title: .hack (video game series)

text: Players may create their characters based on a number of preset body shapes and color schemes and may choose a class (such as Wavemaster or Twin Blade), character name and bonus stat points. In online mode, players may enter a lobby and search for a maximum of two other players to join them on an adventure. The game includes an expanded communication interface that allows players to chat, send e-mail, post to an in-game Bulletin Board System, and receive server news updates. It is possible to establish ad hoc chat rooms separate from the public-access ones. Guilds are permanent, exclusive chat rooms for members, and can also be used to set up a storefront to sell items to online players.


title: .hack (video game series)

text: In offline mode, players may use the same character that they use for online mode, and any skills, items and levels they gain will carry over into online mode. Players may invite or create characters from the ".hack" games, ".hack//Sign", and ".hack//Legend of the Twilight" into their party. The "story mode" of ".hack//frägment" is similar to that of the ".hack" games, though it doesn't feature any of the antagonists from the original games, and the scenario is an entirely non-canon what-if story.


title: .hack (video game series)

text: Players may also install a companion program on their PC called "Area Server", which allows them to create fields and dungeons for players to visit online. As players clear fields and dungeons on a user's Area Server, the Area Server gains experience points and levels. Once the server reaches a certain level, it's possible for custom areas to become "corrupted", much like in the events of the ".hack" games. Players can visit a corrupted area by breaking into it with virus cores obtained from using the Data Drain skill on enemies, and can defeat a data bug boss enemy at the bottom of the corrupted dungeon. Once the boss monster has been defeated, the area corruption is cleared.


title: .hack (video game series)

text: Since the game's official online service was closed in 2007, a private server has been created by fans of the game, along with a fan translation into English.


title: Kim Ji-hoon (actor, born 1981)

text: Kim Ji-hoon (born May 9, 1981) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his romantic comedies on television such as "The Golden Age of Daughters-in-Law" (2007), "Love Marriage" (also known as "Matchmaker's Lover", 2008), "Stars Falling from the Sky" (also known as "Wish Upon a Star", 2010), and "My Cute Guys" (2012). In 2010, he also appeared in the film "Natalie", and cable mystery series "Unsolved".


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Israel are considered the most developed in the Middle East. Although same-sex sexual activity was legalized in 1988, the former law against sodomy had not been enforced since a court decision in 1963. Israel became the first country in Asia to recognize unregistered cohabitation between same-sex couples, making it the first country in Asia to recognize same-sex unions in any capacity. Although same-sex marriages are not performed in the country (as it does not have civil non-religious marriages), Israel recognizes same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. Discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation was prohibited in 1992. Same-sex couples are allowed to jointly adopt, following a landmark court decision in 2008. Previously, stepchild adoption, as well as limited co-guardianship rights for non-biological parents, were permitted. LGBT people are also allowed to serve openly in the military.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Tel Aviv was referred to by the Calgary Herald as one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world, famous for its annual Pride parade and gay beach, earning it the nickname "the gay capital of the Middle East" by "Out" magazine. According to users of the website GayCities, it was ranked as the best gay city in 2011, despite reports of some anti-LGBT violence during the 2000s, which were criticized by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and President Shimon Peres. A monument dedicated to the gay victims of the Holocaust was erected in Tel Aviv in 2014. Opinion polls have found that a majority of Israelis support the legalization of same-sex marriage, as well as adoption and surrogacy rights for same-sex couples. During International Pride Month on 21 June 2020, Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality announced that same-sex couples would have exactly the same rights as opposite-sex marriages there, with this being provided by the municipality. Marriages inside the municipality will be legally recognized as others.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: The State of Israel inherited the "Buggery Act of 1533" as part of the British Mandate's legal code. There is no known record that it was ever enforced against homosexual acts that took place between consenting adults in private in the civilian judicial system. In certain cases, defendants were found guilty of "sodomy" (which according to Israeli law included oral sex as well), apparently by way of plea bargains: those defendants had been indicted for more serious sexual offenses, and homosexuality was also used as a case of "aggravating circumstances" for other sexual offenses. However, there were several cases of soldiers tried for homosexual acts in military courts.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In 1953, the Attorney General of Israel issued a directive ordering the police to refrain from enforcing the law against homosexual acts between consenting adults. The Israeli Supreme Court likewise ruled in 1963 that the law should not be applied to acts between consenting adults in private. The ban on consensual same-sex sexual acts was formally repealed by the Knesset in 1988. The age of consent for both homosexual and heterosexual acts is 16 years of age.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Same-sex marriage cannot legally be performed in Israel. Israeli law allows same-sex marriages performed elsewhere to be registered, but not recognized based upon a 2006 Israeli Supreme Court decision which stated:


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Before we conclude, let us reemphasize what it is that we are deciding today, and what it is that we are not deciding today. We are deciding that within the context of the status of the population registry as a recorder of statistics, the registration official should register in the population register what is implied by the public certificate that is presented to him by the petitioners, according to which the petitioners are married and in view of the role of the registration official as a collector of statistical material for the purpose of managing the registry...We are not deciding that marriage between persons of the same sex is recognized in Israel; we are not recognizing a new status of such marriages; we are not adopting any position with regard to recognition in Israel of marriages between persons of the same sex that take place outside Israel (whether between Israeli residents or between persons who are not Israeli residents).


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Civil marriage does not exist in Israel for heterosexual couples either (except where both heterosexual spouses do not belong to any of the recognized religious communities in the country), and therefore only a marriage sanctioned by the small number of officially recognized religious authorities can take place within Israel. (This restriction forces not only same-sex couples, but also all mixed-religion heterosexual couples and any person who wishes a non-religious marriage, to marry outside the country.)


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: The State of Israel allows foreign partners of its homosexual citizenry to receive residency permits. The Civil Service Commission extends spousal benefits and pensions to the partners of homosexual employees. The Israeli State Attorney's Office has extended the spousal exemption from property-transfer taxes to same-sex couples. Israel's Attorney General has granted legal recognition to same-sex couples in financial and other business matters. Attorney General Meni Mazuz said the couples will be treated the same as common-law spouses, recognizing them as legal units for tax, real estate, and financial purposes. Mazuz made his decision by refusing to appeal a district court ruling in an inheritance case that recognized the legality of a same-sex union, his office said in a statement. Mazuz did differentiate, however, between recognizing same-sex unions for financial and practical purposes, as he did, and changing the law to officially sanction the unions, which would be a matter for Parliament, according to the statement.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: The city of Tel Aviv recognizes unmarried couples, including gays and lesbians, as family units and grants them discounts for municipal services. Under the bylaw, unmarried couples qualify for the same discounts on daycare and the use of swimming pools, sports facilities, and other city-sponsored activities that married couples enjoy. On 29 January 2007, following a Supreme Court ruling ordering them to do so, Jerusalem registered its first same-sex couple, Avi and Binyamin Rose.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In 2010, Israel's marriage law was amended with the passage of the "Civil Union Law for Citizens with no Religious Affiliation, 2010", allowing an opposite-sex couple to form a civil union in Israel if they are both registered as officially not belonging to any religion.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: There have been five failed legislative attempts in the Knesset to recognise same-sex unions. The first attempt was a civil marriage bill, which included provisions for same-sex marriages, introduced by Meretz. The bill was rejected in May 2012 in a 39 to 11 vote, with 70 not attending. The second and third attempts were two similar bills that would have provided for civil unions in Israel for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples; one introduced by Hatnuah, and the other by Yesh Atid. At the same time, Meretz proposed a civil marriage bill, which included provisions for same-sex marriages. On 8 July 2015, the Knesset rejected the Meretz and Yesh Atid bills, in a 39-50 vote, while Hatnuah's bill was rejected on 22 February 2016 in a 40-47 vote. In June 2018, the Knesset rejected a same-sex marriage bill introduced by The Zionist Union. The bill failed by just three votes, 39-42.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In June 2020, it was reported that Tel Aviv will explicitly recognize both civil unions and same-sex marriage from outside Israel. In November 2020, it was also reported that Ramat Gan also will explicitly recognize both civil unions and same-sex marriage from outside Israel.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Adoption by LGBT parents had only been permitted in certain restricted situations, notably when a previous connection exists between the adopting parent and the child, such as being a family member or a foster child. On 10 January 2005, the Supreme Court ruled that a lesbian couple can legally adopt each other's children. During the past 15 years that Tal and Avital Jarus-Hakak had lived together, they had a total of three children. The couple petitioned the Tel Aviv Family Court for the right to formally adopt each other's children in 1997, but the request was rejected because Israel's adoption law had no provisions for same-sex couples. The couple appealed. While they failed to get a favorable ruling in the Tel Aviv District Court, the Supreme Court accepted the case. Citing Article 25 of the "Adoption of Children Law of 1981" (; Arabic: ), the Jarus-Hakaks argued that the law allows for "special circumstances" for adoption when it is for the good of the child, even if the child's parents are still alive. The only condition is that the person seeking to adopt be single. The couple argued that since the state does not recognize same-sex marriage, they are single by law. They added that adoption was in the children's best interest if one of their natural mothers should die. The Supreme Court of Israel agreed, ruling 7–2 in favor of the couple. Following the Supreme Court ruling, the couple was allowed to adopt each other's biological children on 12 February 2006. Lesbian couples can also legally gain access to IVF and assisted insemination.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In February 2008, a court ruled that same-sex couples are now permitted to adopt a child even if that child is not biologically related to either parent. This marked a watershed in granting equal rights to gay people in Israel. isRealli, the official, but now defunct, blog of the State of Israel, frequently published updates on gay adoption news in Israel. On 10 March 2009, the Tel Aviv Family Court ruled that former Knesset member Uzi Even and his partner, Amit Kama, could legally adopt their 30-year-old foster son, Yossi, making them the first same-sex male couple in Israel whose right of adoption was legally acknowledged.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: On 28 January 2014, the Israel High Court of Justice ruled in favor of a May 2013 modification by Israel Attorney General Yehuda Weinstein and stated that same-sex couples in Israel could easily adopt through surrogacy so long as the biological parent in the same-sex relationship was willing to take a paternity test or present highly convincing alternative medical and legal evidence of paternity. Prior to the 2013 modification, both a paternity test by the biological parent and a lengthy legal process by the non-biological parent were required in order for a joint adoption to take place for same-sex couples participating in surrogacy. This ruling was further enhanced in August 2016 when the Tel Aviv Family Court ruled that Israeli same-sex couples could adopt through surrogacy from individuals residing in either Israel or from other countries.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In late August 2017, the Israeli Government announced that it no longer opposes same-sex adoption and that new criteria for adoption would be enacted. Under the new criteria, the potential parents can legally adopt a child, regardless of their sexual orientation; opposite-sex and same-sex couples being given equal treatment. Previously, same-sex couples could only adopt children opposite-sex couples did not want to adopt. From 2008 to 2017, only 3 same-sex couples (out of 550 applicants) were able to adopt, compared to 1,000 opposite-sex adoptions. According to a poll conducted earlier in August 2017, 60% of Israelis supported adoption rights for same-sex couples, while 33% were against. As of 2019, however, the Justice Minister has blocked the criteria.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Israeli surrogacy law allows opposite-sex couples to sign a surrogacy agreement with a surrogate mother. In July 2018, the Knesset passed a bill expending surrogacy rights to single women, but rejected an amendment that would have included same-sex couples. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu supported the amendment, but later voted against it due to objections from Orthodox groups. Subsequently, an estimated 100,000 people marched in Tel Aviv in protest. The protests also received support from multiple companies, including Apple Inc., Microsoft, Israir Airlines and many more, and an opinion poll conducted in July 2018 found that 57% of Israelis were in favour of surrogacy for same-sex couples. Despite the passage of the law, several court rulings have protected surrogacy rights for same-sex couples. In February 2020, the Israeli Supreme Court unanimously ruled that same-sex couples should be given access to surrogacy, holding that the current law harms the "right to equality" and gave the state one year to amend the existing legislation.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In July 2018, the Israeli High Court proposed to make it easier for children raised by same-sex couples to be registered on official documents with the names of both their parents. Under the proposal, the non-biological parent would have to send a notice to the Interior Ministry. However, the Israeli Government rejected this measure, and insisted that same-sex couples should receive a court order if they wish to register their child(ren) with both their names. In December 2018, the High Court of Justice ruled that same-sex parents have the right to be listed on their child(ren)'s birth certificates. In a landmark case, the top court ruled that the Interior Ministry cannot refuse this right based on the parent's sexual orientation. The ruling came after two gay men adopted a son, then tried to list both their names on his birth certificate, but government officials refused to do so. Supreme Court Justice Neal Hendel said in the decision:The principle of "the good of the child" argues for the recording of his entire family unit, and doesn't permit us to limit ourselves to only one of his parents in the birth certificate…. The contrast with the treatment of a child adopted by a heterosexual couple, who has the right to have both adopted parents written in a birth certificate, is a contrast that applies both to the child and to the parents... It is unreasonable for the couple to be [legally] recognized as parents but for the certificate not to give expression to that fact.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: On 11 July 2021, the Israeli High Court ruled that the amendment to the Surrogacy Law enacted in 2018, which discriminates against same-sex couples, will be amended by a High Court order, and will enter into force within six months. In January 2022, allowing same-sex couples and singles to legally access surrogacy goes into legal effect.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Treatment for gender dysphoria in Israel can be paid for using the country's public health insurance system if a patient receives approval by the Committee for Sex Reassignment operating out of Sheba Medical Center in Tel HaShomer, which consists of an endocrinologist, a urologist, and a plastic surgeon and is organized by the Health Ministry. All sex reassignment surgery operations in Israel are furthermore performed by Dr. Haim Kaplan at Sheba Medical Center under this committee's approval. However, many transgender Israelis have had trouble getting approval for treatment by this committee due to their stringent opinions on gender dysphoria. Thus, many pay out of pocket for hormone replacement therapy and/or go overseas for sex reassignment surgery.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: A bill was introduced to the Knesset in June 2013 to eliminate gender markers on National Identity Cards, but it did not pass.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Since 2015, the Health Ministry has allowed transgender people to change legal gender without undergoing sex reassignment surgery or a sex change operation.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: There were several cases of soldiers being tried for homosexual acts until decisions by the Israeli Supreme Court and Attorney General prohibited sodomy laws from being enforced against consensual acts between adults. In 1956, the Military Court of Appeals heard a case of two male soldiers who had been sentenced to a year in prison for consensual sexual activity, and downgraded the sentences to one day in prison for one of them and 70 days for the one ruled to have instigated the encounter after accepting the testimony of a psychologist, Dr. Skali Avraham, that homosexual behavior was deviant but not criminal. In 1977, the Military Advocate General, Brigadier General Zvi Inbar, issued a set of directives – "The Trying of Homosexual Soldiers" – to all military prosecutors, instructing them to only file charges against soldiers who committed homosexual acts if: one of the parties involved was a minor, the sex was non-consensual, one of the parties was unconscious, the sex was conducted in public, or one of the soldiers was under the command of the other.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In 1983, the IDF adopted a policy that gay personnel would not be limited or discharged solely based on their sexual orientation, but it did prohibit gay service members from taking intelligence positions, other jobs requiring a top-secret clearance, or serving in elite combat units. Officers were also required to refer known gay soldiers for a psychological evaluation to determine whether they posed any security risks or were mentally unfit for service, though commanders did sometimes disregard this policy.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In 1993, the IDF formally opened the draft to all regardless of sexual orientation. In 1998, the IDF ceased to link sexual orientation to security clearances and rescinded a standing order that required commanding officers to report gay soldiers for evaluation.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Openly gay, lesbian and bisexual soldiers serve without hindrance in all branches of the military. Discrimination against gay, lesbian and bisexual soldiers in recruitment, placement and promotion is prohibited in Israel. Harassment on the grounds of sexual orientation is also prohibited in the Israeli military. The military recognizes same-sex couples, including widows and widowers of the same sex. Soldiers are also allowed to participate in gay pride parades. The Israel Defense Forces currently does not consider gender dysphoria to be a disqualifying condition for service. Furthermore, the IDF considers certain transition-specific medical treatment (hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery) and counseling to be medically necessary for those diagnosed with transsexualism and thus pays for said treatments. The IDF also determines gender specific army regulations (length of service, which gender to be housed with, whether they are to wear a male or female uniform, etc.) on a case-by-case basis for its transgender soldiers. However, given that Israeli law makes it difficult for its transsexuals to begin transition until they reach 18, the draft age, and does not normally allow for sex reassignment surgery to be performed before the age of 21, so far the only person who underwent surgery while serving is Shachar Erez, the first openly transgender person to become an officer. Furthermore, many draftees diagnosed with gender dysphoria can receive exemption from military service at their own request. Officially, the IDF policy does not prohibit intersex persons from service.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: On 10 June 2011, the "Law of Return" was tested when a gay male couple, one Jewish and one Catholic, made Aliyah to Israel. This couple was the first same-sex, different-religion married couple to request joint Aliyah status, although opposite-sex married couples of opposite religions receive joint Aliyah as a matter of course. The Jewish man quickly received citizenship but the decision of citizenship for his husband was delayed by the Ministry of the Interior despite the clause in the law saying the spouse of the Jewish immigrant must also be granted citizenship. On 10 August 2011, the Ministry of the Interior granted citizenship to the non-Jewish husband as required by the "Law of Return". In 2014, Interior Minister Gidon Sa'ar officially decided that, according to the "Law of Return", Jews in same-sex relationships married abroad wishing to immigrate to Israel can do so—even if their partners are not Jewish—and both they and their partners will receive Israeli citizenship.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In December 2016, Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit issued an instruction to Israel's Interior Ministry to consider applications for citizenship by same-sex and opposite-sex couples equally under the same terms. The same-sex spouse of an Israeli citizen will now be able to claim Israeli citizenship at the same speed as an opposite-sex spouse. Previously, same-sex couples had to wait up to seven years, and would generally only be granted permanent residency rather than citizenship. The process was far quicker for opposite-sex couples. The decision came in response to a lawsuit filed before the High Court of Justice by the Gay Fathers Association.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: LGBT couples in Israel have the same pension, inheritance and medical rights as heterosexual couples. In 1992, legislation was passed into law to prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, with some exemptions for religious organizations. In 1997, an amendment was added to the nation's "Libel and Slander Law". The amendment broadened the prohibition of uttering and publishing defamation and slander, motivated by the sexual orientation of a person. Moreover, the law specifies that every violent crime, motivated by sexual orientation, shall be considered a hate crime, doubling the punishment. The "Prohibition of Discrimination in Products, Services and Entry into Places of Entertainment and Public Places Law, 2000" (; Arabic: ) prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation, among others, on the part of those who provide products, public services or operate public places.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In April 2020, the Beersheba Magistrate's Court ruled that a local print shop must compensate an LGBT rights group after it refused to print its posters. The court held that "When their beliefs conflict with a necessity of providing service to all in a public space, the last value holds superior".


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In October 2014, the Ministry of Health issued a statement announcing that it considers conversion therapy to "create false impressions of scientific recognition even though there is no scientific evidence that it is at all successful. It may also cause harm to the individual." The Ministry created a complaints committee to investigate allegations of conversion therapy by mental health professionals. According to February 2017 reports, none of the 20 complaints filed had been dealt with by the committee. The committee is supposed to convene monthly. Several MKs, namely Yael German and Eyal Ben-Reuven, have called the committee "dysfunctional".


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In February 2016, the Knesset rejected a bill introduced by former Health Minister Yael German that would have banned conversion therapy in Israel for minors. The bill was rejected 37-45.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In January 2019, the Israel Medical Association, which represents about 90% of all doctors in Israel, explicitly banned all its members from performing any conversion therapy on patients.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In July 2019, interim Minister of Education Rafi Peretz attracted criticism after he endorsed the pseudoscientific practice and claimed to have personally performed such therapies. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected Peretz's comments as unacceptable, saying they "do not represent [his] government's position" and that "[he] made it clear to him that the Israeli educational system will continue to accept all Jewish children whoever they are and without any difference based on sexual orientation." Thousands of Israeli teachers signed a petition demanding Perez's dismissal, and more than a thousand people protested his comments in Tel Aviv and in Peretz's hometown calling for his resignation, with the presence of former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. Days later, Peretz backtracked from his comments, calling conversion therapy "inappropriate", but added that "individuals with a homosexual orientation have the right to receive professional help". Following his comments, hundreds of LGBT Israelis recounted their "painful" and "destructive" experiences with conversion therapy.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Several conversion therapy advocates and licensed professionals have moved to Israel from the United States, due to a growing number of bans on the pseudoscientific practice there. The Israel Psychological Association opposes conversion therapy.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In July 2020, Israeli MP's passed a bill to begin the process to outlaw conversion therapy, being the first Middle East country to do so. The bill was passed as two of the main coalition parties joined the opposition in supporting it. It must pass two more approvals to become a new law.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Since 1 June 2017, gay and bisexual men in Israel have been allowed to legally donate blood following a one-year deferral period. However, no deferral was in place for lesbians or bisexual women.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In January 2018, the Health Ministry approved a pilot allowing gay and bisexual men to donate blood, regardless of when they last had sex.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Israel's Labor Party and Meretz support LGBT rights, as did the now-defunct Shinui. Under Tzipi Livni, Kadima has reached out to the LGBT community. Other minor liberal or progressive political parties support a similar platform as well, including the Greens and the Green Leaf Party. Officials from a number of parties, including Yael German of Yesh Atid, Limor Livnat of the ruling Likud-Beiteinu, and openly gay Nitzan Horowitz of Meretz, back same-sex marriage and have pledged support for LGBT causes. Representatives from other parties, including Hatnuah, Hadash and the Labor Party, have also pledged support. Minister and MK Limor Livnat, however, did state that getting the ruling Likud-Beiteinu to legislate for same-sex marriage would be difficult due to differing opinions concerning the issue within the party, but promised to do her utmost to get her party behind the issue. Ahead of the April 2019 legislative election, Yisrael Beiteinu, one of the more conservative political parties in the country, announced that its "doors were open to everyone" regardless of their sexual orientation.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: On 22 October 2002, Meretz MK Uzi Even made history by becoming the first openly gay member of the Knesset. Five more openly gay Israelis—Nitzan Horowitz, Itzik Smuli, Yorai Lahav-Hertzano, Idan Roll and Amir Ohana—have been elected to the Knesset since then. In 2019, after the April general elections, a record-breaking five openly gay MKs were elected. They are Itzik Smuli (Labor), Amir Ohana (Likud), Eitan Ginzburg, Idan Roll and Yorai Lahav-Hertzano (each being a member of Blue and White).


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In 2018, the city of Ra'anana elected Eitan Ginzburg (he later became an MK) as mayor, making him the first openly gay mayor in Israel.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In 2019, ahead of the September legislative election, Nitzan Horowitz successfully challenged incumbent Tamar Zandberg for the leadership of Meretz, which made Meretz the first Israeli party to elect an openly gay person as its leader.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In July 2019, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu appointed Evan Cohen, a linguist and LGBT rights activist, as the foreign media spokesperson.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Nevertheless, there still have been anti-gay politicians. In 1997, President Ezer Weizman compared homosexuality to alcoholism in front of high school students. This provoked major controversy, and the President received numerous calls from civil rights activists and liberal Knesset members. Shortly following, 300 people demonstrated outside of Weizman's residence, demanding his resignation. He later apologised for these statements. On 20 February 2008, Shlomo Benizri, a Knesset member from the religious Shas party, a member of Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's ruling coalition, blamed earthquakes that had recently struck the Middle East on the activities of homosexuals. Benizri said in a Knesset plenary session, "Why do earthquakes happen? ... One of the reasons is the things to which the Knesset gives legitimacy, to sodomy." He recommended that instead of merely reinforcing buildings to withstand earthquakes, the Government should pass legislation to outlaw "perversions like adoptions by gay couples". Benizri stated that, "A cost-effective way of averting earthquake damage would be to stop passing legislation on how to encourage homosexual activity in the State of Israel, which anyways causes earthquakes."


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In 2015, Bezalel Smotrich, a Knesset member from the Orthodox-religious Jewish Home party, referred to LGBT people as "abnormal", stating: "At home, everyone can be abnormal, and people can form whatever family unit they want. But they can't make demands from me, as the state." In the same discussion, he told the audience, "I am a proud homophobe". He later apologized, and retracted his statement, saying: "Someone shouted from the crowd, and I responded inattentively". In July 2015, after the Jerusalem LGBT pride stabbing, Smotrich called it a "beast parade", and refused to retract his homophobic remarks. In August 2015, Smotrich accused LGBT organizations of controlling the media, claiming they use their control to gain public sympathy and silence those who share his conservative views. An Israeli NGO, Ometz, filed a complaint with the Knesset Ethics Committee to intervene and investigate Smotrich's comments.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: On 23 February 2016, the Knesset marked the first LGBT rights day, but on 24 February 2016, the parties that form the governing coalition, Likud, United Torah Judaism, Shas, Kulanu, and the Jewish Home, supported by opposition members, defeated bills to recognize bereaved widowers, ban conversion therapy, recognize same-sex marriage, and train health professionals to deal with gender and sexual orientation issues.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Two days before the April 2019 legislative election, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu hosted a group of representatives of the LGBT community at the Prime Minister's residence for the first time in 10 years. Although the meeting was described as "warm" and "good", representatives of the LGBT community were disappointed after the meeting ended with the refusal of Netanyahu to make promises to advance pro-LGBT legislation due to the pressure of right-wing religious and ultra-Orthodox coalition parties.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In July 2019, interim Education Minister Rafi Peretz attracted criticism from when he endorsed conversion therapy. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu rejected Peretz's comments as unacceptable, saying that they "do not represent [his] government's position" and that "[he] made it clear to him that the Israeli educational system will continue to accept all Jewish children whoever they are and without any difference based on sexual orientation." Thousands of Israeli teachers signed a petition demanding his resignation, and more than a thousand people protested his comments in Tel Aviv and in Peretz's hometown, calling for his dismissal. Days layer, Peretz backtracked from his comments, labelling conversion therapy "inappropriate", but added that "individuals with a homosexual orientation have the right to receive professional help".


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In June 2019, Jerusalem city inspectors took down a Pride banner hung by the US embassy for LGBTQ Pride Month. Deputy mayor Arieh King had ordered the removal.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Israel has an active LGBT community, with well attended annual gay pride festivals, held in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem since 1998. Pride events are also held regularly in Haifa, Petah Tikva, Hadera, Ra'anana, Eilat, and Rishon LeZion. In 2016, the first-ever pride parade scheduled in Beersheba was cancelled by the Israeli Supreme Court due to security concerns. Israel is one of only eleven foreign countries to have a chapter of the U.S. group PFLAG, called Tehila.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: The Jerusalem parade gained international coverage when three marchers were stabbed in 2005. The perpetrator was subsequently sentenced to twelve years in prison. An attempt by Jerusalem's mayor, a Haredi Jew, to thwart Jerusalem Pride in June 2005 had been challenged in the courts. The mayor lost and was ordered to contribute funds to the event. The WorldPride Festival was planned for Jerusalem in August 2005, despite protests and opposition from members of the three major religions in Jerusalem. However, it was postponed due to Israel's pullout from the Gaza Strip, which required the presence of most Israeli police forces and would thus leave the parade with little to no security. The parade had been plagued with threats of violence, as well as consistent grandstanding by some Jewish, Muslim and Christian leaders and members of the Knesset. In November 2006, more than two thousand members of the Haredi community jammed into streets in an Orthodox neighbourhood in a show of force aimed at pressuring authorities into cancelling the gay pride parade to be held in Jerusalem. About a dozen people were reported injured. Six people were stabbed in 2015. One of the victims, 16-year-old Shira Banki, died of her wounds at the Hadassah Medical Center three days later, on 2 August 2015. The number of Jerusalem pride participants after the 2015 attack was smaller than in years past. In 2016, some 25,000 took part, many in solidarity with the LGBT community following the deadly stabbing attack, while in 2017, at least 22,000 marched in the parade. In 2018, at least 20,000 marched in the parade. On 6 June 2019, around 15,000 people marched at the event, under tight security with a reported 2,500 security personnel. At least 49 people who wanted to violently disturb the event were arrested.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Tel Aviv Pride is one of the largest pride parades in the world. There were 200,000 participants reported in 2016. The parade is the biggest pride celebration in continental Asia, drawing more than 200,000 people in 2017, approximately 30,000 of them tourists. There were more than 250,000 participants reported in 2018, and again more than 250,000 participants in 2019.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: On 1 August 2009, an unknown assailant opened fire at Tel Aviv's main LGBT youth center, the Barnoar, killing two and injuring fifteen others. The attack sent shockwaves throughout the worldwide gay community and throughout Israel, sparking an immense reaction throughout the country. Before this attack, it had only been mainly left-leaning politicians that supported the LGBT community in Israel. The issue for LGBT rights and acceptance began to slowly shift towards the center of Israel's political spectrum. This shift had slowly begun when Israel's Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni appeared at gay pride events in the months prior to the shooting. However, in the aftermath of this massacre, right-wing politicians began to publicly show their support for the gay community.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: On 6 October 2016, Finance Minister Moshe Kahlon announced that the Israel Government had issued an order to give a divided 10 million shekels to various governments over a two-year period to examine the nation's LGBT community for possible discriminations. A leading LGBT nonprofit called the move historic and "Haaretz" journalist Ilan Lior noted that it would even result in a major examination of issues such as the MSM blood transfusion restrictions.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In February 2019, in a report to President Reuven Rivlin by the LGBT association The Aguda – Israel's LGBT Task Force, it was revealed that in 2018 there had been a 54% increase in homophobic incidents compared to 2017. The report highlighted that an anti-gay incident takes place about every ten hours on average in Israel. On social networks, a homophobic comment is detected every four minutes.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In July 2019, Shlomo Amar, the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem, was criticised for stating that gay people cannot be religious by saying that "They aren't religious. It would be better if they cast off their kippah and Shabbat [observance] and show their true faces.", and advocating for the pseudoscientific practice of conversion therapy. Ne'emanei Torah Va'Avodah and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) criticised his comments. Jerusalem councilmembers Yossi Chavilov and Laura Warton called for the removal of Amar from his post as rabbi, as did openly gay politician Avi Buskila and Blue and White MK Eitan Ginzburg. Fellow Blue and White MK Yael German advised Amar to follow the example of Pope Francis in his moves to accept the LGBT community. The Jerusalem Open House association and three LGBT Jewish groups, Bat-Kol, Havruta and the Gay Religious Community, condemned his comments as well.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: He also caused controversy in 2016 by saying that homosexuality is an "abomination cult" for which the Torah prescribes the death penalty.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In July 2019, a 16-year-old teenager who lives in the Beit Dror LGBT center in Tel Aviv was stabbed several times and seriously wounded by his brother for refusing to adopt "a religious lifestyle". Israel Gay Youth (IGY) called the stabbing a hate crime. The condition of the victim stabilized after he underwent surgery at the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center. Media reported that the victim and two suspects were all Muslim brothers from the Arab town of Tamra in northern Israel and that the victim was removed from his home by social services due to harassment from his family. Nearly 1,000 LGBT people and allies marched in Tel Aviv under the banner "fighting for our lives" to denounce violence against LGBT people in the wake of the attack. The march was attended by openly gay Blue and White MKs Eitan Ginzburg and Idan Roll, who said the party was committed to ending violence against the LGBT community, and by Meretz leader Nitzan Horowitz, Israel's first ever openly gay party leader, and Etai Pinkas-Arad, who holds the LGBT portfolio at the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. The stabbing was also condemned as a hate crime by a number of politicians, among them Nitzan Horowitz and by some Arab lawmakers, namely Meretz MK Issawi Frej, Hadash party leader Ayman Odeh, Hadash MK Aida Touma-Sliman and Balad MK Mtanes Shihadeh. Green Movement MK Stav Shaffir blamed members of the religious right for intolerance towards LGBT Israelis, to which Transport Minister Bezalel Smotrich (The Jewish Home) called her "stupid". Four days later, the two suspects in the stabbing turned themselves in.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In 2019, the LGBT association The Aguda – Israel's LGBT Task Force announced that gay pride events would be held in 12 locales that have never held them before. Among these are Tiberias, Beit Shemesh, Zikhron Ya'akov, Ramat Gan, Petah Tikva, Pardes Hanna-Karkur, Netanya, Yavne and Kiryat Bialik.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: On 23 February 2016, the Ministry of Health approved a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) program to prevent HIV transmission, making Israel one of the first countries to implement it. The drugs are handed out at AIDS centers in hospitals and clinics that serve the LGBT community, in addition to health fund clinics.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: A 2013 public opinion poll by "Haaretz" showed support for same-sex marriage at 59% among Israelis. A Hiddush survey made in 2016 found that 76% of Israelis supported the recognition of same-sex marriage or civil unions. The poll showed an increase in public support on this issue in Israel. A June 2017 poll found that 79% of Israelis supported legally recognising same-sex unions.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: According to the 2020 Pew Research, 47% of Israelis said homosexuality should be accepted by society. Acceptance was higher among Israeli Jews (53%) than Israeli Muslims (17%).


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: According to the 2018 European Social Survey, Israel ranks low in tolerance of LGBT people and support for equal rights for gays and lesbians. Compared with 17 European countries, Israel has the highest percentage of people who consider themselves part of a group that suffers discrimination based on sexual orientation. Also, it ranks 15th in support for the statement that gays and lesbians should be free to live their lives as they choose.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Since the 1970s, there has been an active gay rights movement that has often affiliated itself with the Israeli feminist movement and various liberal and social democratic political parties. The oldest Israeli LGBT organization is The Aguda, founded in 1975.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: One of the first Israeli newspapers to cover the subject of gay people was a 1962 article in the now defunct "HaOlam HaZeh". Taking a sensationalist tone, the newspaper warned of a "secret underground" movement within Israel.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In the 1980s, the Tel Aviv weekly newspaper "HaIr" began to publish a chronicle about an Israeli gay man, known at the time as "Moshe", who would later reveal himself to be Gal Uchovsky. The second major shift in how Israeli media dealt with LGBT issues came in 1991, when the Histadrut Labor Federation began to include, in its official publication, a section on LGBT social and political topics. This was followed by gradually more supportive press coverage on the Israeli LGBT community and its human rights objectives. Today, the two Israeli daily newspapers have openly gay editors and/or writers, and several LGBT-publications have come and gone.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Radio stations such as Radio Tzafon and Radio Radius both have scheduled times for guests to come on the air and talk about LGBT social and political topics.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Sarah Schulman, a writer and professor at the City University of New York, claims Israeli government public relations campaign exploits their LGBT rights record to promote public perception of Israel as a "modern democracy", a "safe and secure place for investment", and a "tourist destination with the sun and the sand". In August 2011, the "Jerusalem Post" reported that the Foreign Ministry was promoting "Gay Israel" as part of its campaigns to counter the negative stereotypes that many liberal Americans and Europeans have of Israel. Critics of Israel like Jasbir Puar, an associate professor of Women's and Gender Studies at Rutgers University, cite the Israeli Government's comparison of gay rights in Israel and in the occupied Palestinian territories as an example of pinkwashing. Citing WorldPride, which Jerusalem hosted in 2006, she wrote: "Within global gay and lesbian organising circuits, to be gay-friendly is to be modern, cosmopolitan, developed, first-world, global north, and, most significantly, democratic." Joseph Massad, associate professor of modern Arab politics and intellectual history at Columbia University, has written that the Israeli Government "insist[s] on advertising and exaggerating its recent record on LGBT rights ... to fend off international condemnation of its violations of the rights of the Palestinian people."


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Ido Aharoni, former head of the Brand Israel project, responded to such criticism saying: "We are not trying to hide the conflict, but broaden the conversation. We want to create a sense of relevance with other communities." Alan Dershowitz, criminal and civil liberties lawyer, has said that the term "pinkwashing" is used against Israel by "some radical gay activists" who are anti-Semitic "bigots".


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Several LGBT Palestinians were reported to have been blackmailed by the Israel Defense Forces to become informants. Reports stated that Israeli intelligence pries into Palestinians' internet activity and phone calls so as to identify and blackmail LGBT people and turn them into informants against other Palestinians. According to an Israeli Intelligence Corps officer: "If anyone interests us, we'd collect information on his or her economic situation and mental state. Then we would plan how we can perform an operation around this individual, in order to turn them into a collaborator or something of the sort."


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: The first Israeli LGBT-themed film came from openly gay director Amos Guttman and was called "Nagu'a" (English title "Drifting"). Guttman was its co-writer. The film follows a young Israeli gay man, living and working with his grandparents, who has dreams of making a film and finding true love. Guttman, who died of AIDS in 1993, would write and direct another Israeli gay-themed film titled "Amazing Grace" (1992). Both films are considered to be autobiographies of the director. In total, Guttman directed four films and three short films. His portrayal of Israeli gay men was dark, and his films are considered to be targeted at the LGBT community in Israel, and not to the general public.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Another notable Israeli director to tackle LGBT themes in films is Eytan Fox. His first film, "Time Off" (1990), was the second film made in Israel to focus on gay people. He has directed and written several other successful LGBT-themed films, including "Ba'al Ba'al Lev" (1997), "Yossi & Jagger" (2002), "Walk on Water" (2004), and "The Bubble" (2006). Fox was also involved in the first Israeli prime time TV drama made for a general audience which dealt extensively with LGBT themes, "Florentin" (1997–2000). This was an Israeli television series about a group of post-military service, Israeli twenty-somethings living in Florentin. It was the first Israeli series to have a gay person among its major characters, and was part of a slow trend that had been unfolding in the 1990s with shows such as "Straight and to the Point" and "Siton".


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Today, there is more programming for an LGBT audience. In 1993, the first commercial TV network in Israel, Channel 2, went on the air. It regularly dealt with LGBT social and political topics, and, in particular, helped generate greater visibility and acceptance of transgender celebrities such as Dana International. The LGBT community in Israel was also brought to the media's attention following the winning of the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998 by Dana International, an Israeli transwoman. At present, LGBT people in Israel can be seen on television in a variety of shows, mostly as hosts (such as Assi Azar), contestants in reality shows or characters on soap operas.


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: Palestinian society tends to be conservative, with families tending to see homosexuality and cross-dressing as immoral acts, deserving of condemnation. Some LGBT Palestinians have relocated to Israel, often fleeing harsh intolerance that includes physical abuse, death, or disowning. Significant expatriate groups exist in Tel Aviv and Netanya, where many live with their Israeli same-sex partners who help keep their presence in Israel hidden from the police (who would pursue them not for their sexual orientation, but for staying illegally in the country).


title: LGBT rights in Israel

text: In 2003, Aswat was founded, which describes itself as a Palestinian lesbian support group. However, the group is headquartered in Haifa, Israel, and is geared toward Arab lesbians in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. A secret association of Aswat was founded in Ramallah in March 2007 by four gay students. The Israeli Jerusalem Open House has opened an Arab chapter called Al Qaws, reaching out to gay and lesbian Palestinians, Al Qaws later split off to become its own group in 2007. In 2008, Israel granted a gay Palestinian a residency permit to live with his Israeli partner in Tel Aviv following death threats from Palestinians regarding his homosexuality. Aswat claimed that gays are sometimes targeted by the Israeli security services and are told that they must collaborate with Israel or face being outed.


title: Luis Sinisterra

text: Luis Fernando Sinisterra Lucumí (17 June 1999) is a Colombian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Leeds United and the Colombia national team.


title: Luis Sinisterra

text: On 8 July 2018, Sinisterra signed a three-year contract with an option for two more years with Feyenoord for a reported fee of €2 million. He scored his first goal for the club on 8 August 2019, scoring the opening goal in third qualifying round of the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League against FC Dinamo Tbilisi. On 7 February 2020, Sinisterra won the prize for Eredivisie Player of the Month under-21 for the month of January 2020 after scoring in three consecutive matches. On 12 November 2020, Feyenoord announced that the club had used the option in Sinisterra's contract to extend his contract with another two years.


title: Luis Sinisterra

text: On 19 August 2021, Sinisterra scored a hat-trick in the first leg of their UEFA Europa Conference League play-off round tie against Swedish club IF Elfsborg.


title: Luis Sinisterra

text: On 7 July 2022 Sinisterra joined Leeds United on a five-year contract for a transfer fee of £21 million. With the move he became the most expensive outgoing transfer in Feyenoord's history. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3-1 win against Barnsley in the EFL Cup second round at Elland Road. He then scored his first Premier League goal a week later, the equaliser in a 1-1 home draw against Everton.


title: Luis Sinisterra

text: On 15 October 2019, Sinisterra made his debut for the Colombia national football team in a friendly against Algeria, which Colombia lost 3–0. He netted his first international goal on September 24, 2022, scoring Colombia's second in a 4–1 win against Guatemala. On 27 September, Sinisterra scored a brace against Mexico to help his team win 3–2 after trailing 0–2 at half-time.


title: Jihadism

text: Jihadism is a neologism which is used in reference to "militant Islamic movements that are perceived as existentially threatening to the West" and "rooted in political Islam." Appearing earlier in the Pakistani and Indian media, Western journalists adopted the term in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks of 2001. Since then, it has been applied to various insurgent Islamic extremist, militant Islamist, and terrorist individuals and organizations whose ideologies are based on the Islamic notion of "jihad". It has also been applied to various Islamic empires in history, such as the Arab Umayyad Caliphate and the Ottoman empire, who extensively campaigned against non-Muslim nations in the name of jihad.


title: Jihadism

text: Contemporary jihadism mostly has its roots in the late 19th- and early 20th-century ideological developments of Islamic revivalism, which further developed into Qutbism and related Islamist ideologies during the 20th and 21st centuries. The Islamic terrorist organisations which participated in the Soviet–Afghan War of 1979 to 1989 reinforced the rise of jihadism, which has been propagated during various armed conflicts throughout the 1990s and 2000s. Gilles Kepel has diagnosed a specific Salafist form of jihadism within the Salafi movement of the 1990s.


title: Jihadism

text: Jihadism with an international, Pan-Islamist scope is also known as global jihadism. Studies show that with the rise of ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh, many Muslims from Western countries like Albania, Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, the Netherlands, New Zealand, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States traveled to join the global jihad in Syria and Iraq.


title: Jihadism

text: The term "jihadism" has been in use since the 1990s, more widely in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. It was first used by the Indian and Pakistani mass media, and by French academics who used the more exact term "jihadist-Salafist".


title: Jihadism

text: According to Martin Kramer as of 2003, "jihadism is used to refer to the most violent persons and movements in contemporary Islam, including al-Qaeda." David Romano has defined his use of the term as referring to "an individual or political movement that primarily focuses its attention, discourse, and activities on the conduct of a violent, uncompromising campaign that they term a "jihad"". Following Daniel Kimmage, he distinguishes the jihadist discourse of jihad as a global project to remake the world from the resistance discourse of groups like Hezbollah, which is framed as a regional project against a specific enemy.


title: Jihadism

text: Most Muslims do not use the term, disliking the association of illegitimate violence with a noble religious concept, and instead prefer the use of delegitimising terms like "deviants".


title: Jihadism

text: The term "jihadist globalism" is also often used in relation to jihadism. Academic Manfred Steger proposes an extension of the term "jihadist globalism" to apply to all extremely violent strains of religiously influenced ideologies that articulate the global imaginary into concrete political agendas and terrorist strategies (these include al-Qaeda, Jemaah Islamiyah, Hamas, and Hezbollah, which he finds "today's most spectacular manifestation of religious globalism").


title: Jihadism

text: "Jihad Cool" is a term for the re-branding of militant jihadism as fashionable, or "cool", to younger people through consumer culture, social media, magazines, rap videos, toys, propaganda videos, and other means. It is a subculture mainly applied to individuals in developed nations who are recruited to travel to conflict zones on jihad. For example, jihadi rap videos make participants look "more MTV than Mosque", according to NPR, which was the first to report on the phenomenon in 2010. To justify their acts of religious violence, jihadist individuals and networks resort to the nonbinding genre of Islamic legal literature ("fatwa") developed by jihadi-Salafist legal authorities, whose legal writings are shared and spread via the Internet.


title: Jihadism

text: Maajid Nawaz, founder and chairman of the anti-extremism think tank Quilliam, defines jihadism as a violent subset of Islamism: "Islamism [is] the desire to impose any version of Islam over any society. Jihadism is the attempt to do so by force."


title: Jihadism

text: The term “jihadism” has been applied to various Islamic empires in history, such as the Arab Umayyad Caliphate and the Ottoman empire, who extensively campaigned against non-Muslim nations in the name of jihad.


title: Jihadism

text: Islamic extremism dates back to the early history of Islam with the emergence of the Kharijites in the 7th century CE. The original schism between Kharijites, Sunnīs, and Shīʿas among Muslims was disputed over the political and religious succession to the guidance of the Muslim community ("Ummah") after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims. Shīʿas believe ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider Abu Bakr to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the First Fitna (the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to "takfīr" (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either infidels ("kuffār") or false Muslims ("munāfiḳūn"), and therefore deemed them worthy of death for their perceived apostasy ("ridda").


title: Jihadism

text: Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, was an influential promoter of the Pan-Islamist ideology during the 1960s. When he was executed by the Egyptian government under the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Ayman al-Zawahiri formed Egyptian Islamic Jihad, an organization which seeks to replace the government with an Islamic state that would reflect Qutb's ideas about the Islamic revival that he yearned for. The Qutbist ideology has been influential among jihadist movements and Islamic terrorists who seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri of al-Qaeda, as well as the Salafi-jihadi terrorist group ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh. Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki.


title: Jihadism

text: Sayyid Qutb could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam. Unlike the other Islamic thinkers who have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an apologist. He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus "Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān" ("In the shade of the Qurʾān") and his 1966 manifesto "Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq" ("Milestones"), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government. Other Salafi movements in the Middle East and North Africa and Salafi movements across the Muslim world adopted many of his Islamist principles.


title: Jihadism

text: According to Qutb, the Muslim community ("Ummah") has been extinct for several centuries and it has also reverted to "jahiliyah" (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow the "sharia" law. In order to restore Islam, bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing a vanguard which was modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even bracing oneself for death in preparation for "jihad" against what he perceived was a "jahili" government/society, and the overthrow of them. Qutbism, the radical Islamist ideology which is derived from the ideas of Qutb, was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as by other members of the Muslim Brotherhood, like Yusuf al-Qaradawi.


title: Jihadism

text: According to Rudolph Peters, scholar of Islamic studies and the history of Islam, contemporary traditionalist Muslims "copy phrases of the classical works on fiqh" in their writings on jihad; Islamic modernists "emphasize the defensive aspect of jihad, regarding it as tantamount to "bellum justum" in modern international law; and the contemporary fundamentalists (Abul A'la Maududi, Sayyid Qutb, Abdullah Azzam, etc.) view it as a struggle for the expansion of Islam and the realization of Islamic ideals."


title: Jihadism

text: Some of the earlier Islamic scholars and theologians who had profound influence on Islamic fundamentalism and the ideology of contemporary jihadism include the medieval Muslim thinkers Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Kathir, and Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab, alongside the modern Islamist ideologues Muhammad Rashid Rida, Sayyid Qutb, and Abul A'la Maududi. Jihad has been propagated in modern fundamentalism beginning in the late 19th century, an ideology that arose in the context of struggles against colonial powers in North Africa at that time, as in the Mahdist War in Sudan, and notably in the mid-20th century by Islamic revivalist authors such as Sayyid Qutb and Abul Ala Maududi.


title: Jihadism

text: The term "jihadism" (earlier "Salafi jihadism") has arisen in the 2000s to refer to the contemporary jihadi movements, the development of which was in retrospect traced to developments of Salafism paired with the origins of al-Qaeda in the Soviet–Afghan War during the 1990s. Jihadism has been called an "offshoot" of Islamic revivalism of the 1960s and 1970s. The writings of Sayyid Qutb and Mohammed Abdul-Salam Farag provide inspiration. The Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) is said to have "amplified the jihadist tendency from a fringe phenomenon to a major force in the Muslim world." It served to produce foot soldiers, leadership and organization. Abdullah Yusuf Azzam provided propaganda for the Afghan cause. After the war, veteran jihadists returned to their home countries, and from there would disperse to other sites of conflict involving Muslim populations, such as Algeria, Bosnia, and Chechnya, creating a "transnational jihadist stream." Some examples are:


title: Jihadism

text: An explanation for jihadist willingness to kill civilians and self-professed Muslims on the grounds that they were actually apostates ("takfīr") is the vastly reduced influence of the traditional diverse class of "ulama", often highly educated Islamic jurists. In "the vast majority" of Muslim countries during the post-colonial world of the 1950s and 1960s, the private religious endowments ("awqāf") that had supported the independence of Islamic scholars and jurists for centuries were taken over by the state. The jurists were made salaried employees and the nationalist rulers naturally encouraged their employees (and their employees' interpretations of Islam) to serve the rulers' interests. Inevitably, the jurists came to be seen by the Muslim public as doing this.


title: Jihadism

text: Into this vacuum of religious authority came aggressive proselytizing, funded by tens of billions of dollars of petroleum-export money from Saudi Arabia. The version of Islam being propagated (Saudi doctrine of Wahhabism) billed itself as a return to pristine, simple, straightforward Islam, not one school among many, and not interpreting Islamic law historically or contextually, but as the one, orthodox "straight path" of Islam. Unlike the traditional teachings of the jurists, who tolerated and even celebrated divergent opinions and schools of thought and kept extremism marginalized, Wahhabism had "extreme hostility" to "any sectarian divisions within Islam".


title: Jihadism

text: The term "jihadist" is almost exclusively used to describe Sunni extremists. One example is Syria, where there have been thousands of foreign Muslim fighters engaged in the civil war, for example, non-Syrian Shia are often referred to as "militia", and Sunni foreigners as "jihadists" (or "would-be jihadists"). One who does use the term "Shia jihad" is Danny Postel, who complains that "this Shia jihad is largely left out of the dominant narrative." Other authors see the ideology of "resistance" (Arabic: "muqawama") as more dominant, even among extremist Shia groups. For clarity, they suggest use of the term ""muqawamist"" instead.


title: Jihadism

text: According to Shadi Hamid and Rashid Dar, jihadism is driven by the idea that jihad is an "individual obligation" ("fard ‘ayn") incumbent upon all Muslims. This is in contrast with the belief of Muslims up until now (and by contemporary non-jihadists) that jihad is a "collective obligation" ("fard al-kifaya") carried out according to orders of legitimate representatives of the Muslim community. Jihadist insist all Muslims should participate because (they believe) today's Muslim leaders are illegitimate and do not command the authority to ordain justified violence.


title: Jihadism

text: Some observers have noted the evolution in the rules of jihad—from the original "classical" doctrine to that of 21st-century Salafi jihadism. According to the legal historian Sadarat Kadri, during the last couple of centuries, incremental changes in Islamic legal doctrine (developed by Islamists who otherwise condemn any "bid‘ah" (innovation) in religion), have "normalized" what was once "unthinkable". "The very idea that Muslims might blow themselves up for God was unheard of before 1983, and it was not until the early 1990s that anyone anywhere had tried to justify killing innocent Muslims who were not on a battlefield."


title: Jihadism

text: The first or the "classical" doctrine of jihad which was developed towards the end of the 8th century, emphasized the "jihad of the sword" ("jihad bil-saif") rather than the "jihad of the heart", but it contained many legal restrictions which were developed from interpretations of both the Quran and the Hadith, such as detailed rules involving "the initiation, the conduct, the termination" of jihad, the treatment of prisoners, the distribution of booty, etc. Unless there was a sudden attack on the Muslim community, jihad was not a "personal obligation" ("fard ‘ayn"); instead it was a "collective one" ("fard al-kifaya"), which had to be discharged "in the way of God" ("fi sabil Allah"), and it could only be directed by the caliph, "whose discretion over its conduct was all but absolute." (This was designed in part to avoid incidents like the Kharijia's jihad against and killing of Caliph Ali, since they deemed that he was no longer a Muslim). Martyrdom resulting from an attack on the enemy with no concern for your own safety was praiseworthy, but dying by your own hand (as opposed to the enemy's) merited a special place in Hell. The category of jihad which is considered to be a collective obligation is sometimes simplified as "offensive jihad" in Western texts.


title: Jihadism

text: Scholars like Abul Ala Maududi, Abdullah Azzam, Ruhollah Khomeini, leaders of al-Qaeda and others, believe that defensive global jihad is a personal obligation, which means that no caliph or Muslim head of state needs to declare it. Killing yourself in the process of killing the enemy is an act of "Shuhada" (martyrdom) and it brings you a special place in Heaven, not a special place in Hell; and the killing of Muslim bystanders (nevermind Non-Muslims), should not impede acts of jihad. Military and intelligent analyst Sebastian Gorka described the new interpretation of jihad as the "willful targeting of civilians by a non-state actor through unconventional means." Al-Qaeda's splinter groups and competitors, Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, are thought to have been heavily influenced by a 2004 work on jihad entitled "Management of Savagery" ("Idarat at-Tawahhush"), written by Abu Bakr Naji and intended to provide a strategy to create a new Islamic caliphate by first destroying "vital economic and strategic targets" and terrifying the enemy with cruelty to break its will.


title: Jihadism

text: Islamic theologian Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir has been identified as one of the key theorists and ideologues behind modern jihadist violence. His theological and legal justifications influenced Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, al-Qaeda member and former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, as well as several other jihadi terrorist groups, including ISIL and Boko Haram. Zarqawi used a 579-page manuscript of al-Muhajir's ideas at AQI training camps that were later deployed by ISIL, known in Arabic as "Fiqh al-Dima" and referred to in English as "The Jurisprudence of Jihad" or "The Jurisprudence of Blood". The book has been described by counter-terrorism scholar Orwa Ajjoub as rationalizing and justifying "suicide operations, the mutilation of corpses, beheading, and the killing of children and non-combatants". "The Guardian"s journalist Mark Towsend, citing Salah al-Ansari of Quilliam, notes: "There is a startling lack of study and concern regarding this abhorrent and dangerous text ["The Jurisprudence of Blood"] in almost all Western and Arab scholarship". Charlie Winter of "The Atlantic" describes it as a "theological playbook used to justify the group's abhorrent acts". He states:


title: Jihadism

text: Clinical psychologist Chris E. Stout also discusses the al Muhajir-inspired text in his essay, "Terrorism, Political Violence, and Extremism" (2017). He assesses that jihadists regard their actions as being "for the greater good"; that they are in a "weakened in the earth" situation that renders Islamic terrorism a valid means of solution.


title: Jihadism

text: The Syrian Civil War became a focus for Sunnī militants and fighters waging "jihad" against Shīʿa Muslims. The al-Nusra Front is the largest Sunnī jihadist group in Syria. In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood has called for a "jihad" against the Syrian government and its Shīʿīte allies. Saudi Arabia backs the "jihad" against Shīʿa Muslims in Syria using proxies. Sunnī jihadist foreign fighters converged on Syria from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Yemen, Kuwait, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Morocco, as well as from other Arab states, Chechnya, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Western countries.


title: Jihadism

text: During the Soviet-Afghan war in the 1980s, many Muslims received calls for a "jihad" against atheists. Mujahideen were recruited from various countries, including Egypt, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. The conflict gradually turned from one against occupation to one seen as a "jihad".


title: Visitor pattern

text: In object-oriented programming and software engineering, the visitor design pattern is a way of separating an algorithm from an object structure on which it operates. A practical result of this separation is the ability to add new operations to existing object structures without modifying the structures. It is one way to follow the open/closed principle.


title: Visitor pattern

text: In essence, the visitor allows adding new virtual functions to a family of classes, without modifying the classes. Instead, a visitor class is created that implements all of the appropriate specializations of the virtual function. The visitor takes the instance reference as input, and implements the goal through double dispatch.


title: Visitor pattern

text: that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is,


title: Visitor pattern

text: When new operations are needed frequently and the object structure consists of many unrelated classes,


title: Visitor pattern

text: because "[..] distributing all these operations across the various node classes leads to a system that's hard to understand, maintain, and change."


title: Visitor pattern

text: This makes it possible to create new operations independently from the classes of an object structure


title: Visitor pattern

text: The nature of the Visitor makes it an ideal pattern to plug into public APIs, thus allowing its clients to perform operations on a class using a "visiting" class without having to modify the source.


title: Visitor pattern

text: A drawback to this pattern, however, is that it makes extensions to the class hierarchy more difficult, as new classes typically require a new codice_1 method to be added to each visitor.


title: Visitor pattern

text: Consider the design of a 2D computer-aided design (CAD) system. At its core, there are several types to represent basic geometric shapes like circles, lines, and arcs. The entities are ordered into layers, and at the top of the type hierarchy is the drawing, which is simply a list of layers, plus some added properties.


title: Visitor pattern

text: A fundamental operation on this type hierarchy is saving a drawing to the system's native file format. At first glance, it may seem acceptable to add local save methods to all types in the hierarchy. But it is also useful to be able to save drawings to other file formats. Adding ever more methods for saving into many different file formats soon clutters the relatively pure original geometric data structure.


title: Visitor pattern

text: A naive way to solve this would be to maintain separate functions for each file format. Such a save function would take a drawing as input, traverse it, and encode into that specific file format. As this is done for each added different format, duplication between the functions accumulates. For example, saving a circle shape in a raster format requires very similar code no matter what specific raster form is used, and is different from other primitive shapes. The case for other primitive shapes like lines and polygons is similar. Thus, the code becomes a large outer loop traversing through the objects, with a large decision tree inside the loop querying the type of the object. Another problem with this approach is that it is very easy to miss a shape in one or more savers, or a new primitive shape is introduced, but the save routine is implemented only for one file type and not others, leading to code extension and maintenance problems. As the versions of the same file grows it becomes more complicated to maintain it.


title: Visitor pattern

text: Instead, the visitor pattern can be applied. It encodes a logical operation on the whole hierarchy into one class containing one method per type. In the CAD example, each save function would be implemented as a separate Visitor subclass. This would remove all duplication of type checks and traversal steps. It would also make the compiler complain if a shape is omitted.


title: Visitor pattern

text: The visitor pattern may be used for iteration over container-like data structures just like Iterator pattern but with limited functionality. For example, iteration over a directory structure could be implemented by a function class instead of more conventional loop pattern. This would allow deriving various useful information from directories content by implementing a visitor functionality for every item while reusing the iteration code. It's widely employed in Smalltalk systems and can be found in C++ as well. A drawback of this approach, however, is that you can't break out of the loop easily or iterate concurrently (in parallel i.e. traversing two containers at the same time by a single variable). The latter would require writing additional functionality for a visitor to support these features.


title: Visitor pattern

text: Instead, codice_2 implements a "dispatching operation" codice_4 that "dispatches" (delegates) a request to the "accepted visitor object" (codice_5). The codice_6 class implements the operation (codice_7).


title: Visitor pattern

text: codice_8 then implements codice_4 by dispatching to codice_10. The codice_6 class implements the operation (codice_12).


title: Visitor pattern

text: shows the run-time interactions: The codice_13 object traverses the elements of an object structure (codice_14) and calls codice_4 on each element.


title: Visitor pattern

text: The visitor pattern requires a programming language that supports single dispatch, as common object-oriented languages (such as C++, Java, Smalltalk, Objective-C, Swift, JavaScript, Python and C#) do. Under this condition, consider two objects, each of some class type; one is termed the "element", and the other is "visitor".


title: Visitor pattern

text: The "visitor" declares a codice_1 method, which takes the element as an argument, for each class of element. "Concrete visitors" are derived from the visitor class and implement these codice_1 methods, each of which implements part of the algorithm operating on the object structure. The state of the algorithm is maintained locally by the concrete visitor class.


title: Visitor pattern

text: The "element" declares an codice_34 method to accept a visitor, taking the visitor as an argument. "Concrete elements", derived from the element class, implement the codice_34 method. In its simplest form, this is no more than a call to the visitor's codice_1 method. Composite elements, which maintain a list of child objects, typically iterate over these, calling each child's codice_34 method.


title: Visitor pattern

text: The "client" creates the object structure, directly or indirectly, and instantiates the concrete visitors. When an operation is to be performed which is implemented using the Visitor pattern, it calls the codice_34 method of the top-level element(s).


title: Visitor pattern

text: When the codice_34 method is called in the program, its implementation is chosen based on both the dynamic type of the element and the static type of the visitor. When the associated codice_1 method is called, its implementation is chosen based on both the dynamic type of the visitor and the static type of the element, as known from within the implementation of the codice_34 method, which is the same as the dynamic type of the element. (As a bonus, if the visitor can't handle an argument of the given element's type, then the compiler will catch the error.)


title: Visitor pattern

text: Thus, the implementation of the codice_1 method is chosen based on both the dynamic type of the element and the dynamic type of the visitor. This effectively implements double dispatch. For languages whose object systems support multiple dispatch, not only single dispatch, such as Common Lisp or C# via the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), implementation of the visitor pattern is greatly simplified (a.k.a. Dynamic Visitor) by allowing use of simple function overloading to cover all the cases being visited. A dynamic visitor, provided it operates on public data only, conforms to the open/closed principle (since it does not modify extant structures) and to the single responsibility principle (since it implements the Visitor pattern in a separate component).


title: Visitor pattern

text: In this way, one algorithm can be written to traverse a graph of elements, and many different kinds of operations can be performed during that traversal by supplying different kinds of visitors to interact with the elements based on the dynamic types of both the elements and the visitors.


title: Visitor pattern

text: In this case, it is the object's responsibility to know how to print itself on a stream. The visitor here is then the object, not the stream.


title: Visitor pattern

text: Go does not support overloading, so the visit methods need different names. A typical visitor interface might be


title: Visitor pattern

text: The following example is in the language Java, and shows how the contents of a tree of nodes (in this case describing the components of a car) can be printed. Instead of creating codice_44 methods for each node subclass (codice_45, codice_46, codice_47, and codice_48), one visitor class (codice_49) performs the required printing action. Because different node subclasses require slightly different actions to print properly, codice_49 dispatches actions based on the class of the argument passed to its codice_1 method. codice_52, which is analogous to a save operation for a different file format, does likewise.


title: Visitor pattern

text: The codice_53 parameter is superfluous in codice_54. The reason is that it is possible to use an anonymous function that calls the desired target method with a lexically captured object:


title: Visitor pattern

text: Now, the multiple dispatch occurs in the call issued from the body of the anonymous function, and so codice_54 is just a mapping function that distributes a function application over the elements of an object. Thus all traces of the Visitor Pattern disappear, except for the mapping function, in which there is no evidence of two objects being involved. All knowledge of there being two objects and a dispatch on their types is in the lambda function.


title: Visitor pattern

text: Python does not support method overloading in the classical sense (polymorphic behavior according to type of passed parameters), so the "visit" methods for the different model types need to have different names.


title: Visitor pattern

text: One could extend this to iterate over the class's method resolution order if they would like to fall back on already-implemented classes. They could also use the subclass hook feature to define the lookup in advance.


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: Nothing but Thieves are an English rock band, formed in 2012 in Southend-on-Sea, Essex. They consist of lead vocalist and guitarist Conor Mason, guitarist Joe Langridge-Brown, guitarist and keyboardist Dominic Craik, bassist Philip Blake, and drummer James Price. In 2014, they signed to RCA Records and a year later in October 2015, they released their self-titled debut album. Their second album, "Broken Machine" was released in September 2017, receiving wide acclaim in addition to peaking at No. 2 in the UK Album Charts. They released an EP entitled "What Did You Think When You Made Me This Way?" in October 2018, followed by their third studio album, "Moral Panic", in October 2020, which peaked at No. 3 in the UK Album Charts.


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: The band's single "Itch" picked up Hottest Record and Track Of The Day accolades on Radio 1 and also made it onto the Radio 1 playlist, as well as being added in regular rotation of Sirius XM new hard-rock channel Octane. The band were picked by Gerard Way and thereafter Awolnation to support European dates. They supported Arcade Fire and George Ezra at the BRITs show for War Child at the Electric in Brixton, performed at the NME Awards show, and toured with Twin Atlantic, Darlia, and Young Guns on separate support tours across the country. They have also been added to a multitude of European festivals including Reading & Leeds and Isle of Wight Festival. In November 2014 they supported Twenty One Pilots alongside Purple at London's Electric Brixton. In July 2015 they supported Muse at the Rock In Roma show, playing in front of 30,000 people.


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: "Nothing but Thieves," their debut studio album, was released on 16 October 2015 in the UK through Sony Music Entertainment, and on 5 February 2016 in the US through RCA Victor.


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: It was produced by Julian Emery, with additional production by Jim Irvin, Dominic Craik and Larry Hibbitt, and mixes by Cenzo Townshend and Adam Noble. It entered the Official UK Albums Chart at No. 7, peaked at No. 3 on iTunes, and was No.1 on the vinyl album charts.


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: Their sold-out "Ban All the Music" tour of the UK began on 19 October 2015. A second British tour in April 2016, called the "Under My Skin" tour, was announced on 9 November 2015. The band had to postpone some dates on their "Under My Skin" tour as they were asked to support Muse on their "Drones" tour. They tweeted their elation on Twitter, branding the experience "pretty awesome".


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: In June 2016 they announced further tour dates in November and December 2016 in Birmingham, Manchester and London climaxing at the 5,000 capacity Brixton Academy. As of May 4, 2017, the album has sold over 250,000 copies, and accumulated 174 million track streams.


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: A small tour of UK clubs took place in late May 2017, to support "Amsterdam," the first single from their second album "Broken Machine", released on 8 September 2017. Later on 14 August, the second single, "Sorry", became their first single to chart on the UK Singles Chart, reaching No.89. On 5 August 2017 they played to a crowd of over 500,000 people at Woodstock Festival Poland. On 23 August 2017 they supported Muse and Biffy Clyro at Vital Festival in Belfast ahead of their sold out "Broken Machine" tour. The band also sold out two consecutive nights at the Roundhouse in London.


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: Sarah Taylor said on Varsity "In general, this album pushes more boundaries than the last one. The band carved a name for themselves with their debut, but here it feels like they’re trying to define themselves to a further extent; there’s more variety in the music and lyricism, and more politics, too. Joe Langridge-Brown, guitarist and lyricist alongside Mason, said that “all the songs on the album are things that we’ve gone through or spoken about: Trump, religion, bigotry...” and ‘Live Like Animals’ is an anthem for the disillusioned youth. It features lyrics such as “We put our lives all up for sale / We get our truth in the daily mail” and “We’re gonna make ’em build a wall / We’re gonna live like animals”. Other tracks, such as ‘Broken Machine’ itself, and the deluxe version's ‘Number 13’ are more experimental rhythmically: they're the type of songs you have to listen to a few times before you decide whether you like them or not. I did, and I do.".


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: On 24 August 2018, the band debuted a new song live entitled "Forever and Ever More" at Reading Festival, which was released as the lead off single from their new EP, "What Did You Think When You Made Me This Way?" a few days later. The EP was released on 19 October 2018 alongside the second single "Take This Lonely Heart", on the same day.


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: On 18 March 2020, the first single of their third studio album was released, named "Is Everybody Going Crazy?". On 23 June 2020, the band announced that their third album, titled "Moral Panic" would be released on 23 October 2020, alongside the release of the second single from the album, "Real Love Song", on the same day.  Three more singles followed; "Unperson", "Impossible" and "Phobia". On 14 September 2020, dates for a UK and Ireland arena tour were announced, beginning in September 2021. The album was released on 23 October 2020, receiving generally favourable reviews. It reached No. 3 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: Despite not being able to play gigs, a new single, called "Futureproof" was released on 8 June 2021. It was the first single off a new EP, titled "Moral Panic II", which was announced on 9 July 2021 and released on 23 July, along with second single "Miracle, Baby”. Speaking of the EP, the band said they "didn’t feel like we were done with the Moral Panic theme", and the release aims to "explore some avenues we felt the album may have missed".


title: Nothing but Thieves

text: The band undertook a tour of the UK in October 2021, including a headline show at the London O2 Arena on October 8, 2021.


title: Australopithecine

text: Australopithecina or Hominina is a subtribe in the tribe Hominini. The members of the subtribe are generally "Australopithecus" (cladistically including the genera "Homo", "Paranthropus", and "Kenyanthropus"), and it typically includes the earlier "Ardipithecus", "Orrorin", "Sahelanthropus", and "Graecopithecus". All these closely related species are now sometimes collectively termed australopiths or homininians. They are the extinct, close relatives of humans and, with the extant genus "Homo", comprise the human clade. Members of the human clade, i.e. the Hominini after the split from the chimpanzees, are now called Hominina ("see Hominidae; terms "hominids" and hominins").


title: Australopithecine

text: While none of the groups normally directly assigned to this group survived, the australopiths do not appear to be literally extinct (in the sense of having no living descendants) as the genera "Kenyanthropus", "Paranthropus" and "Homo" probably emerged as sister of a late "Australopithecus" species such as "A. africanus" and/or "A. sediba".


title: Australopithecine

text: The term australopithecine came from a former classification as members of a distinct subfamily, the Australopithecinae. Members of "Australopithecus" are sometimes referred to as the "gracile australopiths", while "Paranthropus" are called the "robust australopiths".


title: Australopithecine

text: The australopiths occurred in the Late Miocene sub-epoch and were bipedal, and they were dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than that of modern non-human apes, with lesser encephalization than in the genus "Homo". Humans (genus "Homo") may have descended from australopith ancestors and the genera "Ardipithecus", "Orrorin", "Sahelanthropus", and "Graecopithecus" are the possible ancestors of the australopiths.


title: Australopithecine

text: The post-cranial remains of australopiths show they were adapted to bipedal locomotion, but did not walk identically to humans. They have a high brachial index (forearm/upper arm ratio) when compared to other hominins, and they exhibit greater sexual dimorphism than members of "Homo" or "Pan" but less so than "Gorilla" or "Pongo". It is thought that they averaged heights of and weighed between . The brain size may have been 350 cc to 600 cc. The postcanines (the teeth behind the canines) were relatively large, and had more enamel compared to contemporary apes and humans, whereas the incisors and canines were relatively small, and there was little difference between the males' and females' canines compared to modern apes.


title: Australopithecine

text: Most scientists maintain that the genus "Homo" emerged in Africa within the Australopiths around two million years ago. However, there is no consensus on within which species:


title: Australopithecine

text: A minority-held view among palaeoanthropologists is that australopiths moved outside Africa. A notable proponent of this theory is Jens Lorenz Franzen, formerly Head of Paleoanthropology at the Research Institute Senckenberg. Franzen argues that robust australopiths had reached not only Indonesia, as "Meganthropus", but also China:


title: Australopithecine

text: In 1957, an Early Pleistocene Chinese fossil tooth of unknown province was described as resembling "P. robustus". Three fossilized molars from Jianshi, China (Longgudong Cave) were later identified as belonging to an "Australopithecus" species. However further examination questioned this interpretation; Zhang (1984) argued the Jianshi teeth and unidentified tooth belong to "H. erectus". Liu "et al". (2010) also dispute the Jianshi-australopithecine link and argue the Jianshi molars fall within the range of "Homo erectus":


title: Australopithecine

text: But, Wolpoff (1999) notes that in China "persistent claims of australopithecine or australopithecine-like remains continue".


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: Anthony George Franciosa (né Papaleo; October 25, 1928 – January 19, 2006) was an American actor most often billed as Tony Franciosa at the height of his career. He began his career on stage and made a breakthrough portraying the brother of the drug addict in the play "A Hatful of Rain", which earned him a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play. He reprised his role in its subsequent film adaptation, for which he won the 1957 Venice Film Festival Award for Best Actor, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: After relocating to Hollywood he made numerous feature films, including "A Face in the Crowd" (1957), "The Long, Hot Summer" (1958), and "Career" (1959), for which he won the Golden Globe for Best Actor. In television, he played lead roles in five television series: the sitcom "Valentine's Day" (1964–65), drama "The Name of the Game" (1968–71), "Search" (1972–73), "Matt Helm" (1975), and "Finder of Lost Loves" (1984). Later in his career, he acted primarily in Europe, starring in the erotic drama "The Cricket" (1980) and Dario Argento's giallo "Tenebrae" (1982).


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: He was born in the Little Italy district of New York to an Italian-American family. His grandparents emigrated from Melfi, Basilicata, in the center of the boot of Southern Italy, in 1890. His parents separated when he was one and he was raised by his mother and aunt, adopting his mother's maiden name Franciosa.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: After high school he worked as a welder, ship steward and cook. At the age of 18 he was doing free dancing lessons at the YMCA. They offered him a role in a production of "The Seagull" and the experience made him want to be an actor.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: Franciosa studied privately for two years with Joseph Geigler. He got a four-year scholarship at the Dramatic Workshop which led to the New York Repertory Theatre.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: In 1948, Franciosa joined the Cherry Lane Theatre Group off Broadway (at the same time as actress Bea Arthur). Within two years, he had been accepted as a member of the Actors Studio, which would prove an invaluable resource throughout his career but it would be a few years more before Franciosa could make a living from acting. In the meantime, he accepted a variety of jobs which included being a waiter, dishwasher, day laborer, and messenger boy at CBD. He worked in Theatre of the Sky on Lake Tahoe. In 1950 he was in a San Francisco production of "Detective Story".


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: In 1953, Franciosa made his Broadway debut in "End as a Man" alongside Ben Gazzara, and the following year in "Wedding Breakfast" (1954).


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: Franciosa began guest starring on TV shows such as "Studio One in Hollywood", "Kraft Theatre", "Ford Star Jubilee" (an adaptation of "This Happy Breed" with Noël Coward), and "Goodyear Playhouse".


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: Franciosa's breakthrough role came when cast in the Actors Studio production of "A Hatful of Rain" (1955–56) under the direction of Elia Kazan. He played Polo, the brother of the drug addicted Johnny (Ben Gazzara). Shelley Winters played Gazzara's wife and she would marry Franciosa the following year. Franciosa was nominated for a Tony Award for his performance.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: Franciosa made his film debut in Elia Kazan's "A Face in the Crowd" (1957) alongside Andy Griffith, Patricia Neal, and Lee Remick.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: He followed it in MGM's "This Could Be the Night" (1957) as the romantic interest for Jean Simmons, under the direction of Robert Wise.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: Franciosa reprised his role in "A Hatful of Rain" in the film version, directed by Fred Zinnemann at 20th Century Fox, with Don Murray and Eva Marie Saint playing the roles originated by Gazzara and Winters. Hedda Hopper pointed out that these three films were made before the first one had been released.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: Franciosa supported Anna Magnani and Anthony Quinn in "Wild Is the Wind" (1957) directed by George Cukor, produced by Hal B. Wallis who put Franciosa under a multi-film contract.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: He then appeared with Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward in "The Long Hot Summer" (1958), playing one of the two sons of Orson Welles, directed by Martin Ritt at Fox.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: In December 1957, he spent 10 days in jail for hitting a press photographer in April of that year. However he was much in demand: In an interview in December, he said he owed Fox and MGM three films each over five years, Kazan two more films, and Hal Wallis one film a year over seven years.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: He played Francisco Goya in MGM's "The Naked Maja" (1958) with Ava Gardner, which earned Franciosa $250,000 in acting fees due to production delays. He made a second film for Wallis, "Career" (1959) with Dean Martin and Shirley MacLaine, then "The Story on Page One" (1959) with Rita Hayworth for Clifford Odets at Fox.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: He was meant to star in "Orpheus Descending" (which became "The Fugitive Kind") with Anna Magnani, but the producers decided to cast Marlon Brando, and Franciosa was paid out $75,000. He was mentioned as a possibility for one of the roles in "The Magnificent Seven" and for the title role in a proposed Simon Bolivar biopic that Dino De Laurentiis was going to make.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: In 1959, he served 30 days at an open-prison farm for possession of marijuana. The same year, he was in a car accident.


title: Anthony Franciosa

text: Franciosa returned to TV to appear in "Heaven Can Wait" an adaptation of "Here Comes Mr Jordan" (1960), then in "Cradle Song" (1960).