title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 1995, he returned to attend the funeral of his colleague, Emile Habibi, receiving a permit to remain in Haifa for four days. That year Darwish was allowed to settle in Ramallah, but he said he felt he was living in exile there, and did not consider the West Bank his "private homeland."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Darwish was twice married and divorced. His first wife was the writer Rana Kabbani. After they divorced, in the mid-1980s, he married an Egyptian translator, Hayat Heeni. He had no children. The "Rita" of Darwish's poems was a Jewish woman whom he loved when he was living in Haifa. The relationship was the subject of the film "Write Down, I Am an Arab" by filmmaker Ibtisam Mara'ana Menuhin, an Arab Muslim woman married to a Jewish man. (While such relationships are rare today, they were more common during the Palestinian Mandate period, and among communists, who were united by class struggle.)


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Darwish had a history of heart disease, suffering a heart attack in 1984. He had two heart operations, in 1984 and 1998.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: His final visit to Israel was on 15 July 2007, to attend a poetry recital at Mt. Carmel Auditorium in Haifa. There he criticized the factional violence between Fatah and Hamas as a "suicide attempt in the streets."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Over his lifetime, Darwish published more than 30 volumes of poetry and eight books of prose. At one time or another, he was editor of the periodicals "Al-Jadid," "Al Fajr," "Shu'un Filistiniyya," and "Al-Karmel". He was also one of the contributors of "Lotus", a literary magazine financed by Egypt and the Soviet Union.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: By the age of seventeen, Darwish was writing poetry about the suffering of the refugees in the Nakba and the inevitability of their return, and had begun reciting his poems at poetry festivals. Seven years later, on 1 May 1965, when the young Darwish read his poem "Bitaqat huwiyya" ["Identity Card"] to a crowd in a Nazareth movie house, there was a tumultuous reaction. Within days the poem had spread throughout the country and the Arab world. Published in his second volume "Leaves of Olives" (Haifa, 1964), the six stanzas of the poem repeat the cry "Write down: I am an Arab." In the 1970s, "Darwish, as a Palestinian poet of the Resistance committed himself to the ... objective of nurturing the vision of defeat and disaster (after the June War of 1967), so much so that it would 'gnaw at the hearts' of the forthcoming generations." Darwish addressed the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in "Ward aqall" [Fewer Roses] (1986) and ""Sa-ya'ti barabira akharun"" ("Other Barbarians Will Come").


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Darwish's work has won numerous awards and been published in 20 languages. A central theme in Darwish's poetry is the concept of "watan" or homeland. The poet Naomi Shihab Nye wrote that Darwish "is the essential breath of the Palestinian people, the eloquent witness of exile and belonging..." Among his awards was the "Cultural Freedom Prize" by the United States Lannan Foundation, for the stated purpose of recognizing "people whose extraordinary and courageous work celebrates the human right to freedom of imagination, inquiry, and expression."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Darwish's early writings are in the classical Arabic style. He wrote monorhymed poems adhering to the metrics of traditional Arabic poetry. In the 1970s he began to stray from these precepts and adopted a "free-verse" technique that did not abide strictly by classical poetic norms. The quasi-Romantic diction of his early works gave way to a more personal, flexible language, and the slogans and declarative language that characterized his early poetry were replaced by indirect and ostensibly apolitical statements, although politics was never far away.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Darwish was impressed by the Iraqi poets Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab. He cited Arthur Rimbaud and Allen Ginsberg as literary influences. Darwish admired the Hebrew poet Yehuda Amichai, but described his poetry as a "challenge to me, because we write about the same place. He wants to use the landscape and history for his own benefit, based on my destroyed identity. So we have a competition: who is the owner of the language of this land? Who loves it more? Who writes it better?"


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Darwish is widely perceived as a Palestinian symbol and a spokesman for Arab opposition to Israel. He rejected accusations of antisemitism: "The accusation is that I hate Jews. It's not comfortable that they show me as a devil and an enemy of Israel. I am not a lover of Israel, of course. I have no reason to be. But I don't hate Jews." Darwish wrote in Arabic, and also spoke English, French, and Hebrew.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: According to the Israeli author Haim Gouri, who knew him personally, Darwish's Hebrew was excellent. Four volumes of his poetry were translated into Hebrew by Muhammad Hamza Ghaneim: "Bed of a Stranger" (2000), "Why Did You Leave the Horse Alone?" (2000), "State of Siege" (2003), and "Mural" (2006). Salman Masalha, a bilingual Arabic-Hebrew writer, translated his book "Memory for Forgetfulness" into Hebrew.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In March 2000, Yossi Sarid, the Israeli education minister, proposed that two of Darwish's poems be included in the Israeli high school curriculum. Prime Minister Ehud Barak rejected the proposal on the grounds that the time "is not ripe" to teach Darwish in schools. It has been suggested that the incident had more to do with internal Israeli politics in trying to damage Prime Minister Ehud Barak's government than with poetry. With the death of Darwish, the debate about including his poetry in the Israeli school curriculum was re-opened in 2008.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: "Although it is now technically possible for Jewish students to study Darwish, his writing is still banned from Arab schools. The curriculum used in Arab education is one agreed in 1981 by a committee whose sole Jewish member vetoed any works he thought might 'create an ill spirit'."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Darwish described Hebrew as a "language of love." He considered himself to be part of the Jewish civilization that existed in Palestine and hoped for a reconciliation between the Palestinians and the Jews. When this happens, "the Jew will not be ashamed to find an Arab element in himself, and the Arab will not be ashamed to declare that he incorporates Jewish elements."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Darwish was a member of Rakah, the Israeli communist party, before joining the Palestine Liberation Organization in Beirut. In 1970 he left for Moscow. Later, he moved to Cairo in 1971 where he worked for al-Ahram daily newspaper. In Beirut, in 1973, he edited the monthly "Shu'un Filistiniyya" ("Palestinian Affairs") and worked as a director in the Palestinian Research Center of the PLO and joined the organisation. In the wake of the Lebanon War, Darwish wrote the political poems "Qasidat Beirut" (1982) and "Madih al-zill al'ali" (1983). Darwish was elected to the PLO Executive Committee in 1987. In 1988 he wrote a manifesto intended as the Palestinian people's declaration of independence. In 1993, after the Oslo accords, Darwish resigned from the PLO Executive Committee.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Despite his criticism of both Israel and the Palestinian leadership, Darwish believed that peace was attainable. "I do not despair," he told the Israeli newspaper "Haaretz". "I am patient and am waiting for a profound revolution in the consciousness of the Israelis. The Arabs are ready to accept a strong Israel with nuclear arms – all it has to do is open the gates of its fortress and make peace."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 1988, one of his poems, "Passers Between the Passing Words," was cited in the Knesset by Yitzhak Shamir. Darwish was accused of demanding that the Jews leave Israel, although he claimed he meant the West Bank and Gaza: "So leave our land/Our shore, our sea/Our wheat, our salt, our wound." Adel Usta, a specialist on Darwish's poetry, said the poem was misunderstood and mistranslated. Poet and translator Ammiel Alcalay wrote that "the hysterical overreaction to the poem simply serves as a remarkably accurate litmus test of the Israeli psyche ... (the poem) is an adamant refusal to accept the language of the occupation and the terms under which the land is defined."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 2005, outdoor music and dance performances in Qalqiliya were suddenly banned by the Hamas-led municipality, with authorities saying that such events were forbidden by Islam. The municipality also prohibited the playing of music in the Qualqiliya zoo. In response, Darwish warned that "There are Taliban-type elements in our society, and this is a very dangerous sign."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In July 2007, Darwish returned to Ramallah and visited Haifa for a festive event held in his honor; it was sponsored by "Masharaf" magazine and the Israeli Hadash party. To a crowd of some 2,000 people who turned out for the event, he expressed his criticism of the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip: "We woke up from a coma to see a monocolored flag (of Hamas) do away with the four-color flag (of Palestine)."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In July 2016 a controversy erupted over the broadcasting of Darwish's poem "Bitaqat hawiyya" ("Identity Card") on Israeli radio station Galei Tzahal. Written in 1964, it includes the lines:


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: This enraged Israel defence minister Avigdor Lieberman, who compared the poem to Hitler's "Mein Kampf."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Many of Darwish's poems were set to music by Arab composers, among them Marcel Khalife, Reem Kelani, Majida El Roumi and Ahmad Qa'abour. The most notable are "Rita and the Rifle," "I lost a beautiful dream," "Birds of Galilee" and "I Yearn for my Mother's Bread." They have become anthems for at least two generations of Arabs. In the 1980s, Sabreen, a Palestinian music group in Israel, recorded an album including versions of Darwish's poems "On Man" and "On Wishes."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: The composer Marcel Khalife was accused of blasphemy and insulting religious values, because of his song entitled "I am Yusuf, oh my father," which he based on Darwish's lyrics, and which cited a verse from the Qur'an. In this poem, Darwish shared the pain of "Yusuf" (Joseph), who was rejected by his brothers and fear him, because he is too handsome and kind. "Oh my father, I am Yusuf / Oh father, my brothers neither love me nor want me in their midst." Darwish presents the story of Joseph as an allegory for the rejection of the Palestinians by the Israelis.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Tamar Muskal, an Israeli-American composer, incorporated Darwish's "I Am From There" into her composition "The Yellow Wind," which combines a full orchestra, Arabic flute, Arabic and Israeli poetry, and themes from David Grossman's book "The Yellow Wind."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 2002, Swiss composer Klaus Huber completed a large work entitled "Die Seele muss vom Reittier steigen...", a chamber music concerto for cello, baritone and countertenor that incorporates Darwish's "The Soul Must Descend from its Mount and Walk on its Silken Feet."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 2008, Mohammed Fairouz set selections from "State of Siege" to music. In his third symphony "Poems and Prayers" of 2012, in addition to the lyrics of Mahmoud Darwish, poems by the Arab poet Fadwa Touqan and the Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai are sounded.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 2011, the Syrian composer Hassan Taha created the musical play "The Dice Player", based on the poems and lyrics of Mahmoud Darwish. Their premiere took place at the experimental Center for Contemporary Music Gare du Nord in Basel, Switzerland.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Inspired by the attempted suppression of Khalife's composition "I am Yusuf, oh my father," the Norwegian singer-songwriter Moddi composed a fresh melody to the poem. The song is titled "Oh my father, I am Joseph," from his 2015 album "Unsongs".


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 2017, British musician Roger Waters set to music an English translation of Darwish's "Lesson From the Kama Sutra (Wait for Her)" on his album "Is This the Life We Really Want?" in a song titled "Wait for Her."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 1997, a documentary entitled "Mahmoud Darwish" was produced by French TV, directed by French-Moroccan director Simone Bitton.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 2008 Darwish starred in the five-screen film "id – Identity of the Soul" from Arts Alliance Productions, in which he narrates his poem "A Soldier Dreams of White Lilies" along with Ibsen's poem "Terje Vigen." "Id" was his final performance. It premiered in Palestine in October 2008, with audiences of tens of thousands. In 2010, the film was continuing an international screening tour.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 2009 Egin, a patchanka band from Italy, published a song setting the poem "Identity Card" to music.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 2016, his poem "We Were Without a Present" served as the basis for the central song, "Ya Reit" by Palestinian rapper Tamer Nafar in the film "Junction 48". Additionally, one of his poems was read as part of Nafar's speech during the Ophir Awards.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: In 2017, his poem "Think of Others" was set to music by a South African artist and 11-year old Palestinian youth activist, Janna Jihad Ayyad.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Mahmoud Darwish died on 9 August 2008 at the age of 67, three days after heart surgery at Memorial Hermann Hospital in Houston, Texas. Before surgery, Darwish had signed a document asking not to be resuscitated in the event of brain death. According to Ibrahim Muhawi, the poet, though suffering from serious heart problems, did not require urgent surgery, and the day set for the operation bore a symbolic resonance. In his "Memory for Forgetfulness," Darwish centered the narrative of Israel's invasion of Lebanon and 88-day siege of Beirut on 6 August 1982, which was the anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima. A new bomb had been deployed, which could collapse and level a 12-storey building by creating a vacuum. Darwish wrote: "On this day, on the anniversary of the Hiroshima bomb, they are trying out the vacuum bomb on our flesh and the experiment is successful." By his choice of that day for surgery, Muwahi suggests, Darwish was documenting: "the nothingness he saw laying ahead for the Palestinian people."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Early reports of his death in the Arabic press indicated that Darwish had asked in his will to be buried in Palestine. Three locations were originally suggested; his home village of al-Birwa, the neighboring village Jadeida, where some of Darwish's family still resides, or in the West Bank city of Ramallah. Ramallah Mayor Janet Mikhail announced later that Darwish would be buried next to Ramallah's Palace of Culture, at the summit of a hill overlooking Jerusalem on the southwestern outskirts of Ramallah, and a shrine would be erected in his honor. Ahmed Darwish said "Mahmoud doesn't just belong to a family or a town, but to all the Palestinians, and he should be buried in a place, where all Palestinians can come and visit him."


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas declared three days of mourning to honor Darwish and he was accorded the equivalent of a State funeral. A set of four postage stamps commemorating Darwish was issued in August 2008 by the PA.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: Arrangements for flying the body in from Texas delayed the funeral for a day. Darwish's body was then flown from Amman, Jordan for the burial in Ramallah. The first eulogy was delivered by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to an orderly gathering of thousands. Several left-wing Knesset members attended the official ceremony; Mohammed Barakeh (Hadash) and Ahmed Tibi (United Arab List-Ta'al) stood with the family, and Dov Khenin (Hadash) and Jamal Zahalka (Balad) were in the hall at the Mukataa. Also present was the former French prime minister and poet Dominique de Villepin. After the ceremony, Darwish's coffin was taken in a cortege at walking pace from the Mukataa to the Palace of Culture, gathering thousands of followers along the way.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: On 5 October 2008, the International Literature Festival Berlin held a worldwide reading in memory of Mahmoud Darwish.


title: Mahmoud Darwish

text: The Mahmoud Darwish Foundation was established on 4 October 2008 as a Palestinian non-profit foundation that "seeks to safeguard Mahmoud Darwish's cultural, literary and intellectual legacy." The foundation administers the annual "Mahmoud Darwish Award for Creativity" granted to intellectuals from Palestine and elsewhere. The inaugural winner of the prize, in 2010, was Egyptian novelist Ahdaf Soueif.


title: Alaska pollock

text: The Alaska pollock or walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) is a marine fish species of the cod genus "Gadus" and family Gadidae.


title: Alaska pollock

text: It is a semi-pelagic schooling fish widely distributed in the North Pacific, with largest concentrations found in the eastern Bering Sea.


title: Alaska pollock

text: Alaska pollock was long put in its own genus, "Theragra", and classified as "Theragra chalcogramma", but research in 2008 has shown it is rather closely related to the Atlantic cod and should therefore be moved back to "Gadus", where it was originally placed. In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that the official scientific name for the fish was changed from "Theragra chalcogramma" back to its original taxon "Gadus chalcogrammus", highlighting its close genetic relationship to the other species of the cod genus "Gadus". Since 2014, registries of scientific names for fish species (e.g. the United Nations’ ASFIS list and the World Registry of Marine Species (WoRMS) have largely adopted the "Gadus chalcogrammus" name.


title: Alaska pollock

text: The change of the official scientific name was followed by a discussion to change the common name as well, to highlight the fish as a member of the cod genus. The common names "Alaska pollock" and "walleye pollock", both used as trade names internationally, are considered misleading by scientific and trade experts, as the names do not reflect the scientific classification. While belonging to the same family as the Atlantic pollock, the Alaska pollock is not a member of the genus "Pollachius", but of the cod genus "Gadus". Nevertheless, alternative trade names highlighting its placement in the cod genus, such as "snow cod", "bigeye cod", or direct deductions from the scientific names such as "copperline cod" ("gadus" meaning 'cod', from meaning 'copper', and meaning 'line') or "lesser cod" (from the synonymous taxon "Gadus minor") have yet to find widespread acceptance. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration even states that "[the common name] might never change, as common names are separate from scientific names".


title: Alaska pollock

text: In addition, Norwegian pollock ("Theragra finnmarchica"), a rare fish of Norwegian waters, is likely the same species as the Alaska pollock.


title: Alaska pollock

text: The speckled coloring of Alaska pollock makes it more difficult for predators to see them when they are near sandy ocean floors. They are a relatively fast-growing and short-lived species, currently representing a major biological component of the Bering Sea ecosystem. It has been found that catches of Alaska pollock go up three years after stormy summers. The storms stir up nutrients, and this results in phytoplankton being plentiful for longer, which in turn allows more pollock hatchlings to survive.


title: Alaska pollock

text: The Alaska pollock has well-developed drumming muscles that the fish use to produce sounds during courtship, like many other gadids.


title: Alaska pollock

text: The primary factor in determining the foraging behavior of the Alaskan pollock is age. Young pollocks can be divided into two sub-groups, fish with lengths below and fish greater than 60mm. Both groups mainly feed on copepods. However, the latter group will also forage for krill. Therefore, food depletion has a larger effect on smaller pollock.


title: Alaska pollock

text: The variation in size of each subgroup also affects seasonal foraging behavior. During the winter, when food is scarce, foraging can be costly due to the fact that longer hunting time increases the risk of meeting a predator. The larger young pollocks have no need to hunt during the winter because they have a higher capacity for energy storage, while smaller fish do not, and have to continue foraging, putting them at greater risk. To maximize their chances of survival, large pollock increase their calorie intake in autumn to gain weight, while smaller ones focus solely on growing in size.


title: Alaska pollock

text: Alaskan pollock exhibit diel vertical migration, following the seasonal movement of their food. Although pollocks exhibit vertical movement during the day, their average depth changes with the seasons. Originally, the change in depth was attributed to the amount of light or water temperature, but in fact, it follows the movement of food species. In August, when food is abundantly available near the surface, pollocks will be found at shallower depths. In November, they are found deeper along with their planktonic food source.


title: Alaska pollock

text: The Alaska pollock's main habitats are the coastal areas of the Northern Pacific, especially the waters off Alaska (Eastern Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands) as well as off Russia, Japan and Korea (Western Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk). The largest concentrations of Alaska pollock are found in the eastern Bering Sea.


title: Alaska pollock

text: Very small populations of fish genetically identical to "Gadus chalcogrammus" are found in the Barents Sea waters of northern Norway and Russia. This fish was initially described as its own species under the taxon "Theragra finnmarchica" by Norwegian zoologist Einar Koefoed in 1956. The common name used for the fish was "Norway pollock". Genetic analyses have shown that the fish is genetically identical to the Alaska pollock. It is therefore considered to be conspecific with the Pacific species and is attributed to "Gadus chalcogrammus". The history of the species in the Barents Sea is unknown.


title: Alaska pollock

text: The initial specification as an own species by Koefoed was based on two specimens landed in Berlevåg, northern Norway, in 1932 (hence the Norwegian name, ). Based on morphological differences, Koefoed considered "Theragra finnmarchica" a new species, related to but separate from the Alaska pollock. Just seven specimens of the fish are known to have been caught between 1957 and early 2002 in the Arctic Ocean. In 2003 and 2004, 31 new specimens were caught. All specimens were large ( in total length) and caught in the coastal waters between Vesterålen in the west and Varangerfjord in the east. By 2006, 54 individuals had been recorded. Sequencing of mitochondrial DNA of two specimens of "Theragra finnmarchica" and 10 "Theragra chalcogramma" (today: "Gadus chalcogrammus") revealed no significant genetic differences, leading Ursvik et al. to suggest that "T. finnmarchica" and "T. chalcogramma" are the same species. An analysis of a much larger sample size (44 "T. finnmarchica" and 20 "T. chalcogramma") using both genetic and morphological methods led to similar conclusions. While the putative species could not be separated genetically, they showed some consistent differences in morphology. Only one characteristic showed no overlap. Byrkjedal et al. conclude that "T. finnmarchica" should be considered a junior synonym of "T. chalcogramma". These analyses also suggest that "T. finnmarchica" is a near relative of the Atlantic cod, and that both Alaska and Norway pollock should be moved to genus "Gadus".


title: Alaska pollock

text: Norway pollock ("Theragra finnmarchica") was listed as Near Threatened in the 2010 Norwegian Red List for Species based on criteria D1: "Very small or geographically very restricted population: Number of mature individuals". It is currently not listed in the IUCN Red List.


title: Alaska pollock

text: The Alaska pollock has been said to be "the largest remaining source of palatable fish in the world". Around of Alaska pollock are caught each year in the North Pacific, from Alaska to northern Japan. Alaska pollock is the world's second most important fish species, after the Peruvian anchoveta, in terms of total catch.


title: Alaska pollock

text: Alaska pollock landings are the largest of any single fish species in the U.S, with the average annual Eastern Bering Sea catch between 1977 and 2021 being 1.195 million tons. Alaska pollock catches from U.S. fisheries have been relatively consistent at approximately 1.3 million tons a year, on average 92 percent from the Bering Sea and 8 percent from the Gulf of Alaska. Each year's quota is adjusted based on stock assessments conducted by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center to prevent overfishing. For example quotas were reduced from 2008-2010 in the Bering Sea due to stock declines.


title: Alaska pollock

text: Independent certification groups have hailed the fishery as an example of good management. For example, the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands fisheries were separately certified as "sustainable" by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) in 2005, and were certified in 2010 and 2016.  The fisheries received a combined re-certification in 2020. The Marine Conservation Society rates Alaska pollock harvested from the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands as sustainable, but not those from the Western Bering Sea in Russian waters.


title: Alaska pollock

text: In 2021, the MSC awarded the U.S. trade associations "Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers" (GAPP) and "At-Sea Processors Association" with its "Ocean Champion Award" that recognizes organizations for meeting MSC's commitment to a healthier ocean and a more transparent supply chain. The MSC recognized Alaska pollock from U.S. fisheries as one of the "healthiest" and "most sustainable sources" of protein.


title: Alaska pollock

text: Compared to other cod species and pollock, Alaska pollock has a milder taste, whiter color and lower oil content.


title: Alaska pollock

text: High-quality, single-frozen whole Alaska pollock fillets may be layered into a block mold and deep-frozen to produce fish blocks that are used throughout Europe and North America as the raw material for high-quality breaded and battered fish products. Lower-quality, double-frozen fillets or minced trim pieces may also be frozen in block forms and used as raw material for lower-quality, low-cost breaded and battered fish sticks and portions.


title: Alaska pollock

text: A life-cycle assessment on the carbon footprint of Alaska pollock, performed by a sustainability consulting firm, showed that Alaska pollock fillet has a lower carbon footprint and delivers more protein per kilogram of greenhouse gas emissions than many other animal proteins, including beef, chicken, cod, and even plant-based options.


title: Alaska pollock

text: Alaska pollock is commonly used in the fast food industry in products such as McDonald's Filet-O-Fish sandwich, Burger King Big Fish Sandwich, Wendy's Crispy Panko Fish Sandwich, Arby's King's Hawaiian Fish Deluxe, Arby's Crispy Fish Sandwich, Arby's Spicy Fish Sandwich, Long John Silver's Baja Fish Taco, Bojangles Bojangular, Birds Eye's Fish Fingers in Crispy Batter, 7-Eleven's Fish Bites, White Castle's Panko Breaded Fish Sliders, and Captain D's Seafood Kitchen. Some of these items are seasonal offerings to coincide with the Lent calendar where seafood demand is higher.


title: Alaska pollock

text: Single-frozen Alaska pollock is considered to be the premier raw material for "surimi". The most common use of surimi in the United States is "imitation crabmeat", though it is often seen labeled in retailers and grocers as "surimi seafood" sticks, flakes, or chunks. There are five main forms of surimi seafood: chunk, leg, flake, salad, and shred. A lifecycle assessment on the carbon footprint of Alaska Pollock, performed by Quantis, a sustainability consulting firm, showed that surimi made from minced Alaska Pollock has a lower carbon footprint and delivers more protein per KG of greenhouse gas emissions than many other animal proteins, including beef, chicken, and even plant-based options.


title: Alaska pollock

text: Pollock roe is a popular culinary ingredient in Korea, Japan, and Russia. In Korea, the roe is called (, literally 'Alaska pollock's roe'), and the salted roe is called (, literally 'pollock roe "jeotgal"). The food was introduced to Japan after World War II, and since has been called () in Japanese. A milder, less spicy version is usually called (, literally 'cod's roe'), which is also the Japanese name for pollock roe itself. In Russia, pollock roe is consumed as a sandwich spread. The product, resembling liquid paste due to the small size of eggs and oil added, is sold canned.


title: Alaska pollock

text: Alaska pollock is considered the "national fish" of Korea. The Korean name of the fish, (), has also spread to some neighbouring countries: it is called () in Russia and its roe is called () in Japan, although the Japanese name for the fish itself is (). In Korea, is called thirty-odd additional names, including (, fresh), (, frozen), (, dried), (, dried in winter with repeated freezing and thawing), (, dried young), and (, half-dried young).


title: Alaska pollock

text: Koreans have been eating Alaska pollock since the Joseon era. One of the earliest mentions is from "Seungjeongwon ilgi" ("Journal of the Royal Secretariat"), where a 1652 entry stated: "The management administration should be strictly interrogated for bringing in pollock roe instead of cod roe." Alaska pollocks were the most commonly caught fish in Korea in 1940, when more than 270,000 tonnes were caught from the Sea of Japan (East Sea). It outnumbers the current annual consumption of Alaska pollock in South Korea, estimated at about 260,000 tonnes in 2016. Nowadays, however, Alaska pollock consumption in South Korea rely heavily on import from Russia, due to rises in sea water temperatures. In 2019, South Korea imposed a total ban on pollock fishing "to help replenish depleted stocks" of the fish.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: Friedrich Stowasser (15 December 1928 – 19 February 2000), better known by his pseudonym Friedensreich Regentag Dunkelbunt Hundertwasser (), was an Austrian visual artist and architect who also worked in the field of environmental protection.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: Hundertwasser stood out as an opponent of "a straight line" and any standardization, expressing this concept in the field of building design. His best known work is the Hundertwasserhaus in Vienna, which has become a notable place of interest in the Austrian capital, characterised by imaginative vitality and uniqueness.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: The Nazi era was a very difficult time for Hundertwasser and his mother Elsa, who were Jewish. They avoided persecution by posing as Christians, a credible ruse as Hundertwasser's father had been a Catholic. Hundertwasser was baptized as a Catholic in 1935. To remain inconspicuous, Hundertwasser also joined the Hitler Youth.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: Hundertwasser developed artistic skills early on. After the war, he spent three months at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. At this time, he began to sign his art as Hundertwasser instead of Stowasser. He left to travel, using a small set of paints he carried at all times to sketch anything that caught his eye. In Florence, he met the young French painter René Brô for the first time and they became lifelong friends. Hundertwasser's first commercial painting success was in 1952–53 with an exhibition in Vienna.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: His adopted surname is based on the translation of "sto" (the Slavic word for "(one) hundred") into German. The name "Friedensreich" has a double meaning as "Peace-realm" or "Peace-rich" (in the sense of "peaceful"). Therefore, his name "Friedensreich Hundertwasser" translates directly into English as "Peace-Realm Hundred-Water". The other names he chose for himself, "Regentag" and "Dunkelbunt", translate to "Rainy day" and "Darkly multi-coloured".


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In the early 1950s, he entered the field of architecture. Hundertwasser also worked in the field of applied art, creating flags, stamps, coins, and posters. His most famous flag is his koru flag (designed in 1983), as well as several postage stamps for the Austrian Post Office. He also designed stamps for Cape Verde and for the United Nations postal administration in Geneva on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In 1957 Hundertwasser acquired a farm on the edge of Normandy. Hundertwasser married Herta Leitner in 1958 but they divorced two years later. He married again in 1962 to the Japanese artist Yuko Ikewada but she divorced him in 1966. By this time, he had gained a popular reputation for his art.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In 1964 Hundertwasser bought "Hahnsäge", a former saw mill, in the sparsely populated Lower Austria's Waldviertel. There, far from the hustle and bustle and surrounded by nature, he set up a new home.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: He spent some time in the 1960s in the Tooro Kingdom in Uganda, Central Africa, where he painted a number of works and named them after the kingdom.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In 1972 Hundertwasser incorporated a stock company, the "Grüner Janura AG", in Switzerland; in 2008 it was renamed as "Namida AG". Hundertwasser managed his intellectual property rights through this company.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In the 1970s, Hundertwasser acquired several properties in the Bay of Islands in New Zealand, which include a total area of approximately 372 ha of the entire "Kaurinui" valley. There he realized his dream of living and working closely connected to nature. Beside other projects he designed the "Bottle House" there. He could live largely self-sufficiently using solar panels, a water wheel and a biological water purification plant. His first grass roof experiments took place there.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In 1979 Hundertwasser bought the vast historical garden "Giardino Eden" ('Garden of Eden') in Venice, including the Palazzo "Villa delle Rose", from Alexandra of Yugoslavia via his Swiss company.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In 1980, Hundertwasser visited Washington D.C. to support activist Ralph Nader's efforts to oppose nuclear proliferation. Mayor Marion Barry declared 18 November to be Hundertwasser Day as a result. Hundertwasser planted trees in Judiciary Square and advocated on behalf of a co-op apartment owner who was taken to court for installing a bay window.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: Died on Saturday, February 19th 2000, in the Pacific, on board of Queen Elizabeth 2 from a heart attack. According to his wish he was buried in harmony with nature on his land in New Zealand, in the Garden of the Happy Dead under a Tulip Tree.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: Hundertwasser's original and unruly artistic vision expressed itself in pictorial art, environmentalism, philosophy, and design of facades, postage stamps, flags, and clothing (among other areas). The common themes in his work utilised bright colours, organic forms, a reconciliation of humans with nature, and a strong individualism, rejecting straight lines.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: He remains sui generis, although his architectural work is comparable to Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926) in its use of biomorphic forms and the use of tile. He was also inspired by the art of the Vienna Secession, and by the Austrian painters Egon Schiele (1890–1918) and Gustav Klimt (1862–1918).


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: He was fascinated by spirals, and called straight lines "godless and immoral" and "something cowardly drawn with a rule, without thought or feeling" He called his theory of art "transautomatism", focusing on the experience of the viewer rather than the artist. This was encapsulated by his design of a new flag for New Zealand, which incorporated the image of the Koru a spiral shape based on the image of a new unfurling silver fern frond and symbolizing new life, growth, strength and peace according to the Māori people.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: Even though Hundertwasser first achieved notoriety for his boldly-coloured paintings, he is more widely known for his individual architectural designs. These designs use irregular forms, and incorporate natural features of the landscape. The "Hundertwasserhaus" apartment block in Vienna has undulating floors ("an uneven floor is a melody to the feet"), a roof covered with earth and grass, and large trees growing from inside the rooms, with limbs extending from windows. He took no payment for the design of "Hundertwasserhaus", declaring that it was worth the investment to "prevent something ugly from going up in its place".


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: From the early 1950s he increasingly focused on architecture, advocating more just human and environmental friendly buildings. This began with manifestos, essays and demonstrations. For example, he read out his "Mouldiness Manifesto against Rationalism in Architecture" in 1958 on the occasion of an art and architectural event held at the Seckau Monastery. He rejected the straight line and the functional architecture. In Munich in 1967 he gave a lecture called "Speech in Nude for the Right to a Third Skin". His lecture "Loose from Loos, A Law Permitting Individual Buildings Alterations or Architecture-Boycott Manifesto", was given at the Concordia Press Club in Vienna in 1968.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In the Mouldiness Manifesto he first claimed the "Window Right": "A person in a rented apartment must be able to lean out of his window and scrape off the masonry within arm's reach. And he must be allowed to take a long brush and paint everything outside within arm's reach. So that it will be visible from afar to everyone in the street that someone lives there who is different from the imprisoned, enslaved, standardised man who lives next door." In his nude speeches of 1967 and 1968 Hundertwasser condemned the enslavement of humans by the sterile grid system of conventional architecture and by the output of mechanised industrial production. He rejected rationalism, the straight line and functional architecture.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: For Hundertwasser, human misery was a result of the rational, sterile, monotonous architecture, built following the tradition of the Austrian architect Adolf Loos, author of the modernist manifesto "Ornament and crime" (1908). He called for a boycott of this type of architecture, and demanded instead creative freedom of building, and the right to create individual structures. In 1972 he published the manifesto "Your window right — your tree duty". Planting trees in an urban environment was to become obligatory: "If man walks in nature's midst, then he is nature's guest and must learn to behave as a well-brought-up guest." Hundertwasser propagated a type of architecture in harmony with nature in his ecological commitment. He campaigned for the preservation of the natural habitat and demanded a life in accordance with the laws of nature. He wrote numerous manifestos, lectured and designed posters in favor of nature protection, including against nuclear power, to save the oceans and the whales and to protect the rain forest. He was also an advocate of composting toilets and the principle of constructed wetland. He perceived feces not as nauseous but as part of the cycle of nature. His beliefs are testified by his manifesto "The Holy Shit" and his DIY guide for building a composting toilet.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In the 1970s, Hundertwasser had his first architectural models built. The models for the Eurovision TV-show "Wünsch Dir was" (Make a Wish) in 1972 exemplified his ideas on forested roofs, tree tenants and the window right. In these and similar models he developed new architectural shapes, such as the spiral house, the eye-slit house, the terrace house and the high-rise meadow house.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In 1974, Peter Manhardt made models for him of the pit-house, the grass roof house and the green service station – along with his idea of the invisible, inaudible Green Motorway.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In the early 1980s Hundertwasser remodelled the Rosenthal Factory in Selb, and the Mierka Grain Silo in Krems. These projects gave him the opportunity to act as what he called an "architecture doctor".


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In architectural projects that followed he implemented window right and tree tenants, uneven floors, woods on the roof, and spontaneous vegetation. Works of this period include: housing complexes in Germany; a church in Bärnbach, Austria; a district heating plant in Vienna; an incineration plant and sludge centre in Osaka, Japan; a railway station in Uelzen; a winery in Napa Valley; and the Hundertwasser toilet in Kawakawa, New Zealand.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In 1999 Hundertwasser started his last project named (in German). Although he never completed this work, the building was built a few years later in Magdeburg, a town in eastern Germany, and opened on 3 October 2005.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: An art gallery featuring Hundertwasser's work will be established in a council building in Whangārei, New Zealand, and will bring to fruition his 1993 plans for improving the building.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: The extensive work of Hundertwasser includes 26 stamps for various postal administrations. Seventeen of these designs were – in part after his death – implemented as a postage stamp.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: Two of the unrealized designs are alternative designs for a stamp issue (United Nations, Senegal) and were therefore not performed. Seven other designs created for the postal administrations of Morocco and French Polynesia were not realized as a postage stamp.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: In addition, Friedensreich Hundertwasser, has adapted some of his works for stamp issues. On the basis of these adaptations have been stamps issued by:


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: The Austrian post office used more Hundertwasser motives for the European edition 1987 (Modern architecture, Hundertwasser House), on the occasion of his death in 2000 (painting Blue Blues, under the WIPA 2000) and 2004 National Donauauen (poster: "The outdoors is our freedom" at civil protests in Hainburg).


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: For the first time a Hundertwasser motive was also used on a Cuban stamp, as part of the art exhibition Salon de Mayo (Havana, 1967).


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: With the exception of service marks for the Council of Europe and the Cuban stamp, all stamps were engraved by Wolfgang Seidel and by the Austrian State Printing Office in a complex combination printing process produces (intaglio printing, rotogravure printing, as well as metal stamping).


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: Beginning in the 1950s Hundertwasser traveled globally promoting ecological causes. In 1959 Hundertwasser got involved with helping the Dalai Lama escape from Tibet by campaigning for the Tibetan religious leader in Carl Laszlo's magazine "Panderma". In later years, when he was already a known artist, Friedensreich Hundertwasser became an environmental activist and most recently operated as a more prominent opponent of the European Union, advocating the preservation of regional peculiarities.


title: Friedensreich Hundertwasser

text: Among the lesser-known facets of Hundertwasser's personality is his commitment to constitutional monarchy: Austria needs something to look up to, consisting of perennial higher valuesof which one now hardly dares to speaksuch as beauty, culture, internal and external peace, faith, richness of heart [...] Austria needs an emperor, who is subservient to the people. A superior and radiant figure in whom everyone has confidence, because this great figure is a possession of all. The rationalist way of thinking has brought us, in this century, an ephemeral higher, American standard of living at the expense of nature and creation, which is now coming to an end, for it is destroying our heart, our quality of life, our longing, without which an Austrian does not want to live. It is outrageous that Austria has an emperor who did no evil to anyone but is still treated like a leper. Austria needs a crown! Long live Austria! Long live the constitutional monarchy! Long live Otto von Habsburg!- Friedensreich Hundertwasser, "Für die Wiederkehr der konstitutionellen Monarchie" (For the Return of the Constitutional Monarchy).Kaurinui, New Zealand, 28 March 1983; dedicated, on 14 May 1987, to Otto von Habsburg for his 75th birthday.


title: Ionian Islands

text: The Ionian Islands (Modern Greek: , ; Ancient Greek, Katharevousa: , ) are a group of islands in the Ionian Sea, west of mainland Greece. They are traditionally called the Heptanese ("Seven Islands"; , "Heptanēsa" or , "Heptanēsos"; ), but the group includes many smaller islands as well as the seven principal ones.


title: Ionian Islands

text: As a distinct historic region, they date to the centuries-long Venetian rule, which preserved them from becoming part of the Ottoman Empire, and created a distinct cultural identity with many Italian influences. The Ionian Islands became part of the modern Greek state in 1864. Administratively today, they belong to the Ionian Islands Region except for Kythera, which belongs to the Attica Region.


title: Ionian Islands

text: The six northern islands are off the west coast of Greece, in the Ionian Sea. The seventh island, Kythira, is off the southern tip of the Peloponnese, the southern part of the Greek mainland. Kythira is not part of the region of the Ionian Islands, as it is included in the region of Attica.


title: Ionian Islands

text: In Ancient Greek, the adjective "Ionios" () was used as an epithet for the sea between Epirus and Italy in which the Ionian Islands are found, because, according to myth, Io swam across it. Although they have the same Latin transliteration and Modern Greek pronunciation, the Ionian Sea and Islands are not related to Ionia, an Anatolian region; in Greek, the Ionian Sea and Ionian Islands are spelled with an omicron (Ιόνια), whereas Ionia has an omega (Ιωνία), reflecting a classical difference in pronunciation. The two words are still distinguished by stress: the western "Ionia" is accented on the antepenult (), and the eastern on the penult (). In English, the adjective relating to Ionia is "", not "Ionian".


title: Ionian Islands

text: The islands themselves are known by a variety of names. During the centuries of rule by Venice, they acquired Venetian names, by which some of them are still known in English (and in Italian). Kerkyra was known as Corfù, Ithaki as Val di Compare, Kythera as Cerigo, Lefkada as Santa Maura and Zakynthos as Zante.


title: Ionian Islands

text: A variety of spellings are used for the Greek names of the islands, particularly in historical writing. Kefallonia is often spelled as Cephallenia or Cephalonia, Ithaki as Ithaca, Kerkyra as Corcyra, Kythera as Cythera, Lefkada as Leucas or Leucada and Zakynthos as Zacynthus or Zante. Older or variant Greek forms are sometimes also used: Kefallinia for Kefallonia and Paxos or Paxoi for Paxi.


title: Ionian Islands

text: The islands were settled by Greeks at an early date, possibly as early as 1200 BC, and certainly by the 9th century BC. The early Eretrian settlement at Kerkyra was displaced by colonists from Corinth in 734 BC. The islands were mostly a backwater during Ancient Greek times and played little part in Greek politics. The one exception was the conflict between Kerkyra and its mother-city Corinth in 434 BC, which brought intervention from Athens and triggered the Peloponnesian War.


title: Ionian Islands

text: Ithaca was the name of the island home of Odysseus in the epic Ancient Greek poem the "Odyssey" by Homer. Attempts have been made to identify Ithaki with ancient Ithaca, but the geography of the real island cannot be made to fit Homer's description. Archeological investigations have revealed findings in both Kefalonia and Ithaca.


title: Ionian Islands

text: By the 4th century BC, most of the islands were absorbed into the empire of Macedon. Some remained under the control of the Macedonian Kingdom until 146 BC, when the Greek peninsula was gradually annexed by Rome. After 400 years of peaceful rule, the islands continued under the control of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.


title: Ionian Islands

text: Under Byzantine rule, from the mid-8th century, they formed the theme of Cephallenia. The islands were a frequent target of Saracen raids and from the late 11th century, saw a number of Norman and Italian attacks. Most of the islands fell to William II of Sicily in 1185. Corfu and Lefkas remained under Byzantine control.


title: Ionian Islands

text: Kefallonia and Zakynthos became the County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos until 1357, when this entity was merged with Lefkada and Ithaki to become the Duchy of Leucadia under French and Italian dukes. Corfu, Paxi and Kythera were taken by the Venetians in 1204, after the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade. These became important overseas colonies of the Republic and were used as way-stations for their maritime trade with the Levant.


title: Ionian Islands

text: From 1204, the Republic of Venice controlled Corfu and slowly all the Ionian islands fell under Venetian rule. In the 15th century, the Ottomans conquered most of Greece, but their attempts to conquer the islands were largely unsuccessful. Zakynthos passed permanently to Venice in 1482, Kefallonia and Ithaki in 1483, Lefkada in 1502. Kythera had been in Venetian hands since 1238.


title: Ionian Islands

text: The islands, never conquered by the Ottomans, became the only part of the Greek-speaking world to escape Ottoman rule.


title: Ionian Islands

text: Under Venetian rule, many of the upper classes spoke Italian (or Venetian in some cases) and converted to Roman Catholicism, but the majority remained Greek ethnically, linguistically, and religiously.


title: Ionian Islands

text: In the 18th century, a Greek national independence movement began to emerge, and the free status of the Ionian islands made them the natural base for exiled Greek intellectuals, freedom fighters and foreign sympathisers. The islands became more self-consciously Greek as the 19th century, the century of romantic nationalism, neared.


title: Ionian Islands

text: In 1797 the French general Napoléon Bonaparte conquered Venice. By the Treaty of Campo Formio of October 1797 the islanders found themselves under French rule, which organised the islands as the départements "Mer-Égée", "Ithaque" and "Corcyre". In 1798-1799 a Russian-Ottoman fleet under the command of the Russian Admiral Ushakov evicted the French; the victors established the Septinsular Republic of 1800-1807 under joint Russo-Ottoman protection—the first time Greeks had had even limited self-government since the fall of Constantinople in 1453.


title: Ionian Islands

text: In 1807 the Treaty of Tilsit between France and Russia ceded the Ionian Islands to the French again, and the French Empire took possession.


title: Ionian Islands

text: In 1809, the British Royal Navy defeated the French fleet in Zakynthos (October 2, 1809) captured Kefallonia, Kythera and Zakynthos, and took Lefkada in 1810. The French held out in Corfu until 1814. The Treaty of Paris in 1815 turned the islands into the "United States of the Ionian Islands" under British protection (November 5, 1815). In January 1817, the British granted the islands a new constitution. The islanders elected an Assembly of 40 members, who advised the British High Commissioner. The British greatly improved the islands' communications, and introduced modern education and justice systems. The islanders welcomed most of these reforms, and took up afternoon tea, cricket and other English pastimes.


title: Ionian Islands

text: Once Greek independence was established after 1830, however, the islanders began to press for "Enosis" – union with Greece. The British statesman William Ewart Gladstone toured the islands and recommended that having already Malta, giving the islands to Greece would not hurt the interest of the British Empire. The British government resisted, since like the Venetians they found the islands made useful naval bases. They also regarded the Bavarian-born king of Greece, King Otto, as unfriendly to Britain. However, in 1862, Otto was deposed in a coup by the Great National Assembly and a new king, George I from Denmark, was elected in his place.


title: Ionian Islands

text: In 1862, Britain decided to transfer the islands to Greece, as a gesture of support intended to bolster the new King's popularity (probably as a counterbalance to the newly established Italian state).


title: Ionian Islands

text: On May 2, 1864, the British departed and the islands became three provinces of the Kingdom of Greece, though Britain retained the use of the port of Corfu. On 21 May 1864 the Ionian Islands officially reunited with Greece. Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark was born in Corfu in 1921 and grew up to become Britain's Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. In 1923, following orders by Mussolini, the Italians temporarily occupied Corfu.


title: Ionian Islands

text: In 1941, when Axis forces occupied Greece, the Ionian Islands (except Kythera) were handed over to the Italians. Long a target of Italian expansionism, the Greek civil authorities were replaced by Italians in preparation for a post-war annexation.


title: Ionian Islands

text: In 1943, the Germans replaced the Italians, and deported the centuries-old Jewish community of Corfu to their deaths. By 1944, most of the islands were under the control of the EAM/ELAS resistance movement, and they have remained in general a stronghold of left-wing sentiment ever since.


title: Ionian Islands

text: The 1953 Ionian islands earthquake occurred with a surface wave magnitude of 7.2 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X ("Extreme") on August 12, 1953. Building damage was extensive and the southern islands of Kefalonia and Zakynthos were practically levelled. The islands were reconstructed from the ground up over the following years under a strict building code. The code has proven extremely effective, as many earthquakes since that time have caused no damage to new buildings.


title: Ionian Islands

text: Today, all the islands are part of the Greek region of the Ionian Islands ("Ionioi Nisoi"), except Kythera, which is part of the region of Attica. Kerkyra has a population of 103,300 (including Paxoi), Zakynthos 40,650, Kefallonia 39,579 (including Ithaca), Lefkada 22,536, Ithaki 3,052, Kythera 3,000 and Paxi 2,438.


title: Ionian Islands

text: In recent decades, the islands have lost much of their population through emigration and the decline of their traditional industries, fishing and marginal agriculture. Today, their major industry is tourism. Specifically Kerkyra, with its harbour, scenery and wealth of ruins and castles, is a favourite stopping place for cruise liners. British tourists in particular are attracted through having read Gerald Durrell's evocative book "My Family and Other Animals" (1956), which describes his childhood on Kerkyra in the 1930s. The novel and movie "Captain Corelli's Mandolin" are set in Kefalonia, in which Captain Corelli is part of the Italian occupation force during the Second World War.


title: Ionian Islands

text: The Ionian Islands' official population, excluding Kythera, in 2011 was 207,855, decreased by 1.50% compared to the population in 2001. Nevertheless, the region remains the third by population density with 90.1/km nationwide, well above the national of 81.96/km. The most populous of the major islands is Corfu with a population of 104,371, followed by Zakynthos (40,759), Kefalonia (35,801), Lefkada (23,693) and Ithaca (3,231). The foreign-born population was in 2001 19,360 or 9.3%, the majority of which was concentrated in Corfu and Zakynthos. Most of them originate from Albania (13,536). The fertility rate for 2011 according to Eurostat was 1.35 live births per woman during her lifetime.


title: Ionian Islands

text: The regional gross domestic product for 2010 was 4,029 million euros. The GDP per capita for the same year was 18,440 euros per capita which was lower than the national median of 20,481. However, the GDP per capita of Kefalonia and Zante, 23,275 and 24,616 respectively, was much higher than the national figure. Additionally, unemployment for 2012 was 14.7, the lowest among all Greek regions, and much lower compared to the national unemployment of 24.2.


title: Ionian Islands

text: The region is a popular tourist destination. The airports of Corfu, Zante and Kefalonia were in the top ten in Greece by number of international arrivals, with 1,386,289 international arrivals for 2012, with Corfu being the sixth airport by number of arrivals nationwide. While Kefalonia Airport had the biggest increase nationwide by 13.11% compared to 2011, while Corfu had an increase of 6.31%.""


title: Fodder

text: Fodder (), also called provender (), is any agricultural foodstuff used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, rabbits, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. "Fodder" refers particularly to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves (called forage). Fodder includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and sprouted grains and legumes (such as bean sprouts, fresh malt, or spent malt). Most animal feed is from plants, but some manufacturers add ingredients to processed feeds that are of animal origin.


title: Fodder

text: The worldwide animal feed trade produced tons of feed (compound feed equivalent) in 2011, fast approaching 1 billion tonnes according to the International Feed Industry Federation, with an annual growth rate of about 2%. The use of agricultural land to grow feed rather than human food can be controversial (see food vs. feed); some types of feed, such as corn (maize), can also serve as human food; those that cannot, such as grassland grass, may be grown on land that can be used for crops consumed by humans. In many cases the production of grass for cattle fodder is a valuable intercrop between crops for human consumption, because it builds the organic matter in the soil. When evaluating if this soil organic matter increase mitigates climate change, both permanency of the added organic matter as well as emissions produced during use of the fodder product have to be taken into account. Some agricultural byproducts fed to animals may be considered unsavory by humans.


title: Fodder

text: In the past, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or "mad cow disease") spread through the inclusion of ruminant meat and bone meal in cattle feed due to prion contamination. This practice is now banned in most countries where it has occurred. Some animals have a lower tolerance for spoiled or moldy fodder than others, and certain types of molds, toxins, or poisonous weeds inadvertently mixed into a feed source may cause economic losses due to sickness or death of the animals. The US Department of Health and Human Services regulates drugs of the Veterinary Feed Directive type that can be present within commercial livestock feed.


title: Fodder

text: Increasing intensities and frequencies of drought events put rangeland agriculture under pressure in semi-arid and arid geographic areas. Innovative emergency fodder production concepts have been reported, such as bush-based animal fodder production in Namibia. During extended dry periods, some farmers have used woody biomass fibre from encroacher bush as their primary source of cattle feed, adding locally-available supplements for nutrients as well as to improve palatability.


title: Fodder

text: Fodder in the form of sprouted cereal grains such as barley, and legumes can be grown in small and large quantities.


title: Fodder

text: Systems have been developed recently that allow for many tons of sprouts to be produced each day, year round. Sprouted grains can significantly increase the nutritional value of the grain compared with feeding the ungerminated grain to stock. In addition, they use less water than traditional forage, making them ideal for drought conditions. Sprouted barley and other cereal grains can be grown hydroponically in a carefully-controlled environment. Hydroponically-grown sprouted fodder at tall with a root mat is at its peak for animal feed.


title: Fodder

text: Although products such as barley are grain, when sprouted they are approved by the American Grassfed Association to be used as livestock feed.


title: Guggenheim family

text: The Guggenheim family ( ) is an American-Jewish family known for making their fortune in the mining industry, in the early 20th century, especially in the United States and South America. After World War I, many family members withdrew from the businesses and became involved in philanthropy, especially in the arts, aviation, medicine, and culture.


title: Guggenheim family

text: Meyer Guggenheim, a Swiss citizen of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, arrived in the United States in 1847. His surname was derived from the Alsatian village of Gugenheim. He married Barbara Meyer, whom he met in the United States. Over the next few decades, their several children and descendants became known for their global successes in mining and smelting businesses, under the name Guggenheim Exploration, including the American Smelting and Refining Company. In the early 20th century, the family developed one of the largest fortunes in the world.


title: Guggenheim family

text: Following World War I, they sold their global mining interests and later purchased nitrate mines in Chile. Subsequently, the family largely withdrew from direct involvement in running businesses. Family members became known for their philanthropy in diverse areas such as modern art, aviation, and medicine. They donated funds to develop Guggenheim Museums, the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory, and the Guggenheim Pavilion at Mount Sinai Medical Center, designed by I. M. Pei in New York City.


title: Guggenheim family

text: Guggenheim Partners today manages over $200 billion in assets. Another family vehicle, Guggenheim Investment Advisors, oversees about $50 billion in assets.


title: Guggenheim family

text: Meyer Guggenheim (1828–1905) married Barbara Meyer, of German Jewish descent, in 1852. They met in the United States. They had eleven children together, including eight sons, five of whom were active in the family businesses: Isaac, Daniel, Maurice "Murry", Solomon Robert, and (John) Simon Guggenheim. Sons Benjamin, Robert and William pursued other careers. The daughters were Jeanette, Rose and Cora. Meyer's 11 children, their spouses, and notable descendants are shown below:


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: Alexandre Emmanuel "Sacha" Trudeau (born December 25, 1973) is a Canadian filmmaker, journalist and author of "Barbarian Lost". He is the second son of Canada's former prime minister, Pierre Trudeau, and Margaret Trudeau, and the younger brother of Canada's current prime minister, Justin Trudeau.


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: Alexandre is the younger one of the two Christmas babies of Pierre Trudeau and Margaret Trudeau, exactly two years younger than Justin Trudeau. The family was attending the 1973 Christmas midnight mass at Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church when Margaret Trudeau went into labour and was rushed to The Ottawa Hospital. His mother struggled with severe postpartum depression after his birth, and was later diagnosed with bipolar disorder. He was given the nickname "Sacha" (the French spelling of the Russian diminutive for Alexander) in recognition of his father's love of Russian literature and culture. The name also is linked to former ambassador of the USSR to Canada and family friend Alexander Yakovlev. Alexandre Trudeau's younger brother, Michel, was born in 1975. All three of Pierre and Margaret Trudeau's children became media sensations from birth.


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: When talking about her sons each having distinctly different personalities, in an interview in 1977, Margaret Trudeau said, "Justin, 6, is a prince – a very good little boy. Sacha, born Christmas Day, 1973, is a bit of a revolutionary, very determined and strong willed. Miche (Michel) is a happy, well-adjusted child, who combined the best traits of both brothers."


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: His parents announced they would separate in 1977. His mother, unbeknownst to the public, then lived in an attic suite within the Prime Minister's official residence at 24 Sussex Drive in Ottawa for the next three years, so as to make the adjustment easier on the children. After the divorce was finalized on April 2, 1984, he and his brothers attended the civil ceremony in which Margaret Trudeau remarried to Ottawa real estate developer Fried Kemper on April 18, 1984. A half-brother, Kyle Kemper (born 1984), and a half-sister, Alicia Kemper (born 1988), soon followed. Pierre and Margaret Trudeau tried as much as possible to protect their children from the public eye, and following Pierre Trudeau's retirement as Prime Minister in 1984, he raised them in relative privacy in Montreal. Alexandre Trudeau gained another half-sister, Sarah Coyne (born 1991), from his father's relationship with Canadian politician Deborah Coyne.


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: Like his father and brothers, Alexandre Trudeau studied at Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf. He graduated with a B.A. in philosophy and a Masters in architecture from McGill University. While attending McGill, he joined the Canadian Forces as a Reserve Entry Scheme Officer with Royal Canadian Hussars reserve regiment in 1996. He trained at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant, but released voluntarily before completing his training as an armoured officer. Following graduation, he traveled to West Africa to produce his first documentary: "Liberia, the Secret War" (1998). In the same year in which the documentary was made, his brother Michel died in an avalanche that pushed him into British Columbia's Kokanee Lake, where he drowned.


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: When Pierre Trudeau died in 2000, both his surviving sons returned to the public eye. Although Alexandre Trudeau was visibly more reserved and quieter than his brother, his heightened public profile brought new attention to his work as a journalist. After Pierre Trudeau's death, Alexandre continued to live in his father's Art Deco home (Cormier House) in Montreal.


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: In the years following his father's death, Trudeau produced documentaries for Canadian television. In 2003, he was one of the highest-profile Canadian journalists covering the 2003 invasion of Iraq, producing a documentary film for the CTV program W5, "Embedded In Baghdad". His 2004 film, "The Fence", shot in Afula, Israel and Jenin of the Palestinian territories draws up a portrait of families on either side of the Israeli-built security barrier around the West bank.


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: In June 2005, Trudeau focused attention on what he said were the implications for civil liberties in the Canadian government's use of security certificates to detain indefinitely, without trial, suspected terrorists based on secret evidence. Trudeau offered to be a surety for Hassan Almrei, a Syrian refugee held in a Canadian jail for four years without any charges being laid. His appearance in court in support of Almrei resulted in front-page coverage in the "Toronto Star" and "National Post" and major media attention being given to the security certificate issue for the first time. Trudeau's efforts were chronicled in his documentary "Secure Freedom". Almrei was ordered released under house arrest by a Federal Court judge on January 2, 2009. On December 14, 2009, Almrei was released.


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: Known for his staunchly anti-imperialist views, Trudeau attracted controversy in August 2006 for an article he penned praising Fidel Castro's Cuba. Trudeau's documentary "Refuge", produced in 2008, tells the story of the humanitarian crisis facing Africa's Darfur region and eastern Chad. In 2012, he produced the film "The New Great Game", for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation about the maritime geopolitics of the Middle-East and Western Indian Ocean.


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: In 2016, Trudeau published his first book with Harper Collins, "Barbarian Lost, Travels in the New China", a number one Canadian best-seller. The book is a travel mémoire with an undercurrent of philosophical and historical reflection. It dresses a personal and nuanced portrait of an ancient country in the throes of massive change. About the book, Trudeau is quoted as saying: "My whole professional career has had a focus on geopolitics, and in this age, you cannot understand the world without understanding the massive role that China has grown to play."


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: In 2018, Trudeau presented his first scripted work, the short film "Wiisgaapte" (Bitter Smoke). A product of a collaboration with Dr Shirley Williams, an Ojibwe language specialist, the film’s dialogue is entirely in old Ojibwe dialect and tells the story of the windigo legend of Algonquian lore.


title: Alexandre Trudeau

text: Currently, Trudeau is President and Chief Producer at Same Adventure Productions. He and wife Zoë Bedos are the parents of a son, Pierre-Emmanuel, and two daughters, Gala Simone and Ariane Lea. He is a founding member of the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation for excellence in social sciences and humanities research and innovation.


title: Ruby Lin

text: Ruby Lin Xin-ru (; born January 27, 1976) is a Taiwanese actress, television and film producer, and pop singer. American entertainment critic Derek Elley named Lin as "Taiwan's TV Drama Queen".


title: Ruby Lin

text: 3 years after Lin made her acting debut in a TV commercial, she rose to national and regional prominence overnight for her role as Xia Ziwei in the TV series "My Fair Princess" 还珠格格 (1998-1999). My Fair Princess was highly popular in East and Southeast countries; launching Lin as a household name in Asia. She followed the success with other hit series including "The Duke of Mount Deer" (2000), "Romance in the Rain" (2001), "Boy & Girl" (2003), "Affair of Half a Lifetime" (2004), "Beauty's Rival in Palace" (2010), "The Glamorous Imperial Concubine" (2011) and "The Way We Were" (2014).


title: Ruby Lin

text: While focusing mostly on TV series, her works also include film such as "The House That Never Dies" (2014), "The Devotion of Suspect X" (2017) and "Miss Andy" (2020). In 1999, she also began a singing career with her debut album "Heartbeat" released in Hong Kong first amongst Asian countries, and has since released 5 albums.


title: Ruby Lin

text: Since Lin started her own studio in 2009, she has been producing TV dramas and TV films starring herself, both in mainland China and Taiwan. Her production debut "The Glamorous Imperial Concubine" (2011) won her Best Producer at the 2012 TV Drama Awards Made in China, and her first Taiwanese drama production "The Way We Were" (2014) won three out of seven nominations, including Best Television Series at the 50th Golden Bell Awards.


title: Ruby Lin

text: According to "Apple Daily", Lin was the third highest-earning Taiwanese drama actress in 2011, and the top-earning in 2012 and 2013. Lin ranked 30th on "Forbes" China Celebrity 100 list in 2013, 36th in 2014, 82nd in 2015, and 68th in 2017.


title: Ruby Lin

text: Lin was born and raised in Taipei, Taiwan, the eldest of four children, having one brother a year younger the other, six years younger, and a half-sister, ten years younger, from her father's second marriage. Her father was a businessman, and her mother a housewife. Her English name is from her mother's love of the jewel. After her parents' divorce, when Lin was seven years old, she lived with her mother, who took her to visit relatives in Japan every year. She graduated from Ri Xin Primary School and Zhong Dian High School. Lin originally planned on going to the United Kingdom to study after high school graduation but she didn't, never considering the prospect of an acting career. However, she began her acting career at age seventeen as a part-time model. Her first TV commercial was for Jasmine Tea in 1994.


title: Ruby Lin

text: Lin's parents did not like the idea of their daughter being involved in the entertainment industry, but she decided to pursue an acting career. After appearing in many commercials, her parents finally agreed to allow her to sign a contract with an entertainment-management company.


title: Ruby Lin

text: Following high school graduation, Lin joined Jessie and Jones Entertainment Ltd on her 20th birthday.


title: Ruby Lin

text: When Lin received her first experience in front of the camera in 1995, for a minor role, she started to develop a passion for acting. After filming her first TV commercial, Lin caught the attention of TV and film directors, and many companies began seeking her for roles. She received her first role in the film "School Days", with Jimmy Lin and Takeshi Kaneshiro. From 1995 to 1997, Lin had roles in several Taiwanese TV series and began to attract attention and buzz from the media. In 1996, Lin went to China for the first time to film; she considered this a period of valuable experience and a time that she began to learn about acting.


title: Ruby Lin

text: After playing minor roles in various series and films, Lin was selected by Taiwanese writer Chiung Yao to audition for a main role in the comedic period drama "My Fair Princess", a joint production by mainland China and Taiwan which was adapted from Chiung Yao's own novel. Originally picked for the role of Princess Saiya, Lin was ultimately chosen by the company to play Xia Ziwei instead, as the actress scheduled to play the main role was unavailable.


title: Ruby Lin

text: The drama quickly became a phenomenal sensation, appealing to large audiences in mainland China, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Southeast Asia. Lin rose to prominence and became a household name overnight.


title: Ruby Lin

text: After "My Fair Princess", Lin starred in a number of successful television series. In 2000 she starred in Hong Kong TVB's production of "The Duke of Mount Deer" with Dicky Cheung, Shu Qi and other well-known artists. In this series, Lin played Princess Jian Ning – a sassy, funny girl. This role demonstrated her acting range, since it differed from the nice, sweet image she had developed from her role in "My Fair Princess". The following year, she starred in "Romance in the Rain", a costume drama based in the 1930s and 1940s, also written by Chiung Yao. The series was a commercial success and recorded the highest ratings of the year. For two consecutive years (2000 and 2001), Lin was included in the Top Ten Most Famous Asian Superstars. The same year, she was selected in fourth place in "Malaysia 2001 Heavenly Kings & Queens".


title: Ruby Lin

text: As Lin felt she had achieved all she could in television, she started venturing into films. In 2000, she appeared in three Hong Kong films - "Winner Takes All", "Comic King" and the action movie "China Strike Force" with Aaron Kwok and Taiwanese actor-singer Leehom Wang. Although Lin had only a supporting role, she considered it a learning experience. With these films, she made inroads into the Hong Kong market.


title: Ruby Lin

text: Since 2002, Lin focused on her career in mainland China. In 2003, she starred in three series - "Half Life Fate (Pinyin: Ban Sheng Yuan)" (adapted from Zhang Ailing's novel "Eighteen Springs"), "Boy & Girl" and "Flying Daggers". Lin was chosen for the female lead in the TV version of "Half Life Fate"; the film version was directed by Ann Hui, a well-known Asian director. For Lin, it was a challenging role and she was under pressure.


title: Ruby Lin

text: Lin's work yielded good results; her performance enhanced her fame, earning accolades for capturing her screen character Man Zhen's 14 years of arduous life. The series was broadcast in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea. The same year, Lin also appeared in the youth romantic TV series "Boy & Girl"; it was broadcast in China by CCTV, receiving the highest rating of all series aired in 2003. With this series, Lin was selected one of the Top 10 actresses of the year; of those 10 actresses, she was the only one from Taiwan. She then appeared in the ancient martial arts TV series "Flying Daggers", based on Gu Long's novel. It was her first


title: Ruby Lin

text: martial-arts series, and Lin played against type – portraying a cold assassin, rather than her usual gentle damsel. These three series were released in 2003 throughout Asia, contributing to Lin's rise in popularity and recognition. Though Lin focused on TV series, she continued to appear in films such as the adventure drama "Life Express" (with Richie Ren) and the romantic comedy "Love Trilogy" (with Francis Ng and Anita Yuen), which was relatively successful in China.


title: Ruby Lin

text: Lin sparked a trend towards China-Korea collaborations when she starred in the 2004 production "Amor de Tarapaca" (co-starring Korean actor Han Jae Suk). Lin was involved in another original Korean screenplay "Magic Touch of Fate", co-starring Taiwanese actor Alec Su and Korean idol Kangta. This series is the highest-budgeted miniseries in Asian television history (as of 2011). By this time, Lin had been in show business for almost a decade, with nearly non-stop filming. She wanted to go back to school; since high school, studying abroad had been her dream. In the winter of 2004, after filming "Magic Touch of Fate", Lin decided to study language and acting for three months in New York City. While she was there, Lin studied English at Study Group International and performance at the New York Film Academy.


title: Ruby Lin

text: Returning home to Taiwan with a new passion for acting in February 2005, Lin starred in "Paris Sonata". For her role in "Paris Sonata", she learned to play piano two months before filming. After "Paris Sonata", she selected the TV drama "Sound of Colors" (a remake of Jimmy Liao's book) as her next work, portraying a blind radio DJ. Lin's performance as a blind girl received good reviews from audiences and the news media. This drama was broadcast in many countries, including Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam and the United States. This was followed by the dramas "Star Boulevard" and "Da Li Princess", which were expected to be released in 2008 by CCTV.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In 2006, Lin's starred in the television series "Ancestral Temple" where she further expanded her acting range. After three months of filming in Huang Shan, China, the series was completed at the end of October 2006. Its broadcast by CCTV-1 was planned for 2008. On June 6, 2006, Lin won the Most Popular Actress in Taiwan award at the 2nd Chinese TV Drama Award ceremony in Beijing. She has also been regularly featured in polls as one of the Top 10 contemporary Chinese actors.


title: Ruby Lin

text: At the end of 2006, Lin bid farewell to her management company Zhong Jie, after a 10-year relationship, and on November 30, 2006 ceremoniously signed with Huayi Brothers Film and Television group for a reported $10 million. Hua Yi Bros. is (as of 2011) the largest management and domestic movie-making company in China. In September 2007, she guest-starred in CCTV's historical drama "Su DongPo". In this series she played the first wife of Su Dongpo (writer, poet, artist, calligrapher, pharmacologist, and statesman of the Song Dynasty, one of the major poets of the time), played by Lu Yi.


title: Ruby Lin

text: After filming the digital film "Evening of Roses", Lin took on more challenging roles. In late 2007, she co-starred as Daji with Ray Lui in "The Legend and the Hero 2" (also known as "Fengshen Bang"), one of the major vernacular Chinese novels written during the Ming Dynasty. After speculation over who would receive the leading role of Daji (who was known for her beauty and cruelty which ruined a dynasty), the role was offered to Lin. When Lin committed to play Daji, she could not escape comparison with Fan Bingbing, who played the same role in the first part of the series. Lin's performance received generally positive comments from media. "NetandTV" commented, "In comparison to the previous version, the bright spot in this new version's Daji gets a new makeover. Ruby Lin's look gave Daji a brand-new definition". Lin has often said "comparing with other people is meaningless, I just wants a breakthrough from past looks, to surpass myself."


title: Ruby Lin

text: In 2008, Lin returned to Taiwan for the series "Love in Sun Moon Lake", playing an aboriginal woman; this was the first TV series to obtain permission for mainland Chinese actors to film in Taiwan. It was also announced that Lin had been cast as Sun Shangxiang in the new "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" TV adaptation directed by Gao Xixi, titled "Three Kingdoms". The series was aired in May 2010, and was well-received both domestically and internationally, earning an estimated 800 million RMB (133.3 million USD) by 2012.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In early 2009, she was cast in "Fallen City". In this film, Lin plays a rebellious woman during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. In July 2009, Lin starred as Empress Dou in the Chinese big-budget historical fiction television drama "Beauty's Rival in Palace". For her role in the series, Lin received a salary of 150,000 renminbi per episode. When the series premièred on a Shanghai TV station in March 2010 with the highest rating of the year, Lin got positive reviews from audiences and critics. It was reported that "Beauty's Rival in Palace" sold well in the Korean and Japanese markets, due to Ruby Lin's unwavering popularity in Asia. "Beauty's Rival in Palace" is another milestone in Lin's career.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In May 2010, her first stage play, "Sweet Sweet Love", began a Chinese tour. The play is based on the 1996 Hong Kong romantic film "", which starred Maggie Cheung and Leon Lai. During its three-month run, it was performed in four cities: Shanghai, Beijing, Hangzhou and Shenzhen. Due to popular demand, a fifth city (Nanchang) was added.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In June, Lin played a psychiatrist in the romantic film "You Deserve To Be Single" with Mike He and David Wu. For her performance, Lin was nominated for the 2010 Shanghai International Film Festival Press Prize as Best Actress. She also won the 2010 Vietnam DAN Movie Award for Favorite Taiwanese Actress. After that, Lin starred in Zhang Yang's film "Driverless" as a self-motivated businesswomen. Director Zhang Yang commented, "Ruby has a rare ability, all her emotions seem genuine". She received critical acclaim for her performance by audiences and media - "Without a doubt, Ruby Lin's wonderful range of emotions really steals the show. She delicately unveils the depths of a struggle during hard time of her life, both strong and brave yet desire to be protected."


title: Ruby Lin

text: After the success of "Beauty's Rival in Palace", Lin was cast a starring role for well-known Chinese TV series by director Gao Xixi. This series "Monopoly Exposure" was written by Hai Yan (海岩), many of whose books have been successfully adapted for TV dramas.


title: Ruby Lin

text: 2010 was a successful year for Lin. She won the Most Popular Actress award (voted online by residents of Asian countries) at the 5th Seoul International Drama Awards. According to Yahoo Korea, Lin was voted best actress with 17,358 votes followed by Fan Bingbing, Li Kun Wang and Yao Chen. Also in late 2010, Lin won the Favorite Actress of the Year award for her performance in "Beauty's Rival in Palace" at the annual TV Drama Awards Made in China and the QQ Annual Entertainment Star award. For her achievements in films and television series, Korean media dubbed her Taiwan's number-one actress and goddess of ancient Chinese series.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In January 2011, Lin started her first project "The Glamorous Imperial Concubine" as a producer. This series achieved excellent ratings and Lin won "Best producer of the year" award. She was also nominated as Best TV actress at the 2012 Huading Awards. Lin returned to the film industry again, playing a mom with two kids in the film "Blood Stained Shoes", directed by Raymond Yip. The film ranked 2nd on "Top 10 box-office ranking in Chinese horror film chart". The media said that Lin's image was far removed from that which she has previously portrayed in other works.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In October 2011, Lin started on her second production, Taiwanese idol drama "Drama Go! Go! Go!" which co-starred Jiro Wang and Lin Gengxin. The series was released in November 2012. Lin's performance was well received by audiences and audience named "Drama Go! Go! Go!" as one of the most anticipated TV series of 2012.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In March 2012, Lin was crowned Most Influential TV Actress at the 2012 annual Jeanwest Entertainment Awards. She also received a nomination at the Huading Awards as Best TV Actress for her performance in "The Glamorous Imperial Concubine".


title: Ruby Lin

text: She then started filming for "The Patriot Yue Fei", a 60-episode historical drama about the downfall of General Yue Fei in the Song Dynasty. Lin portrayed the wife of General Yue Fei, played by Huang Xiaoming.


title: Ruby Lin

text: On April 27, 2012, Lin announced her third project television film "Forgotten" as producer and main actress. She played a married couple in the show with Christopher Lee, where their marriage started to fall apart due to a lack of communication and personality differences, and an unexpected accident changes their life entirely. It was scheduled to be first released in Taiwan on May 26, 2012. In "Forgotten", critics and audiences praised Lin's performance as breakthrough. Xinhua News (Xinhua News Agency) states "Ruby Lin is recognized as one of the best promising producer. Also as actress, she is in a different class from others."


title: Ruby Lin

text: In addition, Youku Tudou Inc, the largest video-sharing website in China, bought copyright of TV series and films that were produced by Lin. Lin officially announced the news during the 18th Shanghai Television Festival.


title: Ruby Lin

text: On August 8, 2012, Lin was honored as Best Producer at the 2012 Asian Idol Awards for "The Glamorous Imperial Concubine".


title: Ruby Lin

text: In December 2012, Lin was announced as one of the highest paid Chinese celebrities of the year, ranking 5th. She managed to earn over 90 million RMB this year through her studio alone. She also came in 2nd on the Taiwan's top-earning drama actors list, with a yearly income of 278 million NTD.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In August 2013, Lin won Most Favorite Actress at the 8th Beijing Film Festival for Youth Welfare. Except for some public appearances, Lin spent much time doing pre-production work for the drama "Singing All Along", based on Li Xin's romantic novel series "Xiuli Jiangshan".


title: Ruby Lin

text: In April 2014, Lin won the Outstanding Actress award at 1st China Television Star Awards by CTAC (China Television Artists Committee Actors Committee).


title: Ruby Lin

text: In May 2014, as producer and main actress, Lin came back to Taiwan with the television film "Mother Mother", playing a role of an aggressive mother. Lin stated that she will continue to film one Taiwanese series per year. The same year, Lin starred in the romance TV series "The Way We Were". This drama marks Lin's return to Taiwan television after a 10-year absence. As main actress and producer, Lin received favorable comments from both critics and audiences. The series not only received high viewer ratings, but was also selected as one of the most popular Taiwanese dramas of 2014 by many of media review. Within a day of release, it reached over 24 million views on the mainland Chinese video sharing site iQiyi. Since its debut on July 19, the drama has stayed within the top two on iQiyi's most popular dramas list.


title: Ruby Lin

text: On March 1, 2015, Estée Lauder Companies announced that Lin was their new brand ambassador for Taiwan region, and Lin was also selected as spokesperson for HTC.


title: Ruby Lin

text: After finished filming Raymond Yip's film "Phantom of the Theatre" in Shanghai, Lin joined the cast of the licensed remake of the Korean variety show "We Got Married", titled "We Are In Love". In November, Lin gained her first Asian Television Awards nomination for Best Actress with her performance in "The Way We Were" following a first Golden Bell Awards nomination on September.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In early 2016, Lin won Huading Awards for Best Actress in a TV Series and the Woman's Media Award for Most Influential Woman of the Year. In April 2016, Lin starred in "Magical Space-time", a time-travel TV series directed by Fu-Hsiang Hsu. Lin also cast in adventure film "The Precipice Game", playing the role of the woman who turns into a battle for survival.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In March 2017, Lin returned to work after halting work since December to prepare for labour. She played an affectionate mother who is willing to put her life on the line to protect her daughter in mystery-thriller "The Devotion of Suspect X" , adapted from Japanese author Keigo Higashino's award-winning novel with the same title. The film is a reunion between Alec Su and Ruby Lin who starred in 2004 in "Magic Touch of Fate", a TV series in China. In May, Lin announced her comeback in a Taiwanese drama world with romance TV series My Dear Boy, which she is also producing.


title: Ruby Lin

text: On November 15, 2018, Lin's newest project, "Miss Andy", clinched the MM2 Creativity Award at the Golden Horse Film Project Promotion Awards Ceremony. The award came with a grant of USD $10,000, a welcome relief for her first venture as a movie producer. Filming is scheduled to commence in April 2019, and will take place in Malaysia. According to the media, Lin will also take on the role of a Vietnamese illegal worker for the movie.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In 2020, after stay in Malaysia almost 2 months for new film "Miss Andy", Lin starred Taiwanese Netflix original series "The Victims' Game" as special guest. The series dominating Netflix's Chinese language programming list for many consecutive days, achieving a high score of 8.0/10 on China's Douban website. And also, Lin's performance received well acclaim, for such a complex and disturbing character. The reviewer for Asianfilmstrike said "The series’ace in the hole is Ruby Lin, who's only a presence in the final episodes, and in a role we dare not reveal: she sheds her smooth and pretty image completely, in an impressively somber and chilling turn."


title: Ruby Lin

text: In 2020, Lin starred in the modern drama "The Arc of Life" as the female lead and producer. According to the Appledaily, Lin ranked 5th on The Highest-Paid Taiwanese Actor Of 2020 list despite turning down multiple job offers in China.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In 2021, Netflix acquired the rights to "Light the Night", a three-part series set in 1988 Taipei Red Light District. Lin was one of the producers and female leads in this series.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In 2009, Lin establishing her own production company, Ruby Lin Studio (). Taiwan media reports that the company will deal with all aspects of the actress's career, including acting, singing and film roles. Till 2016, 2 artists - "Miku Chang" & "Yang Zhiwen" - and 1 director "Fu-Hsiang Hsu" are under Ruby Lin Studio. As a producer, she can have a lot more control over the entire TV project - overseeing the scripting process, hiring and casting. Lin stated, "I just kept getting offered the same type of role. Being an actress, you cannot really do much. Actresses can only wait for the roles to come."" "Now I can choose everything myself, whether it's the roles or the director that I want to work with or the cast that I want to feature. I feel much more in control over what I get to do."


title: Ruby Lin

text: Lin's production debut turned out to be a hit with viewers, winning several awards including "TV series of The year" from Shanghai's Dragon TV Awards, "Best producer" from China TV Drama Awards as well as "Best Producer" and "Best Actress" awards for Lin at the 2011 Youku Awards. Despite the accolades from sitting in the producer's chair, she insists that acting will still be her "top priority".


title: Ruby Lin

text: In July 2021, Lin's studio, which was based in Hengdian, China, had cancelled its business registration license in the mainland. Since 2020, she has been based in Taiwan and moved all operations back to Taiwan.


title: Ruby Lin

text: Lin dated Taiwanese actor Jimmy Lin, whom she met when filming "School Days", from 1995 to 1997. In 2006, they appeared together on the Taiwanese show "Kang Yong's Family", asserting that distance was the reason for their breakup. It was the first time the two appeared on the same stage since their separation.


title: Ruby Lin

text: On May 20, 2016, Lin confirmed her relationship with Taiwanese actor Wallace Huo. After their collaboration in "Sound of Colors" in 2005, two stayed friends for more than 10 years. They reportedly became romantically involved around Lin's birthday in January 2016. Lin married Huo on 31 July 2016 at the Bulgari Hotel in Bali. Celebrities who attended the wedding included Zhao Wei, Fan Bingbing, Shu Qi, Liu Tao, Liu Shishi, Nicky Wu and Hu Ge. The pair also held another wedding reception in Taipei on 2 August 2016. The couple have a daughter, born in January 2017.


title: Ruby Lin

text: On September 9, Lin announced she will be returning to school to pursue a Master's degree. She revealed on social media that she was accepted into the master's program for marketing management in Shih Hsin University in Taipei, Taiwan. It was also revealed that Lin was the recipient of her cohort's Outstanding Achievement Award and that she was unanimously voted as the winner by her professors.


title: Ruby Lin

text: After rising to prominence, Ruby Lin became actively involved in commercial work. In 2001, she was selected as Taiwan's most popular advertisement star. At that time, she was spokesperson for Coca-Cola and Esprit. After she was selected as spokesperson for brands such as Mentholatum and Pantene, Lin was ranked second on the China Top Ten Most Popular Commercial Model list in 2005. Lin has been praised by the media for her sense of style; in 2006, MTV China selected her as most stylish actress of the year. That same year, Lin also received the Most Stylish Actress in China award at the QQ 2006 China Entertainment Star Awards.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In 2009, Estee Lauder chose her as "My Cover Girl in 2009" for their Chinese and Taiwan markets for ¥1 million, according to media reports. In 2015, Estee Lauder announced again that Lin was their new brand spokesperson for Taiwan region.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In 2010, based on the popularity of her new series and film, Lin was spokesperson for more than 20 brands (including Japanese and Korean brands). Media named her as "commercial queen". Lin also won the Most Charming Actress of the Year award at the 2010 China Fashion Weekly Awards.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In Asia as elsewhere, endorsement contracts for well-known brands are evidence of stardom. Ruby Lin has been a spokesperson for such brands as Mentholatum (2000–2003), Coca-Cola (2000), Christian Dior watches (2006–2007), ESPRIT (2001), Liuhengsei casual wear (since 2001), VOV Cosmetics (since 2006), China Mobile (since 2007), Pantene (2003–2006), Sofie Pantiliners (2002–2005), D&D jewelry (2001–2005), Japanese company Glico, Oriks (since 2011), and HTC (2015), ReFa CARAT (since 2017) and Shiseido Elixir (since 2017). Lin also served as ACAP Wild Aid's Rhino Ambassador for 2004–2005 and Winnie the Pooh Friendship Ambassador in 2001. Lin's endorsements provided the majority of her income in 2007. In December 2009, Ruby Lin was chosen Best Artist for Advertisements at the annual China International Commercial and Art Awards. After Lin gave birth to her first child in early 2017, she became the new ambassador of brand for children and infants such as Fisher-Price and Pro-Kido Milk by Yili. In 2019, Nuna signs Lin as first Asian brand ambassador.


title: Ruby Lin

text: In December 2020, Lin became the new spokesperson of Estee Lauder's Re-Nutriv Ultimate Diamond Collection for Taiwan region.


title: Barry Livingston

text: Barry Gordon Livingston (born December 17, 1953) is an American television and film actor, known for his role as Ernie Douglas on the television series "My Three Sons" (1963–72). He is the younger brother of actor/director Stanley Livingston, who played Ernie's older brother "Chip" on the show.


title: Barry Livingston

text: Livingston was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Lillian Rochelle Palyash and Hilliard Livingston.