists are trained professionals who support surgeons.


title: Surgeon

text: In the United States, the Department of Labor description of a surgeon is "a physician who treats diseases, injuries, and deformities by invasive, minimally-invasive, or non-invasive surgical methods, such as using instruments, appliances, or by manual manipulation".


title: Mickey Finn (drugs)

text: In slang, a Mickey Finn (or simply a Mickey) is a drink laced with an incapacitating agent, particularly chloral hydrate, given to someone without their knowledge with the intent to incapacitate them or "knock them out"; hence the colloquial name knockout drops. Serving someone a "Mickey" is most commonly referred to as "slipping someone a mickey".


title: Mickey Finn (drugs)

text: The "spiking" of drinks is a practice used by predators at drinking establishments who lace alcoholic drinks with sedative drugs.


title: Mickey Finn (drugs)

text: The "Mickey Finn" is most likely named after the manager and bartender of the Lone Star Saloon and Palm Garden Restaurant, which operated on South State Street in the Loop neighborhood of Chicago from 1896 to 1903. In December 1903, several Chicago newspapers documented that a Michael "Mickey" Finn managed the Lone Star Saloon and was accused of using knockout drops to incapacitate and rob some of his customers. Moreover, the first known written example of the term, according to the "Oxford English Dictionary" ("OED"), is in 1915, 12 years after his trial.


title: Mickey Finn (drugs)

text: The first popular account of Mickey Finn was given by Herbert Asbury in his 1940 book "Gem of the Prairie: An Informal History of the Chicago Underworld". His cited sources are Chicago newspapers and the 1903 court testimony of Lone Star prostitute "Gold Tooth" Mary Thornton. Before his days as a saloon proprietor, Mickey Finn was known as a pickpocket and thief who often preyed on drunken bar patrons. The act of serving a "Mickey Finn Special" was a coordinated robbery orchestrated by Finn. First, Finn or one of his employees (including "house girls") would slip chloral hydrate into the unsuspecting patron's drink. The incapacitated patron would be escorted or carried into a back room by one of Finn's associates, who would then rob him and dump him in an alley. The victim would wake up the next morning in a nearby alley and would remember little or nothing of what had happened.


title: Mickey Finn (drugs)

text: Finn's saloon was ordered to be closed on December 16, 1903. He was apparently arrested again in 1918, this time for running an illegal bar in South Chicago.


title: Mickey Finn (drugs)

text: On June 22, 1918, four people were arrested and over one hundred waiters taken into custody over the apparent widespread practice of poisoning by waiters in Chicago. Guests who tipped poorly were given "Mickey Finn powder" in their food or drinks. Chemical analysis showed that it contained antimony potassium tartrate, also called "emetic tartar"; which in addition to causing vomiting, headaches, dizziness and depression, can be lethal in large quantities. Two bartenders were arrested for selling the powder at the bar at the waiters' union headquarters, and W. Stuart Wood and his wife were arrested for manufacturing the powder. Wood sold packets of it for 20 cents and referred to it as "Mickey Finn Powder" in a letter to union bartender John Millian. A follow-up article mentions the pursuit of a man named Jean Crones, who was believed to be responsible for poisoning over 100 people at a Chicago University Club banquet at which three people died.


title: Morning Has Broken

text: "Morning Has Broken" is a Christian hymn first published in 1931. It has words by English author Eleanor Farjeon and was inspired by the village of Alfriston in East Sussex, then set to a traditional Scottish Gaelic tune, "Bunessan". It is often sung in children's services and in funeral services.


title: Morning Has Broken

text: English pop musician and folk singer Cat Stevens included a version on his album "Teaser and the Firecat" (1971). The song became identified with Stevens due to the popularity of this recording. It reached number six on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, number one on the U.S. easy listening chart in 1972, and number four on the Canadian "RPM" magazine charts.