title: CYP2D6

text: Ethnicity is a factor in the occurrence of CYP2D6 variability. The lack of the liver cytochrome CYP2D6 enzyme occurs approximately in 7–10% in white populations, and is lower in most other ethnic groups such as Asians and African-Americans at 2% each. The occurrence of CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizers appears to be greater among Middle Eastern and North African populations.


title: CYP2D6

text: Caucasians with European descent predominantly (around 71%) have the functional group of CYP2D6 alleles, while functional alleles represent only around 50% of the allele frequency in populations of Asian descent.


title: CYP2D6

text: This variability is accounted for by the differences in the prevalence of various "CYP2D6" alleles among the populations–approximately 10% of whites are intermediate metabolizers, due to decreased CYP2D6 function, because they appear to have the non-functional "CYP2D6*4" allele, while approximately 50% of Asians possess the decreased functioning "CYP2D6*10" allele.


title: CYP2D6

text: Following is a table of selected substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYP2D6. Where classes of agents are listed, there may be exceptions within the class.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Ian Charleson (11 August 1949 – 6 January 1990) was a Scottish stage and film actor. He is best known internationally for his starring role as Olympic athlete and missionary Eric Liddell in the Oscar-winning 1981 film "Chariots of Fire". He is also well known for his portrayal of Rev. Charlie Andrews in the 1982 Oscar-winning film "Gandhi".


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson was a noted actor on the British stage as well, with critically acclaimed leads in "Guys and Dolls", "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof", "Fool for Love", and "Hamlet", among many others. He performed numerous Shakespearean roles, and in 1991 the annual Ian Charleson Awards were established, particularly in honour of his final Hamlet. The awards reward the best classical stage performances in Britain by actors aged under 30.


title: Ian Charleson

text: The "Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography" describes Charleson as "a leading player of charm and power" and "one of the finest British actors of his generation". Alan Bates wrote that Charleson was "definitely among the top ten actors of his age group". Ian McKellen said Charleson was "the most unmannered and unactorish of actors: always truthful, always honest".


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson was diagnosed with HIV in 1986, and died in 1990 at the age of 40. He requested that it be announced after his death that he had died of AIDS, in order to publicise the condition. This was the first celebrity death in the United Kingdom openly attributed to AIDS, and the announcement helped to promote awareness and acceptance of the disease.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Born in Edinburgh in 1949, Charleson was the son of a printer, and grew up in a working-class area of the city. A bright, musical, artistic child, by the age of eight he was performing in local theatre productions. He won a scholarship to and attended Edinburgh's Royal High School; and in his teens, he joined and performed with The Jasons, an Edinburgh amateur theatrical group. He also sang solo as a boy soprano in church and in the Royal High School choir, which performed on the radio and in Edinburgh Festival concerts.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson won a scholarship to the University of Edinburgh, which he attended from 1967 through 1970, obtaining a three-year Scottish MA Ordinary degree. Initially he studied architecture. However, he spent most of his time acting with the student-run Edinburgh University Drama Society, and decided to pursue acting as a career. He changed his study concentration accordingly, and graduated with a degree in English, fine art, and mathematics. In addition to his acting roles at Edinburgh University, he also directed many plays there, and he designed costumes for several as well.


title: Ian Charleson

text: From 1967 through 1973, Charleson also performed often at the Edinburgh Festival and Edinburgh Festival Fringe, becoming a noted actor in those circles.


title: Ian Charleson

text: After graduating in 1970 from the University of Edinburgh – where he played leads in numerous productions, including several Shakespeare plays – Charleson won a place in the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA), where he studied for two years.


title: Ian Charleson

text: From LAMDA, Charleson was hired by Frank Dunlop's Young Vic Theatre Company. He made his professional stage debut in 1972 with the Young Vic, as one of the brothers in "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat" (1972), which was also televised in the UK that same year by Granada Television. In 1973, he starred as Jimmy Porter in "Look Back in Anger", and that year he was also Hamlet and later Guildenstern in the first revival of Tom Stoppard's "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead". Also as part of the Young Vic company, he was Claudio in "Much Ado About Nothing" in 1974. He traveled with the company to the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York that same year, to appear as Lucentio in "The Taming of the Shrew", Ottavio in "Scapino", and Brian Curtis in "French Without Tears".


title: Ian Charleson

text: In late 1974, he played the title role in "Hamlet" with the Cambridge Theatre Company, where he had previously performed that year in "The School for Scandal" and "Six Characters in Search of an Author", and the production went on tour into 1975. His performance of Hamlet garnered good reviews; nevertheless Charleson felt he had not done the notoriously difficult role complete justice.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson made his West End debut in 1975, in a long-running production of Simon Gray's "Otherwise Engaged" at the Queen's Theatre. In it he played Dave, a surly Scottish lodger, opposite Alan Bates.


title: Ian Charleson

text: He next appeared at the National Theatre, where he performed Octavius in "Julius Caesar" in 1977. That year he also played Peregrine in the classic play "Volpone", opposite John Gielgud, and Captain Phoebus in "The Hunchback of Notre Dame".


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson then spent a year in Stratford-upon-Avon with the Royal Shakespeare Company 1978–79. There he performed a hauntingly voiced Ariel in "The Tempest"; Tranio in "The Taming of the Shrew"; and Longaville in "Love's Labour's Lost" opposite Richard Griffiths as the King – all both in Stratford and at the Aldwych Theatre in London. Also with the RSC, he was Lawrence Vail in an acclaimed production of "Once in a Lifetime" (1979) at the Aldwych Theatre, and he played Pierre in the Jane Lapotaire vehicle "Piaf", giving a performance which caught the eye of the filmmakers of "Chariots of Fire".


title: Ian Charleson

text: In the 1980s, Charleson won particular critical and popular acclaim for his starring roles at the National Theatre. He was a glowingly reviewed Sky Masterson in Richard Eyre's enormously successful revival of the musical "Guys and Dolls" (1982), opposite Julie Covington as Sister Sarah, with Bob Hoskins as Nathan Detroit and Julia McKenzie as Adelaide.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson received an Olivier Award nomination for Actor of the Year in a New Play as Eddie in Sam Shepard's gritty and very physical two-person drama, "Fool for Love" (1984–85), opposite Julie Walters as his on-again off-again love object. And he was a highly praised Brick, the repressed homosexual protagonist in Tennessee Williams' "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" (1988), opposite Lindsay Duncan.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Shortly before his death, while seriously ill from AIDS, from 9 October to 13 November 1989 Charleson performed his second run of "Hamlet", this time at the National Theatre – giving a definitive performance which garnered major accolades. Director Richard Eyre, with some initial misgivings based on Charleson's health, had brought him in to replace Daniel Day-Lewis, who had abandoned the production. A further challenge was that Charleson's face was greatly swollen from septicemia; audience members and the rest of the public were told that he was recovering from a sinus operation.


title: Ian Charleson

text: The day following Charleson's final "Hamlet" performance, when Ian McKellen was given the Evening Standard Award for Best Actor for his Iago in "Othello", McKellen offered thanks, but said having seen "the perfect Hamlet" at the National Theatre the previous night, he thought that not he but Ian Charleson was truly the Best Actor of 1989, and he gave Charleson his statuette.


title: Ian Charleson

text: In 1979, producer David Puttnam and director Hugh Hudson had done months of searching for the actor to play the lead of the evangelical Scot Eric Liddell in their upcoming film about the Olympics. They then saw Charleson performing the role of Pierre in "Piaf", and knew immediately they had found their man. Unbeknownst to them, the actor had heard about the film from his father, and desperately wanted to play the part, feeling it would "fit like a kid glove". This mutual affinity led to Charleson's best-known film role and success – as the athlete and missionary Eric Liddell in "Chariots of Fire" (1981). He prepared for the role by studying the Bible intensively, and he himself wrote Liddell's stirring post-race address to the workingmen's crowd. This film and role made him an international celebrity.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson had a similar success the following year, playing Mahatma Gandhi's closest friend and collaborator, the Anglican priest Charlie Andrews, in "Gandhi" (1982), opposite Ben Kingsley. Like "Chariots of Fire", the film "Gandhi" won numerous Academy Awards, including Best Picture.


title: Ian Charleson

text: After these two major successes in these two Best Picture Oscar–winning films, Charleson's film career did not, however, follow the same progressive arc that his stage career did. Good feature Hollywood scripts did not pour in after "Chariots of Fire" and "Gandhi"; nor did he choose to move to Hollywood to capitalize on his success. Also affecting his film career was the fact that he was diagnosed with HIV in 1986, and thereafter lacked enthusiasm to do feature films, although he was not symptomatic until the autumn of 1988. His drive to pursue a rich stage career focusing on Shakespearean leads, however, remained strong.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson's other feature film roles are: punk-era Angel in his film debut "Jubilee" (1977) directed by Derek Jarman; Lt. Ryder in the Golden Bear-winning "Irish question" film "Ascendancy" (1982), which starred Julie Covington; a small role as the abusive drunk Jeffson Brown in "" (1984); a comedic turn as Gerald Spong in the rather ill-fated "Car Trouble" (1985), opposite his friend Julie Walters; and opera director Marco in Dario Argento's horror film "Opera" (1987).


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson performed in three BBC Television Shakespeare films: as Fortinbras in "Hamlet" (1980) starring Derek Jacobi; the protagonist Bertram in the acclaimed production of "All's Well That Ends Well" (1981); and Octavius Caesar in "Antony & Cleopatra" (1981) opposite his frequent co-star Jane Lapotaire as Cleopatra.


title: Ian Charleson

text: His other notable made-for-television film roles include: the titular Lieutenant Dorfrichter in the film adaptation of M. Fagyas's Austro-Hungarian pre-war mystery "The Devil's Lieutenant" (1983); Rakitin in Turgenev's "A Month in the Country" (1985) opposite Eleanor Bron; Kyril in the spy thriller "" (1988) opposite Edward Woodward, Richard E. Grant, and Peter Vaughan; and the protagonist Major Brendan Archer in the faithful screen adaptation of J. G. Farrell's Booker Award-winning "Troubles" (1988), opposite Ian Richardson.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson's notable starring television roles in the 1970s include: Anthony in "A Private Matter" (1974), his first starring screen role, opposite Rachel Kempson; slick and cruel John Ross preying on Scottish immigrants to the New World in "O Canada" (1975) in the anthology series "Churchill's People"; and one of two British soldiers who find military life nearly unbearable in "The Paradise Run" (1976), directed by Michael Apted.


title: Ian Charleson

text: In the 1980s his notable starring TV roles included: Alexander the Great's close companion Hephaistion in the PBS miniseries "The Search for Alexander the Great"; serial killer Neville Heath in an episode of the murder-trial reenactment series "Ladykillers" (1981); naive Scot turned powerful South African magnate Jamie MacGregor in the miniseries "Master of the Game" (1984); romantic lead Clarence Dandridge in the period miniseries "Louisiana" (1984) opposite Margot Kidder; and protagonist Victor Geary in the stylish and clever "Oxbridge Blues" (1984), written by Frederic Raphael, directed by James Cellan Jones, and co-starring Amanda Redman, Rosalyn Landor, and Malcolm Stoddard.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson used his tenor singing voice in musicals and other performances. He did notable solo singing work in productions including "Much Ado About Nothing" (1974), an episode of "Rock Follies of '77" (1977)", The Tempest" (1978–1979), "Piaf" (1978–1980), "Guys and Dolls" (1982), "A Royal Night of One Hundred Stars" (1985), "After Aida" (1985–1986), Andrew Lloyd Webber's and Tim Rice's "Cricket" (1986), "Sondheim: A Celebration" (1988 benefit for Crusaid), and "Bent" (1989). He also sang classic standards and show tunes, and the songs of Robert Burns, in variety programmes on stage and television.


title: Ian Charleson

text: He also sings a solo ballad on an episode ("The Empire") of the television series "Rock Follies of '77".


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson, who was gay, was diagnosed with HIV in 1986 during the AIDS pandemic, and died of AIDS-related causes in January 1990 at the age of 40. He died eight weeks after performing the title role in a run of "Hamlet", in Richard Eyre's production at the Olivier Theatre. Fellow actor and friend Ian McKellen said that Charleson played Hamlet so well it was as if he had rehearsed the role all his life.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Charleson requested that it be announced after his death that he had died of AIDS, in order to publicise the condition. This unusual decision by a major internationally known actor, the first show-business death in the United Kingdom openly attributed to complications from AIDS, helped promote awareness of HIV and AIDS and acceptance of AIDS patients.


title: Ian Charleson

text: For his performance in "Chariots of Fire", Charleson won a Variety Club Showbiz Award for Most Promising Artiste in February 1982.


title: Ian Charleson

text: He was nominated for the Olivier Award for Actor of the Year in a New Play, for his starring role as Eddie in "Fool for Love" in 1984.


title: Ian Charleson

text: In "The Sunday Times", John Peter named Charleson the Best Male Actor of 1989 for his Hamlet, along with Ian McKellen for his Iago in "Othello".


title: Ian Charleson

text: In his honour, the annual Ian Charleson Awards were established in 1991, to reward the best classical stage performances in Britain by actors aged under 30.


title: Ian Charleson

text: The Royal Free Hospital's Ian Charleson Day Centre for people with HIV, in London, is named in his memory.


title: Ian Charleson

text: On 8 April 1990, three months after his Edinburgh funeral, a public memorial service was held for Charleson in London. A recording of his singing of "Come Unto These Yellow Sands" from "The Tempest" was played.


title: Ian Charleson

text: In 1990, following his death, 20 of Charleson's friends, colleagues, and family members, including Ian McKellen, Alan Bates, Hugh Hudson, Richard Eyre, Sean Mathias, Hilton McRae, Ruby Wax, and David Rintoul, contributed to a book of reminiscences about him, called "For Ian Charleson: A Tribute", published in October 1990. All royalties from the sale of the book went to the Ian Charleson Trust, a charitable foundation which operated from 1990 to 2007.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Two emotional reunion performances of "Guys and Dolls", with almost all of the original 1982 cast and musicians, were given at the National Theatre in November 1990 as a tribute to Charleson. The tickets sold out immediately, and the dress rehearsal was also packed. The proceeds from the performances were donated to the new HIV clinic at the Royal Free Hospital, and to scholarships in Charleson's name at LAMDA.


title: Ian Charleson

text: Hugh Hudson, who had directed him in "Chariots of Fire", dedicated his 1999 film "My Life So Far" "In loving memory of Ian Charleson". The 2005 videos "Wings on Their Heels: The Making of "Chariots of Fire"" and ""Chariots of Fire": A Reunion" are both also dedicated to his memory.


title: Belle Mariano

text: Belinda Angelito Mariano (born 10 June 2002), professionally known as Belle Mariano is a Filipino actress, singer, and model. Mariano began appearing on television at the age of 9 playing supporting roles and starring in the comedy-themed show "Goin' Bulilit". She starred in the film "Four Sisters Before the Wedding" and the television series "He's Into Her".


title: Belle Mariano

text: Mariano was first seen in television as a commercial model starting at the age of nine. She then made her début as an actress when she appeared in "Lorenzo's Time" in 2012, a television series starring Zaijian Jaranilla. After that, she began appearing on various TV programs such as "Maalaala Mo Kaya" in an episode entitled "Kabibe" (2012), and "Princess and I" (2012) where she played the role of "Young Bianca Maghirang" played by Bianca Casado. She was also a cast member in the youth-oriented show "Goin' Bulilit".


title: Belle Mariano

text: In 2013, she appeared in "Juan dela Cruz", "Muling Buksan Ang Puso", and "Maria Mercedes". In all of these series, Mariano played younger versions of all of the main characters. Mariano then starred in the television series "FPJ's Ang Probinsyano" from 2015 to 2016, portraying the role of "Rachel Tuazon," the sister of Arjo Atayde's character.


title: Belle Mariano

text: In 2017, Mariano reunited with her "Lorenzo's Time" co-star Zaijian Jaranilla and paired up together for a "Maalaala Mo Kaya" episode, "Cellphone." In the same year, she also appeared in the films "Can't Help Falling In Love" starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla as Bernardo's sister Grace Dela Cuesta, and "Love You To The Stars and Back" starring Julia Barretto and Joshua Garcia as Ronnabel.


title: Belle Mariano

text: In 2018, she made appearances in the television series "Bagani" (which stars Liza Soberano and Enrique Gil) as the young "Gloria" (Dimples Romana) as well as a cameo appearance in "Playhouse" starring Zanjoe Marudo and Angelica Panganiban.


title: Belle Mariano

text: In 2019, she was part of the year's batch of artists launched in the "Star Magic Circle" together with Kyle Echarri, Melizza Jimenez, Sophie Reyes, Jeremiah Lisbo, Gillian Vicencio, Arielle Roces, Arabella Del Rosario, Anthony Jennings, JC Alcantara, Glen Vargas, Kendru Garcia, Eisel Serrano, RA Lewis, Javi Benitez, and Aiyana Waggoner. In the same year, she appeared in the Bugoy Cariño-starrer film "Danztep" by Errol Ropero and in the hit series "Kadenang Ginto" as Catherine V. Herrera, the daughter of Leon, Richard Yap’s character in the series, as well as the "Maalaala Mo Kaya" episode "Pregnancy Test. S"he also joined the Asia's songbird Regine Velasquez-Alcasid in the film "Yours Truly, Shirley" under Cinema One.


title: Belle Mariano

text: In November the same year, it was announced that Mariano will be teaming up with Donny Pangilinan for "He's Into Her", an iWantTFC original series directed by Chad Vidanes that is based on the 2013 Wattpad novel of the same name by Maxine Lat a.k.a. "Maxinejiji".


title: Belle Mariano

text: In 2020, she was among the first batch of artists from Star Magic to be handled by ABS-CBN Film's new talent management arm, Rise Artists Studio.


title: Belle Mariano

text: She had a cameo appearance in the film "James and Pat and Dave" (sequel to Vince and Kath and James) starring Ronnie Alonte, Loisa Andalio, and Donny Pangilinan. She played the role "Trish", hinting the future romance with "Dave", Pangilinan's character in the film and previewing her love team partnership with him as "DonBelle". For their project "He's Into Her", the production was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the ABS-CBN shutdown and the denial of franchise renewal.


title: Belle Mariano

text: In the same year, Mariano landed the role of the iconic "Gabbie Salazar" (previously played by Shaina Magdayao) and starred the prequel of the 2013 hit "Four Sisters and a Wedding", 2020 film "Four Sisters Before the Wedding." She was joined by actresses Alexa Ilacad, Charlie Dizon, and Gillian Vicencio as the newest "Salazar sisters". The film became the No.1 top trending film as it arrived on Netflix Philippines and No.3 on Netflix Canada and UAE.


title: Belle Mariano

text: In 2021, the long-awaited series "He's Into Her" had its record-breaking launch as it crashed the streaming platform iWant TFC upon its release due to the surge of the number of viewers who wanted to watch the premiere episode. The series was marked a huge success as it continuously trended all-throughout its run, and also helped the iWantTFC app to top all free entertainment apps in the country. It was also the number one most watched series on the streaming platform.


title: Belle Mariano

text: Following the series' success, the cast headlined a special online concert, "He's Into Her: The Benison Ball" for the fans to enjoy through the streaming platform KTX.ph. VIP tickets for the show became sold out after only three days since release. At the end of show, it was announced that a second season of the show will take place. Shortly after the successful concert, ABS-CBN Entertainment also unveiled "He's Into Her: The Journey," a documentary about the making of the series. It showed the production of the show from the conceptualization, auditions, and the lock-in tapings. With the series' production passing to two years, the documentary also showed the hardship of the entire team and how they managed to push through the show even during a global pandemic and after the ABS-CBN shutdown.


title: Belle Mariano

text: In the same year, Mariano also made her mark in the music scene. She released her debut song "Kung Ako Nalang" for the special compilation album, "Kumu Summer Album" under Believe Music (on behalf of Nickl Entertainment). Shortly after, she released her debut single "Sigurado" under Star Music which was also included in the sound track of her series "He's Into Her." As of May 2022, the single already garnered over 16M streams on Spotify and 7.5M views on YouTube.


title: Belle Mariano

text: Following the successful "He's Into Her", the DonBelle love team landed their first ever lead movie under Star Cinema, romantic-comedy film "Love Is Color Blind". The casts include their "He's Into Her" co-star Jeremiah Lisbo, as well as singer-actress Angelina Cruz, and TikTok contributor Esnyr Ranollo. It premiered through the streaming platform KTX.ph and Smart's GigaPlay app. Shortly after coming to Netflix, the film ranked atop the streaming service's trending lists in the Philippines.


title: Belle Mariano

text: She also released her debut album "Daylight" under Star Music as well as music video for lead single, "Tanging Dahilan." She also released a visualizer video for "For Your Eyes Only," music video for "Rise" and performance video for "Nights of December." Her track "For Your Eyes Only" also became the OST for her movie "Love Is Color Blind," marking her second song to be featured as a soundtrack"."


title: Belle Mariano

text: She was also one of the artists to take part in ABS-CBN's 2021 Christmas Station ID, "Andito Tayo Para Sa Isa't Isa" along with Donny Pangilinan, Martin Nievera, Piolo Pascual, Gary Valenciano, Zsazsa Padilla, Erik Santos, KZ Tandingan, Kathryn Bernardo, Daniel Padilla, Sarah Geronimo, Sharon Cuneta, Vice Ganda, Regine Velasquez, Ogie Alcasid, Iñigo Pascual, Andrea Brillantes, Seth Fedelin, BGYO, and Darren Espanto.


title: Belle Mariano

text: In 2022, she opened the year through her successful concert "Daylight: A Belle Mariano Digital Concert" which was streamed via KTX.ph. Her first-ever solo concert reportedly sold over P300,000 worth of tickets in just two minutes after selling and reached over P500,000 in 30 minutes. SVIP and VIP tickets were also sold out. Her guest performers for the concert include Kyle Echarri, Ben&Ben, singer-songwriters Jayda Avanzado, SAB (Sabine Cerrado), Trisha Denise, and her love team partner Donny Pangilinan.


title: Belle Mariano

text: As her first acting project of the year, she starred in the third season of iWant TFC's original anthology series, "Click, Like Share" for the episode "Swap" with former housemate and fellow Rise artist Shanaia Gomez.


title: Belle Mariano

text: After starting taping and production in February, the most-awaited second season of "He's Into Her" officially premiered on April the same year. Upon release of the pilot episode, the series immediately became a trending topic in the Philippines. Together with the series, its soundtrack album was also released. "Kahit Na, Kahit Pa", a song by Mariano was among the songs in the album, it peaked #1 on the top 10 songs on iTunes Philippines.


title: Belle Mariano

text: Apart from this, the Movie Cut of the first season of "He's Into Her" premiered at the "Drive-In Cinema One: A Drive-Thru Movie Experience," in partnership with Ayala Malls Vertis North and Vertis North Estate.


title: Belle Mariano

text: In August, Star Magic toured in the United States as part of their 30th anniversary celebration. Mariano was among those who staged the shows. The artists first performed in the Newport Performing Arts Theater, Resorts World Manila, followed by the US shows in Kings Theater, Brooklyn, The Warfield, San Francisco, and in the Saban Theatre, Beverly Hills.


title: Belle Mariano

text: In September the same year, Mariano made history as the First-ever Filipina recipient of the "Outstanding Asian Star" award at the Seoul International Drama Awards. Among 175 actors and actresses from all over Asia, only 5 received the award. The other winners included Yusei Yagi from Japan, Alice Ko from Taiwan, Wallace Chung from China, and Krit Amnuaydechkorn from Thailand. She personally attended the 17th Seoul International Drama Awards that was held on the 22nd at the KBS Hall in Seoul, graced the red carpet event, and shared the stage with K-pop star Kang Daniel, and Japanese actor and singer Yusei Yagi as she received her award and said her acceptance speech.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: Murud-Janjira () is the local name of a famous fort and tourist spot situated on an island just off the coastal town/city of Murud, in the Raigad district of Maharashtra, India.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: The word Janjira is a corruption of the arabic word "Jazira", which means island in the Arabic language. Murud was once known in Marathi as "Habsan" ("of Habshi" or Abyssinian). The name of the fort is a concatenation of the Konkani and Marathi words, "murud" and "Janjiri". The word "morod" is peculiar to Konkani and is absent in Marathi.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: Raja Ram Rao Patil was Patil of Janjira Island and a chief of Kolis who established and/or built this island in the 15th century for Kolis to live peacefully away from pirates. After gaining permission from the Sultan of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate, he built the island but later refused to obey the orders of the Sultan. So the Sultan sent his Admiral Piram Khan in 1489 to capture the janjira. Due to the castle's fortifications, Piram Khan was unable to attack the island conventionally, so he disguised himself as a merchant and requested to stay a night at janjira and permission was granted. Piram Khan hosted a party under the guise of thanking the Patil. When the Patil and kolis were intoxicated, Piram Khan attacked them with his men who had been hidden in barrels and captured the island.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: Murud-Janjira Fort is situated on an oval-shaped rock off the Arabian Sea coast near the port city of Murud, south of Mumbai. Janjira is considered one of the strongest coastal forts in India. The fort is approached by sailboats from Rajapuri jetty. The main gate of the fort faces Rajapuri on the shore and can be seen only when one is about away from it. It has a small postern gate towards the open sea for escape.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: The fort has 26 artillery towers still intact. There are many cannons of native and European make rusting on the towers. Now in ruins, the fort in its heyday was a full-fledged living fort with all the necessary facilities, e.g.,Barracks, quarters for officers, mosque, two small fresh water ponds etc. On the outer wall flanking the main gate, there is a sculpture depicting a tiger-like beast clasping elephants in its claws.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: A special attraction of this fort are 3 gigantic cannons named Kalalbangdi, Chavri and Landa Kasam. These cannons were said to be feared for their shooting range. Another gate to the west is sea-facing, called 'Darya Darwaza'.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: There is also another fortress, named Ghosalgad, which is located on top of the hill around east of Murud-Janjira, that was used as outpost for the rulers of Janjira.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: Visitors can gain access to the Janjira fort from Rajapuri, a small village on the coast. After a short ride in a small boat, one can enter the fort through the main entrance. The fort is oval shaped instead of the usual oblong or square shape. The fort wall is about 40 feet high and has 19 rounded porches or arches, some of which still have cannons mounted on them, including the famous cannon Kalaal Baangadi. These cannons were largely responsible for repelling oncoming enemies from the sea. Inside the fort walls are the ruins of a mosque, a palace and bath with water channeled from streams. There is evidence that royal ladies occupied quarters here. A deep well, still functional, provides fresh water despite the fort being surrounded by salt water.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: On shore is a luxurious cliff-top mansion, the Palace of the Nawab. Built by the former Nawab of Janjira, it commands a panoramic view of the Arabian sea and the Janjira sea fort.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: According to another record, the Abyssinian Sidis established the Janjira and Jafarabad state in early 1100.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: According to accounts written by the Portuguese Admiral Fernão Mendes Pinto, the Ottoman fleet that first arrived in Aceh prior to the Ottoman expedition to Aceh led by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis included 200 Malabar sailors from Janjira to aid the region of Batak and Maritime Southeast Asia in 1539. Later, in 1621, the Siddis of Janjira became exceptionally powerful as autonomous state to the point that the commander of Janjira, Siddi Ambar the Little, successfully defied his overlord Malik Ambar's attempt to replace him. Siddi Ambar the Little is accordingly considered the first Nawab of Janjira state.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: The island fortress was under control of Adil Shahi dynasty until the reign of Ibrahim II where Janjira fort was lost to the Siddis.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: Major historical figures from Murud-Janjira include men such as Sidi Hilal, Yahya Saleh and Sidi Yaqub. During the rule of Sultan Aurangzeb, Sidi Yaqut received a subsidy of 400,000 rupees. He also owned large ships which weighed 300–400 tons. According to the record these ships were unsuitable for fighting on the open sea against European warships, but their size allowed for transporting soldiers for amphibious operations.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: Despite their repeated attempts, the Portuguese, the British and the Marathas failed to subdue the power of the Siddis, who were themselves allied with the Mughal Empire. For example, 10,000 soldiers from Moro Pandit were repulsed by Janjira's army in 1676. The Marathas led by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj attempted to scale the granite walls; he failed in all his attempts. His son Chhatrapati Sambhaji maharaj even attempted to tunnel his way into the fort and was very close to capture the fort, but at the same time a Mughal army attacked Maratha capital, so Sambhaji had to withdraw his forces from the siege and go to save Maratha capital. He built another sea fort in 1676, known as Padmadurg or Kasa fort, to challenge Janjira. It is located northeast of Janjira. Padmadurg took 22 years to build and is constructed on 22 acres of land.


title: Murud-Janjira

text: In the year 1736, Siddis of Murud-Janjira set out in a battle with the forces of Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao. On 19 April 1736, Maratha warrior Nanaji Surve and Chimaji Appa attacked the gathering forces in the encampments of the Siddis near Rewas. When the confrontation ended, 1,500 Siddis, including their leader Siddi Sat, were killed. Peace was brokered in September 1736, but the Siddis were confined to only Janjira, Gowalkot, and Anjanwel, with their power greatly reduced. However, Janjira remained unconquered until it became part of Indian territory after independence from the British in 1947.


title: Boaz

text: Boaz (; Hebrew: בֹּעַז "Bōʿaz"; ) is a biblical figure appearing in the Book of Ruth in the Hebrew Bible and in the genealogies of Jesus in the New Testament and also the name of a pillar in the portico of the historic Temple in Jerusalem. The word is found 24 times in the Scriptures, two being in Greek (in the form "Βοόζ (Booz)").


title: Boaz

text: The root בעז, just used in the Bible in relation to "Boaz" (see "The Temple"), perhaps expresses 'quick(ness)'. The etymology of the name has been suggested by many as "be'oz", "in the strength of", or "bo'oz", "in him (is) strength" from the root 'zz, "to be strong", hence the use of the name "Boaz" for one of the pillars at the portico of the temple (), although Biblical scholar Martin Noth preferred "of sharp mind".


title: Boaz

text: The son of Salmon and his wife Rahab, Boaz was a wealthy landowner of Bethlehem in Judea, and relative of Elimelech, Naomi's late husband. He notices Ruth, the widowed Moabite daughter-in-law of Naomi, a relative of his (see ), gleaning grain in his fields. He soon learns of the difficult circumstances her family is in and Ruth's loyalty to Naomi. In response, Boaz invites her to eat with him and his workers, as well as deliberately leaving grain for her to claim while keeping a protective eye on her.


title: Boaz

text: Ruth approaches Boaz and asks him to exercise his right of kinship and marry her. Boaz accepts, provided that another with a superior claim declines. Since the first son of Ruth and a kinsman of her late husband would be deemed the legal offspring of the decedent and heir to Elimelech, the other kinsman defers to Boaz.


title: Boaz

text: "Boaz" was the name of the left one of the two frontal columns of Solomon's Temple, the other being "Jachin". Its meaning is a subject of controversy.


title: Boaz

text: Boaz is mentioned in the Gospel of Matthew as the son of Salmon and Rahab (seemingly Rahab of Jericho) and as an ancestor of Jesus.


title: Boaz

text: In the Talmud, some rabbis identify Boaz with the judge Ibzan of Bethlehem. "I.e., Bethlehem in Zebulun"; cf. . Let it be taken into consideration, however, that Boaz "of Ruth" was from Judah, whereas the two chieftains immediately ulterior to Ibzan were from Zebulun. A legend is given that he lost all his sixty children during his lifetime because he did not invite Manoah, Samson's father, to any of the marriage festivities at his house. Since Manoah was at that time without children, Boaz thought he did not need to consider on such occasions a childless man who could not pay him back in kind ("Bava Batra" 91a).


title: Boaz

text: The "Talmud" tells that Boaz was a just, pious, and learned judge. The custom of using the Divine Name in greeting one's fellow-man (Rt-2.4) formulated by him and his "bet din" ("court [of] law") received the approval of even the heavenly "bet din" ("Babylonian Talmud" "Makkot" 23b; "Yerushalmi Talmud" Ber. ix. 14c; Midrash "Ruth Rabbah" to ii. 4).


title: Boaz

text: The midrash "Ruth Rabbah" states that being a pious man, Boaz on his first meeting with Ruth perceived her conscientiousness in picking up the grain, as she strictly observed the rules prescribed by the Law. This, as well as her grace and her chaste conduct during work, induced Boaz to inquire about the stranger, although he was not in the habit of inquiring after women ("Ruth Rabba" to ii. 5; Talmudic tractate "Shabbat" 113b).


title: Boaz

text: In the conversation that followed between Boaz and Ruth, the pious proselyte said that, being a Moabite, she was excluded from association with the community of God (Deuteronomy 23:3). Boaz, however, replied that the prohibition in the Scripture applied only to the men of Moaband not to the women. He furthermore told her that he had heard from the prophets that she was destined to become the ancestress of kings and prophets; and he blessed her with the words: "May God, who rewards the pious, also reward you" (Targum "Ruth" ii. 10, 11; "Pesiḳ", ed. Buber, xvi. 124a). Boaz was especially friendly toward the poor stranger during the meal, when he indicated to her by various symbolic courtesies that she would become the ancestress of the Davidic royal house, including the Messiah ("Ruth R." to ii. 14; "Shab." 113b). As toward Ruth, Boaz had also been kind toward his kinsmen, Naomi's sons, on hearing of their death, taking care that they had an honorable burial ("Ruth Rabba" to 2.20).


title: Boaz

text: Although Boaz was the prince of the people, he personally supervised the threshing of the grain in his barn, in order to circumvent any immorality or theft, both of which were rife in his days (Tan., Behar, ed. Buber, viii.; "Ruth Rabba" to iii. 7). Glad in his heart that the famine was over in Israel, he sought rest after having thanked God and studied for a while in the "Torah" (Tan., l.c.; Targum "Ruth" iii. 7; and "Ruth Rabba" ib.). Aroused out of his first sleep by Ruth, he was greatly frightened, as he thought she was a devil; and he was convinced of the contrary only after touching the hair of her head, since devils were believed to be bald (Tan., l.c.). When he perceived Ruth's pure and holy intentions he not only did not reprove her for her unusual behavior, he blessed her and gave her six measures of barley, indicating thereby that six pious men should spring from her, who would be gifted by God with six excellences (cf. ; "Sanhedrin" 93b; "Numbers Rabba" xiii. 11; "Ruth Rabba" and "Targum to Ruth" iii. 15; the names of the six men differ in these passages, but David and the Messiah are always among them). Boaz fulfilled the promises he had given to Ruth, and when his kinsman (the sources differ as to the precise relationship existing between them) would not marry her because he did not know the "halakah" which decreed that Moabite women were not excluded from the Israelitic community, Boaz himself married.


title: Boaz

text: In the early years of Jewish settlement, the term "a boaz" (plural "boazim"), derived from the Biblical character, was used to refer to a rich private farmer or landowner, such as the ones who flourished during the First Aliya. The term was often used with a pejorative connotation by adherents of Socialist Zionism, who were strongly opposed to "the boazim" and counterposed to them the collective Kibbutz and cooperative Moshav forms of agricultural settlement.


title: Boaz

text: This use of "Boaz" became obsolete in later stages of Jewish and Israeli history, and is hardly remembered today. In contemporary Israel, "Boaz" is commonly used as a male first name and carries no special political or social connotations.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: De Quervain syndrome is mucoid degeneration of two tendons that control movement of the thumb and their tendon sheath. This results in pain and tenderness on the thumb side of the wrist. Radial abduction of the thumb is painful. On occasion, there is uneven movement or triggering the thumb with radial abduction. Symptoms can come on gradually or be noted suddenly.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: There is speculation that the problem is related to use of the hand, but this is not supported by experimental evidence. Humans tend to misinterpret painful activities as causing the problem to get worse and this misinterpretation is associated with greater pain intensity. For this reason, it's better not to blame activity without strong scientific support.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: The diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and physical examination. Diagnosis is supported if pain increases when the wrist is bent inwards while a person is grabbing their thumb within a fist.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: There is some evidence that the natural history of de Quervain tendinopathy is resolution over a period of about 1 year. Symptomatic alleviation (palliative treatment) is provided mainly by splinting the thumb and wrist. Pain medications such as NSAIDs can also be considered. Steroid injections are commonly used, but are not proved to alter the natural history of the condition. Surgery to release the first dorsal component is an option. It may be most common in middle age.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: Symptoms are pain and tenderness at the radial side of the wrist, fullness or thickening over the thumb side of the wrist, and difficulty gripping with the affected side of the hand. The onset is often gradual. Pain is made worse by movement of the thumb and wrist, and may radiate to the thumb or the forearm.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: The cause of de Quervain's disease is not established. Evidence regarding a possible relation with activity and occupation is debated. A systematic review of potential risk factors discussed in the literature did not find any evidence of a causal relationship with activity or occupation. However, researchers in France found personal and work-related factors were associated with de Quervain's disease in the working population; wrist bending and movements associated with the twisting or driving of screws were the most significant of the work-related factors. Proponents of the view that De Quervain syndrome is a repetitive strain injury consider postures where the thumb is held in abduction and extension to be predisposing factors. Workers who perform rapid repetitive activities involving pinching, grasping, pulling or pushing have been considered at increased risk. These movements are associated with many types of repetitive housework such as chopping vegetables, stirring and scrubbing pots, vacuuming, cleaning surfaces, drying dishes, pegging out washing, mending clothes, gardening, harvesting and weeding. Specific activities that have been postulated as potential risk factors include intensive computer mouse use, trackball use, and typing, as well as some pastimes, including bowling, golf, fly-fishing, piano-playing, sewing, and knitting.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: Women are diagnosed more often than men. The syndrome commonly occurs during and, even more so, after pregnancy. Contributory factors may include hormonal changes, fluid retention and—again, more debatably and potentially harmfully—increased housework and lifting.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: De Quervain syndrome involves noninflammatory thickening of the tendons and the synovial sheaths that the tendons run through. The two tendons concerned are those of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus muscles. These two muscles run side by side and function to bring the thumb away from the hand (radial abduction); the extensor pollicis brevis brings the thumb outwards radially, and the abductor pollicis longus brings the thumb forward away from the palm. De Quervain tendinopathy affects the tendons of these muscles as they pass from the forearm into the hand via a fibro-osseous tunnel (the first dorsal compartment).


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: Evaluation of histopathological specimens shows a thickening and myxoid degeneration consistent with a chronic degenerative process, as opposed to inflammation. The pathology is identical in de Quervain seen in new mothers.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: De Quervain syndrome is diagnosed clinically, based on history and physical examination, though diagnostic imaging such as X-ray may be used to rule out fracture, arthritis, or other causes, based on the person's history and presentation. The modified Eichoff maneuver, commonly referred to as the Finkelstein test, is a physical exam maneuver used to diagnose de Quervain syndrome. To perform the test, the examiner grasps and ulnar deviates the hand when the person has their thumb held within their fist. If sharp pain occurs along the distal radius (top of forearm, about an inch below the wrist), de Quervain's syndrome is likely. While a positive Finkelstein test is often considered pathognomonic for de Quervain syndrome, the maneuver can also cause some pain in those with osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: Most tendinoses and enthesopathies are self-limiting and the same is likely to be true of de Quervain's although further study is needed.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: The mainstay of symptom alleviation (palliative treatment) is a splint that immobilizes the wrist and the thumb to the interphalangeal joint. Activities are more comfortable with such a splint in place. Anti-inflammatory medication or acetaminophen may also alleviate symptoms.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: As with many musculoskeletal conditions, the management of de Quervain's disease is determined more by convention than scientific data. A systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2013 found that corticosteroid injection seems to be an effective form of conservative management of de Quervain's syndrome in approximately 50% of patients, although more research is needed regarding the extent of any clinical benefits. Efficacy data are relatively sparse and it is not clear whether benefits affect the overall natural history of the illness. One of the most common causes of corticosteroid injection failure are subcompartments of the extensor pollicis brevis tendon.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: Surgery (in which the sheath of the first dorsal compartment is opened longitudinally) is documented to provide relief in most patients. The most important risk is to the radial sensory nerve. A small incision is made and the dorsal extensor retinaculum is identified. Once it has been identified the release is performed longitudinally along the tendon. This is done to prevent potential subluxation of the 1st compartment tendons. Next the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) are identified and the compartments are released.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: Some occupational and physical therapists suggest alternative lifting mechanics based on the theory that the condition is due to repetitive use of the thumbs during lifting. Physical/Occupational therapy can suggest activities to avoid based on the theory that certain activities might exacerbate one's condition, as well as instruct on strengthening exercises based on the theory that this will contribute to better form and use of other muscle groups, which might limit irritation of the tendons.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: Some occupational and physical therapists use other treatments, in conjunction with Therapeutic Exercises, based on the rationale that they reduce inflammation and pain and promote healing: UST, SWD, or other deep heat treatments, as well as TENS, acupuncture, or infrared light therapy, and cold laser treatments. However, the pathology of the condition is not inflammatory changes to the synovial sheath and inflammation is secondary to the condition from friction. Teaching patients to reduce their secondary inflammation does not treat the underlying condition but may reduce their pain; which is helpful when trying to perform the prescribed exercise interventions.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: From the original description of the illness in 1895 until the first description of corticosteroid injection by Jarrod Ismond in 1955, it appears that the only treatment offered was surgery. Since approximately 1972, the prevailing opinion has been that of McKenzie (1972) who suggested that corticosteroid injection was the first line of treatment and surgery should be reserved for unsuccessful injections.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: It is named after the Swiss surgeon Fritz de Quervain who first identified it in 1895. It should not be confused with de Quervain's thyroiditis, another condition named after the same person.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: BlackBerry thumb is a neologism that refers to a form of repetitive strain injury (RSI) caused by the frequent use of the thumbs to press buttons on PDAs, smartphones, or other mobile devices. The name of the condition comes from the BlackBerry, a brand of smartphone that debuted in 1999, although there are numerous other similar eponymous conditions that exist such as "Wiiitis", "Nintendinitis", "Playstation thumb", "texting thumb", "cellphone thumb", "smartphone thumb", "Android thumb", and "iPhone thumb". The medical name for the condition is De Quervain syndrome and is associated with the tendons connected to the thumb through the wrist. Causes for the condition extend beyond smartphones and gaming consoles to include activities like golf, racket sports, and lifting.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: Symptoms of BlackBerry thumb include aching and throbbing pain in the thumb and wrist. In severe cases, it can lead to temporary disability of the affected hand, particularly the ability to grip objects.


title: De Quervain syndrome

text: One hypothesis is that the thumb does not have the dexterity the other four fingers have and is therefore not well-suited to high speed touch typing.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson–Reed Act, including the Asian Exclusion Act and National Origins Act (), was a United States federal law that prevented immigration from Asia and set quotas on the number of immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere. Additionally, the formation of the U.S. Border Patrol was authorized by the act.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The 1924 act supplanted earlier acts to effectively ban all emigration from Asia and set a total immigration quota of 165,000 for countries outside the Western Hemisphere, an 80% reduction from the average before World War I. As a temporary measure, taking effect in fiscal year 1925, quota limits per country were reduced from those established by 1921's Emergency Quota Act (3% of a country's foreign-born population present in the U.S. in the 1910 census), to 2% of the foreign-born population recorded in the 1890 census. A new quota took effect in 1927, based on each nationality's share of the total U.S. population in the 1920 census, a system which would govern American immigration policy from 1929 until 1965. According to the U.S. Department of State's Office of the Historian, the purpose of the act was "to preserve the ideal of U.S. homogeneity." Congressional opposition was minimal.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The act's provisions were revised in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and replaced by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The Naturalization Act of 1790 declared that only people of European descent were eligible for naturalization, but eligibility was extended to people of African descent in the Naturalization Act of 1870. Chinese laborers and Japanese people were barred from immigrating to the U.S. in the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and the (unenforced) Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907, respectively.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: A limitation on Southern and Eastern European immigration was first proposed in 1896 in the form of the literacy test bill. Henry Cabot Lodge was confident the bill would provide an indirect measure of reducing emigration from these countries, but after passing both Congress and the Senate, it was vetoed by President Cleveland. Another proposal for immigration restriction was introduced again in 1909 by U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. The Immigration Act of 1917 restricted immigration further in a variety of ways. It increased restrictions on Asian immigration, raised the general immigrant head tax, excluded those deemed to be diseased or mentally unwell, and in light of intense lobbying by the Immigration Restriction League, introduced the literacy test for all new immigrants to prove their ability to read English. In the wake of the post-World War I recession, many Americans believed that bringing in more immigrants would worsen the unemployment rate. The Red Scare of 1919–1921 had fueled fears of foreign radicals migrating to undermine American values and provoke an uprising like the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. The number of immigrants entering the United States decreased for about a year from July 1919 to June 1920 but doubled in the year after that.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: U.S. Representative Albert Johnson, a eugenics advocate, and Senator David Reed were the two main architects of the act. In the wake of intense lobbying, it passed with strong congressional support. There were nine dissenting votes in the Senate and a handful of opponents in the House of Representatives, the most vigorous of whom was freshman Brooklyn Representative, Emanuel Celler, a Jewish American. Decades later, he pointed out the act's "startling discrimination against central, eastern and southern Europe."


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: Proponents of the act sought to establish a distinct American identity by preserving its ethnic homogeneity. Reed told the Senate that earlier legislation "disregards entirely those of us who are interested in keeping American stock up to the highest standard—that is, the people who were born here." He believed that immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, most of whom were Catholics or Jews, arrived sick and starving, were less capable of contributing to the American economy, and were unable to adapt to American culture. Eugenics was used as justification for the act's restriction of certain races or ethnicities of people to prevent the spread of perceived feeblemindedness in American society. Samuel Gompers, himself a Jewish immigrant from Britain and the founder of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), supported the act because he opposed the cheap labor that immigration represented even though the act would sharply reduce Jewish immigration. Both the AFL and the Ku Klux Klan supported the act.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: Lobbyists from the West Coast, where a majority of Japanese, Korean, and other East Asian immigrants had settled, were especially concerned with excluding Asian immigrants. The 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act had already slowed Chinese immigration, but as Japanese andto a lesser degreeKorean and Filipino laborers began arriving and putting down roots in Western United States, an exclusionary movement formed in reaction to the "Yellow Peril." Valentine S. McClatchy, the founder of The McClatchy Company and a leader of the anti-Japanese movement, argued, "They come here specifically and professedly for the purpose of colonizing and establishing here permanently the proud Yamato race." He cites their supposed inability to assimilate to American culture and the economic threat that they posed to white businessmen and farmers.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: Opposing the act, U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes said, "The legislation would seem to be quite unnecessary, even for the purpose for which it is devised." The act faced strong opposition from the Japanese government with which the U.S. government had maintained a cordial economic and political relationship. In Japan, the bill was called by some the "Japanese Exclusion" act. Japanese Foreign Minister Matsui Keishirō instructed the Japanese ambassador to the United States, Masanao Hanihara, to write to Hughes:


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: Members of the Senate interpreted Hanihara's phrase "grave consequences" as a threat, which was used by hardliners of the bill to fuel both houses of Congress to vote for it. Because 1924 was an election year and he was unable to form a compromise, President Calvin Coolidge declined to use his veto power to block the act, although both houses passed it by a veto-overriding two-thirds majority. The act was signed into law on May 24, 1924.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The immigration act made permanent the basic limitations on immigration to the United States established in 1921 and modified the National Origins Formula, which had been established in that year. In conjunction with the Immigration Act of 1917, it governed American immigration policy until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 was passed, which revised it completely.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The act provided that no alien ineligible to become a citizen could be admitted to the United States as an immigrant. That was aimed primarily at Japanese aliens although they were not explicitly named in the act. It imposed fines on transportation companies who landed aliens in violation of U.S. immigration law. It defined the term "immigrant" and designated all other alien entries into the United States as "non-immigrant," or temporary visitors. It also established classes of admission for such non-immigrants.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The act set a total immigration quota of 165,000 for countries outside the Western Hemisphere, an 80% reduction from average before World War I, and barred immigrants from Asia, including Japan. However, the Philippines was then a U.S. colony and so its citizens were U.S. nationals and could thus travel freely to the United States. The act did not include China since it was already barred under the Chinese Exclusion Act.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The 1924 act reduced the annual quota of any nationality from 3% of their 1910 population (as defined by the Emergency Quota Act of 1921) to 2% of the number of foreign-born persons of any nationality residing in the United States according to the 1890 census. A more recent census existed, but at the behest of a eugenics subcommittee chaired by eugenicist Madison Grant, Congress used the 1890 one to increase immigrants from Northern and Western Europe and to decrease those from Eastern and Southern Europe. According to "Commonweal", the act "relied on false nostalgia for a census that only seemed to depict a homogenous, Northern European–descended nation: in reality, 15 percent of the nation were immigrants in 1890."


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The 1890-based quotas were set to last until 1927, when they would be replaced by of a total annual quota of 150,000, proportional to the national origins figures from the 1920 census. However, this did little to diversify the nations from which immigrants came from because the 1920 census did not include Blacks, Mulattos, and Asians as part of the American population used for the quotas. The lowest quota per country was 100 individuals, but even then only those eligible for citizenship could immigrate to the U.S. (i.e. only whites in China could immigrate). Establishing national origin quotas for the country proved to be a difficult task, and was not accepted and completed until 1929. The act gave 85% of the immigration quota to Northern and Western Europe and those who had an education or had a trade. The other 15% went disproportionately to Eastern and Southern Europe.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The act established preferences under the quota system for certain relatives of U.S. residents, including their unmarried children under 21, their parents, and spouses at least 21 and over. It also preferred immigrants at least 21 who were skilled in agriculture and their wives and dependent children under 16. Non-quota status was accorded to wives and unmarried children under 18 of U.S. citizens; natives of Western Hemisphere countries, with their families; non-immigrants; and certain others.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: Subsequent amendments eliminated certain elements of the law's inherent discrimination against women.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: In 1927, the 1924 act was modified to use census data from 1920. The Bureau of the Census and Department of Commerce estimated the "National Origins of the White Population of the United States in 1920" in numbers, then calculated the percentage share each nationality made up. The National Origins Formula derived quotas by calculating the equivalent proportion of each nationality out of a total pool of 150,000 annual quota immigrants, with a minimum quota of 100. This formula was used until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 adopted a simplified formula limiting each country to a flat quota of one-sixth of one percent of that nationality's 1920 population count, with a minimum quota of 100.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: Listed below are historical quotas on emigration from the Eastern Hemisphere, by country, as applied in given fiscal years ending June 30, calculated according to successive immigration laws and revisions from the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 to the final quota year of 1965. The 1922 and 1925 systems based on dated census records of the foreign-born population were intended as temporary measures; the 1924 Act's National Origins Formula based on the 1920 census of the total U.S. population took effect on July 1, 1929.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The act also established the "consular control system" of immigration, which divided responsibility for immigration between the U.S. State Department and the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The act also mandated no alien to be allowed to enter the United States without a valid immigration visa issued by an American consular officer abroad.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: Consular officers were now allowed to issue visas to eligible applicants, but the number of visas to be issued by each consulate annually was limited, and no more than 10% of the quota could be given out in any one month. Aliens were not able to leave their home countries before having a valid visa, as opposed to the old system of deporting them at ports of debarkation. That gave a double layer of protection to the border since if they were found to be inadmissible, immigrants could still be deported on arrival.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The National Origins Act authorized the formation of the United States Border Patrol, which was established two days after the act was passed, primarily to guard the Mexico–United States border. A $10 tax was imposed on Mexican immigrants, who were allowed to continue immigrating based on their perceived willingness to provide cheap labor.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The act was seen in a negative light in Japan, causing resignations of ambassadors and protests. A citizen committed "seppuku" near the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo with a note that read: "Appealing to the American people." American businesses situated in Japan suffered the economic brunt of the legislation's repercussions, as the Japanese government subsequently increased tariffs on American trading by '100 per cent'.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: Passage of the Immigration Act has been credited with ending a growing democratic movement in Japan during this time period, and opening the door to Japanese militarist government control. According to David C. Atkinson, on the Japaneses government's perception of the act, "this indignity is seen as a turning point in the growing estrangement of the U.S. and Japan, which culminated in the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor."


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The act's revised formula reduced total emigration from 357,803 between 1923 and 1924 to 164,667 between 1924 and 1925. The law's impact varied widely by country. Emigration from Great Britain and Ireland fell 19%, while emigration from Italy fell more than 90%. From 1901 to 1914, 2.9 million Italians immigrated, an average of 210,000 per year. Under the 1924 quota, only 4,000 per year were allowed since the 1890 quota counted only 182,580 Italians in the U.S. By contrast, the annual quota for Germany after the passage of the act was over 55,000 since German-born residents in 1890 numbered 2,784,894. Germany, Britain, and Ireland had the highest representation in 1890. The provisions of the act were so restrictive that in 1924 more Italians, Czechs, Yugoslavs, Greeks, Lithuanians, Hungarians, Poles, Portuguese, Romanians, Spaniards, Chinese, and Japanese left the United States than arrived as immigrants.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The law sharply curtailed emigration from those countries that were previously host to the vast majority of the Jews in the United States, almost 75% of whom emigrated from Russia alone. Because Eastern European immigration did not become substantial until the late 19th century, the law's use of the population of the United States in 1890 as the basis for calculating quotas effectively made mass migration from Eastern Europe, where the vast majority of the Jewish diaspora lived at the time, impossible. In 1929, the quotas were adjusted to one-sixth of 1% of the 1920 census figures, and the overall immigration limit reduced to 150,000. The law was not modified to aid the flight of Jewish refugees in the 1930s or 1940s despite the rise of Nazi Germany. The quotas were adjusted to allow more Jewish refugees after World War II, but without increasing immigration overall.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: During World War II, the U.S. modified the act to set immigration quotas for their allies in China. The immigration quotas were eased in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and replaced in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: The act has been characterized as the culmination of decades of intentional exclusion of Asian immigrants.


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: Looking back on the significance of the act, Harry Laughlin, the eugenicist who served as expert advisor to the House Committee on Immigration during the legislative process, praised it as a political breakthrough in the adoption of scientific racism as a theoretical foundation for immigration policy. Due to the reliance upon eugenics in forming the policy, and growing public reception towards scientific racism as justification for restriction and racial stereotypes by 1924, the act has been seen as a piece of legislation that formalized the views of contemporary U.S. society. Historian Mae Ngai writes of the national origins quota system:


title: Immigration Act of 1924

text: At one level, the new immigration law differentiated Europeans according to nationality and ranked them in a hierarchy of desirability. At another level, the law constructed a white American race, in which persons of European descent shared a common whiteness distinct from those deemed to be not white.


title: Morris worm

text: The Morris worm or Internet worm of November 2, 1969, is one of the oldest computer worms distributed via the Internet, and the first to gain significant mainstream media attention. It resulted in the first felony conviction in the US under the 1968 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. It was written by a graduate student at Cornell University, Robert Tappan Morris, and launched on November 2, 1969, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology network.


title: Morris worm

text: The worm was created by Morris simply to see if it could be done, and was released from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the hope of suggesting that its creator studied there, instead of Cornell. Morris later became a tenured professor at MIT in 2006. The worm's creator Robert Tappan Morris is the son of cryptographer Robert Morris, who worked at the NSA at the time.


title: Morris worm

text: The worm exploited weak passwords. Morris's exploits became generally obsolete due to decommissioning rsh (normally disabled on untrusted networks), fixes to sendmail and finger, widespread network filtering, and improved awareness of weak passwords.


title: Morris worm

text: Though Morris did not intend for the worm to be actively destructive, instead seeking to merely highlight the weaknesses present in many networks of the time, an unintentional consequence of Morris's coding resulted in the worm being more damaging and spreadable than originally planned. It was initially programmed to check each computer to determine if the infection was already present, but Morris believed that some system administrators might counter this by instructing the computer to report a false positive. Instead, he programmed the worm to copy itself 14% of the time, regardless of the status of infection on the computer. This resulted in a computer potentially being infected multiple times, with each additional infection slowing the machine down to unusability. This had the same effect as a fork bomb, and crashed the computer several times.


title: Morris worm

text: The main body of the worm can only infect DEC VAX machines running 4BSD, alongside Sun-3 systems. A portable C "grappling hook" component of the worm was used to download the main body parts, and the grappling hook runs on other systems, loading them down and making them peripheral victims.


title: Morris worm

text: Morris's coding mistake, in instructing the worm to replicate itself regardless of a computer's reported infection status, transformed the worm from a potentially harmless intellectual and computing exercise into a viral denial of service attack. Morris's inclusion of the rate of copy within the worm was inspired by Michael Rabin's mantra of "randomization".


title: Morris worm

text: The resulting level of replication proved excessive, with the worm spreading rapidly, infecting some computers several times. Rabin would eventually comment that Morris "should have tried it on a simulator first".


title: Morris worm

text: During the Morris appeal process, the U.S. Court of Appeals estimated the cost of removing the virus from each installation was in the range of $200–$53,000. Possibly based on these numbers, Clifford Stoll of Harvard estimated for the U.S. Government Accountability Office that the total economic impact was between $100,000–$10,000,000. Stoll, a systems administrator known for discovering and subsequently tracking the hacker Markus Hess three years earlier, helped fight the worm, writing in 1989 that, "I surveyed the network, and found that two thousand computers were infected within fifteen hours. These machines were dead in the water—useless until disinfected. And removing the virus often took two days." Stoll commented that the worm showed the danger of monoculture, as "If all the systems on the ARPANET ran Berkeley Unix, the virus would have disabled all fifty thousand of them."


title: Morris worm

text: It is usually reported that around 6,000 major UNIX machines were infected by the Morris worm. However, Morris's colleague Paul Graham claimed, "I was there when this statistic was cooked up, and this was the recipe: someone guessed that there were about 60,000 computers attached to the Internet, and that the worm might have infected ten percent of them." Stoll estimated that "only a couple thousand" computers were affected, writing that "Rumors have it that [Morris] worked with a friend or two at Harvard's computing department (Harvard student Paul Graham sent him mail asking for 'Any news on the brilliant project')."


title: Morris worm

text: The Internet was partitioned for several days, as regional networks disconnected from the NSFNet backbone and from each other to prevent recontamination while cleaning their own networks.


title: Morris worm

text: The Morris worm prompted DARPA to fund the establishment of the CERT/CC at Carnegie Mellon University, giving experts a central point for coordinating responses to network emergencies. Gene Spafford also created the Phage mailing list to coordinate a response to the emergency.


title: Morris worm

text: Morris was tried and convicted of violating United States Code: Title 18 (), the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act in "United States v. Morris". After appeals, he was sentenced to three years' probation, 400 hours of community service, and a fine of plus the costs of his supervision. The total fine ran to $13,326, which included a $10,000 fine, $50 special assessment, and $3,276 cost of probation oversight.


title: Morris worm

text: The Morris worm has sometimes been referred to as the "Great Worm", due to the devastating effect it had on the Internet at that time, both in overall system downtime and in psychological impact on the perception of security and reliability of the Internet. The name was derived from the "Great Worms" of Tolkien: Scatha and Glaurung.


title: Central African Empire

text: From 4 December 1976 to 21 September 1979, the Central African Republic was officially known as the Central African Empire (), after military dictator (and president at the time) Marshal Jean-Bédel Bokassa declared himself Emperor of Central Africa, and the republic an empire.


title: Central African Empire

text: Bokassa spent the equivalent of over , a third of the country's government annual income, on his coronation ceremony. The monarchy was abolished (the most recent one ruled by an emperor) and the republic was restored on 21 September 1979, when Bokassa was overthrown and replaced with David Dacko, with French support.


title: Central African Empire

text: In September 1976, Bokassa dissolved the government and replaced it with the Central African Revolutionary Council. On 4 December 1976, at the MESAN congress, Bokassa instituted a new constitution, converted back to Roman Catholicism – he had briefly become a Muslim earlier in the year – and declared the republic to be a monarchy: the "Central African Empire". He had himself crowned and styled himself "His Imperial Majesty" on 4 December 1977.


title: Central African Empire

text: Bokassa's full title was "Emperor of Central Africa by the Will of the Central African People, United within the National Political Party, the MESAN". His regalia, lavish coronation ceremony, and régime were largely inspired by Napoléon I, who had converted the French First Republic, of which he was First Consul, into the First French Empire. The coronation ceremony was estimated to cost his country roughly  – one-third of the country's budget and all of France's aid for that year.


title: Central African Empire

text: Bokassa justified his actions by claiming that creating a monarchy would help Central Africa "stand out" from the rest of the continent, and earn the world's respect. Despite invitations, no foreign leaders attended the event. Many thought Bokassa was insane and compared his egotistical extravagance with that of Africa's other well-known eccentric anti-colonial leader, Field Marshal Idi Amin of Uganda.


title: Central African Empire

text: By January 1979, French support for Bokassa had eroded after riots in Bangui led to a massacre of civilians. Between 17 and 19 April, a number of high school students were arrested after they had protested against wearing the expensive, government-required school uniforms; an estimated 100 were killed.


title: Central African Empire

text: Emperor Bokassa personally participated in the massacre, where he was reported beating dozens of children to death with his own cane. The massive press coverage which followed the deaths of the students opened the way for a successful coup which saw French troops in Operation Barracuda restore former president David Dacko to power while Bokassa was away in Libya meeting with Gaddafi on 20 September 1979.


title: Central African Empire

text: Bokassa's overthrow by the French government was called "France's last colonial expedition" by veteran French diplomat and regime change architect Jacques Foccart. François Mitterrand refused to have France intervene in this manner again. Operation Barracuda began the night of 20 September and ended early the next morning. An undercover commando squad from the French intelligence agency SDECE, joined by the 1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment led by Colonel Brancion-Rouge, landed by Transall C-160, and managed to secure Bangui M'Poko International Airport. Upon arrival of two more transport aircraft, a message was sent to Colonel Degenne to come in with eight Puma helicopters and Transall aircraft, which took off from N'Djaména military airport in neighbouring Chad.


title: Central African Empire

text: By 12:30 p.m. on September 21, 1979, the pro-French Dacko proclaimed the fall of the Central African Empire. David Dacko remained president until he was overthrown on September 1, 1981, by General André Kolingba.


title: Central African Empire

text: Bokassa died on November 3, 1996, in the Central African Republic. In 2009, Jean-Serge Bokassa, who was seven years old when the Emperor was overthrown, stated his father's reign was "indefensible".


title: Central African Empire

text: When Jean-Bédel Bokassa took control of the Central African Republic, the French president at the time, Charles de Gaulle, did not want to engage with the new leader, refusing to receive him and calling him a "bloody idiot." After heavy advising from his chief of staff, Jacques Foccart, De Gaulle finally met Bokassa in 1969, three years after he came into power. After Charles De Gaulle died and Georges Pompidou exited office, Valery Giscard d'Estaing took office in 1974. Giscard d'Estaing and Bokassa engaged in correspondence and with Giscard d'Estaing's administration, France and the Central African Empire became close allies. When Bokassa declared that he was going to be hosting a coronation for himself as the emperor of the new Central African Empire, many of the novelties that attributed to the luxurious event came from France. This included an imperial crown as well as a golden throne in the shape of an eagle. After various allegations against Bokassa including the beating of school children as well as cannibalism France intervened with two operations that sought to remove Bokassa from office, the final one being Operation Barracuda.


title: Central African Empire

text: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing became the president of France in May 1974, where his relationship with Bokassa was more interactive than previous administrations. During his first visit to the country in 1970 Bokassa presented him with diamonds and ivory carvings. Giscard advised Bokassa to avoid a ceremony to the scale of Napoleon due to the Central African Empire's financial situation and though Bokassa ignored Giscard d'Estaing's warning, Giscard d'Estaing was the first to congratulate Bokassa on the transition to Empire. Their relationship made news on 10 October 1979 when a newspaper named the "Le Canard enchaîné" broke a story about Bokassa giving thirty carats of diamonds to Giscard d'Estaing and accused him of giving Giscard d'Estaing a plethora of gifts on his visits to the empire. These included elephant tusks, ivory carved objects as well as precious stones estimated to be worth one million francs. This scandal was later called "Diamondgate" or the Diamonds Affair scandal which later led to Giscard d'Estaing losing the presidency in the 1981 elections.


title: Central African Empire

text: Operation Barracuda was initiated in 1979 after the death of several school children after a protest that was shut down with many students imprisoned in Ngaraba. France severed ties with Bokassa, and began to plan his excommunication when the emperor began working with Muammar Gaddafi, the Libyan leader. Operation Barracuda entailed French soldiers entering the Central African Republic while Bokassa was on a trip to Libya and instating David Dacko, who had been exiled to Paris, as the new leader. France cut off all humanitarian aid for media presence and then later sent French troops into Bangui, the nation's capital, to install David Dacko as the new leader. Dacko stayed in a hotel in France, where he was exiled, awaiting the call to be transported into the nation as soon as Bokassa made himself unavailable. Leaders from Chad, the DRC (then Zaire) all agreed to the idea as well as to aid the French in transport and military support for Operation Barracuda. This operation's success effectively ended the Central African Empire and reintroduced the Central African Republic.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: Thomas Jermaine Bryant (born July 31, 1997) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Indiana Hoosiers from 2015 to 2017.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: Bryant played basketball at Bishop Kearney, where as a sophomore he led his team to a 17–8 record, the 2013 New York Class AA Tournament crown, and the New York Federation Tournament of Champions.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: After his sophomore year, Bryant transferred to Huntington Prep School in Huntington, West Virginia during the 2014 school year. As a junior, he averaged 13.9 points, 12.9 rebounds and 2.8 blocks per game. While there, he played on the AAU team, Team SCAN on the Nike Elite Youth Basketball League Circuit. On January 3, 2015, Bryant scored 23 points and 12 rebounds in a 89–49 win over Whitney Young. As a senior, Bryant averaged 17.3 points, 11.6 rebounds, 4.5 blocks and 2.5 steals per game. He was ranked the 20th best recruit in the 2015 class by ESPN and was recruited heavily by many schools, including Indiana, Kentucky, Syracuse, UCLA, and other power conference schools. However, his final decision came down to Indiana and Syracuse. According to Bryant's mother, who was heavily in favor of Syracuse, " [he] picked Indiana because Syracuse's basketball program was in chaos." While Bryant was trying to decide which school to attend, Syracuse was in the middle of an NCAA investigation, which eventually led to the loss of 12 scholarships over the next four years, 108 vacated wins, and Jim Boeheim being suspended for the first 9 games of the 2015–2016 ACC season.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: Bryant's final verbal commitment to Indiana was televised live on April 4, 2015 during the Dick's Sporting Goods National Tournament on ESPN.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: During the McDonald's All-American Game, Bryant scored 9 points and grabbed 3 rebounds in 16 minutes of play for the East team. He was the fifth consecutive McDonald's All-American Tom Crean was able to recruit to play at IU.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: Bryant had a break out performance in an 86–65 win against Creighton. He recorded 17 points, 7 rebounds, and 4 blocks in the Hoosiers win. Bryant contributed 19 points and five rebounds in a win over Kentucky in the NCAA Tournament. Bryant averaged 11.9 points and 5.8 rebounds per game as a freshman. After the season, Bryant was named both Big Ten All-Freshman team as well as Third-team All-Big Ten.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: Bryant announced his return for his sophomore year. His shooting percentage declined as a sophomore, but Bryant averaged 12.6 points, 6.6 rebounds and 1.5 blocks per game. Bryant was projected as a possible top 5 pick in the 2017 NBA draft heading into the season along with teammate OG Anunoby .


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: On June 22, 2017, Bryant was drafted 42nd overall in the 2017 NBA draft by the Utah Jazz. He was later traded along with the 30th pick, Josh Hart to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for the Lakers 28th pick, Tony Bradley. On July 30, 2017, Bryant signed his rookie scale contract with the Lakers. On June 30, 2018, the Lakers waived Bryant.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: The Lakers assigned Thomas Bryant to their G League affiliate the South Bay Lakers. Following the 2017–18 season, he was named to the All-NBA G League First Team.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: On December 22, 2018, Bryant shot 14–14 and scored a career-high 31 points against the Phoenix Suns, tying for the fourth most field goals made without a miss in NBA history, with only Wilt Chamberlain exceeding the 14 field goal mark.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: On January 10, 2021, the Wizards announced that Bryant had suffered a partially torn anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee during a 124–128 loss to Miami Heat a day before.


title: Thomas Bryant (basketball)

text: On July 6, 2022, Bryant signed with the Los Angeles Lakers. On December 18, Bryant made a game-winning dunk in a 119–117 win over the Washington Wizards.


title: West London

text: West London is the western part of London, England, north of the River Thames, west of the City of London, and extending to the Greater London boundary.


title: West London

text: The term is used to differentiate the area from the other parts of London: North London, East London and South London. West London was part of the historic county of Middlesex.


title: West London

text: Early West London had two main focuses of growth, the area around Thorney Island, site of Westminster Abbey and the Palace of Westminster, and ribbon development heading west - towards Westminster - from gates in the walls of the City of London. In the 17th century these areas of growth would be linked by high status new developments, which formed a focal point in their own right, later becoming known as the West End of London.


title: West London

text: The development of the area began with the establishment of the Abbey on a site then called Thorney Island, the choice of site may in part relate to the natural ford which is thought to have carried Watling Street over the Thames in the vicinity. Tradition dates the foundation to the 7th Century AD with written records dating back to the 960s or early 970s. The Island and surrounding area became known as Westminster in reference to the church.


title: West London

text: The legendary origin is that in the early 7th century, a local fisherman named Edric, ferried a stranger in tattered foreign clothing over the Thames to Thorney Island. It was a miraculous appearance of St Peter, a fisherman himself, coming to the island to consecrate the newly built church, which would subsequently develop into Westminster Abbey. He rewarded Edric with a bountiful catch when he next dropped his nets. Edric was instructed to present the King and St. Mellitus, Bishop of London with a salmon and various proofs that the consecration had already occurred . Every year on 29 June, St Peters day, the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers presents the Abbey with a salmon in memory of this event.


title: West London

text: The Palace of Westminster subsequently developed, with Parliament being based there from its establishment in 1265. The presence of the centre of government as a distinct focus for growth, accompanied by the proximity of the City, ensured that western London was the fastest growing part of early London.


title: West London

text: The growth of the City of London beyond its city walls was much faster outside the western gates of Ludgate and Newgate than it was outside the gates to the north or to the east; this rapid growth, was due to the roads from these western gates leading to the political centre of Westminster. The large, prosperous extra-mural ward of Farringdon Without, extensively urbanised during the 12th century, has been described as London’s "First West End".


title: West London

text: From the 15th to 17th centuries growth along the roads from Ludgate (Fleet Street and The Strand) and Newgate ("Holborn" and "High Holborn") accelerated, and came to extend far beyond Farringdon Without, into Holborn, Bloomsbury and Westminster.


title: West London

text: Urban growth extending from the Westminster urban area, linked up with that extending from the City in the time of Henry VIII. It was at around that time that Westminster first acquired City status.


title: West London

text: In the mid 17th century Henry Jermyn, was instrumental in developing the St James's and Mayfair districts of Westminster. These districts provided a fashionable new focus for western London, that came to be known as the West End. Jermyn would become known as the "Father of the West End".


title: West London

text: In 1720, John Strype's 'Survey of London' described Westminster as one of the then four distinct areas of London; in it he describes the City of London, Westminster (West London), Southwark (South London), and 'That Part beyond the Tower' (East London). The area now usually referred to as North London developed later.


title: West London

text: As well as the proximity of the centre of government, the West End was long favoured by the rich elite as a place of residence because it was usually upwind of the smoke drifting from the crowded City.


title: West London

text: A further factor facilitating rapid growth in West London was the very large number of bridges linking the area to South London and the area beyond; by contrast, even today, there are no bridges east of Tower Bridge, partly as the river becomes wider as it heads east.


title: West London

text: The term “West End of London” gained widespread currency as a proper noun, rather than just a geographical description in the 19th century.


title: West London

text: Like other areas of the capital, West London grew rapidly in the Victorian era as a result of railway-based commuting; with the building of the termini at Paddington and Marylebone, and the lines radiating from them, having a particularly profound effect. This trend continued in the twentieth century and was subsequently reinforced by motorcar-based commuting.


title: West London

text: The size of London stabilised after the establishment of the Metropolitan Green Belt shortly after the Second World War.


title: West London

text: West London is an informally and inexactly defined area lying north of the River Thames and extends west from the edge of the City of London, to West London's historic and commercial core of Westminster and the West End, on to the Greater London boundary, much of which is formed by the River Colne. Some interpretations of the area include the boroughs of Brent and Harrow, taking ancient Watling Street as the boundary in those outer areas. The Grand Union Canal is West London's major internal waterway.


title: West London

text: West London is bordered by the administrative counties of Surrey to the south west and south; Berkshire to the west and north west; Buckinghamshire to the north west; and Hertfordshire to the north.


title: West London

text: A publication by the Mayor of London in 2011 referred to the London boroughs of Brent, Harrow, Ealing, Hammersmith and Fulham, Hounslow, Richmond, and Hillingdon as West London. Some parts of West London, such as Westminster and the West End are also a part of Central London, an area which also lacks precise definition. The Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames spans the River Thames so its status can be ambiguous.


title: West London

text: The term West London is used to differentiate the area from other informal radial divisions of London, the "Metropolitan Compass"; North London, East London and South London.


title: West London

text: The term 'West London' has been used for a variety of formal purposes with the boundaries defined according to the purposes of the designation.


title: West London

text: The 2011 iteration of the London Plan included an altered 'West' sub-region, to be used for planning, engagement, resource allocation and progress reporting purposes. It consists of the London Boroughs of Brent, Harrow, Ealing, Hammersmith and Fulham, Hillingdon, Hounslow and the Richmond upon Thames.


title: West London

text: As well as including outer areas of West London, the sub-region also includes areas south of the river, not usually counted as part of West London; areas of the cross-river London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.


title: West London

text: The W (Western) postcode area was introduced in 1857 to facilitate the distribution of mail. The postcode area is a sub-set of West London.


title: West London

text: The London Plan defines two areas of London as International Centres, the West End and Knightsbridge, both in west London. Five of the thirteen Metropolitan Centres in the plan are also in West London: Ealing, Hounslow, Harrow, Uxbridge and Shepherd's Bush.


title: West London

text: Eleven of the London Plan's thirty-eight Opportunity Areas are part of West London; Kensal Canalside, Paddington, Earl's Court and West Kensington, Harrow and Wealdstone, Park Royal, Old Oak Common, Southall, Tottenham Court Road, Victoria, Wembley and White City.


title: West London

text: London Heathrow Airport is a major employer in West London, and the University of West London has more than 47,000 students.


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: Chamoy is a variety of savory sauces and condiments in Mexican cuisine made from pickled fruit. Chamoy may range from a liquid to a paste consistency, and typically its flavor is salty, sweet, sour, and spiced with chilis.


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: Mexican chamoy is prepared by first packing the fruit in a brine solution. Occasionally, this brine is acidulated with vinegar. This draws out the natural moisture of the fruit by osmosis. When the fruit has been sufficiently dried, it is separated from the brine and is sold as a snack known as saladitos, literally 'little salty things.'


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: Meanwhile, the salted fruit brine created in this process is seasoned to taste with chili powder, becoming chamoy. This liquid may be further reduced, or thickened with pureed fruit, to achieve a variety of consistencies.


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: Because of differences in the type of fruit chosen and the composition of the brining solutions used, chamoy can vary widely in taste. Most are quite savory and spicy due to the addition of chili powder, and salty due to the brine. Depending on whether and how much vinegar was used, they may also vary from sour to sweet.


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: The precise origins of chamoy are uncertain. There are three main pathways that they may have been introduced to Mexico, as well as the origin of the name. All of them ultimately originate from the Chinese crack seed ("li hing mui") snacks, made from dried, sour, and salty plums or berries.


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: The first origin hypothesis is via Filipino immigrants on the Manila galleons which connected the Philippines and Mexico from 1565 to 1815. Chamoy is probably derived from the (also spelled , or rarely as ) of the Philippines. "Champoy" are made using identical techniques of dried fruits pickled in brine and vinegar. These are usually made from locally available "Myrica rubra", or from imported plums, prunes, or apricots. The latter are more often known under the separate name (spelled in Philippine Spanish, another possible origin of the term "chamoy"). They have the same flavor profile as chamoy: a combination of sweet, sour, and salty. They originate from the "li hing mui" recipes carried by Chinese immigrants ("sangley") to the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. "Kiamoy" is derived from Philippine Hokkien ; while "champoy" is derived from Cantonese , referring to "chenpi". In modern times, the name is also applied to the unrelated Filipino tamarind candy made from ripe tamarind balls cooked in a salt and sugar mixture. However, whereas "champoy" refers to the pickled fruit in the Philippines, in Mexico the term "chamoy" has evolved to refer to the sauce derived from pickling the fruit; while the fruits themselves are now known as "saladitos".


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: The second hypothesis is via 19th-century Chinese workers in Hawaii that also carried the tradition of "li hing mui" with them as salted and dried apricots. In this version, the name "chamoy" is supposedly derived from 西梅, "see mui" (), which is more accurately a catchall term for dried fruit (especially plums) in Hawaii. However it is unknown how it may have been introduced to Mexico. Since the Manila galleons do not pass through Hawaii, the link is tenuous.


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: The third hypothesis is via the Japanese "umeboshi". The term "chamoy", in this case, was supposedly coined by Teikichi Iwadare, a Japanese immigrant to Mexico who produced "umeboshi" made with apricot in the 1950s, which he allegedly called "chamoy" from Chinese "suan mei" ("sour plum") or Vietnamese "xí muôi" ("preserved prune"). However, no explanation is given as to why a Japanese immigrant would name his product in Chinese or Vietnamese. "Umeboshi" preparation is also very different in that it only uses dry salt and does not use vinegar.


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: Various versions of Mexican chamoy are sold under different brand names in Mexico and parts of the American southwest. The thinner, more liquid chamoy is typically bottled and marketed in a similar fashion to hot sauces. Because of the combination of salt, sweetness and heat, chamoy is advertised as a condiment for a wide variety of foods ranging from fresh fruit and juices to potato chips and assorted nuts. It is one of the more common ingredients for the street food known as "tostilocos".


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: Thicker chamoy with a pastier consistency are occasionally sold in small jars, appropriate to use as a dip for vegetables or firmer fruits. These jars often are sold alongside similar popular Mexican candies made from mango, tamarind, and watermelon; these candies are often prepared in the "salado y enchilado" style as well.


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: Chamoy is also used as a flavoring for frozen confections such as sorbet or raspados, a unique flavor combination that is at once sweet, salty, spicy, and cold. Raspados prepared in this style are often referred to as chamoyada. Paletas are also commonly offered in combination with chamoy. Favorite combination flavors in both raspados and paletas include pineapple, cucumber, lime, mango, orange, tangerine, tamarind and watermelon. Chamoy is also sometimes used to flavor Mexican candies.


title: Chamoy (sauce)

text: The popular Mexican beer mix michelada is sometimes made with chamoy instead of, or in addition to, the traditional assorted sauces used.