title: Victim blaming

text: Roy Baumeister, a social and personality psychologist, argued that blaming the victim is not necessarily always fallacious. He argued that showing the victim's possible role in an altercation may be contrary to typical explanations of violence and cruelty, which incorporate the trope of the innocent victim. According to Baumeister, in the classic telling of "the myth of pure evil," the innocent, well-meaning victims are going about their business when they are suddenly assaulted by wicked, malicious evildoers. Baumeister describes the situation as a possible distortion by both the perpetrator and the victim; the perpetrator may minimize the offense while the victim maximizes it, and so accounts of the incident shouldn't be immediately taken as objective truths.


title: Victim blaming

text: In context, Baumeister refers to the common behavior of the aggressor seeing themselves as more of the "victim" than the abused, justifying a horrific act by way of their "moral complexity". This usually stems from an "excessive sensitivity" to insults, which he finds as a consistent pattern in abusive husbands. Essentially, the abuse the perpetrator administers is generally excessive, in comparison to the act/acts that they claim as to have provoked them.


title: Victim blaming

text: A scientific review by Sharron J. Lennon, a specialist in consumer behavior and the social-psychology of dress, found that women who wear immodest or sexual clothing self-objectify themselves, which causes anxiety, unhappiness, body-dissatisfaction, and body shame. She found that "wearing sexy dress [was linked to] violence including sexual coercion, sexual harassment, sexual assault, and unwelcome groping, touching, and grabbing." Out of the 34 studies she reviewed, only two did not find a link between wearing sexual clothing and a higher rate of sexual harassment. However, higher rates of sexual harassment were linked to higher rates of sexual behavior which resulted in higher rates of sexual violence. Thus for women, wearing modest clothing but behaving in a sexual manner, such as flirting, twerking or flashing a bra, would result in higher rates of sexual violence.


title: Victim blaming

text: Some scholars make the argument that some of the attitudes that are described as victim blaming and the victimologies that are said to counteract them are both extreme and similar to each other, an example of the horseshoe theory. For instance, they argue that the claim that "women wearing provocative clothing cause rape" is as demeaning to men as it is to women as depicting men as incapable of controlling their sexual desire is misandrist and denies men full agency, while also arguing that the generalization that women do not lie about rape (or any generalization about women not doing some things because of their gender) is misogynist by its implicit assumption that women act by simple default action modes which is incompatible with full agency. These scholars argue that it is important to impartially assess the evidence in each criminal trial individually and that any generalization based on statistics would change the situation from one where the control of evidence makes false reporting difficult to one where lack of individual control of the alleged crime makes it easier to file false reports and that statistics collected in the former situation would not be possible to apply to the latter situation. While the scholars make a distinction between actual victim blaming and rule by law that they consider to be falsely lumped with victim blaming in radical feminist rhetorics, they also advocate more protection from ad hominem questions to alleged victims about past life history and that the questions should focus on what is relevant for the specific alleged crime. They also cite examples that they consider to be cases of the horseshoe theory applied to the question of victim blaming. This includes cases in which psychologists who have testified on behalf of the prosecution in trials in which breast size have been used as a measure of female age when classifying pornographic cartoons as child pornography and been praised by feminists for it, and later the same psychologists have used the same psychological arguments when testifying on behalf of the defense in statutory rape cases and getting the defendant acquitted by claiming that the victim's breasts looked like those of an adult woman (considered by these scholars to be victim blaming based on appearance) and been praised by men's rights groups for it. It also includes the possibility that biopsychiatric models that consider sexual criminality hereditary and that are advocated by some feminists may blame victims of incest abuse for being genetically related to their abusers and thereby dissuading them from reporting abuse.


title: Victim blaming

text: Other analysts of victim blaming discourse who neither support most of the phenomena that are described as victim blaming nor most of the measures that are marketed as countermeasures against such point at the existence of other ways of discovering and punishing crimes with victims besides the victim reporting the crime. Not only are there police patrols and possible eyewitnesses, but these analysts also argue that neighbors can overhear and report crimes that take place within the house such as domestic violence. For that reason along with the possibility of many witnesses turning up over time if the crime is ongoing long term as domestic abuse is generally said to be which would make some of the witnesses likely to be considered believable, analysts of this camp of thought argue that the main problem that prevent crimes from being successfully prosecuted is offender profiling that disbelieve the capacity and/or probability of many criminals to commit the crime, rather than disbelief or blaming of victim reports. These analysts cite international comparisons that show that the percentage of male on female cases in the statistics of successfully prosecuted domestic violence is not higher in countries that apply gender feminist theories about patriarchal structures than in countries that apply supposedly antifeminist evolutionary psychology profiling of sex differences in aggressiveness, impulse control and empathy, arguing that the criminal justice system prioritizing cases in which they believe the suspect most likely to be guilty makes evolutionary psychology at least as responsible as gender feminism for leaving domestic violence cases with female offenders undiscovered no matter if the victim is male or female. The analysts argue that many problems that are often attributed to victim blaming are instead due to offender profiling, and suggest randomized investigations instead of psychological profiling of suspected offenders.


title: Victim blaming

text: A myth holds that Jews went passively "like sheep to the slaughter" during The Holocaust, which is considered by many writers, including Emil Fackenheim, to be a form of victim blaming. Secondary antisemitism is a type of antisemitism caused by non-Jewish Europeans' attempts to shift blame for the Holocaust onto the Jews, often summed up by the claim that "The Germans will never forgive the Jews for Auschwitz."


title: Victim blaming

text: In recent years, the issue of victim blaming has gained notoriety and become widely recognized in the media, particularly in the context of feminism, as women have often been blamed for behaving in ways that encourage harassment.


title: Victim blaming

text: Leigh Leigh, born Leigh Rennea Mears, was a 14-year-old girl from Fern Bay, New South Wales, Australia, who was murdered on 3 November 1989. While attending a 16-year-old boy's birthday party at Stockton Beach, Leigh was assaulted by a group of boys after she returned distressed from a sexual encounter on the beach that a reviewing judge later called non-consensual. After being kicked and spat on by the group, Leigh left the party. Her naked body was found in the sand dunes nearby the following morning, with severe genital damage and a crushed skull. Leigh's murder received considerable attention in the media. Initially focusing on her sexual assault and murder, media attention later concentrated more on the lack of parental supervision and the drugs and alcohol at the party, and on Leigh's sexuality. The media coverage of the murder has been cited as an example of victim blaming.


title: Victim blaming

text: Former Australian Senator Fraser Anning was sharply criticised for his comments about the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand, in which 51 Muslim worshippers were killed. He claimed that immigration of "Muslim fanatics" led to the attacks, and that "while Muslims may have been victims today, usually they are the perpetrators". Anning also stated that the massacre "highlights...the growing fear within our community...of the increasing Muslim presence". The comments received international attention and were overwhelmingly criticised as being insensitive and racist, and sympathetic to the views of the perpetrator.


title: Victim blaming

text: In some Common Law jurisdictions such as the UK, Canada, and several Australian states, the defense of provocation is only available against a charge of murder and only acts to reduce the conviction to manslaughter. Until recently criminal courts have regarded sexual infidelity such as adultery and fornication as sufficiently grave provocation as to provide a warrant, indeed a 'moral warrant', for reducing murder to manslaughter. While the warrant has spilled over into diminished responsibility defences, wounding, grievous bodily harm and attempted murder cases, it is provocation cases that have provided the precedents enshrining a defendant's impassioned homicidal sexual infidelity tale as excusatory. Periodically, judges and law reformers attempt to rein in provocation defences, most recently in England and Wales where provocation has been replaced by a loss of control defence that, most controversially, specifically excludes sexual infidelity as a trigger for loss of control.


title: Victim blaming

text: In 2016, in the wake of New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany, the mayor of Cologne Henriette Reker came under heavy criticism, as her response appeared to blame the victims. She called for women to follow a "code of conduct," including staying at an "arm's length" from strangers. By the evening of 5 January, "#einearmlänge" ("an arm's length") became one of Germany's top-trending hashtags on Twitter. Reker called a crisis meeting with the police in response to the incidents. Reker called it "completely improper" to link the perpetrators to refugees.


title: Victim blaming

text: Coverage of the 2016 Murder of Ashley Ann Olsen, an American murdered in Italy during a sexual encounter with a Senegalese immigrant, focused on the victim blaming in cross-cultural encounters.


title: Victim blaming

text: In a case that attracted worldwide coverage, when a woman was raped and killed in Delhi in December 2012, some Indian government officials and political leaders blamed the victim for various things, mostly based on conjecture. Many of the people involved later apologized.


title: Victim blaming

text: In August 2017, the hashtag #AintNoCinderella trended on social media India, in response to a high-profile instance of victim-blaming. After Varnika Kundu was stalked and harassed by two men on her way home late at night, Bharatiya Janata Party Vice President Ramveer Bhatti addressed the incident with a claim that Kundu was somehow at fault for being out late by herself. Social media users took to Twitter and Instagram to challenge the claim that women should not be out late at night, and if they are, they are somehow "asking for it". Hundreds of women shared photos of themselves staying out past midnight, dressing boldly, and behaving in (harmless) ways that tend to be condemned in old-fashioned, anti-feminist ideology.


title: Victim blaming

text: In 1938 the Madera Tribune ran the front page headline ""Mother Blames her Daughter Equally with Man for Murder"" in describing the stabbing death of 19-year-old Leona Vlught in Oakland. The victim's mother's "resentment against the boy who killed her" was said to be softened upon learning that her daughter drank alcohol and "went on a petting party when she was supposed to be spending the night with girl friends". The perpetrator Rodney Greig was later convicted of the crime and executed in the San Quentin gas chamber.


title: Victim blaming

text: In a 2010 case, an 11-year-old female rape victim who suffered repeated gang rapes in Cleveland, Texas, was accused by a defense attorney of being a seductress who lured men to their doom. "Like the spider and the fly. Wasn't she saying, 'Come into my parlor', said the spider to the fly?", he asked a witness. The "New York Times" ran an article uncritically reporting on the way many in the community blamed the victim, for which the newspaper later apologized.


title: Arjuna Award

text: The Arjuna Award, officially known as Arjuna Awards for Outstanding Performance in Sports and Games, is the second-highest sporting honour of India, the highest being the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award. The award is named after Arjuna, one of the characters of the Sanskrit epic "Mahabharata" of ancient India. He is the main protagonist of the epic. He is considered one of the greatest warriors of ancient India after Rama and Parshurama. In Hinduism, he has been seen as a symbol of hard work, dedication and concentration. It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. Before the introduction of the Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna in 1991–1992, the Arjuna award was the highest sporting honour of India. The nominations for the award are received from all government recognised National Sports Federations, the Indian Olympic Association, the Sports Authority of India (SAI), the Sports Promotion and Control Boards, the state and the union territory governments and the Major Dhyan Chandra Khel Ratna, Arjuna, Dhyan Chand and Dronacharya awardees of the previous years. The recipients are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and are honoured for their "good performance in the field of sports over a period of four years" at the international level and for having shown "qualities of leadership, sportsmanship and a sense of discipline." , the award comprises "a bronze statuette of Arjuna, certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of ."


title: Arjuna Award

text: Instituted in 1961 to honour the outstanding sportspersons of the country, the award over the years has undergone a number of expansions, reviews and rationalizations. The award was expanded to include all the recognised disciplines in 1977,introduced indigenous games and physically handicapped categories in 1995 and introduced a lifetime contribution category in 1995 leading to creation of a separate Dhyan Chand Award in 2002. The latest revision in 2018 stipulates that the award is given only to the disciplines included in the events like Olympic Games, Paralympic Games, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, World Championship and World Cup along with Cricket, Indigenous Games, and Parasports. It also recommends giving only fifteen awards in a year, relaxing in case of excellent performance in major multi-sport events, team sports, across gender and giving away of at least one award to physically challenged category.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The History of Sexuality () is a four-volume study of sexuality in the Western world by the French historian and philosopher Michel Foucault, in which the author examines the emergence of "sexuality" as a discursive object and separate sphere of life and argues that the notion that every individual has a sexuality is a relatively recent development in Western societies. The first volume, "The Will to Knowledge" ("La volonté de savoir"), was first published in 1976; an English translation appeared in 1978. "The Use of Pleasure" ("L'usage des plaisirs"), and "The Care of the Self" ("Le souci de soi"), were published in 1984. The fourth volume, "Confessions of the Flesh" ("Les aveux de la chair"), was published posthumously in 2018.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: In Volume 1, Foucault criticizes the "repressive hypothesis", the idea that western society suppressed sexuality from the 17th to the mid-20th century due to the rise of capitalism and bourgeois society. Foucault argues that discourse on sexuality in fact proliferated during this period, during which experts began to examine sexuality in a scientific manner, encouraging people to confess their sexual feelings and actions. According to Foucault, in the 18th and 19th centuries society took an increasing interest in sexualities that did not fit within the marital bond: the "world of perversion" that includes the sexuality of children, the mentally ill, the criminal and the homosexual, while by the 19th century, sexuality was being readily explored both through confession and scientific enquiry. In Volume 2 and Volume 3, Foucault addresses the role of sex in Greek and Roman antiquity.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The book received a mixed reception, with some reviewers praising it and others criticizing Foucault's scholarship. The idea that sexuality, including homosexuality, is a social construction is associated more with "The History of Sexuality" than with any other work.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: In Part One, Foucault discusses the "repressive hypothesis", the widespread belief among late 20th-century westerners that sexuality, and the open discussion of sex, was socially repressed during the late 17th, 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, a by-product of the rise of capitalism and bourgeois society, before the partial liberation of sexuality in modern times. Arguing that sexuality was never truly repressed, Foucault asks why modern westerners believe the hypothesis, noting that in portraying past sexuality as repressed, it provides a basis for the idea that in rejecting past moral systems, future sexuality can be free and uninhibited, a "...garden of earthly delights". The title of the section is inspired by Steven Marcus's book "The Other Victorians: A Study of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England".


title: The History of Sexuality

text: In Part Two, Foucault notes that from the 17th century to the 1970s, there had actually been a "...veritable discursive explosion" in the discussion of sex, albeit using an "...authorized vocabulary" that codified where one could talk about it, when one could talk about it, and with whom. He argues that this desire to talk so enthusiastically about sex in the western world stems from the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church called for its followers to confess their sinful desires as well as their actions. As evidence for the obsession of talking about sex, he highlights the publication of the book "My Secret Life," anonymously written in the late 19th century and detailing the sex life of a Victorian gentleman. Indeed, Foucault states that at the start of the 18th century, there was an emergence of "...a political, economic, and technical incitement to talk about sex,"...with self-appointed experts speaking both moralistically and rationally on sex, the latter sort trying to categorize it. He notes that in that century, governments became increasingly aware that they were not merely having to manage "subjects" or "a people" but a "population", and that because of this they had to concern themselves with such topics as birth and death rates, marriage, and contraception, thereby increasing their interest and changing their discourse on sexuality.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: Foucault argues that prior to the 18th century, discourse on sexuality focuses on the productive role of the married couple, which is monitored by both canonical and civil law. In the 18th and 19th centuries, he argues, society ceases discussing the sex lives of married couples, instead taking an increasing interest in sexualities that did not fit within this union; the "world of perversion" that includes the sexuality of children, the mentally ill, the criminal and the homosexual. He notes that this had three major effects on society. Firstly, there was increasing categorization of these "perverts"; where previously a man who engaged in same-sex activities would be labeled as an individual who succumbed to the sin of sodomy, now they would be categorised into a new "species," that of homosexual. Secondly, Foucault argues that the labeling of perverts conveyed a sense of "pleasure and power" on to both those studying sexuality and the perverts themselves. Thirdly, he argues that bourgeois society exhibited "blatant and fragmented perversion," readily engaging in perversity but regulating where it could take place.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: In part three, Foucault explores the development of the scientific study of sex, the attempt to unearth the "truth" of sex, a phenomenon which Foucault argues is peculiar to the West. In contrast to the West's sexual science, Foucault introduces the "ars erotica", which he states has only existed in Ancient and Eastern societies. Furthermore, he argues that this "scientia sexualis" has repeatedly been used for political purposes, being utilized in the name of "public hygiene" to support state racism. Returning to the influence of the Catholic confession, he looks at the relationship between the one confessing and the authoritarian figure that he confesses to, arguing that as Roman Catholicism was eclipsed in much of Western and Northern Europe following the Reformation, the concept of confession survived and became more widespread, entering into the relationship between parent and child, patient and psychiatrist and student and educator. By the 19th century, he maintains, the "truth" of sexuality was being readily explored both through confession and scientific enquiry. Foucault proceeds to examine how the confession of sexuality then comes to be "constituted in scientific terms," arguing that scientists begin to trace the cause of all aspects of human psychology and society to sexual factors.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: In part four, Foucault explores the question as to "why" western society wishes to seek for the "truth" of sex. Foucault argues that we need to develop an "analytics" of power through which to understand sex. Highlighting that power controls sex by laying down rules for others to follow, he discusses how power demands obedience through domination, submission, and subjugation, and also how power masks its true intentions by disguising itself as beneficial. As an example, he highlights the manner in which the feudal absolute monarchies of historical Europe, themselves a form of "power", disguised their intentions by claiming that they were necessary to maintain law, order, and peace. As a leftover concept from the days of feudalism, Foucault argues that westerners still view power as emanating from law, but he rejects this, proclaiming that we must "...construct an analytics of power that no longer takes law as a model and a code," and announcing that a different form of power governs sexuality. "We must," Foucault states, "at the same time conceive of sex without the law, and power without the king."


title: The History of Sexuality

text: Foucault explains that he does not mean "power" as the domination or subjugation exerted on society by the government or the state. Rather, power should be understood "as the multiplicity of force relations immanent in the sphere in which they operate." In this way, he argues, "Power is everywhere . . . because it comes from everywhere," emanating from all social relationships and being imposed throughout society bottom-up rather than top-down. Foucault criticizes Wilhelm Reich, writing that while an important "historico-political" critique of sexual repression formed around Reich, "the very possibility of its success was tied to the fact that it always unfolded within the deployment of sexuality, and not outside or against it." According to Foucault, that sexual behavior in western societies was able to change in many ways "without any of the promises or political conditions predicted by Reich being realized" demonstrates that the "antirepressive" struggle is "a tactical shift and reversal in the great deployment of sexuality."


title: The History of Sexuality

text: In part five, Foucault asserts that the motivations for power over life and death have changed. As in feudal times the "right to life" was more or less a "right to death" because sovereign powers were able to decide when a person died. This has changed to a "right to live," as sovereign states are more concerned about the power of how people live. Power becomes about how to foster life. For example, a state decides to execute someone as a safe guard to society not as justified, as it once was, as vengeful justice. This new emphasis on power over life is called Biopower and comes in two forms. First, Foucault says it is "centered on the body as a machine: its disciplining, the optimization of its capabilities, the extortion of its forces, the parallel increase of its usefulness and its docility, its integration into systems of efficient and economic controls." The second form, Foucault argues, emerged later and focuses on the "species body, the body imbued with the mechanics of life and serving as the basis of the biological processes: propagation, births and mortality, the level of health, life expectancy and longevity, with all the conditions that cause these to vary." Biopower, it is argued, is the source of the rise of capitalism, as states became interested in regulating and normalizing power over life and not as concerned about punishing and condemning actions.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: In this volume, Foucault discusses "the manner in which sexual activity was problematized by philosophers and doctors in classical Greek culture of the fourth century B. C.". Exploring works of Greek philosophers such as Seneca, Xenophon, Plato, and many more, Foucault explains the aim of this volume to unravel the process of the structuralization of sexuality as an ethical practice in Greek culture. To do so, the book inspects four Greek practices: dietetics to understand the relation of the self with the body, economics as the management of marriage and households, erotics to explore the codes of conduct between men and boys, and finally, the understanding of true love in philosophy. For Foucault, this exploration of Greek practices illustrates an "history of the desiring subject", which is crucial for understanding the modern construction of sexuality.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: In this volume, Foucault discusses texts such as the Oneirocritica, ("The Interpretation of Dreams"), of Artemidorus. Other authors whose work is discussed include Galen, Plutarch, and Pseudo-Lucian. Foucault describes the Oneirocritica as a "point of reference" for his work, one that exemplifies a common way of thinking.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: In this draft version of the fourth volume, published and translated after his death, Foucault traces the adoption and adaptation by early Christian societies of earlier pre-Christian ideas of pleasure.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: Three volumes of "The History of Sexuality" were published before Foucault's death in 1984. The first volume, "The Will to Knowledge" (previously known as "An Introduction" in English—"Histoire de la sexualité, 1: la volonté de savoir" in French) was published in France in 1976, and translated in 1977, focusing primarily on the last two centuries, and the functioning of sexuality as an analytics of power related to the emergence of a science of sexuality, and the emergence of biopower in the West. The work was a further development of the account of the interaction of knowledge and power Foucault provided in "Discipline and Punish" (1975).


title: The History of Sexuality

text: According to Arnold Davidson, the back cover of the first volume announced that there would be five forthcoming volumes: Volume 2, "The Flesh and the Body", would "concern the prehistory of our modern experience of sexuality, concentrating on the problematization of sex in early Christianity"; Volume 3, "The Children's Crusade", would discuss "the sexuality of children, especially the problem of childhood masturbation"; Volume 4, "Woman, Mother, Hysteric", would discuss "the specific ways in which sexuality had been invested in the female body"; Volume 5, "Perverts", was "planned to investigate exactly what the title named"; and Volume 6, "Population and Races", was to examine "the way in which treatises, both theoretical and practical, on the topics of population and race were linked to the history" of "biopolitics." Foucault subsequently abandoned this plan.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The second two volumes, "The Use of Pleasure" ("Histoire de la sexualité, II: l'usage des plaisirs") and "The Care of the Self" ("Histoire de la sexualité, III: le souci de soi") dealt with the role of sex in Greek and Roman antiquity. The latter volume deals considerably with the ancient technological development of the hypomnema which was used to establish a permanent relationship to oneself. Both were published in 1984, the year of Foucault's death, the second volume being translated in 1985, and the third in 1986.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The fourth volume, "Confessions of the Flesh" was published posthumously in 2018 despite Foucault explicitly disallowing posthumous publication of his works, and was published in English for the first time by Penguin in Feb 2021, translated by Robert Hurley who had translated Penguin's earlier volumes in the series, and was released straight into their Penguin Classics imprint. The work first became available to researchers when both handwritten and typed manuscripts of "Confessions of the Flesh" were sold by Daniel Defert, Foucault's partner, to the National Library of France in 2013 as part of the Foucault archive. Foucault's family decided that as the material was already partially accessible, it should be published for everyone to read.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: In his lecture series from 1979 to 1980 Foucault extended his analysis of government to its "...wider sense of techniques and procedures designed to direct the behaviour of men", which involved a new consideration of the "...examination of conscience" and confession in early Christian literature. These themes of early Christian literature seemed to dominate Foucault's work, alongside his study of Greek and Roman literature, until the end of his life. The planned fourth volume of "The History of Sexuality" was accordingly entitled "Confessions of the Flesh" ("Les aveux de la chair"), addressing Christianity. However, Foucault's death left the work incomplete, and the publication was delayed due to the restrictions of Foucault's estate. The volume was almost finished at the time of his death, and a copy was held in the Foucault archive. It was edited and finally published in February 2018.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The cultural anthropologist and sociologist Stephen O. Murray wrote in the "Archives of Sexual Behavior" that a passage of "The History of Sexuality" in which Foucault discussed how European medical discourse of the late 19th century had classified homosexuals had "clouded the minds" of many social historical theorists and researchers, who had produced a "voluminous discourse" that ignored how homosexuals had been classified before the late 19th century or non-European cultures. The philosopher Alan Soble wrote in the "Journal of Sex Research" that "The History of Sexuality" "caused a thunderstorm among philosophers, historians, and other theorists of sex". He credited Foucault with inspiring "genealogical" studies "informed by the heuristic idea that not only are patterns of sexual desire and behavior socially engineered ... but also that the concepts of our sexual discourse are equally socially constructed" and with influencing "gender studies, feminism, Queer Theory, and the debate about the resemblance and continuity, or lack of it, between ancient and contemporary homoeroticism". He credited Simone de Beauvoir with anticipating Foucault's view that patterns of sexual desire and behavior are socially determined.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The historian Jane Caplan called "The History of Sexuality" "certainly the most ambitious and interesting recent attempt to analyse the relations between the production of concepts and the history of society in the field of sexuality", but criticized Foucault for using an "undifferentiated concept" of speech and an imprecise notion of "power". The gay rights activist Dennis Altman described Foucault's work as representative of the position that homosexuals emerged as a social category in 18th and 19th century western Europe in "The Homosexualization of America" (1982). The feminist Germaine Greer wrote that Foucault rightly argues that, "what we have all along taken as the breaking-through of a silence and the long delayed giving of due attention to human sexuality was in fact the promotion of human sexuality, indeed, the creation of an internal focus for the individual's preoccupations." The historian Peter Gay wrote that Foucault is right to raise questions about the "repressive hypothesis", but that "his procedure is anecdotal and almost wholly unencumbered by facts; using his accustomed technique (reminiscent of the principle underlying Oscar Wilde's humor) of turning accepted ideas upside down, he turns out to be right in part for his private reasons." The philosopher José Guilherme Merquior suggested in "Foucault" (1985) that Foucault's views about sexual repression are preferable to those of Reich, Herbert Marcuse, and their followers in that they have provide more accurate descriptions and that Foucault is supported by "the latest historiographic research on bourgeois sex". Merquior considered the second two volumes of "The History of Sexuality" to be of higher scholarly quality than the first, and found Foucault to be "original and insightful" in his discussion of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and other Stoics in "The Care of the Self". However, he found the details of Foucault's views open to question, and suggested that Foucault's discussion of Greek pederasty is less illuminating than that of Kenneth Dover, despite Foucault's references to Dover's "Greek Homosexuality" (1978).


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The philosopher Roger Scruton rejected Foucault's claim that sexual morality is culturally relative in "Sexual Desire" (1986). He also criticized Foucault for assuming that there could be societies in which a "problematisation" of the sexual did not occur. Scruton concluded that, "No history of thought could show the 'problematisation' of sexual experience to be peculiar to certain specific social formations: it is characteristic of personal experience generally, and therefore of every genuine social order." The philosopher Peter Dews argued in "Logics of Disintegration" that Foucault's rejection of the repressive hypothesis is more apparent than real, and that the hypothesis is not "abolished, but simply displaced" in "The History of Sexuality", as shown for example by Foucault's persistent references to "the body and its pleasures" and to "ars erotica". The classicist Page duBois called "The Use of Pleasure" "one of the most exciting new books" in classical studies and "an important contribution to the history of sexuality", but added that Foucault "takes for granted, and thus 'authorizes,' exactly what needs to be explained: the philosophical establishment of the autonomous male subject". The historian Patricia O'Brien wrote that Foucault was "without expertise" in dealing with antiquity, and that "The History of Sexuality" lacks the "methodological rigor" of Foucault's earlier works, especially "Discipline and Punish".


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The philosopher Judith Butler argued in "Gender Trouble" (1990) that the theory of power Foucault expounds in the first volume of "The History of Sexuality" is to some extent contradicted by Foucault's subsequent discussion of the journals of Herculine Barbin, a 19th-century French intersex person: whereas in the former work Foucault asserts that sexuality is coextensive with power, in "Herculine Barbin" he "fails to recognize the concrete relations of power that both construct and condemn Herculine's sexuality", instead romanticizing Barbin's world of pleasure as the "happy limbo of a non-identity", and expressing views akin to those of Marcuse. Butler further argued that this conflict is evident within "The History of Sexuality", noting that Foucault refers there to "bucolic" and "innocent" sexual pleasures that exist prior to the imposition of "regulative strategies".


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The classicist David M. Halperin claimed in "One Hundred Years of Homosexuality" (1990) that the appearance of the English translation of the first volume of Foucault's work in 1978, together with the publication of Dover's "Greek Homosexuality" the same year, marked the beginning of a new era in the study of the history of sexuality. He suggested that "The History of Sexuality" may be the most important contribution to the history of western morality since Friedrich Nietzsche's "On the Genealogy of Morality" (1887). The critic Camille Paglia rejected Halperin's views, calling "The History of Sexuality" a "disaster". Paglia wrote that much of "The History of Sexuality" is fantasy unsupported by the historical record, and that it "is acknowledged even by Foucault's admirers to be his weakest work". The economist Richard Posner described "The History of Sexuality" as, "a remarkable fusion of philosophy and intellectual history" in "Sex and Reason" (1992), adding that the book is lucidly written.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: Diana Hamer wrote in the anthology "The Sexual Imagination From Acker to Zola" (1993) that "The History of Sexuality" is Foucault's best-known work on sexuality. The historian Michael Mason wrote that in "The History of Sexuality", Foucault presents what amounts to an argument "against the possibility of making historical connections between beliefs about sex and sexual practices", but that the argument is only acceptable if one accepts the need to shift attention from "sexuality" to "sex" in thinking about the sexual culture of the last three centuries, and that Foucault does not make a case for such a need. The critic Alexander Welsh criticized Foucault for failing to place Sigmund Freud in the context of 19th century thought and culture. The classicist Walter Burkert called Foucault's work the leading example of the position that sexuality takes different forms in different civilizations and is therefore a cultural construct. The historian Roy Porter called "The History of Sexuality", "a brilliant enterprise, astonishingly bold, shocking even, in its subversion of conventional explanatory frameworks, chronologies, and evaluations, and in its proposed alternatives." Porter credited Foucault with discrediting the view, proposed for example by Marcuse in "Eros and Civilization" (1955), that "industrialization demanded erotic austerity." The philosopher Martha Nussbaum wrote that the claim that homosexuality is a cultural construction is associated more with Foucault's "The History of Sexuality" than with any other work.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The classicist Bruce Thornton wrote that "The Use of Pleasure" was, "usually quite readable, surveying the ancient evidence to make some good observations about the various techniques developed to control passion", but faulted Foucault for limiting his scope to "fourth-century medical and philosophical works". The philosopher Arnold Davidson wrote that while "Foucault's interpretation of the culture of the self in late antiquity is sometimes too narrow and therefore misleading", this is a defect of "interpretation" rather than of "conceptualization." Davidson argued that, "Foucault's conceptualization of ethics as the self's relationship to itself provides us with a framework of enormous depth and subtlety" and "allows us to grasp aspects of ancient thought that would otherwise remain occluded."


title: The History of Sexuality

text: The psychoanalyst Joel Whitebook argued that while Foucault proposes that "bodies and pleasures" should be the rallying point against "the deployment of sexuality", "bodies and pleasures", like other Foucauldian terms, is a notion with "little content." Whitebook, who endorsed Dews' assessment of Foucault's work, found Foucault's views to be comparable to those of Marcuse and suggested that Foucault was indebted to Marcuse. In 2005, Scruton dismissed "The History of Sexuality" as "mendacious", and called his book "Sexual Desire" (1986) an answer to Foucault's work. Romana Byrne criticized Foucault's argument that the "scientia sexualis" belongs to modern Western culture while the "ars erotica" belongs only to Eastern and Ancient societies, arguing that a form of "ars erotica" has been evident in Western society since at least the eighteenth century.


title: The History of Sexuality

text: Scruton wrote in 2015 that, contrary to Foucault's claims, the ancient texts Foucault examines in "The Use of Pleasure" are not primarily about sexual pleasure. Nevertheless, he found the second two volumes of "The History of Sexuality" more scholarly than Foucault's previous work. Scruton concluded, of the work in general, that it creates an impression of a "normalized" Foucault: "His command of the French language, his fascination with ancient texts and the by-ways of history, his flamboyant imagination and beautiful style - all have been put, at last, to a proper use, in order to describe the human condition respectfully, and to cease to look for the secret 'structures' beneath its smile."


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer "N"-vinylpyrrolidone. PVP is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: It is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets; it simply passes through the body when taken orally.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: PVP added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties. This complex is used in various products like solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps and surgical scrubs. It is known under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among a plethora of others.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone iodine is equally effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: PVP is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions. It reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens. Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology and Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845").


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: PVP was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s. It is not preferred as volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: Autopsies have found that crospovidone (PVPP) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption. The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: PVP binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity. This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for inkjet printers.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: PVP is also used in personal care products, such as shampoos and toothpastes, in paints, and adhesives that must be moistened, such as old-style postage stamps and envelopes. It has also been used in contact lens solutions and in steel-quenching solutions. PVP is the basis of the early formulas for hair sprays and hair gels, and still continues to be a component of some.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: As a food additive, PVP is a stabilizer and has E number E1201. PVPP (crospovidone) is E1202. It is also used in the wine industry as a fining agent for white wine and some beers.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: In molecular biology, PVP can be used as a blocking agent during Southern blot analysis as a component of Denhardt's buffer. It is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification. Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: PVP can be used to screen for phenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved this chemical for many uses, and it is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). PVP is including in the Inactive Ingredient Database for use in oral, topical, and injectable formulations.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: However, there have been documented cases of allergic reactions to PVP/povidone, particularly regarding subcutaneous (applied under the skin) use and situations where the PVP has come in contact with autologous serum (internal blood fluids) and mucous membranes.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: Additionally, Povidone is commonly used in conjunction with other chemicals. Some of these, such as iodine, are blamed for allergic responses. Yet subsequent testing results in some patients show no signs of allergy to the suspect chemical. Allergies attributed to these other chemicals may possibly be caused by the PVP instead.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: There are high-purity injectable grades of PVP available on the market, for specific use in intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous applications.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: PVP is soluble in water and other polar solvents. For example, it is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin). When dry it is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.


title: Polyvinylpyrrolidone

text: PVP was first synthesized by BASF chemist, Walter Reppe, and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the derivatives of acetylene chemistry. PVP was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production. BASF continues to make PVP, including a pharmaceutical portfolio under the brand name of Kollidon.


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Darlanne Fluegel (November 25, 1953 – December 15, 2017) was an American actress, fashion model, film producer and professor. She was one of the few American fashion models who successfully transitioned to a career as a serious actor. Fluegel earned the female lead role in a number of films and television shows throughout the 1980s and 1990s.


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel was born November 25, 1953, in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, the fifth child of Donald Raymond and Jane (née Warnecke) Fluegel's six children. Fluegel graduated from Binghamton Central High School in Binghamton, New York in 1971, "just after her father died".


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel started modeling at 16 and moved to New York City at 18 to start her professional modeling career, saying it was “a quick way out of Binghamton" so she would “not ...be a burden” on her mother.


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: In 1971 Fluegel was hired as a model by Eileen Ford, initially earning $100 per hour and ended her modeling career in 1981 earning $300 per hour (). She was represented for 15 years by Ford Models and then with the Zoli Agency in New York while studying acting at Stella Adler. Fluegel said "I never wanted bimbo parts. When I was in New York, I figured I'd rather model than come to California and take those kind of parts".


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Reflecting on her modeling career in 1986, Fluegel said “It hasn’t been easy. It is tough to get people in the acting world to take you seriously if you’ve been a successful model. Some models turn out to be good actresses; most are terrible". Her modeling mentor, Eileen Ford, said Fluegel's difference was “... she approached her acting scientifically. She worked at it and didn’t let the hype go to her head. A lot of models wouldn’t have done that".


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel said “I realized I was washed up as a model at 25. I’d been in the business for years, and a lot of people thought I was even older than I was. I realized I had to make a drastic change in my life".


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel said she was pressured into changing her surname when she started her acting career. "There was a lot of pressure from agents, publicists and even Gene Shalit on "The Today Show" asked why I (kept) it, but I want my family to be proud of me. And I find that once people hear the name, they don't soon forget it". Kirk Douglas, who worked with Fluegel in the film "Tough Guys" said “With a name like Fluegel, she’d better be good.” The surname "Fluegel" means "wing" in conversational German.


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel made her screen debut in a supporting role as a model in the 1978 Irvin Kershner film "Eyes of Laura Mars". Discussing her debut, she said “I wasn’t ready after Laura Mars. Let’s just say that it wasn’t much of a stretch to portray a New York model being chased by a weirdo. But when I was 25 I decided to go for it. What the hell, right? I was always determined to succeed at whatever I did and I figured Hollywood was a tough nut to crack—but one that could be broken".


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel was featured as Robert De Niro's girlfriend Eve in Sergio Leone's 1984 film "Once Upon a Time in America". Fluegel's role in the film opened the door for Fluegel to a wide array of different character types.


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: In 1985, she appeared in "To Live and Die in L.A." as Ruth Lanier, an undercover informant, heroin addict and the love interest of Secret Service Agent Richard Chance, portrayed by William Petersen.


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: In 1986, she portrayed Billy Crystal's ex-wife Anna in the buddy-cop action comedy "Running Scared". The film's director, Peter Hyams, later said he had "had a huge crush on Fluegel since he saw her in "To Live and Die in L.A."".


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel had a primary role during the first season of Michael Mann's NBC film noir drama series "Crime Story" playing Julie Torello, Detective Michael Torello's (portrayed by actor Dennis Farina) wife in 11 episodes from 1986 to 1987. A New York Times review said of Fluegel's performance "A smoldering Darlanne Fluegel played Torello's wife, Julie. Their marriage crumbled over the show's first season, as Torello let the violence of his job bleed into his family life...". Fluegel described her character as a “woman trying to come to terms with the ’60s. She wants the American dream — a nice home, a husband, a family—but those things are falling apart".


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel joined Fred Dryer's character Sgt. Rick Hunter in the cast of NBC's detective series "Hunter", playing the role of Hunter's sidekick, Metro Division officer Joanne Molenski. Fluegel said she was pleased to have earned the part, saying "...this time I've got a part that's not a stereotyped female role as a wife or girlfriend. This is bigger, so I can show a broad spectrum of Joanne's emotional and physical life. And I was delighted to get to play a cop. (Acting) as a wife, you only deal with how the job affects someone on the periphery. But here you learn that they risk their lives every day and the job never leaves them. That's why this part took so much preparation."


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: After seven episodes Fluegel announced she would leave the series early, saying "Having completed my obligation to the series, I feel it's time to move on to other roles in both television and features." Fluegel's publicist, Lili Unger said at that time "I wouldn't say there was any tension or conflict on the set. I think she had hoped that her character would evolve beyond a certain point, but it hasn't." Fluegel's character was written out of the show as a shooting victim. Her last episode aired in January, 1991.


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: As a lead actress, Fluegel starred in the independent film "Freeway" (1988). In 1989, she starred in "Lock Up" with Sylvester Stallone. She later had a recurring role on "Wiseguy".


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel taught acting and drama as a professor at University of Central Florida's School of Film and Digital Media program from 2002 to 2007.


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: At the New Beverly Cinema in Los Angeles in 2011, Fluegel encouraged the audience to be receptive to their life experiences. She said “It could be the greatest thing you could do. Just being in your life, talking to people, just doing what you’re doing, let it bring into you. Bring it back in".


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel co-produced the 2010 documentary film "The Land of the Rising Fastball", an examination of Japan's interest in baseball and the sociological role it has held throughout that nation's growth, from its introduction in 1872, through World War II to today.


title: Darlanne Fluegel

text: Fluegel was diagnosed at age 56 with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. On December 15, 2017, she died from the disease at her home in Orlando, Florida. Fluegel's body was cremated and her ashes were given to family members.


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: The phrase "God helps those who help themselves" is a motto that emphasizes the importance of self-initiative and agency. The expression is known around the world and is used to inspire people for self-help. The phrase originated in ancient Greece as "the gods help those who help themselves" and may originally have been proverbial. It is illustrated by two of Aesop's Fables and a similar sentiment is found in ancient Greek drama. Although it has been commonly attributed to Benjamin Franklin, the modern English wording appears earlier in Algernon Sidney's work. A humorous addition to the saying has, "God helps those who help themselves, but God help those who get caught helping themselves".


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: The phrase is often mistaken as a scriptural quote, though it is not stated verbatim in the Bible. Some Christians consider the expression contrary to the biblical message of God's grace and help for the helpless, though in harmony with biblical calls for individual effort. A variant of the phrase can also be found in the Quran (13:11).


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: The sentiment appears in several ancient Greek tragedies. Sophocles, in his "Philoctetes" (c. 409 BC), wrote, "No good e'er comes of leisure purposeless; And heaven ne'er helps the men who will not act."


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: Euripides, in the fragmentary "Hippolytus Veiled" (before 428 BC), mentions that, "Try first thyself, and after call in God; For to the worker God himself lends aid." In his "Iphigeneia in Tauris", Orestes says, "I think that Fortune watcheth o'er our lives, surer than we. But well said: he who strives will find his gods strive for him equally."


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: A similar version of this saying "God himself helps those who dare," better translated as "divinity helps those who dare" ("audentes deus ipse iuvat"), comes from Ovid's "Metamorphoses", 10.586. The phrase is spoken by Hippomenes when contemplating whether to enter a foot race against Atalanta for her hand in marriage. If Hippomenes were to lose, however, he would be killed. Hippomenes decides to challenge Atalanta to a race and, with the aid of Venus, Hippomenes was able to win the race.


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: The same concept is found in the fable of "Hercules and the Wagoner", first recorded by Babrius in the 1st century AD. In it, a wagon falls into a ravine, or in later versions becomes mired, but when its driver appeals to Hercules for help, he is told to get to work himself. Aesop is also credited with a similar fable about a man who calls on the goddess Athena for help when his ship is wrecked and is advised to try swimming first. It has been conjectured that both stories were created to illustrate an already existing proverb.


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: The French author Jean de La Fontaine also adapted the first of these fables as "Le chartier embourbé" ("Fables" VI.18) and draws the moral "Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera" (Help yourself and Heaven will help you too). A little earlier, George Herbert had included "Help thyself, and God will help thee" in his proverb collection, "Jacula Prudentum" (1651). But it was the English political theorist Algernon Sidney who originated the now familiar wording, "God helps those who help themselves", apparently the first exact rendering of the phrase. Benjamin Franklin later used it in his "Poor Richard's Almanack" (1736) and has been widely quoted.


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: Several passages within the Tanakh imply a predispondence for blessing amongst those who work for themselves, including:


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: While the term does not appear verbatim in Christian scriptures, these passages are used to suggest an ethic of personal agency, and taking initiative:


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: There is also a relationship to the Parable of the Faithful Servant, and the Parable of the Ten Virgins, which has a similar eschatological theme: be prepared for the day of reckoning.


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: Conversely with agency, in other instances the Bible emphasises reliance on God and examples of Jesus serving or healing those who lacked the ability to help themselves, implying that self-reliance and reliance on God are complementary (See Mark 6:34; Mark 1:30–31; and Mark 10:46–52.)


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: It has a different meaning in that it implies that help in oneself is a prerequisite for expecting the help of God. An Arab proverb and reported saying of the Islamic prophet Muhammad with a similar meaning is ""Trust in God But Tie Your Camel"". According to Tirmidhi, one day Muhammad noticed a Bedouin leaving his camel without tying it. He asked the Bedouin, "Why don't you tie down your camel?" The Bedouin answered, "I placed my trust in Allah." At that, Muhammad said, "Tie your camel and place your trust in Allah."


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: The Chinese idiom 天道酬勤 (pinyin: "tiān dào choú qín") also expresses a similar meaning, that "Heaven rewards the diligent".


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: The French society Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera (Help yourself and Heaven will help you too) played an important role in bringing about the July Revolution of 1830 in France.


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: The Canadian society Aide-toi, le Ciel t’aidera is credited with introducing the celebration of Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day for French Canadians, and was founded by Louis-Victor Sicotte.


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: "Aide-toi et Dieu t'aidera" (Help yourself, and God will help you) was the motto on the ship's wheel of the famous UK-built Confederate sea raider CSS "Alabama", captained by Raphael Semmes during the American Civil War.


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: The belief that this is a phrase that occurs in the Bible, or is even one of the Ten Commandments, is common in the United States. The beliefs of Americans regarding this phrase and the Bible have been studied by Christian demographer and pollster George Barna. To the statement "The Bible teaches that God helps those who help themselves", across a series of polls, 53% of Americans agree strongly, 22% agree somewhat, 7% disagree somewhat, 14% disagree strongly, and 5% stated they don't know. A poll in the late 1990s showed the majority (81%) believe the concept is taught by the Bible, another stating 82%. with "born-again" Christians less (68%) likely to agree than non "born-again" Christians (81%). Despite not appearing in the Bible, the phrase topped a poll of the most widely known Bible verses. Five percent of American teenagers said they believed that it was the central message of the Bible.


title: God helps those who help themselves

text: Barna see this as evidence of Americans' growing unfamiliarity with the Bible and believes that it reflects a shift to values conflicting with the doctrine of Grace in Christianity and "suggests a spiritual self-reliance inconsistent with Christianity". Christian minister Erwin Lutzer argues there is some support for this saying in the Bible (, ); however, much more often God helps those who "cannot" help themselves, which is what grace is about (the parable of the Pharisee and the Publican, , ). The statement is often criticised as espousing a Semi-Pelagian model of salvation, which most Christians denounce as heresy.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: The tenth season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files" commenced airing in the United States on January 24, 2016, on Fox. The season consists of six episodes and concluded airing on February 22, 2016. When Fox initially announced the string of episodes, the network referred to them collectively as an "event series". After the episodes' release, Fox began referring to the string of episodes on their website as "season 10", as did streaming sites like Amazon Prime and Hulu, and myriad critics.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: The season, which takes place fourteen years after the ninth season (200102) and seven years after the film "" (2008), follows newly re-instated Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) as they learn more about the existence of extraterrestrials and their relationship with the government.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Ever since "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" debuted in theaters, there was talk of a third "X-Files" movie to wrap-up the series' remaining storylines. However, for years these talks never resulted in action until on March 24, 2015, Fox announced that the series would return as a short-format event series with six episodes. After the season aired, it received largely mixed reviews from critics. The second, third, and fourth episodes were met with mostly positive comments, with "Mulder and Scully Meet the Were-Monster" receiving overwhelmingly positive comments. Conversely, the first, fifth, and sixth episodes were largely derided by critics. The mythology episodes, in particular, were poorly received.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Fourteen years after the closure of the X-Files, Fox Mulder is contacted by Dana Scully at the behest of FBI Assistant Director Walter Skinner, who wants him to meet a right-wing online webcaster named Tad O'Malley. Mulder and Scully reunite in Washington, D.C., where they are picked up by O'Malley in his limousine. They meet a young woman named Sveta, who claims to have fragmented memories of having her fetuses stolen from her during alien abductions and to possess alien DNA. O'Malley takes Mulder to a secret location where a triangular aircraft built from alien technology is being housed. Mulder now believes that Colonization and the alien invasion were all an elaborate hoax to distract. Instead, Mulder thinks it was a "conspiracy of men" who have used extraterrestrial technology on human parties for decades, and these events were subsequently made to look like alien abductions. Before O'Malley can go public with his claims, his website is shut down, the "ARV" craft and its scientists are destroyed by heavily armed men dressed in military uniforms, and a UFO intercepts Sveta while she is driving, destroying her car. Scully reveals that Sveta's re-tested DNA sample confirms that she does in fact possess extraterrestrial DNA; a test Scully has performed on herself has revealed that she does as well. Mulder states that Sveta is the key to exposing the conspiracy and those responsible. They then receive an urgent summons from Skinner requesting them to meet him. The Cigarette Smoking Man, now alive in the present day, receives word via telephone that the X-Files have been re-opened.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Six weeks after the events of "My Struggle", Scully arrives at FBI headquarters to find that Mulder has disappeared after watching an excerpt from Tad O'Malley's online news broadcast. As Scully informs Skinner and Agent Liz Einstein of Mulder's absence, Mulder attempts to leave Washington—visibly unwell and badly bruised. O'Malley explains to Scully that he suspects that alien DNA has been injected into every American citizen in order to facilitate the widespread outbreak of the Spartan Virus. Designed to strip humans of their immune systems, this contagion quickly manifests itself nationwide, with Scully and Einstein noting a sharp increase in the number of patients admitted to hospitals and triage centers. Agent Kyd Miller finds a phone-tracking app on Mulder's computer and notes his position in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Scully receives a phone-call from former X-Files agent Monica Reyes to meet with her. Reyes reveals that Cigarette Smoking Man offered to secure both Scully and Reyes a place among the designated survivors of the end-times. Scully and Einstein attempt to develop a vaccine using Scully's DNA. Scully realizes that she is being protected from the contagion by a combination of the alien genomes that remained after she was abducted and experimented on, and the DNA anomalies instilled within her at the request of Reyes. Mulder approaches Cigarette Smoking Man, who offers him a chance to survive the outbreak. Mulder declines, and is found by Miller, who returns him to Washington with the hope of finding a cure. Scully travels to Mulder and Miller's location, finding them at the 14th Street Bridge. Miller asks how Mulder will survive, Scully replies that William, their son, will have to be the donor of a stem cell transplant. Mulder begins to succumb to the virus. Suddenly, a beam of light shines down onto Miller, Scully, and Mulder, and a triangle-shaped UFO slowly descends and hovers above them. The episode ends with Scully looking at the lights of the spacecraft, shining down directly onto her and her partners.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: "The X-Files" aired from 1993 to 2002 on Fox and followed the efforts of federal agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) as they investigated crimes linked to the paranormal. Following the series' seventh season, however, Duchovny scaled back his involvement substantially, appearing in only half of the eighth season's episodes, and only starring in two of season nine's. Likewise, during the ninth season, both Anderson and Carter had signed on at the last minute, with their contract extensions only lasting until the end of 2002, and Anderson specifically stated that she would leave the show following the conclusion of the season. During these final two seasons, FBI agents John Doggett (Robert Patrick) and Monica Reyes (Annabeth Gish) became the series' new leads. Executive producer Frank Spotnitz speculated that the show could extend into a tenth and possibly eleventh season, if the show was able to attract an audience. However, the show lost viewers and was eventually cancelled by Fox.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: In 2008, both Duchovny and Anderson reprised their roles as Mulder and Scully in the film "". In several interviews around the release, series creator Chris Carter said that if "The X-Files: I Want to Believe" proved successful at the box office, a third installment would be made going back to the TV series' mythology, focusing specifically on the alien invasion and colonization of Earth foretold in the series finale, due to occur on December 22, 2012. In an October 2009 interview, Duchovny said he would want to do a 2012 "X-Files" film, but did not know if he would get the chance. Anderson stated in August 2012 that a third "X-Files" film was "looking pretty good". At the New York Comic Con held October 10–13, 2013, Duchovny and Anderson reaffirmed that they and Carter are interested in making a third film, with Anderson saying "If it takes fan encouragement to get Fox interested in that, then I guess that's what it would be." On January 17, 2015, Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman revealed that there was network interest in reviving "The X-Files", not as a film franchise, but as a six-episode limited run.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: The season had a two-night premiere on Fox, debuting on Sunday, January 24, 2016, with the following episode airing on Monday at 8:00 pm, the timeslot in which the remaining episodes also aired. The premiere episode was screened at New York Comic Con on October 10, 2015.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Internationally, the season premiered in Canada on CTV on January 24, 2016, simultaneous with the American broadcast. It premiered in Ireland on RTÉ2 on January 26, 2016, two days after its U.S. premiere. It premiered in Australia on Network Ten on January 31, 2016. It premiered in the United Kingdom on Channel 5 on February 8, 2016, where it became the highest-rated drama in the channel's history.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Fox International Channels, where available, premiered the series the day after the American premiere.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Once Newman revealed thoughts of bringing back the series, he noted that the revival would include "all key players": Carter, Duchovny, and Anderson. Fox TV Group chairman Dana Walden later noted that finding the ideal time that the three key members of the series were free would pose a challenge. At the time of the announcement, Duchovny was working on the NBC series "Aquarius", and Anderson was involved in the BBC drama "The Fall". However, both co-stars expressed their desire to return to the series: prior to Newman's announcement, Anderson said that she would be "fucking overjoyed" if Fox brought back "The X-Files", and Duchovny said that he would be "more than happy" to reprise his role as Mulder. In a later interview with "GQ" magazine, Anderson revealed that, when asked about returning for a television continuation of the program, she was hesitant, since she assumed the network would want to order over twenty new episodes (the length of a season when the show had originally aired). When it was revealed that the network would only order a short run, she enthusiastically agreed to reprise her role. Initially, Anderson was offered half the pay of Duchovny, but she negotiated her contract so that both leads received the same amount.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Early on, it was reported that an offer went out for Mitch Pileggi, who played Walter Skinner, to reprise his role, and that "other key cast members will also return." William B. Davis, the actor who portrayed Cigarette Smoking Man, also noted that he was asked about his availability during the summer of 2015, hinting that his character would return in some form. Later, Duchovny revealed during his March 31, 2015 appearance on "Late Show with David Letterman" that both Pileggi and Davis would return for the season. Pileggi confirmed his return in April 2015. In an interview with XFilesNews.com, Carter expressed hope in having Robert Patrick and Annabeth Gish reprise their roles as John Doggett and Monica Reyes, respectively, although their involvement would be contingent upon their current acting commitments. Patrick ruled out a return, but it was confirmed in August 2015 that Gish was returning for at least one episode. Laurie Holden did not rule out a return as Marita Covarrubias, but did not appear in any of the episodes. Joel McHale was announced as a guest star in June 2015, playing Tad O'Malley, an Internet news anchor who is an ally of Mulder's. Carter chose to cast McHale after his roast of Barack Obama at the 2014 White House Correspondents' Dinner.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Carter himself was also confirmed to be helming the project, serving as writer and executive producer. Carter later confirmed that Darin Morgan and James Wong would return to the series as writers, and Glen Morgan would return in a "productorial position". Wong and Glen Morgan had served as writers for the series during its first, second, and fourth seasons, and Darin Morgan had provided several scripts for the series during its second and third seasons. Following the announcement of the season, it was speculated as to whether long-time Carter collaborator Frank Spotnitz would return to assist with the writing, although this did not come to pass. In addition, former "X-Files" writer Vince Gilligan noted that he would have enjoyed returning to the series, but his busy work schedule did not allow it; he later said, "I'll be watching every episode and rooting them on".


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Mark Snow also reprised his role as the series' composer. "There are some new musical elements I've brought in for certain moments in the episodes," said Snow. "It's difficult to describe what is so completely different about them, except that there are some different sounds, different pulsing percussion elements, and different ambient designs, but the basic harmonic structure from the past is fairly intact."


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Prior to filming, Carter explained that he had "ideas for every [character]" and that the season would strive to tell fresh stories in a "very new political environment". He explained that, since the original conclusion of the series back in 2002, he had been collecting noteworthy news stories for future use. Carter also revealed that the seasons' plot has no connection to the "Season 10" comic book series, and is composed of both mythology episodes, as well as stand-alone "Monster-of-the-Week" episodes. It was later confirmed by Carter that the first and sixth episodes would be mythology episodes, and others would be standalones. Carter himself wrote the teleplays and directed the first, fifth, and sixth episodes. The second, "Founder's Mutation", was written and directed by James Wong; the third, "Mulder and Scully Meet the Were-Monster", was written and directed by Darin Morgan; and the fourth episode, titled "Home Again", was written and directed by Glen Morgan. Scientist and biology professor Anne Simon, who first consulted on the series' first-season finale episode "The Erlenmeyer Flask", and for the rest of the original series run, returned as a biology science advisor. She later received writing credit for her contributions to the finale. A seventh episode, based on a spec script, was written; however, it was not produced due to scheduling conflicts. According to Carter, if Fox orders more episodes, this unfilmed episode will be made.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: In March 2015, it was claimed by several sources that the network would order a short-run season of fewer than ten episodes, with an initial guess of six. The decision to cut the order down to only a few installments was reportedly done so that the network could work around the busy schedules of Duchovny and Anderson; Duchovny himself said he had no interest in doing a full season because: "We're all old, we don't have the energy for a full season." The article also claimed that, if all went as planned, the season would begin filming in the summer of 2015. It was also confirmed by both Davis and Carter that the series would return to Vancouver for filming. Filming began on June 8 and finished on September 3.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Critical reception to this season has been mixed. The first and last episodes were met with lukewarm to negative reviews from critics, whereas episodes two through five were generally well received. Overall, the review aggregator Metacritic gave it a score of 60 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Likewise, Rotten Tomatoes gave the revival a 64% approval rating with an average score of 6.5 out of 10 based on 180 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny's chemistry remains intact, but overall, "The X-Files" revival lacks the creative spark necessary to sustain the initial rush of nostalgia."


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: "My Struggle" debuted to a select crowd at the 2015 New York Comic-Con, and critical reception was mostly positive. Sadie Gennis of "TV Guide" wrote, "The episode immediately establishes that this is not a reboot nor a mere cash grab, but a thoughtful continuation of the beloved franchise." Chris Eggerstein of HitFix wrote that the tone of the revival was very reminiscent of the show's original run, and that "if you were a fan of the old "X-Files", you're probably going to like the new "X-Files" just fine." Jane Mulkerrins of "The Telegraph" called the debut "fresh" and "one of the highlights" of the convention. Furthermore, she noted that the premiere was popular with fans, who greeted the episode with a standing ovation.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: However, pre-release reviews of "My Struggle" released after the New York Comic-Con were more critical, with the consensus of many reviewers being that the first episode was not good. Reviewing the premiere episode, Brian Lowry of "Variety" panned the revival of the series, "It's simply hard to escape the prevailing malaise of this being a deal-driven exercise, a chance to cash in on the name recognition of the title in a format that mitigated the time commitment for all concerned." Similarly, Tim Goodman, writing for "The Hollywood Reporter", described the premiere as "a very underwhelming hour that will force even diehard fans [...] to consider whether pushing onward is really worth the time. Matt Fowler of IGN awarded it a 7.2 out of 10, denoting a "good" episode. Fowler wrote positively of Sveta's performance, and he also applauded the focus on the conspiracy as well as the episode's ending. However, he criticized it for having a "bored, disinterested tone". Alex McCown of "The A.V. Club" reviewed the first three episodes of the revival and awarded them collectively a "B+". He largely derided the first episode, writing that "it indulges in all of [Chris Carter's] worst [writing] tendencies." He was particularly critical of the episodes's expository monologues. Ultimately, he wrote that "the first episode demonstrates some of "The X-Files"' weaker tendencies, though it possesses a hokey charm, one that comes from pretending as though the past 15 years of television never happened."


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Pre-release reviews of the following two episodes were much more positive. McCown argued that it "immediately course corrects" with Wong's "Founder's Mutation"; he called the episode "smart" and "unsettling". McCown lauded Morgan's "Mulder and Scully Meet the Were-Monster", writing that the episode ultimately "makes the case for why "The X-Files" is still worth having around." Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com wrote that "Founder's Mutation" "perfectly blends show mythology (including Mulder and Scully's kid) with a modern plot" and that "Mulder and Scully Meet the Were-Monster" is "hysterical, smart and so much fun". Darren Franich of "Entertainment Weekly" reiterated these thoughts, arguing that "Founder's Mutation" is "an improvement over the premiere", and that Darin Morgan's episode is "a wild, playful, brain-twisting, heart-pulling, and above all adventurous episode of television."


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: Before the season even began filming, an anonymous network insider revealed that Fox was interested in reviving the series because it would be a ratings success, noting: "The network feels that they can draw huge numbers and a PR drive to bring back a show which offers both drama and a built-in cult following." It was speculated that the success of the "" event series, which aired in 2014, inspired Fox to revive "The X-Files".


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: "My Struggle" debuted on January 24, 2016, and was watched by 16.19 million viewers. It scored a 6.1 Nielsen rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic (Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States), which means that 6.1 percent of all individuals aged 18- to 49-years old were watching at the time of the episode's airing. In terms of viewers, this made "My Struggle" the highest-rated premiere since the seventh season opener "The Sixth Extinction" in 1999, which was viewed by 17.82 million people, as well as the most-watched episode of "The X-Files" to air since the eighth season episode "This Is Not Happening" in 2001, which was watched by 16.9 million viewers. When DVR and streaming are taken into account, "My Struggle" was seen by 21.4 million viewers, scoring a 7.1 Nielsen rating. The second episode, "Founder's Mutation", was viewed by 9.67 million. The success of the first two episodes fueled speculation that Fox might order more episodes.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: In an interview with "Entertainment Weekly", Duchovny stated that if the season were successful, he would be interested in another renewal, stating, "I would be open to doing another cycle. I don't know that I could do a 20-episode version of this show at this point in my life, and I don't know that Gillian could. But I think everybody is open ended on what happens after this. Certainly, we didn't bring it back with the idea of ending it." At the 2016 Television Critics Association panel for the series, Carter stated, "If we do well in the ratings, I can't imagine we wouldn't be asked to do more." Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman stated that he and fellow executive Dana Walden would be open to another renewal, stating, "We would love to do this again, so we'd be on board if schedules can be worked out." In an interview with "Variety" prior to the premiere, Anderson, Duchovny, and Walden stated their willingness for another renewal. In an interview with "TV Guide", Carter reaffirmed plans for more episodes, but stressed that everyone involved is waiting on the success of the season.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: On April 20, 2017, Fox officially announced that "The X-Files" would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes, which would air in the 2017–18 television season after filming in mid-2017.


title: The X-Files (season 10)

text: The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on June 14, 2016. Special features include deleted and extended scenes; a gag reel; several featurettes – "The Makings of a Struggle", "Season X: An In-Depth Behind-the-Scenes Look at "The Event Series"", "Monsters of the Week: A Recap from the Wildest and Scariest from the Original Series", ""The X-Files" – Green Production PSA" and "Short Film – "Grace" by Karen Nielsen"; and three audio commentaries – "Founder's Mutation" with Chris Carter and James Wong, "Mulder & Scully Meet the Were-Monster" with David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson, Kumail Nanjiani and Darin Morgan and "My Struggle II" with Chris Carter and Gabe Rotter.


title: Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States

text: The legal history of cannabis in the United States began with state-level prohibition in the early 20th century, with the first major federal limitations occurring in 1937. Starting with Oregon in 1973, individual states began to liberalize cannabis laws through decriminalization. In 1996, California became the first state to legalize medical cannabis, sparking a trend that spread to a majority of states by 2016. In 2012, Washington and Colorado became the first states to legalize cannabis for recreational use.


title: Bryton James

text: Bryton McClure (born August 17, 1986), also credited as Bryton James and mononymously as Bryton, is an American musical theatre, film and television actor. As a child actor, he played Richie Crawford on the ABC/CBS sitcom "Family Matters". He currently plays Devon Hamilton on the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless" in which he won two Daytime Emmy Awards.


title: Bryton James

text: James was born in Lakewood, California, to Eric McClure (1961–2016) and Bette McClure, and raised in Fullerton, California. Bryton was exposed to music very early through his father, who was a musician, songwriter, and music producer.


title: Bryton James

text: James started in show business when he was two years old. He appeared in commercials and magazine ads, including one with singer Michael Jackson. At the age of four, he began portraying Richie Crawford on the sitcom "Family Matters", where he appeared from 1990 to 1997 in over 200 episodes.


title: Bryton James

text: He has portrayed Devon Hamilton on the CBS soap opera "The Young and the Restless" since June 2004. He won the 2007 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series, and earned nominations for the same award in 2006 and 2008. After being nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Daytime Drama Series from 2005 through 2008, James won the award in 2009.


title: Bryton James

text: James was a guest star on the drama "The Vampire Diaries" during its second season as warlock Luka Martin. He voices Jason James/Z-Strap on Nicktoons animated series "Zevo-3" and Virgil Hawkins/Static in the Cartoon Network series "". He has also provided the voice of Mark Surge in "Hero Factory". His credits also include voice acting work as Freddie on the animated series "The Kids From Room 402", Mowgli on "The Jungle Book" CD-ROM, and Zare Leonis on "Star Wars Rebels". James was also a recording artist and performed on Disney Channel and other U.S. and international networks.


title: Bryton James

text: In July 2018, it was announced that James had joined the cast of Nickelodeon's upcoming animated series, Glitch Techs.


title: Bryton James

text: In 2020, he won the Daytime Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor in a drama series for The Young and The Restless.


title: Bryton James

text: James married Ashley Leisinger on March 16, 2011. The ceremony was officiated by his "The Young and the Restless" co-star Christian LeBlanc. In June 2014, James confirmed that he and Leisinger have since divorced but said they are still close friends. James began dating his co-star Brytni Sarpy in May 2019.


title: Bryton James

text: He is best friends with his "The Young and the Restless" co-star Christel Khalil. Saying about their friendship: "Christel and I have practically grown up together and have experienced some of the same things in our adult lives. We've always had each other's backs. I'm an only child and Christel is the closest thing I have to a sibling." James is the godfather to Khalil's son, Michael Caden. He is also godfather to his other "The Young and the Restless" co-star, Daniel Goddard's eldest son, Ford.


title: Bryton James

text: James is a spokesperson for many charitable organizations and founded RADDKids (Recording Artists, Actors and Athletes Against Drunk Driving) in 1996.


title: Peter Welch

text: Peter Francis Welch (born May 2, 1947) is an American lawyer and politician who is a United States senator-elect from Vermont, and the current U.S. representative for since 2007. A member of the Democratic Party, he has been a major figure in Vermont politics for over three decades, and is only the second Democrat to ever be elected a U.S. senator in the state.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch served in the Vermont Senate from 1981 to 1989, including terms as minority leader. He was the Senate's president pro tempore from 1985 to 1989, the first Democrat to hold the position. In 1988, he gave up his seat to run for the United States House of Representatives and lost the Democratic primary to Paul N. Poirier. He was the Democratic nominee for governor of Vermont in 1990, losing the general election to Republican Richard A. Snelling.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch continued to practice law and returned to politics in 2001, when he was appointed to fill a vacancy in the Vermont Senate. He was re-elected in 2002 and 2004 and served as Senate president from 2003 to 2007. In 2006, Welch was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, succeeding Bernie Sanders, who was elected to the United States Senate. In November 2021, Welch announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination in the 2022 United States Senate election in Vermont to succeed retiring Senator Patrick Leahy. On August 9, 2022, he won the Democratic primary. On November 8, 2022, Welch won the general election, defeating Republican nominee Gerald Malloy. Elected at age 75, he is the oldest person to become a freshman senator, a record previously held by Frederick Gillett.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1947, where he attended local Catholic schools (Holy Name Grammar School and Cathedral High School). He graduated "magna cum laude" from College of the Holy Cross in 1969 and in 1973 earned a J.D. degree from Boalt Hall, the law school of the University of California, Berkeley.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch "worked with low-income people on Chicago's West Side in the late 60s" as a community organizer. He worked for an organization that was affiliated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and its activities included attendance at an SCLC national convention in Atlanta. Participants there strategized and heard remarks from Ralph Abernathy, Hosea Williams, and Martin Luther King Jr.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch worked for Lloyd Cutler, who later served as White House Counsel during the administrations of presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton, at a Washington law firm.


title: Peter Welch

text: After graduating from law school, Welch moved to Vermont in 1973. He served as a law clerk for Judge Henry Black of the Vermont Superior Court. He worked for several years as a public defender for low-income clients in Windsor County and Orange County. Welch was a partner for 30 years in the personal injury law firm Welch, Graham & Manby in White River Junction, Vermont.


title: Peter Welch

text: In 1980, Welch was elected to the Vermont Senate from Windsor County. In his second term, Welch was chosen as the Minority Leader, and he became president pro tempore after Democrats gained control of the Senate. Welch was the first Democrat to serve as Vermont's senate president, since Vermont was a bastion for the Whigs and then the Republicans for more than 100 years beginning in the 1830s.


title: Peter Welch

text: In 1988, Welch left the Vermont Senate to make an unsuccessful run for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. House of Representatives.


title: Peter Welch

text: In 1990, Welch won the Democratic nomination for governor of Vermont but lost the general election to Republican Richard Snelling.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch did not run for another office for more than a decade; in 2001, Governor Howard Dean appointed him to fill a vacant Vermont Senate seat in Windsor County. He was elected to the seat in 2002 and reelected in 2004, again serving as president "pro tempore."


title: Peter Welch

text: When Vermont's U.S. Representative, Bernie Sanders, ran for the U.S. Senate in 2006, Welch chose to run for Sanders's seat. He defeated Republican Martha Rainville in the general election, 53% to 45%, in a race where both candidates pledged to be entirely positive. Welch was the first Democrat to represent Vermont in the House since 1961, and only the second since 1853 (though Sanders, an independent, caucused with the Democrats).


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch was re-elected in 2008 with no major-party opposition, becoming the first Democrat to be reelected to the House from Vermont since 1848. He was in the unusual position of being both the Democratic and Republican nominee for the seat, due to Republican voters writing his name in on the blank primary ballot.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch was reelected with 64% of the vote against Republican nominee Paul Beaudry, Liberty Union nominee Jane Newton, Working Families nominee Sheila Coniff, and independent candidate Gus Jaccaci.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch defeated Republican nominee Mark Donka, Liberty Union candidate Jane Newton, and Independent candidates James "Sam" Desrochers and Andre LaFramboise with 72% of the vote.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch was reelected to a fifth term with 64.4% of the vote, defeating Republican Mark Donka, Matthew Andrews of the Liberty Union Party and Independents Cris Ericson, Randall Meyer and Jerry Trudell.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch ran unopposed in the Democratic primary, and also got more votes in the Republican primary than any other candidate, with 4.51% via write-ins. He defeated Liberty Union candidate Erica Clawson in the general election with 90% of the vote to Clawson's 10%.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch was reelected to a seventh term with 69.2% of the vote, defeating Republican nominee Anya Tyino, Cris Ericson of the Marijuana Party, and Laura Potter of the Liberty Union Party.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch was reelected to an eighth term with 67.3% of the vote, defeating Republican nominee Miriam Berry and Independent candidate Peter Becker.


title: Peter Welch

text: One area where Welch was at odds with vocal constituents was the matter of the impeachment of President Bush and Vice President Cheney. Welch said that ending the Iraq War was a top priority, and impeachment would distract Congress from addressing that outcome. Advocates of impeachment protested at Welch's Vermont offices.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch worked with former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor on a bill to increase funding at the National Institutes of Health for pediatric research and with Representative Paul Ryan to reverse proposed regulations that would have banned the use of wooden shelves for ageing cheese wheels. He touts his bipartisanship and describes himself as "very independent". He bucked his party leadership by voting against arming and training Syrian rebels and opposes "boots on the ground" in dealing with ISIL. He believes climate change is a "glaring problem", opposed travel bans in response to the Ebola epidemic and supports immigration reform that addresses border concerns but does not close them.


title: Peter Welch

text: In his first term, Welch attracted attention for his partnership with Senator Charles Grassley in challenging colleges and universities with substantial endowments to spend more of those funds on operating expenses (including, perhaps, lower tuition).


title: Peter Welch

text: On February 19, 2016, Welch endorsed Bernie Sanders for the Democratic nomination for president. He endorsed him again in 2020.


title: Peter Welch

text: During the first impeachment of Donald Trump, Welch invited Trump to testify before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence in response to Jim Jordan's criticism of the impeachment. Welch spoke directly after Jordan, saying, "I say to my colleague, I'd be glad to have the person who started it all come in and testify", adding, "President Trump is welcome to take a seat right there." On December 18, 2019, Welch voted for both articles of impeachment against Trump.


title: Peter Welch

text: In the 110th Congress, Welch was a member of the Committee on Rules and the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform.


title: Peter Welch

text: In the 111th Congress, Welch served on the Committee on Energy and Commerce, the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, and the Committee on Standards of Official Conduct.


title: Peter Welch

text: In the 112th Congress, Welch was a member of the Committee on Agriculture and the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Beginning with the 112th Congress, he also served as a Chief Deputy Whip, one of several who are part of Democratic Whip Steny Hoyer's organization for managing legislation and votes on the House floor.


title: Peter Welch

text: Since the 113th Congress, Welch has been a member of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and the House Committee on Energy and Commerce.


title: Peter Welch

text: On November 15, 2021, incumbent Patrick Leahy announced that he would not seek reelection in the 2022 U.S. Senate election. Welch was considered a possible contender for the seat. On November 22, Welch announced his candidacy to succeed Leahy. He won the Democratic primary by a large margin, and defeated Republican nominee Gerald Malloy to win the seat.


title: Peter Welch

text: Welch is married to Margaret Cheney, a former member of the Vermont House of Representatives who was appointed to the Vermont Public Service Board in 2013. His first wife, Joan Smith, died of cancer in 2004. Welch has five stepchildren from his first marriage and three from his second.


title: Hazel (TV series)

text: Hazel is an American sitcom about a spunky live-in maid named Hazel Burke (played by Shirley Booth) and her employers, the Baxters. The five-season, 155-episode series aired in prime time from September 28, 1961, to April 11, 1966, and was produced by Screen Gems. The first four seasons of "Hazel" aired on NBC, and the fifth and final season aired on CBS. Season 1 was broadcast in black-and-white except for one episode which was in color, and seasons 2–5 were all broadcast in color. The show was based on the single-panel comic strip of the same name by cartoonist Ted Key, which appeared in "The Saturday Evening Post".