title: Warning (2021 film)

text: Warning is a 2021 science fiction thriller film directed by Agata Alexander in her directorial debut, from a screenplay by Alexander, Jason Kaye and Rob Michaelson. It stars Alex Pettyfer, Alice Eve, Annabelle Wallis, Benedict Samuel, Charlotte Le Bon, Thomas Jane, Patrick Schwarzenegger, Rupert Everett, Tomasz Kot, Kylie Bunbury and Garance Marillier. The film premiered at the 2021 Sitges Film Festival.


title: Warning (2021 film)

text: "Set in the not-too-distant future, this intense sci-fi thriller explores the repercussions that humanity faces when omniscient technology becomes a substitute for human contact. But life begins to unravel when a meteor shower and a global storm causes electronics to go haywire, leading to terrifying, deadly consequences."


title: Warning (2021 film)

text: In September 2018, it was announced James D'Arcy, Laura Harrier, Mena Massoud, Alex Pettyfer, Charlotte Le Bon, Lana Condor and Benedict Samuel would star in the film, with Agata Alexander directing from a screenplay by herself, Jason Kaye and Rob Michaelson. Cybill Lui will produce under her Anova Pictures banner. In October 2018, Alice Eve joined the cast of the film. In November 2018, Annabelle Wallis joined the cast of the film. In February 2019, Raúl Castillo and Thomas Jane joined the cast of the film. In March 2019, it was announced Patrick Schwarzenegger, Rupert Everett, Tomasz Kot, Kylie Bunbury and Garance Marillier had joined the cast of the film. In April 2019, Toni Garrn, Annabel Mullion and Richard Pettyfer joined the cast of the film.


title: Warning (2021 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "Warning" holds an approval rating of 30% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 53 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Josh Trank

text: Joshua Benjamin Trank (born February 19, 1984) is an American film director, screenwriter, and film editor. He is known for directing the found-footage sci-fi thriller film "Chronicle" (2012), the superhero film "Fantastic Four" (2015), and the Al Capone biographical film "Capone" (2020).


title: Josh Trank

text: Josh Trank was born in Los Angeles to school teacher Pamela Trank and filmmaker Richard Trank. He also has a younger sister and is Jewish. He spent much of his childhood scanning Hollywood and enjoying the sights it had to offer. When Trank was 13, his parents divorced and later his father remarried to comedian Judy Toll, who later died from skin cancer. He was initially uncomfortable with her, but they ultimately bonded when Toll pushed him into entertainment when she invited him to perform with The Groundlings. "[The] experience, changed me...I think about her still, like, every day, and I miss her tremendously."


title: Josh Trank

text: In 2020, he revealed that he had been sexually abused several times when he was between five and six years old, which later in life gave him problems like anger issues, before he began therapy.


title: Josh Trank

text: During an interview with Kevin Smith on the podcast "Fatman on Batman", Trank discussed the origins of his career at length. He attributed his YouTube video "Stabbing at Leia's 22nd Birthday", which became very popular overnight after its release, as a significant breakthrough point for his career. Following this, Trank wrote and directed spin-off webisodes for the 2007 Spike TV drama miniseries "The Kill Point". In 2009, Trank edited the independent film "Big Fan", starring Patton Oswalt. He was also credited as a co-producer and had a small acting role in the film.


title: Josh Trank

text: In 2011, Trank directed his first feature film, "Chronicle". It was released on February 3, 2012, by 20th Century Fox and has grossed over $125 million worldwide. "Chronicle", made for a budget of $12 million, was received positively by critics, earning an 85% score on Rotten Tomatoes. With "Chronicle" released at the age of 27, Trank became the youngest director to open a film at number one at the US box office. He is followed by Steven Spielberg (28, with "Jaws") and James Cameron (30, with "The Terminator"). After the release of "Chronicle", Trank was linked to Sony's "Spider-Man" spin-off "Venom", Warner Bros.'s "The Red Star", and Sony's film adaptation of the video game "Shadow of the Colossus"; however, Trank turned down those film projects, despite turning in a pitch of a R-rated film of Venom in the vein of "The Mask" that he wrote with his mentor Robert D. Siegel.


title: Josh Trank

text: Trank directed the 2015 reboot of "Fantastic Four", which was released in August 2015. The film flopped at the box office and was critically panned; it received a 9% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 27 out of 100 rating from Metacritic. Trank became the subject of controversy when he posted and quickly deleted a message on Twitter prior to the release of the film before, apparently blaming the poor reviews on changes imposed by the studio, claiming to have originally cut a completely different film which would have been much better. Equally dissatisfied with the final film, actor Toby Kebbell, who worked with Trank on the film, supported Trank's claim. However, in early 2020, Trank admitted that there were several scenes he was unable to film, making a director's cut highly improbable.


title: Josh Trank

text: In June 2014, it was announced that Trank would direct a stand-alone "Star Wars" film, but he left the project less than a year later. Trank indicated this was a personal decision, but several outlets stated that he was dismissed from the project due to issues during production of "Fantastic Four", primarily a lack of communication with the film's producers, and that Lucasfilm had decided to pursue another director. Trank told the "Los Angeles Times" in an interview that the reason he left the film was because he wanted to do something original and smaller-scale, due to the amount of online scrutiny he received during the filming of "Fantastic Four".


title: Josh Trank

text: In 2020, following a five-year hiatus from directing, Trank wrote and directed his original Al Capone biopic "Capone", with Tom Hardy starring. It was released through video on demand on May 12, 2020, receiving mixed reviews from critics.


title: Josh Trank

text: In May 2020, it was announced that Trank was developing a television series about the CIA, with Hardy starring.


title: Josh Trank

text: Trank has mentioned that he is interested in a deconstruction approach in his movies; "the deconstruction of myth, the deconstruction of iconic figures, the deconstruction of mythic ideas".


title: Josh Trank

text: Trank was born in Los Angeles and is a 2002 graduate of Beverly Hills High School. In early October 2013, he married screenwriter Krystin Ver Linden; they divorced in 2017, which Trank implied was the result of his depression, attributed to the failure of "Fantastic Four". His father, Richard Trank, is a documentary filmmaker and Academy Award winner. He deleted his Twitter and Instagram accounts in June 2020.


title: A. J. Langer

text: Allison Joy Courtenay (née Langer) commonly known as A. J. Langer, is an American actress. She played Rayanne Graff on the television series "My So-Called Life".


title: A. J. Langer

text: Allison Joy Langer was born in Columbus, Ohio, daughter of Deana, an audiologist who owned a hearing aid distribution company, and Gary Langer, who worked in sales for a wholesale fashion distributor. She moved to the San Fernando Valley with her family at age five. When she joined an otherwise all-boys baseball team at age eight, her teammates considered the name "Allison" to be too feminine, and began calling her by her initials, "A.J." She has one older brother, Kirk.


title: A. J. Langer

text: After recurring roles on several television shows, including "The Wonder Years", "Baywatch" and "Drexell's Class", Langer was cast as Rayanne Graff on "My So-Called Life". She also appeared in the cast of the sitcoms "It's Like, You Know..." and "Three Sisters" as well as the drama series "Eyes". Her film appearances include John Carpenter's "Escape From L.A." and Wes Craven's horror film "The People Under the Stairs".


title: A. J. Langer

text: In 2011, after a six-year acting hiatus, Langer appeared in 14 episodes of "Private Practice" in the recurring role of Erica Warner. She left the show in 2012 following the death of her character.


title: A. J. Langer

text: Langer married attorney Charles Courtenay, the son of Hugh Courtenay, 18th Earl of Devon, in a civil ceremony in 2004. A formal wedding took place on April 30, 2005, in Los Angeles, California. Until the death of her father-in-law, Langer held the courtesy title of Lady Courtenay. Following his death, and upon her husband's succession as 19th Earl of Devon, she assumed the title of Countess of Devon. In January 2014, she and her husband permanently relocated their family to London, and to the family seat at Powderham Castle in May 2015. The couple have two children, a daughter and a son:


title: A. J. Langer

text: In her spare time, Langer raises awareness and money for the research and treatment of fibromyalgia, from which she herself suffers.


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: The , also known as , is a submerged rock formation off the coast of Yonaguni, the southernmost of the Ryukyu Islands, in Japan. It lies approximately a hundred kilometres east of Taiwan.


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: Marine geologist Masaaki Kimura claims that the formations are man-made stepped monoliths. These claims have been described as pseudoarchaeological. Neither the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs nor the government of Okinawa Prefecture recognise the features as important cultural artifacts and neither government agency has carried out research or preservation work on the site.


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: The sea off Yonaguni is a popular diving location during the winter months because of its large population of hammerhead sharks. In 1986, while looking for a good place to observe the sharks, Kihachiro Aratake, a director of the Yonaguni-Cho Tourism Association, noticed some singular seabed formations resembling architectural structures. Shortly thereafter, a group of scientists directed by Masaaki Kimura of the University of the Ryūkyūs visited the formations.


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: The formation has since become a relatively popular attraction for divers despite strong currents. In 1997, Japanese industrialist Yasuo Watanabe sponsored an informal expedition including pseudoarchaeology writers John Anthony West and Graham Hancock, geologist and fringe theorist Robert Schoch, photographer Santha Faiia, a few sport divers and instructors and a film crew for Channel 4 and Discovery Channel. Another notable visitor was freediver Jacques Mayol, who wrote a book on his dives at Yonaguni.


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: The formations are located below Arakawabana (新川鼻; Yonaguni: "Araga-bana") cliff which is the southern tip of Yonaguni island, with its main face oriented south-southeast.


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: It is composed of medium to very fine sandstones and mudstones of the Lower Miocene Yaeyama Group believed to have been deposited about 20 million years ago. Most of the rocks in the formations are connected to the underlying rock mass (as opposed to being assembled out of freestanding rocks).


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: Geologist Robert Schoch believes that it is most likely natural. Schoch observed the sandstones that make up the Yonaguni formation to "contain numerous well-defined, parallel bedding planes along which the layers easily separate. The rocks of this group are also criss-crossed by numerous sets of parallel, vertically oriented joints in the rock. These joints are natural, parallel fractures by which the rectangular formations seen in the area likely formed. Yonaguni lies in an earthquake-prone region; such earthquakes tend to fracture the rocks in a regular manner." He also observes that there are similar formations on the northeast coast of Yonaguni. John Anthony West visited the monument with Schoch and agreed that it was a natural formation and that Kimura "had not looked carefully enough at the natural processes at work." Schoch also believes that the "drawings" identified by Kimura are natural scratches on the rocks, and suggests that the "walls" are simply natural horizontal platforms which fell into a vertical position when rock below them eroded, and the alleged roads are simply channels in the rock.


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: German geologist Wolf Wichmann, who studied the formations in 1999 during an expedition organized by Spiegel TV, and in 2001 by invitation of Graham Hancock, concludes that it could be formed by natural process.


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: At Sanninudai, there are onshore step-like sandstone formations similar to those of the Yonaguni. Robert Schoch, as well as Patrick D. Nunn, Professor of Oceanic Geoscience at the University of the South Pacific, note that the formations are purely natural.


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: Kimura first estimated that the monument must be at least 10,000 years old, dating it to a period when it would have been above water, and therefore surmised that the site may be a remnant of the mythical lost continent of Mu. In a report given to the 21st Pacific Science Congress in 2007, he revised this estimate and dated it to 2,000 to 3,000 years ago because the sea level then was close to current levels. He suggested that after construction, tectonic activity caused it to be submerged below sea level. Archaeologist Richard J. Pearson believes this to be unlikely. Kimura believes he can identify a pyramid, castles, roads, monuments and a stadium. He further stated that he believes the structures to be remnants of Yamatai culture.


title: Yonaguni Monument

text: Supporters of artificial origin, such as Graham Hancock, also argue that while many of the features seen at Yonaguni are also seen in natural sandstone formations throughout the world, the concentration of so many peculiar formations in such a small area is highly unlikely. They also point to the relative absence of loose blocks on the flat areas of the formation, which would be expected if they were formed solely by natural erosion and fracturing. Robert M. Schoch, who believes the monument was formed geologically, has noted that the rocks are swept with strong currents.


title: Hematuria

text: Hematuria or haematuria is defined as the presence of blood or red blood cells in the urine. “Gross hematuria” occurs when urine appears red, brown, or tea-colored due to the presence of blood. Hematuria may also be subtle and only detectable with a microscope or laboratory test. Blood that enters and mixes with the urine can come from any location within the urinary system, including the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, and in men, the prostate. Common causes of hematuria include urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney stones, viral illness, trauma, bladder cancer, and exercise. These causes are grouped into glomerular and non-glomerular causes, depending on the involvement of the glomerulus of the kidney. But not all red urine is hematuria. Other substances such as certain medications and foods (e.g. blackberries, beets, food dyes) can cause urine to appear red. Menstruation in women may also cause the appearance of hematuria and may result in a positive urine dipstick test for hematuria. A urine dipstick test may also give an incorrect positive result for hematuria if there are other substances in the urine such as myoglobin, a protein excreted into urine during rhabdomyolysis. A positive urine dipstick test should be confirmed with microscopy, where hematuria is defined by three of more red blood cells per high power field. When hematuria is detected, a thorough history and physical examination with appropriate further evaluation (e.g. laboratory testing) can help determine the underlying cause.


title: Hematuria

text: Hematuria can be classified according to visibility, anatomical origin, and timing of blood during urination.


title: Hematuria

text: Many causes may present as either visible hematuria or microscopic hematuria, and so the differential diagnosis is frequently organized based upon glomerular and non-glomerular causes.


title: Hematuria

text: Not all red or brown urine is caused by hematuria. Other substances such as certain medications and certain foods can cause urine to appear red.


title: Hematuria

text: A urine dipstick may be falsely positive for hematuria due to other substances in the urine. While the urine dipstick test is able to recognize heme in red blood cells, it also identifies free hemoglobin and myoglobin. Free hemoglobin may be found in the urine resulting from hemolysis, and myoglobin may be found in the urine resulting from rhabdomyolysis. Thus, a positive dipstick test does not necessarily indicate hematuria; rather, microscopy of the urine showing three of more red blood cells per high power field confirms hematuria.


title: Hematuria

text: In women, menstruation may cause the appearance of hematuria and may result in a urine dipstick test positive for hematuria. Menstruation can be ruled out as a cause of hematuria by inquiring about menstruation history and ensuring the urine specimen is collected without menstrual blood.


title: Hematuria

text: The evaluation of hematuria is dependent upon the visibility of the blood in the urine (i.e. visible/gross vs microscopic hematuria). Visible hematuria must be investigated, as it may be due to a pathological cause. In those with visible hematuria, urological cancer (most frequently bladder or kidney cancer) is discovered in 20-25%. Hematuria alone without accompanying symptoms should be raise suspicion of malignancy of the urinary tract until proven otherwise. The initial evaluation of patients presenting with signs and symptoms that are consistent of hematuria include assessment of hemodynamic status, underlying cause of hematuria, and ensuring urinary drainage. These steps include assessment of the patient's heart rate, blood pressure, a physician exam taken by a healthcare professional, and blood work to ensure the patient's hemodynamic status is adequate. It is important to obtain a detailed history from the patient (i.e. recreational, occupational, and medication exposures) as this information can be helpful in suggesting a cause of hematuria. The physical exam can also be helpful in identifying a cause of the hematuria as certain signs found on the physical exam can suggest specific causes of the hematuria. In the event the initial evaluation of hematuria does not reveal an underlying cause then evaluation by a physician who specializes in Urology may proceed. This medical evaluation may consist of, but is not limited too, a history and physical exam taken by healthcare personnel, laboratory studies (i.e. blood work), cystoscopy, and specialized imaging procedures (i.e. CT or MRI).


title: Hematuria

text: The first step in evaluation of red or brown colored urine is to confirm true hematuria with urinalysis and urine microscopy, where hematuria is defined by three of more red blood cells per high power field. Although a urine dipstick test may be used, it can give false positive or false negative results. In gathering information, it is important to inquire about recent trauma, urologic procedures, menses, and culture-documented urinary tract infection. If any of these are present, it is appropriate to repeat a urinalysis with urine microscopy in 1 to 2 weeks or after treatment of the infection. If the results of the urinalysis and urine microscopy reveal a glomerular origin of hematuria (indicated by proteinuria or red blood cell casts), consultation of a nephrologist should be made. If the results of the urinalysis indicate a non-glomerular origin, a microbiological culture of the urine should be performed, if it has not been done already. If the culture is positive, treatment of the infection should follow and urinalysis and urine microscopy should be repeated once complete. If the culture is negative or if hematuria persists after treatment, CT urogram and cystoscopy should be performed. Of note, hemodynamic stability should be monitored and a complete blood count should be ordered to assess for anemia.


title: Hematuria

text: In summary, those with visible hematuria confirmed by urinalysis and urine microscopy and with no recent trauma, urologic procedures, menses, or urinary tract infection should undergo cystoscopy and CT urogram.


title: Hematuria

text: After detecting and confirming hematuria with urinalysis and urine microscopy, the first step in evaluation of microscopic hematuria is to rule out benign causes. Benign causes include urinary tract infection, viral illness, kidney stone, recent intense exercise, menses, recent trauma, or recent urological procedure. After benign causes have resolved or been treated, a repeat urinalysis and urine microscopy is warranted to ensure cessation of hematuria. If hematuria persists (even if there is a suspected cause), the next step is to stratify the risk of the person for urothelial cancer into low, intermediate, or high risk to determine next steps. To be in the low risk category, one must satisfy all of the following criteria: Has never smoked tobacco or smoked less than 10 pack-years; is a female less than 50 years old or a male less than 40 years old; has 3-10 red blood cells per high power field; has not had microscopic hematuria before; and has no other risk factors for urothelial cancer. To be in the intermediate risk category, one must satisfy any of the following criteria: Has smoked 10-30 pack-years; is a female 50–59 years old or a male aged 40–59 years old; has 11-25 red blood cells per high power field; or was previously a low-risk patient with persistent microscopic hematuria and has 3-25 red blood cells per high power field. To be in the high risk category, one must satisfy any of the following criteria: Has smoked more than 30 pack-years; is older than 60 years of age; or has above 25 red blood cells per high power field on any urinalysis. For the low risk category, the next step is to either repeat a urinalysis with urine microscopy in 6 months or perform a cystoscopy and renal ultrasound. For the intermediate risk category, the next step is to perform a cystoscopy and renal ultrasound. For the high risk category, the next step is to perform a cystoscopy and CT urogram. If an underlying cause for hematuria is discovered, it should be managed appropriately. However, if no underlying cause is discovered, the hematuria should be re-evaluated with urinalysis and urine microscopy within 12 months. Additionally, for all risk categories, if a nephrologic origin is suspected, consultation of a nephrologist should be made.


title: Hematuria

text: The pathophysiology of hematuria can often be explained by damage to the structures of the urinary system, including the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra, and in men, the prostate. Common mechanisms include structural disruption to the glomerular basement membrane and mechanical or chemical erosion of the mucosal surfaces of the genitourinary tract.


title: Hematuria

text: Acute clot retention is one of three emergencies that can occur with hematuria. The other two are anemia and shock. Blood clots can prevent urine outflow through either ureter or the bladder. This is known as acute urinary retention.


title: Hematuria

text: Blood clots that remain in the bladder are digested by urinary urokinase producing fibrin fragments. These fibrin fragments are natural anticoagulants and promote ongoing bleeding from the urinary tract. Removing all blood clots prevents the formation of this natural anticoagulant. This in turns facilitates the cessation of bleeding from the urinary tract.


title: Hematuria

text: The acute management of obstructing clots is the placement of a large (22-24 French) urethral Foley catheter. Clots are evacuated with a Toomey syringe and saline irrigation. If this does not control the bleeding, management should escalate to continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) via a three-port urethral catheter. If both a large urethral Foley catheter and CBI fail, an urgent cystoscopy in the operating room will be necessary. Lastly, a transfusion and/or a correction of a coexisting coagulopathy may be necessary.


title: Hematuria

text: Urosepsis is defined as sepsis caused by a urogenital tract infection and comprises about 25% of all sepsis cases.<ref name="Wagenlehner n/a–n/a"></ref> Urosepsis is the result of a systemic inflammatory response to infection and can be identified by numerous signs and symptoms (e.g. fever, hypothermia, tachycardia, and leukocytosis). Signs and symptoms that indicate a urogential tract infection is the source of the sepsis may include, but are not limited to, flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, pain with micturition, urinary retention, and scrotal pain. In terms of the visibility, hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (termed "gross hematuria") and may appear red or brown (sometimes referred to as tea-colored), or it can be microscopic (i.e. not visible to the eye but detected of urosepsis. In addition to imaging tests, patients may be treated with antibiotics to relieve the infection and intravenous fluids to maintain cardiovascular and renal perfusion. Acute management of hemodynamic status, in the event intravenous fluids are unsuccessful, may include the use of vasopressor medications and the placement of a central venous line.


title: Hematuria

text: In the United States of America, microscopic hematuria has a prevalence of somewhere between 2% and 31%. Higher rates exist in individuals older than 60 years of age and those with a current or prior history of smoking. Only a fraction of individuals with microhematuria are diagnosed with a urologic cancer. When asymptomatic populations are screened with dipstick and/or microscopy medical testing about 2% to 3% of those with hematuria have a urologic malignancy. Routine screening is not recommended. Individuals with risk factors who undergo repeated testing have higher rates of urologic malignancies. These risks factors include age (>35 years), male gender, previous or current smoking, chemical exposure (e.g., benzenes or aromatic amines), and prior pelvic radiation therapy.


title: Hematuria

text: In pediatric populations, the prevalence is 0.5–2%. Risks factor include older age and female gender. About 5% of individuals with microscopic hematuria receive a cancer diagnosis. 40% of individuals with macroscopic hematuria (blood easily visible in the urine) receive a cancer diagnosis.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Wayne's World 2 is a 1993 American comedy film directed by Stephen Surjik and starring Mike Myers and Dana Carvey as hosts of a public-access television cable television show in Aurora, Illinois. The film is the sequel to "Wayne's World" (1992), which was itself adapted from a sketch on NBC's "Saturday Night Live".


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Rock and roll fans Wayne Campbell and Garth Algar now host their public-access television show, "Wayne's World", from an abandoned factory in Aurora, Illinois. After an Aerosmith concert, Wayne has a dream in which he meets Jim Morrison and a "weird naked (Native American) Indian" in a desert. Morrison convinces Wayne that his destiny is to organize a major music festival. Wayne and Garth dub the concert "Waynestock" (a pun on "Woodstock") and hire Morrison's former roadie, Del Preston. Their early attempts to sign bands and sell tickets fail, and Wayne wonders if the endeavor is futile.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Wayne's girlfriend Cassandra, lead singer of the band Crucial Taunt, has a new producer, Bobby Cahn, who tries to pull her away from Wayne, and Illinois. Garth meets Honey Hornée. After Wayne admits spying on her due to his suspicion of Bobby's ulterior motives, Cassandra breaks up with him and becomes engaged to Bobby. Honey Hornée attempts to manipulate Garth into killing her ex-husband, but Garth ends the relationship.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Tickets are sold for Waynestock, but no bands arrive. Leaving Garth to keep the rowdy crowd in check, Wayne disrupts Cassandra's wedding before escaping the ceremony with her and they get back together, in a scene closely resembling the finale of "The Graduate". Meanwhile, Garth has stage fright during the concert. Wayne returns to find the bands have still not arrived.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: In another desert dream, Wayne and Garth consult Morrison, who says that the bands will not come, and that all that matters is they tried. Unable to return to Waynestock, they become lost in the desert and begin to die of starvation. Finding this unacceptable, Wayne and Garth reenact the ending of "Thelma & Louise", driving their car off a cliff while trying to find the bands. Finally, Wayne and Garth admit that they just have to end the film with a standard happy ending in which the bands arrive, and Waynestock is a success. Morrison tells Wayne that he needed to organize Waynestock to learn that Cassandra loves him for who he is; and also that adulthood requires one to take responsibility while being able to find fun in life. Bobby arrives to Waynestock to pursue Cassandra, but is prevented from entering.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: In a mid-credits scene, the entire park is covered with trash after the concert. The "weird naked (Native American) Indian" begins to cry, but he cheers up when Wayne and Garth promise to clean up.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Penelope Spheeris, who directed the first film, believes that Myers encouraged the studio not to have her back for the sequel due to personality conflicts with Myers during the making of the first film. She went on to direct another TV to big screen adaptation, "The Beverly Hillbillies", instead and was replaced by Stephen Surjik for the sequel.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Myers' original script for "Wayne's World 2" had Wayne and Garth forming their own country and seceding from the US after finding an ancient scroll, in a story taken from the 1949 British comedy "Passport to Pimlico." This version was well into pre-production before it came to light that the studio had no idea the script was based on a previous film and thus had not obtained the rights to "Passport to Pimlico". Production was immediately halted—director Surjik said: "I could hear the chainsaws literally chopping the sets down." Studio executive Sherry Lansing was reportedly furious with Myers and threatened to ruin his life and career if he did not immediately produce a new script.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: The character of Del Preston, played by Ralph Brown, is an extension of his Danny character from the cult film "Withnail and I". The character was a late addition to the script, and came about after Dana Carvey saw a repertory screening of "Withnail and I" in Los Angeles. Due to the age discrepancy between the two characters, they landed on Del being a "spiritual reprisal" of Danny, rather than a direct representation of the same character.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Kim Basinger did three days' worth of work on "Wayne's World 2". When discussing being approached to do the project, Basinger said "I never saw "Wayne's World" so I didn't know what it was about. But Dana Carvey just clean-called me and he was very sweet and sincere. He said, "We're really going to have fun, please do this with me." At first I said no, but he kept calling. It was just a blast. Dana's wonderful. It was a little gift to be given in the middle of the year."


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Basinger made note that when Carvey approached her with the part, he refused to take no for an answer. When she showed the script to her then husband, Alec Baldwin, he just loved it and told her that she must be in the film. According to her, the echo effect clinched her decision to take part in the movie.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: She said when describing her character, "I'm this little character that they call Honey Hornée. ... I don't want to give away the whole plot, but I want to say that it's Garth's first screen kiss. Oh, and it's wonderful and (Dana Carvey) wrote it. He was magic for three days." And when asked whose hair was longer, hers or Garth's, Basinger said with a laugh, "You know, It was so funny, we sorta looked like each other. We're like Harold and Maude; we're kinda this odd couple. But it works. You'd just love to follow these two people around the grocery store and see what they buy and wonder what they're gonna do with it. That's the kind of characters these two are."


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Basinger also said when discussing working with Dana Carvey, "I honestly thought I was going to get fired because I could not keep a straight face. I never really looked into his eyes. I could never do it. I would focus on a piece of his hair and say" Be really cool Kim". And them when he started to kiss me, I just came apart." Dana Carvey joked that making out with Kim Basinger was just awful. He added that he actually felt very bad for her because "kissing Garth is like kissing a moving truck. The guy is so nervous, he's always weaving around".


title: Wayne's World 2

text: The entire subplot of Garth finding himself in the clutches of a potentially dangerous femme fatale has drawn comparisons to the 1944 film "Double Indemnity" starring Fred MacMurray and Barbara Stanwyck. In that film, MacMurray plays an insurance salesman while Stanwyck plays a provocative housewife who wishes her husband were dead.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: The laundromat where Garth first meets Honey Hornée was located at 6803 Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles and Honey's apartment building was located at 5023 Maytime Lane in Culver City, California. When Garth is floating in the air kissing Honey in said apartment, a black wire that's holding Dana Carvey against the background of the white lampshade is visible.


title: Wayne's World 2

text: "Wayne's World 2" received mixed-to-positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 60% approval rating, based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The characters are still endearing, but the jokes in "Wayne's World 2" are more hit-and-miss the second time around".


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Film critic Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three out of four stars, and wrote that Wayne and Garth are "impossible to dislike".


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Although it was intended to be a Christmas season blockbuster, "Wayne's World 2" did not receive the box office intake nor positive fan reaction that the first film did. It grossed $48 million in the United States and Canada and $24 million internationally for a worldwide total of $72 million, much less than the original film's gross of over $180 million. "Wayne's World 2" also suffered from competition from other holiday season blockbusters such as "Mrs. Doubtfire", "Schindler's List", and "The Pelican Brief".


title: Wayne's World 2

text: Beginning in 2006, DirecTV began a series of commercials in which characters from popular movies and television shows break the fourth wall to tout the service's picture quality and the number of channels available in high definition. Instead of using CGI the original actors normally reprise their roles on recreated sets, and resulting footage is mixed with the original scenes. One such ad featured Kim Basinger reprising her role as Honey Hornée from "Wayne's World 2".


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: Dystopia is the fifteenth studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth. It was released on frontman and guitarist Dave Mustaine's Tradecraft label via Universal on January 22, 2016. It is the first Megadeth album to feature guitarist Kiko Loureiro. The album was produced by Mustaine and Chris Rakestraw and features cover artwork by Brent Elliot White.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: Prior to "Dystopia"'s recording, longtime drummer Shawn Drover and guitarist Chris Broderick announced their departure from the band. These roles on the album have been filled by Lamb of God drummer Chris Adler and Angra guitarist Kiko Loureiro, respectively. This is the only Megadeth album to feature Adler, who was replaced by drummer Dirk Verbeuren shortly after the album's release and it is also the final album to feature bassist David Ellefson before his dismissal from the band in 2021.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: Following the lukewarm response to the band's previous album, 2013's "Super Collider", "Dystopia" received mostly favorable reaction from critics, being considered a return to form for the band. The album holds a Metacritic score of 69/100 as of November 2020. The album debuted at number three on the "Billboard" 200 chart, making "Dystopia" the band's second highest charting album in the U.S. after "Countdown to Extinction", which peaked at number two in 1992. Additionally, the title track earned the band its first Grammy win (for Best Metal Performance) at the 59th Grammy Awards after eleven unsuccessful nominations.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: In June 2013, Megadeth released its fourteenth studio album, "Super Collider", to mixed critical reaction. In the months following the album's release, frontman and guitarist Dave Mustaine revealed that he and the rest of the band had already begun to discuss a follow-up, an urgency somewhat influenced by the then-recent death of Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman, which had reportedly given Mustaine a sense of mortality.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: Over the course of 2014, the band announced its intentions to start pre–production on the album. The band had been working on new material since December 2013, and in January 2014, Mustaine revealed that many riffs had already been written for the record. In May 2014, prior to his departure, Drover revealed that he and Mustaine had entered the studio and began tracking some demo ideas. The band originally planned to record in August 2014 and release the album in 2015. Instead, plans were only made to demo new material that October and start recording in January 2015. Mustaine elaborated that, due to a reduced tour schedule for summer 2014, the band had more time to focus on songwriting.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: Additionally, several hardships struck the band in 2014. In May, bassist David Ellefson lost his brother Eliot to cancer, after which the band cancelled a number of scheduled shows. On October 4, Mustaine's Alzheimer's-afflicted mother-in-law went missing from a campground. Her remains were discovered on November 26. Furthermore, drummer Shawn Drover and guitarist Chris Broderick announced their resignations from the band that November. The pair would later emerge in a new band, Act of Defiance.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: Despite everything, Ellefson announced that the band was still intent on starting work on the album in early 2015. Ellefson additionally suggested that the album would "help determine" Broderick and Drover's replacements.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: In February 2015, Ellefson revealed that the album was "pretty much written". The band entered Latitude South Studios in Leiper's Fork, Tennessee in April 2015, and recording finished in July. It was initially unclear as to who would produce the album. Mustaine suggested that instead of rehiring Johnny K, who produced both "Thirteen" (2011) and "Super Collider" (2013), the band would possibly opt for a new producer. While Mustaine initially indicated an interest in working with producer Max Norman, who had mixed "Rust in Peace" (1990) and produced "Countdown to Extinction" (1992) and "Youthanasia" (1994), it was later revealed that Mustaine would be producing the effort along with Toby Wright. However, Wright was let go early on, and Mustaine instead produced the album with Chris Rakestraw.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: While there was initial speculation that Mustaine and Ellefson might try to reunite the "Rust in Peace"-era lineup, there was initially no statement from the band on the matter. It later came to light that the band had in fact been in discussions with former members Nick Menza (drums) and Marty Friedman (guitar), but were unable to reach an agreement. The opportunity would not arise again, as Menza died of a heart attack in May 2016.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: During March 2015, several rock music news websites speculated that Lamb of God drummer Chris Adler would perform drums on the album, which was later confirmed by the band. It was also announced in the same month that Angra guitarist Kiko Loureiro joined the band. Mustaine revealed a track listing for the then-untitled album on July 27 and announced production of the album was completed a month later.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: The cover was done by New York artist Brent Elliott White, who was given the idea to go for a post-apocalyptic approach. Vic Rattlehead is depicted as a cyborg, with a virtual reality headset in place of the riveted visor, a headset instead of metal caps on the ears, and a mouthpiece resembling a mask. The pose, holding the head of a cyborg resembling the Statue of Liberty and a katana, is an homage to "Seven Samurai". The setting homages "12 Monkeys" by having a deserted and destroyed city, "Mad Max" by putting Vic under the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and "The Walking Dead" with the "drones meant to be like Michonne’s enslaved zombie buddies". In the 2016 Burrn! magazine Readers' Pop Poll, the cover was awarded Best Album Cover.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: Mustaine elaborated on possible lyrical themes, revealing that he had been reading about world history and "crazy science stuff". Both Mustaine and Ellefson had indicated that the album would feature a different musical and stylistic approach from the previous album, including a move away from a radio-oriented sound, which was subsequently characterized as a move back towards a thrash-oriented sound. Mustaine also stated his belief that the album sound and songwriting would be influenced by his 2014 guest performance alongside the San Diego Symphony.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: In May 2015, the band posted several videos clips on PledgeMusic featuring snippets of new songs, titled "The Emperor" and "Conquer... or Die". One song, "Poisonous Shadows," was stated by Mustaine to feature piano parts performed by Loureiro. Additionally, he indicated that it would include orchestral arrangement by Ronn Huff, father of record producer Dann Huff who worked with the band in the late 1990s. It was also announced that the album would feature a guest appearance from country musician Steve Wariner, who would perform steel guitar parts. However, neither Huff nor Wariner were credited in the album's liner notes.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: In spite of the departures of Broderick and Drover, Ellefson stated that the band initially intended to release the album late in 2015. In January 2015, the album, yet to be titled at the time, was listed by "Loudwire" as one of the "30 Most Anticipated Rock + Metal Albums of 2015". It was suggested that the departures of Broderick and Drover, as well as the lack of details about possible replacements fueled anticipation on the part of fans and critics. With an official title and release date confirmed, the album also made "Loudwire"s 2016 list. Upon its release for streaming, "Loudwire"'s Joe DiVita praised the album's title track.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: A teaser launched in late September hinted that the song "Fatal Illusion" would be released as the album's first single on October 2. Mustaine had previously announced that a single accompanied with a video would premiere during the holidays. "The Threat is Real", the album's second single, was released for streaming on November 25. On January 7, 2016, the title track was released for streaming.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: The album was released on January 22, 2016 by Mustaine's Tradecraft label, distributed by Universal Music, and was made available on CD, vinyl and digital download formats. In the United States, a version of the album including two bonus songs was available exclusively at Best Buy. This version was also available on iTunes. In addition, a deluxe version was announced featuring a virtual reality headset and including a code to download video of the band performing five songs from the album.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: "Dystopia" debuted at number three on the "Billboard" 200, with 48,000 copies sold in its first week, in addition to another 14,400 copies in its second week, when it fell to number 30 on the "Billboard" 200. "Dystopia" sold over 110,000 copies in the US fourteen weeks after its release. The album was a bigger seller than "Super Collider", which took 43 weeks to reach 80,000. The album sold 148,000 copies in the US by December 2016, becoming the second biggest-selling heavy metal album released in 2016.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: To support "Dystopia", Megadeth embarked on a North American tour in February–March 2016, with supporting acts Children of Bodom, Suicidal Tendencies and Havok. The band toured the United States with Suicidal Tendencies again in September–October 2016, with Metal Church, Amon Amarth and Butcher Babies replacing Children of Bodom and Havok.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: On May 10, 2017 in Japan, a Deluxe Edition SHM-CD was released with four exclusive bonus tracks and a live DVD.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: "Dystopia" has received generally positive reviews from critics, and holds a Metacritic rating of 69/100. Commending the band's return to a more aggressive style, Calum Slingerland of "Exclaim!" wrote that "Dystopia" put the band back on track and started a new chapter in the band's storied career. Sarah Rodman of "The Boston Globe" liked the combination of energetic riffs and cynical lyrics about the state of the world. "Loudwire"'s Chad Bowar said "Dystopia" was a first-rate Megadeth album and praised the interplay between Mustaine and Loureiro.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: "Record Collector"'s Joel McIver called the album a return to form for Megadeth, and a big improvement over the previous two records.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: A favorable review was posted on heavy metal news site Blabbermouth.net. Reviewer Ray Van Horn, Jr. proclaimed ""Dystopia" isn't monumental, but it's a damned good (often magnificent) album. The entire foursome in this incarnation of Megadeth goes for the win and "Dystopia" readily scores." Thom Jurek from AllMusic agrees, saying "It's easy to appreciate the music on "Dystopia"; it showcases Mustaine and a crack new version of Megadeth at a creative peak." Dom Lawson of "The Guardian" called the album an "absolutely blistering return" to the style "of past glories like "Rust in Peace" and "Endgame"."


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: Writing for "Rolling Stone", Kory Grow declared that Megadeth "sound reborn" on the album and said the band has "rarely sounded tighter or more cutting." Grow also stated that despite the "grim" lyrical themes of conspiracies and impending doom, Mustaine managed to insert some humor into the album, citing lyrics from "The Emperor." John Semley of "Now" called "Dystopia" "a great record" and praised Loureiro's playing on the record. Semley argued that despite the album's plusses, however, it would likely be overshadowed by Metallica's followup to 2008's "Death Magnetic", tentatively due for a 2016 release. "Metal Hammer"'s Dom Lawson credited band turmoil following the release of "Super Collider" for the creation of "one of the finest records Megadeth have ever made."


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: A more moderate opinion of the album came from Jon Hadusek of Consequence of Sound. Hadusek called the album "worthy of bearing [the band's] name," but criticized several aspects of the release. He opined that Loureiro's playing was largely "cold, calculated and emotionless," and suggested that Mustaine's lyrics form "a loose concept album of post-capitalist suspicions, "X-Files" conspiracies, and pseudo-Libertarian rhetoric."


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: The lyrical content of the album was received less favorably. While J.J. Anselmi of "The A.V. Club" declared that the album features "masterful instrumentation," he heavily criticized lyrics displaying Mustaine's "offensive politics" and "xenophobia," a sentiment shared by Benjamin Aspray of Slant Magazine.


title: Dystopia (Megadeth album)

text: "Dystopia" achieved success on international music charts. It charted in the top ten in a dozen countries, and entered into the top twenty in four more. The album debuted at number three on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 48,000 copies (and streaming equivocal to another 1,000 copies) in its first week. This both topped the position and sales of the preceding album, "Super Collider", and marks the band's second highest domestic chart position, after "Countdown to Extinction", which reached number two in 1992. The album also charted at number three in Canada and Finland, and reached number two in Japan.


title: Proof of Life

text: Proof of Life is a 2000 American action thriller film directed and produced by Taylor Hackford. The title refers to a phrase commonly used to indicate proof that a kidnap victim is still alive. The film's screenplay was written by Tony Gilroy, who also was an executive producer, and was inspired by William Prochnau's "Vanity Fair" magazine article "Adventures in the Ransom Trade", and Thomas Hargrove's book "Long March to Freedom", in which Hargrove recounts how his release was negotiated by Thomas Clayton, who went on to be the founder of kidnap-for-ransom consultancy Clayton Consultants, Inc.


title: Proof of Life

text: Alice Bowman moves to the (fictional) South American country of Tecala because her engineer husband, Peter Bowman, has been hired to help build a new dam for oil company Quad Carbon. While driving one morning through the city, Peter is caught in traffic and then ambushed and abducted by guerrilla rebels of the Liberation Army of Tecala (ELT). Believing that Peter is working on Quad Carbon's oil pipeline, ELT soldiers lead him through the jungle.


title: Proof of Life

text: Terry Thorne, a former member of the British Special Air Service, arrives in Tecala fresh from a successful hostage rescue in Chechnya. As an expert negotiator in kidnapping-and-ransom cases, he is assigned by his company, Luthan Risk, to bargain for Peter's safe return. Unfortunately, it is learned that Quad Carbon is on the verge of bankruptcy and takeover, and therefore has no insurance coverage for kidnapping, so they cannot afford Thorne's services. Despite Alice's pleas to stay, Thorne leaves the country. Alice is then assigned a corrupt local hostage negotiator, who immediately urges her to pay the ELT's first ransom demand: a $50,000 "good faith" payment. Not knowing what to do, Alice agrees, but the transaction is stopped by Thorne who (due to his conscience) has returned to help. He is aided by Dino, a competing negotiator and ex–Green Beret.


title: Proof of Life

text: Over the next few months, Thorne uses a radio to speak with an ELT contact, and the two argue over terms for Peter's release—including a ransom payment that Alice can afford. Thorne and Alice bond through the ordeal, and become intimate. They eventually negotiate a sum of $650,000.


title: Proof of Life

text: Meanwhile, Peter has become a prisoner at the ELT's jungle base camp. There, he befriends another hostage named Kessler —a missionary and former member of the French Foreign Legion—who has lived in the camp for nineteen months. The two concoct an escape plan, but during their attempt they are quickly tracked by the ELT. Kessler falls into a river after being shot in the shoulder and manages to escape, but Peter steps on a trap and is recaptured. Kessler is found and hospitalized. Thorne's ELT contact subsequently refuses to respond to his calls. Luckily, one of Alice's young maids recognizes his voice over the radio and reveals he is a government official. Thorne confronts the contact, who confirms that Peter is alive, but because of the ELT's escalating war with the government and Peter's knowledge of the terrain, the ELT will no longer negotiate.


title: Proof of Life

text: At Thorne's urging, Alice and Kessler convince the Tecala government that the ELT is mounting an attack on the pipeline being built through their territory. This forces the government army to mobilize, thus forcing a bulk of the camp's ELT troops to mobilize for a counter-attack. Thorne, Dino, and several associates are then inserted by helicopter and raid the weakened ELT base. They overcome the camp's soldiers, free Peter and another hostage, and then fly back to the city, where Alice happily reunites with her husband. Thorne and Alice share a final intimate moment before the latter departs with Peter on an immediate flight to the U.S.


title: Proof of Life

text: Although the producers wanted to film in Colombia, due to the dangers that guerrillas posed in that country at the time, the movie was mainly filmed in Ecuador. Tecala's geographic and urban appearance and its political characteristics were based loosely on a mix of several Andean countries.


title: Proof of Life

text: The ELT's characterization appears to be primarily based on the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Coincidentally, Colombia's second largest guerrilla group is the Ejército de Liberación Nacional or ELN.


title: Proof of Life

text: Control Risks, a risk consulting firm, was hired to provide security for the cast and crew while filming on location. The firm also provided contacts for character inspiration for the kidnap and ransom consulting seen in the film.


title: Proof of Life

text: The movie end credit and post-script says: "Inspired by the VANITY FAIR article 'Adventures in the Ransom Trade' by William Prochnau and by the book "Long March to Freedom" by Thomas Hargrove.


title: Proof of Life

text: The Republic of Tecala, where most of "Proof of Life" is set, is a fictional South American country. Tecala has long been the scene of an internal conflict between its government forces and the Liberation Army of Tecala (ELT). The ELT was originally a Marxist guerrilla group supported by the Soviet Union, but after the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991, the ELT's primary source of funding fell through, and they began kidnapping people for ransom to fund their operations. A map seen in the film is that of Ecuador. The country's capital Quito was chosen along with the eastern jungle and the nearby city of Baños de Agua Santa in the Ecuadorian Andes.


title: Proof of Life

text: The film opened in wide release in the United States on December 8, 2000 for 2,705 screens. The opening weekend's gross was $10,207,869 and the total receipts for the U.S. run were $32,598,931. The international box-office receipts were $30,162,074, for total receipts of $62,761,005. The film was in wide release in the U.S. for twelve weeks (eighty days). In its widest release, the film was featured in 2,705 theaters across the country.


title: Proof of Life

text: The score was by Danny Elfman. Several songs were written by Christian Valencia. The song, "I'll Be Your Lover, Too," written and performed by Van Morrison, plays over the closing credits. The soundtrack was released on Varèse Sarabande.


title: Proof of Life

text: The film is dedicated to Will Gaffney, David Morse's stand-in who was killed on-set when a truck he was in went over a cliff. Morse was away at the time because of a family illness.


title: Proof of Life

text: Stephen Holden, film critic for "The New York Times", did not think the film worked well and opined that the actors did not connect. He wrote, "[the film displays] a gaping lack of emotional connection among the characters in a romantic triangle that feels conspicuously unromantic ... what ultimately sinks this stylish but heartless film is a flat lead performance by the eternally snippy Meg Ryan ... Ms. Ryan expresses no inner conflict, nor much of anything else beyond a mounting tension. Even when her wide blue eyes well up with tears, the pain she conveys is more the frustration of a little girl who has misplaced her doll than any deep, empathetic suffering."


title: Proof of Life

text: Taylor Hackford's thriller "Proof of Life" leaves a lot to be desired, but it's got its hands on a fascinating subject ... To be fair, Tony Gilroy's screenplay keeps the romance on the back burner ... Thorne is the most compelling aspect of "Proof of Life," thanks to Crowe's quiet, hard-bitten charisma. It's a part Bogart once would have played—the amoral tough guy who rises to the moral occasion—and Crowe gives it just the right note of gravel-voiced masculinity. But neither Crowe, Ryan nor the topical subject keeps "Proof of Life" from feeling recycled. For all the up-to-the-minute research, the movie still gives off the musty scent of Hollywood contrivance.


title: Proof of Life

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 39% based on 117 reviews; the average rating is 5.3/10. The consensus is: "Despite its promising premise and superstar cast, "Proof of Life" is just a routine thriller that doesn't offer anything new."


title: Proof of Life

text: The film was nominated for four Blockbuster Entertainment Awards; Favorite Actor – Suspense, Favorite Actress - Suspense, Favorite Supporting Actor – Suspense and Favorite Supporting Actress – Suspense. Danny Elfman was also nominated for a Satellite Award for Best Original Score at the 5th Golden Satellite Awards, but lost out to Gladiator (Hans Zimmer).


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The 1984 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIV Olympic Winter Games (Serbo-Croatian and Slovene: "XIV. Zimske olimpijske igre"; Cyrillic: XIV Зимске олимпијске игре; ) and commonly known as Sarajevo '84 (Cyrillic: Сарајево '84; ), was a winter multi-sport event held between 8 and 19 February 1984 in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. It was the first Winter Olympic Games held in a Slavic language-speaking country, as well as the only Winter Olympics held in a communist country before the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. It was the second consecutive Olympic Games to be so held, after the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Games were held in Sarajevo and at neighbour resorts in the Dinaric Alps located less than 25 kilometers from the city. At the first days of the Games, the sports program was disrupted by extreme weather conditions and the alpine ski events started four days later than planned.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Games brought together 1272 athletes from 49 countries, which represents a significant increase compared to 1980. Athletes participated in six sports and ten disciplines in a total of thirty-nine official events, one more than the Games four years earlier. Seven National Olympic Committees sent athletes for the first time: Egypt, British Virgin Islands, Monaco, Puerto Rico and Senegal participated for the first time in the Olympic Winter Games. Finland's Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen, who won all three individual races in cross-country skiing, won the most medals of the Games. The host country Yugoslavia won the first medal in its history at the Winter Games after skier Jure Franko came second in the giant slalom. Also East Germany, which won all gold and silver medals in women's speed skating and bobsleigh, finished first for the first time on the medal table with twenty-four medals, nine of which were gold.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The 1984 Winter Olympics, considered a success, made it possible to modernize all of Bosnia and Herzegovina and started to develop winter sports in Yugoslavia, but the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which broke out in 1992, heavily damaged the city and the Olympic facilities. Some sites have been renovated after the war but others remain abandoned, the former bobsleigh/luge track being one of the more well known abandoned sites.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: A study entitled "The possibilities and problems of tourism development continental in Yugoslavia” and published in 1968 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) first indicated that Yugoslavia and in particular the region of Sarajevo have favorable conditions for the development of winter sports. As early as 1970, the authorities in Sarajevo planned to host the Winter Olympics to promote this development and become a sustainable winter sports center. They first considered a candidature for the Games of 1976 or 1980 but, after having modernized the city within the framework of the project “Protection of the environment and of man”, applied for those of 1984. The bid committee was created on 23 November 1977.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Two other candidates for the Games were Göteborg in Sweden and Sapporo in Japan. The Gothenburg project was considered expensive and if it were the winner, the logistics expenses would be gigantic, because the competition places would be decentralized. Sapporo had previously hosted the Games in 1972, only twelve years before the proposed 1984 Games and Japan presented Nagoya to bid to the 1988 Summer Olympics. The city therefore had experience and most of the infrastructure present and was in use since than, but new options were seen as more attractive. Sarajevo presented a compact project, with all the planned venues within 25 kilometers of the city, and has experience of several international competitions such as Alpine Skiing World Cup events, and the European Figure Skating Championishipis.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The host city for the XIV Olympic Winter Games was announced on 18 May 1978, during the 80th session of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in Athens, Greece. Sarajevo was selected by a margin of three votes over Sapporo, Japan. Gothenburg became the first Swedish city to lose a Winter Olympics bid; other Swedish cities, such as Falun and Östersund, would later lose consecutive bids to Calgary (1988), Albertville (1992), Lillehammer (1994), Nagano (1998), and Salt Lake City (2002), respectively. Sarajevo, the capital of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, was the third-largest city of Yugoslavia at the time.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The 1984 Winter Games took place during the Cold War, four years after the boycott of the Moscow Games by 64 National Olympic Committees including the United States and a few months before the boycott of the Los Angeles 1984 Games by the Soviet Union and another 17 National Olympics Committees. International tensions did not affect the Winter Games.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: A provisional organizing committee was created on July 13, 1978, and the final committee with 79 members was formed as April 1980 by the Yugoslav Olympic Committee and the Sarajevo Municipal Assembly. Branko Mikulic, member of the presidency of the central committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, was appointed chairman of the organizing committee. Ahmed Karabegovic was appointed the secretary-general and Anto Sucic, then president of the Sarajevo Municipal Assembly, became the president of the executive committee. The organizing committee included the president of the Yugoslav Olympic committee and representatives of the Federal Executive Council, the League of Communists and the Socialist Alliance of the Working People.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: According to the financial results of the Games, the revenues amounted to дин 19.83 billion (approximately million) and expenses at дин 17.3 billion ( million), a net amount of дин 2.54 billion ( million). The official report for the games listed the final profit at million.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: This was the first time in history that the Winter Olympic Games were organized in a communist state, but the organizers did not hesitate to partner with capitalist companies to finance the Games. The Organizing Committee argued it was not hypocritical because sport must be above political influence. The organizing committee signed 218 contracts and arrangements in Yugoslavia and 459 on the foreign market. This included the sale of television rights, sponsorship, sale of license rights, free delivery of goods and equipment, advertising, donations as well as Olympic coins, lottery and philately. Marketing brought in дин 4.31 billion on the national market and дин 9.42 billion on the foreign market, totaling дин 13.73 billion ( million). The government also contributed to the financing of the Games: the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina paid дин 1.83 billion, the national government of Yugoslavia and the other republics and autonomous regions, дин 780 million and the city of Sarajevo, дин 1 billion. From 1982 to the end of 1984, a deduction made from citizens' salaries (0.2% for citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 0.3% for those of Sarajevo) brought in дин 1.21 billion.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Building the facilities and purchasing the equipment for the Games cost a total of дин 8.63 billion. The expenses were listed at 2.26 billion for equipment, 970 million for the Zetra hall, 600 million for the alpine ski slopes, 500 million for the ice rink and the Main Press Center, 560 million for the bobsleigh and luge track, 400 million for the speed skating track and 340 million for the ski jumps. The organizing committee also invested дин 1.65 billion in posts, telegraphs and telephones, the television network, the expansion and modernization of the Sarajevo Airport, the road network, 23 sports centers and other facilities. Preparation and organization costs were listed at дин 4.51 billion.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The region's transport network was developed for the Games. Roads with a total length of 160 kilometers were constructed to improve access to mountain sites from Sarajevo or to link the sites to each other. The city's train station and the Sarajevo International Airport were renovated, and an international terminal was built.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Most of the athletes, accompanying persons, officials and visitors arrived in Yugoslavia by regular international flights to Zagreb and Belgrade and reached Sarajevo by trains, buses or charter flights that landed directly on the city. Spectators were transported to the venues by coaches, rental or personal cars, and minibuses. These options were also used for official transport.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The emblem of the 1984 Winter Olympics was a stylized snowflake which also used the national embroidery motif overhung with the Olympic rings. The mascot for the competition was chosen by readers of Yugoslav newspapers from among six entries. The mascot was a wolf named Vučko and created by Slovenian Jože Trobec.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: More than 3,000 employees of the Yugoslav public broadcaster, JRT and European Broadcasting Union produced 204 hours of television broadcasts. The number of countries in which received broadcasts of the games on television rose from 40 to 100 and the broadcasting rights, which were million in 1980, stood at million. Media revenue is shared between the organizing committee which received two-thirds and the IOC which collected one-third. The channel ABC spent million to broadcast the footage in the United States, nearly 51% of all money spent on broadcasting rights.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Games were covered by 7,393 representatives of the media from 39 countries: 2,363 journalists from the print media and 5,030 employees television and radio channels. Seven Media Press Centers and International Broadcaster Centers were set at the various competition venues, the main one was inside the Skenderija Center.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The torch relay for the 1984 Winter Olympics started in Olympia and then proceeded by airplane to Dubrovnik. The total distance of the torch relay through Yugoslavia was plus of local routes. There were two main routes: one in the west (Split – Ljubljana – Zagreb – Sarajevo), in length; and the other in the east (Skopje – Novi Sad – Belgrade – Sarajevo), in length. The final torchbearer, from a total of 1,600, was figure skater Sanda Dubravčić, who received the torch from skier runner Ivo Čarman. One of the two original torches is held in a private collection in Žalec, Slovenia. There are also 20 more torches in Greece, owned by individual athletes who were the torchbearers from Ancient Olympia to the nearby military airport and from Athens Domestic Airport to the Panathinaikon Stadium where the Ceremony of handing over the Olympic Flame to the Sarajevo Olympic Games Committee occurred.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Readers of Yugoslav newspapers were asked to choose the mascot for the 1984 Winter Olympics from a list of six finalists. The winner was Vučko, the little wolf, designed by Slovenian designer and illustrator Jože Trobec. The other finalists were a chipmunk, a lamb, a mountain goat, a porcupine, and a snowball. The Vučko is a long-time symbol of Sarajevo.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: In 1978, the Sarajevo region had an artificial ice rink, a few cross-country ski trails and biathlon and alpine ski slopes. Most of the facilities remained to be built. The construction of the new venues began in the summer of 1979 and was completed in December 1982, which made it possible to organize 31 national and international test events during the pre-Olympic period. All the events took place in Sarajevo or at the neighbour resorts in the Dinaric Alps located less than 25 kilometers from the city's downtown.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Koševo City Stadium, built in 1947 in the center of Sarajevo, is completely renovated to host the opening ceremony of the Games. Its capacity was 45,000. The Zetra Olympic Hall, with a capacity of 8,500, is built near the Koševo stadium for part of the ice hockey and figure skating events as well as the closing ceremony. A natural speed skating track is also set up in the same district. Skenderija Complex, located in another part of town, was renovated and expanded for the Games to include another ice rink with a capacity 8,500 seats which hosted the other hockey and figure skating events, the main press center and the medal plaza which for the first time was inside a indoor hall .


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The men's alpine ski races are held on Bjelašnica, the highest mountain at 2,067 meters located southwest of Sarajevo. The women's events are contested on Jahorina, at an altitude of 1,913 meters and located to the south-east of the city. The Nordic events take place on Igman,at on an area near Mount Bjelašnica. Igman Olympic Jumps of 70 and 90 meters are built in Malo Polje. The already existing cross-country ski and biathlon tracks in Veliko Polje are redeveloped and a new shooting range is installed for the biathlon. A Bobsleigh and Luge Track, the first in the country's history, was built on the Trebević south-east of Sarajevo. The track has a length of 1300 meters and a drop of 126 meters.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The main Olympic village was built in the Mojmilo district of Sarajevo near the Koševo Stadium. Approximately 1,950 persons were accommodated in the 639 apartments available. The organizers built a secondary Olympic village on Mount Igman for athletes and coaches of cross-country skiing, Nordic combined and biathlon, with a capacity of 500 people. A press village built in the Dobrinja district accommodated representatives of the press, radio and television as well as accompanying staff with 2,100 apartments for a total of 8,500 beds. Members of the IOC, international sports federations,national committees and another small delegations stayed in at existing Holiday Inn Sarajevo comprising 340 rooms. Finally,another 19,400 beds are made available to tourists in minor hotels, private accommodation or rent apartments in the Sarajevo region. A total of nine hotels were built and seven more were renovated for the Games.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Biathlon races began with the individual 20 km sprint. The 19-year-old East German Frank-Peter Rötsch quickly took the lead, but it was ultimately the West German Peter Angerer who won with a time one minute faster. Rötsch was second, and the bronze medal went to the Norwegian Eirik Kvalfoss. The next event was the 10 km sprint. Kvalfoss, world champion in 1982 and 1983, won the race despite two missed targets. Angerer won the silver medal due to a good finish and the East German Matthias Jacob was the bronze medalist. The reigning Olympic champion Frank Ullrich missed three targets and finished only 17th. The Soviets did not win an individual medal and were not favorites for the relay. Dmitriy Vasilyev, Juri Kashkarov, Algimantas Šalna and Sergei Bulygin won the race however; this was the fifth consecutive time that the Soviet Union had won gold in the relay since the start of the event in 1968. Norway finished second with 1:20 ahead of East Germany. Kvalfoss and Angerer therefore ended the Games with three medals in three different events.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The bobsleigh races took place on the bobsleigh/luge track built on the Trebević mountain. The East Germans dominated the discipline as they won the two gold medals and two silver medals. As of 2020, this performance has still not been matched.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: East Germans Wolfgang Hoppe and Dietmar Schauerhammer won the two-man bobsleigh event setting the fastest time in three of the four runs. They finished half a second ahead of their compatriots Bernhard Lehmann and Bogdan Musiol. The bobsledders of the Soviet Union created a surprise by placing third and fourth while the Swiss, world champions in 1982 and 1983, had to be content with fifth and sixth places. Swede Carl-Erik Eriksson was the first athlete to compete in six editions of the Olympic Winter Games. At 53 years old, he was also the oldest athlete at the 1984 Games.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: In the four-man bobsleigh event, Hoppe again finished first ahead of Lehmann while Silvio Giobellina's Swiss bobsleigh won the bronze medal. These three crews finished all the heats in the first three places and in the same order. The differences were large since the Swiss bob 2 crew, which came in fourth, was 2:68 behind.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Nordic combined athletes competed in three jumps on the 70 meters springboard, the two best being counted, then raced 15 kilometers on the tracks of Mount Igman the next day. The classification was established according to a points system. The Norwegian Tom Sandberg was in first place after the jumps. Among the other favorites, the Finns Rauno Miettinen and Jouko Karjalainen occupied the sixth and 15th ranks. Karjalainen won the cross-country ski race with 1:20.7 ahead of second-placed Sandberg, but it was not enough to overtake him in the final standings. Sandberg was the Olympic gold medal champion and Karjalainen silver medalist. Surprisingly, fifth in the two events, the Finn Jukka Ylipulli won the bronze medal and Miettenen, ninth in cross-country skiing, finished fourth.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The ice hockey tournament took place on two rinks built in the districts of Zetra and Skenderija. The twelve teams were divided into two groups of six, and the two best teams of each group qualified for the final pool, any points acquired against the teams in the same pool being carried forward.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: There was controversy over player eligibility in advance of the Games. The IOC regulations stated that players who had signed a professional contract could not participate, while the International Ice Hockey Federation ruled that only players who had played a professional match were deemed ineligible. Finally, all players who had signed a contract or played a game in the National Hockey League were ineligible to take part in the Games. Conversely, Soviets and Czechoslovakians who had participated in no other activity than ice hockey could participate without any restriction.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Soviets won all their matches, notably thanks to the KLM Line made up of Vladimir Krutov, Igor Larionov, and Sergei Makarov. Continuing the tradition from the 1964 to 1976 Games, the Soviet Union won the gold medal with a 2–0 win over the Czechoslovaks who took silver. Sweden defeated Canada 2–0 to win the bronze.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The luge competitions were held on the Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track built on the Trebević mountain. The East German Torsten Görlitzer and the Italian Ernst Haspinger dominated the first two rounds of the men's event, but they both lost time in the third round. The Italian Paul Hildgartner, silver medalist in 1980, set the best time of the last two races and became Olympic champion. The podium was completed by the Soviets Sergey Danilin and Valery Dudin. This was the first time that East Germany had not won a medal in the men's luge competition at the Olympic Games since 1964.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: East Germany dominated the women's event, taking the first three places in every round. World champion in 1983, Steffi Martin won all four races and won the gold medal, Bettina Schmidt won the silver medal, and Ute Oberhoffner won bronze.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The doubles event was very close as the Soviets Yevgeny Belousov and Aleksandr Belyakov were first by 6.7 hundredths of a second after the opening round, but a small mistake at the end of the second and final round cost them the victory. The West Germans Hans Stangassinger and Franz Wembacher won the Olympic title, 4 hundredths of a second ahead of Belousov and Beliakov, and the East Germans Jörg Hoffmann and Jochen Pietzsch won bronze.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The figure skating events took place at the Skenderija sports center. The American Scott Hamilton, world champion from 1981 to 1983, was first after the compulsory figures of the men's competition. The Canadian Brian Orser won the short program and the free skate ahead of Hamilton. Orser, who finished seventh in the compulsory figures, won the silver medal, while Hamilton won gold. The bronze medal went to Czechoslovakian Jozef Sabovčík. The favorites in the women's competition were the Americans Elaine Zayak and Rosalynn Sumners, world champions in 1982 and 1983, as well as East Germany's Katarina Witt. Zayak was only thirteenth in the compulsory figures, which Sumners won, and Witt came third. The East German won the short program while Sumners took fifth place. In the free skate, Witt had a good performance that allowed her to win the gold medal while Sumners, who had a less difficult program than expected, settled for the silver medal. The Soviet Kira Ivanova took third place.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Soviets Elena Valova and Oleg Vassiliev, world champions in 1983, won the short program and the free program and finished in first place in the pairs event. American siblings Kitty and Peter Carruthers were second and another Soviet pair, Larisa Seleznyova and Oleg Makarov, finished third. British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean did not disappoint the public. They carried out a very original program set to the music of "Boléro" by Maurice Ravel and the nine judges give them the maximum score of six for artistic impression. Torvill and Dean become Olympic champions ahead of two Soviet couples (Natalia Bestemianova/Andrei Bukin and Marina Klimova/Sergei Ponomarenko).


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: For the Games, an outdoor track was constructed with natural ice near the Zetra Olympic Hall. The Soviet Sergey Fokichev won the 500 meters ahead of the Japanese skater Yoshihiro Kitazawa. Erroll Fraser, representing the British Virgin Islands, was the first athlete from the Caribbean to compete in a Winter Games. After finishing third in the 500 meters, the Canadian Gaétan Boucher won the 1,000 and the 1,500 meters; the Quebecer ended the Games with three medals. Soviet Sergey Khlebnikov was second in these two races and the bronze medals were awarded to the Norwegian Kai Arne Engelstad and the Soviet Oleg Bozhev respectively. The Swede Tomas Gustafson, who picked up the training techniques of Eric Heiden, won the 5,000 meters ahead of the Soviet Igor Malkov. In the 10,000 meters, Malkov was this time ahead of Gustafson. The East German René Schöfisch finished third in the two events.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: East Germany dominated the women's events, winning all of the gold and silver medals as well as a bronze medal, taking nine medals out of the twelve available. Karin Enke, who had won several world titles since winning the 500 meters Olympic gold in 1980, was the favorite in all four races. In the first event, the 1,500 meters, she easily won the gold medal by breaking the world record. She finished ahead of Andrea Ehrig and the Soviet Natalya Petrusyova, who were also among the favorites. The world record holder Christa Luding won the 500 meters ahead of Enke and the Soviet Natalya Glebova. The 1,000 meters podium was identical to that of the 1,500 meters contested three days earlier. In the last race, the 3,000 meters, the East Germans won all three medals: Ehrig ahead of Enke and Gabi Zange. This was the third time that a country had won the first three places in an Olympic speed skating event. Enke ended the Games with four medals and Ehring with three.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The ski jumping events took place on the Igman hills, southwest of Sarajevo in windy weather conditions. On the normal hill, 20-year-old Matti Nykänen of Finland led the standings after the first round by achieving a jump of 91 meters. The 19-year-old East German Jens Weissflog was second with a jump of 90 meters. In the second run, Weissflog jumped to 87 meters and Nykänen, who would have won gold with a jump of 86 meters, landed at 84 meters. The East German was the Olympic champion ahead of the Finn. Jari Puikkonen, also Finnish, produced the best jump of the event: a jump of 91.5 meters allowed him to move up from 21st to third place. The final scores were close: there was a 1.2 point difference between the first and the second as well as between the second and the third.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Nykänen largely dominated the event on the big hill. He jumped to 116 meters in the first run, while Weissflog only reached 107 meters. The Finn increased his lead by also producing the best jump of the second set. He won the Olympic title with a 17.5 points lead, the biggest gap between first and second in Olympic ski jumping history. Weissflog finished second and Czechoslovakian Pavel Ploc took third place.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The alpine skiing races took place on two different mountains: the men's events were contested on Bjelašnica and the women's events on Jahorina. The events started on February 13, four days behind schedule, because of strong winds and heavy snowfall.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The American Bill Johnson, winner at Wengen in January, won the downhill ahead of the Swiss Peter Müller and the Austrian Anton Steiner. Johnson became the first American male to win a downhill medal in alpine skiing at the Olympic Games. The Swede Ingemar Stenmark, considered one of the best skiers in the world in technical events, surrendered his Olympic eligibility in order to negotiate an agreement with the Swedish Ski Association to personally retain more of his sponsorship money. Also missing was Marc Girardelli, who previously refused to train with the Austrian team and competed under the Luxembourg flag. Girardelli did not have Luxembourg citizenship and was not permitted to compete in the Games. The Swiss Max Julen set the fastest time of the first heat and the second of the second heat and became Olympic champion.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Slovenian Jure Franko, winner of the second round and second in the final standings, won the first Yugoslav medal in the history of the Winter Games. The bronze medal went to Andreas Wenzel of Liechtenstein. The American Phil Mahre, favorite in Stenmark's absence, finished first in the slalom ahead of his twin brother Steve. This was the eighth time that siblings had taken the top two places in an individual Olympic event, but the Mahres were the first twins to achieve this performance. The French Didier Bouvet won the bronze medal. Both Mahre brothers retired from professional skiing after the Games at the age of 26.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Swiss Michela Figini won her first World Cup race two weeks before the Games. First of three of the five training heats in Sarajevo, she won the downhill ahead of her compatriot Maria Walliser and the Czechoslovak Olga Charvátová. At 17 years old, Figini became the youngest Olympic champion in alpine skiing. The giant slalom podium was unexpected: the American Debbie Armstrong, who had never won a World Cup race, won gold ahead of her compatriot Christin Cooper. The Frenchwoman Perrine Pelen was third while another American, Tamara McKinney, finished in fourth place. Only 21 of the 45 starters completed the two heats of the slalom. The Frenchwoman Christelle Guignard won the first round but did not complete the second. The Italian Paoletta Magoni, fourth in the first round and winner of the second round, became Olympic champion despite having also never won the World Cup. Pelen won a second medal, silver, ahead of Liechtenstein's Ursula Konzett.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The cross-country skiing races took place in Veliko Polje, on the Igman mountain. A new technique, skate skiing, was widely used at the 1984 Games. However, it was prohibited on the last 200 meters of each race to avoid falls. The women's 20 kilometers, contested at the 1978 and 1982 World Championships, appeared at the Olympic Games.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: In the 15 kilometers, the Finn Harri Kirvesniemi led the race after 5.8 kilometers, but it was the Swede Gunde Svan who won. Aki Karvonen and Kirvesniemi, both Finnish, completed the podium. The 30 kilometers took place under difficult conditions. Three-time Olympic champion in 1980, the Soviet Nikolaj Zimjatov, won another gold medal ahead of his compatriot Alexander Savjalov and Svan. Zimjatov was the third cross-country skier ever to win four Olympic titles after the Swede Sixten Jernberg and the Soviet Galina Kulakova. After a tight 50 kilometers, the Swede Thomas Wassberg took the gold, just 4.9 seconds ahead of Svan, while Karvonen finished third. In the 4 × 10 kilometer relay, Svan, the last rider of the Swedish team, took ten seconds ahead of the Soviet, Zimjatov, and finished in first place. Finland, eighth after the first skier, took the bronze medal. Svan ended his Games with four medals (two gold, one silver, and one bronze).


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: After unsuccessfully competing in the 1976 and 1980 Olympics, Finland's Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen led the overall World Cup standings in 1983. In Sarajevo, she first won the 10 kilometers almost 19 seconds ahead of the Soviet Raisa Smetanina, the Olympic champion in 1976. The Norwegian Brit Pettersen won the bronze medal. Hämäläinen then won the 5 kilometers, 10 seconds ahead of the Norwegian Berit Aunli and 14 seconds ahead of the Czechoslovak Květoslava Jeriová-Pecková. She also won the 20 kilometers ahead of Smetanina and the Norwegian Anne Jahren. Norway, already in the lead after the first skier, won the 4 × 5 kilometers. Czechoslovakia won their first Olympic relay medal, silver, two seconds ahead of Finland who won the bronze medal. Hämäläinen, who won all three individual events as well as bronze in the relay, was the only three-time gold medalist of these Games.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The 1984 Winter Olympics took place from Wednesday 8 to Sunday 19 February, the dates were chosen to extend over twelve days and two weekends, like the previous editions. However, due to the competition format the ice hockey tournament began on February 7, one day before the Opening Ceremony. The number of events increased from thirty-eight to thirty-nine, as the 20 kilometers women's skiing event was added to the cross-country skiing competitions. Around 430,000 attend the competitions.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The organizers had to face bad weather conditions at the start of the Games. During the night of 8 to 9 February, 40 centimeters of snow fell in Sarajevo and up to one meter on mountain sites. On February 9, the men's downhill skiing was postponed due to winds blowing up to 200 km/h and the other events were held several hours late. The situation did not improve over the following days. The biathlon, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, ski jumping, bobsleigh and luge events were contested according to the schedule in difficult weather conditions while the alpine ski races only start on February 13.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Opening Ceremony took place on February 8 in front of 45,000 spectators at Koševo City Stadium. It was hosted by hundreds of musicians and dancers from different regions of Yugoslavia. After the parade of athletes, the Olympic flag was presented from the Lake Placid Mayor to the Mayor of Sarajevo Uglješa Uzelac. Alpine skier Bojan Križaj and referee Dragan Perović took the Olympic oath and figure skater Sanda Dubravčić lit the Olympic cauldron. Afterwards, the President of Yugoslavia Mika Špiljak declared the Games officially open.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Closing Ceremony took place the evening of February 19 at the indoor Zetra Olympic Hall and had only the protocol elements. After the parade of athletes, Juan Antonio Samaranch, who marked his first Olympiad as IOC President, thanked the organizers and declared the Games closed. The Olympic flag was lowered and the Olympic flame was extinguished at 20:21.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Seventeen of the forty-nine nations participating in these Games win at least one medal, as detailed in the table below. Second behind the Soviet Union from 1972 to 1980, East Germany is first this time with twenty-four medals, nine of which are gold. East German athletes win all gold and silver medals in women's speed skating and bobsleigh. The Soviet Union, which won twenty-five medals, six of which were gold, moved to second place. This is mainly due to poorer performances in cross-country skiing since the Soviets won only one gold medal in this discipline, against four in 1980. The United States are third, as in Lake Placid, with eight medals including four gold. They achieved one of their best performances in alpine skiing history (five medals, three of which were gold).


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Northern European countries occupy the following ranks: Finland is fourth (mainly thanks to the three gold medals of cross-country skier Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen), Sweden fifth, and Norway sixth. The host country is 14th with a silver medal. This is the first time that Yugoslavia won a medal at the Olympic Winter Games. Austria which finished fourth in 1980, finished the games at a discreet 17th place with only one bronze medal.This result is also the Austria's worst result at the history of the Winter Olympic Games since their start in 1924.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: Seven athletes win at least two gold medals at these Games. The Finnish cross-country skier Marja-Liisa Hämäläinen finishes first with three gold medals and one bronze. She is followed by East Germany Karin Enke, who wins two gold and two silver in speed skating, and Swedish cross-country skier Gunde Svan who also wins four medals (two gold, one silver and one bronze).


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: A then record of 49 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) entered 1,272 athletes in the Sarajevo Games. This was a large increase from the 1,072 athletes from 37 countries in the 1980 Winter Games. All the countries present at Lake Placid in 1980 are once again participating in Sarajevo. The British Virgin Islands, Egypt, Monaco, Puerto Rico and Senegal participate in their first Winter games. Chile, North Korea, Morocco, Mexico, San Marino, Chinese Taipei and Turkey, absent in 1980, returned in 1984.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The People's Republic of China ended its boycott of the Olympic Games over the controversy regarding the IOC's recognition of the Republic of China. The Republic of China (Taiwan) then competed as Chinese Taipei for the first time.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Sarajevo Games were considered a big success for their time. After the games, the trails were well maintained despite the bad weather conditions, the security services were discreet and the transport system worked well. The international media considered this edition more festive and warm than the Games held 4 years before. The competition has not yet left debts or losses for the Organizing Committee, for the city or even for the country.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The Olympic Games have a positive impact on Sarajevo. The expansion of the airport, the renovation of the main train and bus stations and the expansion of the number of hotels,restaurants and parks increased the quality of life in the city. The Olympic Village became a residential area and new sports venues accelerated the development of winter sports in Yugoslavia. After the Games, the Sarajevo track hosts several events of the Bobsleigh World Cup.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the siege of Sarajevo, not foreseen at the time of the Games, lasted from 1992 to 1995. The conflict left tens of thousands of victims and severely damaged Sarajevo and Olympic venues. The Koševo stadium was renovated in 1998, the Zetra hall was rebuilt in 1999 with the support of the IOC and the alpine ski resorts are again in operation. However, the bobsleigh runs and the ski jumping hills are abandoned due to the risk of accidents with landmines and remains of weapons.


title: 1984 Winter Olympics

text: In 2001, the city of Sarajevo considered a bid for the organization of the 2010 Winter Olympics to revive the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina and accelerate the reunification of the country, divided between different ethnic groups. However, the bid was eliminated by the IOC Executive Board. The 2017 European Youth Winter Olympic Festival which was to take place in Sarajevo (with all the events were to be held on the sites used in 1984) But, due to the constant delays in the recovery works, the city decided to reverse the order of the hosts with Erzurum in Turkey and hosted the 2019 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: Roadies Revolution is the seventeenth season of India "MTV Roadies", which premiers on MTV on February 15, 2020. Prince Narula, Nikhil Chinapa, Neha Dhupia and Raftaar (Varun Sood replaced him mid season) returned as Leaders while Rannvijay Singh continues as the host.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: In this season, there is no gang leader nor any gang. The contestants are going to fight solo during their journey right from the beginning. In the previous seasons from Roadies X2 contestants are grouped into gangs under a gang leader to perform their tasks and they fight solo towards the end of the show.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: For the very first time, the show is being streamed on Voot 24hr before TV steaming platform a day before the TV which is made exclusively available only to Voot Select subscribers.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: After six episodes, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the show dates were postponed until further instructions from March 28.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: For the first time in Roadies history, Audition happened LIVE on social media platform during the COVID-19 Lock-down in India, from April 27 to June 17, where one auditionee won the chance to join the Roadies Journey.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: Ranvijay Singha is presenting the show while Prince Narula, Nikhil Chinapa, Neha Dhupia and Raftaar served as the leaders of MTV Roadies Revolution.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: Raftar earlier had to leave the show because of his upcoming album.So he was replaced by Varun Sood.Later He was tested COVID-19 positive. That's why he also couldn't be there after resume of the show.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: Roadies Badge is being introduced in this season, the stars on the badge will help the leaders to reach the Finale. Stars earned by the end of Episode 34:


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: This season the Roadies and Leaders participated in various Task throughout the Journey, to win money to help people in need.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: Due to COVID-19 pandemic in India, 6 months later, the journey resumed with all safety measure in a Bio Bubble. Therefore, from the Tenth Task onwards, no Donation/Contribution were made.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: Ranvijay Singha, when asked in Kolkata press conference, "It's wonderful to have you back in Calcutta for the 'Roadies' auditions after three years. Why the gap in between, considering you had told us earlier that you have got some of your best contestants over various editions from this part of the country?", said, "I don't take Roadies for granted. The contestant who wants to be a Roadie will come from America.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: The contestants had to get a least of 3 votes from the leaders and Rannvijay had a special power to cast 2 votes.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: Auditions were held on the Facebook page of Colors TV and MTV Roadies every week, where Rannvijay audition the contestants. These contestants have auditioned by other judges during the week. ( represents the judge who was a part of the auditions that day.)The selected contestants were revealed on MTV India on Saturdays, 7pm.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: Sehej couldn't join the journey as she was absent due to her international sports championship. She was replaced by Kakoli.


title: MTV Roadies (season 18)

text: Rannvijay then announced that the Leaders will lose their stars, if the Roadies they predicted in the Auditions, didn't make it to the journey.