title: Narrow-body aircraft

text: By June 2018, there was 10,572 Airbus A320neo and Boeing 737 MAX orders: 6,068 Airbuses (6068/105.72round0%, 2,295 with CFMs, 1,623 with PWs and 2,150 with not yet decided engines) and 4,504 Boeings (4504/105.72round0%); 3,446 in Asia-Pacific (3446/105.72round0%), 2,349 in Europe (2349/105.72round0%), 1,926 in North America (1926/105.72round0%), 912 in Latin America (912/105.72round0%), 654 in Middle East (654/105.72round0%), 72 in Africa (72/105.72round0%) and 1,213 not yet bounded (1213/105.72round0%).


title: Narrow-body aircraft

text: Many airlines have shown interest in the A321LR or its A321XLR derivative, and other extended-range models, for thin transatlantic and Asia-Pacific routes.


title: Ejection fraction

text: An ejection fraction (EF) is the volumetric fraction (or portion of the total) of fluid (usually blood) ejected from a chamber (usually the heart) with each contraction (or heartbeat). It can refer to the cardiac atrium, ventricle, gall bladder, or leg veins, although if unspecified it usually refers to the left ventricle of the heart. EF is widely used as a measure of the pumping efficiency of the heart and is used to classify heart failure types. It is also used as an indicator of the severity of heart failure, although it has recognized limitations.


title: Ejection fraction

text: The EF of the left heart, known as the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), is calculated by dividing the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat (stroke volume) by the volume of blood collected in the left ventricle at the end of diastolic filling (end-diastolic volume). LVEF is an indicator of the effectiveness of pumping into the systemic circulation. The EF of the right heart, or right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), is a measure of the efficiency of pumping into the pulmonary circulation. A heart which cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the body's requirements (i.e., heart failure) will often, but not invariably, have a reduced ventricular ejection fraction.


title: Ejection fraction

text: Modalities applied to measurement of ejection fraction is an emerging field of medical mathematics and subsequent computational applications. Perhaps the first common bedrock measurement method was echocardiography, although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cardiac computed tomography, ventriculography and nuclear medicine (gated SPECT and radionuclide angiography) scans may also be used. Measurements by different modalities are not easily interchangeable. Historically, the gold standard for measurement of the ejection fraction was ventriculography, but cardiac MRI is now considered the best method. Prior to these more advanced techniques, the combination of electrocardiography and phonocardiography was used to accurately estimate ejection fraction.


title: Ejection fraction

text: In a healthy man, the stroke volume is approximately 70 mL, and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) is approximately 120 mL, giving an estimated ejection fraction of , or 0.58 (58%). Healthy individuals typically have ejection fractions between 50% and 65%, although the lower limits of normality are difficult to establish with confidence.


title: Ejection fraction

text: Damage to heart muscle (myocardium), such as occurring following myocardial infarction or cardiomyopathy, compromises the heart's performance as an efficient pump and may reduce ejection fraction. Such reduction in the EF can manifest itself as heart failure. The 2021 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure subdivided heart failure into three categories on the basis of LVEF:


title: Ejection fraction

text: A chronically low ejection fraction less than 30% is an important threshold in qualification for disability benefits in the US.


title: Ejection fraction

text: By definition, the volume of blood within a ventricle at the end of diastole is the end-diastolic volume (EDV). Likewise, the volume of blood left in a ventricle at the end of systole (contraction) is the end-systolic volume (ESV). The difference between EDV and ESV is the stroke volume (SV). The ejection fraction is the fraction of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected with each beat; that is, it is stroke volume (SV) divided by end-diastolic volume (EDV):


title: Ejection fraction

text: EF is inherently a relative measurement—as is any fraction, ratio, or percentage, whereas the stroke volume, end-diastolic volume or end-systolic volume are absolute measurements.


title: Ejection fraction

text: After William Harvey's description of the basic mechanism of the circulation in 1628, it was initially assumed that the heart emptied completely during systole. However, in 1856 Chauveau and Faivre observed that some fluid remained in the heart after contraction. This was confirmed by Roy and Adami in 1888. In 1906, Henderson estimated the ratio of the volume discharged in systole to the total volume of the left ventricle to be approximately 2/3. In 1933, Gustav Nylin proposed that the ratio of the heart volume/stroke volume (the reciprocal of ejection fraction) could be used as a measure of cardiac function. in 1952 Bing and colleagues used a minor modification of Nylin's suggestion (EDV/SV) to assess right ventricular function using a dye dilution technique. Exactly when the relationship between end diastolic volume and stroke volume was inverted into its current form is unclear. Holt calculated the ratio SV/EDV and noted that '...The ventricle empties itself in a "fractional" manner, approximately 46 per cent of its end-diastolic volume being ejected with each stroke and 54 per cent remaining in the ventricle at the end of systole'. In 1962, Folse and Braunwald used the ratio of forward stroke volume/EDV and observed that "estimations of the fraction of the left ventricular end-diastolic volume that is ejected into the aorta during each cardiac cycle, as well as of the ventricular end-diastolic and residual volumes, provide information that is fundamental to a hemodynamic analysis of left ventricular function". Elliott, Lane and Gorlin used the term "ejection fraction" in a conference paper abstract published in January 1964. In 1965 Bartle et al. used the term ejected fraction for the ratio SV/EDV, and the term ejection fraction was used in two review articles in 1968 suggesting a wide currency by that time.


title: Botched (TV series)

text: Botched is an American reality television series that premiered on cable channel E! on June 24, 2014. It follows doctors Terry Dubrow and Paul Nassif as they "remedy extreme plastic surgeries gone wrong."


title: Botched (TV series)

text: "Botched" first season, consisting of eight episodes, ended on August 17, 2014. A two-part reunion special hosted by Maria Menounos aired on October 26 and 27, and featured interviews with Dubrow, Nassif, and patients from the series.


title: Botched (TV series)

text: On August 5, 2014, "Botched" was renewed for a second season, which premiered on April 14, 2015. On June 7, it moved from its Tuesday, 9 pm timeslot to Sunday, 9 pm. The mid-season finale aired on July 12. The series was renewed for a third season on July 1.


title: Botched (TV series)

text: Three specials, titled "Botched: Post Op", aired after the October 13, 20 and 27 episodes. The specials were co-hosted by Nassif, Dubrow, and Dubrow's wife, actress Heather Dubrow.


title: Botched (TV series)

text: Season 3 premiered on May 10, 2016, starring both Dubrow and Nassif. It ended on August 2, 2016. In October 2015, the eight-episode spin-off series of "Botched" was announced entitled "Botched by Nature". It premiered on August 9, 2016.


title: MJ the Musical

text: MJ the Musical, also referred to as simply MJ, is a jukebox musical featuring the music of Michael Jackson with a book by Lynn Nottage. It tells the story of American singer, songwriter, and dancer Michael Jackson.


title: MJ the Musical

text: "MJ" was originally scheduled to premiere on Broadway in mid-2020, with direction and choreography by Christopher Wheeldon. Initial plans to open were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On November 21, 2019, Ephraim Sykes was cast as Michael Jackson, but in June 2021 it was announced that the role would be played by Myles Frost. The production opened at the Neil Simon Theatre on February 1, 2022, with previews beginning December 6, 2021.


title: MJ the Musical

text: From its opening, "MJ" received mixed reviews, but has been a success at the box office. "MJ" was nominated for 10 Tony Awards including Best Musical, with the musical winning four awards, including Best Actor in a Musical for Myles Frost in the title role, as well as Best Choreography, Best Lighting Design and Best Sound Design. The original cast recording has also been nominated for Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. By November 2022, the musical had grossed $75.8 million, with an attendance of 533,000.


title: MJ the Musical

text: Telling the story of Michael Jackson's life, "MJ" features over 25 of Michael Jackson's biggest hits.


title: MJ the Musical

text: "The show takes audiences behind the scenes as Michael prepares for the 1992 Dangerous World Tour, providing an in-depth look at his process. As Michael and his collaborators rehearse their epic setlist, we are transported to pivotal creative moments from his career."


title: MJ the Musical

text: The show starts with the cast members preparing for rehearsals for the upcoming Dangerous World Tour, during which the first show is a few days away. Rob, their manager then tells them to get into their places and warm up. MJ makes his grand entrance and watches the process, which leads to an epic opening number. ("Beat It")


title: MJ the Musical

text: As MJ shares his ideas with Rob, they are interrupted as a woman called Rachel enters with her cameraman in hopes of getting an in-depth interview with MJ (who hadn't been interviewed in 14 years). MJ sits with Rachel and recounts some of the terrors he suffered as a child and some of the happy moments like when Berry Gordy played their hits on his Motown label.


title: MJ the Musical

text: As the interview carries on, MJ shares the good times he had with Quincy Jones, recording "Off the Wall", "Thriller", and "Bad" together, and how "Thriller" remained No.1 in the charts for over a year. After Rachel leaves, Rob escorts MJ to a press conference downtown, where he presents his plans for the Heal the World Foundation.


title: MJ the Musical

text: Act II starts with MJ sharing his new ideas for the tour (Billie Jean/Smooth Criminal) which Rob and Dave tell him are impossible and that he can bankrupt himself. He starts to recount a horrific accident when a spark ignited his hair in the making of an advert for Pepsi-Co. After listening to Rob go on and on with negativity, he reminds him of what Quincy Jones said to him, "Keep the faith. Don't let nobody take you down".


title: MJ the Musical

text: As the rehearsal carries on, MJ tells Rachel how the songs open up to him. However, during a break, commotion starts breaking out. Rob tries to keep Rachel away from MJ and doesn't want her near him. However, MJ manages to find her by disguising himself as a cleaner and tells him how disguising himself is the only way he can go in public which leads to him singing Human Nature.


title: MJ the Musical

text: After the rehearsal, MJ explains to Rachel how emotional he feels about being the King of Pop, being loved by millions of fans, and being teased in the newspapers. He tries to have it both ways by trying to blame everything sad and weird about himself on others (especially the press, who are equated with the zombies in (Thriller) but credit him alone for his every good deed and success.


title: MJ the Musical

text: Later Rob comes to check up on him, telling him all of his creativity would be remembered for decades. MJ recounts how, when he did the Apollo with the Jackson 5 and how he wasn't nervous. Rob tries to tell MJ how everything they created can be remembered for decades but he only replies by asking "Is It Perfect" which starts the penultimate number Man In the Mirror.


title: MJ the Musical

text: The show ends with MJ appearing in the middle of the stage ready to start their first show of the newly created Dangerous World Tour.


title: MJ the Musical

text: Recording for the original Broadway cast album took place on February 7 and 8, 2022. The original Broadway cast recording was released on July 15, 2022. The original cast recording is nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album.


title: MJ the Musical

text: "MJ" was set to premiere its pre-Broadway run in Chicago, US on October 29, 2019, at the Nederlander Theatre. The run would continue through December 1. The Michael Jackson estate decided to cancel the planned Chicago tryout, ostensibly due to "scheduling difficulties" brought about by an Actors' Equity Association strike. Actors Equity wasn't shouldering the blame for the cancellation, stating "It is difficult to understand how a modest delay in February would impact a run that was scheduled for late October."


title: MJ the Musical

text: The musical was expected to debut on Broadway in the summer of 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the production was postponed to 2021. The production is directed and choreographed by Christopher Wheeldon, and it features a book by two-time Pulitzer Prize winner Lynn Nottage. Scenery for the production is designed by Derek McLane with costuming by Paul Tazewell. Natasha Katz and Peter Nigrini are collaborating on lighting and projection designs respectively. Gareth Owen designed sound production, with hair and wig design by Charles LaPointe.


title: MJ the Musical

text: The musical was first announced in June 2018. Wheeldon spoke about the musical, stating, "The show is very much anchored in one particular moment in time. – I always bring up the fabulous movie that Spielberg made about Lincoln: You take one key moment, I suppose, in the history of someone's life and then sort of use that as an anchor point for past storytelling and, perhaps, some kind of prophecy of what's to come. We'll be doing that with this story." Asked about the dance and choreography, he said he "intend[s] to put quite a lot of Michael's work in the show".


title: MJ the Musical

text: It was announced on March 21, 2022, that the show will kick off its national tour at the Nederlander Theatre, running from July 15 through September 10, 2023, with additional tour dates and casting for the tour to be announced at a later date.


title: MJ the Musical

text: It was announced on October 17, 2022, that the show will come to West End of London at the Prince Edward Theatre in March, 2024, with casting to be announced at a later date.


title: MJ the Musical

text: "MJ" has been very successful at the box office, averaging over a million dollars each week on Broadway. Following the Tonys, the show's weekly gross jumped to $1,661,000 with sold-out shows every day and advance sales booming. It was the biggest box office jump that week on Broadway and a new high for the show. By September 4, 2022, it broke the Neil Simon theater's box office record 5 times with a total cumulative gross of $49.4 million. As of December 2022, "MJ the Musical" grossed around $75.8 million with 533,904 attendance and 365 performance.


title: MJ the Musical

text: The show has attracted numerous celebrities such as Pierce Brosnan, Stevie Wonder, Paula Abdul, Lindsay Lohan, Jay-Z, Beyoncé Knowles, Madonna, Chloe Bailey, Halle Bailey and the cast of "Stranger Things". Madonna would go on and say that the show made her cry, calling the performance "extraordinary"


title: MJ the Musical

text: "MJ" has divided critics, with the show receiving mixed to negative reviews. Charles Isherwood of "Broadway News" criticized Lynn Nottage's book, in particular, writing, "where "MJ" loses its fleet footing is in the bland, exposition-heavy and often trite dialogue supplied by Nottage...Clichés, preachy speeches, and baldly obvious dialogue abound." Adam Feldman of "Time Out" wrote, "'Listen to my music,' says Michael to his interviewer. 'It answers any questions you might have.' Does it? I left the theater entertained, but not convinced I had seen the man in the smoke and mirrors." Critic Maya Phillips of "The New York Times" wrote, "The musical is inherently hollow; the opacity of Michael Jackson and his life of traumas and controversies make it difficult to find material compelling and cohesive enough to tell a story onstage".


title: MJ the Musical

text: Positive attention for the show includes "Deadline" reporter Greg Evans who said it was "visually & sonically ravishing!", while the "Chicago Tribune" called the show's scenery gorgeous and the show "beautiful to experience throughout, which one almost never can say about jukebox musicals". Peter Marks of "The Washington Post" also praised the show and the cast, especially the "utterly persuasive" Myles Frost, and called "MJ" "a riveting, adrenaline rush of a show". Linda Armstrong of "Amsterdam News" called the production "spectacular", "stunning" and "off-the-charts". Joe Westerfield of "Newsweek" said, "In many ways "MJ" is a living, breathing, even breathless, music video, but with that touch of inspiration, drive and art that only Michael Jackson can provide."


title: MJ the Musical

text: Blogs have been favorable to the show. Ayanna Prescod of the "New York Theatre Guide" gave the musical a perfect score and called it "a flawless production". Patrick Christiano of "Theater Life" called it a "thrilling tribute of - the greatest entertainer of all time" and said "If audience reaction is any indication "MJ" is a hit worthy of The King of Pop’s impeccable standards". Brittany Crowell of "The Front Row Center" also almost gave it a near perfect score, stating that the show is "full of skill, craft and true entertainment".


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: Tomatsu began a singing career in 2008, performing the song "Naissance" which was used as the ending theme to the television drama series "Here Is Greenwood". Her second single "Motto Hade ni Ne" was used as the opening theme to "". In 2009, she became part of the music unit Sphere, alongside Aki Toyosaki, Minako Kotobuki and Ayahi Takagaki. She released her first album "Rainbow Road" in 2010, and two compilation albums in 2016.


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: Tomatsu was born in Ichinomiya, Aichi. Her voice acting career began when she participated in an audition held by Sony Music Entertainment Japan subsidiary Music Ray'n from 2005 to 2006. In January 2006, she participated in the Tōhō Cinderella audition held by Tōhō Entertainment.


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: Tomatsu made her voice acting debut in 2007, playing a student in "Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight!". That same year, she played her first starring role as Corticarte Apa Lagranges in "Shinkyoku Sōkai Polyphonica."


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: After graduating from high school, Tomatsu moved to Tokyo in 2008 to go to university and to continue her voice acting career. That same year, she played the roles of Shiho Sannomiya in "Zettai Karen Children", Lala Satalin Deviluke in "To Love-Ru", and Nagi in "". She then made her live-action debut as Mieko Nitta in the drama series "Here Is Greenwood". She also played the role of Ami Misaki in the television drama series "RH Plus". She received the Rookie of the Year Award at the 3rd Seiyu Awards.


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: In 2012, Tomatsu played Asuna Yuuki in "Sword Art Online". In 2013, she received the Best Supporting Actress Award at the 7th Seiyu Awards, and the Synergy Award for her role in "Yo-Kai Watch" at the 9th Seiyu Awards. In 2018, she appeared as herself in the television drama series "Koe Girl!", which featured her as a voice actress taking care of the series' main characters; the series also featured footage from one of her concerts. She also played Zero Two in "Darling in the Franxx". In 2021 she played Kyoko Hori in "Hori-san to Miyamura-kun".


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: Tomatsu performed the song , which was used as the fourth ending theme for the series "Kyōran Kazoku Nikki". Her next release was the song "Naissance", which was used as the ending theme to the drama series "Here Is Greenwood". "Naissance", her first single, was released on September 3, 2008. Her second single and first anime-related single, , was used as the opening theme to the anime television series "Kannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens"; the single was released on October 28, 2009. Her third single was released on November 26, 2008; the title track is used as the ending theme to "Kannagi: Crazy Shrine Maidens".


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: In 2009, Music Ray'n formed the music unit Sphere, which consists of Tomatsu, Aki Toyosaki, Minako Kotobuki and Ayahi Takagaki. Her fourth single was released on May 13, 2009; the title track is used as the ending to the anime series "Shinkyoku Sōkai Polyphonica S". This was followed by her fifth single "Girls, Be Ambitious", which was released on February 8, 2010; the title track is used as the ending theme to the anime series "Sound of the Sky". She released her first solo album "Rainbow Road" on February 24, 2010; the album peaked at No. 15 on the Oricon weekly charts and charted for four weeks. She then released her sixth single on August 16, 2010. Her seventh single "Baby Baby Love", used as the ending theme to the 2010 anime television series "Motto To Love-Ru", was released on November 3, 2010.


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: Her eighth single, "Oh My God", was released on July 25, 2011; the title track was used as the anime series "Nekogami Yaoyorozu". This was followed by her ninth single which was released on July 25, 2012; the title track was used as the first ending theme to the anime television series "Sword Art Online". Her next release was her tenth single which was released on October 29, 2012. Her second solo album "Sunny Side Story", released on January 16, 2013, peaked at No. 5 on the Oricon weekly charted and charted for five weeks.


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: Her eleventh single, "Pachi Pachi Party", was released on July 22, 2013, and her 12th single was released on January 27, 2014. She released her 13th single "Fantastic Soda!!" on August 11, 2014. This was followed by her 14th single "Courage", released on December 3, 2014, and used as the second opening theme to the anime television series "Sword Art Online II". It became her best performing single to date, peaking at No. 4 on the Oricon weekly charts and charting for eleven weeks. Her third solo album "Harukarisk*Land", released on March 18, 2015, peaked at No. 5 on the Oricon weekly charts and charted for four weeks.


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: Tomatsu released her fifteenth single "Step A Go! Go!" on October 12, 2015. This was followed by her sixteenth single , which was released on February 29, 2016. She then released two best albums titled and on June 15, 2016. In July 2016, as part of Sphere, she made her North American live debut at Anime Expo. Her seventeenth single was released on November 7, 2016; the song "Two of Us" is used as the theme song to the video game "". Her eighteenth single, , was released on October 23, 2017; the title track is used as the ending theme to the anime series "PriPri Chi-chan!!". She released her fourth solo album "Colorful Gift" on May 14, 2018. Her 18th single "Try & Joy" was released on September 5, 2018. Her 19th single "Resolution" was released digitally on October 13, 2019, and received a physical release on November 20, 2019; the title song is used as the third opening theme to the anime series "Sword Art Online: Alicization".


title: Haruka Tomatsu

text: Tomatsu announced her marriage on her blog on January 11, 2019. She announced the birth of her first child, a girl, on February 9, 2021.


title: Spiny lobster

text: Spiny lobsters, also known as langustas, langouste, or rock lobsters, are a family (Palinuridae) of about 60 species of achelate crustaceans, in the Decapoda Reptantia. Spiny lobsters are also, especially in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, and The Bahamas, called crayfish, sea crayfish, or crawfish ("kreef" in South Africa), terms which elsewhere are reserved for freshwater crayfish.


title: Spiny lobster

text: The furry lobsters ("e.g." "Palinurellus") were previously separated into a family of their own, the Synaxidae, but are usually considered members of the Palinuridae. The slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) are their next-closest relatives, and these two or three families make up the Achelata. Genera of spiny lobsters include "Palinurus" and a number of anagrams thereof: "Panulirus", "Linuparus", "etc." (Palinurus was a helmsman in Virgil's "Æneid".) In total, 12 extant genera are recognised, containing around 60 living species:


title: Spiny lobster

text: Although they superficially resemble true lobsters in terms of overall shape and having a hard carapace and exoskeleton, the two groups are not closely related. Spiny lobsters can be easily distinguished from true lobsters by their very long, thick, spiny antennae, by the lack of chelae (claws) on the first four pairs of walking legs, although the females of most species have a small claw on the fifth pair, and by a particularly specialized larval phase called phyllosoma. True lobsters have much smaller antennae and claws on the first three pairs of legs, with the first being particularly enlarged.


title: Spiny lobster

text: Spiny lobsters typically have a slightly compressed carapace, lacking any lateral ridges. Their antennae lack a scaphocerite, the flattened exopod of the antenna. This is fused to the epistome (a plate between the labrum and the basis of the antenna). The flagellum, at the top of the antenna, is stout, tapering, and very long. The ambulatory legs (pereopods) end in claws (chelae).


title: Spiny lobster

text: The size of the adults varies from a few centimetres to 30–40 cm. In general, it is said that rarely some individuals can reach 60 cm ("Panulirus argus").


title: Spiny lobster

text: Nevertheless, some reports – the authenticity of which can be questioned – are of much larger lobsters. One such source is Bernard Gorsky's travel book "La derniére ile". In this, the author lists the following statements:


title: Spiny lobster

text: The fossil record of spiny lobsters has been extended by the discovery in 1995 of a 110-million-year-old fossil near El Espiñal in Chiapas, Mexico. Workers from the National Autonomous University of Mexico have named the fossil "Palinurus palaecosi", and report that it is closest to members of the genus "Palinurus" currently living off the coasts of Africa.


title: Spiny lobster

text: Spiny lobsters are found in almost all warm seas, including the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea, but are particularly common in Australasia, where they are referred to commonly as crayfish or sea crayfish ("Jasus edwardsii"), and in South Africa ("Jasus lalandii").


title: Spiny lobster

text: Spiny lobsters tend to live in crevices of rocks and coral reefs, only occasionally venturing out at night to seek snails, clams, sea-hares, crabs, or sea urchins to eat. They sometimes migrate in very large groups in long files of lobsters across the sea floor. These lines may be more than 50 lobsters long. Spiny lobsters navigate using the smell and taste of natural substances in the water that change in different parts of the ocean. It was recently discovered that spiny lobsters can also navigate by detecting the Earth's magnetic field. They keep together by contact, using their long antennae. Potential predators may be deterred from eating spiny lobsters by a loud screech made by the antennae of the spiny lobsters rubbing against a smooth part of the exoskeleton. Spiny lobsters usually exhibit the social habit of being together. However recent studies indicate that healthy lobsters move away from infected ones, leaving the diseased lobsters to fend for themselves.


title: Spiny lobster

text: Like true lobsters, spiny lobsters are edible and are an economically significant food source; they are the biggest food export of the Bahamas, for instance.


title: Spiny lobster

text: Many spiny lobsters produce rasping sounds to repel predators by rubbing the "plectrum" at the base of the spiny lobster's antennae against a "file". The noise is produced by frictional vibrations – sticking and slipping, similar to rubber materials sliding against hard surfaces. While a number of insects use frictional vibration mechanisms to generate sound, this particular acoustic mechanism is unique in the animal kingdom. Significantly, the system does not rely on the hardness of the exoskeleton, as many other arthropod sounds do, meaning that the spiny lobsters can continue to produce the deterrent noises even in the period following a moult when they are most vulnerable. The stridulating organ is present in all but three genera in the family ("Jasus", "Projasus", and the furry lobster "Palinurellus"), and its form can distinguish different species.


title: Stationery

text: Stationery refers to commercially manufactured writing materials, including cut paper, envelopes, writing implements, continuous form paper, and other office supplies. Stationery includes materials to be written on by hand (e.g., letter paper) or by equipment such as computer printers.


title: Stationery

text: Originally, the term 'stationery' referred to all products sold by a stationer, whose name indicated that his book shop was on a fixed spot. This was usually somewhere near a university, and permanent, while medieval trading was mainly carried on by itinerant peddlers (including chapmen, who sold books) and others (such as farmers and craftsmen) at markets and fairs. It was a unique term used between the 13th and 15th centuries in the manuscript culture. Stationers' shops were places where books were bound, copied, and published. These shops often loaned books to nearby university students for a fee. The books were loaned out in sections, allowing students to study or copy them, and the only way to get the next part of the book was to return the previous section. In some cases, stationers' shops became the preferred choice for scholars to find books, instead of university libraries due to stationers' shops' wider collection of books. The Stationers' Company formerly held a monopoly over the publishing industry in England and was responsible for copyright regulations.


title: Stationery

text: Printing is the process of applying a colouring agent to a surface to create a body of text or illustrations. This is often achieved through printing technology, but can be done by hand using more traditional methods. The earliest form of printing is wood blocking.


title: Stationery

text: Letterpress is a process of printing several identical copies that presses words and designs onto the page. The print may be inked or blind, but is typically done in a single color. Motifs or designs may be added as many letterpress machines use movable plates that must be hand-set. Letterpress printing remained the primary method of printing until the 19th century.


title: Stationery

text: When a single document needs to be produced, it may be handwritten or printed typically by a computer printer. Several copies of one original paper can be produced by some printers using multipart stationery. Typing with a typewriter is obsolete, having been largely superseded by preparing a document with a word processor and printing the document.


title: Stationery

text: Thermographic printing is a process that involves several stages but can be implemented in a low-cost manufacturing process. The process involves printing the desired designs or text with an ink that remains wet, rather than drying on contact with the paper. The paper is then dusted with a powdered polymer that adheres to the ink. The paper is vacuumed or agitated, mechanically or by hand, to remove excess powder, and then heated to near combustion. The wet ink and polymer bond and dry, resulting in a raised print surface similar to the result of an engraving process.


title: Stationery

text: Embossing is a printing technique used to create raised surfaces in the converted paper stock. The process relies upon mated dies that press the paper into a shape that can be observed on both the front and back surfaces. Two things are required during the process of embossing: a die and a stock. The result is a three-dimensional (3D) effect that emphasizes a particular area of the design.


title: Stationery

text: Engraving is a process that requires a design to be cut into a plate made of relatively hard material. The metal plate is first polished so that the design cut can be easily visible to the person. This technology has a long history and requires a significant amount of skill, experience, and expertise. The finished plate is usually covered in ink, and then the ink is removed from all of the un-etched portions of the plate. The plate is then pressed into paper under substantial pressure. The result is a design that is slightly raised on the surface of the paper and covered in ink. Due to the cost of the process and expertise required, many consumers opt for thermographic printing, a process that results in a similarly raised print surface, but through different means at less cost.


title: Stationery

text: Many shops that sell stationery also sell other school supplies for students in primary and secondary education, including pocket calculators, display boards, compasses and protractors, lunchboxes, and the like.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: LaTavia Marie Roberson (born November 1, 1981) is an American R&B singer. She rose to fame in the late 1990s as an original member of the R&B group Destiny's Child, one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. During her time as a member, Roberson recorded two studio albums, sold over 25 million records and won two Grammy Awards and three Soul Train Music Awards.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: Following her departure from the group, Roberson formed Anjel along with former Destiny's Child member LeToya Luckett. After their album was shelved, Roberson went on hiatus and returned to Houston. Roberson has starred in various stage plays including "Those Jeans", "How to Love", and "Not My Family". Roberson also became a main cast-member for "" alongside singers such as Angie Stone, Keke Wyatt and long-time friend Meelah of 702.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: Roberson was born on November 1, 1981, in Houston, Texas, to Cheryl Lastrap and Terry Roberson. In the 1980s, before joining Destiny's Child, Roberson was a child model, appearing in commercials such as Soft and Beautiful's Just for Me Hair Care relaxer for kids.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: When LaTavia was eight years old, she auditioned to be a rapper and dancer in a local girl group and was one of many girls selected. She met Beyoncé Knowles at this audition, and the two became best friends. Singing and dancing with other young girls, LaTavia and Beyoncé made a video for a song called "One Time" which almost led to them becoming a duo. LaTavia then met Kelly Rowland in elementary school. After hearing Rowland sing, LaTavia told her to try out for the group, which she did. Initially, due to her duties as a rapper and dancer, LaTavia did not sing; subsequently, she had vocal lessons and began singing at local events. LaTavia got her break when she entered the singing competition TV show "Star Search", alongside Beyoncé, Kelly, Tamar Davis and LaTavia's cousins Nikki and Nina Taylor. The group, then named Girl's Tyme, were heartbroken after losing the competition to Skeleton Crew. Beyonce's father Mathew Knowles began managing the group and changed the line-up, reducing it to a quartet, consisting of LaTavia, Beyoncé, Kelly, and Beyoncé's elementary school friend LeToya Luckett. The group also underwent several name changes: The Dolls, Something Fresh, Cliché, and Destiny.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 1995, they signed to Elektra Records, but were later dropped from the label. D'wayne Wiggins soon began working on music with the group, briefly signing them to Grass Roots Entertainment. The Wiggins produced song "Killing Time" was included on the "Men in Black" soundtrack. After plenty of training to become prepared and ready for the music industry, they were signed by Columbia Records in 1997 under the name, Destiny's Child with Knowles as lead vocalist, Rowland as second-lead vocalist, and Roberson and Luckett as background vocalists. Roberson was the alto, adding the low notes, and Luckett was the soprano, adding the high notes to the group's harmony. Roberson was designated as the group's spokesperson. In early 1998, Destiny's Child released their self-titled debut album "Destiny's Child". The singles were "No, No, No" featuring Wyclef Jean and "With Me". Roberson can be heard rapping in the song "Illusions". Later in 1998, their song "Get on the Bus" featuring Timbaland (which was released as a single in Europe) was included on the "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" soundtrack.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 1999, Destiny's Child released their second album "The Writing's on the Wall". It became one of the biggest selling albums released by a female group and was certified eight-times platinum in the U.S. The album includes four hit singles, "Bills, Bills, Bills", "Bug a Boo", "Say My Name", and "Jumpin', Jumpin'". LaTavia also gained co-writing contribution more on this album than their first. Roberson performed lead on two songs: "Sweet Sixteen" and "Where'd You Go". Additionally, she sang lead on the song "Can't Help Myself" which was only released on the album's "Houston Edition". In late 1999, during the success of "The Writing's on the Wall", Roberson and Luckett attempted to bring in a third-party mediator to work with their manager Mathew Knowles; however, they soon found themselves on the outs with Knowles. When the "Say My Name" video debuted in February 2000, the pair learned they'd been replaced by Michelle Williams and Farrah Franklin, which led to several lawsuits with the outcome of Roberson and Luckett being entitled to royalty checks from the previous albums they had made with the group.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: While in Destiny's Child, LaTavia appeared in music videos for artists such as Jagged Edge. Roberson performed with the group in live shows, toured as an opening act on TLC's FanMail Tour, and won awards such as Soul Train Music Awards. She also acted in TV shows such as "Smart Guy" and the movie "Beverly Hood" alongside the other members.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: Following the break-up, Roberson and Luckett won two Grammys for their contribution to Destiny Child's "Say My Name". After that, they formed a group called Anjel with two other girls, Naty Quinones and Tiffany Beaudoin. In 2000, Linda Casey, the mother of Jagged Edge's Brian and Brandon Casey, had held a talent search in Connecticut. This contest would determine the newest member of the group, Natasha Ramos. Due to personality differences, Ramos left the group. Before leaving, she introduced them to Naty Quinones, who auditioned and was added to the group. In February 2001, Anjel attended the Grammys. Later that year, Tiffany Beaudoin was introduced to Anjel by a mutual friend and joined after an audition. They recorded a 22-track demo, planning to release their album, Heavenly, with the help of Jagged Edge. They also appeared in the music video for Jagged Ege's "Where the Party At" remix. The group made one live appearance in 2001 on Good Day, NY; where they talked about the album they were working on and sang part of their song "Missing You". The production company that handled the group fell through and the members went separate ways.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: Their label was 581 Entertainment, ran by Jagged Edge under So So Def Recordings, while it was still under Columbia. So So Def owner Jermaine Dupri's decision to leave Columbia caused problems with 581 Entertainment. Before Dupri's move, Anjel's project was on track to be released. The members decided to look into individual projects while group business issues were being handled. In 2003, the record company folded and the group broke up. The group never released Heavenly and split up, before actually recording a full album. The tracks were later leaked on the internet.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 2005, LaTavia got invited to replace Kandi in the group Xscape, but passed on the opportunity due to her priority to take care of her family at home in Houston.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In July 2006, it was confirmed by LaTavia herself, that she had been secretly recording her debut album on and off since March 2006. She collaborated with producers such as Scott Storch and hoped to work with Houston rappers Mike Jones and Slim Thug in the future, but was quick to point out it was in no way an attempt to recreate the success of former bandmate LeToya Luckett. Her album called 'Black Summer's Night', a mix of hip-hop meets jazz and soul, with help from Swizz Beatz, Polow da Don, and André 3000 of Outkast, was supposed to appear sometime in 2009 . Unfortunately, she never managed to complete this album, so it was never released.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 2007, LaTavia and the other former members LeToya Luckett and Farrah Franklin appeared in the TV series "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" telling their side of the story about what happened during their time with Destiny's Child.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 2008, LaTavia was in the stage play "Those Jeans", which ran from April 18 to July 12. It was described as "a truly well written love story, about a fashion designer and a high fashion photographer, looking for love in all the wrong places".


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 2009, LaTavia featured on the song "Swagga Check" by Young Sween from his album "The Goodie Room", released by Fleet Street Records; the song was mistakenly named "Holdin on to You" on iTunes.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 2010, LaTavia appeared on "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" speaking to her then-lawyer Phaedra Parks. During this episode, Roberson talked about how she dealt with alcoholic problems and getting in trouble with the law for a DWI.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 2013, LaTavia starred in J.F. Bailey's stage plays "How to Love" and "Not My Family". That same year, she became a mother for the first time. In 2014, Roberson was added to the main cast of "" season 3, and her main storyline included being afraid to sing on the show, as she felt she wasn't ready to do so, despite the show being called R&B Divas. Season 3 of R&B Divas consisted of eleven episodes starring LaTavia (including the reunion shows). To promote R&B Divas, she appeared on the Wendy Williams Show in May 2014. In 2015, Roberson announced she had gotten into the hair business with Luxury Hair Direct, which specializes in hair extensions. She also became involved with the charity 'Saving Our Daughters'.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 2016, Roberson started an online YouTube-based series called 'The Online Diary of LaTavia Roberson.'


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 2017, she made her film debut as actress in the horror movie "But Deliver Us from Evil", starring Eric Roberts. She also appeared in two additional movies "Dirty South House Arrest" and "The Hills". In spring of 2017, LaTavia confirmed she is set to release her autobiography, "I Am LaTavia", which she described as a memoir to her fans. She engaged in a feud with "People Magazine" after alleging they misquoted and misrepresented her interview online. Roberson released her first song as a solo artist, "Best Time of Your Life", which is an EDM track, on June 23, 2017. In November 2018, she founded Roberson Sports Management, with plans of representing rising boxers. Roberson also launched a boxing magazine called "Slugfest Magazine". The first issue, featuring Roy Jones Jr., was published in March 2019.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In March 2000, Roberson and Luckett filed a lawsuit against Mathew Knowles and the group. This began a media battle in which the two sides exchanged barbs in magazine and newspaper interviews. Roberson and Luckett agreed to a settlement that required them to drop the part of their lawsuit that targeted their former group members (though they retained the suit against Mathew Knowles) and required both sides to stop disparaging each other in public. Roberson and Luckett later filed another suit against Destiny's Child. They claimed that the first single, "Survivor", from the group's 2001 album of the same name, violated their previous settlement. As evidence, Roberson and Luckett cited lyrics, such as "thought I wouldn't sell without you, sold nine million", which they believed referenced the ugly split. In July 2002, Destiny's Child again settled out of court with the pair.


title: LaTavia Roberson

text: In 2010, Roberson revealed that she had suffered with an alcohol problem after Destiny's Child. This led to Roberson being arrested for driving while intoxicated. Roberson sought treatment, which led to her recovery, and is using the experience to help others. On August 21, 2013, Roberson gave birth to a daughter with producer Don Vito. In 2016, she suffered the late term pregnancy loss of a baby girl. On September 23, 2019, Roberson's management team announced via Instagram that she had given birth to a boy, her second child with Don Vito.


title: Gugudan

text: Gugudan (), also stylized as gu9udan or gx9, was a South Korean girl group formed in 2016 by Jellyfish Entertainment and the company's first girl group. The group debuted on June 28, 2016, with their EP "Act. 1 The Little Mermaid". The group was composed of eight members: Mimi, Hana, Haebin, Nayoung, Sejeong, Sally, Soyee and Mina. Originally a nine-piece group, Hyeyeon left the group in October 2018.


title: Gugudan

text: In January 2016, Nayoung, Sejeong and Mina were introduced as Jellyfish Entertainment's first female trainees on the Mnet survival show, "Produce 101", where 101 female trainees from various companies competed to debut in an eleven-member girl group that would promote for a year under YMC Entertainment. After placing 2nd and 9th respectively in the final episode, Sejeong and Mina debuted as members of I.O.I in May 2016.


title: Gugudan

text: Despite denying earlier reports of Sejeong and Mina debuting in a 3-member girl group in June, Jellyfish Entertainment confirmed on June 7 that the two I.O.I members would debut within the month in what would be the company's first girl group. Because of YMC Entertainment's special terms in which I.O.I's members are allowed to do activities under their respective companies while I.O.I was on break or while the group promoted in sub-units, there were no complications with the plan.


title: Gugudan

text: Nayoung was also confirmed as a member on June 10 and on June 13, Jellyfish Entertainment revealed that Gugudan would be a nine-member group. On June 17, Jellyfish Entertainment announced the group name.


title: Gugudan

text: On June 22, the group confirmed that they were going for a "mermaid" concept. Following the announcement, a highlight medley of the group's debut mini-album was released on June 24. They debuted on June 28, 2016, with the mini-album, "Act. 1 The Little Mermaid," with "Wonderland" as the title song. Their debut showcase was held at the Yes24 Live Hall on the same day as the album's release.


title: Gugudan

text: Gugudan participated in Jellyfish Entertainment's annual winter project, "Jelly Christmas 2016", with their label mates Seo In-guk, VIXX, Park Yoon-ha, Park Jung-ah, Kim Gyu-sun, Kim Ye-won and Jiyul. The title track, "Falling ()" was released digitally on December 13, 2016.


title: Gugudan

text: Their second mini-album, "Act. 2 Narcissus," and its title track, "A Girl Like Me", was released on February 27.


title: Gugudan

text: On November 8, the group released a single album, "Act. 3 Chococo Factory", featuring the title track, "Chococo". Prior to the release, it was announced that Soyee will go on hiatus in order to fully recover from a shoulder injury that she had since prior to her debut.


title: Gugudan

text: On February 1, Gugudan released their second single album "Act. 4 Cait Sith", with the lead single "The Boots".


title: Gugudan

text: On May 17, it was announced that youngest member Hyeyeon would go on a temporary hiatus from all the group activities due to health issues.


title: Gugudan

text: Gugudan officially debuted in Japan with a release of their first Japanese single "Stand By" on September 19. On September 21, Gugudan held their debut showcase and fanmeeting titled Gugudan 1st Showcase ＆ Fanmeeting "Dear Friend" in Japan at Tokyo Akasaka Blitz. The group also held their first Japan tour in Osaka and Tokyo starting on December 7, 2018.


title: Gugudan

text: On November 6, Gugudan released their third EP, "Act. 5 New Action", containing six tracks with the lead single "Not That Type".


title: Gugudan

text: Chinese member Sally participated in the Chinese version of survival show Produce 101, "Produce Camp 2020", in April. The survival show concluded with Sally ranking sixth, making her a member of the temporary girl group BonBon Girls 303.


title: Gugudan

text: On December 30, Gugudan had announced their disbandment. Their final schedule was completed on December 31, 2020. Jellyfish also announced that all of the members would stay with the company.


title: Gugudan

text: On March 31, 2021, Soyee and Mimi announced on their individual social media accounts that their contracts with Jellyfish Entertainment had expired and they decided not to renew. On April 1, 2021, Nayoung announced through her social media account that she also decided not to renew her contract followed by Haebin's announcement on April 7, 2021. On April 30, 2021, group leader, Hana, officially announced that she left Jellyfish Entertainment. On May 11, 2021, Sejeong renewed her contract with Jellyfish Entertainment as a solo artist and actress.


title: Gugudan

text: In July 2017, Jellyfish Entertainment formed the subunit group named Gugudan 5959 (; spelled as "Ogu-ogu"), composed of the youngest members Mina and Hyeyeon. The "5959" name is made up of their represented numbers in Gugudan: Hyeyeon representing the number 5 and Mina representing the number 9. 5959 released their debut single, "Ice Chu", on August 10, 2017.


title: Gugudan

text: In June 2018, Jellyfish Entertainment formed the second subunit of Gugudan, composed of members Sejeong, Mina and Nayoung, named Gugudan SeMiNa (). The "SeMiNa" name is made up of the first syllables of the members' names. Gugudan SeMiNa debuted with the release of their self-titled single album consisting of two tracks on July 10, 2018.


title: Viva (actress)

text: Viva (born Janet Susan Mary Hoffmann; August 23, 1938) is an American actress, writer and former Warhol superstar.


title: Viva (actress)

text: Viva was born in Syracuse, New York, the daughter of Mary Alice (née McNicholas) and Wilfred Ernest Hoffmann. Hoffmann was the eldest of nine children born into a family of strict Roman Catholics. Her father was a prosperous attorney, and her parents were stalwart supporters of the Army–McCarthy hearings held to expose Communist government infiltration. The Hoffmann children were required to watch the televised proceedings. Raised in devout Catholicism, she considered becoming a nun.


title: Viva (actress)

text: Viva began her career in entertainment as a model and painter. She retired from both professions, claiming that she believed painting to be a dead medium, and describing her time as a model as "...a period of my life I would rather forget." She was given the name Viva by Andy Warhol before the release of her first film but later used her married last name (Auder). She appeared in several of Warhol's films and was a frequent guest at the Factory.


title: Viva (actress)

text: Viva's film career began in 1967, when she began filming "Ciao! Manhattan", which was not completed until 1972. Viva approached Andy Warhol about being in one of his films, on the suggestion of her friend, actress Abigail Rosen McGrath. Warhol agreed but only on the condition that Viva take off her blouse for the role. Viva responded by adhering bandaids to her breasts and visiting Warhol at The Factory.


title: Viva (actress)

text: Viva appeared in many of Warhol's films. The first, "Tub Girls", consists of Viva lying in a bathtub with various people of both sexes, including Brigid Berlin and Rosen McGrath. She appeared in "Bike Boy", a film about a motorcyclist trying to find himself; and "The Nude Restaurant", in which she played a waitress, opposite Taylor Mead.


title: Viva (actress)

text: By far, Viva's most controversial role was in "Blue Movie" (1969), a seminal film in the Golden Age of Porn that helped inaugurate the "porno chic" phenomenon in modern American culture. Viva starred opposite Louis Waldon. The film consists of improvised dialogue between Viva and Waldon about a multitude of topics, including the Vietnam War, President Richard Nixon, and various mundane tasks. These conversations are interrupted by the main event of the film, in which Viva and Waldon perform sexual acts in front of the camera. The film was seized by New York City Police for obscenity, and the theater manager, projectionist and ticket-seller at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre arrested for possession of obscene materials.


title: Viva (actress)

text: Viva was on the phone with Andy Warhol when he was shot by Valerie Solanas in 1968. Following Solanas' attempt on Warhol's life, Viva developed a close, personal friendship with Warhol's mother, Julia Warhola. Returning from the hospital, however, Warhol accused Viva of utilizing his absence to spy on his work and his mother, creating a rift in a relationship that was never repaired. Viva never saw Mrs. Warhola again after that.


title: Viva (actress)

text: Viva's first starring role in a non-Warhol film was in Agnès Varda's "Lions Love" in 1969. The film features Viva in a ménage à trois with Gerome Ragni and James Rado. On November 1, 1968, Viva appeared on "The Tonight Show" on an evening that was guest-hosted by Woody Allen. Four years later Allen cast her in his 1972 film "Play It Again, Sam" in the role of Jennifer. Blake Gopnik points out in his book "" that she had a bit role as happening/party hostess, standing in for Warhol who was recuperating in the hospital, in John Schlesinger's film "Midnight Cowboy".


title: Viva (actress)

text: After she began making films for other directors she also began writing. Her first book, "Superstar", was an insider's look at the Factory scene, a partly fictional autobiographical account of her time there. It was distinguished from other "tell-all" memoirs by virtue of her writing, which incorporated various stylistic effects, including the use of taped conversations. She also wrote for various publications, including "The Village Voice" and "New York Woman". Viva incorporated the use of video tapes into her second book "The Baby". These tapes were later released by her former husband, video artist Michel Auder, as "Chronicles: Family Diary" in three parts. She was the narrator for Carla Bley's 1971 experimental jazz composition "Escalator over the Hill". Viva was one of the early pioneers in video art. During the 1970s Viva was a guest participant in Shirley Clarke's Teepee Video Space Troupe, which she formed in the early 1970s.


title: Viva (actress)

text: With former husband Michel Auder, Viva made and kept film diaries which included the birth of her first daughter, Alexandra (Alex) Auder. She was briefly engaged to the actor Anthony Herrera. They had one child together, the actress Gaby Hoffmann. Though artistically successful, Viva was never very successful financially. In 1993, she was taken to housing court by the Chelsea Hotel, where she lived with her two daughters, for not paying her $920 a month rent for two years. Her daughter Gaby said “We lived in a classless society. We’d spend a summer at Gore Vidal’s house in Italy, but we were on and off welfare.” Viva wrote a book about her daughter titled "Gaby at the Chelsea", a riff on "Eloise at the Plaza", as yet unpublished. Viva lives in Palm Springs, California, where she paints landscapes.


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: The Jamie Foxx Show is an American sitcom that aired on The WB from August 28, 1996, to January 14, 2001. The series stars Jamie Foxx, Garcelle Beauvais, Christopher B. Duncan, Ellia English, and Garrett Morris.


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: Although the show was not a major success with the ratings due to The WB being a relatively new network, the show did help launch Foxx's acting career while also relaunching Morris' career after his 1994 shooting. It also served as a launch pad for Beauvais who later starred in ABC's "NYPD Blue".


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: Jamie King (Jamie Foxx) is an aspiring musician from Terrell, Texas, who has come to Los Angeles to pursue a career in entertainment. To support himself, he worked at his family's hotel, the financially strapped King's Tower, which is owned by his aunt and uncle, Aunt Helen and Uncle Junior King (Ellia English and Garrett Morris).


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: Among his co-workers during the series' run were the beautiful and intelligent front desk clerk Francesca "Fancy" Monroe (Garcelle Beauvais) and Jamie's high-strung, stuffed-shirt, "bourgeois" nemesis Braxton P. Hartnabrig (Christopher B. Duncan) who works as an accountant for the King's Tower.


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: Jamie's romantic overtures toward Fancy were mostly unrequited until the final two seasons, when the two began to tentatively date and eventually became engaged and finally married. Braxton, who generally served as the brunt of Jamie's insults, was known to get in a few digs of his own as the series progressed - eventually becoming Jamie's best friend and, at one point, roommate.


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: The series aired in broadcast syndication distributed by Telepictures Distribution and Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution which reruns on CBS, Fox, UPN, and The WB or independent affiliates from 2000 to 2001. The series had reran weeknights at 7:00pm EST on New York City's local UPN's affiliation WWOR-TV replacing "In the House" until Fall 2003, when it was replaced with reruns of "The King of Queens". Reruns of the series also aired on BET from 2005 to 2008 and started airing once again September 2009 to 2016, and as part of The CW Television Network's The CW Daytime (along with reruns of "The Wayans Bros.") block from September 2008 to September 2009. As of the 2010s, reruns also air on Centric, VH1 and MTV2 (until 2020, but as of 2020/2021 only MTV2 shows reruns of the series late nights). In Jamaica, the series aired on both major stations Television Jamaica and CVM Television. In Canada, the series aired on The Comedy Network, a Canadian specialty channel, and then, Much.


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: Several episodes of "The Jamie Foxx Show" were also available on AOL's In2TV, which allowed Internet users to watch streamed or download high resolution episodes of various favorite classics. Since Time Warner's June 2009 announcement that it would split from America Online, the episodes have been moved over to AOL Video.


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: On November 1, 2021, all episodes of "The Jamie Foxx Show" were made available for streaming on HBO Max.


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: Warner Home Video released season one of "The Jamie Foxx Show" on DVD in Region 1 on February 8, 2005.


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: Warner Archive has subsequently released seasons 2–4 on DVD. These are Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) releases, available from Warner's online store and Amazon.com.


title: The Jamie Foxx Show

text: American producer Pi'erre Bourne used a clip from an early episode in the show as a producer tag, "Yo Pi'erre, you wanna come out here?" Most notably featured in the 2017 hit song Magnolia by American rapper Playboi Carti.


title: Nasser El Sonbaty

text: Nasser El Sonbaty (October 15, 1965 – March 20, 2013) was an IFBB professional bodybuilder. He represented FR Yugoslavia at competitions.


title: Nasser El Sonbaty

text: Sonbaty was born in the German city of Stuttgart to an Egyptian father and a Yugoslav mother from Novi Pazar, Serbia. Sonbaty was a graduate of the University of Augsburg with a degree in history, political science, and sociology. He had two sisters and two brothers.


title: Nasser El Sonbaty

text: Sonbaty began bodybuilding in 1983. His first competition was a Junior State Championship in Germany in 1985, where he placed 6th. His first appearance in the Mr. Olympia competition was in 1994, where he placed 7th. In total, Sonbaty competed in 13 amateur shows and 53 IFBB Pro shows. He qualified for 10 consecutive Mr. Olympia contests and entered nine Mr. Olympia competitions. His best placing in the Mr. Olympia competition was in 1997, where he placed 2nd.


title: Nasser El Sonbaty

text: Sonbaty was known for posing and training while wearing his trademark round spectacles; alongside his fluency in several languages, this is likely the basis for his nickname, "The Professor". Despite weighing over 300 lbs in the offseason, he could still show his full abdominal muscles. He has been featured in many international fitness and bodybuilding magazines, articles as well as being pictured on over 60 covers.


title: Nasser El Sonbaty

text: Sonbaty split his time between San Diego, California and Costa Mesa, California. He died in his sleep during a visit to Cairo on March 20, 2013.


title: The Orville (season 1)

text: The first season of the comedy-drama science fiction television series "The Orville" was broadcast on Fox from September 10 to December 7, 2017. The series was created and written by Seth MacFarlane who stars as Captain Ed Mercer, who commands the "Orville". The series also stars Adrianne Palicki as Commander Kelly Grayson, Mercer's ex-wife. "The Orville" is set about 400 years in the future and follows the crew of the titular spaceship who face the dangers and wonders of outer space, while dealing with the familiar problems of everyday life.


title: The Orville (season 1)

text: Storylines include Ed and Kelly repairing their relationship, Alara facing challenges as a Union officer, Bortus questioning his people's culture following the birth of his child and the crew's conflict with the Krill.


title: The Orville (season 1)

text: "The Orville" was written by Seth MacFarlane as a spec script. Fox ordered thirteen episodes for the first season, but only twelve were broadcast due to a gap in broadcast dates caused by the broadcaster's lengthy Christmas programming. The leftover episode, "Primal Urges", aired during season 2, which was ordered by Fox on November 2, 2017.


title: The Orville (season 1)

text: The first season of "The Orville" was met with a negative response from critics albeit a more positive response from audiences. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a 30% approval rating from critics, with an average rating of 5.2/10 based on 53 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "An odd jumble of campiness and sincerity, homage, and satire, "The Orville" never quite achieves liftoff." On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, it has a score of 36 out of 100, based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Aura (symptom)

text: An aura is a perceptual disturbance experienced by some with epilepsy or migraine. An epileptic aura is a seizure.


title: Aura (symptom)

text: Epileptic and migraine auras are due to the involvement of specific areas of the brain, which are those that determine the symptoms of the aura. Therefore, if the visual area is affected, the aura will consist of visual symptoms, while if a sensory one, then sensory symptoms will occur.


title: Aura (symptom)

text: Epileptic auras are subjective sensory or psychic phenomena due to a focal seizure, i.e. a seizure that originates from that area of the brain responsible for the function which then expresses itself with the symptoms of the aura. It is important because it makes it clear where the alteration causing the seizure is located. An epileptic aura is in most cases followed by other manifestations of a seizure, for example a convulsion, since the epileptic discharge spreads to other parts of the brain. Rarely it remains isolated. Auras, when they occur, allow some people who have epilepsy time to prevent injury to themselves and/or others when they lose consciousness.


title: Aura (symptom)

text: The aura of migraine is visual in the vast majority of cases, because dysfunction starts from the visual cortex. The aura is usually followed, after a time varying from minutes to an hour, by the migraine headache. However, the migraine aura can manifest itself in isolation, that is, without being followed by headache. The aura can stay for the duration of the migraine; depending on the type of aura, it can leave the person disoriented and confused. It is common for people with migraines to experience more than one type of aura during the migraine. Most people who have auras have the same type of aura every time.


title: Aura (symptom)

text: Auras can also be confused with sudden onset of panic, panic attacks or anxiety attacks, which creates difficulties in diagnosis. The differential diagnosis of patients who experience symptoms of paresthesias, derealization, dizziness, chest pain, tremors, and palpitations can be quite challenging.


title: Aura (symptom)

text: An epileptic aura is the consequence of the activation of functional cortex by abnormal neuronal discharge. In addition to being a warning sign for an impending seizure, the nature of an aura can give insight into the localization and lateralization of the seizure or migraine.


title: Aura (symptom)

text: The most common auras include motor, somatosensory, visual, and auditory symptoms. The activation in the brain during an aura can spread through multiple regions continuously or discontinuously, on the same side or to both sides.


title: Aura (symptom)

text: Auras are particularly common in focal seizures. If the motor cortex is involved in the overstimulation of neurons, motor auras can result. Likewise, somatosensory auras (such as tingling, numbness, and pain) can result if the somatosensory cortex is involved. When the primary somatosensory cortex is activated, more discrete parts on the opposite side of the body and the secondary somatosensory areas result in symptoms ipsilateral to the seizure focus.


title: Aura (symptom)

text: Visual auras can be simple or complex. Simple visual symptoms can include static, flashing, or moving lights/shapes/colors caused mostly by abnormal activity in the primary visual cortex. Complex visual auras can include people, scenes, and objects which results from stimulation of the temporo-occipital junction and is lateralized to one hemifield. Auditory auras can also be simple (ringing, buzzing) or complex (voices, music). Simple symptoms can occur from activation in the primary auditory cortex and complex symptoms from the temporo-occipital cortex at the location of the auditory association areas.


title: James Rosemond

text: James Rosemond often known as Jimmy Henchman or sometimes Jimmy Henchmen, is an American entertainment record executive and convicted drug trafficker.


title: James Rosemond

text: Rosemond was born in 1965, in Harlem, New York and grew up in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, in an apartment complex called Vanderveer Gardens. His parents migrated from Haiti in the 1960s. They divorced when he was young, leaving his mother to raise five children alone.


title: James Rosemond

text: In 2002, Rosemond negotiated the Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson boxing match. It was the first time that a boxer demanded that after a million buys on pay-per-view, the boxers would split the purse 50–50 with Showtime Networks/HBO.


title: James Rosemond

text: In 2003, Rosemond, along with Chris Lighty, joined Russell Simmons in his campaign to end New York's draconian Rockefeller Drug Laws.


title: James Rosemond

text: Rosemond along with Shakim Compere and Mona Scott, executive produced BET's "SOS Saving Ourselves: Help for Haiti", a telethon held at Miami's American Airlines Arena on February 5, 2010, to raise money for the devastated victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake that killed over 100,000 people.


title: James Rosemond

text: Circa 1996, Rosemond founded Henchmen, the company that would later become the rap management company Czar. He was the CEO of Czar, when it managed The Game, Sean Kingston, Brandy, Gucci Mane, Guerilla Black, Salt-n-Pepa and Akon. He was a known figure in the hip hop music industry, described in a 2012 "The New York Times" article as "a prince at the royal court, whose ties to rap music’s biggest stars were known far and wide." Rosemond was behind Salt-n-Pepa's


title: James Rosemond

text: "Shoop" and he was The Game's manager during a feud with 50 Cent when The Game recorded the diss track "300 Bars and Runnin." In 2006, Henchman and 50 Cent (Curtis Jackson) settled a lawsuit regarding a DVD that Czar Entertainment released about 50 Cent's namesake, Kelvin "50 Cent" Martin, in which interviews with Jackson were alleged to have been inappropriately used. In the settlement, a charity was created with funds going to support Martin and his children.


title: James Rosemond

text: In June 2010, he was arrested on charges of cocaine trafficking, money laundering, and witness tampering. Rosemond went on trial in May 2012, represented by Gerald Shargel.


title: James Rosemond

text: On June 5, 2012, Rosemond was convicted in Federal District Court in Brooklyn of drug trafficking, obstruction of justice, firearms violations and other financial crimes associated with his position as head of a multi-million-dollar transnational cocaine-selling organization. At trial, it was alleged that Rosemond led the large scale, bi-coastal narcotics-trafficking organization that transported cocaine from Los Angeles, California to the New York metropolitan area. The group, known as the "Rosemond Organization," in turn shipped cash proceeds from the narcotics sales back to Los Angeles using a variety of methods as part of its operation. Millions of dollars in cash and narcotics were sent through Federal Express and United Parcel Service, often covered in mustard to avoid discovery by detection dogs. In the indictment, prosecutors noted that Rosemond made over $11 million a year since 2007 through his drug trafficking scheme.


title: James Rosemond

text: On October 25, 2013, Rosemond was sentenced to life imprisonment. As part of his sentence, Rosemond forfeited approximately $14 million in cash and property. United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York Loretta E. Lynch said that Rosemond's carefully crafted image as a music mogul was in reality "a cover for the real Jimmy Rosemond - a thug in a suit." Presiding Judge John Gleeson remarked that he would have sentenced Rosemond to life even if it were not legally required as his crimes were "astonishing in their breadth, duration and intensity."


title: James Rosemond

text: On March 10, 2016, Rosemond filed a habeas corpus appeal with the same federal court seeking a new trial along with a complaint to the U.S. Justice Department Office of Professional Responsibility against former U.S. Attorney Todd Kaminsky citing actions taken with regard to securing testimony from the government's lead witness Henry "Black" Butler. In 2019, the court denied the writ and dismissed his appeal.


title: James Rosemond

text: In June 2012, Rosemond was charged with four crimes in connection with the death of G-Unit affiliate Lowell "Lodi Mack" Fletcher, including murder-for-hire and conspiracy to commit murder. Rosemond is alleged to have arranged a murder as payback for the alleged assault on his son by Tony Yayo. The trial began on February 10, 2014 in a New York federal court. More than 35 witnesses testified at the trial. Closing arguments finished on March 4, 2014. The jury deliberations resulted in a hung jury on the four counts for both Rosemond and co-defendant Johnson.


title: James Rosemond

text: Rosemond came before a jury again in December 2014 and on December 11 the jury found him guilty on all charges for the murder of Lowell "Lodi Mack" Fletcher. On March 23, 2015, Rosemond was sentenced to life in prison plus 20 years by Judge Colleen McMahon. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd circuit overturned the conviction in 2016. The case was tried for the third time in 2017. Rosemond was again convicted and sentenced to life plus 30 years.


title: James Rosemond

text: In 2008, the "LA Times" retracted and apologized for a story which had alleged that Rosemond had been involved in a criminal event. The story was based on documents created by a person convicted of fraud that had been falsely believed to be from an FBI file.


title: James Rosemond

text: Rosemond is profiled by filmmaker Don Sikorski in the documentary video series "Unjust Justice: The Jimmy Rosemond Tapes" released in 2016 and podcast "Unjust Justice: The Jimmy Rosemond Story" released in 2020 and hosted by Michael K. Williams. The series take an investigative look into Rosemond's life, criminal cases, and portrayal by the media.


title: James Rosemond

text: Rosemond was mentioned by name (as "Henchman") by Tupac Shakur in his song "Against All Odds" on his album "", on which Shakur raps "promise to payback Jimmy Henchman in due time." Tupac believed that Rosemond was involved in setting up the shooting and robbery of Shakur at the Quad Recording Studios in New York in November 1994. In 2012, a man named Dexter Isaac, serving a life sentence for unrelated crimes, claimed that he attacked Shakur that night and that the robbery was indeed orchestrated by Rosemond.


title: James Rosemond

text: American rapper Rick Ross acknowledges Rosemond as a mentor in his song "Ghostwriter" from the album "Black Market": "Remember receiving words of wisdom from Jimmy Henchman I lit a blunt in his honor when he received his sentence."


title: Little Giants

text: Little Giants is a 1994 American family sports comedy film directed by Duwayne Dunham. The film stars Rick Moranis and Ed O'Neill as Danny and Kevin O'Shea, two brothers living in a small Ohio town who coach rival Pee-Wee Football teams. The film was produced by Amblin Entertainment and distributed by Warner Bros. under the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment label.


title: Little Giants

text: Danny O'Shea has always lived in the shadow of his older brother, Kevin, a Heisman Trophy winner and local football hero. They live in their hometown of Urbana, Ohio. Kevin coaches the local "Pee-Wee Cowboys" football team. Despite being the best player, Danny's tomboy daughter, Becky, nicknamed Icebox, is cut during try outs solely because she is a girl. Also cut are her less-talented friends, Rashid Hanon (who can't catch anything), Tad Simpson (who is a poor runner), and Rudy Zolteck (who's overweight and quite flatulent). After being ridiculed by the players who made the team, she convinces her dad to coach a new pee-wee team of their own.


title: Little Giants

text: At first, Danny is reluctant to do so, but later accepts in an attempt to show Urbana that Kevin is not invincible, and that there is another O'Shea in town capable of winning. Kevin mockingly reminds him of the "one town, one team" rule enforced by the pee-wee football League, and with the support of the locals, they decide to have a playoff game to determine the lone team that will represent Urbana. Alongside Becky, Hanon, Tad, Rudy, and Nubie (an intelligent boy who becomes assistant coach), Danny also gathers other children that have never been given a chance and dubs the team the "Little Giants." One such player is Junior Floyd, a strong-armed quarterback who turns out to be the son of Danny's childhood crush, Patty Floyd. Becky slowly develops a crush on him and struggles with her newfound feelings as a young woman.


title: Little Giants

text: Two local old-timers, Orville and Wilbur, encourage the rivalry between Danny and Kevin, reporting to them that a new star player, Spike Hammersmith, has just moved to Urbana. Danny succeeds at recruiting him by tricking his overzealous father, Mike, into believing he is the famous "Coach O'Shea", but Spike proves to be rude and arrogant, and he refuses to play on a team with a girl. The deception is later discovered and he switches over to Kevin's more well-structured team. Kevin also encourages his daughter, Debbie, to become a cheerleader and later tells Becky that a quarterback will want to date a cheerleader, not a teammate. Believing it is her best chance to win over Junior and feeling exploited as her father's best player, she decides to quit the Giants and pursue cheerleading.


title: Little Giants

text: Just as Danny's team start to lose hope, a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden, Emmitt Smith, Bruce Smith, Tim Brown, and Steve Emtman. They teach the kids about football and inspire them to believe they can win.


title: Little Giants

text: On the day of the game, Kevin goads Danny into making an impulsive bet: If Danny wins, he gets Kevin's Chevrolet dealership; if Kevin wins, he gets Danny's gas station. Facing a 21-point halftime deficit, the Giants' spirits are lifted when Danny gives them a speech, inspiring them to each remember a time when they had a unique accomplishment. He reassures them that they only need to beat the Cowboys one time to prove themselves. With this, they begin to make a big comeback with a series of outstanding and unexpected plays. Realizing that Junior is the main threat to the Cowboys, Mike Hammersmith orders Spike to take Junior out of the game; Spike injures Junior by spearing him with his helmet after the whistle, an act which angers even Kevin who considers it a dirty and disgusting play, and tells Hammersmith that he will not tolerate such disgraceful conduct from his players.


title: Little Giants

text: Witnessing the attack on Junior from the sidelines, an enraged Becky drops her pompoms and suits up for the game. She immediately makes an impact when she forces a fumble after a jarring hit on Spike. Other Giants make touchdowns while overcoming personal demons, such as Hanon's fear of dropping passes and making a reception, or Johnny running towards the end zone in excitement when he sees his little-seen father has rushed back from a business trip to watch him play. In the game's closing seconds with the score tied at 21, the Giants make a goal line stand when Becky stops Spike. With time remaining for one final play, their offense steps back onto the field and uses a trick play Nubie calls "The Annexation of Puerto Rico," inspired by Tom Osborne's famous “fumblerooski”. Kevin shouts out its actual name as it occurs, shouting "Fumblerooski, Fumblerooski!" The play includes three different ball carriers, utilizing the hook and lateral from Zolteck, to Junior, and finally to Berman, who scores the Giants' 99 yard game-winning touchdown.


title: Little Giants

text: Afterwards, Danny suggests that rather than having the Giants solely represent Urbana, they should merge with the Cowboys, so that both he and Kevin can coach the team. Danny and Patty rekindle their childhood romance. He also decides not to hold Kevin to the prior bet, on the stipulation that the town water tower be changed from "Home of Kevin O'Shea" to "Home of The O'Shea Brothers," reflecting a much earlier promise that Kevin made to Danny from their childhood.


title: Little Giants

text: The film was inspired by a 1992 McDonald's Super Bowl commercial developed by Jim Ferguson and Bob Shallcross. According to "The Baltimore Sun", after seeing the commercial, Steven Spielberg contacted them and said, "I want that commercial made into a movie. I want my 'Home Alone.'"


title: Little Giants

text: The film received mixed reviews. Stephen Holden remarked, in "The New York Times", that "anyone who was ever rejected or picked last for a team can relate to the concept behind "Little Giants," a slickly contrived family movie about an inept junior football team that succeeds in spite of spectacular liabilities [...]"Little Giants," which was directed by Duwayne Dunham, devotes much of its energy to such comic antics as balls getting stuck into face masks, and wispy little kids practicing looking intimidating." "The Washington Post" stated that "if "Little Giants" were in a beauty pageant it might win votes for Miss Congeniality, but it definitely wouldn't take the crown." Conversely, the "Los Angeles Times" suggested that the film was "smarter than many of its ilk. Clearly a great deal of care and thought has gone into making special a picture that could so easily have been routine family fare." On Rotten Tomatoes, the film currently holds a 36% approval rating with a 4.8/10 average rating, based on 11 reviews.


title: Little Giants

text: The film had a budget of $20 million and failed to recoup it, with a total of $19.3 million in box office returns, making it a box office disappointment.


title: Little Giants

text: In a 2010 NCAA football game, Michigan State defeated Notre Dame on a fake field goal touchdown pass in overtime to end the game. Head coach Mark Dantonio said the play was called "Little Giants".


title: Little Giants

text: The uniforms worn by the Cowboys in the film were the same ones worn by the Dallas Cowboys during the 1994 season as part of the NFL's 75th anniversary. From 2004 to 2007, the New York Giants' alternate jerseys were red with white numerals, similar to the jerseys worn by the Little Giants in the movie.


title: Little Giants

text: On February 7, 1995, Warner Home Video released "Little Giants" on VHS and LaserDisc. The VHS tape includes a "Merrie Melodies" cartoon, "One Froggy Evening", celebrating the 40th anniversary of Michigan J. Frog. On July 8, 2003, the film was released on DVD. On March 29, 2011, the film was re-released in a four pack: 4 Film Favorites: Kids Sports (along with "Little Big League", "Surf Ninjas", and "Hometown Legend").


title: Amazon Go

text: Amazon Go is a chain of convenience stores in the United States and the United Kingdom, operated by the online retailer Amazon. The stores are cashierless, thus partially automated, with customers able to purchase products without being checked out by a cashier or using a self-checkout station. As of 2020, there are 29 open and announced store locations in Seattle, Chicago, San Francisco, London and New York City.


title: Amazon Go

text: Amazon Go stores were conceptualized and tested by a team of Amazon executives, who constructed a 15,000-square-foot mock supermarket in a rented warehouse in Seattle, before revealing the work to Amazon founder Jeff Bezos in 2015. The first store, located in the company's Day 1 building, opened to employees on December 5, 2016, and to the public on January 22, 2018. The flagship store sells products such as prepared foods, meal kits, limited groceries and liquor. A larger variant, Amazon Go Grocery, opened in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood on February 25, 2020. The following month Amazon began to offer its technology to other retailers so that their customers could make purchases without the involvement of cashiers or Amazon accounts.


title: Amazon Go

text: Amazon uses several technologies to automate Go stores, including computer vision, deep learning algorithms, and sensor fusion for the purchase, checkout, and payment steps associated with a retail transaction. The store concept is seen as a revolutionary model that relies on the prevalence of smartphones and geofencing technology to streamline the customer experience, as well as supply chain and inventory management. However, public rollout of the Seattle Amazon Go prototype location was delayed due to issues with the sensors' ability to track multiple users or objects within the store, such as when children move items to other shelves or when multiple customers have a similar body habitus.


title: Amazon Go

text: The Amazon Go app for iOS and Android links to their Amazon account and is the primary method of paying for items at the store, alongside cash at certain locations. The app is required to enter the store, which has turnstiles that scan a QR code generated on the app. The app allows users to add others to their Amazon account, so a family's purchases can be charged to the same bill. The ceiling of the store has multiple cameras and store shelves have weight sensors, to detect which item(s) a customer took. If a customer takes an item off the shelf, it will be added to the customer's virtual cart. Similarly, if a customer places an item back on the shelf, it is removed from the customer's virtual cart.


title: Amazon Go

text: As of March 2021, there are 32 store locations (both established and announced) in the United States, and 15 in the United Kingdom.


title: Amazon Go

text: In its report on the opening of the first location, "The Wall Street Journal" said that Amazon planned to open at least three stores, each with a different format. In October 2016, "Business Insider" reported that they had seen internal Amazon documents detailing plans to open as many as 2,000 stores over the next ten years. This was refuted by an Amazon spokesman, who insisted the company was still learning.


title: Amazon Go

text: "The Verge" reported that the first store was scheduled to open to the public in early January 2017, preceded by a December 2016 beta version for Amazon employees only. At it was only the size of a corner convenience store. By October 2017, the store had yet to open to the public due to issues with the technology tracking over 20 people at one time. The public opening finally took place on January 22, 2018.


title: Amazon Go

text: In addition to stocking name brands and local brands, the store sells many of Amazon's house brands, such as Wickedly Prime and 365. A second Downtown Seattle location at the Madison Centre opened on August 27, 2018. The third Amazon Go store, at the Troy Block complex in South Lake Union, is the second largest at and opened in September 2018.


title: Amazon Go

text: In May 2018, "The Seattle Times" reported that Amazon was planning to open Amazon Go stores in Chicago and San Francisco; and in September, it was confirmed that the company planned to open a store in New York City. In September 2018, Amazon Go opened its first location outside of Seattle at the company's offices in the Chicago Loop. That same month, "Bloomberg News" reported Amazon was considering plans to open as many as 3,000 Amazon Go locations across the United States by 2021. An Amazon Go location was opened in San Francisco on October 23, 2018, at 98 Post Street.


title: Amazon Go

text: In response to potential discrimination against low-income people, San Francisco, Philadelphia, and New Jersey have passed legislation banning cashless stores and retailers. A new Amazon Go store in New York City opened on May 7, 2019, with cash acceptance in response to previous criticism over the use of app-only purchases and its effects on the poor. In response to the legislation, stores in San Francisco also accept cash, with an attendant at the front letting in and checking out customers if they do not have the app.


title: Amazon Go

text: On February 25, 2020, Amazon opened the first Amazon Go Grocery store in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood. The Go Grocery store is significantly larger than other Go stores, at , and offers 5,000 items, including fresh produce and baked goods. A second Go Grocery location opened in September 2020 in the Overlake neighborhood of Redmond, Washington.


title: Erma Franklin

text: Erma Vernice Franklin (March 13, 1938 – September 7, 2002) was an American gospel and soul singer. Franklin was the elder sister of American singer/musician Aretha Franklin. Franklin's best known recording was the original version of "Piece of My Heart", written and produced by Bert Berns, and recorded in 1967, for which she was nominated for a Grammy Award. A cover version of the same song was recorded the following year by Big Brother and the Holding Company, with the lead vocal by Janis Joplin.


title: Erma Franklin

text: Erma Franklin was born in Shelby, Mississippi, United States, the oldest daughter of Barbara (née Siggers) and the Reverend C. L. Franklin. She was raised in Detroit, Michigan, where her father was pastor of the New Bethel Baptist Church. She was raised by both parents until the age of 10, when her parents separated for the final time. Her mother took her eldest sibling, half-brother Vaughn, with her to Buffalo, New York, in 1948. Barbara Siggers-Franklin died four years later, on March 7, 1952, in Buffalo. Franklin studied Business at Clark Atlanta University (then known as Clark College).


title: Erma Franklin

text: During her childhood, Erma and her sisters Aretha and Carolyn sang at New Bethel Baptist Church. Later, when Aretha became a recording artist, Erma provided backing vocals and toured with her. Among her more notable back-up performances for her sister was on Aretha's signature tune "Respect".


title: Erma Franklin

text: In 1967, Erma Franklin sang the original version of "Piece of My Heart", which was a top 10 soul hit in the U.S. and rose to number 62 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. The track was co-written and produced by Bert Berns. In the UK, Franklin's version was used in a Levi's jeans commercial ("Cinderella" AKA "Night and Day"), leading to a resurgence of interest in the song. The single was re-released in the UK in 1992 and peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 9.


title: Erma Franklin

text: Franklin told an interviewer that when she first heard Janis Joplin's version on the radio, she did not recognize it because of the vocal arrangement.


title: Erma Franklin

text: In the mid-1970s, Franklin left the music industry, apart from occasional engagements with her sister. She was one of the special guests on Aretha's 1986 Showtime cable television special — filmed at Detroit's Music Hall — and also performed on June 28, 1990, at Nelson Mandela's rally at Tiger Stadium.


title: Erma Franklin

text: Franklin married Thomas Garrett and gave birth to their two children: Thomas Jr. and Sabrina. For 25 years, Franklin worked for the Boysville Holy Cross Community Center, a Detroit organization that helps homeless and disadvantaged minority children. Franklin died of cancer in Detroit, on September 7, 2002, aged 64. She is interred at Detroit's historic Woodlawn Cemetery.


title: Personal Shopper

text: Personal Shopper is a 2016 supernatural psychological thriller film written and directed by Olivier Assayas. The film stars Kristen Stewart as a young American woman in Paris who works as a personal shopper for a celebrity and tries to communicate with her deceased twin brother.


title: Personal Shopper

text: An international co-production between Belgium, Czech Republic, France and Germany, the film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. At Cannes, Assayas shared the Best Director Award with Cristian Mungiu, who directed "Graduation". The film was released on 14 December 2016 in France and 10 March 2017 in the United States. It received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise for Stewart's performance.


title: Personal Shopper

text: Maureen Cartwright is a personal shopper in Paris for Kyra Gellman, a supermodel. Maureen is waiting for her twin brother, Lewis, who recently died of a genetic heart condition, to fulfill their pact to send a signal from the afterlife. She stays overnight at Lewis's house in hopes of receiving a sign and briefly encounters a spiritual presence. Lewis's girlfriend, Lara, goes with Maureen to meet a couple acquainted with Lewis who are interested in buying the house. The wife mentions the artist Hilma af Klint, whose paintings were inspired by messages from the spirit world. Later, Maureen video chats with her boyfriend, Gary, a contractor in Muscat, Oman, who encourages her to visit him, which she turns down.


title: Personal Shopper

text: The next day, at Kyra's apartment, Maureen meets Ingo, a magazine editor and Kyra's lover. He tells Maureen that Kyra is planning to break up with him out of fear her husband will discover their relationship. Maureen returns to Lewis's house and is disturbed by the bathroom's faucets turning on. After inspecting the house, she finds her drawings have been violently scratched out, and is terrorized by a malefic female specter.


title: Personal Shopper

text: Maureen begins receiving text messages from an unknown sender she initially suspects is Lewis. The messenger encourages her to indulge in forbidden desires, such as wearing Kyra's clothes. Maureen goes to Kyra's place to wear her clothes and masturbates in Kyra's bed. She falls asleep, is awoken by the same female specter, and tells Lara the next morning that there is no longer a supernatural presence in the house.


title: Personal Shopper

text: The enigmatic messenger leaves Maureen a room key for a hotel. Donning one of Kyra's newest dresses, Maureen goes to the room to find it empty. She attempts to investigate the texter's identity by inquiring at the front desk, but the room was paid for in cash and reserved under her name.


title: Personal Shopper

text: Maureen drops off Kyra's jewelry at the apartment, cautiously opens Kyra's bedroom door, and finds Kyra's naked corpse on the bathroom floor. She flees on her motorcycle to the police station, where she is interrogated about her relationship with Kyra but released. She ignores the texter, who demands to know whether Maureen revealed their conversations to the police. Returning to her apartment, Maureen phones Gary to accept his offer to visit Muscat. She discovers Kyra's jewelry in her apartment, despite telling the police she left it at Kyra's place. The texter demands that Maureen return to the hotel room. She does, bringing the jewelry. At the hotel, Maureen seemingly recognizes a clandestine person entering the room. Elevators and doors in the hotel are then shown opening and closing for an invisible entity. Afterward, Ingo is shown leaving the hotel and being apprehended by two policemen. He confesses to Kyra's murder.


title: Personal Shopper

text: Meeting Lara at a café, Maureen asks to stay with her before joining Gary in Oman. The next morning, Maureen meets Erwin, Lara's new boyfriend, who knew Lewis. He leaves for work, and as Maureen sits in the garden alone, a ghostly figure appears in the kitchen holding a glass. The figure disappears and the glass levitates briefly before shattering on the floor.


title: Personal Shopper

text: Maureen flies to Oman to stay with Gary in the mountains. At his retreat, she hears a noise and finds a glass floating in the air; it falls and shatters. She asks yes/no questions aloud, which are answered with one thump for "yes" and two for "no". Getting no response to "Lewis, is it you?", she asks, "Is it just me?", and hears a single thump.


title: Personal Shopper

text: In May 2015, it was announced that Olivier Assayas would be directing the film from a screenplay he wrote, with Kristen Stewart starring. He wrote it for Stewart after working with her in "Clouds of Sils Maria". Charles Gillibert produced the film under his CG Cinema banner. In October 2015, Sigrid Bouaziz, Lars Eidinger, Anders Danielsen Lie, and Nora von Waldstätten were cast in the film. In November 2015, Ty Olwin was cast.


title: Personal Shopper

text: Principal photography began on 27 October 2015 in Paris for two weeks and then moved to Prague, London, and Oman.


title: Personal Shopper

text: The film had its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2016, where it competed for the Palme d'Or. The film was distributed by Les Films du Losange in France, and IFC Films in North America. Universal Pictures distributed the film internationally. The film was screened at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and the New York Film Festival. It was released in France on 14 December 2016 and in the United States on 10 March 2017.


title: Personal Shopper

text: In the United States, the movie grossed $79,175 in four theaters for an average of $19,794, the highest of the weekend. After adding 31 theaters the next weekend, it grossed $152,478. The movie's final US domestic total was $1,305,195, with a worldwide gross of $2.2 million against a $1 million budget, making it a box-office success.


title: Personal Shopper

text: "Personal Shopper" received generally positive reviews from film critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a "Certified Fresh" score of 81% based on 274 reviews with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Personal Shopper" attempts a tricky series of potentially jarring tonal shifts with varying results, bolstered by a performance from Kristen Stewart that's impossible to ignore." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 77 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The film was booed at its initial screening at the Cannes Film Festival, about which Assayas said, "It happens every where people just don't get the ending." At its official premiere at Cannes, the film received a -minute standing ovation.


title: Personal Shopper

text: "The Guardian" awarded the film five stars, calling it "uncategorisable yet undeniably terrifying". Stephanie Zacharek of "Time" gave a positive review, writing, ""Personal Shopper" is a strange and beautifully made film, and both star and director are clearly energized by their dual mission." She listed it as one of "Time"'s top ten films of 2017. A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" called the film "sleek and spooky, seductive and suspenseful. It flirts with silliness, as ghost stories do. And also with heartbreak."


title: Panic of 1907

text: The Panic of 1907, also known as the 1907 Bankers' Panic or Knickerbocker Crisis, was a financial crisis that took place in the United States over a three-week period starting in mid-October, when the New York Stock Exchange fell almost 50% from its peak the previous year. The panic occurred during a time of economic recession, and there were numerous runs on banks and on trust companies. The 1907 panic eventually spread throughout the nation when many state and local banks and businesses entered bankruptcy. The primary causes of the run included a retraction of market liquidity by a number of New York City banks and a loss of confidence among depositors, exacerbated by unregulated side bets at bucket shops.