title: Police of The Wire

text: Santangelo is demoted to patrol officer at the end of season one for failing to give Rawls any more information. In season two, he is seen briefly as a beat officer, arresting Bubbles and Johnny when they try to steal medical supplies from an ambulance. In season three, he drives the Western district prisoner transport vehicle under the command of Major Colvin. When he encounters former Barksdale detail members McNulty and Kima Greggs, Santangelo mentions that he is happy at being a patrolman as his job is easier: he is no longer a detective, he no longer deals with difficult commanders like Rawls and still takes home the same pay and pension contributions.


title: Police of The Wire

text: He remains a patrolman in the Western District in season four, when McNulty transfers in alongside him. During a counter-terrorism seminar, he was the first officer to point out the uselessness of Western District officers learning anti-terrorism tactics in a crime-ridden district. Santangelo is also one of several officers present for the arrest of Omar Little on a murder warrant.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Walker is a corrupt Black patrolman in the Western District. He is a violent bully, who is feared and loathed by Namond, Michael, and the other young drug dealers in the area, and several times is seen brutalizing them. He is first seen stealing money from Randy. Later he steals bootleg DVDs from Bubbles, after Bubbles attempted to report a robbery. He is the arresting officer for Omar Little, stealing a ring from him in the process.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Anthony "Tony" Colicchio is a narcotics officer in Sergeant Ellis Carver's drug enforcement unit squad in the Western District of Baltimore. He was often partnered with fellow squad members Herc Hauk and Lloyd "Truck" Garrick. Colicchio is part of the operation that resulted in the shooting of Officer Dozerman. Along with the rest of the squad, Colicchio is involved in policing drug tolerant zones set up by his district commander Major Colvin without the knowledge of his superiors. It is Colicchio who inspires the name Hamsterdam, after citing Amsterdam's liberal drug laws as a metaphor for Colvin's new policies. As Colicchio is zealously committed to using brute force to fight the war on drugs, he describes the drug-free zones as "moral midgetry."


title: Police of The Wire

text: Colicchio remains in Carver's squad in season four, and Carver tries to bring him around to his new way of doing things—getting to know the street dealers and cultivating informants. Colicchio takes part in Lieutenant Marimow's failed raids in the Western district. Colicchio is also present for the arrest of Omar Little on a murder warrant, relishing finally bringing in the legendary criminal.


title: Police of The Wire

text: With his overzealous attitude, Colicchio is delighted to participate in the arrest hike ordered by Commissioner Burrell to appease the city's politicians. He appears outside a bar with other officers, causing a near riot with their "quality of life violation" arrests against people with open alcohol containers. (Major Colvin had compared "Hamsterdam" to the practice of not enforcing violations of open-container laws when the bottles were obscured by paper bags.) Colicchio's method of policing supports the Broken Windows Theory.


title: Police of The Wire

text: In season five, Colicchio remains in the Western District drug enforcement unit and continues to take a combative approach to his work. He is the subject of an Internal Investigation Division investigation after he attacks a teacher who had asked him to move a vehicle while he was making an arrest. Carver refuses to back Colicchio when he shows no remorse for his action, and charges him with conduct unbecoming an officer and excessive force. Colicchio accuses Carver of being a rat, but Carver is not deterred by the damage to his reputation.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Colicchio is played by Benjamin Busch, who spent two tours of duty in Iraq with the U.S. Marine Corps.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Lloyd "Truck" Garrick is a Black narcotics officer in Sergeant Ellis Carver's squad in the Western District of the Baltimore Police Department, often partnered with fellow squad members Herc, Lambert and Colicchio. Garrick was part of the operation that resulted in the shooting of Officer Dozerman. Along with the rest of the squad Garrick was involved in policing drug tolerant zones set up by his district commander Howard "Bunny" Colvin without the knowledge of his superiors. He was with Herc when he phoned the paper to report Colvin's actions and again when he met with a reporter.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Lambert is a Black narcotics officer in Sergeant Ellis Carver's Drug Enforcement Unit in the Western District of the Baltimore Police Department, often seen with fellow squad members Herc, Anthony Colicchio, and Lloyd "Truck" Garrick. He was part of the operation that resulted in the shooting of Officer Dozerman. After Dozerman's shooting the D.E.U.'s hand-to-hand operations were suspended as Major Colvin did not want to see any more of his men come close to death over a minimal amount of drugs.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Colvin was the veteran Major and District commander who was forced out of the department due to his "Hamsterdam" experiment that de-criminalized drugs, despite this causing a reduction in felonies.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Dozerman was a friend of Carver and Herc in the DEU that moved into the Major Crimes Unit in season 4.


title: Police of The Wire

text: A former D.E.U. member who was a partner of Ellis Carver. He left the Western District to work on the Mayor's security detail.


title: Police of The Wire

text: McNulty was a former beat officer who became a detective. He returned to patrol in season 4 but after the death of an informant, he rejoined the Homicide Unit.


title: Police of The Wire

text: The following are former officers or assistant police not part of a District, Administrative, or Criminal Investigation Division.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Walter Cantrell is a major and the Southern District commander. He is first seen in season one where he is a lieutenant and commands Roland "Prez" Pryzbylewski and Leander Sydnor. Lieutenant Cedric Daniels bargains with Cantrell to have the highly competent Sydnor assigned to the Barksdale detail to compensate for taking the erratic Pryzbylewski. Cantrell and Daniels are both candidates for the next post of major, and because of Daniels' insubordination while conducting the Barksdale investigation, Cantrell receives the promotion at the end of the first season. He is seen again in season four commanding the Southern District and preparing new mayor Tommy Carcetti for a ride-along.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Diggins is a Baltimore police department Marine Unit officer who partners with Jimmy McNulty when he is assigned to the unit. He advises McNulty on how to make the best of the situation, but McNulty hates the fumes. Diggins is forgiving of McNulty's time away from the unit and shares his own boat with Bunk Moreland and McNulty to pose as a fishing craft when observing Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos. He has a noticeable Baltimore accent.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Frazier is a Baltimore police department medical examiner. He is involved in the investigation of the death of William Gant. Later he was responsible for the autopsies of fourteen unidentified women found at the Baltimore docks. He helped Jimmy McNulty to prove that the deaths occurred in the city jurisdiction, by establishing their time of death based upon the air supply in the container the bodies were discovered in. He also linked the bodies to a specific plastic surgery clinic by identifying a breast implant type that several of the women shared and tracing the serial number. This information helped the detectives to establish that the women were sex trade workers.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Russell is a port authority police officer and a single mother who develops an interest in case work following a chance discovery. She also develops a relationship with Jimmy McNulty in seasons 4 and 5.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Taylor is a Black Major who was the acting commander of the Eastern District. Under pressure from the Mayor's office, Ervin Burrell is told to start coming down on the department to reduce the crime rate by any means possible. As Taylor's district had a low number of felony arrests and handgun confiscations in addition to a high number of homicides in a very short period of time, Deputy Rawls angrily tells him that he had eight hours to get a grip on his district or he would be fired.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Lieutenant Torret is a Black officer who appears in charge of the Quick Response Team (QRT) when they are required for raids and arresting criminals. He first appeared in Season 1 leading the search for Savino and then commanding the unit to surround Avon Barksdale's strip club during his arrest. In Season 2, he appeared leading the raid on the Franklin Terrace towers when a nine-year-old child was accidentally shot and killed by a stray round in a shootout between drug dealers. In that raid he had the unit arrest everyone in "The Pit" as he assumed them a suspect for being around that area.


title: Police of The Wire

text: In Season 3, he appeared at the rank of Major commanding QRT and Tactical units citywide no longer actively participating in the raids. He helped plan and lead the raid to shut down "Hamsterdam" at the orders of Deputy Rawls. He was present with Rawls when finding the body of drug addict Johnny Weeks, who was then taken to the morgue in a squad car as a means of preventing the media from linking the death to the "Hamsterdam" experiment.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Cheryl is Kima Greggs' live-in partner; she works in the television news industry and often worries about Kima's safety as a police officer. She hopes that Kima will take a less dangerous job and start a family with her. She also appears to do most of the cooking and cleaning in the relationship.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Elena is angered by Jimmy due to catching him in bed with another woman. She uses her lawyer to try to destroy Jimmy throughout the first season as much as she can. She is also protective of her sons and worries that Jimmy is a dangerous influence on them because of his drinking. When he exposes them to danger by having them tail the subject of his investigation, Stringer Bell, she files for an emergency order to prevent him from seeing the boys. At the court hearing, the judge convinces them to work out arrangements between themselves.


title: Police of The Wire

text: In season two Elena is seen at work as a realtor showing a house to Nick Sobotka. Jimmy tries to initiate a reconciliation with Elena and considerably cleans up his drinking habits and behaviour. The two sleep together, but in the morning Elena asks Jimmy to leave as she feels it would be unfair on her sons for them to see him in the house.


title: Police of The Wire

text: In season three, Elena is established as seriously dating a man named Dennis who sits front row at Orioles games but wears a suit and spends most of the game talking on a cell phone. Jimmy's partner Bunk Moreland suspects that Dennis is a downtown lawyer due to his appearance and mannerisms.


title: Police of The Wire

text: In season four, Elena sees that Jimmy is becoming more stable as a patrolman and states to him that "If I knew you were going to grow up to be a grown up..." suggesting that she wishes she was the one reaping the benefits of this new Jimmy McNulty.


title: Police of The Wire

text: In season five, Elena confronts Jimmy because she notices he is going back to his old ways. She tells him Beadie knows she is losing him just like she, herself, knew back then. She tells him she was actually happy for him that he found Beadie and that he was really turning his life around. She convinces him to try to work things out with Beadie.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Sean is Elena and Jimmy McNulty's oldest son. He lives with his mother and his brother Michael following his parents separation but still sees his father. Jimmy teaches his sons the front and follow technique and when he spots Stringer Bell in a market he has them follow him. Michael and Sean manage to record Stringer's number plate, which aids their father's investigation. In a brief appearance in the fourth season, he says he wants to be a rock star.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Michael is Elena and Jimmy McNulty's younger son. He lives with his mother and his brother Sean following his parents separation but still sees his father. Michael plays soccer and Jimmy tries to attend his games. Jimmy teaches his sons the front and follow technique and when he spotted Stringer Bell in a market he had them follow him. Michael and Sean managed to record Stringer's number plate, which aided their father's investigation. In a brief appearance in the fourth season, he says he wants to be a video game designer.


title: Police of The Wire

text: The following is a list of actual Baltimore Police Department officers who have appeared on the show at some point. Many of these officers were either commanders of the department or featured officers in the David Simon's books of "The Corner" and "."


title: Police of The Wire

text: A former Baltimore Police Department Major who was featured homicide unit shift lieutenant in David Simon's "". He appears recurringly as a grand jury prosecutor named Gary DiPasquale.


title: Police of The Wire

text: A former Baltimore Police Department Commissioner who appears as a midnight shift homicide detective in Season 5.


title: Police of The Wire

text: A former Baltimore Police Department Sergeant who was featured homicide unit sergeant in David Simon's "". He appears recurringly as Western District Administrative Lieutenant turned Major Dennis Mello.


title: Police of The Wire

text: A former Baltimore Police Department Commissioner who appears as a recurring character of the same name working as a homicide detective.


title: Police of The Wire

text: A Baltimore Police Department C.I.D. Major who appears as a patrolman in Season 4 who encounters mayoral candidate Tommy Carcetti.


title: Police of The Wire

text: Worden is a former Baltimore Police Department homicide detective featured in David Simon's "" who appears as a midnight shift homicide detective in season five. He is also mentioned in episodes in season one ("The Pager"), season three ("Slapstick"), season four ("Margin of Error") and season five ("Not for Attribution").


title: Police of The Wire

text: The following is a list of other Baltimore Police Department officers who have been mentioned on the show at some point. Many of these officers were either commanders of the department or featured officers in the David Simon's books of "The Corner" and "."


title: Police of The Wire

text: A former Baltimore Police Department narcotics detective turned school teacher who co-authored "The Corner" with David Simon.


title: Police of The Wire

text: A former Baltimore Police Department homicide detective mentioned in David Simon's "" who inspired a character of the same name played by actor Gregory L. Williams throughout the series.


title: Police of The Wire

text: A Baltimore Police Department homicide detective featured prominently in David Simon's ''. He is mentioned by his last name as the detective investigating the murder of Nakeysha Lyles.


title: Police of The Wire

text: A former Baltimore Police Department homicide detective mentioned in David Simon's "" who inspired a character of the same name played by actor Brian Anthony Wilson throughout the series.


title: Police of The Wire

text: A former Baltimore Police Department Sergeant who was featured homicide unit sergeant in David Simon's "". Nolan's name is mentioned as the sergeant of another homicide unit in the department.


title: Police of The Wire

text: A former Baltimore Police Department homicide detective featured in David Simon's "". He inspired a character named Oscar Requer played by actor Roscoe Orman in Season 5. Requer was the basis for the character of Bunk Moreland.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The Subaru Sambar is a cabover truck and microvan manufactured and marketed by Subaru as Japan's first truck compliant with the country's strict Keitora (軽トラ) or "Kei" vehicle tax class. Introduced in 1961 in microvan and Kei pickup configurations, the Sambar remains in production, now in its eighth generation — beginning with the sixth generation as a rebadged Daihatsu Hijet.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: Since its introduction, the Sambar has used a rear engine, rear wheel drive layout with body-on-frame rather than unibody construction. The first two generations used the air-cooled engine from the Subaru 360 and later generations used the water-cooled engine from the Subaru Rex, Vivio and the Pleo. Four-wheel drive became optional in 1980. Sambar models were manufactured in China as the [三八] as well as in Finland in a joint venture with Elcat Automotive. Passenger variants of the Sambar were later marketed as the Subaru Dias Wagon.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: With the Sambar, Subaru borrowed from the Type 2 (1951-1967) van — using a marketing name very similar to the Volkswagen's upper trim level, the Samba, and using a similar rear-drive, rear air-cooled engine, passenger-cab-over-front-axle (cabover), configuration. The Sambar was the first Kei truck using a cabover design — and was the last Kei-compliant vehicle using a rear-engine, rear-drive layout.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: Introduced at the 1960 Tokyo Motor Show in passenger and commercial versions, the Sambar featured 4-wheel independent suspension, a rear engine, rear drive layout — and a one-box body configuration based on the Subaru 360 platform and inspired by the 1957 Fiat 600 Multipla. The chassis uses a ladder frame construction, with a rear torsion bar trailing arm suspension. The reverse gearshift position was a left-pattern selection, instead of a right-pattern selection, and the EK series engine could be accessed via a hatch inside the vehicle. Maximum power from the two-stroke twin was . As with the Subaru 360, front doors were rear-hinged. Rear doors were front-hinged, with a rear cargo hatch. Provisional camping bunk beds were available.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: Commercial variants of the Sambar was marketed for delivery use, nicknamed the ""kuchibiru ([lower] lip)"" Sambar, inspired by a competior, the 1960-1960 Kurogane Baby. Other competitors included the front-engined Suzulight Carry which placed the engine in front of the driver, but also adopted the cabover approach in 1966, and the 1964 Daihatsu Hijet cabover.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The Subaru cabover configuration followed the 1950 Volkswagen Type 2, and was introduced the same year as the 1961 Ford Econoline, and the 1961 Chevrolet Greenbrier.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The redesigned Sambar debuted in January 1966 with revised styling and a truck variant. The second generation is nicknamed the ""baban"" Sambar.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The Sambar continued to use the 356 cc EK31 engine, but now in the iteration used in the Subaru 360 since July 1964.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: A raised roof for extended headroom was added to the options list in 1968. Starting with the 1970 model year, the engine was accessed from outside the vehicle, and the front doors were conventionally hinged. To enhance safety a full padded dash pad was introduced, sharing the dashboard panel from the new R–2. Along with the facelift, the engine was also updated (EK33) and now produced .


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The styling was also revised, adding a faux front grille to create a more modern appearance as well as bringing the corporate look of the all new compact Subaru Leone.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The third generation appeared 10 February 1973, this one nicknamed the ""Gōriki (Herculean strength)"" Sambar due to an advertising campaign at the time. The first series still carried a two-stroke two-cylinder 356 cc engine but by now water-cooled. Maximum power is at 5500 rpm. The engine code was EK34, the truck received the K71 model code while the van was called K81.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: As of February 1976, the engine was upgraded to the EK21 four-stroke water-cooled version introduced in the Rex to reduce emissions. Claimed maximum power remained the same, but at a much higher engine speed (7500 rpm) and with considerably lower torque figures than the earlier two-stroke type. This model saw the introduction of an electric window washer pump to improve driver visibility. Because of regulations changes, only three months later the engine was again upgraded with a 490 cc displacement (EK22) engine of a similar layout for the Sambar 5 (K75 truck, K76 panel van, K85 van). This was naturally sold as the Subaru 500 in export markets. This was in turn soon replaced by a full 550 cc (EK23) model, the K77/87 of March 1977. In export, the Sambar 550 was known as the Subaru 600.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: This model saw the introduction of a sliding side door added on both sides (although a version without the driver's side door remained available), with a full "B" pillar to enhance body stiffness instead of the approach used by the Nissan Prairie which had the front and rear doors interlock. Minor horsepower improvements were introduced in 1977 along with an increase in the width of the vehicle. A sunroof was added to the options list in 1979. 4WD was introduced as an option in 1980, on both the van and truck bodystyles, coinciding with the same feature being offered on the Subaru Rex.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: May 9, 1982 is when the fourth generation model appeared (KR), with one-box van models marketed as "Sambar Try." The Try was available as a Van with a high or a regular roof, and as a high-roofed passenger model (model code KR). The suspension was upgraded to a four-wheel independent layout with MacPherson struts for the front wheels. The wheel size increased from 10 inches to 12 inches, thereby accommodating larger drum brakes used at all four wheels. The 4WD was available with a dual-range transmission. An automatic clutch was offered in the Sambar Try FL and FX.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: While the home market Sambar came equipped with the 544 cc, 2-cylinder EK23 engine, export versions (known as Subaru 700) received an enlarged 665 cc version of the same, producing . LHD versions were available. In May 1986 retracting seat belts became standard fitment and the TG version of the Sambar Try replaced the earlier TX-G.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: January 9, 1987 saw the commercial one-box versions renamed Sambar Van, while the high roofed passenger version retained the Sambar Try name. Front disc brakes were added to the options list. Full-time 4WD was available towards the end of this generations product cycle. In April 1989, a six-valve engine producing joined the regular engine in high-end versions of the Try and the Sambar truck. The EN05 four-cylinder engine later used in the Rex was never fitted to the KR/KT Sambar, as it would require re-engineering to be a replacement platform. The enlarged Domingo was available with the 3-cylinder EF10 1000 cc engine starting in 1983.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: This bigger version of the Sambar was available in Europe from 1983 and went by several names, such as the Subaru Sumo, Libero, Domingo, and Columbuss. The small-bodied version went by the name of Subaru 700 in the few markets where it was available.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The primary difference between the Sambar and the larger-engined variants is the extension of both the front and rear bumpers to aid in occupant protection. The larger Domingo (and its various iterations) isn't considered "kei class" because the dimensions exceed the requirements and the engine displacement is larger than regulations allow.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The fifth generation Sambar was introduced in 1990. Engine regulations for displacement size were increased and the Sambar's engine was upgraded to 660 cc. For the 4WD version it sold as Subaru Dias Wagon as a permanent trim model. Commercials in Japan used Kuniko Yamada, a Japanese comedian.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The tradition of using the engine in Subaru's kei car offering was continued, with the Subaru Vivio sharing its EN07 engine with this version of the Sambar. The engine now had four cylinders and in the carburetted standard model; was on tap in the optional supercharged model, coupled with fuel injection. An automatic transmission was offered in the form of Subaru's ECVT system in tandem with full-time 4WD and a viscous coupling differential.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: 1994 saw a full model change for the Domingo, using the new Sambar design coupled to the Subaru Justy's EF12 SOHC three-cylinder engine displacing 1200 cc. A maximum seating capacity of seven was possible. October 1995 saw the elimination of the ECVT transmission due to drivability issues and a 3-speed automatic was made available instead. A new option for naturally aspirated versions was the EMPi engine, producing .


title: Subaru Sambar

text: Special edition appearance packages were offered including a retro "Dias Classic", later available on the Sambar truck, influenced by the Subaru Vivio Bistro. A Sambar Dias Classic appears in Love Hina as Seta's van.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The sixth generation was available for purchase May 2, 1999, and in 1998 kei class vehicle size regulations allowed for an increase in body size. The 4WD Dias is now only offered with a 3-speed automatic transmission, with the supercharger optioned engine power output increased to . Carburetors are no longer used on the current version of the Subaru EN engine for the entire product line, and the EF engine is no longer manufactured.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: To address safety concerns with side impact resistance, on 1 October 1998 the width restriction for kei vehicles was increased to and the sixth generation Sambar was widened accordingly.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: July 18, 2008, items that were included were dual front passenger airbags, power sliding rear doors, power windows, and leather interior on upper trim level models.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: On June 26 2007 an article appeared in the Japanese newspaper Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun, claiming that due to the investment by Toyota in Fuji Heavy Industries, the parent company of Subaru, all production of kei class vehicles made by Subaru would end and be replaced by Toyota-owned Daihatsu models rebadged as Subarus. This would allow Subaru to focus on their core business of four-wheel-drive family cars with horizontally opposed engines; kei car sales are almost entirely limited to the domestic Japanese market and were not cost effective for such a small manufacturer.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: In September 2009, the passenger version of the Sambar introduced as the Subaru Dias Wagon, a rebadged version of the Daihatsu Atrai van. The seventh generation of the Sambar truck was later introduced to Japan on April 2, 2012 as a badge engineered Daihatsu Hijet Van/Truck, but the passenger variant (Dias Wagon) had already been produced since 2009. This is the first time the Sambar is a semi-cabover vehicle, the engine was installed in the front of the vehicle, between the front passengers, and driven by the rear wheels, and continuing to offer on demand four-wheel-drive. In 2014, the Sambar truck was discontinued and updated to S500 Hijet generation, while the Sambar van/Dias Wagon stayed on the S321 platform.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The eighth-generation Sambar Truck was introduced in Japan on September 2, 2014 as a rebadged tenth-generation Daihatsu Hijet Truck.


title: Subaru Sambar

text: The eighth-generation Sambar Van was introduced in Japan in January 2022 as a rebadged eleventh-generation Daihatsu Hijet Cargo, which is built on the DNGA platform. The Dias Wagon passenger van was renamed to Sambar Dias.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: The 68th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 1995 in the United States and took place on March 25, 1996, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as "Oscars") in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by David Salzman and Quincy Jones and directed by Jeff Margolis. Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the second time, having previously presided over the 66th ceremony in 1994. Three weeks earlier, in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, on March 2, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Richard Dreyfuss.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: "Braveheart" won five awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included "Apollo 13", "Pocahontas", "Restoration", and "The Usual Suspects" with two awards and "Anne Frank Remembered", "Antonia's Line", "Babe", "A Close Shave", "Dead Man Walking", "Leaving Las Vegas", "Lieberman in Love", "Mighty Aphrodite", "One Survivor Remembers", "", and "Sense and Sensibility" with one. The telecast garnered almost 45 million viewers in the United States.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: The nominees for the 68th Academy Awards were announced on February 13, 1996, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater by president of the Academy, and the music producer Quincy Jones. "Braveheart" led all nominees with ten nominations; "Apollo 13" came in second with nine.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 25, 1996. "Braveheart" was the ninth film to win Best Picture with no acting nominations. With her Best Supporting Actress win for "Mighty Aphrodite", Mira Sorvino became the second consecutive actress to win the aforementioned category for a performance in a film directed by Woody Allen. Best Adapted Screenplay winner Emma Thompson was the first person to win Oscars for both acting and screenwriting. She had previously won Best Actress for her performance in the 1992 film "Howards End". This was the first year since the 42nd Academy Awards—and last to date—that none of the acting winners appeared in Best Picture nominees.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: As a result of the negative reception of David Letterman's stint as host from the preceding year's ceremony, veteran film and television director Gil Cates declined to helm the upcoming festivities. In November 1995, AMPAS recruited music producer and Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award recipient Quincy Jones as producer of the 1996 ceremony. Jones immediately selected actress and comedian Whoopi Goldberg to host the ceremony. In an interview with "Los Angeles Times" writer Susan King, Jones explained the decision to hire Goldberg saying, "She has all the qualifications to move on a dime, to carry the elegance and the dignity of the show and is very funny. She understands the street. She has everything."


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: One segment that was staged during the ceremony was an elaborate fashion show showcasing the nominees for Best Costume Design. Produced by fashion photographer Matthew Rolston, the production featured models such as Cameron Alborzian, Tyson Beckford, Tyra Banks, Marcus Schenkenberg and Joel West sporting various costumes from the five films nominated in the category. Initially, actor Jack Nicholson was approached to introduce the segment along with models Naomi Campbell and Claudia Schiffer. However, actor Pierce Brosnan accepted the role of presenter of the segment and award after Nicholson declined those respective duties.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: Several other people and elements were also involved with the production of the ceremony. Jeff Margolis served as director for the program. Actress and talk show host Oprah Winfrey interviewed several nominees and other attendees during a seven-minute red carpet arrival segment shown at the beginning of the telecast. Musician and saxophonist Tom Scott served as musical director for the ceremony. Choreographer Jamie King supervised the performances of the Best Song nominees and two dance numbers. Babe, the pig from the eponymous film, and Miss Piggy participated in a comedy sketch during the proceedings. Actor Christopher Reeve, who was paralyzed in a horse riding accident nearly a year earlier, made a surprise appearance on the telecast urging filmmakers to make movies that face the world's most important issues head-on.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: Beginning with this ceremony, the AMPAS music branch divided the category of Best Original Score into two categories: Best Dramatic Score and Best Musical or Comedy Score. This was seen as a response to the dominance of Walt Disney Feature Animation films in the Original Score and Original Song categories in recent years. Four years later, the two scoring categories were merged back into one category.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: At the time of the nominations announcement on February 13, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $333 million, with an average of $66.5 million per film. "Apollo 13" was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $172 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by "Braveheart" ($67 million), "Babe" ($58.2 million), "Sense and Sensibility" ($24.6 million) and finally "Il Postino: The Postman" ($10.7 million).


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 47 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only "Toy Story" (2nd), "Apollo 13" (3rd), "Braveheart" (23rd), "Babe" (29th), "12 Monkeys" (31st), "Casino" (38th) and "Mr. Holland's Opus" (39th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture. The other box office hits that earned nominations were "Batman Forever" (1st), "Pocahontas" (4th), "Seven" (9th), "Crimson Tide" (10th), "Waterworld" (12th), "The Bridges of Madison County" (21st), "The American President" (27th) and "Sabrina" (34th).


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: Several days before the ceremony, activist group Rainbow Coalition, led by Reverend Jesse Jackson, planned a protest regarding African Americans and other racial minorities in the film industry. The group was voicing its objections to unflattering portrayals of minorities in film and television and the fact that minorities were underemployed in the entertainment industry. Jackson further pointed out the disparity in racial minorities in Hollywood by noting that Best Live Action Short Film nominee Dianne Houston was the only African American nominated that year. Although the group initially planned to demonstrate outside the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, an agreement between Jackson and producer Jones caused the protest to be moved adjacent to the broadcast facilities of the local ABC affiliate KABC-TV. Nevertheless, Jones remarked that the Academy Awards were not the appropriate venue for such protest declaring "Why should the movie business be different from anything else in America? It's a problem that permeates everything in the country. Every facet of America discriminates."


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: The show received a positive reception from most media publications. "The New York Times" film critic Janet Maslin raved, "Mr. Jones pointedly turned this year's ceremony into a showcase for Hollywood's new guard." She also praised host Goldberg's opening monologue, remarking that it "established the sharpness of this year's gag writing." "People" columnist Janice Min wrote that "the most egregious crime at the 68th Academy Awards on March 25 was–egad!–the relentless elegance and good taste that deprived viewers of genuine, Grade A snicker fodder. Television critic Howard Rosenberg of the "Los Angeles Times" applauded Goldberg's performance, noting that her "confident performance [...] was symbolic of her whopping improvement as host over her showing on the 1994 Oscars."


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: Some media outlets were more critical of the show. "Chicago Tribune" television critic Steve Johnson lamented that Goldberg "settled into bland script reading that made one long for David Letterman's cranky unpredictability in the role last year." He also stated that the "Best Costume Design fashion show" was the silliest opening Oscar production number since Rob Lowe and Snow White sang "Proud Mary" in 1989. Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" bemoaned that the dominance of Best Picture winner "Braveheart" and the lack of fashion glamour "had the makings of a tiresome evening."


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 44.81 million people over its length, which was a 9% decrease from the previous year's ceremony. The show also garnered lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony, with 30.48% of households watching over a 48.88 share. It also earned a lower 18–49 demographic rating with an 18.76 rating over a 35.27 share among viewers in that demographic.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: In July 1996, the ceremony presentation received seven nominations at the 48th Primetime Emmys. Two months later, the ceremony won one of those nominations for Greg Brunton's lighting design and direction during the telecast.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: At the ceremony, Christopher Reeve presented a montage of films which tackled social issues. His appearance was a surprise to the majority of those present and occurred less than a year after the horse-riding accident in which he was paralyzed. Reeve's appearance was kept secret in part so that if any physical issue came about, he could drop out quietly. He attended an early morning closed-door rehearsal, during which he vetoed the idea of using John Williams' 1978 Superman Theme as entrance music. Reeve, along with Jones, had chosen the film clips used in the montage. Reeve received a two-minute standing ovation at during his appearance.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: The annual "In Memoriam" tribute was presented by Academy President Arthur Hiller. The montage featured an excerpt of the main title of "The Prince of Tides" composed by James Newton Howard.


title: 68th Academy Awards

text: A separate tribute to actor, dancer and veteran Oscar host Gene Kelly featured tap dancer Savion Glover dancing to the song "Singin' in the Rain" from the 1952 film of the same name.


title: Sheriff of Nottingham

text: The Sheriff of Nottingham is the main antagonist in the legend of Robin Hood. He is generally depicted as an unjust tyrant who mistreats the local people of Nottinghamshire, subjecting them to unaffordable taxes. Robin Hood fights against him, stealing from the rich, and the Sheriff, in order to give to the poor; it is this characteristic for which Robin Hood is best known. The Sheriff is considered the archenemy of Robin Hood, as he is the most recurring enemy of the well-known outlaw.


title: Sheriff of Nottingham

text: It is not known whom this character is based on. The legend of Robin Hood (which is at least as old as the 14th century), traditionally referred to the Sheriff of Nottingham only by his title. There has in fact never been a Sheriff of Nottingham, as such. However, there was from very early Norman times been a High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests, appointed by the king. The character in the legend could therefore have been based on the notional royal appointee responsible for law enforcement in the Royal Forests (which included Sherwood Forest). If, on the other hand, one treats the legend as having had its origins in real events (despite the fact that the earliest known version of the legend appears 200 years later), the character could have been based upon one of (or a composite of multiple of) the real life people who occupied the post of High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests at the relevant time. If, as in many versions of the Robin Hood legend, the action of the story is placed during the absence of King Richard I of England in 1190-1193 during the Third Crusade and his subsequent holding to ransom in Austria, the character could be identified with the little-known William de Wendenal, who was High Sheriff from 1191 to 1194. In some versions, the Sheriff is identified with Philip Marc, who held the office of High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests from 1209-1221, during the later years of the reign of John, King of England (who ruled from 1199 to 1216). However, the Sheriff usually remains either anonymous or pseudonymous.


title: Sheriff of Nottingham

text: The holder of the office of Nottingham's Sheriff, it is his task to capture outlaws such as Robin Hood, either to ensure the safety of trade routes through Sherwood Forest or to keep them from poaching the King's deer. In some stories, the Sheriff of Nottingham is portrayed as having a lecherous desire for Robin Hood's lady Maid Marian. He is widely considered to be the principal villain of the Robin Hood stories, appearing frequently alongside such enemies of Robin Hood as Sir Guy of Gisborne or John, King of England (though rarely both).


title: Sheriff of Nottingham

text: The legends are generally set far from Nottingham; this fits the historical position of High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and the Royal Forests (from 1068 until 1568). In the film "", the Sheriff's influence outside the region of Nottingham has grown so great, he attempts to take control of the throne.


title: Sheriff of Nottingham

text: In some versions, the Sheriff is a cowardly schemer while his assistant, Sir Guy of Gisborne, is a more competent and determined physical threat to Robin. In other versions, the Sheriff answers to Prince John.


title: Pair programming

text: Pair programming is an software development technique in which two programmers work together at one workstation. One, the "driver", writes code while the other, the "observer" or "navigator", reviews each line of code as it is typed in. The two programmers switch roles frequently.


title: Pair programming

text: While reviewing, the observer also considers the "strategic" direction of the work, coming up with ideas for improvements and likely future problems to address. This is intended to free the driver to focus all of their attention on the "tactical" aspects of completing the current task, using the observer as a safety net and guide.


title: Pair programming

text: Pair programming increases the person-hours required to deliver code compared to programmers working individually. However, the resulting code has fewer defects. Along with code development time, other factors like field support costs and quality assurance also figure in to the return on investment. Pair programming might theoretically offset these expenses by reducing defects in the programs.


title: Pair programming

text: In addition to preventing mistakes as they are made, other intangible benefits may exist. For example, the courtesy of rejecting phone calls or other distractions while working together, taking fewer breaks at agreed-upon intervals, or shared breaks to return phone calls (but returning to work quickly since someone is waiting). One member of the team might have more focus and help drive or awaken the other if they lose focus, and that role might periodically change. One member might have knowledge of a topic or technique which the other does not, which might eliminate delays to find or test a solution, or allow for a better solution, thus effectively expanding the skill set, knowledge, and experience of a programmer as compared to working alone. Each of these intangible benefits, and many more, may be challenging to accurately measure, but can contribute to more efficient working hours.


title: Pair programming

text: A system with two programmers possesses greater potential for the generation of more diverse solutions to problems for three reasons:


title: Pair programming

text: In an attempt to share goals and plans, the programmers must overtly negotiate a shared course of action when a conflict arises between them. In doing so, they consider a larger number of ways of solving the problem than a single programmer alone might do. This significantly improves the design quality of the program as it reduces the chances of selecting a poor method.


title: Pair programming

text: In an online survey of pair programmers from 2000, 96% of programmers stated that they enjoyed work more while pair programming than programming alone. Furthermore, 95% said that they were more confident in their work when they pair programmed. However, as the survey was among self-selected pair programmers, it did not account for programmers who were forced to pair program.


title: Pair programming

text: Knowledge is constantly shared between pair programmers, whether in the industry or in a classroom. Many sources suggest that students show higher confidence when programming in pairs, and many learn whether it be from tips on programming language rules to overall design skill. In "promiscuous pairing", each programmer communicates and works with all the other programmers on the team rather than pairing only with one partner, which causes knowledge of the system to spread throughout the whole team. Pair programming allows programmers to examine their partner's code and provide feedback, which is necessary to increase their own ability to develop monitoring mechanisms for their own learning activities.


title: Pair programming

text: Pair programming allows team members to share quickly, making them less likely to have agendas hidden from each other. This helps pair programmers learn to communicate more easily. "This raises the communication bandwidth and frequency within the project, increasing overall information flow within the team."


title: Pair programming

text: There are both empirical studies and meta-analyses of pair programming. The empirical studies tend to examine the level of productivity and the quality of the code, while meta-analyses may focus on biases introduced by the process of testing and publishing.


title: Pair programming

text: A meta-analysis found pairs typically consider more design alternatives than programmers working alone, arrive at simpler, more maintainable designs, and catch design defects earlier. However, it raised concerns that its findings may have been influenced by "signs of publication bias among published studies on pair programming". It concluded that "pair programming is not uniformly beneficial or effective".


title: Pair programming

text: Although pair programmers may complete a task faster than a solo programmer, the total number of person-hours increases. A manager would have to balance faster completion of the work and reduced testing and debugging time against the higher cost of coding. The relative weight of these factors can vary by project and task.


title: Pair programming

text: The benefit of pairing is greatest on tasks that the programmers do not fully understand before they begin: that is, challenging tasks that call for creativity and sophistication, and for novices as compared to experts. Pair programming could be helpful for attaining high quality and correctness on complex programming tasks, but it would also increase the development effort (cost) significantly.


title: Pair programming

text: On simple tasks, which the pair already fully understands, pairing results in a net drop in productivity. It may reduce the code development time but also risks reducing the quality of the program. Productivity can also drop when novice–novice pairing is used without sufficient availability of a mentor to coach them.


title: Pair programming

text: Remote pair programming, also known as virtual pair programming or distributed pair programming, is pair programming in which the two programmers are in different locations, working via a collaborative real-time editor, shared desktop, or a remote pair programming IDE plugin. Remote pairing introduces difficulties not present in face-to-face pairing, such as extra delays for coordination, depending more on "heavyweight" task-tracking tools instead of "lightweight" ones like index cards, and loss of verbal communication resulting in confusion and conflicts over such things as who "has the keyboard".


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Edwyn Stephen Collins (born 23 August 1959) is a Scottish musician, producer and record label owner from Edinburgh, Scotland. Collins was the lead singer for the 1980s post-punk band Orange Juice, which he co-founded. After the group split in 1985, Collins started a solo career. His 1995 single "A Girl Like You" was a worldwide hit.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: In February 2005, Collins was hospitalised after two cerebral haemorrhages which resulted in aphasia, and he needed months to recover. He resumed his musical career in 2007. A documentary film on his recovery, "The Possibilities Are Endless", was released in 2014.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins was the co-founder of the indie record label Postcard Records and co-founded a second label, Analogue Enhanced Digital, in 2011. Collins has also worked as an illustrator, television actor, television producer and record producer. He won an Ivor Novello Award, the Ivor Inspiration Award, in 2009.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins was born in Edinburgh. He lived in Dundee from the age of six to 14 after his father got a job as a lecturer at Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design. He attended the now-defunct Demonstration School in Park Place, where new educational ideas were tried out by students and teachers from the adjacent teacher training college, before moving to the secondary school, Morgan Academy.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins co-founded the band the Nu-Sonics in 1976 in the Glasgow suburb of Bearsden. The band changed its name to Orange Juice in 1979. Collins and his friend Alan Horne founded the record label Postcard Records that year to release the band's singles. The band's debut single, "Falling and Laughing" was issued in February 1980. Although critically acclaimed, the single only sold 2,000 copies.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: After three more singles with Postcard, Orange Juice signed to Polydor Records in October 1981 and released their debut album, "You Can't Hide Your Love Forever", in March 1982. The band's second album, "Rip It Up" followed in November 1982. Their single "Rip It Up", released in early 1983, reached number 8 on the UK Singles Chart and was noted as the first British hit single to feature a bass-line from the Roland TB-303 synthesizer. The song was their only Top 40 single.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: The band's two subsequent albums, "Texas Fever" and "The Orange Juice", were both released in 1984. They failed to find the same success as "Rip It Up".


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Orange Juice disbanded in January 1985, after Polydor grew dissatisfied with the band's lack of success and the band's difficulty finding a new label to sign with. During this time in his career, Collins met Grace Maxwell, whom he hired as his manager and later married.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins started his solo career in 1986, and signed to Elevation Records, a label that was co-venture between indie label Creation Records and major label Warner Music.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins released two singles for the Elevation label in 1987, both produced by Robin Guthrie of the Cocteau Twins, but both failed to enter the UK Singles Chart. Elevation was closed in November 1987, just ten months after it released its first single. After the closure, Collins experienced a "falling out" with Creation Records founder Alan McGee, who had financed Elevation. As a result, unlike other Elevation signees such as Primal Scream and The Weather Prophets, Collins was not migrated to the main Creation label and he was left without a record label contract.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: At the request of passionate Orange Juice fans in Germany, Collins recorded his next album at a small German studio, with the aid of producer Dennis Bovell, who had worked with Collins in Orange Juice, and Roddy Frame of Aztec Camera. The album, "Hope and Despair", was released in 1989 by the Demon label and achieved success as an independent release. Demon also released Collins's next record, "Hellbent on Compromise" (1990), which was not as successful as its predecessor. Demon and Collins then parted ways and Collins embarked on a lengthy hiatus.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins built his own recording studio in 1994 that was used to record his third solo album, "Gorgeous George", which he also produced. The studio, located in West Hampstead, London, would become the West Heath Yard Studios that Collins would use for his future record label, AED Records.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: In 1995, Collins released the single "A Girl Like You", which became a hit in both the United Kingdom and United States after it was featured in the film "Empire Records". It was subsequently used in the movie "" in 2003.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins released his followup to "Gorgeous George", "I'm Not Following You", in 1997. One of its singles, "The Magic Piper (of Love)", was featured on the soundtrack for "" that year and was his only other Top 40 entry on the UK Singles Chart apart from "A Girl Like You."


title: Edwyn Collins

text: In a BBC 6 Music radio interview on 18 February 2005, Collins said he felt unwell, but ascribed the nausea and vertigo to food poisoning. Two days later, he was admitted to intensive care in London's Royal Free Hospital after apparently suffering a major cerebral haemorrhage. After suffering a second haemorrhage he had an operation on 25 February 2005, which was followed by a lengthy programme of neurological rehabilitation owing to right-sided weakness and difficulty with speech. The aphasia he suffered allowed him to repeat only four phrases, over and over again: "yes", "no", "Grace Maxwell" (his wife's name) and "the possibilities are endless".


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins released his sixth solo album, entitled "Home Again", in September 2007 on Heavenly Records. The album was recorded before his illness but mixed after his discharge from hospital. While still recovering, Collins returned to singing live, including playing a gig at The Arts Theatre in London, UK. A tribute song celebrating his return was recorded by the indie pop band The Candy Twins.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: A BBC Scotland documentary, "Edwyn Collins: Home Again", narrated by Franz Ferdinand frontman Alex Kapranos, was broadcast on 19 May 2008. Filmed during 2007, it follows Collins's progress in recovering from his illness and his first return to live performance at the BBC Electric Proms. Collins then performed at the Glastonbury Festival, which was broadcast on 28 June 2008 on BBC Two, and at T in the Park on 10 July 2009 (Collins's first ever T in the Park).


title: Edwyn Collins

text: On 2 October 2009, Collins's wife and manager Grace Maxwell detailed her "running battle" with Warner Music Group and MySpace over his right to allow fans to listen to "A Girl Like You" for free on his MySpace page.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: In November 2009, at a gig in London's Bloomsbury Ballroom, following a tour of the Scottish Highlands, Collins's singing was contrasted with his slow speech: "[W]hen he started to sing, his baritone proved as powerful as ever." On 20 February 2010, he joined The Maccabees onstage at Brixton Academy for their encore, performing vocals on a rendition of "Rip It Up".


title: Edwyn Collins

text: "Losing Sleep", Collins's first written and recorded album since his 2005 illness, was then released on 13 September 2010 in the UK. The album was recorded at his own West Heath Studios between November 2008 and May 2010, and was produced by Collins and Sebastian Lewsley. Collins and Lewsley first met in 1992, while Collins was producing former Subway Sect frontman Vic Godard's album "The End of the Surrey People" and Lewsley was his assistant. For the album, he collaborated with The Cribs' Ryan Jarman and Johnny Marr, Franz Ferdinand, The Magic Numbers singer Romeo Stodart, The Drums and Roddy Frame. Lewsley explained the recording process of "Losing Sleep" in 2010:


title: Edwyn Collins

text: We did each song in a day ... and a day consists of about four hours. So there's a real expediency about how it's recorded. The whole attitude of the album is just doing that. Not indulging anyone. Not having any band sitting round for days and days. "Have you got a guitar part yet? No? Just do it. You've got a coupla hours." They [Collins's collaborators] all looked quite petrified but they did it.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: In 2009, during the making of "Losing Sleep", Lewsley observed Collins gradually regain his musical proficiency—Lewsley explained: "The studio is more of an instrument again for Edwyn." The cover art for the album features a collection of bird drawings that Collins started working on in 2005.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: On 30 September 2010, Collins and his band broadcast three live songs from the Royal Beacon Hotel in Exmouth for BBC Radio 2's "Radcliffe and Maconie Show". (Stuart Maconie is a former music journalist and his first "NME" article was a review of Collins's 1987 gig at the Manchester International.)


title: Edwyn Collins

text: On 30 July 2011, Collins performed at the Indietracks festival that was held at the Midland Railway, Butterley, UK. During the 2012 Kendal Calling event Collins sang "A Girl Like You", with Roddy Frame on guitar and Tim Burgess on backing vocals.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins's eighth solo album, "Understated", was released in March 2013 on his own AED Records label and was critically well received, with "God Is in the TV" stating:


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Understated is more than just another step to recovery, it is indeed a fine record in its own right, and utterly life-affirming. It's also perhaps the ultimate testament to the healing power of music. He lost the ability to read, write, and lost movement in half of his body, but what he didn't lose was his gift for coming up with an ear-catching tune, as is proved here. It will make you smile, it may even make you cry, and it's an album that reminds you how good it is to be alive.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: A documentary film about Collins entitled "The Possibilities Are Endless", directed by James Hall and Edward Lovelace, was released in November 2014.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins has been friends with Roddy Frame, the frontman for the new wave group Aztec Camera, since they were both signed to Postcard Records in the 1980s. Collins and Frame collaborated on the Aztec Camera album "Stray", including a live performance of the song "Consolation Prize".


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Frame performed with Collins in November 2007 during Collins's first concert after his recovery from a serious illness, and the pair played again at the Glastonbury Festival in June 2008, on the Park Stage, and at the Purcell Rooms in London, UK, in September 2008.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Frame's fourth solo album, "Seven Dials", was released in 2014 on Collins's AED record label. Frame explained, following the album's release, that he had been inspired to make an album with a full band after his positive experience playing with Collins in 2007 and 2008.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins has also worked extensively as a record producer with other artists, including Terrorvision, Vic Godard, Robert Forster, The Cribs, Little Barrie, and Hooton Tennis Club.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: In 1999, Collins was invited by the band Space to produce what would have been their third album "Love You More than Football", which ended up being scrapped. However he is credited as a producer on a few B-sides, and he delivers a brief vocal cameo on the song "Thank You", where he makes reference to "Falling and Laughing".


title: Edwyn Collins

text: In 2005 Collins produced the Cribs album "The New Fellas" and co-produced the 2013 album "Clarietta", by Charlie Boyer and the Voyeurs, with Lewsley. He also co-produced The Rails' debut album "Fair Warning", released on Island Records in 2014.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins also produced "The Official Body", the third album by the British post-punk band Shopping, which was released on 19 January 2018.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins co-produced a collaborative project between Camera Obscura frontwoman Tracyanne Campbell and guitarist Danny Coughlan that was released in May 2018 by Merge Records with the title Tracyanne & Danny.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: In addition to his music career Collins also produced and starred in the Channel 4 television show "West Heath Yard". Collins released his first book of illustrations, "Some British Birds", with Morel Books in 2009. Liberty of London printed his bird illustrations on fabric as part of a series of fabrics created in collaboration with musicians; his print is named Ornithology.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: In May 2009 Collins won the Ivors Inspiration Award in recognition of his struggles following his 2005 brain haemorrhage.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: In 2010 he received an honorary master's degree from the Buckinghamshire New University, in recognition of his "strong influences and contribution to the national and international music industry over the last three decades".


title: Edwyn Collins

text: On 21 August 2010, Collins attended the Helmsdale Highland Games as the chieftain, an honour also previously bestowed on his grandfather.


title: Edwyn Collins

text: On 24 August 2022, Collins appeared on stage with Coldplay at Hampden Park, Glasgow, to perform A Girl Like You


title: Edwyn Collins

text: Collins is married to Grace Maxwell, who is also his manager. The couple live in Helmsdale and have a son named William.


title: Donald Aronow

text: Donald Joel Aronow (March 3, 1927 – February 3, 1987) was an American designer, builder and racer of the famous Magnum Marine, Cary, Cigarette, Donzi, and Formula speedboats. He built speedboats for the Shah of Iran, Charles Keating, Robert Vesco, Malcolm Forbes, and George H. W. Bush. Retired President Lyndon B. Johnson owned several 16 ft. Donzi speedboats on his Texas ranch with which he would race his Secret Service agents.


title: Donald Aronow

text: Aronow was born in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of Brooklyn, the youngest son of Russian-Jewish immigrants Herman and Ruth Aronow. He had two elder sisters, Sylvia and Lillian. His father owned a gas station and then a taxi company which collapsed during the Great Depression. He graduated a top athlete from James Madison High School in 1944, worked as a life guard at Coney Island, and enrolled at Brooklyn College. In 1945, he joined the merchant marine and worked overseas until the end of World War II. In 1947, he returned to the USA and completed his studies graduating from Brooklyn College in 1948 with a physical education degree earning letters in football, wrestling, and track.


title: Donald Aronow

text: After school, he worked as a physical education teacher for a time until he accepted a job at his father-in-law's southern New Jersey construction business which was booming thanks to demand from returning World War II veterans. In 1953, he established his own construction company, the Aronow Corporation which quickly became one of the largest construction companies in the state. In 1959, at age of 32, the now-millionaire Aronow moved to Miami with his family, where he began racing boats as a hobby.


title: Donald Aronow

text: The hobby evolved into a business and by the end of 1962, he had formed the Formula Marine boat company, which he then sold to Merrick Lewis' Alliance Machine Corp out of Dayton, Ohio. In 1964 he started Donzi Marine; the Donzi brand became an international success and Aronow quickly sold the company to Teleflex Inc. in mid-1965. In 1966, he founded Magnum Marine and in 1967 proceeded to win his first World Championship driving two 27' Magnums, a single engine inboard and a triple engine Mercury-powered outboard.


title: Donald Aronow

text: Since he was not supposed to be building boats in 1969, according to his non-compete clause following the sale of Magnum Marine, Aronow built the first Cigarette boat under the name "Cary", with the help of Elton Cary's Miami Beach facility.


title: Donald Aronow

text: After campaigning his boat "The Cigarette" around the world with mechanic Norris "Knocky" House as his cockpit companion, he won his second World Championship in three years, and third consecutive United States Championship while becoming only the 2nd American in history to win the UIM Gold Medal of Honor (Gar Wood was America's first UIM champion).


title: Donald Aronow

text: Once Aronow was able to formally open his new company, he started Cigarette Racing Team using his own designs in 1970. Having sold Cigarette for the last time in 1982 (after having sold it and purchasing it back in the late 1970s while merging it with his own Squadron Marine), he formed USA Racing Team and built the Blue Thunders, 39-foot catamarans used by the United States Customs Service to patrol U.S. waters and run down illegal offshore activities, especially drug smuggling. Aronow's close friend at the time, Vice President George Bush, was a former Cigarette owner and was involved in testing out the 39-foot cats prior to government approval.


title: Donald Aronow

text: Aronow's boats won over 350 offshore races and he was a two-time world champion and three-time U.S. champion. He has been elected to every powerboating Hall of Fame in existence and as stated above, he and Gar Wood were the only two Americans to have ever received the UIM Gold Medal of Honor.


title: Donald Aronow

text: The great speed of Cigarette boats also made them a popular choice among cocaine smugglers. On February 3, 1987, Aronow was murdered in his car at the end of 188th Street in North Miami Beach where his boat companies operated. Aronow had just left a meeting with Bob Saccenti, part owner of Apache Power Boats together with partner Ben Kramer. Witnesses said a powder blue Lincoln pulled up next to Aronow's car from the opposite direction, and when Aronow rolled down its window the driver opened fire. Another witness tried to follow the Lincoln as it fled but could not catch the killer(s). The Lincoln drove over the grass to get away.


title: Donald Aronow

text: Nearly a decade later, two men pleaded no contest to charges related to Aronow's killing. In 1995, career criminal Bobby Young admitted to shooting Aronow and pleaded no contest to second degree murder, eventually providing a full confession in 2009 shortly before his death. Ben Kramer, winner of the 1986 American Power Boat Association Offshore Championship, pleaded no contest to manslaughter in 1996. Kramer had a business dispute with Aronow after buying the latter's USA Racing Team but was forced to sell it back to Aronow after the Customs Service refused to do business with him. Kramer was already in prison on a life sentence with no possibility of parole following 1988 and 1989 convictions for drug smuggling and gun charges, as well as receiving a 1990 conviction for a failed escape attempt by helicopter from a federal prison near Miami.


title: Donald Aronow

text: The story was also the basis for the 2009 documentary film "Thunder Man: The Don Aronow Story" and the 2018 movie "Speed Kills" with John Travolta.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: Timothy Julian Brooke-Taylor OBE (17 July 194012 April 2020) was an English actor and comedian best known as a member of The Goodies.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: He became active in performing in comedy sketches while at the University of Cambridge and became president of the Footlights, touring internationally with its revue in 1964. Becoming more widely known to the public for his work on BBC Radio with "I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again", he moved into television with "At Last the 1948 Show", working together with old Cambridge friends John Cleese and Graham Chapman. With Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie, he starred in "The Goodies" (1970–1982), picking up international recognition in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. He appeared as an actor in various sitcoms and was a panellist on BBC Radio's "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue" for almost 50 years.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: Timothy Julian Brooke-Taylor was born on 17 July 1940 in Buxton, Derbyshire, England, son of Edward Brooke-Taylor, a solicitor and games teacher and international lacrosse player Rachel, daughter of Francis Pawson, a parson who played centre forward for the English football team in the 1880s. He was expelled from primary school at the early age of five and a half. Brooke-Taylor was then schooled at Thorn Leigh Pre-Preparatory School, Holm Leigh Preparatory School (where he won a cup for his prowess as a bowler in the school cricket team) and Winchester College which he left with seven O-levels and two A-levels in English and history.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: After teaching for a year at Lockers Park School, a preparatory school in Hemel Hempstead and a term back at Holm Leigh School as a teacher, he studied at Pembroke College, Cambridge. There he read economics and politics before changing to read law and mixed with other budding comedians, including John Cleese, Graham Chapman, Bill Oddie, Graeme Garden and Jonathan Lynn in the Cambridge University Footlights Club (of which Brooke-Taylor became President in 1963).


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: The Footlights Club revue, "A Clump of Plinths", was so successful during its Edinburgh Festival Fringe run that the show was renamed as "Cambridge Circus" and transferred to the West End in London before being taken to both New Zealand and Broadway in the United States in September 1964. Brooke-Taylor was also active in the Pembroke College drama society, the Pembroke Players.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: Brooke-Taylor moved swiftly into BBC Radio with the fast-paced comedy show "I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again" which he performed in and co-wrote. As the screeching eccentric Lady Constance de Coverlet, he could be relied upon to generate the loudest audience response of many programmes in this long-running series merely with her unlikely catchphrase "Did somebody call?" uttered after a comic and transparent feed-line, as their adventure story reached its climax or cliffhanger ending. Other members of "I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again" were John Cleese, Bill Oddie, Graeme Garden, David Hatch and Jo Kendall.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: In the mid-1960s Brooke-Taylor performed in the television series "On the Braden Beat" with Canadian Bernard Braden, taking over the slot recently vacated by Peter Cook in his guise as E. L. Wisty. Brooke-Taylor played a reactionary City gent who believed he was the soul of tolerance.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: In 1967 Brooke-Taylor became a writer/performer on the television comedy series "At Last the 1948 Show", with John Cleese, Graham Chapman and Marty Feldman. The "Four Yorkshiremen" sketch was co-written by the four writers and performers of the series. The sketch appears on the DVD of "At Last the 1948 Show". Footage of Brooke-Taylor and Cleese from "At Last the 1948 Show" was shown on the documentary special "". The sketch has since become known for its satirical depiction of Britain's class system and North-South divide.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: Brooke-Taylor also took part in David Frost's pilot programme "How to Irritate People" in 1968, designed to sell what would later be recognised as the Monty Python style of comedy to the American market. Many of the sketches were later revived in the Monty Python TV series, such as the job interview sketch in which Brooke-Taylor played a nervous interviewee tormented by interviewer John Cleese. The programme was also the first collaboration between Cleese and Michael Palin. One of the sketches referred to Cleese's character dating a promiscuous woman named "Christine Wheadon", which was the name of Brooke-Taylor's wife.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: Also in 1968 Brooke-Taylor made an unexpected and uninvited guest appearance in an episode of "Do Not Adjust Your Set", filling in for Michael Palin who was ill that week. The episode he was in still survives and has been included in DVD compilation sets.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: In 1968–69 Brooke-Taylor was also a cast member and writer on the television comedy series "Marty" starring Marty Feldman, with John Junkin and Roland MacLeod. A compilation of the two series of "Marty" has been released on a BBC DVD entitled "The Best of Marty Feldman". During this period Brooke-Taylor appeared as two characters in the film "One Man Band" directed by Orson Welles; however, the project was never completed and remains unreleased.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: At around the same time, Brooke-Taylor made two series of "Broaden Your Mind" with Garden (and Oddie joining for the second series). Describing itself as "An Encyclopedia of the Air", the show was a string of comedy sketches (often lifted from "I'm Sorry I'll Read That Again"), linked (loosely) by a weekly running theme.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: The success of "Broaden Your Mind" led to the commissioning of "The Goodies", also with Oddie and Garden. First transmitted on BBC2 in November 1970, "The Goodies" was a television success, broadcast for over a decade by both the BBC and (in its final year) by ITV contractor London Weekend Television, spawning many spin-off books and successful records.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: During the run of "The Goodies", Brooke-Taylor took part in the BBC radio series "Hello Cheeky", a bawdy stand-up comedy show also starring Barry Cryer and John Junkin. The series transferred to television briefly, produced for ITV by the commercial franchise Yorkshire Television.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: He appeared on television in British sitcoms, including "You Must Be the Husband" with Diane Keen, "His and Hers" with Madeline Smith and "Me and My Girl" with Richard O'Sullivan. He also starred in the Radio 4 comedy series "Tell Me Where It Hurts" in 1979. Brooke-Taylor also appeared regularly in advertisements, including the Christmas commercials for the Brentford Nylons chain of fabric stores and in a public information film for the now-defunct E111 form, since replaced by the European Health Insurance Card.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: In 1971 he played the short, uncredited role of a computer scientist in the film "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory"; his scene was the final one filmed for the movie. After "The Goodies" on UK television, Brooke-Taylor also worked again with Garden and Oddie on the television animated comedy series "Bananaman", in which Brooke-Taylor was the narrator, as well as voicing the characters of King Zorg of the Nurks, Eddie the Gent, Auntie and Appleman. He also lent his voice to the children's TV series "Gideon".


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: Brooke-Taylor appeared in Amnesty International shows: in "A Poke in the Eye (With a Sharp Stick)" he, Oddie and Garden, sang their hit song "Funky Gibbon", whilst in "The Secret Policeman's Other Ball" he took part in the sketches "Top of the Form" (with Cleese, Chapman, John Bird, John Fortune, Rowan Atkinson and Griff Rhys Jones), and "Cha Cha Cha" (with Cleese and Chapman). Brooke-Taylor, Garden and Oddie also appeared on "Top of the Pops" to perform "Funky Gibbon". Garden joined Brooke-Taylor in the theatre production of "The Unvarnished Truth".


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: Other BBC radio programmes in which Brooke-Taylor played a part include the self-styled "antidote to panel games" "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue", which started in 1972; he took part regularly for over 40 years. On 18 February 1981, Brooke-Taylor, was the subject of Thames Television's "This Is Your Life".


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: In 1998 Brooke-Taylor appeared as a guest in one episode of the political satire game show "If I Ruled the World".


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: In 2004, Brooke-Taylor and Garden were co-presenters of Channel 4's daytime game show, "Beat the Nation", in which they indulged in typical game show "banter", but took the quiz itself seriously. He appeared on stage in Australia and England, usually as a middle class Englishman. In the early 1980s, he branched out into pantomime as the Dame in "Dick Whittington". He was also the author (and co-author) of several humorous books, based mainly on his radio and television work, and the sports of golf and cricket. His interest in golf came to the fore when he took part in the "Pro-Celebrity Golf" television series (opposite Bruce Forsyth), and appeared in the premiere episode of the BBC's golf-based game show "Full Swing".


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: In 2008, Brooke-Taylor was heard in the "Doctor Who" audio story "The Zygon Who Fell To Earth", made by Big Finish Productions. Paul McGann played the Eighth Doctor and Brooke-Taylor played the part of Mims, a Zygon taking the shape of a human.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: Brooke-Taylor was elected Lord Rector by the students of the University of St Andrews and held office between 1979 and 1982. In this role he represented the students, chaired the University Court and presided over the General Council in the absence of the Chancellor. At his installation he arrived by helicopter, rode a motorbike and was hauled in an open carriage as part of The Drag. His installation speech included a mother-in-law joke in Latin and a suggestion his successor should be a woman; he was succeeded by Katherine Whitehorn who was elected unopposed as the University's first female rector in 1982. Brooke-Taylor is remembered as an effective Rector who visited the town frequently, took the role seriously, wore a Saltire waistcoat while there and is said to have remarked that St Andrews was "the happiest university" he had been to.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: Brooke-Taylor married Christine Wheadon in 1968 and they had two sons, Ben and Edward. He lived in Cookham Dean, Berkshire and was involved in local events. A keen golfer, he was a member of Temple Golf Club. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to light entertainment.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

text: Brooke-Taylor died of complications from COVID-19 on 12 April 2020, aged 79, in Cookham, Berkshire. In tribute to Brooke-Taylor, the flag of his alma mater, Pembroke College, Cambridge, was flown at half-mast the following day.


title: Rivendell

text: Rivendell ("") is a valley in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth, representing both a homely place of sanctuary and a magical Elvish otherworld. It is an important location in "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", being the place where the quest to destroy the One Ring began.


title: Rivendell

text: Rivendell's feeling of peace may have contributed to the popularity of "The Lord of the Rings" during the war-troubled 1960s. Scholars have noted that Rivendell was the home of Elvish song, from the hymn to Elbereth, recalling Tolkien's Catholicism, to the complex Song of Eärendil with its multiple poetic devices. Others have written that it resembles the Celtic Otherworld of Tír na nÓg; and that it physically recalls the valley of Lauterbrunnen in Switzerland where Tolkien had gone hiking in 1911.


title: Rivendell

text: "Rivendell" is a direct translation or calque into English of the Sindarin Imladris, both meaning "deep valley". The name Rivendell is formed by two English elements: "riven" (split, cloven) and "dell" (valley). Imladris was also rendered ""Karningul"" in Westron, the "Common Tongue" of Middle-earth represented as English in the text of "The Lord of the Rings." The house of Elrond in Rivendell is also called "The Last Homely House East of the Sea," alluding to the wilderness (Rhovanion) that lies east of the Misty Mountains.


title: Rivendell

text: Rivendell lay in eastern Eriador at the edge of a narrow gorge of the river Bruinen (one of the main approaches to Rivendell comes from the nearby Ford of Bruinen), well hidden in the moorlands and foothills of the "Hithaeglir" or Misty Mountains. Contrary to the map of western Middle-earth published in "The Lord of the Rings", the Great East Road did not, in Tolkien's view, lead through Rivendell: Rivendell was maintained as a hidden valley away from the road to the High Pass. Like Hobbiton, it is at about the same latitude as Tolkien's workplace, Oxford.


title: Rivendell

text: Rivendell was founded in the Second Age after the dark lord Sauron's destruction of the Elvish land of Eregion. Rivendell remained as the only Elven settlement in eastern Eriador; Gil-galad gave Elrond the Ring Vilya, providing him with the power to protect Rivendell and slow the passage of time in its hidden valley: indeed, Rivendell kept its own calendar. Rivendell survived repeated attacks in the Third Age by the armies of the Witch-king of Angmar. Rivendell held the heirlooms of the Rangers of the North from the lost kingdom of Arnor, including the shards of Elendil's sword Narsil, the Sceptre of Annúminas, and the Star of Elendil. Elrond fostered the children of the heirs to Arnor's throne, the last being Aragorn. While in Rivendell, Aragorn met and fell in love with Elrond's daughter, Arwen. They were married after he was crowned king of both Gondor and Arnor. Sauron's enemies including Elrond formed the White Council, which met in Rivendell, as when the Council decided to eject the Necromancer from his fortress in Dol Guldur. The protagonists of "The Hobbit" take advice from Elrond in Rivendell. The protagonists of "The Lord of the Rings" meet in Rivendell, attend the Council of Elrond, and decide on the quest to destroy the One Ring. The hero Aragorn's sword is reforged as Andúril by Rivendell's smiths. When the One Ring is destroyed, Elrond's ring loses its power, and he leaves to sail for Valinor.


title: Rivendell

text: The Rivendell valley may be based upon the valley of Lauterbrunnen in Switzerland, where Tolkien had gone hiking. Tolkien indeed stated that "From Rivendell to the other side of the Misty Mountains, the journey ... including the glissade [of Bilbo and the Dwarves] down the slithering stones into the pine woods ... is based on my adventures in Switzerland in 1911".


title: Rivendell

text: The medievalist Marjorie Burns writes that Bilbo's approach to Rivendell parallels the early fantasy writer and translator of Norse legend William Morris's approach through the wilds of Iceland to a place he called "Water-dale" ("Vatnsdale"); both ride across uplands dotted with patches of green, becoming extremely tired; both then cross narrow ravines, and bogs; and both arrive at a hidden valley that offers shelter and comfort. In another place, Morris crosses a "narrow, bridge-like rock", just as Bilbo faces a "narrow bridge of stone without a parapet" on entering Rivendell.


title: Rivendell

text: Matthew T. Dickerson, in the "J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia", writes that Rivendell consistently represents a sanctuary, a place that felt like home, throughout the legendarium.


title: Rivendell

text: The journalist Jane Ciabattari writes that a major reason for the popularity of "Lord of the Rings" was the desire for escape among the Vietnam War generation. She compares the military-industrial complex with Mordor, and suggests that they yearned for a place of peace, just as Frodo Baggins felt an "overwhelming longing to rest and remain at peace… in Rivendell".


title: Rivendell

text: Burns writes that Rivendell and the other Elvish realm of Lothlórien parallel the Celtic Otherworld (in Irish, Tír na nÓg), being hard to find, but if one is admitted and welcomed, one crosses a river, symbolising the spiritual transition from the ordinary realm, and "the weary adventurer is transported into a haven of Elven hospitality and delight". There are multiple markers of the transition:


title: Rivendell

text: Burns notes that both "Riven" and "dell" suggest a low place into which one must descend; and that a descent is characteristic of Celtic tales of entry into the underground realm of the Tuatha Dé Danann, whose chiefs each rule a burial mound.


title: Rivendell

text: The philologist and Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey remarks that Tolkien, a Christian, was extremely careful with dates and timelines, but that hardly any readers notice that the Fellowship sets out from Rivendell on its quest on 25 December, the date of Christmas, and succeeds, destroying the Ring and causing the fall of Sauron, on 25 March, the date in Anglo-Saxon tradition for the Crucifixion.


title: Rivendell

text: The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger writes that both Frodo and Aragorn receive their renewed magic swords in Rivendell, marking them out as heroes in the epic tradition of Sigurd and Arthur, at the start of their quest.


title: Rivendell

text: Shippey contrasts the versions of the "Old Walking Song" sung by Bilbo and Frodo. Bilbo follows the "Road ... with eager feet", hoping to reach the peace of Rivendell, to retire and take his ease; whereas Frodo sings "with weary feet", hoping somehow to reach Mordor bearing the Ring, and to try to destroy it in the Cracks of Doom: diametrically opposed destinations and errands. He notes that Rivendell was the home of Elvish song, and cites Tolkien's statement that the song that the Hobbits hear in Rivendell, "A Elbereth Gilthoniel" invoking the semi-divine Varda, was a hymn suggestive of his own devout Catholicism. Shippey writes, too, that Tolkien had Bilbo write and sing the Song of Earendil in Rivendell, making use of multiple poetic devices – rhyme, internal half-rhyme, alliteration, alliterative assonance, and "a frequent if irregular variation of syntax" – to create a mysterious Elvish effect of "rich and continuous uncertainty, a pattern forever being glimpsed but never quite grasped." Rebecca Ankeny comments that Tolkien uses verse, too, to signal the horror of the Elves when Gandalf speaks the dark lord's rhyme of the Rings aloud, in the Black Speech, threatening the end of Rivendell.


title: Rivendell

text: The Tolkien scholar Gergely Nagy notes that Tolkien wanted to present the complex set of writings of "The Silmarillion" as a seemingly-genuine collection of tales and myths within the frame of his fictional Middle-earth; he modified "The Lord of the Rings" to ascribe the documents to Bilbo, supposedly written in the years he spent in Rivendell, and preserved in the fictitious "Red Book of Westmarch", its name alluding to the "Red Book of Hergest".


title: Rivendell

text: Burns writes that Rivendell, "the Last Homely House", offers a welcoming home, repeating the pattern set in both "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" of "easy-going but tidy bachelor indulgence" from Bilbo's Bag End hobbit-hole onwards; despite Arwen, there is hardly anything "of the feminine".


title: Rivendell

text: In Peter Jackson's 2001 film "", Rivendell was represented by Kaitoke Regional Park, New Zealand, though the waterfalls were added with computer-generated imagery. Brian Rosebury comments that Jackson presents the Elves as sophisticated, where Tolkien made them close to nature. All the same, he writes, the film Rivendell's "architecture and ornaments are dominated by natural motifs", suggesting "integration with nature, but at one remove", something that works well for the "Portmeirion-like idyll" of the portrayed Rivendell. Rosebury describes the design as "post-Ruskinian", as in pre-Raphaelite paintings, William Morris's Arts and Crafts designs, and Art Nouveau architectural details. These differ from Tolkien's own illustrations, but in a way, Rosebury suggests, that Tolkien would have liked as it matches his dislike of industrialised manufacture.


title: Rivendell

text: In the period of counterculture in the Western world of the 1960s and 1970s, a commune called "Maos Lyst" (Mao's Delight) was founded on the island of Zealand, Denmark, in 1968, its inhabitants replacing their surnames with "Kløvedal", the Danish for Rivendell. Several of them later became well-known cultural personalities in the country.


title: Rivendell

text: The Tolkien Ensemble set all the songs in "The Lord of the Rings" to music on four CDs between 1997 and 2005, each with "Rivendell" in its title. The Swedish classical composer Anna-Lena Laurin has written a work for two guitars entitled "Rivendell".


title: Rivendell

text: The Canadian progressive rock band Rush memorialised the Elvish sanctuary in the song "Rivendell" on their 1975 studio album "Fly by Night". The song focuses on the tranquillity and seemingly endless time a weary traveller could find there, with lyrics such as "Elfin songs and endless nights / Sweet wine and soft relaxing lights / Time will never touch you / Here in this enchanted place".


title: Leberkäse

text: "Leberkäse" is also called "Fleischlaib", which literally means "meat-loaf" in German, but it is not a meatloaf, which in German is called "Hackbraten" (literally "ground roast", from "Hackfleisch", "ground meat", and "ein Braten", "a roast"), "faschierter Braten" (literally "minced roast", from "faschieren", "to mince", and "ein Braten", "a roast"), "Wiegebraten", "falscher Hase" ("false hare" or "faux hare") and "Heuchelhase" ("mock-hare").


title: Leberkäse

text: "Fleischkäse" is said to have been invented in 1776, although this story has been heavily contested. The name ""Leberkäse"" literally translates to "liver-cheese" but developed by folk etymology from an archaic form of the word "Laib" ("loaf") and "Käse" ("cheese") ("cf." English "head cheese"), although it traditionally contains neither liver nor cheese. According to the origin of the word, Leberkäse means "left-overs in a box", which also aptly describes the production of the product. Its modern name is misleading, as Leberkäse originally had no reference to the organ liver, as is still the case today in the Bavarian "Leberkas". "Leber" is originally derived from Old High German "leiba", meaning "left-over". The suffix "-kas" is a dialect variant for "Kasten", i.e. "box".


title: Leberkäse

text: According to German food laws, only products called "Bavarian Leberkäse" are allowed not to contain liver; otherwise, there must be a minimum liver content of 4%. Some local variants must contain even more liver; for example, the liver content of "Stuttgarter Leberkäse" must be at least 5%. The type without liver is normally called "Fleischkäse" (literally "meat-cheese") if it is not made in Bavaria.


title: Leberkäse

text: Leberkäse is widespread in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Austria, and ingredients may vary from region to region. The most common meat is lean pork or pork belly, ground fine with herbs and spices that may include coriander, mace, ginger, salt, and pepper. A curing salt is also used, typically Prague Powder #1, which helps the dish retain its pinkish hue. The meat batter is baked in a loaf pan until the top develops a brown crust.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: Juggalo gangs are a group using the name and associated imagery from Juggalo culture, dedicated fans of the hip hop group Insane Clown Posse or any other Psychopathic Records artist. As a result, Juggalos have been classified as a criminal street gang by government and law enforcement agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the National Gang Intelligence Center, and the states of Arizona, California, Pennsylvania, and Utah. Juggalo gang sets have been documented by law enforcement in at least 21 states, including those that do not recognize Juggalos as a gang at the state level.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: Juggalo gangs band together under the Juggalo banner in order to engage in patterns of criminal activity. Unlike members of the general Juggalo subculture, these gangs have handbooks detailing gang ranks and responsibilities, and commit crimes for financial gain.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: The National Gang Intelligence Center has also predicted that "The formation of rivalries or alliances to gangs outside their group will allow the Juggalos to evolve into a more sophisticated criminal entity through associations with hardened, experienced gang members."


title: Juggalo gangs

text: Insane Clown Posse objects to characterizations of its fanbase as a gang, and has challenged the Federal gang designation in court. In December 2017 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled that ICP failed to demonstrate harm caused by the FBI's 2011 report.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: According to the National Gang Intelligence Center, there are more than one million self-proclaimed Juggalos across the United States. It is estimated that 85–90% of self-described Juggalos are peaceful, non-criminal music fans. The other 10–15% make up the Juggalo subculture's criminal element, which has been linked to numerous crimes including extortion, murder, domestic terrorism, drive-by shootings, drug trafficking, arson, burglary, armed robbery, aggravated assault, and weapon offenses, and has been documented collaborating with a wide array of street and prison gangs.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: A series of arsons on a Navajo reservation have been linked to a local Juggalo gang set, which uses arson as a way to increase Juggalos' rank within the gang.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: In 2008, members of a Blood-affiliated Juggalo set known as the Southwest Bloods were convicted of aggravated assault after one member was required to stab a man in order to leave the gang.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: Juggalos were identified by the New Jersey Department of Law & Public Safety as the most actively recruiting gang in New Jersey in 2010.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: Also in 2010, a Juggalette who was not affiliated with any gang was assaulted by a new Juggalo gang called the Juggalo Killers, who knocked her unconscious before carving the letters "JK" into her chest, because they wanted to be the only group wearing Insane Clown Posse merchandise in their territory.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: In 2012, a Juggalo gang member, who was wanted for violating probation, was placed on New Mexico's most wanted list.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: Juggalos in Oregon have been reported to have extorted homeless and homosexual individuals on the street with the threat of beatings.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: In August 2013, a Juggalo street gang member was arrested on charges of attempted murder, battery with a deadly weapon and possession of a controlled substance for allegedly attacking a cyclist with two meat cleavers in northeast Las Vegas, calling the man a "snitch".


title: Juggalo gangs

text: Also in 2013, a Juggalo member in Washington state allegedly stabbed a 14-year-old boy at a birthday party after being mocked for his Juggalo affiliation.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: The National Gang Intelligence Center has noted a high number of Juggalo sets with ties to the Los Angeles-based Bloods gang, although the reason why Juggalos align themselves with Bloods sets remains unclear. In at least one case, the gangs aligned because they share the same gang color (red). Bloods and Juggalos have also collaborated to commit drive-by shootings.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: In Pennsylvania, the Bloods and Crips dominate the incarcerated Juggalo gangs and use them for recruitment. In addition, certain Juggalo gangs have allied with violent prison gangs, including the Aryan Brotherhood, Aryan Circle, 211 Crew, and Aryan Brothers Liberation.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: Juggalo gang members are notable for their tendency toward extremely brutal and wanton violence. Juggalo gangs generally prefer edged weapons such as hatchets, machetes, and medieval battle-axes to firearms, and said gangs have been linked to a string of grisly murders throughout the United States. According to the National Gang Intelligence Center, Juggalo gangs are a threat to the community because of their tendency for violence against law enforcement, innocent civilians, and other members of their group, and Juggalos in Colorado have become increasingly involved in violent crime, including aggravated assault and homicide.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: Several law enforcement officers have commented on the Juggalo gang's tendency toward extreme violence. Arizona Department of Public Safety Detective Michelle Vasey has also expressed concern at the Juggalos high potential for violence, stating "The weapons, they prefer, obviously, hatchets ... We've got battle-axes, we've got machetes, anything that can make the most violent, gruesome wound," and "Some of the homicides we're seeing with these guys are pretty nasty, gruesome, disgusting homicides, where they don't care who's around, what's around, they're just out to kill anybody."


title: Juggalo gangs

text: On June 28, 2010, three youths in Fairfield, Australia believed to have been Juggalos attempted to rob a 20-year-old woman waiting outside a club.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: Juggalo gang experts have stressed that not all self-proclaimed Juggalos are criminals or gang members. Detective Michelle Vasey has commented, "I don't want people to go out there and look at every Juggalo and say, 'Oh, he's a gang member, he's got a machete and he's going to slice and dice everybody.' But people need to be aware that there are huge issues that have evolved in just the last three years both in the eastern and western United States where we've got multiple individuals committing gang-related crimes, gang-motivated crimes, and they're using the name Juggalo."


title: Juggalo gangs

text: According to law enforcement research, including an interview with an admitted Juggalo gang member, the Juggalo subculture has recently split into two very different groups: the music fans and the criminal street gang. Some members of the Juggalos street gang even look down on non-criminal Juggalos, considering them to be weak, and criminal Juggalo gangs have committed attacks on non-gang-related Juggalos.


title: Juggalo gangs

text: These criminal Juggalo subsets are being formed by a new generation of Juggalos who are attempting to evolve the Juggalo subculture into a collection of smaller gangs or cliques.