title: BBC Micro

text: During 1986, Acorn followed up with the BBC Master, which offers memory sizes from 128 KB and many other refinements which improves on the 1981 original. It has essentially the same 6502-based BBC architecture, with many of the upgrades that the original design intentionally makes possible (extra ROM software, extra paged RAM, second processors) now included on the circuit board as internal plug-in modules.


title: BBC Micro

text: The BBC Micro platform amassed a large software base of both games and educational programs for its two main uses as a home and educational computer. Notable examples of each include the original release of "Elite" and "Granny's Garden". Programming languages and some applications were supplied on ROM chips to be installed on the motherboard. These load instantly and leave the RAM free for programs or documents.


title: BBC Micro

text: Although appropriate content was little-supported by television broadcasters, telesoftware could be downloaded via the optional Teletext Adapter and the third-party teletext adaptors that emerged.


title: BBC Micro

text: The built-in operating system, Acorn MOS, provides an extensive API to interface with all standard peripherals, ROM-based software, and the screen. Features specific to some versions of BASIC, like vector graphics, keyboard macros, cursor-based editing, sound queues, and envelopes, are in the MOS ROM and made available to any application. BBC BASIC itself, being in a separate ROM, can be replaced with another language.


title: BBC Micro

text: BASIC, other languages, and utility ROM chips reside in any of four 16 KB "paged ROM" sockets, with OS support for sixteen sockets via expansion hardware. The five (total) sockets are located partially obscured under the keyboard, with the leftmost socket hard-wired for the OS. The intended purpose for the perforated panel on the left of the keyboard was for a Serial ROM or Speech ROM. The paged ROM system is essentially modular. A language-independent system of "star commands", prefixed with an asterisk, provides the ability to select a language (for example codice_2, codice_3), a filing system (codice_4, codice_5), change settings (codice_6, codice_7), or carry out ROM-supplied tasks (codice_8, codice_9) from the command line. The MOS recognises certain built-in commands, and polls the paged ROMs in descending order for service otherwise; if none of them claims the command then the OS returns a codice_10 error. Suitable ROM (or EPROM) images could be written and provide functions without requiring RAM for the code itself.


title: BBC Micro

text: Not all ROMs offer star commands (ROMs containing data files, for instance), but any ROM can "hook" into vectors to enhance the system's functionality. Often the ROM is a device driver for mass storage combined with a filing system, starting with Acorn's 1982 Disc Filing System whose API became the "de facto" standard for floppy-disc access. The Acorn Graphics Extension ROM (GXR) expands the VDU routines to draw geometric shapes, flood fills, and sprites. During 1985 Micro Power designed and marketed a Basic Extension ROM, introducing statements such as codice_11, codice_12, codice_13, codice_14, codice_15, and codice_16, as well as direct mode commands including codice_17.


title: BBC Micro

text: Acorn strongly discouraged programmers from directly accessing the system variables and hardware, favouring official system calls. This was ostensibly to make sure programs keep working when migrated to coprocessors that utilise the Tube interface, but it also makes BBC Micro software more portable across the Acorn range. Whereas untrappable PEEKs and POKEs are used by other computers to reach the system elements, programs in either machine code or BBC BASIC instead pass parameters to an operating system routine. In this way the 6502 can translate the request for the local machine or send it across the Tube interface, as direct access is impossible from the coprocessor. Published programs largely conform to the API except for games, which routinely engage with the hardware for greater speed, and require a particular Acorn model.


title: BBC Micro

text: Many schools and universities employed the machines in Econet networks, and so networked multiplayer games were possible. Few became popular, due to the limited number of machines aggregated in one place. A relatively late but well documented example can be found in a dissertation based on a ringed RS-423 interconnect.


title: BBC Micro

text: The built-in ROM-resident "BBC BASIC" programming language interpreter realised the system's educational emphasis and was key to its success; it is the most comprehensive BASIC compared to other contemporary implementations, and runs very efficiently. Advanced programs can be written without resorting to non-structured programming or machine code. Should one want or need to do some assembly programming, BBC BASIC has a built-in assembler that allows a mixture of BASIC and assembler for whatever processor BASIC was operating on.


title: BBC Micro

text: When the BBC Micro was released, many competing home computers used Microsoft BASIC, or variants typically designed to resemble it. Compared to Microsoft BASIC, BBC BASIC features IF...THEN...ELSE, REPEAT...UNTIL, and named procedures and functions, but retains GOTO and GOSUB for compatibility. It also supports high-resolution graphics, four-channel sound, pointer-based memory access (borrowed from BCPL), and rudimentary macro assembly. Long variable names are accepted and distinguished completely, not just by the first two characters.


title: BBC Micro

text: Acorn had made a point of not just supporting BBC Basic but also supporting a number of contemporary languages, some of which were supplied as ROM chips to fit the spare sideways ROM sockets on the motherboard. Other languages were supplied on tape or disk.


title: BBC Micro

text: Many of these languages were also provided under the Panos environment for the 32016 Second Processor. As the Z80 Second Processor provided a CP/M environment, languages available for CP/M were supportable via this route. For example, Turbo Pascal was regarded in one instance as "by far the best version of Pascal" for a BBC Micro with Z80 second processor. DOS-based language implementations such as Turbo C and Turbo Pascal could also be run by computers expanded with the Master 512 board, this being fitted to BBC Micro machines using a Universal Second Processor unit. Torch Computers' Z80 expansions supported the UCSD p-System, and the Torch Unicorn expansion provided a Unix environment that featured a C compiler and other utilities, with Pascal and Fortran 77 implementations also advertised.


title: BBC Micro

text: Acornsoft C did not run on the original BBC Micro models, requiring the extra resources provided by the B+ and Master series machines. Beebug C did, however, run on the standard Model B and later machines. Both of these implementations provided compilers producing interpreted "p-code" as opposed to machine code, similar to Acornsoft's ISO Pascal and BCPL compilers. A Small-C implementation was also made available by Mijas.


title: BBC Micro

text: For a BBC Micro without a second processor, Acornsoft's ISO Pascal primarily saw competition from Oxford Pascal. A Forth-based Pascal implementation from HCCS known as Pascal T was regarded as being "intended primarily for learning Pascal, rather than using it seriously", putting it in the same category as Acornsoft's S-Pascal, described as "a simple subset of Pascal for teaching the language and structured programming".


title: BBC Micro

text: In line with its ethos of expandability Acorn produced its own range of peripherals for the BBC Micro, including:


title: BBC Micro

text: Various products from other manufacturers competed directly with Acorn's expansions. For example, companies such as Torch Computers and Cambridge Microprocessor Systems offered second processor solutions for the BBC Micro.


title: BBC Micro

text: A large number of third-party suppliers also produced an abundance of add-on hardware, some of the most common being:


title: BBC Micro

text: Acorn produced their own 32-bit Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) CPU during 1985, the ARM1. Furber composed a reference model of the processor on the BBC Micro with 808 lines of BASIC, and Arm Ltd. retains copies of the code for intellectual property purposes. The first prototype ARM platforms, the ARM Evaluation System and the A500 workstation, functioned as second processors attached to the BBC Micro's Tube interface. Acorn staff developed the A500's operating system "in situ" through the Tube until, one by one, the on-board I/O ports were enabled and the A500 ran as a stand-alone computer. With an upgraded processor this was eventually released during 1987 as four models in the "Archimedes" series, the lower-specified two models (512 KB and 1 MB) continuing the BBC Microcomputer brand with the distinctive red function keys. Although the Archimedes ultimately was not a major success, the ARM family of processors has become the dominant processor architecture in mobile embedded consumer devices, particularly mobile telephones.


title: BBC Micro

text: Acorn's last BBC-related model, the BBC A3000, was released in 1989. It was essentially a 1 MB Archimedes back in a single case form factor.


title: BBC Micro

text: Furber said in 2015 that he was amazed that the BBC Micro "established this reputation for being reliable, because lots of it was finger-in-the-air engineering". As of 2018, thanks to its ready expandability and I/O functions, there are still numbers of BBC Micros in use, and a retrocomputing community of dedicated users finding new tasks for the old hardware. They still survive in a few interactive displays in museums across the United Kingdom, and the Jodrell Bank observatory was reported using a BBC Micro to steer its 42 ft radio telescope in 2004. Furber said that although "the [engineering] margins on the Beeb were very, very small", when he asked BBC owners at a retrocomputing meeting what components had failed after 30 years, they said "you have to replace the capacitors in the power supply but everything else still works". The Archimedes came with 65Arthur, an emulator which "BYTE" stated "lets many programs for the BBC Micro run"; other emulators exist for many operating systems.


title: BBC Micro

text: In March 2008, the creators of the BBC Micro met at the Science Museum in London. There was to be an exhibition about the computer and its legacy during 2009.


title: BBC Micro

text: The UK National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park uses BBC Micros as part of a scheme to educate school children about computer programming.


title: BBC Micro

text: In March 2012, the BBC and Acorn teams responsible for the BBC Micro and Computer Literacy Project met for a 30th anniversary party, entitled "Beeb@30". This was held at Arm's offices in Cambridge and was co-hosted by the Centre for Computing History.


title: BBC Micro

text: Long after the "venerable old Beeb" was superseded, additional hardware and software has been developed. Such developments have included Sprow's 1999 zip compression utility and a ROM Y2K bugfix for the BBC Master.


title: BBC Micro

text: There are also a number of websites still supporting both hardware and software development for the BBC Micros and Acorn in general.


title: BBC Micro

text: Like the IBM PC with the contemporary Color Graphics Adapter, the video output of the BBC Micro could be switched by software between a number of display modes. These varied between 20 and 40-column text suitable for a domestic TV and 80-column text best viewed with a high-quality RGB-connected monitor; the latter mode was often too blurred to view when using a domestic TV via the UHF output. The variety of modes offered applications a flexible compromise between colour depth, resolution and memory economy. In the first models, the OS and applications were left with the RAM left over from the display mode.


title: BBC Micro

text: Mode 7 was a Teletext mode, extremely economical on memory and an original requirement due to the BBC's own use of broadcast teletext (Ceefax). It also made the computer useful as a Prestel terminal. The teletext characters were generated using an SAA5050 chip, for use with monitors and TV sets without a Teletext receiver. Mode 7 used only 1 KB for video RAM by storing each character as its ASCII code, rather than its bitmap image as was needed for the other modes.


title: BBC Micro

text: Modes 0 to 6 could display colours from a logical palette of sixteen: the eight basic colours at the vertices of the RGB colour cube and eight flashing colours made by alternating the basic colour with its inverse. The palette could be freely reprogrammed without touching display memory. Modes 3 and 6 were special text-only modes that used less RAM by reducing the number of text rows and inserting blank scan lines below each row. Mode 6 was the smallest, allocating 8 KB as video memory. Modes 0 to 6 could show diacritics and other user defined characters. All modes except mode 7 supported bitmapped graphics, but graphics commands such as DRAW and PLOT had no effect in the text-only modes.


title: BBC Micro

text: The BBC B+ and the later Master provided 'shadow modes', where the 1–20 KB frame buffer was stored in an alternative RAM bank, freeing the main memory for user programs. This feature was requested by setting bit 7 of the mode variable, i.e. by requesting modes 128–135.


title: BBC Micro

text: A speech synthesis upgrade based on the Texas Instruments TMS5220 featured sampled words spoken by BBC newscaster Kenneth Kendall. This speech system was standard on the US model where it had an American vocabulary. The Computer Concepts Speech ROM also made use of the TMS5220 speech processor but not the speech ROMs, instead driving the speech processor directly. The speech upgrade sold poorly and was largely superseded by Superior Software's software-based synthesiser using the standard sound hardware.


title: BBC Micro

text: The speech upgrade also added two empty sockets next to the keyboard, intended for 16 KB serial ROM cartridges containing either extra speech phoneme data beyond that held in the speech paged ROM or general software accessed through the ROM Filing System. The original plan was that some games would be released on cartridges, but due to the limited sales of the speech upgrade combined with economic and other viability concerns, little or no software was ever produced for these sockets. The cut-out space next to the keyboard (nicknamed the "ashtray") was more commonly used to install other upgrades, such as a ZIF socket for conventional paged ROMs.


title: BBC Micro

text: The BBC Domesday Project, a pioneering multimedia experiment, was based on a modified version of the BBC Micro's successor, the BBC Master.


title: BBC Micro

text: Musician Vince Clarke of the British synth pop bands Depeche Mode, Yazoo, and Erasure used a BBC Micro (and later a BBC Master) with the UMI music sequencer to compose many hits. In music videos from the 1980s featuring Vince Clarke, a BBC Micro is often present or provides text and graphics such as a clip for Erasure's "Oh L'Amour". The musical group Queen used the UMI Music Sequencer on their record "A Kind of Magic". The UMI is also mentioned in the CD booklet. Other bands who have used the BBC Micro for making music are A-ha and the reggae band Steel Pulse. Paul Ridout is credited as "UMI programmer" on Cars' bassist/vocalist Benjamin Orr's 1986 solo album, The Lace. Other UMI users included Blancmange, Alan Parsons and Mutt Lange. Black Uhuru used the Envelope Generator from SYSTEM software (Sheffield) running on a BBC Micro, to create some of the electro-dub sounds on Try It (Anthem album 1983).


title: BBC Micro

text: The BBC Micro was used extensively to provide graphics and sound effects for many early 1980s BBC TV shows. These included, notably, series 3 and 4 of "The Adventure Game"; the children's quiz game "First Class" (where the onscreen scoreboard was provided by a BBC Micro nicknamed "Eugene"); and numerous 1980s episodes of "Doctor Who" including "Castrovalva", "The Five Doctors", and "The Twin Dilemma".


title: BBC Micro

text: In 2013, NESTA released a report into the legacy of The BBC Micro, looking at the history and impact of the machine and The BBC Computer Literacy project. In June 2018, the BBC released its archives of the "Computer Literacy Project".


title: BBC Micro

text: The BBC Micro had a lasting technological impact on the education market by introducing an informal educational standard around the hardware and software technologies employed by the range, particularly the use of BBC BASIC, and by establishing a considerable investment by schools in software for the machine. Consequently, manufacturers of rival systems such as IBM PC compatibles (and almost-compatibles such as the RM Nimbus), the Apple Macintosh, and the Commodore Amiga, as well as Acorn as the manufacturer of the BBC Micro's successor, the Archimedes, were compelled to provide a degree of compatibility with the large number of machines already deployed in schools.


title: Renee Gracie

text: After a successful stint in kart racing, Gracie contested the 2014 and 2015 seasons of the Porsche Carrera Cup Australia Championship. In 2013, she was the first female to compete in that championship. The following year, she achieved five top 10 race results and a 100 percent race finishing record.


title: Renee Gracie

text: In 2015, Gracie switched to the Supercars Dunlop Series, in which she drove for Paul Morris Motorsport, and was the first full-time female competitor in 14 years. At the end of that year, she was classified 18th in the championship standings, with 634 points and a best race result of 12th.


title: Renee Gracie

text: On 19 August 2015, it was announced that Gracie would partner Simona de Silvestro in a Ford FG X Falcon fielded by Prodrive Racing Australia in the Bathurst 1000 for V8 Supercars. It was the first female pairing at Bathurst since Melinda Price and Kerryn Brewer finished 11th in 1998. On lap 15 of the race, the Falcon, running under the "Harvey Norman Supergirls" banner, was severely damaged in an oil slick-induced impact by Gracie with the wall at Forrest's Elbow. After undergoing extensive repairs, it was sent back out, with de Silvestro at the wheel, to finish 21st, 40 laps down on the winning pair of Craig Lowndes and Steven Richards.


title: Renee Gracie

text: In 2016, Gracie competed in her second season of the Supercars Dunlop Series, once again for Paul Morris Motorsport. She also teamed up with de Silvestro for a second assault at the Bathurst 1000, this time in a Nissan Altima L33 prepared by Nissan Motorsport. Despite starting the race on the back row in 26th position, Gracie and de Silvestro had no major issues during the race, and managed stay out of trouble to finish 14th in the chaotic final laps.


title: Renee Gracie

text: Gracie moved to Dragon Motor Sport for a third season in the renamed Super2 Series. After a string of poor results with only one top-10 finish in 17 races and a lack of available funds, she was replaced with Kumho Series driver Jordan Boys.


title: Renee Gracie

text: In 2019, Gracie began working as an adult film actress and uploading adult content to subscription site OnlyFans, claiming “racing cars is not my passion anymore." Gracie joined the adult industry after not being able to make money from racing cars. Her father also supports her career in pornography. Renee Gracie used her earnings from her career in pornography to buy a Mercedes Supercar for AU$350,000.


title: Fractional calculus

text: Fractional calculus is a branch of mathematical analysis that studies the several different possibilities of defining real number powers or complex number powers of the differentiation operator formula_1


title: Fractional calculus

text: In this context, the term "powers" refers to iterative application of a linear operator formula_1 to a function formula_6, that is, repeatedly composing formula_1 with itself, as in formula_8.


title: Fractional calculus

text: as an analogue of the functional square root for the differentiation operator, that is, an expression for some linear operator that, when applied "twice" to any function, will have the same effect as differentiation. More generally, one can look at the question of defining a linear operator


title: Fractional calculus

text: for every real number formula_11 in such a way that, when formula_11 takes an integer value formula_13, it coincides with the usual formula_14-fold differentiation formula_1 if formula_16, and with the formula_14-th power of formula_3 when formula_19.


title: Fractional calculus

text: One of the motivations behind the introduction and study of these sorts of extensions of the differentiation operator formula_1 is that the sets of operator powers formula_21 defined in this way are "continuous" semigroups with parameter formula_11, of which the original "discrete" semigroup of formula_23 for integer formula_14 is a denumerable subgroup: since continuous semigroups have a well developed mathematical theory, they can be applied to other branches of mathematics.


title: Fractional calculus

text: Fractional differential equations, also known as extraordinary differential equations, are a generalization of differential equations through the application of fractional calculus.


title: Fractional calculus

text: In applied mathematics and mathematical analysis, a fractional derivative is a derivative of any arbitrary order, real or complex. Its first appearance is in a letter written to Guillaume de l'Hôpital by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1695.  Around the same time, Leibniz wrote to one of the Bernoulli brothers describing the similarity between the binomial theorem and the Leibniz rule for the fractional derivative of a product of two functions.  Fractional calculus was introduced in one of Niels Henrik Abel's early papers where all the elements can be found: the idea of fractional-order integration and differentiation, the mutually inverse relationship between them, the understanding that fractional-order differentiation and integration can be considered as the same generalized operation, and even the unified notation for differentiation and integration of arbitrary real order.


title: Fractional calculus

text: The autodidact Oliver Heaviside introduced the practical use of fractional differential operators in electrical transmission line analysis circa 1890. The theory and applications of fractional calculus expanded greatly over the 19th and 20th centuries, and numerous contributors have given different definitions for fractional derivatives and integrals.


title: Fractional calculus

text: The formula_11-th derivative of a function formula_6 at a point formula_27 is a "local property" only when formula_11 is an integer; this is not the case for non-integer power derivatives. In other words, a non-integer fractional derivative of formula_6 at formula_30 depends on all values of formula_6, even those far away from formula_11. Therefore, it is expected that the fractional derivative operation involves some sort of boundary conditions, involving information on the function further out.


title: Fractional calculus

text: The fractional derivative of a function of order formula_11 is nowadays often defined by means of the Fourier or Mellin integral transforms.


title: Fractional calculus

text: A fairly natural question to ask is whether there exists a linear operator , or half-derivative, such that


title: Fractional calculus

text: Using the gamma function to remove the discrete nature of the factorial function gives us a natural candidate for fractional applications of the integral operator.


title: Fractional calculus

text: This relationship is called the semigroup property of fractional differintegral operators. Unfortunately, the comparable process for the derivative operator is significantly more complex, but it can be shown that is neither commutative nor additive in general.


title: Fractional calculus

text: The classical form of fractional calculus is given by the Riemann–Liouville integral, which is essentially what has been described above. The theory of fractional integration for periodic functions (therefore including the "boundary condition" of repeating after a period) is given by the Weyl integral. It is defined on Fourier series, and requires the constant Fourier coefficient to vanish (thus, it applies to functions on the unit circle whose integrals evaluate to zero). The Riemann–Liouville integral exists in two forms, upper and lower. Considering the interval , the integrals are defined as


title: Fractional calculus

text: The "Hadamard fractional integral" was introduced by Jacques Hadamard and is given by the following formula,


title: Fractional calculus

text: Unlike classical Newtonian derivatives, fractional derivatives can be defined in a variety of different ways that often do not all lead to the same result even for smooth functions. Some of these are defined via a fractional integral. Because of the incompatibility of definitions, it is frequently necessary to be explicit about which definition is used.


title: Fractional calculus

text: The corresponding derivative is calculated using Lagrange's rule for differential operators. Computing th order derivative over the integral of order , the order derivative is obtained. It is important to remark that is the smallest integer greater than (that is, ). Similar to the definitions for the Riemann–Liouville integral, the derivative has upper and lower variants.


title: Fractional calculus

text: Another option for computing fractional derivatives is the Caputo fractional derivative. It was introduced by Michele Caputo in his 1967 paper. In contrast to the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative, when solving differential equations using Caputo's definition, it is not necessary to define the fractional order initial conditions. Caputo's definition is illustrated as follows, where again :


title: Fractional calculus

text: which has the advantage that is zero when is constant and its Laplace Transform is expressed by means of the initial values of the function and its derivative. Moreover, there is the Caputo fractional derivative of distributed order defined as


title: Fractional calculus

text: where is a weight function and which is used to represent mathematically the presence of multiple memory formalisms.


title: Fractional calculus

text: In a paper of 2015, M. Caputo and M. Fabrizio presented a definition of fractional derivative with a non singular kernel, for a function formula_50 of formula_51 given by:


title: Fractional calculus

text: In 2016, Atangana and Baleanu suggested differential operators based on the generalized Mittag-Leffler function. The aim was to introduce fractional differential operators with non-singular nonlocal kernel. Their fractional differential operators are given below in Riemann–Liouville sense and Caputo sense respectively. For a function formula_50 of formula_51 given by


title: Fractional calculus

text: If the function is continuous, the Atangana–Baleanu derivative in Riemann–Liouville sense is given by:


title: Fractional calculus

text: The kernel used in Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative has some properties of a cumulative distribution function.  For example, for all formula_58, the function formula_59 is increasing on the real line, converges to formula_60 in formula_61, and formula_62. Therefore, we have that, the function formula_63 is the cumulative distribution function of a probability measure on the positive real numbers. The distribution is therefore defined, and any of its multiples, is called a Mittag-Leffler distribution of order formula_64. It is also very well-known that, all these probability distributions are absolutely continuous. In particular, the function Mittag-Leffler has a particular case formula_65, which is the exponential function, the Mittag-Leffler distribution of order formula_66 is therefore an exponential distribution. However, for formula_67, the Mittag-Leffler distributions are heavy-tailed. Their Laplace transform is given by:


title: Fractional calculus

text: This directly implies that, for formula_67, the expectation is infinite. In addition, these distributions are geometric stable distributions.


title: Fractional calculus

text: The Erdélyi–Kober operator is an integral operator introduced by Arthur Erdélyi (1940). and Hermann Kober (1940) and is given by


title: Fractional calculus

text: In the context of functional analysis, functions more general than powers are studied in the functional calculus of spectral theory. The theory of pseudo-differential operators also allows one to consider powers of . The operators arising are examples of singular integral operators; and the generalisation of the classical theory to higher dimensions is called the theory of Riesz potentials. So there are a number of contemporary theories available, within which "fractional calculus" can be discussed. See also Erdélyi–Kober operator, important in special function theory , .


title: Fractional calculus

text: As described by Wheatcraft and Meerschaert (2008), a fractional conservation of mass equation is needed to model fluid flow when the control volume is not large enough compared to the scale of heterogeneity and when the flux within the control volume is non-linear. In the referenced paper, the fractional conservation of mass equation for fluid flow is:


title: Fractional calculus

text: When studying the redox behavior of a substrate in solution, a voltage is applied at an electrode surface to force electron transfer between electrode and substrate. The resulting electron transfer is measured as a current. The current depends upon the concentration of substrate at the electrode surface. As substrate is consumed, fresh substrate diffuses to the electrode as described by Fick's laws of diffusion. Taking the Laplace transform of Fick's second law yields an ordinary second-order differential equation (here in dimensionless form):


title: Fractional calculus

text: whose solution C(x,s) contains a one-half power dependence on s. Taking the derivative of C(x,s) and then the inverse Laplace transform yields the following relationship:


title: Fractional calculus

text: which relates the concentration of substrate at the electrode surface to the current. This relationship is applied in electrochemical kinetics to elucidate mechanistic behavior. For example, it has been used to study the rate of dimerization of substrates upon electrochemical reduction.


title: Fractional calculus

text: In 2013–2014 Atangana et al. described some groundwater flow problems using the concept of a derivative with fractional order. In these works, the classical Darcy law is generalized by regarding the water flow as a function of a non-integer order derivative of the piezometric head. This generalized law and the law of conservation of mass are then used to derive a new equation for groundwater flow.


title: Fractional calculus

text: Atangana and Kilicman extended the fractional advection dispersion equation to a variable order equation. In their work, the hydrodynamic dispersion equation was generalized using the concept of a variational order derivative. The modified equation was numerically solved via the Crank–Nicolson method. The stability and convergence in numerical simulations showed that the modified equation is more reliable in predicting the movement of pollution in deformable aquifers than equations with constant fractional and integer derivatives


title: Fractional calculus

text: Anomalous diffusion processes in complex media can be well characterized by using fractional-order diffusion equation models. The time derivative term corresponds to long-time heavy tail decay and the spatial derivative for diffusion nonlocality. The time-space fractional diffusion governing equation can be written as


title: Fractional calculus

text: A simple extension of the fractional derivative is the variable-order fractional derivative, and are changed into and . Its applications in anomalous diffusion modeling can be found in the reference.


title: Fractional calculus

text: Fractional derivatives are used to model viscoelastic damping in certain types of materials like polymers.


title: Fractional calculus

text: Generalizing PID controllers to use fractional orders can increase their degree of freedom. The new equation relating the "control variable" in terms of a measured "error value" can be written as


title: Fractional calculus

text: where and are positive fractional orders and , , and , all non-negative, denote the coefficients for the proportional, integral, and derivative terms, respectively (sometimes denoted , , and ).


title: Fractional calculus

text: The propagation of acoustical waves in complex media, such as in biological tissue, commonly implies attenuation obeying a frequency power-law. This kind of phenomenon may be described using a causal wave equation which incorporates fractional time derivatives:


title: Fractional calculus

text: See also Holm & Näsholm (2011) and the references therein. Such models are linked to the commonly recognized hypothesis that multiple relaxation phenomena give rise to the attenuation measured in complex media. This link is further described in Näsholm & Holm (2011b) and in the survey paper, as well as the "Acoustic attenuation" article. See Holm & Nasholm (2013) for a paper which compares fractional wave equations which model power-law attenuation. This book on power-law attenuation also covers the topic in more detail.


title: Fractional calculus

text: Pandey and Holm gave a physical meaning to fractional differential equations by deriving them from physical principles and interpreting the fractional-order in terms of the parameters of the acoustical media, example in fluid-saturated granular unconsolidated marine sediments. Interestingly, Pandey and Holm derived Lomnitz's law in seismology and Nutting's law in non-Newtonian rheology using the framework of fractional calculus. Nutting's law was used to model the wave propagation in marine sediments using fractional derivatives.


title: Fractional calculus

text: The fractional Schrödinger equation, a fundamental equation of fractional quantum mechanics, has the following form:


title: Fractional calculus

text: where the solution of the equation is the wavefunction – the quantum mechanical probability amplitude for the particle to have a given position vector at any given time , and is the reduced Planck constant. The potential energy function depends on the system.


title: Fractional calculus

text: Further, is the Laplace operator, and is a scale constant with physical dimension , (at , for a particle of mass ), and the operator is the 3-dimensional fractional quantum Riesz derivative defined by


title: Fractional calculus

text: As a natural generalization of the fractional Schrödinger equation, the variable-order fractional Schrödinger equation has been exploited to study fractional quantum phenomena:


title: Fractional calculus

text: where is the Laplace operator and the operator is the variable-order fractional quantum Riesz derivative.


title: All Gas No Brakes

text: All Gas No Brakes is an American YouTube channel originally created and previously hosted by independent journalist Andrew Callaghan that's based on the book of the same name (which is short for "All Gas No Brakes: A Hitchhiker's Diary | True Stories From the Road... Written and Curated by Andrew Callaghan") by Andrew Callaghan. The channel has 1.7 million subscribers and over 71 million views . The channel featured Callaghan traveling around the United States conducting vox pop interviews at various events, such as conventions and music festivals. The interviews are noted for their surreal and humorous viewpoints on serious topics. Nic Mosher and Evan Gilbert-Katz worked on the channel providing camera, audio, editing, and production management. The show ran from September 9, 2019 to November 12, 2020.


title: All Gas No Brakes

text: On March 9, 2021, Callaghan announced his departure from the show along with his crew consisting of Mosher and Gilbert-Katz. Therefore, the show ended after one season with the final episode airing on November 12, 2020. He cited contract issues by network Doing Things Media as the reason for his departure, claiming exploitative behavior. The team later moved to a new YouTube channel, which was a spinoff show named Channel 5, which started on April 11, 2021.


title: All Gas No Brakes

text: The idea for "All Gas No Brakes" was conceived during the summer after high school in which Callaghan hitchhiked across the United States before beginning his journalism studies at Loyola University New Orleans. Callaghan then wrote and self published a book based on his experience hitchhiking and the people he met along the way, called "All Gas No Brakes". Callaghan was a contributing writer for the Loyola school newspaper The Maroon. While in school, Callaghan began doing man-on-the-street interviews along Bourbon Street. The videos, which were uploaded to YouTube and Instagram under the name "Quarter Confessions" led to a partnership between Callaghan and Doing Things Media.


title: All Gas No Brakes

text: In early 2020, Callaghan started an "All Gas No Brakes" podcast, in response to travel restrictions stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. On the podcast, Callaghan interviews past subjects from "All Gas No Brakes" over video chat.


title: All Gas No Brakes

text: In March 2021, Callaghan announced via social media that he, along with his team, are no longer involved with production of All Gas No Brakes, as well as its television series currently being produced. He cited contract issues as the reason for their departure.


title: All Gas No Brakes

text: In a piece by the "New York Times" on March 23, 2021, videographer Nate Kahn, who worked on All Gas No Brakes for a time, detailed his understanding of Callaghan's dismissal from the company after an attempt to renegotiate his contract. Doing Things Media had become increasingly uncomfortable with the political leanings of the show, specifically an episode focusing on the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis. Callaghan and his crew were later locked out of social media accounts and fired in early March 2021.


title: All Gas No Brakes

text: In May 2020, Doing Things Media and Abso Lutely Productions entered a deal to develop a television series based on the channel. According to Callaghan, the partnership began when Abso Lutely co-founder Eric Wareheim privately messaged him on Twitter to ask about the prospects of creating a television series. Wareheim, Tim Heidecker, and Dave Kneebone would serve as executive producers for Abso Lutely, while Callaghan, Reid Hailey, and Max Benator will serve as executive producers for Doing Things Media. Tim Heidecker confirmed on Twitter that Doing Things Media is no longer involved in the production and that Callaghan is still working with them on "something major".


title: All Gas No Brakes

text: The channel originally featured Callaghan as he interviewed people at various events across the United States, such as the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul. The people Callaghan interviewed tend to be members of fringe subcultures such as furries, flat earthers, and others that he says represent "true Americana". Callaghan would usually appear dressed in an oversized beige suit and tie, citing this inspiration from television news anchors and how they dressed. Callaghan would appear without the suit in more “serious” themed episodes as a way to let the viewer know that the video would not be intentionally humorous, but rather bring attention to the topic at hand. As a man-on-the-street interviewer, Callaghan's interviews were largely unplanned and improvised. As a result, he has been compared to Louis Theroux, Eric Andre, and Sacha Baron Cohen. Callaghan has also cited Kyle Mooney, Michael Moore, and "The Daily Show" correspondents as influences.


title: Monsignor

text: Monsignor (; ) is an honorific form of address or title for certain male clergy members, usually members of the Roman Catholic Church. Monsignor is the apocopic form of the Italian "monsignore", meaning "my lord". "Monsignor" can be abbreviated as Mons or Msgr. In some countries, the title "monsignor" is used as a form of address for bishops. However, in English-speaking countries, the title is dropped when a priest is appointed as bishop.


title: Monsignor

text: The title "monsignor" is a form of address, not an appointment (such as a bishop or cardinal). A priest cannot be "made a monsignor" or become "the monsignor of a parish". The title "Monsignor" is normally used by clergy (men only) who have received one of the three classes of papal honors:


title: Monsignor

text: Clerics working in the Roman Curia and the Vatican diplomatic service are eligible for all three honors. Priests working in a diocese are only eligible for the "chaplain of his holiness" honor. Priests must be nominated by their bishop and must be at least 65 years old.


title: Monsignor

text: Pope Paul VI, in his 1968 publication "motu proprio" "Pontificalis Domus", reduced the number of papal honors from 14 to three. The protonotary apostolic class was divided into two subsections. The classes of chamberlains and chaplains were abolished, leaving only a single class of "chaplains of his holiness".The three papal honor classes are:


title: Monsignor

text: In March 2013, Pope Francis suspended the granting of papal honors, with the title of monsignor, to all clergy except members of the Vatican diplomatic service.


title: Monsignor

text: At the October 2013 meeting of the Council of Cardinal Advisers. Pope Francis stated his desire to scale back the honors as part of a broader effort to project a more modest and pastoral vision of leadership. As archbishop of Buenos Aires, Pope Francis never requested papal honors for his priests, associating the honors with clerical "careerism".


title: Monsignor

text: In December 2013, Pope Francis decreed that diocesan priests could only receive "chaplain of his holiness", the lowest of the three papal honors. He also set a minimum age required of 65. Existing honors were not affected. Pope Francis decided to continue papal honors from all three classes for two groups of clergy:


title: Monsignor

text: In English speaking countries, bishops and archbishops are not called "monsignor." However, 1969 the Vatican Secretariat of State indicated that bishops may be addressed as "monsignor." In some countries, the titles "Monsignore", "Monseigneur", "Monsenyor", and "Monseñor" are used for bishops, archbishops and any other prelates below the rank of cardinal or patriarch.


title: Monsignor

text: The 1969 instruction also indicated that for bishops ""Reverendissimus"" (translated as "most reverend") could be added to the word "monsignor". For example, the "Most Reverend Monsignor John Doe". This instruction also applied to:


title: Monsignor

text: Red-trimmed black cassocks with purple sashes, good for all occasions. Purple cassocks as choir dress for liturgical events of special solemnity.


title: Monsignor

text: Red-trimmed black cassocks with purple sashes. Purple cassocks as choir dress. Can also wear the purple "ferraiuolo", a silk cape. The ferraiuolo is for non-liturgical events, such as graduation and commencement ceremonies.


title: Monsignor

text: Red-trimmed black cassocks with purple sashes and the purple "ferraiuolo". Purple cassocks as choir dress. They can wear the mantelletta in choir dress with a black biretta with a red tuft.


title: Monsignor

text: The Catholic church originally maintained 14 classes of papal honors. A priest with the title of "privy chamberlain" would lose the title when the pope who granted it died. When the pope abolished the privy chamberlain class in 1968, the rule was abolished also. These 14 previous classes included:


title: Monsignor

text: Under Pope Paul VI, the Secretariat of State set minimum qualifications of age and priesthood for the three papal honor classes:


title: Monsignor

text: The Secretariat waived the minimum age limit for vicars general proposed for appointment as honorary prelates. The reasoning was that as long as a priest holds the office of vicar general, he is also protonotary apostolic supernumerary. A vicar general could not be named chaplain of his holiness. All these criteria were superseded in 2013.


title: Monsignor

text: Under the legislation of Pope Pius X, vicars general and vicars capitular (now called diocesan administrators) are titular (not actual) Protonotaries "durante munere." As long as these priests hold the office, they can have the title "monsignor". Vicar generals and diocesan administrators were allowed to wear:


title: Monsignor

text: As a result of this they were in some countries referred to as "black protonotaries". However, "Pontificalis domus" of Paul VI removed this position (titular protonotaries) from the Papal Household, even though the title of "monsignor", which is to be distinguished from a prelatial rank, has not been withdrawn from vicars general, as can be seen, for instance, from the placing of the abbreviated title "Mons." before the name of every member of the secular (diocesan) clergy listed as a vicar general in the "Annuario Pontificio".


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: A livestock guardian dog (LGD) is a dog type bred for the purpose of protecting livestock from predators.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: Livestock guardian dogs stay with the group of animals they protect as a full-time member of the flock or herd. Their ability to guard their herd is mainly instinctive, as the dog is bonded to the herd from an early age. Unlike herding dogs which control the movement of livestock, LGDs blend in with them, watching for intruders within the flock. The mere presence of a guardian dog is usually enough to ward off some predators, and LGDs confront predators by vocal intimidation, barking, and displaying very aggressive behavior. The dog may attack or fight with a predator if it cannot drive it away.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: Herding dogs originated in Western Asia, on the territory of modern Iran and Iraq in association with the beginning of livestock breeding. Domestication of sheep and goats began there in the 8-7th millennium BC. Back then shepherding was a difficult job: first shepherds did not have horses and managed livestock on foot, as mules, horses and donkeys were not yet fully domesticated and obedient enough. Dogs that previously were helping humans to hunt, became assistants in farming. The main task of dogs in the early period was to protect herds from a variety of wild predators, that were very numerous at that time.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: This function predetermined the type of herding dogs: they had to be strong, vicious, courageous, decisive, able to stand alone against a large predator and, most importantly, ready to defend their herd. The ancestors of livestock guarding dogs can be traced back to six thousand years ago, archaeological findings of joint remains of sheep and dogs date back to 3685 BC. The land of their origin is considered to be the territories of modern Turkey, Iraq and Syria.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: Livestock dogs are mentioned in the Old Testament, the works of Cato the Elder and Varro. Images are found on works of art created more than two thousand years ago.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: Their use being recorded as early as 150 BC in Rome. Both Aristotle's "History of Animals" and Virgil's "Georgics" mention the use of livestock guardian dogs by the Molossians in the ancient region of Epirus.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: Livestock guardian dogs specialise in protection of small farm animals, mainly sheep. Unlike herds of cattle or horses, which are able to withstand even large predators on their own, herds of sheep and goats need the protection that LGDs are designed to provide. In large farms, sheep are managed mainly by using the distant-pasture method. In winter the flocks are kept in low-lying pastures or in paddocks, and in the summer they are moved to remote regions, often to the mountains, where there is enough grass during the summer drought. LGDs guard livestock on pastures throughout the year, and also protect sheep from attacks of predators during seasonal migrations.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: The dogs are introduced to livestock as puppies so they "imprint" on the animals. Experts recommend that the pups begin living with the herd at 4 to 5 weeks of age. This imprinting is thought to be largely olfactory and occurs between 3 and 16 weeks of age. Training requires regular daily handling and management, preferably from birth. A guardian dog is not considered reliable until it is at least 2 years of age. Until that time, supervision, guidance, and correction are needed to teach the dog the skills and rules it needs to do its job. Having older dogs that assist in training younger dogs streamlines this process considerably.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: In Namibia in Southwest Africa, Anatolians are used to guard goat herds from cheetahs, and are typically imprinted between 7 and 8 weeks of age. Before use of dogs was implemented, impoverished Namibian farmers often came into conflict with predatory cheetahs; now, Anatolians usually are able to drive off cheetahs with their barking and displays of aggression.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: The experiments of Lorna and Raymond Coppinger and the studies of other specialists have shown the effectiveness of protecting flocks with the help of dogs. After the reintroduction of wolves, that were eliminated in the United States in the 1930s, American farmers were losing about a million sheep annually to wolf attacks. 76 farmers took part in the Coppingers program, which introduced European livestock guardian dogs into the US sheep breeding (in their project they used Anatolian Shepherd Dogs). In all farms, where, in the absence of dogs, up to two hundred attacks of wolves per year happened, not a single sheep was lost under the protection of LGDs. At the same time, none of the predators protected by law got killed: the dogs simply did not allow them to approach the herd.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: For the protection of flocks, on average, five dogs are used per 350 heads of sheep, but the need for LGDs depends on many conditions, such as the landscape and size of the territory, vegetation available in the pasture area, the species, breed and number of animals in the herd, the presence of a shepherd, the presence or absence of fences and other means of protection, the number and species composition of predators, as well as the breed, age, health status of LGDs and their experience.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: For example, sheep breeders of the Rocky Mountains in the United States breed predominantly white-headed Rambouillet sheep with a strong herd instinct. During the day, the sheep scatter over the pasture that is about one square mile, and at night they gather in a denser flock. In an ordinary flock of a thousand ewes and their lambs, two to five guard dogs live constantly. The number of dogs in a herd can change with their death or the birth of puppies. When the herds gather together for the winter, some dogs can move to another herd and spend the next summer guarding other sheep. When large predators appear near pastures, the number of dogs in the flock usually increases. Protection is more reliable if the herd is guarded by dogs of different breeds, for example, powerful Pyrenean mastiffs, who prefer to lie close to livestock, in cooperation with more mobile Maremmas or Kangals, who control the perimeter of the pasture.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: The three qualities most sought after in LGDs are trustworthiness, attentiveness, and protectiveness; trustworthy in that they do not roam off and are not aggressive with the livestock, attentive in that they are situationally aware of threats by predators, and protective in that they attempt to drive off predators. Dogs, being social creatures with differing personalities, take on different roles with the herd and among themselves; most stick close to the livestock, others tend to follow the shepherd or rancher when one is present, and some drift away from the livestock. These differing roles are often complementary in terms of protecting livestock, and experienced ranchers and shepherds sometimes encourage these differences by adjustments in socialization technique so as to increase the effectiveness of their group of dogs in meeting specific predator threats. LGDs that follow the livestock closest assure that a guard dog is on hand if a predator attacks, while LGDs that patrol at the edges of a flock or herd are in a position to keep would-be attackers at a safe distance from livestock. Those dogs that are more attentive tend to alert those that are more passive, but perhaps also more trustworthy or less aggressive with the livestock.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: At least two dogs may be placed with a flock or herd, depending on its size, the type of predators, their number, and the intensity of predation. If predators are scarce, one dog may be adequate, though most operations usually require at least two dogs. Large operations (particularly range operations) and heavy predator loads require more dogs. Male and female LGDs have proved to be equally effective in protecting of livestock.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: While LGDs have been known to fight to the death with predators, in most cases, predator attacks are prevented by a display of aggressiveness. LGDs are known to drive off predators for which physically they would be no match, such as bears and even lions. With the reintroduction of predators into natural habitats in Europe and North America, environmentalists have come to appreciate LGDs because they allow sheep and cattle farming to coexist with predators in the same or nearby habitats. Unlike trapping and poisoning, LGDs seldom kill predators; instead, their aggressive behaviors tend to condition predators to seek unguarded (thus, nonfarm animal) prey. For instance, in Italy's Gran Sasso National Park, where LGDs and wolves have coexisted for centuries, older, more experienced wolves seem to "know" the LGDs and leave their flocks alone.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: LGD's are large, powerful dogs, although smaller dogs drive wild animals away from the herd just as effectively. The large size provides guardian dogs with a number of advantages: they retain heat longer, carry more fat reserves and can go without food for longer, are less likely to get bone fractures and tolerate illnesses better. Their stride is longer, so they are more efficient at long distances. However, dogs that are too large suffer more from the heat, therefore they are used exclusively in the northern regions and in mountain pastures. Livestock guardian dogs working with the herds in hot areas are lighter in bone and shorter.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: All LGD's have similar physical traits. Differences in appearance reflect the peculiarities of the climate in which these dogs live and work. All LGD's have a dense water-repellent coat, strong build, majestic appearance and independent disposition. Differences in the colour are determined by local traditions: puppies of a typical colour were given preference for breeding in different regions. Rigg notes that often the color of dogs is chosen according to the main color of the livestock: in flocks of white sheep, the dogs are white, with coloured sheep, goats or yaks, the dogs are usually grey or brown. It is assumed that animals are calmer about being in a presence of dogs of a similar color. In addition, the color of the dog corresponding to the color of the herd reduces the risk of accidental death of the dog when shooting wolves.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: LGDs are generally large, independent, and protective, which can make them less than ideal for urban or even suburban living. Nonetheless, despite their size, they can be gentle, make good companion dogs, and are often protective towards children. If introduced to a family as a pup, most LGDs are as protective of their family as a working guard dog is of its flock. In fact, in some communities where LGDs are a tradition, the runt of a litter often was kept or given as a household pet or simply kept as a village dog without a single owner.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: For various reasons, including the decline in livestock and the transition to other methods of livestock breeding and management, in many regions, the number of LGDs has critically declined. Instead of their original purpose, livestock guardian dogs are more often used to guard property, bred as show dogs with a spectacular appearance, and sometimes used in dog fight business. The breed standards used by canine organisations in purebred breeding and their selection process are mainly focused on physical characteristics and not on their ability to protect the herd. In the absence of a traditional guarding purpose and selection associated with it, hereditary guarding skills and key working qualities of LGDs get lost.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: Some breeds of LGDs are kept mainly as pets (Pyrenean mountain dog). Some working breeds (the Karakachan dog in Bulgaria, the Portuguese LGD breeds) are on the verge of extinction, others (Kuchi dog in Afghanistan, the Mazandarani saga dog in Iran) are considered completely lost.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: Nonetheless, livestock breeding remains an important part of agriculture, and livestock guardian dogs are still the most efficient and sustainable way of protecting the herds. LGDs invariably remain an integral part of the industry in places of traditional sheep breeding, where large carnivores have survived. Such as the Carpathian and Balkan regions, in central Italy, on the Iberian Peninsula, in the mountain regions of the Middle East and Central Asia.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: In Western and Northern Europe, where large predators were reintroduced in the end of the 20th century, shepherds are going back to using LGDs as the only way to protect farm animals from harm in a way that is not lethal to legally protected predators. Thanks to this advantage, LGDs are now used to protect herds in the US, Scandinavia, and a number of African countries, even despite the absence of such a tradition in these regions. The use of livestock guardian dogs for the protection of herds reduces losses of animals between 11% and 100%, without requiring significant investments, special technologies and government assistance. Attempts to return the LGDs into agriculture are supported by government programs and public organisations in a number of countries.


title: Livestock guardian dog

text: Many breeds of LGDs are little known outside of the regions where they are still worked. Nevertheless, some breeds are known to display traits advantageous to guarding livestock. Some specialist LGD breeds include:


title: WordGirl

text: WordGirl (stylized as W✪RD GIRL) is an American children's Flash animated superhero television series produced by the Soup2Nuts animation unit of Scholastic Entertainment for PBS Kids. The series began as a series of shorts entitled The Amazing Colossal Adventures of WordGirl that premiered on PBS Kids Go! on November 10, 2006, usually shown at the end of "Maya & Miguel"; the segment was then spun off into a new thirty-minute episodic series that premiered on September 3, 2007 on most PBS member stations. The series of shorts consisted of thirty episodes, with 130 episodes in the full half-hour series.


title: WordGirl

text: "WordGirl" creator Dorothea Gillim felt that most children's animation "underestimated [children's] sense of humor" and hoped to create a more intellectual show for young audiences.


title: WordGirl

text: By June 2014, many PBS stations had stopped airing "WordGirl", opting to air more popular series throughout the summer. However, new episodes continued to air on select stations, with streaming options on the PBS Kids website and video app. The series ended with the two-part episode "Rhyme and Reason", which was released on August 7, 2015. All episodes were put back into rotation when the national PBS Kids 24/7 channel launched in January 2017 and lasted through October 2, 2022.


title: WordGirl

text: The show was created for children ages 4-9. By 2022, the show had gained a cult following through social media.


title: WordGirl

text: "WordGirl" began in 2006 as a series of shorts airing immediately after "Maya & Miguel", becoming an independent show in September 2007.


title: WordGirl

text: The show's creator, Dorothea Gillim, believes that children's shows often underestimate children's intelligence:


title: WordGirl

text: Gillim says she created the show, in part, with the idea that parents would watch the show with their children to support their learning.


title: WordGirl

text: Each eleven-minute segment in each episode (except for the first three episodes) begins with verbal instructions to listen for two words that will be used throughout the plot of that episode. The words (examples include “diversion,” “cumbersome,” and “idolize”) are chosen according to academic guidelines. The reasoning is that children can understand words like “cumbersome” when told that it means “big and heavy and awkward.”


title: WordGirl

text: "PBS NewsHour" anchor Jim Lehrer agreed to do a mock interview with WordGirl. Jack D. Ferraiolo, who developed the series with Gillim and served as the series' head writer in Season One, received an Emmy for his work on WordGirl.


title: WordGirl

text: Rather than hiring writers experienced with children's television, the show's original writers' previous credits included "The Onion" and "Family Guy". Narrator Chris Parnell had previously worked on "Saturday Night Live".


title: WordGirl

text: The series follows WordGirl, a girl with superpowers whose secret identity is Becky Botsford, a student. WordGirl was born on the fictional planet Lexicon (also a term referring to the vocabulary of a language or to a dictionary) but was sent away after sneaking onto a spaceship and sleeping there. Captain Huggy Face, a chimpanzee who was a pilot in the Lexicon Air Force, piloted the ship, but lost control when WordGirl awoke, and crash-landed on Earth (more specifically in Fair City), a planet that affords WordGirl her superpowers, including flight and super strength. WordGirl utilizes these powers to save her adoptive home, using her downed spacecraft as a secret base of operations.


title: WordGirl

text: WordGirl was adopted and provided an alter ego by Tim and Sally Botsford, who gave her the name Becky. While in her alter ego, she has a younger brother, TJ, obsessed with WordGirl, but still unknowingly a typical sibling rival to Becky. The Botsford family keeps Captain Huggy Face as a pet, naming him Bob. Becky attends Woodview Elementary School, where she is close friends with Violet Heaslip and the school newspaper reporter Todd “Scoops” Ming.


title: WordGirl

text: WordGirl tries to balance her superhero activities with her "normal" life. She battles against an assortment of villains that include but are not limited to The Butcher, Chuck the Evil Sandwich Making Guy, Dr. Two-Brains, Granny May, Mr. Big, Tobey McCalister III, and Whammer. The villains are all prone to malapropisms. At the same time, she must worry about maintaining her second life as Becky, keeping people from discovering the truth and living normal family situations.


title: WordGirl

text: Often, short animated segments are shown in between and at the end of episodes. "What's Your Favorite Word?", ostensibly hosted by Todd "Scoops" Ming, is a series of vox populi interviews asking random children what their favorite words are and why. A short game show segment called "May I Have a Word?" (stylized as MAYIHAVEAWORD in the text bubble on Beau Handsome's wall) airs following each eleven-minute segment. This segment features the game show host, Beau Handsome, asking three contestants the definition of a particular word. The segment was created by Kelly Miyahara, Barry Sonnenfeld, and Ryan Raddatz.


title: WordGirl

text: Yet another segment features the interstitials announcer (Rodger Parsons) asking Captain Huggy Face for a visual demonstration of a certain word (such as "pensive" or "flummoxed"). When Captain Huggy Face correctly demonstrates the meaning of the word, a definition is given, followed by a victory dance by the chimpanzee sidekick.


title: WordGirl

text: During the four-part episode, "The Rise of Miss Power", a four-segment "Pretty Princess Power Hour" sketch is shown between acts, filling in for the average two-segment "May I Have a Word?" sketch, presumably to fill the double-length (52 minutes) time slot.


title: WordGirl

text: The companion site to WordGirl lives on PBS Kids, and was built by interactive firm Big Bad Tomato. It contains vocabulary-building games, a section where children can submit their favorite word, a video page with clips from the show (only available in the US due to legal reasons), a "Heroes and Villains" section with character biographies and activities, and a PBS Parents section with episode guides, lessons, a site map, and more activities to play at home. As of April 2022, the website is still active.


title: WordGirl

text: A series of WordGirl comics were also released by Boom! Studios new KaBOOM! line. The names of the volumes and the stories within them are:


title: WordGirl

text: The show has received seven Daytime Emmy nominations, winning four for "Outstanding Writing in Animation" in 2008, 2012–2013 and Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program in 2015.


title: WordGirl

text: The series was positively received. Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media described the series as having a "brainy heroine [who] uses vocab to outwit bad guys." She also called it an "entertaining animated series" with some cartoon violence and said that it is an "excellent...choice for young grade-schoolers."


title: WordGirl

text: In 2022, "Collider" attested that the "non-white, little girl superhero" protagonist of WordGirl began a superhero trend. The article attests that the generation who grew up watching "WordGirl" later demanded new and diverse Marvel heroes, such as Captain Marvel.


title: The Melodic Blue

text: The Melodic Blue is the debut studio album by American rapper and record producer Baby Keem. It was released on September 10, 2021, by PGLang and Columbia Records, with Keem serving as the executive producer. The standard version of the album featured guest appearances by Kendrick Lamar, Travis Scott and Don Toliver; an updated version, released on September 22, features an additional guest appearance from Brent Faiyaz. The deluxe edition of "The Melodic Blue", released on October 28, 2022, contained additional guest appearances from PinkPantheress and Lil Uzi Vert.


title: The Melodic Blue

text: "The Melodic Blue" was supported by four singles, including "Durag Activity" with Scott and "Family Ties" with Lamar. "Durag Activity" peaked at number 85 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Family Ties" peaked at number 18 on the Hot 100 and won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance, marking Keem's first Grammy Award. The album received generally positive reviews from music critics and debuted at number five on the "Billboard" 200, earning 53,000 total album-equivalent units in its first week.


title: The Melodic Blue

text: On October 19, 2020, Baby Keem first teased the title of the album by adding its name and some of the tracks onto a hoodie, but confirmed the project's title on April 30, 2021. On August 31, 2021, Keem stated that he finished the album and said that it "has my best production / compositional work". Two days later, he confirmed that it would be released that month. On September 6, 2021, Labor Day, Keem confirmed the release date and revealed the cover art. Two days later, he revealed the tracklist.


title: The Melodic Blue

text: On September 22, the album was updated to include three songs: the already released singles "No Sense" and "Hooligan", and a reworked version of "Lost Souls" featuring vocals from Brent Faiyaz. The album's deluxe edition was released on October 28, 2022, with seven new tracks. To promote the album, Keem embarked on The Melodic Blue Tour, which spanned across North America and Europe from November 2021 to July 2022.


title: The Melodic Blue

text: "The Melodic Blue" is full of washed-out synths, booming bass, and distorted beats. It is noted for featuring the first three collaborations between Keem and his cousin Kendrick Lamar, who plays the role of his elder brother in his featured tracks. They also marked the first new songs from Lamar since the release of "Black Panther: The Album" (2018). Some of the lyrics went viral as memes for their seemingly unusual content, eventually leading to Keem publicly claiming that he and Lamar created four new languages together while recording the album.


title: The Melodic Blue

text: "The Melodic Blue" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score out of 100 to ratings from publications, the album received an average score of 77 based on eleven reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Melodic Blue

text: In a five-star review, Ben Beaumont-Thomas of "The Guardian" compared Keem to a "pre-costume superhero learning to control the lightning that pours from his hands." He argued that "The Melodic Blue" was the best rap album of 2021 and praised Keem's "gift for vocal melody that promises so much to come." Will Dukes of "Rolling Stone" found Baby Keem to be "sharp, focused and easy to like." Luke Britton of "NME" called Keem a "rising star" who "shows his versatility and wide-ranging sound on confident, mostly self-produced project." Tomas Miriti Pacheo of "SPIN" described the album as "charismatic and hilarious" at times and praised Keem's production that was "often as bold as his lyrics." He highlighted, however, that some of the production, most notably on "South Africa" and "Gorgeous" felt oversaturated and had Keem sounding "imitative at best and grating at worst."


title: The Melodic Blue

text: In a lukewarm review, Dylan Green of "Pitchfork" writes that instead of making the album a confessional, Keem "uses the opportunity to expand his well-established fascination with trap and melody to feature-length—with mixed results." He lauded over his verse on "Family Ties", suggesting it being among the best of his career as he "triumphantly skips over horns and thudding 808s with a handful of flows and reminisces on childhood Popeyes trips while puffing out his chest." Green suggests that ""The Melodic Blue" falls apart when [Keem] starts experimenting. He aims for pop and R&B more often, sometimes landing on something fun and propulsive and other times sounding jarringly indistinct." He writes that throughout the album, Keem is "devoted to trying on other artist’s sounds when it would have benefited from more of Keem refining what already worked about his. An album this theatrical and expansive suggests Keem is aiming for the next level. He doesn’t have to fully open his mind and heart to be a great artist, but he does need to retain his own voice."


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Xander Jan Bogaerts (born October 1, 1992; ), nicknamed "the X-Man" and "Bogey" or "Bogie", is an Aruban professional baseball shortstop for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Boston Red Sox. He has also been a member of the Netherlands national baseball team.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: After being signed as an amateur free agent by the Red Sox in 2009, Bogaerts made his MLB debut in 2013, appearing in 30 games between the regular season and postseason, and helping the Red Sox to the World Series championship. He became the Red Sox' starting shortstop in 2014, and was awarded the American League's Silver Slugger Award at the position in back-to-back years, 2015 and 2016, and again in 2019 and 2021. He has the most games played at the position of shortstop for the Red Sox, having set the record in 2022.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Mike Lord, a scout for the Boston Red Sox, discovered Bogaerts at the age of 16, in 2009. After not playing baseball for two weeks due to the chicken pox, Bogaerts played for Lord, who recommended him to Craig Shipley, the Red Sox' vice president of international scouting. Shipley flew to Aruba to watch Bogaerts play. The Red Sox signed him to a contract with a $410,000 signing bonus.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Bogaerts made his professional debut in 2010 in the Dominican Summer League (DSL), where he had a .314 batting average, .396 on-base percentage, and .423 slugging percentage. He led the DSL Red Sox in each of those categories, along with hits (75), home runs (3), RBIs (42), and total bases (101). He was fifth in the DSL in RBIs and tenth in total bases, and he had a .929 fielding percentage. The next year, at age 18, Bogaerts played for the Greenville Drive of the Class A South Atlantic League, where he had a slash line of .260/.324/.509, fielded .924, and hit 16 home runs in 72 games.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: During the 2012 season, Bogaerts started out in Class A and ended up playing with the Portland Sea Dogs of the Class AA Eastern League. He was named to appear in the 2012 All-Star Futures Game. Heading into the 2013 season, Bogaerts ranked sixth in the MLB.com Top 100 Prospects list, eighth in the "Baseball America" Top 100 Prospects list, and was ranked the fifth-best prospect by ESPN's Keith Law, who described him as "Still just 20 years old, Bogaerts has been playing solid shortstop for Portland with a solid walk rate but isn't yet generating the power expected from his explosive swing."


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Bogaerts started the season with Portland and was promoted to the Pawtucket Red Sox of the Triple-A International League in mid-June. The Red Sox promoted Bogaerts to the major leagues on August 19. Bogaerts made his MLB debut on August 20 against the San Francisco Giants. He got his first major league hit five days later against the Los Angeles Dodgers. On September 7, Bogaerts hit his first MLB home run against New York Yankees pitcher Jim Miller. At the end of the 2013 Minor League season, Bogaerts gained "USA Today" Minor League Player of the Year honors and was named to the "Baseball America" Minor League All-Star Team. During his brief stint in the majors in 2013, Bogaerts appeared in 18 games batting .250 with a home run, five RBIs, and a stolen base.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Despite debuting late in the season, Bogaerts was part of the 25-man active roster during the postseason run. Bogaerts had a strong performance in the postseason as he batted .296 with two RBIs in 12 postseason games, eventually leading to the Red Sox winning their eighth World Series in franchise history. Bogaerts also became the youngest player to hit a triple in World Series history.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Bogaerts began the 2014 season as the starting shortstop for Boston. On May 29, Bogaerts had his first walk-off plate appearance on a throwing error by Atlanta Braves third baseman Chris Johnson, allowing Red Sox outfielder Jackie Bradley Jr. to score. On June 2, the Red Sox re-signed Stephen Drew and Bogaerts was moved back to third base. Bogaerts returned to shortstop once again when the Red Sox sent Drew to the rival New York Yankees at the trading deadline on July 31. For the season, Bogaerts played 99 games at shortstop and 44 games at third base, while batting .240 with 12 home runs and 46 RBIs.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: In 2015, Bogaerts led the Red Sox with a career-high .320 average (along with seven home runs and 81 RBIs), finishing second only to Miguel Cabrera for the American League batting title. From late July, Bogaerts began to bat second or third exclusively. He had 10 hits with the bases loaded, the most in MLB for 2015. He received the American League's Silver Slugger Award for shortstop. On top of his breakout offense, Bogaerts was also a finalist for the Rawlings Gold Glove Award at shortstop.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: In 2016, Bogaerts again began the season as the Red Sox' starting shortstop, primarily batting third. Between May 6 and June 2, Bogaerts hit safely in 26 consecutive games. His hitting streak came to an end in a loss to the Toronto Blue Jays on June 3. He was chosen to play in the 2016 MLB All-Star Game, the first of his career; he started at shortstop and was 1-for-2 at the plate. Bogaerts finished the season batting .294 with 21 home runs and 89 RBIs, and was once again given the American League's shortstop Silver Slugger Award.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Bogaerts became eligible for salary arbitration in 2017. He and the Red Sox avoided an arbitration hearing by agreeing to a $4.5 million salary for the 2017 season. In 2017, Bogaerts usually hit in the sixth spot in the batting order. On July 6, he was hit on the right wrist by a pitch from Jacob Faria of the Tampa Bay Rays. It was later diagnosed as a sprained joint. Despite this, Bogaerts declined being placed on the disabled list, and played while injured for the rest of the season. He later admitted this was a mistake, stating that he went through a two-month stretch in which he could not swing comfortably. As a result, he finished the season batting .273 with just 10 home runs and 62 RBIs.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Bogaerts and the Red Sox agreed to a $7.05 million salary for the 2018 season. He began the 2018 season usually batting fifth in the lineup. He hit two grand slams in April; one on April 7 against the Tampa Bay Rays, and one on April 30 against the Kansas City Royals. Bogaerts was named AL Player of the Week for the week of July 2–8. He hit another grand slam on July 14, this one an extra-innings walk-off home run against the Toronto Blue Jays. For the regular season, Bogaerts had 23 home runs, 103 RBIs, and a .288 average. The Red Sox finished the year 108–54 and won the World Series over the Los Angeles Dodgers. Bogaerts was the only player to be on the Red Sox roster for both the 2013 and 2018 World Series.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: The Red Sox and Bogaerts came to terms on a $12 million salary for the 2019 season in January. On April 1, 2019, the Red Sox announced that they signed Bogaerts to a six-year contract extension worth $132 million. On July 3, MLB announced that Bogaerts had been selected for the 2019 All-Star Game. On September 7, Bogaerts registered his 1,000th MLB career hit, in a game against the New York Yankees. Bogaerts finished the 2019 season with a .309 average, 52 doubles, 33 home runs and 117 RBIs (second in the American League). He finished fifth in 2019 AL MVP voting and won his third Silver Slugger Award.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: During the shortened 2020 season, Bogaerts was again Boston's primary shortstop. On August 2 against the Yankees, he had four hits with two homers and three RBIs. Bogaerts had two multi-steal games—on September 12 against the Rays and on September 18 against the Yankees. He finished the season with a 10 game hitting streak and 18 straight games getting on base. Overall with the 2020 Red Sox, he batted .300 with 11 home runs, 28 RBIs and 8 stolen bases in 56 games. Bogaerts led all AL shortstops in home runs and RBIs, and was second in runs, total bases, on base percentage, slugging and OPS.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Bogaerts returned as Boston's primary shortstop in 2021. On July 1, he was named the AL starting shortstop for the 2021 All-Star Game. On August 31, Bogaerts was removed from a game in Tampa Bay due to a positive COVID-19 test. He returned to the lineup on September 10. Bogaerts played in a total of 144 games during the regular season for Boston, batting .295 with 23 home runs and 79 RBIs. He also appeared in 11 postseason games, batting 12-for-46 (.261) as the Red Sox advanced to the American League Championship Series. On November 11, Bogaerts was announced as the AL recipient of the Silver Slugger Award for shortstops, his fourth time winning the award.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: In 2022, Bogaerts again served as the primary shortstop for the Red Sox. On July 10, he was named to the AL roster for the 2022 All-Star Game as a reserve selection. On September 6, he was named AL Player of the Week after batting 15-for-31 in seven games. For the season, Bogaerts batted .307 with 15 home runs and 73 RBIs in 150 games. He was again nominated for a Gold Glove Award, the All-MLB Team, and won a Silver Slugger Award, his fifth.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Bogaerts played for the Dutch national team in the 2011 Baseball World Cup (which the team won), the 2013 World Baseball Classic, and the 2017 World Baseball Classic.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Xander has a twin brother named Jair who also signed with the Red Sox as an international free agent. He was sent to the Chicago Cubs prior to the 2012 season to complete the compensation regarding Theo Epstein.


title: Xander Bogaerts

text: Xander Bogaerts is the fifth Aruban to play in MLB, following Sidney Ponson, Calvin Maduro, Gene Kingsale, and Radhames Dykhoff. In 2011, after winning the gold medal in the Baseball World Cup, Bogaerts was inducted into the Knights Order of Orange-Nassau by the Governor of Aruba. Bogaerts speaks four languages: English, Spanish, Dutch, and Papiamento, the latter two being Aruba's official languages. On February 10, 2021, the Commandeur Pieter Boer School in San Nicolas, Aruba, changed its name and became Scol Basico Xander Bogaerts.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Gurinder Chadha, (born 10 January 1960) is a British film director of Indian origin. Most of her films explore the lives of Indians living in England. The common theme among her work showcases the trials of Indian women living in the UK and how they must reconcile their converging traditional and modern cultures. Although many of her films seem like simple quirky comedies about Indian women, they actually address many social and emotional issues, especially ones faced by immigrants caught between two worlds.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Much of her work also consists of adaptations from book to film, but with a different flair. She is best known for the films "Bhaji on the Beach" (1993), "Bend It Like Beckham" (2002), "Bride and Prejudice" (2004), "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging" (2008), "It's a Wonderful Afterlife" (2010) and "Viceroy's House" (2017). Her latest features are the biographical musical comedy-drama "Blinded by the Light" and the television show "Beecham House".


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Gurinder Chadha was born in Nairobi, Kenya, then a British colony. Her family was part of the Indian diaspora in East Africa. Her father and mother were both born in Kenya, and remained there until the political turbulence leading up to independence prompted the family to consider relocating. Her family held "united citizenship" under the British Nationality Act 1948 which granted them full rights of entry and settlement in Britain. Her father moved first and was joined by the family the following year in Southall, West London, when she was two years of age, where she attended Clifton Primary School. Chadha's father faced much prejudice because of his appearance as a Sikh Indian, wearing a turban and having a beard. Her father had worked as a clerical officer in Barclays Bank in Kenya and was unable to secure the same position due to his appearance. Eventually, the family opened a shop to provide the family with an economic toehold.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Many of her future films would draw on her personal experience of being Indian and English at the same time, and how she dealt with the duality of her identity. Upon completion of her documentary "I'm British but..." Chadha insisted the premiere be held at the Southall Community Center to honor her home community. For example, she would not wear traditional Indian clothing, and she refused to cook for her family. In her mind, having all the women in the kitchen cooking while the men sat and ate was oppressive, although it is a living part of Indian culture. Therefore, she sat at the table with the men and was "extremely outspoken." After graduating from the University of East Anglia where she studied politics and developmental economics before radio journalism, Chadha attended the London College of Printing in 1984/85 and studied as a post-graduate. When she decided she wanted to go to the University of East Anglia to do development studies, her teachers suggested a secretarial course, or a lesser university.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: After beginning her media career in radio in the mid-1980s, Chadha became a BBC television news reporter. She directed award-winning documentaries for the British Film Institute, BBC and Channel Four, and in 1989 released the documentary "I'm British but..." for Channel 4, which followed the lives of young British Asians. In 1990, Chadha established a production company, Umbi Films having no formal film training. Her first film was the 11-minute "Nice Arrangement" (1991) about a British Asian wedding. It was selected for the Cannes Film Festival Critic's section in 1991.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Chadha mentions the influence that the film "Purab aur Pachhim" had on her work, in an interview with Robert K. Elder for "The Film That Changed My Life".


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: There's a wonderful kind of yearning quality about what is culture and the perils of living in the West and the dangers of what could happen.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: She was empowered by British Bhangra music which combines Punjabi folk rhythms, electronic instrumentation, Bombay film styles, and Western disco; "I'm British, but..." uses this type of music as a metaphor for syncretic nature of British Asian identity.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Her documentary "Acting our Age (1992)," set out to understand what it was like being Asian and elderly in Britain. During production she gave film crew to the elderly participants and allowed them to create their own film in order to challenge perception and layer spectator images.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Her first feature, "Bhaji on the Beach" (1994), won numerous international awards including a BAFTA Nomination for 'Best British Film of 1994' and the Evening Standard British Film Award for 'Best Newcomer to British Cinema'. Chadha first received wide recognition for the film in 1993. It was the first full-length feature film made by a British Asian woman. The film surrounds a day in the lives of Indian women, across different generations, and how they change in order to converge their cultural background with modern UK living. Chadha utilizes subtlety and nuances in dialogue and fashion in order to relay the fact that these women come from a very specific culture. For example, one character wears a leather jacket over her Indian garb, showing how she is fusing her two cultures together. Prejudice comes from both outside and inside the British-Indian community; white men treat the immigrants as garbage, while the older generation of Indian women judge the modern woman is challenged by the progressive views of the younger women, as they try to break free from the "oppression" that Chadha fought hard to break free from herself. Her 1994 interview with Ali Kazimi in Rungh Magazine focusses on many of the main themes in Bhaji on the Beach.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Issues of domestic abuse and male superiority are also showcased in the film, as one character and her young son are chased by her abusive husband and his family. Another character, who is expected to be a doctor by her parents and the local Indian community, becomes pregnant by a black classmate, which is a taboo in the community. The film was low budget, but received critical success for its take on racial stereotypes, immigration, and gender roles. Several major projects followed including "Bend It Like Beckham" (2002) and "Bride and Prejudice" (2004).


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: "What's Cooking?" was the Opening Night Film of the 2000 Sundance Film Festival, and was the first British script to be invited to the Sundance Institute's Writer's Lab. The film was voted joint audience award winner in the New York Film Critics' 2000 season (tied with "Billy Elliot"), and Chadha won the award for Best British Director in the London Film Critics' Circle Awards.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: "Bend it Like Beckham" was the highest grossing British-financed, British-distributed film, ever in the UK box-office (prior to the success of "Slumdog Millionaire"). The film was a critical and commercial success internationally, topping the box-office charts in the U.S., Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and South Africa, and winning audience favourite film awards at the Locarno, Sydney and Toronto film festivals. The film received a Golden Globe Nomination for Best Picture (Musical or Comedy), a BAFTA Nomination for Best British Film, a European Film Academy Nomination for Best Film, and a Writers Guild of America Nomination for Best Original Screenplay. Like "Bhaji on the Beach", "Bend it Like Beckham" features a strong Indian-British woman, Jess, who tries to realize her dreams while maneuvering through her duties as a daughter of traditional Indian parents. Although marketed to the United States as a "chick flick", it is regarded in Britain as an important post-feminist film that fits perfectly into the British progressive frame of 2002. Prime Minister Blair even wrote a congratulatory letter to Chadha, saying, "We loved it, loved it, because this is my Britain." Chadha herself meant for the film to be a "girl power" movie, which features both a white woman and an Indian-British woman fighting for their shared dream of playing professional soccer. It addressed issues of prejudice against race and sexuality, however, allowing the film to transcend the "chick flick" moniker. Topics of interracial coupling and lesbian stereotyping add meaning to the "girl power movie." In 2015, Chada mounted the stage musical version of "Bend it Like Beckham" in London's West End to 5-Star Reviews & critics' awards.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: "Bride and Prejudice", a film which marries Jane Austen with Indian and Western musicals, was the first film ever to open at Number One in the UK and India on the same day. It attempted to fuse Bollywood, Hollywood, and a "British sensibility" into one film. For each character and scene of the original novel, Chadha adds an Indian twist. For example, the original diversity of class between the two leads in the original book are changed into a diversity of race, having the female lead as an Indian and the male lead a white man. The film was not meant to be an actual Bollywood movie, however. Much of the film is Westernized for a Western audience. There are both Bollywood numbers and Western musical numbers inspired by the likes of "Grease" and "West Side Story".


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: She wrote the screenplay for "The Mistress of Spices" (2005), based upon the novel of the same name by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, with Berges, who directed the film.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: In 2005, Chadha appeared on the BBC show "Your London", in which she told the story of a Sikh prince who lived in London in the 19th century. In 2006, she took part in the BBC genealogy series "Who Do You Think You Are?" in which she traced her Sikh family roots back to Kenya and before that to India's Punjab.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging" – based on the international bestseller, was released worldwide by Paramount Pictures in 2008/2009. "It's a Wonderful Afterlife" premiered at the Sundance Film Festival before releasing internationally in 2010.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Chadha has received several Honorary Doctorates from British universities and was awarded an O.B.E. in the 2006 Queen's Birthday Honours List on 17 June 2006 for her services to the British film industry.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Although the BBC had confirmed that Chadha was to direct the forthcoming feature film adaptation of the television series "Dallas", she left the project in 2007.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: As of 2011, Chadha was collaborating with composer A. R. Rahman and lyricist Stephen Schwartz on DreamWorks Animation's first musical set in India. She has announced an animated musical entitled "Monkeys of Bollywood", based on the Indian epic Ramayana. Reportedly, the Bollywood-style animated musical is set in Mumbai and revolves around two monkeys who try to stop an ancient demon from conquering the world. It is produced by DreamWorks Animation.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Her film "Viceroy's House", an epic drama on Indian Independence and Partition based on the books "Freedom at Midnight" by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre and "The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India's Partition" by Narendra Singh Sunila, was released in 2017.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Gurinder created, co-wrote and directed the Indian historical series "Beecham Hous"e which aired on ITV in 2019.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Gurinder announced she will be remaking the 1983 French/Swiss film "L'Argent" to an English Hindi language film with Anne-Marie playing the lead and Raji James co-starring.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: Chadha is married to American screenwriter and director Paul Mayeda Berges, and they have twins together, a boy named Ronak and a girl named Kumiko, born in 2007. Chadha has spoken out about representation of women in the film industry. At a 2017 Bird's Eye View event at Sands Films in London, Chadha stressed the importance of actively supporting female filmmakers at the cinema, especially on the opening weekend. She also noted that women can no longer be passive in the fight for change within a historically male-dominated industry.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: The British Film Institute's recent filmography study on British Cinema history named Chadha as the U.K's most prolific female director working today and was honoured with the Sophiya Haque Services to British Television and Film Award at the 2017 Asian Media Awards.


title: Gurinder Chadha

text: She is an active patron of numerous charities including MAF (Medical Aid Films) is a Creative Mentor and Role Model for Creative Access, Directors UK Inspire, the BFI and the Sundance Directors' Lab, and Patron of Women in Film U.K.


title: Gabrielle (singer)

text: Louise Gabrielle Bobb (born 19 July 1969), known professionally as Gabrielle, is a British singer and songwriter. Bobb was born in Hackney, London. She released her debut single, "Dreams", in 1993, and it topped the UK Singles Chart the same year. Her other singles include "Going Nowhere", "Give Me a Little More Time", "Walk On By", and "If You Ever" — a duet with East 17.


title: Gabrielle (singer)

text: After a few quiescent years, Gabrielle made a comeback with "Rise", which became her second UK number one, in 2000. Her album of the same name reached the top spot on the UK Albums Chart, where it stayed for three weeks. The song "Out of Reach", from the soundtrack to "Bridget Jones's Diary", reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. She released the compilation "Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1" in 2001.


title: Gabrielle (singer)

text: Gabrielle was born in London as Louise Gabrielle Bobb to parents from Dominica. She and her three brothers were brought up by their mother, Patricia. Gabrielle credited her mother for her love of soul and reggae music.


title: Gabrielle (singer)

text: Gabrielle has had ptosis, the drooping of one eyelid, since childhood; in public, she covers her eye with sunglasses, an eyepatch, or hair. In school, she suffered from depression and was sometimes suicidal. After finishing her A-levels, she abandoned an idea to study law and began singing in nightclubs.


title: Gabrielle (singer)

text: In June 1993, Gabrielle released her debut single entitled "Dreams". "Dreams" was co-written by Gabrielle and Tim Laws and produced by Richie Fermie. In its earliest version, the song sampled the melody of Tracy Chapman's 1988 hit "Fast Car". It was later removed after copyright infringement. The single reached number one on the UK singles chart for three weeks in June 1993 having entered the British charts at number 2 which was the highest chart entry a debut act had ever scored in the UK at that time. The song also peaked at number 26 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the US and at number-one on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart. In Australia, the song made number two on the ARIA Chart. The second single "Going Nowhere" from the same album was written by Gabrielle and George McFarlane and produced by Pete Cragie. "Going Nowhere" reached number nine on the UK singles chart and number 18 ranking in Ireland. It was the second biggest hit from the album "Find Your Way". In December 1993 Gabrielle released her third single from her debut album. "I Wish", written by Gabrielle and Jon Douglas, it was not as successful as its predecessors, which both reached the UK top ten. "I Wish" charted at number 26 on the UK singles chart. "Because of You" was the fourth and final single from Gabrielle's debut album Find Your Way. Written by Gabrielle, George McFarlane and Ray Saint John, "Because of You" peaked at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. "Find Your Way" peaked at number nine on the UK Albums Chart.