text: In February 1945, as Soviet forces closed in on the German city of Dresden, which had been largely spared of heavy bombing raids due to its historic status, they asked for attacks to be made on the extensive transport links around the population centre. Bomber Command and American forces obliged, subjecting the city to a series of extremely heavy raids. About 25,000 were killed in those raids, and questions were asked whether they were necessary so late in the war, or whether it was an effort to foreclose the "stab in the back" rumours of the sort the Nazis had exploited in the 1920s.


title: Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

text: Bomber Command was destined to play no further large part in the war. A large number of RAF bombers were being prepared for deployment to Okinawa as Japan surrendered. Therefore, it was only at the hands of American strategic bombers and British and American carrier aircraft that Japan received attacks. There was to be no far eastern equivalent of the combined bomber offensive of Europe.


title: Food coloring

text: Food coloring, or color additive, is any dye, pigment, or substance that imparts color when it is added to food or drink. They come in many forms consisting of liquids, powders, gels, and pastes. Food coloring is used in both commercial food production and domestic cooking. Food colorants are also used in a variety of non-food applications, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, home craft projects, and medical devices.


title: Food coloring

text: People associate certain colors with certain flavors, and the color of food can influence the perceived flavor in anything from candy to wine. Sometimes, the aim is to simulate a color that is perceived by the consumer as natural, such as adding red coloring to glacé cherries (which would otherwise be beige), but sometimes it is for effect, like the green ketchup that Heinz launched in 2000. Color additives are used in foods for many reasons including:


title: Food coloring

text: While naturally derived colors are not required to be certified by a number of regulatory bodies throughout the world (including the U.S. FDA), they still need to be approved for use in that country. Food colorings are tested for safety by various bodies around the world and sometimes different bodies have different views on food color safety.


title: Food coloring

text: The U.S. FDA's permitted colors are classified as subject to certification or exempt from certification in Code of Federal Regulations – Title 21 Part 73 & 74, both of which are subject to rigorous safety standards prior to their approval and listing for use in foods.


title: Food coloring

text: In the United States, FD&C numbers (which indicate that the FDA has approved the colorant for use in foods, drugs and cosmetics) are given to approved synthetic food dyes that do not exist in nature, while in the European Union, E numbers are used for all additives, both synthetic and natural, that are approved in food applications. The food colors are known by E numbers that begin with a 1, such as E100 (turmeric) or E161b (lutein). The safety of food colors and other food additives in the EU is evaluated by the European Food Safety Authority. Color Directive 94/36/EC, enacted by the European Commission in 1994, outlines permitted natural and artificial colors with their approved applications and limits in different foodstuffs. This is binding to all member countries of the EU. Any changes have to be implemented into their national laws within a given time frame. In non-EU member states, food additives are regulated by their national authorities, which usually, but not in all cases, try to harmonize with the laws adopted by the EU. Most other countries have their own regulations and list of food colors which can be used in various applications, including maximum daily intake limits.


title: Food coloring

text: E numbers 102-143 cover the range of artificial colors. The EU maintains a list of currently allowed additives. Some artificial dyes approved for food use in the EU include:


title: Food coloring

text: In the US, the following seven artificial colorings are generally permitted in food (the most common in bold) . The lakes of these colorings are also permitted except the lake of Red No. 3.


title: Food coloring

text: Many dyes have been delisted for a variety of reasons, ranging from poor coloring properties to regulatory restrictions. Some of these delisted food colorants are:


title: Food coloring

text: As per the Food Safety and Standard Act, 2006 In India, the following eight artificial colourings are generally permitted in food.


title: Food coloring

text: Since the beginning of the 1960s, JECFA has promoted the development of international standards for food additives, not only by its toxicological assessments, which are continuously published by the WHO in a "Technical Report Series", but furthermore by elaborating appropriate purity criteria, which are laid down in the two volumes of the "Compendium of Food Additive Specifications" and their supplements. These specifications are not legally binding but very often serve as a guiding principle, especially in countries where no scientific expert committees have been established.


title: Food coloring

text: In order to further regulate the use of these evaluated additives, in 1962 the WHO and FAO created an international commission, the Codex Alimentarius, which is composed of authorities, food industry associations and consumer groups from all over the world. Within the Codex organization, the Codex Committee for Food Additives and Contaminants is responsible for working out recommendations for the application of food additives: the General Standard for Food Additives. In the light of the World Trade Organizations General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the Codex Standard, although not legally binding, influences food color regulations all over the world.


title: Food coloring

text: Carotenoids (E160, E161, E164), chlorophyllin (E140, E141), anthocyanins (E163), and betanin (E162) comprise four main categories of plant pigments grown to color food products. Other colorants or specialized derivatives of these core groups include:


title: Food coloring

text: Blue colors are especially rare. One feasible blue dye currently in use is derived from spirulina. Some recent research has explored associating anthocyanins with other phenolics or aluminium ions to develop blue colours. However, the inherent problems posed by the nature of the food matrix, and the need for long‐term stability, makes this a very difficult objective. The pigment genipin, present in the fruit of "Gardenia jasminoides", can be treated with amino acids to produce the blue pigment gardenia blue, which is approved for use in Japan but not the EU or the USA.


title: Food coloring

text: To ensure reproducibility, the colored components of these substances are often provided in highly purified form. For stability and convenience, they can be formulated in suitable carrier materials (solid and liquids). Hexane, acetone, and other solvents break down cell walls in the fruit and vegetables and allow for maximum extraction of the coloring. Traces of these may still remain in the finished colorant, but they do not need to be declared on the product label. These solvents are known as carry-over ingredients.


title: Food coloring

text: Widespread public belief that artificial food coloring causes ADHD-like hyperactivity in children originated from Benjamin Feingold, a pediatric allergist from California, who proposed in 1973 that salicylates, artificial colors, and artificial flavors cause hyperactivity in children; however, there is no evidence to support broad claims that food coloring causes food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior in children. It is possible that certain food colorings may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence is weak.


title: Food coloring

text: Despite concerns expressed that food colorings may cause ADHD-like behavior in children, the collective evidence does not support this assertion. The U.S. FDA and other food safety authorities regularly review the scientific literature, and led the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) to commission a study by researchers at Southampton University of the effect of a mixture of six food dyes (tartrazine, allura red, ponceau 4R, quinoline yellow, sunset yellow and carmoisine (dubbed the "Southampton 6")) on children in the general population. These colorants are found in beverages. The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children; the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended. The U.S. FDA did not make changes following the publication of the Southampton study. Following a citizen petition filed by the Center for Science in the Public Interest in 2008, requesting the FDA ban several food additives, the FDA reviewed the available evidence, and still made no changes.


title: Food coloring

text: The European regulatory community, with an emphasis on the precautionary principle, required labelling and temporarily reduced the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers. However, in 2009 the EFSA re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects" for any of the dyes.


title: Food coloring

text: The addition of colorants to foods is thought to have occurred in Egyptian cities as early as 1500 BC, when candy makers added natural extracts and wine to improve the products' appearance. During the Middle Ages, the economy in the European countries was based on agriculture, and the peasants were accustomed to producing their own food locally or trading within the village communities. Under feudalism, aesthetic aspects were not considered, at least not by the vast majority of the generally very poor population. This situation changed with urbanization at the beginning of the Modern Age, when trade emerged—especially the import of precious spices and colors. One of the first food laws, created in Augsburg, Germany, in 1531, concerned spices or colorants and required saffron counterfeiters to be burned.


title: Food coloring

text: With the onset of the industrial revolution, people became dependent on foods produced by others. These new urban dwellers demanded food at low cost. Analytical chemistry was still primitive and regulations few. The adulteration of foods flourished. Heavy metal and other inorganic element-containing compounds turned out to be cheap and suitable to "restore" the color of watered-down milk and other foodstuffs, some more lurid examples being:


title: Food coloring

text: Sellers at the time offered more than 80 artificial coloring agents, some invented for dyeing textiles, not foods. Many color additives had never been tested for toxicity or other adverse effects. Historical records show that injuries, even deaths, resulted from tainted colorants. In 1851, about 200 people were poisoned in England, 17 of them fatally, directly as a result of eating adulterated lozenges. In 1856, mauveine, the first synthetic color, was developed by Sir William Henry Perkin and by the turn of the century, unmonitored color additives had spread through Europe and the United States in all sorts of popular foods, including ketchup, mustard, jellies, and wine. Originally, these were dubbed 'coal-tar' colors because the starting materials were obtained from bituminous coal.


title: Food coloring

text: Concerns over food safety led to numerous regulations throughout the world. German food regulations released in 1882 stipulated the exclusion of dangerous "minerals" such as arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, mercury, and zinc, which were frequently used as ingredients in colorants. In contrast to today's regulatory guidelines, these first laws followed the principle of a negative listing (substances not allowed for use); they were already driven by the main principles of today's food regulations all over the world, since all of these regulations follow the same goal: the protection of consumers from toxic substances and from fraud. In the United States, the reduced the permitted list of synthetic colors from 700 down to seven. The seven dyes initially approved were Ponceau 3R (FD&C Red No. 1), amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2), erythrosine (FD&C Red No. 3), indigotine (FD&C Blue No. 2), light green SF (FD&C Green No. 2), naphthol yellow 1 (FD&C Yellow No. 1), and orange 1 (FD&C Orange No. 1). Even with updated food laws, adulteration continued for many years.


title: Food coloring

text: In the 20th century, improved chemical analysis and testing led to the replacement of the negative lists by positive listings. Positive lists consist of substances allowed to be used for the production and the improvement of foods. Most prevailing legislations are based on positive listing. Positive listing implies that substances meant for human consumption have been tested for their safety, and that they have to meet specified purity criteria prior to their approval by the corresponding authorities. In 1962, the first EU directive (62/2645/EEC) approved 36 colorants, of which 20 were naturally derived and 16 were synthetic. This directive did not list which food products the colorants could or could not be used in. At that time, each member state could designate where certain colors could and could not be used. In Germany, for example, quinoline yellow was allowed in puddings and desserts, but tartrazine was not. The reverse was true in France. This was updated in 1989 with 89/107/EEC, which concerned food additives authorized for use in foodstuffs.


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: Mayakkam Enna () is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language psychological drama film written and directed by Selvaraghavan and produced by Gemini Film Circuit in association with Aum Productions Selvaraghavan its own banner. It stars his brother Dhanush, along with newcomer Richa Gangopadhyay, and features music scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar while the cinematography was handled by Ramji. The film revolves around an aspiring photographer and the problems he faces, causing him to fall into psychological distress. How he manages to achieve his goals from thereafter forms the rest of the story.


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: The film was produced and distributed by Gemini Film Circuit, it was released on 25 November 2011 to critical acclaim but became an average hit at the box office.


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: Karthik Swaminathan, an introvert, referred to as 'Genius' by his friends, is a freelance photographer who aspires to become a wildlife photographer like Madhesh Krishnasamy. His friends Sunder Ramesh, Shankar, Padmini, and Vindhya support him and his sister after the death of their parents.


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: One day, Sunder introduces Yamini as his girlfriend to Karthik and his friends. On their first meeting, Karthik and Yamini have a bitter experience but slowly develop a special bond. Karthik tries to stay away from Yamini since he does not want to break his friend's heart, but a sequence of events brings them closer. Eventually, Sunder's father arranges for Karthik and Yamini to be married.


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: After their wedding, Karthik learns that Madhesh had used a photograph that he had taken to win a national award. After this incident, he turns into a physically abusive alcoholic, and people start doubting his sanity and his mental health is somewhat affected. Yamini supports him, hoping that he will succeed one day. Days later when the residents of Karthik's house berate Karthik behind his back in front of Yamini, she gets angry and defensive and supports her husband. After watching TV where he sees Madhesh win an award for his photo, Karthik starts breaking the TV and accidentally pushes Yamini in a fit of rage. This leads to Yamini's miscarriage. Yamini returns a few days later from the hospital and stops talking to Karthik entirely. This makes Karthik come to terms with reality, and he mends his ways. He finally gets a break and becomes a professional wildlife photographer, and one of his photographs gets nominated for an International Photography Award, which he wins. On this occasion, Karthik thanks everyone for their support and Yamini for her faith in him and declares his love for her. Yamini finally relents and talks to Karthik as the film ends.


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: Selvaraghavan began a film featuring Dhanush and Richa Gangopadhyay, who had initially been signed to do another film with him. Richa began shooting for the film in Kannur in May 2011, and the film was wrapped up within three months. The title was finally changed to "Mayakkam Enna" from 'Idhu Maalai Nerathu Mayakkam' in August 2011, with reports suggesting that Dhanush would sport four different looks in the film. Selvaraghavan has since made it clear that the film has a totally different script from the film that had been shelved. It was said that Dhanush would be seen in various stages, as a boy just out of his teenage to an old man.


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: Yuvan Shankar Raja replaced G. V. Prakash Kumar as music composer in the film, with the latter reporting it was due to "money and time issues". However, in a sensational turn, G. V. Prakash Kumar was assigned again as composer after Yuvan Shankar Raja moved out of the project as he was busy with other commitments and could not give priority to Selvaraghavan, who was in rush to complete the film and move over to his next project, "Vishwaroopam". On 24 May 2011, it was announced that Selvaraghavan was ousted from the project.


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: The soundtrack, composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar in his second collaboration with Selvaraghavan (after "Aayirathil Oruvan"), was released on 19 September 2011 at Radio Mirchi's Chennai station. The soundtrack has received generally positive reviews. Behindwoods commented it was "intoxicating enough", giving 3.5 out of 5.


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: Made on a budget of ₹40 crore and produced in 80 days, the movie underwent a 50-day theatrical run ending on 10 January 2012 to become an average grosser.


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: "CNN-IBN" wrote that Selvaraghavan had "succeeded in presenting a sensitive and engaging movie". "The Times of India" gave 3.5 out of 5, citing: "...with "Mayakkam Enna" he [Dhanush] proves why he is one of the best actors around". "Deccan Chronicle" gave 3.5 out of 5 and stated that it had a "fresh appeal and is straight from the heart without any clichéd frills". "The New Indian Express" wrote: "A sensitively crafted screenplay, deft narration, stunning vignettes and montages, and a brilliant performance by the lead pair, makes "Mayakkam Enna" a fascinating watch". "Deccan Herald" wrote that it was "entertaining and worth a watch".


title: Mayakkam Enna

text: "NDTV" stated it was a film "with soul and worth a watch". In regard to Dhanush's performance, it wrote: "His myriad emotions elevate the movie to a great extent". The review in "The Hindu" says: "Selvaraghavan knows where his potential lies and has tapped it suitably." Pavithra Srinivasan of "Rediff" gave the film 3 out of 5 and wrote: "[It] has a brilliant first half but the film looses the steam in the second half". Sify claimed: "Simplistic story with a hard hitting impact, "Mayakkam Enna" will stay with you". Behindwoods rated 3.5/5 and called it "emotionally rich" and an "inebriating experience by itself". Indiaglitz cited that it does "mesmerize you and you will definitely consider watching this film more than once". "Oneindia" wrote that it was a "treat for youngsters".


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: Jersey Boys is a 2014 American musical drama film directed and produced by Clint Eastwood, based on the 2004 Tony Award-winning jukebox musical of the same name. The film tells the story of the musical group The Four Seasons. Original band members Frankie Valli and Bob Gaudio (who also composed the film's music) serve as executive producers.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: "Jersey Boys" was released in the United States on June 20, 2014. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the musical numbers but criticized the narrative and runtime, and grossed $67 million worldwide.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: In Belleville, New Jersey in 1951, Tommy DeVito performs together with his brother Nicky, and their friend Nick Massi, as The Variety Trio. He meets 16-year-old Frankie Castelluccio, a barber's son, already well known in the neighborhood for his singing voice. Frankie has the admiration of Genovese Family mobster Angelo "Gyp" DeCarlo, who takes a personal interest in him.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: One night, the group attempts a robbery of a safe, resulting in the police later arresting them. In court, Frankie is let off with a slap on the wrist, while Tommy is sentenced to six months in prison. After his release, Tommy reunites with the group, and adds Frankie as lead singer. Frankie changes his professional name to Frankie Vally, and then Frankie Valli. At a performance, Frankie is entranced by a woman named Mary Delgado. He takes her to dinner, and they are soon married.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: The group, now called "The Four Lovers", is in need of a songwriter after Nicky leaves. Tommy's friend, Joe Pesci, tells him about a talented singer-songwriter, Bob Gaudio, and invites him to hear the group perform. Gaudio is impressed with Valli's vocals, and agrees to join.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: The band, having recorded several demos, attempts to attract interest, but has little success. One day, in New York City, producer Bob Crewe signs them to a contract. However, they quickly realize that it only allows them to perform back-up vocals for other acts. Crewe says that the group does not have a distinctive image or sound yet. Inspired by a bowling alley sign, the band is renamed "The Four Seasons," and they sing a new song Gaudio has written, "Sherry", to Crewe, who agrees to record it.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: "Sherry" quickly becomes a commercial success, followed by two more, "Big Girls Don't Cry" and "Walk Like a Man". However, before an appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show", Valli is approached by mobster Norman Waxman, a loan shark for one of the other Five Families, who claims that Tommy owes him $150,000. Frankie goes to DeCarlo, who gets Waxman to allow the group to pay the debt, which turns out to be considerably larger. Tommy must go to work for the mob's associates in Las Vegas until it is paid. Nick, irritated by Tommy's irresponsibility, not being involved in the group's decisions, and never being able to see his family, also leaves the group.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: Having to tour constantly to pay off the debt, the band hires a set of studio musicians, and becomes Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons, with Gaudio now acting solely as songwriter and producer. Valli learns from his now ex-wife, Mary, that his daughter, Francine, now a drug addict, has escaped from home. Valli meets his estranged daughter and regrets not acting as a better father for her when she was growing up. He also arranges for Gaudio to offer her singing lessons and for Crewe to cut a demo for her.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: A few years later, the group has finally paid off Tommy's debt. However, this coincides with the news of Francine's death by drug overdose. Frankie and Mary both grieve for their daughter. Gaudio composes a new number for Valli to sing, his first as a solo artist. At first, Frankie is hesitant, as he is still in mourning, but eventually agrees. The track, "Can't Take My Eyes Off You", becomes a commercial success.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: In 1990, the Four Seasons are about to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The band performs "Rag Doll" onstage, their first performance together in over twenty years. The music fades as the four men take turns addressing the audience. Tommy, in an ironic twist, now works for Joe Pesci, who has gone on to become an Oscar-winning actor (his award-winning role was a fictionalized account of another real-life gangster named after Tommy DeVito). Nick claims to have no regrets about leaving the group, enjoying the time he spends with his family. Frankie is still touring through his solo career, but yearns for the days he performed with the rest. Bob has retired to Nashville, Tennessee. Frankie states that the best time he had during his time with the Four Seasons was before their success, "but four guys under a streetlamp, when it was all still ahead of us."


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: In 2010, GK Films acquired the rights to produce a film adaptation of the musical, with Brickman and Elice writing the script for the film. By August 2012, Jon Favreau was engaged to direct and casting had begun.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: However, in November 2012, it was reported that Warner Bros. had put the film in turnaround; Despite this in May 2013, Frankie Valli noted that production was still underway. By that June, Eastwood became attached to the project as a director. The project came three years after the release of Eastwood's previous film, "J. Edgar", which "Variety" notes was "his longest gap between directing projects since 1980". Although Eastwood enjoyed the script, he asked for a rewrite, noting that the version "was missing a lot of things." This was considered unusual for Eastwood as he became somewhat notorious for using first drafts as the eventual script.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: For casting, Eastwood sought to cast actors from the play itself rather than more marketable film stars. Eastwood noted that he was pressured to cast more famous leads; however, he refused, stating, "You've got people who've done 1,200 performances; how much better can you know a character?". The film was shot in Los Angeles, California, where it spent $58.6 million and received the California Film & Television Tax Credit.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: While Valli's daughter Francine did eventually die of a reported drug overdose, it occurred in 1980. This was 13 years after Valli recorded Can't Take My Eyes Off of You.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: While Valli, Gaudio, and Devito were arrested in Ohio in 1965, it did not occur in Cleveland as the film suggests, but at the Ohio State Fair in Columbus.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: Some of the film's details regarding Devito's life- such as his hygiene, inspiration for Joe Pesci's Goodfellas character named Tommy Devito, and reason for leaving The Four Seasons- were inaccurate. Devito himself stated "Some of it is bullsh*t -- where I pee in the sink, and the dirty underwear. I was probably the cleanest guy there." Devito had also previously claimed he in fact left the Four Seasons on his own free will. Contrary to the film's suggestion that he was forced out by the Mafia, Devito blamed things such as excessive travel and changing clothes three times a day for his departure.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: A soundtrack album "Jersey Boys: Music from the Motion Picture and Broadway Musical" was released on June 25, 2014. The albums is a mix of original recordings by Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons, new recordings by the film cast, and tracks from the .


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 51% based on 219 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The site's critics consensus reads: ""Jersey Boys" is neither as inventive nor as energetic as it could be, but there's no denying the powerful pleasures of its musical moments." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: Richard Roeper gave the film a "C+" grade, stating that at times the film "captures the electric excitement of the musical, but for every soaring moment, there are 10 minutes of bickering or brooding". Andrew Barker of "Variety" felt that "Christopher Walken creates most of the film’s laughs by simple virtue of being Christopher Walken, but his doddering don screams out for a bigger, broader performance."


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: In a 2021 interview with "The Washington Post", Frankie Valli revealed his thoughts on the movie, saying that "I don’t think it was cast properly and I don’t think it was done properly. The whole entity was not put together properly. I think Clint Eastwood is a great director and actor. I don’t think this was right for him."


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: "Jersey Boys" grossed $47 million in North America and $20.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $67.6 million.


title: Jersey Boys (film)

text: The film grossed $4.6 million on its opening day, almost $8 million less than fellow newcomer "Think Like a Man Too". In its opening weekend, the film grossed $13.3 million, finishing in fourth place at the box office.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: The Head and the Heart is an American indie folk band. They were formed in the summer of 2009 by Josiah Johnson (vocals, guitar, percussion) and Jonathan Russell (vocals, guitar, percussion). The band also includes Charity Rose Thielen (violin, guitar, vocals), Chris Zasche (bass), Kenny Hensley (piano), and Tyler Williams (drums). The band is signed to Warner Bros. Records and have released five albums. Their fifth and most recent studio album, "Every Shade of Blue", was released April 29, 2022.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: The members met and the band was formed through a series of open mic nights at Seattle's Conor Byrne pub in Ballard, Seattle. Josiah Johnson had moved to Seattle from Southern California to attend graduate school, and Jonathan Russell had recently relocated from Richmond, Virginia. They met keyboardist Kenny Hensley, who had also moved to Seattle to pursue musical score-writing, and Charity Rose Thielen, who had recently returned from a year studying abroad in Paris at Sciences Po. Drummer Tyler Williams had been in the band Prabir and The Substitutes in Richmond, Virginia and moved to Seattle to be a part of the Head and The Heart after hearing a demo that Russell sent of the song "Down In The Valley". Chris Zasche was bartending at the Conor Byrne Pub, working aftercare shifts at The Perkins School, and playing in Seattle bands The Maldives and Grand Hallway. He was the last to be added to original lineup.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: Johnson explained how the name of the band was chosen: "Your head is telling you to be stable and find a good job, you know in your heart that this [the band] is what you're supposed to do even if it's crazy."


title: The Head and the Heart

text: Self-burned copies of "The Head and the Heart" in handmade denim sleeves were being sold at shows within a few weeks, and soon local record stores Easy Street and Sonic Boom couldn't keep them in stock. After a "feeding frenzy" of interest from record labels and managers, the band signed with Sub Pop in November 2010. Sub Pop remastered the album, expanded it with a studio version of their traditional concert closer "Rivers and Roads", and re-recorded one song ("Sounds Like Hallelujah"). The album was re-released in CD format, and for the first time on vinyl LP, on Record Store Day 2011. The band is signed with Heavenly Recordings in the United Kingdom and Europe.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: The band toured extensively through 2010 and 2011 in both the United States and Europe, and opened for Vampire Weekend, The Walkmen, Dr. Dog, Dave Matthews, The Low Anthem, The Decemberists, Iron & Wine, My Morning Jacket, and Death Cab For Cutie, as well as headlining their own shows. In March 2011, Seattle's "City Arts Magazine" named them "Seattle's Best New Band", and the band made their network television debut on April 21, 2011 on "Conan". The album reached the "Billboard" 200 Album Charts at #110 and the record stayed on the chart for ten weeks.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: The band's second album "Let's Be Still" was released on October 15, 2013. Recorded in Seattle and produced together with Shawn Simmons, the first track, "Shake," was aired on the August 5, 2013. Frontman Johnson said of it "...this is the first time that we produced as a full band. This one is everyone's influences equally present and prevalent throughout the album". James Christopher Monger of AllMusic said of the album: "The group's predilection for heartfelt, Avett Brothers-meets-Fleet Foxes roots rock is apparent right out of the gate with "Homecoming Heroes" and "Another Story," both of which utilize familiar folk-rock architecture to spin earnest and familiar tales concerning the two body parts from which the group takes its name." On November 2, 2013, "Let's Be Still" reached number 10 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart. The band spent much of 2014 touring in support of the album. Thielen spent time writing for other artists, including Mavis Staples, while she married fellow musician Matt Gervais.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: The band released their third studio album, "Signs of Light", in September 2016, and toured in North America and Europe following its release.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: In the middle of 2015, Johnson and Russell began the writing process for the third album at Montecito Heights in Los Angeles. The band continued recording for much of the year, it was announced in March 2016 that Johnson would not feature in the touring plans of the band and instead do his best to manage his drug addiction. He was replaced by Thielen's husband Matt Gervais. In September 2016 the band released their third album "Signs of Light". It was preceded by the single "All We Ever Knew".


title: The Head and the Heart

text: The band toured throughout 2017 with performances at Coachella, Red Rocks Amphitheatre, Hinterland Music Festival, and Lollapalooza.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: On March 14, 2019, the band announced their fourth album, Living Mirage, would be released on May 17, and the first single "Missed Connection". On April 5, the band released a second single from the album, titled "Honeybee". They also revealed a March 21 livestream performance at The Belasco in Los Angeles, CA. The band announced a spring/autumn 2019 tour that consists of 38 North American shows.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: On January 21, 2022, the band released a single, "Every Shade of Blue" from their fifth studio album of the same name, which was released April 29, 2022.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: "Rivers and Roads", one of the band's singles, was used in the series finale of the American television program "Chuck". It was played in the sitcom "How I Met Your Mother", at the end of the 16th episode of the 7th season, in the last scene of the season 4 finale of "New Girl", and in the last two scenes of the 14th episode, titled "She", of the TV show "The Good Doctor". It can also be heard at the end of the "New Amsterdam" season 2 episode "Hiding Behind My Smile". Their single, "Down in the Valley", was played in the season finale of the British television program "Beaver Falls", was also featured in "Sons of Anarchy" in the 5th-season episode 9 "Andare Pescare", and was used at the end of episode 5 of the first season of "Battle Creek". The band made a cameo appearance in the series "Hart of Dixie", performing their song, "Shake", in episode 3 of the 3rd season. Their song "Lost in My Mind" was played in the same series' episode "Hairdos & Holidays". "Lost in My Mind" was also the backing track for the theatrical trailer of "Silver Linings Playbook".


title: The Head and the Heart

text: The first episode of season two of BYUtv's "AUDIO-FILES" centered on the band and featured live performances of "Winter Song" (performed atop a Ferris wheel), "Sounds Like Hallelujah", etc. The song "Let's Be Still" appears in a 2015 television commercial for Corona. "Let's Be Still" was also featured in an episode of the second season of "The Night Shift" and at the end of season one, episode three of "Heartbeat".


title: The Head and the Heart

text: The band is featured in the first episode Showtime television comedy drama "Roadies" created by Cameron Crowe. The Head and the Heart is the opening act in the first episode of the series, opening for the band to which a fictionalized road crew, managed by Luke Wilson's character "Bill", dutifully support as they make their way across the country in a major multi-city tour.


title: The Head and the Heart

text: The band is featured in a club scene in the 2013 film "Lucky Them", performing their song "Shake". Their song "No One to Let You Down" is heard over the end credits of the 2014 film "Wish I Was Here". Their song "Rivers and Roads" was featured prominently in the 2016 documentary "Gleason," which chronicles the life of ex-NFL player Steve Gleason and his living with ALS. Gleason and his wife sing a line from the song to their newborn son Rivers. The song also plays at the end of the film.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: Megan Anderson (born 11 February 1990) is an Australian mixed martial artist who competed in the Women's Featherweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). Anderson also competed for the all women's MMA league Invicta Fighting Championships, where she won the Invicta FC Featherweight Championship.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: Anderson was born and raised on the Gold Coast, Queensland. She attended All Saints Anglican School throughout her upbringing and moved to Canberra at the beginning of 2008 to join the Australian Army upon graduation from high school. After serving two and a half years in the military, she was discharged when it was discovered she had attempted to take her own life and was subsequently hospitalised. She then returned to the Gold Coast and worked as a receptionist while getting involved in the local boxing scene. Through her boxing connections, she was introduced to mixed martial arts and began training in 2013.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: In November 2013, Anderson made her professional MMA debut, losing to Zoie Shreiweis. Over the next two years, Anderson would build her record to four wins and one loss before signing to Invicta Fighting Championships.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: In her promotional debut in September 2015, Anderson faced Cindy Dandois at . She lost the fight by submission (triangle choke). Anderson then proceeded to gain three wins in the promotion.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: On 14 January 2017, Anderson faced Charmaine Tweet for the Interim Invicta FC Featherweight Championship at . She won the fight by TKO in the second round. Anderson was later promoted from Interim to undisputed Featherweight Champion after Cris Cyborg vacated her belt.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: After the UFC opted against signing Anderson, Anderson was scheduled to defend her undisputed title against Helena Kolesnyk at , on 15 July 2017, but the fight never took place as Anderson was later signed by the UFC.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: Anderson was scheduled to make her promotional debut against Cris Cyborg at UFC 214 on 29 July 2017. However, Anderson pulled out of the bout on 27 June, citing "personal issues" as the reason. She was replaced by Tonya Evinger.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: Anderson faced Cat Zingano on 29 December 2018 at UFC 232. She won the fight via technical knockout early in the first round after a kick to Zingano caused an eye injury that didn't allow her to continue.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: Anderson faced promotional newcomer Felicia Spencer on 18 May 2019 at UFC Fight Night 152. She lost the fight via submission in the first round.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: Anderson faced Zarah Fairn Dos Santos on 6 October 2019 at UFC 243.<ref name="Jeumeau/Lima"></ref> She won the fight via a submission in round one.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: Anderson faced Norma Dumont Viana on 29 February 2020 at UFC Fight Night 169. She won the fight via knockout in round one. This win earned her the "Performance of the Night "award.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: Anderson was scheduled to face Amanda Nunes on 12 December 2020 for the UFC Women's Featherweight Championship at UFC 256. However, it was announced on 9 November that Nunes pulled out due to an undisclosed injury and the bout was postponed to 2021. The pairing was rescheduled for 6 March 2021 at UFC 259. She lost the fight via a triangle armbar in round one.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: The title fight was the last fight of her prevailing six-fight contract and the organisation opted not to renew it, making her a free agent.


title: Megan Anderson (fighter)

text: In February 2022, Anderson posted in her social media that she is no longer pursuing fights, and is not affiliated with any teams or organizations.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds are an English rock band formed in 2010 as the solo moniker of former Oasis songwriter, lead guitarist, and backing vocalist Noel Gallagher. The touring band consists of former Oasis members Gem Archer (guitar), Mike Rowe (piano), and Chris Sharrock (drums), as well as former Zutons member Russell Pritchard (bass). The band has also had a variety of guests contribute to albums such as the Crouch End Festival Chorus, Amorphous Androgynous, Johnny Marr, and Paul Weller.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: Since his departure from Oasis in August 2009, many speculated that Gallagher might record a solo album. In July 2011, he held a press conference to confirm this, after denying rumours from his brother Liam had already heard the tracks featured on it. Later that year, Noel released the project's self-titled debut album. Several singles from the album were released, including "The Death of You and Me", "If I Had a Gun...", "AKA... What a Life!", "Dream On", and "Everybody's on the Run". In 2015, High Flying Birds released their second album, "Chasing Yesterday". Their third, "Who Built the Moon?", was released in November 2017, which was followed by 3 EPs released between 2019 and 2020. Their fourth studio album is due in May 2023.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: Gallagher stated in an interview on "The Jonathan Ross Show" that the inspiration for the band's name was from two sources: the idea to prefix the name with "Noel Gallagher's" was formed while he was listening to the album "Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac", while the latter part of the name is taken from the song "High Flying Bird", most notably recorded by Jefferson Airplane.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 12 July 2009, rumours that Noel Gallagher intended to go solo spread, but this was not true. Two months later, a fight between the Gallagher brothers took place in a backstage area, reportedly resulting in Noel's guitar being smashed by Liam, and Noel subsequently storming off. On 28 August 2009 Oasis' manager announced the cancellation of their concert at the Rock en Seine festival near Paris just minutes before it was about to begin, along with the cancellation of the European tour and a statement that Oasis "does not exist anymore". Two hours later, a statement from Noel appeared on the band's website writing that "with some sadness and great relief...I quit Oasis tonight. People will write and say what they like, but I simply could not go on working with Liam a day longer."


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: Gallagher's solo career plans began in earnest after Oasis disbanded, on 6 July 2011, Gallagher held a press conference in London during which he announced that Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds would release a self-titled album on 17 October 2011, and a second collaboration with Amorphous Androgynous would be released in 2012. In August 2011, he released his debut single "The Death of You and Me", to positive reviews. Following the success of "The Death of You and Me", Gallagher confirmed on his website that the band's next UK single would be "AKA... What a Life!" which was released on 11 September 2011. "If I Had a Gun...", Gallagher's first US single, was made available on iTunes on 20 September 2011. Gallagher's second album was to be a collaboration with Amorphous Androgynous, due in late 2012. He said, "It sounds a bit like Pink Floyd's "Dark Side of the Moon". The sound is similar to "High Flying Birds", but more psychedelic and tripped out. It's not an electronic project. People are jumping to that conclusion because Amorphous Androgynous used to be an electronic outfit."


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: In the press conference, explaining solo album material and collaboration talk, Gallagher admitted the collaboration is "fucking far out. It's got like 18 tracks on it, some of it's krautrock, some of it's soul, some of it's funk and that's just the first song." Then later confessing, that he was nervous about releasing his second solo album with Amorphous Androgynous. "A lot of people are looking forward to it, which I'm a bit nervous about. They're building it up in their own minds, thinking it's going to be something it might not be when they hear it." He later found it hard to say "no comment" to journalists, adding, "I'm just cursed with an absolute endless stream of one-liners. I'm sorry about that. People say it's the way I talk in interviews that makes people interested. But they just mean I'm honest. 'Oh, he's got a way with honesty, that lad…' How depressing is that?" On 16 March 2012, Gallagher announced that an EP titled "Songs from the Great White North" would be released exclusively for Record Shop Day on 21 April 2012. The EP is made up of B-sides and includes a collaboration with Amorphous Androgynous, "Shoot a Hole into the Sun".


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: For the High Flying Birds touring band, Gallagher recruited keyboardist Mike Rowe and drummer Jeremy Stacey, both of whom continued their roles from the album sessions. Former The Zutons bassist Russell Pritchard, upon hearing that Gallagher had recorded an album and was putting together a band, got in touch and offered his services. David McConnell of The Sand Band was originally chosen for the lead guitarist role but dropped out four weeks before the band's first show; American musician Tim Smith, whom Rowe and Stacey had known from their time together as part of Sheryl Crow's backing band, was hired as the new guitarist.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: "Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds" sold 55,000 copies after two days of sale, more than twice as many copies as its nearest rival, "Letters" by "The X Factor" winner Matt Cardle. On 23 October 2011, the album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, with first-week sales of 122,530 copies. In comparison, the debut album by the band of Noel's brother Liam Gallagher, Beady Eye's "Different Gear, Still Speeding", sold 66,817 copies when it debuted at number three on the chart in March 2011 and has since sold 166,609 copies in the UK as of January 2012. On 11 November 2011, "Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds" was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 300,000 units in the UK. As of February 2012 the album has sold 600,000 copies in the UK. The album was the fourteenth best-selling album in the UK in 2011. It was also the second biggest-selling rock album of 2011 in the UK, behind Coldplay's "Mylo Xyloto". As of 2 January 2013 the album has sold 739,000 copies in the UK. As February 2015 the album has sold 2.5 million copies worldwide.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 15 August 2013, Noel Gallagher appeared on the TalkSPORT show "The Sports Bar", presented by Andy Goldstein and Jason Cundy, to discuss Manchester City and other sports topics. When confronted with questions from fans on Twitter and through Email, Andy Goldstein read through speculations of rumours of an Oasis reunion for Gallagher while on the show. Once again, Gallagher swatted away any possible Oasis reunion for 2014, and then was asked if he was working on any new 'High Flying Birds' material. Gallagher confirmed on the talk show:


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: "I've got tons of songs leftover from the last one. What am I doing at the moment? I'm writing, putting stuff together. I'll definitely make another one, [a new album], that's for sure! I don't want to go back out on the road though, that's the thing." Guarding any more of detail of a new second solo album, Gallagher was then asked for a release date of new material, and with hesitation, he said: "It'll probably come out when it's finished, I don't know."


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: Gallagher said on 20 October 2013 that his most recent songs that were written solely for the new album were his 'best songs ever' written. "I finished it and I played it (the new songs), I think 'That's pretty good! In fact, it might be the best song I’ve ever written!' — Until I heard 'Rock and Roll Star' on the radio, and go, 'Yeah… it's not that good!'."


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 17 February 2014, Rosie Danvers and The Wired Strings collaborated with Noel Gallagher for his second solo album, recording strings for one track. The session occurred at Abbey Road Studios in London, according to the Wired Strings website.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 29 May 2014, Gallagher posted a photo on his official Facebook page confirming he has started work on his second album and follow-up. The photo shows him tuning one of his many electric guitars.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 17 June 2014, his wife, Sara MacDonald, indicated on Instagram that Gallagher was in the middle of recording his new album. She posted a message to fans confirming that Gallagher would not be making his usual trip to the World Cup, "Brace yourselves people...he's not going. At all. He is too busy".


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 13 October 2014, it was announced that a new album titled "Chasing Yesterday" would be released on 2 March 2015. The first single from the album, "In the Heat of the Moment", was released on 17 November 2014 followed by "Ballad of the Mighty I" and "Riverman". A UK, European and North American tour followed as well as many festival appearances.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 4 July 2015 they headlined at Calling Festival in Clapham Common. After performing their first song, "Everybody's on the Run", Noel spoke to the crowd saying; "Hello Clapham... Now there's something I never thought I'd say."


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: The Chasing Yesterday Tour continued into 2016, though on 7 March – a day before the tour resumed in Guadalajara, Mexico – it was announced that drummer Jeremy Stacey would be departed from touring band and joining King Crimson. After this leg of the tour took the band to South America, Australia and Europe, Stacey's final show was on 30 April in his hometown of Bournemouth.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: For the remainder of the tour, Gallagher reunited with former Oasis touring drummer Chris Sharrock, whose first show was in Atlanta on 1 July. Sharrock was actually one of only two drummers in England, along with Stacey, that Gallagher originally considered during High Flying Birds' inception. However, since Sharrock had already joined Beady Eye, Liam Gallagher's new band with the other former members of Oasis, that left Stacey as the only choice by default.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: Though Stacey had left the touring band, he would still be the primary drummer for the recording sessions of High Flying Birds' third album, "Who Built the Moon?"


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: The tour concluded that September with a one-off show at the Brixton Academy (the first time Noel had ever headlined the venue with either his High Flying Birds or Oasis). During this show, Noel was joined on stage by special guests Johnny Marr and Paul Weller.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: "Rolling Stone" gave a positive review stating, "The greater appeal of "Chasing Yesterday" is in the way Gallagher, 47, now does reflection, loss and persistent optimism, leavening his usual power chords and pub-choir-ready choruses with a dusky, psychedelic churn that exposes the long, hidden thread running from early-Seventies Traffic to The Stone Roses." "Mojo" gave the album a 4/5 rating writing that, "While it may appear to arrive under a typically vague or clanging banner in the tradition of "Dig Out Your Soul" or "Standing on the Shoulder of Giants", "Chasing Yesterday" is the most fittingly titled album to bear Noel Gallagher's name. The 47-year-old is in reflective lyrical mode, revealing his view from middle age, trying to find peace with the past, or (textbook mid-life crisis material) searching for a spectral, unattainable female.".


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: Gallagher announced he had begun working on a third solo album on 6 October 2016, when he posted a picture on Instagram of himself in a studio with the caption, "New shoes. New amp. New album. There is no rest for the wicked ones."


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 6 July 2017, Gallagher posted a photo from rehearsals for their upcoming European dates in support of U2, noting that they had new members. The members in question were Sharrock, former Oasis and Beady Eye drummer, who had retained his position as drummer after the most recent High Flying Birds tour in mid-2016, along with former Oasis and Beady Eye guitarist Gem Archer. This marked Gallagher and Archer's reunion as bandmates, though the latter had previously sat in on several of Gallagher's solo acoustic shows since Oasis' split.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 9 September 2017, the band served as the headline act of "We Are Manchester", a benefit concert to mark the reopening of Manchester Arena, following a terrorist attack there in May.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 25 September 2017, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds announced that their third studio album, titled "Who Built the Moon?" would be released on 24 November 2017.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: "Who Built the Moon?" debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with 78,000 album-equivalent units, making it Gallagher's 10th number one studio album as part of both Oasis and Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds. In July, the album was nominated for the 2018 Mercury Prize, Gallagher's first placing on the award's shortlist since Oasis' "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?" in 1995.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: "The Guardian" wrote that "The third record from Noel Gallagher's solo outfit is, according to the ex-Oasis man, merely him in 'more colourful clothes'. Brightness is certainly the first thing that strikes you about "Who Built the Moon", an album that cloaks Gallagher's hardy guitar-pop in glowing Smithsian riffs, tin whistle samples from novelty 60s tunes and a heady fug of riotous glam rock. Particular highlights include the gloriously Slade-esque 'Holy Mountain' and the singalong-friendly 'Black and White Sunshine,' which resembles Oasis basking on a sun lounger. Even the fact that the album regularly recalls some of the duller post-Britpop bands – 'It's a Beautiful World' is basically an Elbow track backed by a breakbeat – can't dampen the joy that rings out from every corner. Producer David Holmes may be responsible for Noel's change of pace, but the vibrancy and strains of psychedelia never feel like intruders: instead, they act as the perfect foil for the record’s blissed-out lyrics about life-changing love."


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: Prior to a performance on "Later... with Jools Holland", the band added Jessica Greenfield on backing vocals and keyboards to the line-up.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: In February 2018, the band commenced their Stranded on the Earth World Tour in North America before moving onto Europe and the United Kingdom throughout April and May 2018.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 2 May 2019, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds released "Black Star Dancing", the title track of their EP of the same name, which was released on 14 June 2019. A second EP titled "This Is The Place" was released on 27 September 2019 and a third EP, "Blue Moon Rising", was released on 6 March 2020.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: The band began a tour of North America with The Smashing Pumpkins in August 2019, with an Australian tour in support of U2 to follow in November.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: On 29 April 2021, Gallagher announced the release of the band's first greatest hits album, titled "". The album is a double release, which along with 16 previously released tracks, features two new songs; "We're on Our Way Now" and "Flying on the Ground", the former of which was released as a single the same day as its announcement. It was released on 11 June 2021 and debuted at no.1 on the UK charts, becoming Gallagher's 12th chart topping album.


title: Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds

text: Following the release of the compilation, Gallagher began work on the next High Flying Birds album, releasing two demos of songs to come, in celebration of World Record Store Day. The songs were "We're Gonna Get There in the End" and "Trying to Find a World That's Been and Gone, Part One". The album is set to release in 2023. The first official single from the upcoming album, "Pretty Boy", featuring additional guitars by Johnny Marr, was released on 31 October 2022.


title: Emilio Butragueño

text: Emilio Butragueño Santos (; born 22 July 1963) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a striker.


title: Emilio Butragueño

text: He was best known for his spell with Real Madrid. Nicknamed "El Buitre" (The Vulture), he was a member of the "La Quinta del Buitre" along with Manolo Sanchís, Rafael Martín Vázquez, Míchel and Miguel Pardeza.


title: Emilio Butragueño

text: Butragueño scored a total of 123 La Liga goals in over 300 games for Real Madrid in 12 seasons, and represented the Spain national team in two World Cups (being the second-top scorer in the 1986 edition) and as many European Championships, scoring 26 goals for his country in a record that stood for several years.


title: Emilio Butragueño

text: In 1981, Madrid-born Butragueño joined Real Madrid youth system, playing first for their reserves before being given his senior debut by Alfredo Di Stéfano on 5 February 1984 against Cádiz CF: he made an instant impact, scoring twice and assisting for the third goal in a 3–2 away turnaround, after Real trailed by 2–0. On 12 December that year he made his European competition debut, contributing with a hat-trick to a 6–1 home triumph against R.S.C. Anderlecht for the third round of the UEFA Cup (after a 3–0 loss in Brussels), as the Spaniards went on to win the competition.


title: Emilio Butragueño

text: At the time, Real Madrid's form was so patchy the first team's attendances were smaller than those of the reserve side. Butragueño contributed to their transformation, and was a prominent member of the team during the 1980s, winning numerous honours: he received the European Bronze award for best footballer in two consecutive years, and won the Pichichi Trophy in 1991, while also being instrumental in the capital club's five La Liga trophies, two Copa del Rey and two consecutive UEFA Cups.


title: Emilio Butragueño

text: In June 1995, having lost his place (only eight games and one goal, as Real won another league), mainly due to the emergence of 17-year-old Raúl, Butragueño signed for Atlético Celaya in Mexico and, in his first year, the team reached the final of the Liga MX. After three seasons where he was known as the "Gentleman of the Pitch" – never receiving a single red card during his entire career – he finally decided to retire from the game in April 1998.


title: Emilio Butragueño

text: Butragueño earned 69 caps for Spain, and scored 26 goals. His debut came on 17 October 1984 against Wales in a 1986 FIFA World Cup qualifier, although he had already been picked as an uncapped player for the UEFA Euro 1984 team as the nation finished runners-up.


title: Emilio Butragueño

text: Butragueño was also selected for the 1986 World Cup where he played a major part, scoring four goals as Spain beat Denmark 5–1 in the round-of-16 match. He also took part in the 1990 edition in Italy (four games, no goals).


title: Emilio Butragueño

text: On 19 October 2004, Butragueño replaced former Real Madrid teammate Jorge Valdano as the club's director of football and, until the end of the 2005–06 season, also served as its vice-president. Subsequently, he acted as head of public relations for the organisation.


title: Emilio Butragueño

text: Still as a player, Butragueño had a computer game with his name released in 1988, for the Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum and MSX.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: William James Gaither (born March 28, 1936) is an American singer and songwriter of Southern gospel and contemporary Christian music. He has written numerous popular Christian songs with his wife Gloria; he is also known for performing as part of the Bill Gaither Trio and the Gaither Vocal Band. In the 1990s, his career gained a resurgence (as well as the careers of other southern gospel artists), as popularity grew for the Gaither Homecoming series.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: Bill Gaither was born in Alexandria, Indiana in 1936 to George and Lela Gaither. He formed his first group the Bill Gaither Trio (consisting of Bill, his sister Mary Ann (1945–2018), and brother Danny Gaither) in 1956 while a college student at Anderson College, to which he had transferred after one year at Taylor University. He graduated from Anderson in 1959 with a major in English and a minor in music, after which he worked as an English teacher. He married the former Gloria Sickal in 1962. He tried for a few years to manage both a music career and his full-time teaching job, but he quit his teaching job in 1967 and worked full-time in the Christian music industry. He recorded his breakthrough song "He Touched Me" in 1964.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: Gaither was influenced by Southern gospel singers such as Jake Hess and Hovie Lister and by groups such as the Speers, the Statesmen, and the Happy Goodmans.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: Gaither and his wife, Gloria, have written many songs including: "The Longer I Serve Him," "Because He Lives," "The King Is Coming," "Sinner Saved By Grace", "Something Beautiful," "He Touched Me", "It Is Finished," "Jesus, There's Something About That Name" "I'm Gonna Sing", and "Let's Just Praise The Lord." His songs have been performed by Christian artists (David Crowder Band, Carman, The Imperials, Sandi Patty, The Cathedral Quartet, The Speers and the Heritage Singers), country singers (The Statler Brothers) and pop artists (Elvis Presley). A video of a man surreptitiously recorded playing "Jesus, There's Something About That Name" on a piano in his destroyed house was shared by many people following the Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: Gloria Gaither often writes the lyrics while Bill writes the music, although composing is usually a collaborative project between the two. As of 2005, they had composed 600 songs and by 2012 that number had increased to over 700.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: After graduating high school, Gaither took a job in 1955 at Worthington, Ohio's radio station WRFD as a member of the station's gospel quartet. Since Gaither first began singing with the Bill Gaither Trio in the 1950s, he has constantly been performing. The trio originally consisted of Bill, his brother Danny Gaither and his sister Mary Ann Gaither. In about 1964 Bill's wife, Gloria, took the place of Mary Ann. The trio sang traditional gospel songs along with original compositions by the Gaithers that gave them a more contemporary feel.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: Gaither has a high bass voice (or low baritone), and often sang while playing piano with the Bill Gaither Trio.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: Gaither founded the Gaither Music Company, which includes the functions of record company, concert booking (Gaither Management Group), television production, copyright management (Gaither Copyright Management), retail store, recording studio (Gaither Studios, formerly Pinebrook Studios) and telemarketing for the Gaither organization reside. He also ran the Gaither Family Resources retail center.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: Included as part of the company is Live Bait Productions, an animation company run by Benjy Gaither, one of Bill's three children.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: In the 1980s, Gaither was involved with Paragon Associates, which formed a partnership with Zondervan to buy Benson Records, which is now part of Sony BMG Music Entertainment.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: In 1994, Gaither and entrepreneur Leland Boren founded the Brentwood, Tennessee-based Chapel Hill Music Group, which later changed its name to Spring Hill Music Group. It was created as part of the Gaither Music Company to handle in-house productions, including the "Gaither Homecoming" series.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: Gaither has been a father figure and career booster to many younger performers in the Christian music industry, while helping to prolong the careers of those who came before him for example by producing Homecoming recordings and tours. The following are all CCM artists who either got their start or became popular while touring with the Gaithers: Mark Lowry, Michael W. Smith, Carman, Sandi Patty, Steve Green, Don Francisco, Amy Grant, Michael English, Jonathan Pierce, Karla Worley, and Cynthia Clawson.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: He has maintained the Gaither Vocal Band with a variety of singers through the years, including Gary McSpadden, Steve Green, Lee Young, Jon Mohr, Larnelle Harris, Michael English, Lemuel Miller, Jim Murray, Mark Lowry, Terry Franklin, Buddy Mullins, Jonathan Pierce, Guy Penrod, David Phelps, Russ Taff, Marshall Hall, Wes Hampton, Adam Crabb, Todd Suttles and Reggie Smith. Penrod, Lowry and Hampton were the members of the Gaither Vocal Band with the longest tenure besides Bill Gaither himself. Penrod was with the group from 1995 to 2008; Lowry from 1988 to 2001; and Hampton has been with the Gaither Vocal Band since 2005. It was announced in January 2009 that Lowry, English and Phelps were rejoining the group; at the same time the announcement was made that Penrod and Hall were leaving to pursue solo careers.


title: Bill Gaither (gospel singer)

text: Gaither's "Homecoming" tours, which started in 1991, brought together major stars of the southern gospel and CCM industry, sparking a revival of the genres. The tours have sold more than 1.1 million tickets across the world, and have included such notable venues as the Kennedy Center and Carnegie Hall. Pollstar listed the tour as selling more tickets in 2004 than Elton John, Fleetwood Mac or Rod Stewart. Lynda Randle, the Isaacs, Russ Taff, the Hoppers, Jessy Dixon and many more have performed on the tours.


title: CD Leganés

text: Club Deportivo Leganés, S.A.D. is a football club based in Leganés, Community of Madrid, Spain, that currently competes in Segunda División, the second tier of the Spanish league system. It was founded on 23 June 1928. It holds home games at the Estadio Municipal de Butarque, which seats 12,454 spectators.


title: CD Leganés

text: The club was officially founded on 23 June 1928. Its first president was Ramón del Hierro. However the club had to suspend operations in 1936 due to the Spanish civil war, where they remained inactive until they reformed on 4 September 1946.


title: CD Leganés

text: Leganés played the vast majority of its existence in the lower leagues. In 1977 the club regained promotion to the fourth division, where it had played before for seven years when the category was still the third level.


title: CD Leganés

text: After a steady progression, Leganés reached the new division three in 1987, being promoted to the second division six years later and maintaining its league status for 11 seasons; during this timeframe, it collected two consecutive eighth places (best) from 1995 to 1997.


title: CD Leganés

text: On 24 December 2008, Victoria Pavón and Felipe Moreno acquired a majority stake of the club. Since July 2009, Victoria Pavón has been the president of the club.


title: CD Leganés

text: In the 2015–16 season, for the first time in their history, Leganés earned promotion to La Liga, which was sealed on 4 June 2016 with a 1–0 away win against CD Mirandés, thus becoming the fifth team from Community of Madrid to ever play in La Liga after Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid, Rayo Vallecano, and Getafe. They remained in the top flight for four seasons, reaching a peak of 13th in 2018–19, before relegation in the last game of the following season, a 2–2 home draw with Real Madrid. During this spell, the team qualified for the first time to the semifinals of the Copa del Rey, by eliminating Real Madrid in the quarterfinals thanks to a 2–1 win at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium.


title: CD Leganés

text: The fans have friendly relation with ultras group "Gate 12" of Egaleo FC, the towns of Egaleo and Leganés happen to be twinned too. They also have friendly ties with Reading F.C. of England, partially due to sharing their blue and white colours. Their biggest rival is Getafe with whom they contest the South Madrid derby.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: Grupo Desportivo Estoril Praia (), commonly known as Estoril, is a Portuguese sports club from Estoril, Cascais, Lisbon. Founded on 17 May 1939, its football team currently plays in Primeira Liga and hold home games at the Estádio António Coimbra da Mota, with a seating capacity of 8,015. As a sports club, Estoril has departments for football, futsal and basketball.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: Since the club's establishment, the senior football team has won nine secondary trophies, with the most recent being the 2011–12 Liga de Honra. As a result, some personnel of the club received awards in relation to their performances in the 2011–12 season, of which include Licá, who won the LPFP Liga de Honra Player of the Year, Vagner, who won the LPFP Liga de Honra Goalkeeper of the Year, and Marco Silva, who won the LPFP Liga de Honra Coach of the Year.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: The club was founded on 17 May 1939 as Grupo Desportivo Estoril Plage by, among others, Joaquim Cardim, José Ereia, João Rebelo, Armando Vilar, Ernesto Tomás, and Joaquim Nunes. The club's principal promoter was Fausto Cardoso de Figueiredo, the wealthy owner of the Lisbon-Cascais railway, the English hotels of the city, Paris and the Palace, the bath building, and the Estoril Casino. The team's badge and kit colours were inspired by Estoril's many beaches, considered the best in all of Portugal. The yellow symbolizes the colour of the sun, while the blue symbolizes the colour of the neighbouring Atlantic Ocean.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: When the club was initially established it began to play in the "Campeonato de Lisboa" which was a league competition contested by teams from Lisbon. It also began to compete in the Taça de Portugal. Four years after its establishment, the club has reached the Taça de Portugal final in the 1943–44 season in which they lost to Benfica 8–0 at the Campo das Salésias in Lisbon.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: Following that season the club reached for the Primeira Liga in the 1944–45 season where they finished seventh in their very first season in Portugal's top flight division. The next season saw the club play in the 1945–46 Segunda Divisão and the 1945–46 Campeonato de Lisboa. The club remained in the top flight until the 1952–53 Primeira Divisão season where they finished last and were relegated to the Portuguese Second Division.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: The next season saw them begin their football life in the Segunda Divisão. Estoril played in the division for 22 years before gaining promotion to the top flight again. Following the appointment of experienced English manager Jimmy Hagan in 1973 who prior to being appointed as manager of Estoril had managed Benfica to three consecutive league titles in 1970–71, 1971–72 and 1972–73 as well as a Taça de Portugal in the 1971–72 season he helped the club achieve promotion to Primeira Liga. The club's return saw them finish an impressive eighth place in the league as well as a quarter-finalist in the cup competition. The next ten years saw the club remain in a stable position finishing in mid-table positions up until the mid-1980s.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: In the late 1980s, the club appointed Fernando Santos as manager. A young coach who had played for the club during his professional career in the 1970s who had retired due to several injuries. He helped the club rebuild itself and improve its players and after three years in charge he helped them gain promotion once again to the top flight at the age of 36. During his time he helped the club establish themselves as a Primeira Liga club up until the 1993–94 season where he left the club for Estrela da Amadora and Estoril in that very season were relegated to the second tier.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: Since the departure of Fernando Santos as manager in 1994 the club has been lurking around the Liga de Honra. Since the Liga de Honra's establishment the club has participated in fourteen seasons in that division. In the 1998–99 Liga de Honra season, the club suffered relegation to the third tier of Portuguese football for the first time in their history. Since then the club has suffered several promotions and relegation.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: At the beginning of the millennium, the club was playing in the Portuguese Second Division. Ulisses Morais took over in 2002 and led the club to back to back promotions leading the club to the top flight. Litos took over for the 2004–05 Primeira Liga season where the club finished seventeenth and were relegated after one season.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: In the 2011–12 season, the club was promoted to first division by winning the Liga de Honra five points ahead of second place Moreirense. With new owners and under the management of Marco Silva who halfway through the season took over from Vinícius Eutrópio, the team claimed the second Liga de Honra title in club history. The main players on the title roster were João Coimbra, Licá, Steven Vitória and Vagner.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: The 2012–13 season marked the return of the club to the Primeira Liga and saw them finish in an impressive fifth place in the league, from the position of newly promoted, and also qualify for the third qualifying round of Europa League, marking its first presence in the European competitions. Estoril reached Europa League group stages after defeating Hapoel Ramat Gan and Pasching. They finished fourth place in a group against Sevilla, Freiburg and Slovan Liberec, with only three points in three draws against Sevilla and Freiburg (twice). In the 2013–14 season, Estoril finished in fourth place, marking its best performance ever in the Portuguese first division, qualifying directly to Europa League's Group Stage, thanks to Benfica's victory over Rio Ave in the Taça de Portugal.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: Estoril currently play at the Estádio António Coimbra da Mota which holds a seating capacity of 8,015. The stadium also plays host to Estoril's reserve team home games.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: The Swedish national football team used the stadium as a training ground in preparation for UEFA Euro 2004. The stadium has also played host to matches of Portuguese youth team games most notably the Portuguese national under-21 football team.


title: G.D. Estoril Praia

text: The stadium has also played host to games involving the Portuguese national rugby union team, most recently being against Ukraine in a 2006 European Nations Cup First Division match and against Uruguay in a 2007 Rugby World Cup repechage qualification match.


title: Protest

text: A protest (also called a demonstration, remonstration or remonstrance) is a public expression of objection, disapproval or dissent towards an idea or action, typically a political one.


title: Protest

text: Protests can be thought of as acts of cooperation in which numerous people cooperate by attending, and share the potential costs and risks of doing so.


title: Protest

text: Protests can take many different forms, from individual statements to mass demonstrations. Protesters may organize a protest as a way of publicly making their opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government policy, or they may undertake direct action in an attempt to enact desired changes themselves. Where protests are part of a systematic and peaceful nonviolent campaign to achieve a particular objective, and involve the use of pressure as well as persuasion, they go beyond mere protest and may be better described as a type of protest called civil resistance or nonviolent resistance.


title: Protest

text: Various forms of self-expression and protest are sometimes restricted by governmental policy (such as the requirement of protest permits), economic circumstances, religious orthodoxy, social structures, or media monopoly. One state reaction to protests is the use of riot police. Observers have noted an increased militarization of protest policing in many countries, with police deploying armored vehicles and snipers against protesters. When such restrictions occur, protests may assume the form of open civil disobedience, more subtle forms of resistance against the restrictions, or may spill over into other areas such as culture and emigration.


title: Protest

text: A protest itself may at times be the subject of a counter-protest. In such cases, counter-protesters demonstrate their support for the person, policy, action, etc. that is the subject of the original protest. Protesters and counter-protesters can sometimes violently clash. One study found that non-violent activism during the civil rights movement in the United States tended to produce favorable media coverage and changes in public opinion focusing on the issues organizers were raising, but violent protests tended to generate unfavorable media coverage that generated public desire to restore law and order.


title: Protest

text: Unaddressed protests may grow and widen into civil resistance, dissent, activism, riots, insurgency, revolts, and political or social revolution. Some examples of protests include:


title: Protest

text: Willingness to participate is influenced by individuals' ties within social networks. Social connections can affect both the spread of factual information about a protest and social pressures on participants.


title: Protest

text: Likelihood that someone will respond to a protest is also affected by group identification, and by the types of tactics involved.


title: Protest

text: The Dynamics of Collective Action project and the Global Nonviolent Action Database are two of the leading data collection efforts attempting to capture information about protest events. The Dynamics of Collective Action project considers the repertoire of protest tactics (and their definitions) to include:


title: Protest

text: The Global Nonviolent Action Database uses Gene Sharp's classification of 198 methods of nonviolent action. There is considerable overlap with the Dynamics of Collective Action repertoire, although the GNA repertoire includes more specific tactics. Together, the two projects help define tactics available to protesters and document instances of their use.


title: Protest

text: Thomas Ratliff and Lori Hall have devised a typology of six broad activity categories of the protest activities described in the Dynamics of Collective Action project.


title: Protest

text: Written evidence of political or economic power, or democratic justification may also be a way of protesting.


title: Protest

text: Any protest could be civil disobedience if a "ruling authority" says so, but the following are "usually" civil disobedience demonstrations:


title: Protest

text: In modern times sports protests have become increasingly significant, causing more people to take notice. Sporting protests can be about any number of things ranging from racial justice to political wrongdoings. Some of the most prominent sports figures being Tommie Smith, Jhon Carlos, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robison, Colin Kaepernick and Billie Jean King have all pushed forward change by this method of protest. However, the majority of people don't believe sports and politics belong together, saying,“ Most of us who love sports want to forget about politics when we watch games.” Nevertheless, this statement can still be controversial since others believe that sports athletes should use their platform and wealth to encourage change. Either way protesting in sports is an important form of protest that has gotten significant media attention and has caused significant change throughout modern times.


title: Protest

text: During a sporting event, under certain circumstances, one side may choose to play a game "under protest", usually when they feel the rules are not being correctly applied. The event continues as normal, and the events causing the protest are reviewed after the fact. If the protest is held to be valid, then the results of the event are changed. Each sport has different rules for protests.


title: Protest

text: Blogging and social networking have become effective tools to register protest and grievances. Protests can express views or news, and use viral networking to reach out to thousands of people. With protests on the rise from the U.S. election season of 2016 going into 2017, protesters became aware that using their social media during a protest could make them an easier target for government surveillance.


title: Protest

text: A study of 342 US protests covered by "The New York Times" newspaper from 1962 to 1990 showed that such public activities usually affected the company's publicly traded stock price. The most intriguing aspect of the study's findings revealed that the amount of media coverage the event received was of the most importance to this study. Stock prices fell an average of one-tenth of a percent for every paragraph printed about the event.


title: Erb's palsy

text: Erb's palsy is a paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper group of the arm's main nerves, specifically the severing of the upper trunk C5–C6 nerves. These form part of the brachial plexus, comprising the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5–C8 and thoracic nerve T1. These injuries arise most commonly, but not exclusively, from shoulder dystocia during a difficult birth. Depending on the nature of the damage, the paralysis can either resolve on its own over a period of months, necessitate rehabilitative therapy, or require surgery.


title: Erb's palsy

text: The paralysis can be partial or complete; the damage to each nerve can range from bruising to tearing. The most commonly involved root is C5 (aka Erb's point: the union of C5 & C6 roots) as this is mechanically the furthest point from the force of traction, therefore, the first/most affected. Erb–Duchenne palsy presents as a lower motor neuron syndrome associated with sensibility disturbance and vegetative phenomena.


title: Erb's palsy

text: The most commonly involved nerves are the suprascapular nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, and the axillary nerve.


title: Erb's palsy

text: The signs of Erb's palsy include loss of sensation in the arm and paralysis and atrophy of the deltoid, biceps, and brachialis muscles. "The position of the limb, under such conditions, is characteristic: the arm hangs by the side and is rotated medially; the forearm is extended and pronated. The arm cannot be raised from the side; all power of flexion of the elbow is lost, as is also supination of the forearm". The resulting biceps damage is the main cause of this classic physical position commonly called "waiter's tip".


title: Erb's palsy

text: If the injury occurs at age early enough to affect development (e.g. as a neonate or infant), it often leaves the patient with stunted growth in the affected arm with everything from the shoulder through to the fingertips smaller than the unaffected arm. This also leaves the patient with impaired muscular, nervous and circulatory development. The lack of muscular development leads to the arm being much weaker than the unaffected one, and less articulate, with many patients unable to lift the arm above shoulder height unaided, as well as leaving many with an elbow contracture.


title: Erb's palsy

text: The lack of development to the circulatory system can leave the arm with almost no ability to regulate its temperature, which often proves problematic during winter months when it would need to be closely monitored to ensure that the temperature of the arm was not dropping too far below that of the rest of the body. However the damage to the circulatory system also leaves the arm with another problem. It reduces the healing ability of the skin, so that skin damage takes far longer than usual to heal, and infections in the arm can be quite common if cuts are not sterilized as soon as possible.


title: Erb's palsy

text: The neurological damage is often the most problematic aspect of Erb's palsy, but it is also the most varying. There have been cases of patients who have lost complete sensory perception within the arm after procedures whereas they had full sensory perception before. The most common area for a loss of sensory perception (except where the arm faces a total loss) is between the shoulder and the elbow, since the nerves which provide information from that area to the brain are also those first damaged in the initial causative trauma.


title: Erb's palsy

text: The most common cause of Erb's palsy is dystocia, an abnormal or difficult childbirth or labor. For example, it can occur if the infant's head and neck are pulled toward the side at the same time as the shoulders pass through the birth canal. The condition can also be caused by excessive pulling on the shoulders during a cephalic presentation (head first delivery), or by pressure on the raised arms during a breech (feet first) delivery. Erb's palsy can also affect neonates affected by a clavicle fracture unrelated to dystocia.


title: Erb's palsy

text: A similar injury may be observed at any age following trauma to the head and shoulder, which cause the nerves of the plexus to violently stretch, with the upper trunk of the plexus sustaining the greatest injury. Injury may also occur as the result of direct violence, including gunshot wounds and traction on the arm, or attempting to diminish shoulder joint dislocation. The level of damage to the constituent nerves is related to the amount of paralysis.


title: Erb's palsy

text: The appearance of the affected arm (or arms) depends on the individual case. In some cases the arm may lack the ability to straighten or rotate but otherwise function normally giving the overall appearance of the arm to be stiff and crooked. Whereas in other circumstances the arm has little to no control and has a "loose" appearance. Treatment such as physiotherapy, massage and electrical stimulation can help to prevent this early on (or throughout) the patient's life by strengthening the arm.


title: Erb's palsy

text: In some cases, again, individuals may experience a great deal of discomfort. For example, they may experience a severe cramping pain that lasts for some time and is particularly painful after they have slept, running from the shoulder all the way down to the wrist. Although pain does not affect everyone with Erb's palsy, it can be extremely uncomfortable to those that it does and can even cause patients to be physically sick or faint. This extreme nerve pain is mostly common during the final stages of growth and almost always eases off in time. Other pains that people with Erb's palsy might endure include strained muscle, stiffness, circulatory problems and cramp. Different factors are dependent on the severity of the condition and can vary, so whilst some patient experience a lot of pain, some patients may experience no pain at all and for their affected arm to simply be visually crooked.


title: Erb's palsy

text: Discomfort with the shoulder blade is also extremely common in Erb's palsy as the shoulder is often at risk of dislocation. This can result, again, in sickness or lack of sleep.


title: Erb's palsy

text: Neonatal/pediatric neurosurgery is often required for avulsion fracture repair. Lesions may heal over time and function return. Physiotherapeutic care is often required to regain muscle usage.


title: Erb's palsy

text: Although range of motion is recovered in many children under one year in age, individuals who have not yet healed after this point will rarely gain full function in their arm and may develop arthritis.


title: Erb's palsy

text: The three most common treatments for Erb's palsy are nerve transfers (usually from the opposite arm or limb), subscapularis releases and latissimus dorsi tendon transfers.


title: Erb's palsy

text: Nerve transfers are usually performed on babies under the age of 9 months since the fast development of younger babies increases the effectiveness of the procedure. They are not usually carried out on patients older than this because when the procedure is done on older infants, more harm than good is done, and it can result in nerve damage in the area from which the nerves were taken. Scarring can vary from faint scars along the lines of the neck to full "T" shapes across the whole shoulder depending on the training of the surgeon and the nature of the transplant.


title: Erb's palsy

text: Subscapularis releases, however, are not time limited. Since it is merely cutting a "Z" shape into the subscapularis muscle to provide stretch within the arm, it can be carried out at almost any age and can be carried out repeatedly on the same arm; however, this will compromise the integrity of the muscle.


title: Erb's palsy

text: Latissimus dorsi tendon transfers involve cutting the latissimus dorsi in half horizontally in order to pull part of the muscle around and attach it to the outside of the biceps. This procedure provides external rotation with varying degrees of success. A side effect may be increased sensitivity of the part of the biceps where the muscle will now lie, since the latissimus dorsi has roughly twice the number of nerve endings per square inch of other muscles.


title: Erb's palsy

text: The renowned British obstetrician William Smellie is credited with the first medical description of an obstetric brachial plexus palsy. In his 1768 treatise on midwifery, he reported a case of transient bilateral arm paralysis in a newborn after difficult labour.


title: Erb's palsy

text: In 1861, Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne coined the term "obstetric palsy of the brachial plexus" after analyzing four infants with paralysis of identical muscles in the arm and shoulder, after publishing his initial findings in 1855. In 1874, Wilhelm Heinrich Erb concluded in his thesis on adult brachial plexus injuries that associated palsies of the deltoid, biceps and subscapularis are derived from a radicular lesion at the level of C5 and C6 rather than isolated peripheral nerve lesions.


title: Erb's palsy

text: Notable individuals with Erb's palsy include Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, King of Prussia, the Palestinian psychiatrist Samah Jabr, and the Canadian journalist Barbara Frum. Martin Sheen was injured during birth and developed the condition in his left arm. His difference in arm length and range of motion can be seen in his work, especially "Apocalypse Now" and the jacket flip during "The West Wing".


title: Erb's palsy

text: Professional wrestler Traci Brooks has Erb's palsy and has achieved a successful career. Another is former Iowa Hawkeyes standout defensive lineman Adrian Clayborn. Gangster rapper and Academy Award winner DJ Paul of Three Six Mafia also has the condition in his arm, which he often hides by wearing a cast during public appearances. Teenage archery champion Faith Oakley, who has Erb's palsy affecting her right arm, uses her teeth to pull back the bow string to shoot the arrow.


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: The Pelješac Bridge (, ) is a cable-stayed bridge in Dubrovnik-Neretva County, Croatia. The bridge provides a fixed link from the southeastern Croatian semi-exclave to the rest of the country while bypassing Bosnia and Herzegovina's short coastal strip at Neum. The bridge spans the sea channel between Komarna on the northern mainland and the peninsula of Pelješac, thereby passing entirely through Croatian territory and avoiding any border crossings with Bosnia and Herzegovina at Neum.


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: Construction started on 30 July 2018, and the bridge was connected on 28 July 2021. The bridge and its access roads opened for traffic on 26 July 2022. However, heavy trucks and trucks carrying hazardous loads will not be able to access the bridge until the Ston detour road is opened in 2023.


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: The original 2007 design for the bridge had a main span of . This design was modified, and the bridge was built as a multi-span cable-stayed bridge with a total length of . It comprises thirteen spans, of which seven are cable-stayed; five central spans and two outer spans. Two pylons around the x navigation channel are above sea level and above the seabed. The bridge was designed by Slovenian engineer Marjan Pipenbaher.


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: Both sides of the bridge are served by access roads, including two tunnels on Pelješac (one and the other long), as well as two smaller bridges on Pelješac, (one and another long).


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: Because the Croatian mainland is intersected by a small strip of the coast around the town of Neum which is part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, forming Bosnia and Herzegovina's only outlet to the Adriatic Sea, the physical connection of the southernmost part of Dalmatia with the rest of Croatia is limited to Croatian territorial waters. In 1996, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia signed the Neum Agreement in which Croatia was granted unobstructed passage through Neum, but the agreement was never ratified. All traffic passing through the Neum corridor has to undergo border checks on goods and persons. Therefore, people travelling from the Dubrovnik exclave to mainland Croatia had to pass through two border checks within . When Croatia joins the Schengen Area in 2023 (which it was bound to do in accordance with the conditions of its accession to the European Union), checks would be considerably more stringent and time-consuming, as the Schengen Borders Code requires checks not only when entering the Schengen area, but also when exiting it. Thus, someone travelling from Dubrovnik to mainland Croatia through Neum would undergo three distinct border checks: a Croatian (Schengen) exit check, a Bosnian-Herzegovinian entry check and a Croatian (Schengen) entry check.


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: The construction of the bridge was publicly proposed in 1997 by Ivan Šprlje, the Prefect of the Dubrovnik-Neretva County and member of the Social Democratic Party (SDP). Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) initially rejected the idea, but in 1998 it gained support of their MP Luka Bebić. In 2000, the bridge was added to the spatial plan of the county and the first construction plans were drawn up.


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: The construction works on the Pelješac project officially commenced in November 2005 with a grand opening led by then-Prime Minister Ivo Sanader. Despite the price of the bridge project rising significantly compared to the initial estimate, the Government persisted with the idea of a bridge. The initial design was changed to reflect the concerns of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the first plans. The two sides agreed on the construction of the bridge in early December 2006.


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: In May 2007, the Croatian Minister of Infrastructure Božidar Kalmeta said that preparations for the construction of the bridge were going according to plan and that an initial tender was under preparation. Kalmeta added that the question of when the construction works would begin depended on whether a constructor would be selected in the first round. On 11 June 2007, Hrvatske ceste announced a public tender for the construction of the bridge. On 28 August 2007, the list of bidders was released: Konstruktor, Viadukt and Hidroelektra (from Croatia); Dywidag (Germany), Strabag (Austria), (Italy), Eiffel (France); and Alpine Bau (from Salzburg, Austria)


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: Kalmeta confirmed construction works were to start in autumn 2007. The contractor was to be obliged to complete the project in four years. Construction costs were estimated at 1.9 billion HRK, nearly €260 million. It would be financed by Hrvatske ceste and by loans by European investment banks.


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: In June 2007, after the tender was published, the media reported renewed opposition from the State Border Commission in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnia and Herzegovina declared that it would sue Croatia if it started building the bridge unilaterally.


title: Pelješac Bridge

text: On 14 September 2007, the Ministry of Construction announced that the Konstruktor/Viadukt/Hidroelektra consortium had won the contest and that it would sign a contract for 1.94 billion HRK, roughly €265 million at the time. Construction works on the northern and southern termini commenced on 24 October 2007, with sea works starting in the autumn of 2008.