title: Logan's Run

text: Francis, another Sandman, and friend of Logan, catches up with Logan and Jessica after they have managed to make it to the final-staging area before Sanctuary. Francis reveals that his true identity is that of the legendary Ballard, who has been helping arrange their escape. Francis tells them he is actually aged 42, but due to his faulty palm flower, which does not change color, and through use of plastic-surgery shops, he has been able to disguise his true age and appearance. He is working from within the system, as he believes the computer controlling the global infrastructure, buried beneath Crazy Horse Mountain, is beginning to malfunction, and that society will die with it.


title: Logan's Run

text: Logan and Jessica escape to the colony on a rocket, which departs from a former space program launch site in Florida, while Ballard remains to help others escape.


title: Logan's Run

text: Nolan wrote two sequels, "Logan's World" and "Logan's Search", published after the film's release (respectively in 1977 and 1980). There is also a novelette, "Logan's Return", that was published as an e-book in 2001. Two other novels, "Logan's Journey" and "Logan Falls", have been co-written (respectively with Paul McComas and with Jason V Brock), but not yet published and were intended to be released simultaneously with a remake of the film adaptation.


title: Logan's Run

text: "Logan's World" deals with events following Logan's return to Earth, amidst the survivors and ruins of the system he escaped in the first novel, while "Logan's Search" deals with Logan going to an alternate reality (with the assistance of aliens) to once again stop the government system he escaped in the first novel, albeit with some minor changes.


title: Logan's Run

text: George Clayton Johnson's long-rumored personal sequel to "Logan's Run", titled "Jessica's Run: A New Sequel for the Logan's Run Universe", was said to be "in development". It was still in development at the time of George Clayton Johnson's death on Christmas Day 2015.


title: Logan's Run

text: David Pringle gave "Logan's Run" two stars out of four and praised the novel as "a good SF thriller"; he also stated it was superior to the film version.


title: Logan's Run

text: The novel was adapted in 1976 as a film, directed by Michael Anderson and starring Michael York as Logan 5 (not 3), Jenny Agutter as Jessica 6, and Richard Jordan as Francis 7. The film was produced by Saul David, a former MGM executive and well-known science fiction supporter (having produced and developed "Fantastic Voyage" in 1966 at Fox, and developed "Westworld" at MGM). The film only uses the basic premise from the novel (everyone must die at a specific age, Logan runs with Jessica as his companion while being chased by Francis).


title: Logan's Run

text: The film's world is a post-apocalyptic, dystopian one, in which people now live inside a huge domed city and are oblivious of the world outside, believing it to be a barren, poisonous environment. The motivations of the characters are also quite differentin the film, the age of planned death is 30instead of reporting to a Sleepshop, citizens must take part in a ritual called in which they are incinerated with the chance of being "renewed". Logan is a 26-year-old Sandman, sent by the computer to find and destroy Sanctuary. The computer alters his palm flower (here called a "life clock") to show him as approaching Lastday, and he becomes a runner and escapes from the city.


title: Logan's Run

text: Sanctuary turns out not to exist (it is revealed that Runners have actually been murdered by a malfunctioning food processing robot just outside the city). The only other person that Logan and Jessica encounter outside the city is an old man (Peter Ustinov) who lives with a large number of cats in the United States Senate chamber of the largely intact ruins of Washington, D.C. Logan kills Francis, who is simply a Sandman in the movie and not a rebel leader, and leads the old man back to remain just outside the domed city, returning to try to lead a revolt against the culling. No one believes or listens to him or Jessica, and instead he is captured by Sandmen. In his interrogation by the computer, his information of there being no Sanctuary causes the computer to malfunction and self-destruct. Logan and Jessica then flee.


title: Logan's Run

text: As the young population leave the confines of the burning and exploding domed city, they meet the old man outsidethe first time they have seen anybody of that age.


title: Logan's Run

text: In the mid-1990s, Warner Bros. began development of a remake of the movie. In April 2000, director Skip Woods entered negotiations with the studio and producer Joel Silver to write and direct the remake. The director planned to make it closer to the novel than the original film, restoring elements including Crazy Horse Mountain and sky gypsies. In March 2004, director Bryan Singer was brought in to develop and direct "Logan's Run". Singer had begun working with production designer Guy Dyas from his previous film "X2" (2003). Screenwriters Ethan Gross and Paul Todisco were hired to write the script with the director, with the film being slated for a 2005 release. In October, Singer said he had begun previsualization of "Logan's Run", which would be completed by the time he finished production of his project at the time, "Superman Returns" (2006). The following December, screenwriter Dan Harris said that he and the director had turned in a first draft for "Logan's Run". The screenwriter said that the remake would contain more action than the original film, describing the premise to be "a remake of the concept of the movie plus the book".


title: Logan's Run

text: In February 2005, screenwriter Christopher McQuarrie was hired to rewrite the script, with filming to take place in Australia. One year later, "Logan's Run" was announced to begin production later that year in Vancouver. The following May, Singer's availability to direct "Logan's Run" was rendered questionable by scheduling conflicts with filming a planned sequel to "Superman Returns". By May, Singer confirmed that he would not direct "Logan's Run", seeking a vacation from the demands of his job. Directors Robert Schwentke and James McTeigue were approached for the project, but neither signed on.


title: Logan's Run

text: In April 2007, producer Joel Silver reiterated his plan to remake the original film. Later in August, Joseph Kosinski signed on to direct the film.


title: Logan's Run

text: In May and June 2010, Carl Erik Rinsch was hired to direct, and Alex Garland and Michael Dougherty were set to write the script. Rinsch later pulled out of the project due to scheduling conflicts. In August 2011, Danish filmmaker Nicolas Winding Refn was attached to direct the remake, which would star Ryan Gosling and Rose Byrne, with a script by Andrew Baldwin. In June 2013, video game developer Ken Levine was attached to write the screenplay. The latest concept for the film was based on a female lead in April 2015.


title: Logan's Run

text: By July 2015, Levine had exited the project and was replaced by Simon Kinberg, who in addition to writing a new story and treatment, also planned to produce the film with Greg Berlanti.


title: Logan's Run

text: Ryan Condal was reportedly hired to write the screenplay, based on Kinberg's treatment in June 2016. In March 2018, Kinberg was confirmed to be directing the film, from a screenplay by Peter Craig.


title: Logan's Run

text: Silver resigned from his own production company in 2019, amid allegations of financial mismanagement; the blog "Gizmodo" later speculated that his resignation meant that the remake would "most likely never happen".


title: Logan's Run

text: A television series spin-off from the film, starring Gregory Harrison as Logan 5 and Heather Menzies as Jessica 6, lasted one season of 14 episodes, from September 16, 1977, through January 16, 1978, on U.S. television (CBS-TV). D. C. Fontana served as story editor and employed several other writers from "", as well as the original novel's authors. The series pilot was produced by Saul David, who was replaced by CBS with veteran television producers Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (or Kudankulam NPP or KKNPP) is the largest nuclear power station in India, situated in Kudankulam in the Tirunelveli district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Construction on the plant began on 31 March 2002, but faced several delays due to opposition from local fishermen. KKNPP is scheduled to have six VVER-1000 reactors built in collaboration with Atomstroyexport, the Russian state company and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), with an installed capacity of 6,000 MW of electricity.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: Unit 1 was synchronised with the southern power grid on 22 October 2013 and since then, has been generating electricity at its warranted limit of 1,000 MW. The original cost of the two units was 13,171 crore, but it was later revised to 17,270 crore (US$2.6 billion). Russia advanced a credit of 6,416 crore (US$0.97 billion) for both the units. Unit 2 attained criticality on 10 July 2016 and was synchronised with the electricity grid on 29 August.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: In 2015, Nuclear Power Corporation Ltd (NPCIL) announced a price of 4.29/kW·h (6.4 ¢/kW·h) for energy delivered from Kudankulam nuclear power plant.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: The ground-breaking ceremony for construction of units 3 & 4 was performed on 17 February 2016. Due to technology changes, inflation and insistence of the supplier and operator for additional liability insurance the construction cost of units 3 & 4 amounted to twice the cost of units 1 & 2 and was later revised to be .


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: An Inter-Governmental Agreement (IGA) on the project was signed on 20 November 1988 by the Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi and the Soviet head of state, Mikhail Gorbachev, for the construction of two reactors. The project remained in limbo for a decade due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. There were also objections from the United States, on the grounds that the agreement did not meet the 1992 terms of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). M R Srinivasan, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman from 1987 to 1990, called the project "a non-starter". However, the project was revived on 21 June 1998.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: Construction began on 31 March 2002, with Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) predicting that the first unit would be operational in March 2007, instead of the original target of December 2007.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: A small port became operational in Kudankulam on 14 January 2004. This port was established to receive barges carrying over-sized light water reactor equipment from ships anchored at a distance of . Until 2004, materials had to be brought in via road from the port of Thoothukudi, risking damage during transportation. In 2008, negotiations on building four additional reactors at the site began. Though the capacity of these reactors had not been declared, it was expected that the capacity of each reactor will be 1,200 MW (1.2 GW). The new reactors would bring the total capacity of the power plant to 6,800 MW (6.8 GW).


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: The ground-breaking ceremony for construction of third and fourth units was performed on 17 February 2016 and AERB authorised the first pour of concrete on 19 June 2017. Construction of the third and fourth units started on 29 June 2017. AERB granted excavation permit for Unit 5 and 6 in 14 November 2018 and concerete pour begun in 2020. Construction of units 5 and 6 commenced on 29 June 2021. Unit 5 is expected to be ready for commissioning in December 2026, while unit 6 is expected to be ready by September 2027.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: In 2019, NPCIL confirmed identification of malware in the internet connected administrative network but said that the critical internal network was isolated. KNPP officials had earlier termed reports on the cyber attack as false. The malware was linked to the North Korea based Lazarus Group.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: The reactors are pressurised water reactor of Russian design, model VVER-1000/V-412 referred also as AES-92. Thermal capacity is 3,000 MW, gross electrical capacity is 1,000 MW with a net capacity of 917 MW. Construction is by NPCIL and Atomstroyexport. When completed the plant will become the largest nuclear power generation complex in India producing a cumulative 2 GW of electric power. Both units are water-cooled, water-moderated power reactors.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: The first reactor of the plant attained criticality on 13 July 2013 and was connected to the grid three months later. It started commercial operation from 31 December 2014. The second unit achieved criticality on 10 July 2016 and was connected to the grid in August. Commercial operation started on 15 October 2016.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) board members have approved signing of a power purchase agreement (PPA) with the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) for sourcing electricity from the Kudankulam nuclear power project (KKNPP).


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: Unit 1 was shut down in June 2015 for refuelling and annual maintenance. On 21 January 2016 the reactor restarted and was connected to grid on 30 January 2016.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Site Director D.S. Choudhary stated on 26 January 2018 that units 1 and 2 of the nuclear plant had generated a combined total of 22,800 million units since they began functioning.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: People had been opposing the plant since its proposal in 1979. The proposal however, was halted because of the protests. It was brought back in 2000, and construction started under the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: In 2011, thousands from the vicinity of the plant protested against it, fearing a nuclear disaster, in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster According to the protesters, evacuation of people in the event of a nuclear disaster would be impossible. According to S P Udayakumar, of the People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy, "the nuclear plant is unsafe". However, in 2012, the chief of India's nuclear energy programme, Dr Srikumar Banerjee, called the plant "one of the safest" in the world. In December 2012, "The Hindu" reported that hundreds of villagers in the region were largely ignorant of the risks and benefits of the plant.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: A Public Interest Litigation (PIL) was filed in 2011 with the Supreme Court asking for nuclear power development to be delayed until safety concerns were independently assessed. In May 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the plant, stating that the nuclear power plant was in the larger public interest.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: In March 2012, nearly 200 anti-nuclear protesters were detained for a few hours by the police. The protesters were set to join protests objecting resumption of work of one of two 1 GW reactors, a day after the local government restarted work on the project.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: On, 24 February 2012, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh blamed foreign NGOs for protests at the power plant. News agencies reported that three NGOs had diverted donations earmarked for religious and social causes to the protests, in violation of foreign exchange regulations.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: Supporters of the power plant in Idinthakarai village have been targeted by opponents using improvised explosive devices.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: The Church of South India and the National Council of Churches opposed the power plant and supported the protests against it. Supporters of the power plant and the government have alleged that the protest against the power plant was instigated by churches and funded by foreign sources. The protestors dismissed the allegation of foreign funding, but said that seeking support from church was "natural" as many protestors were Christian localities living in the vicinity of the Reactor.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: Former chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India Srinivasan said, "The Fukushima plant was built on a beach-front, but the Kudankulam was constructed on a solid terrain and that too keeping all the safety aspects in mind. Also, we are not in a tsunami prone area. The plants in Kudankulam have a double containment system which can withstand high pressure. At least 14,000 crore has been spent. If we don't operate the plant immediately, it will affect the economic stability of our country".


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: A centre panel constituted by the Government of India, which did a survey of the safety features in the plant, vouched for the safety of the Kudankulam reactors. Dr Muthunayagam, who headed the panel, said that the protesters asked for some documents which are not related to the safety of the reactor. Nuclear scientist and principal scientific adviser to the federal Government of India Rajagopala Chidambaram has said "We have learnt lessons from the Fukushima nuclear accident, particularly on the post-shut-down cooling system", and also added Fukushima nuclear accident should not deter or inhibit India from pursuing a safe civil nuclear programme.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: The Tamil Nadu state government formed a four-member expert panel which submitted a report to the government after inspecting the safety features of the plant. The Tamil Nadu government in the wake of the acute power shortages in the state has ordered in favour of the commissioning of the plant.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: Government of India announced the power allocation from the two units of the reactor on 29 August 2013.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: As of 1st December 2021, the government is considering to increase its capability to 6000 MW, on completion of KKNPP-3 & 4 (2 X 1000 MW) and KKNPP-5 & 6 (2 X 1000 MW) which are presently under construction.


title: Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

text: The town council of Volgodonsk, Rostov Oblast named a lane located next to the Atommash plant as Kudankulam Alley in November 2018. The plant, which is owned by Rosatom, manufactures equipment for the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant.


title: Swat District

text: Swat District (, , ) is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. With a population of 2,309,570 per the 2017 national census, Swat is the 15th-largest district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.


title: Swat District

text: Swat District is centered on the Valley of Swat, usually referred to simply as Swat, which is a natural geographic region surrounding the Swat River. The valley was a major centre of early Buddhism under the ancient kingdom of Gandhara, and was a major centre of Gandharan Buddhism, with pockets of Buddhism persisting in the valley until the 10th century, after which the area became largely Muslim. Until 1969, Swat was part of the Yusafzai State of Swat, a self-governing princely state that was inherited by Pakistan following its independence from British rule. The region was seized by the Tehrik-i-Taliban in late-2007 until Pakistani control was re-established in mid-2009.


title: Swat District

text: The average elevation of Swat is , resulting in a considerably cooler and wetter climate compared to the rest of Pakistan. With lush forests, verdant alpine meadows, and snow-capped mountains, Swat is one of the country's most popular tourist destinations.


title: Swat District

text: The name "Swat" is derived from the Swat River. The Swat River referred to as the "Suvāstu -"in the Rig Veda, with a literal meaning "of fair dwellings".


title: Swat District

text: Some have suggested the Sanskrit name may mean "clear blue water." Another theory derives the word Swat from the Sanskrit word "shveta" (), also used to describe the clear water of the Swat River. To the ancient Greeks, the river was known as the "Soastus." The Chinese pilgrim Faxian referred to Swat as the "Su-ho-to".


title: Swat District

text: Swat's total area is . In terms of administrative divisions, Swat is surrounded by Chitral, Upper Dir and Lower Dir to the west, Gilgit-Baltistan to the north, and Kohistan, Buner and Shangla to the east and southeast, respectively. The former tehsil of Buner was granted the status of a separate district in 1991.


title: Swat District

text: The Swat Valley is enclosed by mountains that forms a natural geographic boundaries for it. The Swat River whose headwaters arise in the 18,000-19,000 foot tall Hindu Kush run through the length of the region. The main area consists of many sub valleys such as Kalam, Bahrain, Matiltan, Utror, and Gabral.


title: Swat District

text: The Valley of Swat is delineated by natural geographic boundaries, and is centered on the Swat River, whose headwaters arise in the 18,000-19,000 foot tall Hindu Kush. The valley is enclosed on all sides by mountains, and is intersected by glens and ravines. Above mountains ridges to the west is the valley of the Panjkora River, to the north the Gilgit Valley, and Indus River gorges to the east. To the south, across a series of low mountains, lies the wide Peshawar valley.


title: Swat District

text: The northernmost area of Swat district are the high valleys and alpine meadows of "Swat Kohistan", a region where numerous glaciers feed the Usho, and Gabral rivers (also known as the Utrar River), which form a confluence at Kalam, and thereafter forms the Swat river - which forms the spine of the Swat Valley and district. Swat then is characterized by thick forests along the narrow gorges of the Kalam Valley until the city of Madyan. From there, the river courses gently for 160 km through the wider Yousufzai Plains of the lower Swat Valley until Chakdara.


title: Swat District

text: Climate in Swat is a function of altitude, with mountains in the Kohistan region snow-clad year round. The upper areas of the region are relatively colder and often get snowfall in the winter. Drier, warmer temperatures in the lower portions in the Yousafzai Plains where summer temperatures can reach , although the lower plains experience occasional snow. Both regions are subject to two monsoon seasons - one in winter and the other in summer. Swat's lower reaches have vegetation characterized by dry bush and deciduous trees, while the upper areas mostly have thick pine forests.


title: Swat District

text: The Gandhara grave culture that emerged "c." 1400 BCE and lasted until 800 BCE, and named for their distinct funerary practices, was found along the Middle Swat River course.


title: Swat District

text: In 327 BCE, Alexander the Great fought his way to Odigram and Barikot and stormed their battlements; in Greek accounts, these towns are identified as "Ora" and "Bazira". After the Alexandrian invasion of Swat, and adjacent regions of Buner, control of the wider Gandhara region was handed to Seleucus I Nicator.


title: Swat District

text: In 305 BCE, the Mauryan Emperor conquered the wider region from the Greeks, and probably established control of Swat, until their control of the region ceased around 187 BCE. It was during the rule of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka that Buddhism was introduced into Swat, and some of the earliest stupas built in the region.


title: Swat District

text: Following collapse of Mauryan rule, Swat came under control of the Greco-Bactrians, and briefly the Scythians of the Central Asian Steppe.


title: Swat District

text: The region of Gandhara (based in the Peshawar valley and the adjacent hilly regions of Swat, Buner, Dir, and Bajaur), broke away from Greco-Bactrian rule to establish their own independence as the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Following the death of the most famous Indo-Greek king, Menander I around 140 BCE, the region was overrun by the Indo-Scythians, and then the Persian Parthian Empire around 50 CE. The arrival of the Parthians began the long tradition of Greco-Buddhist art, which was a syncretic form of art combining Buddhist imagery with heavy Hellenistic-Greek influences. This art form is credited with having the first representations of the Buddha in human form, rather than symbolically.


title: Swat District

text: The Parthians were ousted from Swat by the Kushans, based in the Peshawar valley. Kushan rule began what is considered by many to be the golden age of Gandhara. Under the greatest Kushan king, Kanishka, Swat became an important region for the production of Buddhist art, and numerous Buddhists shrines were built in the area. As a patron of Mahayana Buddhism, new Buddhists "stupas" were built and old ones were enlarged. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien, who visited the valley around 403 CE, mentions 500 monasteries.


title: Swat District

text: Swat and the wider region of Gandhara were overrun by the Iranian Hephthalites around about 465 CE. Under the rule of Mihirakula, Buddhism was suppressed as he


title: Swat District

text: himself became virulently anti-Buddhist after a perceived slight against him by a Buddhist monk. Under his rule, Buddhist monks were reportedly killed, and Buddhist shrines attacked. He himself appears to have been inclined towards the Shaivism sect of Hinduism.


title: Swat District

text: In around 520 CE, the Chinese monk Song Yun visited the area, and recorded that area had been in ruin and ruled by a leader that did not practice the laws of the Buddha. The Tang-era Chinese monk Xuanzang recorded the decline of Buddhism in the region, and ascendance of Hinduism in the region. According to him, of the 1400 monasteries that had supposedly been there, most were in ruins or had been abandoned.


title: Swat District

text: Following the collapse of Buddhism in Swat following the Hephthalite invasion, Swat was ruled by the Hindu Shahi dynasty beginning in the 8th century, who made their capital at Udigram in lower Swat. The Shahis built an extensive array of temples and other architectural buildings, of which ruins remain today. Under their rule, Hinduism ascended, and Sanskrit is believed to have been the lingua franca of the locals during this time. By the time of the Muslim conquests (), the population in the region was predominantly Hindu, though Buddhism persisting in the valley until the 10th century, after which the area became largely Muslim. Hindu Shahi rulers built fortresses to guard and tax the commerce through this area, and ruins dating back to their rule can be seen on the hills at the southern entrance of Swat, at the Malakand Pass.


title: Swat District

text: Around 1001 CE, the last Hindu Shahi king, Jayapala was decisively defeated at the Battle of Peshawar (1001) by Mahmud of Ghazni, thereby ending 2 centuries of Hindu rule over Gandhara. Sometime later, ethnic Swatis entered the area along with Sultans from Kunar (present-day Afghanistan).


title: Swat District

text: The Yousafzai State of Swat was a kingdom established in 1849 by the Muslim saint Akhund Abdul Gaffur, more commonly known as "Saidu Baba," that was ruled by chiefs known as Akhunds. It was then recognized as a princely state in alliance with the British Indian Empire between 1926 and 1947, after which the Akhwand acceded to the newly independent state of Pakistan. Swat continued to exist as an autonomous region until it was dissolved in 1969, and incorporated into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (formerly called NWFP).


title: Swat District

text: The region was seized by the Tehrik-i-Taliban in late-2007, and its highly-popular tourist industry was subsequently decimated until Pakistani control was re-established in mid-2009 after a month-long campaign. During their occupation, the Taliban attacked Nobel laureate Malala Yousafzai in 2012, who at the time was a young school-girl who wrote a blog for BBC Urdu detailing life under Taliban rule, and their curb on girls' education.


title: Swat District

text: Kushan-era Buddhist stupas and statues in the Swat Valley were demolished by the Taliban, and the Jehanabad Buddha's face was blown up using dynamite, but was repaired by a group of Italian restorers in a nine-year-long process. The Taliban and looters subsequently destroyed many of Pakistan's Buddhist artifacts, and deliberately targeted Gandhara Buddhist relics for destruction. Gandhara artifacts remaining from the demolitions were thereafter plundered by thieves and smugglers.


title: Swat District

text: Gwalerai village located near Mingora is one of those few villages which produces 18 varieties of apples due to its temperate climate in summer. The apple produced here is consumed in Pakistan as well as exported to other countries. It is known as ‘the apple of Swat’.


title: Swat District

text: Swat is famous for peach production mostly grown in the valley bottom plains and accounts for about 80% of the peach production of the country. Mostly marketed in the national markets with a brand name of "Swat Peaches". The supply starts in April and continues till September because of a diverse range of varieties grown.


title: Swat District

text: At the time of the 2017 census the district had a population of 2,308,624, of which 1,171,947 were males and 1,136,545 females. Rural population was 1,612,803 (69.86%) while the urban population was 695,821 (30.14%). The literacy rate was 50.27% - the male literacy rate was 65.25% while the female literacy rate was 35.10%. 1,811 people in the district were from religious minorities.


title: Swat District

text: Swat is mostly inhabited by Pashtuns who make up 90.78% of the population. The dominant tribe is the Yusufzai tribe. The language spoken in the valley is Pashto (mainly the Yousafzai dialect). Other languages, mainly the Kohistani languages of Torwali and Kalami, are spoken by 7.35% of the population, and form the majority in the Swat Kohistan region of Upper Swat.


title: Swat District

text: According to the "Alif Ailaan Pakistan Education Rankings for 2017", Swat with a score of 53.1, is ranked 86 out of 155 districts in terms of education. Furthermore, the Swat schools infrastructure scores 90.26 which ranks it on number 31 out of 155.


title: Swat District

text: Each tehsil comprises certain numbers of union councils. Swat has 65 union councils: 56 rural and 9 urban.


title: Swat District

text: According to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act, 2013, a new "local governments" system was introduced, in which Swat is included. This system has 67 wards, in which the total amount of village councils are around 170, while neighbourhood councils number around 44.


title: Swat District

text: The region elects three male members of the National Assembly of Pakistan (MNAs), one female MNA, seven male members of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (MPAs) and two female MPAS. In the 2002 National and Provincial elections, the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal, an alliance of religious political parties, won all the seats.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: The Pilatus PC-21 is a turboprop-powered advanced trainer with a stepped tandem cockpit. It is manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft of Switzerland.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: In November 1997 Pilatus flew a modified PC-7 Mk.II in order to test improvements for a prospective next generation turboprop trainer. As a result of these tests, Pilatus elected to fund the development of a new training system in November 1998; development of the new trainer, designated as the "PC-21", formally started in January 1999. The PC-21 would be developed and certified as a completely new training system, aimed at meeting future military customers' specifications in terms of capability and life-cycle costs for the next three decades.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: A key aim for the PC-21 was to allow jet aircraft pilots to perform the majority of their training using the type before converting to jet-powered types, allowing operators to make substantial savings. In order to achieve this aim, the new trainer was required to have an expanded performance envelope in terms of aerodynamics, cockpit equipment, flexibility, and ease of maintenance. In May 2002 Pilatus announced that it aimed for the PC-21 to capture 50% of the global trainer aircraft market between 2005 and 2030.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: From the start of the aircraft's development, Pilatus aimed for the type to have a predictable cost profile over its full lifespan. To meet this goal, the firm chose to incorporate modern materials, an innovative design concept, and full-scale fatigue analysis. Additionally, accompanying the aircraft itself are integrated training systems to meet the pilot's needs; the full package offered by Pilatus includes synthetic training devices, computer-based training, and classroom instruction. As a result of greater training effectiveness, pilots can graduate with fewer total training hours, reaching the frontline faster and at lower cost. In addition to pilots, various prospective aircrew, such as navigators, weapons officers, and electronic warfare operators, can be trained using the type's embedded simulation/emulation system.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: On 30 April 2002, the rollout of the first PC-21 prototype was performed at Pilatus' factory in Stans, Switzerland; this aircraft conducted its first flight on 1 July of the same year. In May 2003, Pilatus management formally green-lit the program to proceed to full development. On 7 June 2004, a second PC-21 prototype, the construction of which had been delayed to incorporate improvements learnt from assembling the first, made its maiden flight. In December 2004, Switzerland's Federal Office for Civil Aviation granted type certification for the PC-21; civil certification was attained despite it being a military aircraft as this permitted civil maintenance procedures to be used as well as allowing the aircraft to be supplied under private finance arrangements. Individual Swiss military certification for equipment such as ejection seats has been applied as necessary.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: On 13 January 2005, the second of the two development aircraft crashed in Buochs, Switzerland, while conducting an aerobatic training flight; the accident resulted in the death of the pilot as well as injuring another person on the ground. In response to the accident, the other PC-21 was grounded for several weeks until Swiss authorities had established that there was no sign of technical malfunction. In August 2006, it was announced that crash investigators had concluded that pilot error had been a primary cause. In late August 2005, the first pre-series production PC-21 performed its maiden flight.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: The Pilatus PC-21 is an advanced single-engine trainer aircraft; it is often referred to by Pilatus as being the "Twenty-first Century Trainer". The type can be applied for various training capacities, including basic flying training, advanced flight training, full mission management training, and embedded simulation/emulation. In order to perform these functions, the aircraft possesses a powerful, flexible, and cost-effective integrated training system; providing sufficient ease of use for inexperienced pilots while posing greater challenge to advanced pilots. According to Pilatus, upon product launch, the PC-21 possessed "superior aerodynamic performance when compared with any other turboprop trainer on the market".


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: The aircraft features a tandem-seating arrangement (student in front/instructor behind) in a bird strike-resistant glass canopy with allround vision. The cabin, which is pressurized, is equipped with an On-Board Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS), air conditioning, and Martin-Baker CH16C Zero-Zero ejection seats. The flight controls, which are fully balanced and harmonized, are optimized for ease of operation and overall effectiveness. An anti-g system is also present in order to minimize the effects of high g-forces experienced during tactical training and aerobatic maneuvers. Pilots are able to spend a greater amount of time concentrating on the aircraft's external situation and upon mission data inputs due to an ergonomic design approach, ease-of-use controls, and clear visual/system data displays. In addition, a full autopilot and civil flight management system are also present.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: The PC-21 is powered by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-68B turboprop engine of 1,600 shaft horse power, which drives a five-bladed graphite scimitar propeller manufactured by Hartzell; it has been claimed by Pilatus that the PC-21 possesses speed and climb rates previously normally performed only by jet-powered aircraft. It is also fitted with a high-speed profile wing, rated for maneuvers up to 8g, complete with hydraulically-assisted ailerons and spoilers which enable the execution of fighter-like rates of roll and other maneuvers. In order to make the aircraft easy to fly at low speeds, crucial to the advanced trainer role, the PC-21 is furnished with a digital power management system and the rudder control system is equipped with an automatic yaw compensator/suppression system to compensate for airspeed and engine power changes.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: A key feature of the PC-21 is the embedded simulation and training suite, which provides cross-platform cockpit emulation, weapons simulation, stores management system, simulated radar and electronic warfare, a tactical situation display, and data link functionality. Key to this is the Mission Support System (MSS), which comprises the Mission Planning System (MPS) and Mission Debriefing System (MDS); data can be loaded and unloaded from these, which is compatible with ground-based stations for pre-flight configuration or post-mission analysis. The integrated mission computer is of an open architecture, allowing for third-party modifications and upgrades to take place; software can also be customized to conform to customer preferences. Critical and non-critical software are also deliberately separated.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: The cockpit of the PC-21 features a high level of systems integration and conforms to modern avionics standards. The systems of the forward and rear cockpits can be 'de-coupled' between the student and instructor; the instructor may exercise real-time manipulation of the student's displays, sensor performance, and system modes such as to create synthetic air-to-air radar targets, artificial non-safety critical system failures, and controlled data degradation. The aircraft's fully digital glass cockpit features three large colour liquid crystal displays (LCD), one performing as the primary flight display (PFD) and two multi-function displays (MFDs) for system/mission management, in addition to CMC Electronics-provided head-up displays (HUD) for both the pilot and instructor. The trim gauge is the only analogue dial in the cockpit. For control simplicity, a Hands on Throttle and Stick (HOTAS) control philosophy has been followed. Both the display and control systems present also resemble their counterparts used upon modern front-line combat aircraft for greater realism during training; and can be further customized in order to be more representative of specific combat aircraft. The multi-sensor navigation system is capable of operating under a military tactical mode as well as a civil navigation mode.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: In the Armament Program 2006, the Swiss Parliament approved an initial purchase of the PC-21 for the Swiss Air Force. By April 2008, four PC-21 have been accepted by the Swiss Air Force following the passing of acceptance trials, and flight operations were set to start in July that year. In December 2010, the Swiss Air Force placed an order for another two aircraft.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: In November 2006, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) awarded a service contract to Lockheed Martin Simulation, Training and Support (LMSTS) to deliver 19 PC-21 aircraft, to support the RSAF's Basic Wings training course at RAAF Base Pearce in Australia under a public–private partnership (PPP) arrangement, replacing the SIAI-Marchetti S.211. Singapore was the first export customer for the PC-21. On 21 January 2008, the first RSAF PC-21 completed its flight test prior to being accepted into service. On 13 July 2008, the type began to provide the RSAF with basic flying training, by which point a further six aircraft had been delivered.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: During the 2009 Dubai Airshow, the United Arab Emirates announced an order of 25 PC-21 trainers for the United Arab Emirates Air Force (UAEAF) to replace its aging fleet of Pilatus PC-7s. On 22 November 2010, the UAEAF's first PC-21 performed its maiden flight. In July 2012, it was announced that the Qatar Air Force had placed an order for a complete pilot training system from Pilatus centering upon the PC-21. The package included ground-based training devices, logistical support and maintenance in addition to 24 PC-21 aircraft. On 1 October 2014, the Qatar Air Force formally received its first batch of PC-21 trainers.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: On 23 May 2012, Saudi Arabia signed a £1.6 billion ($2.5 billion) contract for a comprehensive next-generation military pilot training system, comprising 22 BAE Systems Hawk advanced jet trainers in addition to 55 PC-21 trainers. In early June 2014, Pilatus commenced delivery of the first six PC-21s to Saudi Arabia; by the end of 2015, this had risen to 46 PC-21s delivered.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: The PC-21 was one of the submissions for the Royal Australian Air Force's project AIR 5428, which sought a replacement of its Pilatus PC-9s; in September 2015, it was announced that the consortium comprising Lockheed Martin, Pilatus and Hawker Pacific ("Team 21"), had won the bid to provide 49 PC-21s to the Australian Defence Force.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: In August 2015, Pilatus received a contract to deliver nine PC-9Ms to the Royal Jordanian Air Force, but in April 2016 changed the order to eight PC-21s. Deliveries were due to start in January 2017 under the original deal.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: In January 2017, Pilatus received a contract for 17 PC-21s by the French Department of Defense as a new training aircraft. On 31 August 2018, France's defence procurement agency Direction générale de l'armement announced the arrival of the first two PC-21s. The delivery of the remaining aircraft is scheduled to be completed in 2019.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: The PC-21 has been evaluated by the Spanish Air Force (along with the Beechcraft T-6 Texan II and the PZL-130 Orlik III), as a possible substitute for its ENAER T-35 Pillan and CASA C-101 Aviojet trainer aircraft. January 2020 saw the Spanish Air Force confirm an order for 24 PC-21 aircraft, which will replace mainly the CASA C-101 Aviojet, but will also take over advanced training which is currently carried out on the T-35 Pillan.


title: Pilatus PC-21

text: The Belgian Air Force is also considering the PC-21, among other platforms, to potentially replace its fleet of SF260 Marchetti trainers, which are nearing the end of their service lives.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: In numerical analysis, a quadrature rule is an approximation of the definite integral of a function, usually stated as a weighted sum of function values at specified points within the domain of integration. (See numerical integration for more on quadrature rules.) An -point Gaussian quadrature rule, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a quadrature rule constructed to yield an exact result for polynomials of degree or less by a suitable choice of the nodes and weights for . The modern formulation using orthogonal polynomials was developed by Carl Gustav Jacobi in 1826. The most common domain of integration for such a rule is taken as , so the rule is stated as


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: which is exact for polynomials of degree or less. This exact rule is known as the Gauss-Legendre quadrature rule. The quadrature rule will only be an accurate approximation to the integral above if is well-approximated by a polynomial of degree or less on .


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: The Gauss-Legendre quadrature rule is not typically used for integrable functions with endpoint singularities. Instead, if the integrand can be written as


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: where is well-approximated by a low-degree polynomial, then alternative nodes and weights will usually give more accurate quadrature rules. These are known as Gauss-Jacobi quadrature rules, i.e.,


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Common weights include formula_4 (Chebyshev–Gauss) and formula_5. One may also want to integrate over semi-infinite (Gauss-Laguerre quadrature) and infinite intervals (Gauss–Hermite quadrature).


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: It can be shown (see Press, et al., or Stoer and Bulirsch) that the quadrature nodes are the roots of a polynomial belonging to a class of orthogonal polynomials (the class orthogonal with respect to a weighted inner-product). This is a key observation for computing Gauss quadrature nodes and weights.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: For the simplest integration problem stated above, i.e., is well-approximated by polynomials on formula_6, the associated orthogonal polynomials are Legendre polynomials, denoted by . With the -th polynomial normalized to give , the -th Gauss node, , is the -th root of and the weights are given by the formula


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Some low-order quadrature rules are tabulated below (over interval , see the section below for other intervals).


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: An integral over must be changed into an integral over before applying the Gaussian quadrature rule. This change of interval can be done in the following way:


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Applying the formula_10 point Gaussian quadrature formula_11 rule then results in the following approximation:


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Use the two-point Gauss quadrature rule to approximate the distance in meters covered by a rocket from formula_13 to formula_14 as given by


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Change the limits so that one can use the weights and abscissas given in Table 1. Also, find the absolute relative true error. The true value is given as 11061.34 m.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: The integration problem can be expressed in a slightly more general way by introducing a positive weight function into the integrand, and allowing an interval other than . That is, the problem is to calculate


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: for some choices of , , and . For , , and , the problem is the same as that considered above. Other choices lead to other integration rules. Some of these are tabulated below. Equation numbers are given for Abramowitz and Stegun (A & S).


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Note that this will be true for all the orthogonal polynomials above, because each is constructed to be orthogonal to the other polynomials for , and is in the span of that set.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: If we pick the nodes to be the zeros of , then there exist weights which make the Gauss-quadrature computed integral exact for all polynomials of degree or less. Furthermore, all these nodes will lie in the open interval .


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: To prove the first part of this claim, let be any polynomial of degree or less. Divide it by the orthogonal polynomial to get


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: where is the quotient, of degree or less (because the sum of its degree and that of the divisor must equal that of the dividend), and is the remainder, also of degree or less (because the degree of the remainder is always less than that of the divisor). Since is by assumption orthogonal to all monomials of degree less than , it must be orthogonal to the quotient . Therefore


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Since the remainder is of degree or less, we can interpolate it exactly using interpolation points with Lagrange polynomials , where


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: where , the weight associated with the node , is defined to equal the weighted integral of (see below for other formulas for the weights). But all the are roots of , so the division formula above tells us that


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: This proves that for any polynomial of degree or less, its integral is given exactly by the Gaussian quadrature sum.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: To prove the second part of the claim, consider the factored form of the polynomial . Any complex conjugate roots will yield a quadratic factor that is either strictly positive or strictly negative over the entire real line. Any factors for roots outside the interval from to will not change sign over that interval. Finally, for factors corresponding to roots inside the interval from to that are of odd multiplicity, multiply by one more factor to make a new polynomial


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: This polynomial cannot change sign over the interval from to because all its roots there are now of even multiplicity. So the integral


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: since the weight function is always non-negative. But is orthogonal to all polynomials of degree or less, so the degree of the product


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: where formula_40 is the coefficient of formula_41 in formula_42. To prove this, note that using Lagrange interpolation one can express in terms of formula_43 as


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: because has degree less than and is thus fixed by the values it attains at different points. Multiplying both sides by and integrating from to yields


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: This integral expression for formula_47 can be expressed in terms of the orthogonal polynomials formula_48 and formula_49 as follows.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: where formula_51 is the coefficient of formula_52 in formula_48. Taking the limit of to formula_54 yields using L'Hôpital's rule


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: is a polynomial of degree which is then orthogonal to formula_48. So, if is a polynomial of at most nth degree we have


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: We can evaluate the integral on the right hand side for formula_62 as follows. Because formula_63 is a polynomial of degree , we have


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: The term in the brackets is a polynomial of degree formula_65, which is therefore orthogonal to formula_49. The integral can thus be written as


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: According to equation (), the weights are obtained by dividing this by formula_72 and that yields the expression in equation ().


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: formula_47 can also be expressed in terms of the orthogonal polynomials formula_48 and now formula_75. In the 3-term recurrence relation formula_76 the term with formula_77 vanishes, so formula_78 in Eq. (1) can be replaced by formula_79.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Clearly formula_83. Since the degree of formula_84 is less than formula_85, the Gaussian quadrature formula involving the weights and nodes obtained from formula_48 applies. Since formula_87 for j not equal to i, we have


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: There are many algorithms for computing the nodes and weights of Gaussian quadrature rules. The most popular are the Golub-Welsch algorithm requiring operations, Newton's method for solving formula_92 using the three-term recurrence for evaluation requiring operations, and asymptotic formulas for large "n" requiring operations.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Orthogonal polynomials formula_93 with formula_94 for formula_95 for a scalar product formula_96, degree formula_97 and leading coefficient one (i.e. monic orthogonal polynomials) satisfy the recurrence relation


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: for formula_100 where is the maximal degree which can be taken to be infinity, and where formula_101. First of all, the polynomials defined by the recurrence relation starting with formula_102 have leading coefficient one and correct degree. Given the starting point by formula_103, the orthogonality of formula_93 can be shown by induction. For formula_105 one has


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: all scalar products vanish except for the first one and the one where formula_110 meets the same orthogonal polynomial. Therefore,


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: However, if the scalar product satisfies formula_112 (which is the case for Gaussian quadrature), the recurrence relation reduces to a three-term recurrence relation: For formula_113 is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to . On the other hand, formula_93 is orthogonal to every polynomial of degree less than or equal to . Therefore, one has formula_115 and formula_116 for . The recurrence relation then simplifies to


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: The three-term recurrence relation can be written in matrix form formula_124 where formula_125, formula_126 is the formula_10th standard basis vector, i.e., formula_128, and is the so-called Jacobi matrix:


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: The zeros formula_130 of the polynomials up to degree , which are used as nodes for the Gaussian quadrature can be found by computing the eigenvalues of this tridiagonal matrix. This procedure is known as "Golub–Welsch algorithm".


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: For computing the weights and nodes, it is preferable to consider the symmetric tridiagonal matrix formula_131 with elements


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: The error of a Gaussian quadrature rule can be stated as follows . For an integrand which has continuous derivatives,


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: for some in , where is the monic (i.e. the leading coefficient is ) orthogonal polynomial of degree and where


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Stoer and Bulirsch remark that this error estimate is inconvenient in practice, since it may be difficult to estimate the order derivative, and furthermore the actual error may be much less than a bound established by the derivative. Another approach is to use two Gaussian quadrature rules of different orders, and to estimate the error as the difference between the two results. For this purpose, Gauss–Kronrod quadrature rules can be useful.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: If the interval is subdivided, the Gauss evaluation points of the new subintervals never coincide with the previous evaluation points (except at zero for odd numbers), and thus the integrand must be evaluated at every point. "Gauss–Kronrod rules" are extensions of Gauss quadrature rules generated by adding points to an -point rule in such a way that the resulting rule is of order . This allows for computing higher-order estimates while re-using the function values of a lower-order estimate. The difference between a Gauss quadrature rule and its Kronrod extension is often used as an estimate of the approximation error.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: Also known as Lobatto quadrature , named after Dutch mathematician Rehuel Lobatto. It is similar to Gaussian quadrature with the following differences:


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: here formula_144denotes the standard Legendre polynomial of m-th degree and the dash denotes the derivative.


title: Gaussian quadrature

text: An adaptive variant of this algorithm with 2 interior nodes is found in GNU Octave and MATLAB as codice_1 and codice_2.


title: Ralph Tresvant

text: Ralph Edward Tresvant (born May 16, 1968) is an American singer, songwriter, actor and record producer, best known as the lead singer of R&B group New Edition. As a solo artist, Tresvant released the album "Ralph Tresvant" (1990). In 2008, he began touring with Bobby Brown and Johnny Gill in a new group named Heads of State.


title: Ralph Tresvant

text: Tresvant was born on May 16, 1968, in the Roxbury section of Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Patricia Tresvant and Ralph Hall. Tresvant grew up enjoying music with his younger siblings, sister LaTonya and brother Andre. When some junior high school friends got the idea to put a group together, Tresvant and three others – Bobby Brown, Ricky Bell and Michael Bivins – started performing at local talent shows. They were spotted by a local up-and-coming producer and songwriter, Brooke Payne, a local manager and choreographer, who encountered the boys at a local talent show in Roxbury.


title: Ralph Tresvant

text: After an audition for Payne, he gave them the name New Edition to signify they were a new edition of the Jackson 5. Maurice Starr, who wanted to create a "newer edition" of the pop act The Jackson 5, signed them to his independent Streetwise Records label and a fifth member, Ronnie DeVoe (Payne's nephew), was added to the group. Releasing their debut album, "Candy Girl", in 1983. The album was a successful launching pad for the group, spawning the teen-oriented hit singles "Popcorn Love," "Is This the End," "Jealous Girl" and the title track.


title: Ralph Tresvant

text: After a dispute over money, New Edition left Starr's management and record label and signed with major label MCA Records, which released the group's self-titled second album. Tresvant's smooth, approachable vocal style had become a signature for the group, and the hits continued, including the Top Five smash single "Cool It Now."


title: Ralph Tresvant

text: Quiet and shy, Tresvant was initially apprehensive about the idea of recording a solo project. Tresvant felt as if the members of the group were not showing him the acknowledgment that he thought he deserved. However, after witnessing the huge success of Bobby Brown's solo albums and of Ronnie DeVoe, Ricky Bell and Michael Bivins' Bell Biv Devoe side project, Tresvant eventually relented. His self-titled debut was released in 1990. The lead single "Sensitivity" spent 20 weeks on the U.S. R&B Singles chart, including two weeks at Number One. The album also included the Top 5 hit singles "Do What I Gotta Do" and "Stone Cold Gentleman", the latter of which features guest vocals from former band member Bobby Brown. Tresvant's self-titled debut album sold two million copies, achieving double-platinum status.


title: Ralph Tresvant

text: Tresvant's vocals were also featured on songs on the soundtracks for the films "Mo' Money" ("Money Can't Buy You Love") and "The Preacher's Wife" ("Somebody Bigger Than You and I"). He made a cameo appearance in the popular urban comedy "House Party 2" which featured his two singles for the film's soundtrack, "Rated-R" and " Yo Baby Yo " .


title: Ralph Tresvant

text: Tresvant is a radio show DJ on The BASS of Boston WZBR 1410 AM. The show "Inside the Ride with Ralph Tresvant" premiered on Monday, September 5, 2016.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Werner Eduard Fritz von Blomberg (2 September 1878 – 13 March 1946) was a German General Staff officer and the first Minister of War in Adolf Hitler's government. After serving on the Western Front in World War I, Blomberg was appointed chief of the "Truppenamt" ("Troop Office") during the Weimar Republic. Following the Nazis' rise to power, he was named Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief of the German Armed Forces. In this capacity, Blomberg played a central role in Germany's military build-up during the years leading to World War II. However, by 20 January 1938, he was forced to resign after his rivals, Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, presented Hitler with evidence that his wife had posed in the past for pornographic photos.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Born in Stargard, Germany (now Stargard, Poland), in the illegitimate line of a noble Baltic German family, Werner von Blomberg joined the army in 1897 and attended the Prussian Military Academy in 1904. In April 1904, he married Charlotte Hellmich. The couple had five children.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Graduated from the academy in 1907, Blomberg entered the German General Staff in 1908. Serving with distinction on the Western Front during the First World War, Blomberg was awarded the "Pour le Mérite".


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: In 1920, Blomberg was appointed chief of staff of the Döberitz Brigade; in 1921, he was appointed chief of staff of the Stuttgart Army Area. In 1925, General Hans von Seeckt appointed him chief of army training. By 1927, Blomberg was a major-general and chief of the Troop Office (""), the thin disguise for the German General Staff, which had been forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: In 1928, Blomberg visited the Soviet Union, where he was much impressed by the high status of the Red Army, and left a convinced believer in the value of totalitarian dictatorship as the prerequisite for military power.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: This was part of a broader shift on the part of the German military to the idea of a totalitarian "Wehrstaat" () which, beginning in the mid-1920s, became increasingly popular with military officers. The German historian Eberhard Kolb wrote that:


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg's visit to the Soviet Union in 1928 confirmed his view that totalitarian power fosters the greatest military power. Blomberg believed the next world war, as the previous one, would become a total war, requiring full mobilization of German society and economy by the state, and that a totalitarian state would best prepare society in peacetime, militarily and economically, for war. As most of Nazi Germany's military elite, Blomberg took for granted that, for Germany to achieve the world power that it had unsuccessfully sought in the First World War would require another war, and that such a war would be total war of a highly mechanized, industrial type.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: In 1929, Blomberg came into conflict with General Kurt von Schleicher at the "Truppenamt" and was removed from his post and appointed military commander in East Prussia. Early that year, Schleicher had started a policy of "frontier defense" ("Grenzschutz") under which the Reichswehr would stockpile arms in secret depots and begin training volunteers beyond the limits imposed by the Treaty of Versailles in the eastern parts of Germany bordering Poland; in order to avoid incidents with France, there was to be no such "Grenzschutz" in western Germany.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: The French planned to withdraw from the Rhineland in June 1930 – five years earlier than specified by the Treaty of Versailles – and Schleicher wanted no violations of the Treaty that might seem to threaten France before French troops left the Rhineland. When Blomberg, whom Schleicher personally disliked, insisted on extending "Grenzschutz" to areas bordering France, Schleicher in August 1929 leaked to the press that Blomberg had attended armed maneuvers by volunteers in Westphalia. Defence Minister General Wilhelm Groener called Blomberg to Berlin to explain himself. Blomberg expected Schleicher to stick to the traditional "Reichswehr" policy of denying everything, and was shocked to see Schleicher instead attack him in front of Groener as a man who had recklessly exposed Germany to the risk of providing the French with an excuse to remain in the Rhineland until 1935.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: As a result, Blomberg was demoted from command of the "Truppenamt" and sent to command a division in East Prussia. Blomberg would later emerge as Schleicher's most powerful enemy within the "Reichswehr". Since East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany and had only one infantry division stationed there, Blomberg—to increase the number of fighting men in the event of a war with Poland—started to make lists of all the men fit for military service, which further increased the attraction of a totalitarian state able to mobilize an entire society for war to him, and of an ideologically motivated "levée en masse" as the best way to fight the next war. During his time as commander of Wehrkreis I, the military district which comprised East Prussia, Blomberg fell under the influence of a Nazi-sympathizing Lutheran chaplain, Ludwig Müller, who introduced Blomberg to Nazism. Blomberg cared little for Nazi doctrines "per se", his support for the Nazis being motivated by his belief that only a dictatorship could make Germany a great military power again, and that the Nazis were the best party to establish a dictatorship in Germany.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Because he had the command of only one infantry division in East Prussia, Blomberg depended very strongly on "Grenzschutz" to increase the number of fighting men available. This led him to co-operate closely with the SA as a source of volunteers for "Grenzschutz" forces. Blomberg had excellent relations with the SA at this time, which led to the SA serving by 1931 as an unofficial militia backing up the "Reichswehr". Many generals saw East Prussia as an model for future Army-Nazi co-operation all over Germany.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg's interactions with the SA in East Prussia led him to the conclusion that Nazis made for excellent soldiers, which further increased the appeal of Nazism for him. But at the same time, Blomberg saw the SA only as a junior partner to the Army, and utterly opposed the SA's ambitions to replace the "Reichswehr" as Germany's main military force. Blomberg, like almost all German generals, envisioned a future Nazi-Army relationship where the Nazis would indoctrinate ordinary people with the right sort of ultra-nationalist, militarist values so that when young German men joined the "Reichswehr" they would be already half-converted into soldiers while at the same time making it clear that control of military matters would rest solely with the generals. In 1931, he visited the US, where he openly proclaimed his belief in the certainty and the benefits of a Nazi government for Germany. Blomberg's first wife Charlotte died on 11 May 1932, leaving him with two sons and three daughters.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: In 1932, Blomberg served as part of the German delegation to the World Disarmament Conference in Geneva where, during his time as the German chief military delegate, he not only continued his pro-Nazi remarks to the press, but used his status as Germany's chief military delegate to communicate his views to Paul von Hindenburg, whose position as President of Germany made him German Supreme Commander in Chief.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: In his reports to Hindenburg, Blomberg wrote that his arch-rival Schleicher's attempts to create the "Wehrstaat" had clearly failed, and that Germany needed a new approach to forming the "Wehrstaat". By late January 1933, it was clear that the Schleicher government could only stay in power by proclaiming martial law and by authorizing the "Reichswehr" to crush popular opposition. In doing so, the military would have to kill hundreds, if not thousands of German civilians; any régime established in this way could never expect to build the national consensus necessary to create the "Wehrstaat". The military had decided that Hitler alone was capable of peacefully creating the national consensus that would allow the creation of the "Wehrstaat", and thus the military successfully brought pressure on Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor. Blomberg served as one of the main channels by which the "Reichswehr" informed Hindenburg of their wish to see Hitler become Chancellor.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: In late January 1933, President Hindenburg—without informing the chancellor, Schleicher, or the army commander, General Kurt von Hammerstein—recalled Blomberg from the World Disarmament Conference to return to Berlin. Upon learning of this, Schleicher guessed correctly that the order to recall Blomberg to Berlin meant his own government was doomed. When Blomberg arrived at the railroad station in Berlin on 28 January 1933, he was met by two officers, Adolf-Friedrich Kuntzen and Oskar von Hindenburg, adjutant and son of President Hindenburg. Kuntzen had orders from Hammerstein for Blomberg to report at once to the Defense Ministry, while Oskar von Hindenburg had orders for Blomberg to report directly to the Palace of the Reich President.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Over and despite Kuntzen's protests, Blomberg chose to go with Hindenburg to meet the president, who swore him in as defense minister. This was done in a manner contrary to the Weimar constitution, under which the president could only swear in a minister after receiving the advice of the chancellor. Hindenburg had not consulted Schleicher about his wish to see Blomberg replace him as defense minister because in late January 1933, there were wild (and untrue) rumors circulating in Berlin that Schleicher was planning to stage a "putsch". To counter alleged plans of a "putsch" by Schleicher, Hindenburg wanted to remove Schleicher as defense minister as soon as possible.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Two days later, on 30 January 1933, Hindenburg swore in Adolf Hitler as Chancellor, after telling him that Blomberg was to be his defense minister regardless of his wishes. Hitler for his part welcomed and accepted Blomberg. Hitler told Blomberg, much to his satisfaction, that he wanted the Army to continue to be the main military force of the "Reich".


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: In 1933, Blomberg rose to national prominence when he was appointed Minister of Defense in Hitler's government. Blomberg became one of Hitler's most devoted followers and worked feverishly to expand the size and the power of the army. Blomberg was made a colonel general for his services in 1933. Although Blomberg and his predecessor, Kurt von Schleicher, loathed each other, their feud was purely personal, not political, and in all essentials, Blomberg and Schleicher had identical views on foreign and defense policies. Their dispute was simply over who was best qualified to carry out the policies, not the policies themselves.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg was chosen personally by Hindenburg as a man he trusted to safeguard the interests of the Defense Ministry and could be expected to work well with Hitler. Above all, Hindenburg saw Blomberg as a man who would safeguard the German military's traditional "state within the state" status dating back to Prussian times under which the military did not take orders from the civilian government, headed by the chancellor, but co-existed as an equal alongside the civilian government because of its allegiance only to the head of state, not the chancellor, who was the head of government. Until 1918, the head of state had been the emperor, and since 1925, it had been Hindenburg himself. Defending the military "state within the state" and trying to reconcile the military to the Nazis was to be one of Blomberg's major concerns as a defense minister.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg was an ardent supporter of the Nazi regime and cooperated with it in many capacities, including serving on the Academy for German Law. On 20 July 1933, Blomberg had a new Army Law passed, which ended the jurisdiction of civil courts over the military and extinguished the theoretical right for the military to elect councils although that right, despite being guaranteed by the Weimar Constitution in 1919, had never been put into practice.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg's first act as defense minister was to carry out a purge of the officers associated with his hated archenemy, Schleicher. Blomberg sacked Ferdinand von Bredow as chief of the "Ministeramt" and replaced him with General Walter von Reichenau, Eugen Ott was dismissed as chief of the "Wehramt" and sent to Japan as a military attaché and General Wilhelm Adam was sacked as chief of the "Truppenamt" (the disguised General Staff) and replaced with Ludwig Beck. The British historian Sir John Wheeler-Bennett wrote about the "ruthless" way that Blomberg set about isolating and undermining the power of the army commander-in-chief, a close associate of Schleicher, General Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord, to the point that in February 1934 Hammerstein finally resigned in despair, as his powers had become more nominal than real. With Hammerstein's resignation, the entire Schleicher faction that had dominated the army since 1926 had been removed from their positions within the High Command. Wheeler-Bennett commented that as a military politician Blomberg was every bit as ruthless, as Schleicher had been. The resignation of Hammerstein caused a crisis in military-civil relations when Hitler attempted to appoint as his successor Reichenau, a man who was not acceptable to the majority of the "Reichswehr". Blomberg supported the attempt to appoint Reichenau, but reflecting the power of the "state within the state", certain Army officers appealed to Hindenburg, which led to Werner von Fritsch being appointed instead.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Far more serious than dealing with the followers of Schleicher was Blomberg's relations with the SA. He was resolutely opposed to any effort to subject the military to the control of the Nazi Party or that of any of its affiliated organizations such as the SA or the SS, and throughout his time as a minister, he fought fiercely to protect the institutional autonomy of the military.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: By the autumn of 1933, Blomberg had come into conflict with Ernst Röhm, who made it clear that he wanted to see the SA absorb the "Reichswehr", a prospect that Blomberg was determined to prevent at all costs. In December 1933, he made clear to Hitler his displeasure about Röhm being appointed to the Cabinet. In February 1934, when Röhm penned a memo about the SA absorbing the "Reichswehr" to become the new military force, Blomberg informed Hitler that the Army would never accept it under any conditions. On 28 February 1934, Hitler ruled the "Reichswehr" would be the main military force, and the SA was to remain a political organization. Despite the ruling, Röhm continued to press for a greater role for the SA. In March 1934, Blomberg and Röhm began openly fighting each other at cabinet meetings and exchanging insults and threats. As a result of his increasingly-heated feud with Röhm, Blomberg warned Hitler that he must curb the ambitions of the SA, or the Army would do so itself.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: To defend the military "state within the state", Blomberg followed a strategy of Nazifying the military more and more in a paradoxical effort to persuade Hitler that it was not necessary to end the traditional "state within the state" to prevent "Gleichschaltung" being imposed by engaging in what can be called a process of "self-Gleichschaltung".


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: In February 1934, Blomberg, on his own initiative, had all of the men considered to be Jews serving in the "Reichswehr" given an automatic and immediate dishonorable discharge. As a result, 74 soldiers lost their jobs for having "Jewish blood". The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, enacted in April 1933, had excluded Jews who were First World War veterans and did not apply to the military. Thereby, Blomberg's discharge order was his way of circumventing the law and went beyond what even the Nazis then wanted. The German historian Wolfram Wette called the order "an act of proactive obedience".


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: The German historian wrote that Blomberg's anti-Semitic purge in early 1934 was part of his increasingly-savage feud with Röhm, who since the summer of 1933 had been drawing unfavorable comparisons between the "racial purity" of his SA, which had no members with "Jewish" blood, and the "Reichswehr", which had some. Müller wrote that Blomberg wanted to show Hitler that the "Reichswehr" was even more loyal and ideologically sound than was the SA and that purging "Reichswehr" members who could be considered Jewish without being ordered to do so was an excellent way to demonstrate loyalty within the Nazi regime. As both the Army and the Navy had longstanding policies of refusing to accept Jews, there were no Jews to purge within the military. Instead, Blomberg used the Nazi racial definition of a Jew in his purge. None of the men given dishonorable discharges themselves practiced Judaism, but they were the sons or grandsons of Jews who had converted to Christianity and thus were considered to be "racially" Jewish.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg ordered every member of the "Reichswehr" to submit documents to their officers and that anyone who was a "non-Aryan" or refused to submit documents would be dishonorably discharged. As a result, seven officers, eight officer cadets, 13 NCOs and 28 privates from the Army, and three officers, four officer candidates, three NCOs and four sailors from the Navy were dishonorably discharged, together with four civilian employees of the Defense Ministry. With the exception of Erich von Manstein, who complained that Blomberg had ruined the careers of 70 men for something that was not their fault, there were no objections. Again, on his own initiative as part of "self-Gleichschaltung", Blomberg had the "Reichswehr" in May 1934 adopt Nazi symbols into their uniforms. In 1935, Blomberg worked hard to ensure that the Wehrmacht complied with the Nuremberg Laws by preventing any so-called "Mischling" from serving.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg had a reputation as something of a lackey to Hitler. As such, he was nicknamed "Rubber Lion" by some of his critics in the army who were less than enthusiastic about Hitler. One of the few notable exceptions was during the run-up to the Night of the Long Knives from 30 June to 2 July 1934. In early June, Hindenburg decided that unless Hitler did something to end the growing political tension in Germany, he would declare martial law and turn over control of the government to the army. Blomberg, who had been known to oppose the growing power of the SA, was chosen to inform Hitler of that decision on the president's behalf. When Hitler arrived at Hindenburg's estate at Neudeck on 21 June 1934, he was greeted by Blomberg on the steps leading into the estate. Wheeler-Bennett wrote that Hitler was faced with "a von Blomberg no longer the affable 'Rubber Lion' or the adoring 'Hitler-Junge Quex', but embodying all the stern ruthlessness of the Prussian military caste".


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg bluntly informed Hitler that Hindenburg was highly displeased with the recent developments and was seriously considering dismissing Hitler as chancellor if he did not rein in the SA at once. When Hitler met Hindenburg, the latter insisted for Blomberg to attend the meeting as a sign of his confidence in the Defense Minister. The meeting lasted half-an-hour, and Hindenburg repeated the threat to dismiss Hitler.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg was aware of least in general of the purge that Hitler began planning after the Neudeck meeting. The conversations between Blomberg and Hitler in late June 1934 were generally not recorded, which makes it difficult to determine how much Blomberg knew, but he was definitely aware of what Hitler had decided to do. On 25 June 1934, the military was placed in a state of alert, and on 28 June, Röhm was expelled from the League of German Officers. The decision to expel Röhm was part of Blomberg's effort to maintain the "honor" of the German military. Röhm being executed as a traitor from the League would besmirch the honor of the reputation of the League in general. The same thinking later led to those officers involved in the "putsch" attempt of 20 July 1944 to be dishonorably discharged before they were tried for treason as a way of upholding military "honor."


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Wheeler-Bennett wrote that the fact that Blomberg instigated the expulsion of Röhm from the League just two days before Röhm was arrested on charges of high treason proved he knew what was coming. Röhm had been quite open about his homosexuality ever since he had been outed in 1925 after the publication in a newspaper of his love letters to a former boyfriend. Wheeler-Bennett found highly implausible Blomberg's claim that a homosexual would not be allowed to be a member of the League of German Officers. On 29 June 1934, an article by Blomberg appeared in the official newspaper of the Nazi Party, the "Völkischer Beobachter", stating that the military was behind Hitler and would support him whatever he did.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: In the same year, after Hindenburg's death on 2 August, as part of his "self-Gleichschaltung" strategy, Blomberg personally ordered all soldiers in the army and all sailors in the Navy to pledge the "oath of allegiance to Adolf Hitler" not to "People and Fatherland" but to the new "Führer", which is thought to have limited later opposition to Hitler. The oath was the initiative of Blomberg and the "Ministeramt" chief General Walther von Reichenau. The entire military took the oath to Hitler, who was most surprised at the offer. Thus, the popular view that Hitler imposed the oath on the military is incorrect.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: On the other hand, Hitler had long expected Hindenburg's death and had planned on taking power anyhow and so could he have very well convinced Von Blomberg to implement such an oath long before the actual implementation took place.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: The intention of Blomberg and Reichenau in having the military swear an oath to Hitler was to create a personal special bond between Hitler and the military, which was intended to tie Hitler more tightly towards the military and away from the Nazi Party. Blomberg later admitted that he had not thought the full implications of the oath at the time. As part of his defense of the military "state within the state", Blomberg fought against the attempts of the SS to create a military wing.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Heinrich Himmler repeatedly insisted that the SS needed a military wing to crush any attempt at a communist revolution before Blomberg conceded in the idea, which eventually become the Waffen-SS. Blomberg's relations with the SS were badly strained in late 1934 to early 1935 when it was discovered that the SS had bugged the offices of the "Abwehr" chief, Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. That led Blomberg to warn Hitler the military would not tolerate being spied upon. In response to Blomberg's protests, Hitler gave orders that the SS could not spy upon the military, no member of the military could be arrested by the police, and cases of suspected "political unreliability" in the military were to be investigated solely by the military police.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: On 21 May 1935, the Ministry of Defense was renamed the Ministry of War ("Reichskriegsministerium"); Blomberg also was given the title of Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces ("Wehrmacht"), a title no other German officer had ever held. Hitler remained the Supreme Commander of the military in his capacity as Head of State, the Führer of Germany. On 20 April 1936, the loyal Blomberg became the first "Generalfeldmarschall" appointed by Hitler. On 30 January 1937 to mark the fourth anniversary of the Nazi regime, Hitler personally presented the Golden Party Badge to the remaining non-Nazi members of the cabinet, including Blomberg, and enrolled him in the Party (membership number 3,805,226).


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: In December 1936, a crisis was created within the German decision-making machinery when General Wilhelm Faupel, the chief German officer in Spain, started to demand the dispatch of three German divisions to fight in the Spanish Civil War as the only way for victory. That was strongly opposed by the Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath, who wanted to limit the German involvement in Spain.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: At a conference held at the Reich Chancellery on 21 December 1936 attended by Hitler, Hermann Göring, Blomberg, Neurath, General Werner von Fritsch, General Walter Warlimont and Faupel, Blomberg argued against Faupel that an all-out German drive for victory in Spain would be too likely to cause a general war before Germany had rearmed properly. He stated that even if otherwise, it would consume money better spent on military modernization. Blomberg prevailed against Faupel.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Unfortunately for Blomberg, his position as the ranking officer of Nazi Germany alienated Hermann Göring, Hitler's second-in-command and Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, Germany's air force, and Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS, the security organization of the Nazi Party, and concurrently the chief of all police forces of Germany, who conspired to oust him from power. Göring, in particular, had ambitions of becoming Commander-in-Chief himself of the entire military.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: On 5 November 1937, the conference between the Reich's top military–foreign policy leadership and Hitler recorded in the so-called Hossbach Memorandum occurred. At the conference, Hitler stated that it was the time for war or, more accurately wars, as what Hitler envisioned would be a series of localized wars in Central and Eastern Europe in the near future. Hitler argued that because the wars were necessary to provide Germany with "Lebensraum", autarky and the arms race with France and the United Kingdom made it imperative to act before the Western powers developed an insurmountable lead in the arms race.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Of those invited to the conference, objections arose from Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath, Blomberg and the Army Commander-in-Chief, General Werner von Fritsch, that any German aggression in Eastern Europe was bound to trigger a war against France because of the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, the so-called "cordon sanitaire", and if a Franco–German war broke out, Britain was almost certain to intervene rather than risk the prospect of France's defeat. Moreover, it was objected that Hitler's assumption was flawed that Britain and France would just ignore the projected wars because they had started their rearmament later than Germany had.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Accordingly, Fritsch, Blomberg and Neurath advised Hitler to wait until Germany had more time to rearm before pursuing a high-risk strategy of localized wars that was likely to trigger a general war before Germany was ready. None of those present at the conference had any moral objections to Hitler's strategy with which they basically agreed; only the question of timing divided them.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: After the Hossbach Memorandum meeting of November 1937, Blomberg was one of the few who criticized Hitler's plans to go to war no later than 1942, much to Hitler's displeasure, but by early 1938, he had changed his mind on that issue.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Göring and Himmler found an opportunity to strike against Blomberg in January 1938, when the 59-year-old general married his second wife, Erna Gruhn (1913–1978, sometimes referred to as "Eva" or "Margarete"). Blomberg had been a widower since the death of his first wife, Charlotte, in 1932. Gruhn was a 25-year-old typist and secretary, but the Berlin police had a long criminal file on her and her mother, a former prostitute. Among the reports was information that Erna Gruhn had posed for pornographic photos in 1932.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: That was reported to the Berlin police chief, Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorf, who went to Wilhelm Keitel with the file on the new Mrs. Blomberg. Helldorff said he was uncertain about what to do. Keitel, seeing a chance to destroy Blomberg's career, told Helldorf to take the file to Göring, which he did.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Göring, who had served as best man to Blomberg at the wedding, used the file to argue Blomberg was unfit to serve as a war minister. Göring then informed Hitler, who had been present at the wedding. Hitler ordered Blomberg to annul the marriage to avoid a scandal and to preserve the integrity of the army. The upcoming wedding of one of Blomberg's daughters, Dorothea, would have been threatened by scandal. She was engaged to Karl-Heinz Keitel, the eldest son of Wilhelm Keitel. Blomberg refused to end his marriage but when Göring threatened to make public the pasts of Erna Gruhn and her mother, Blomberg was forced to resign his posts to prevent that, which he did on 27 January 1938. His daughter was married in May the same year.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: As a consequence, Hitler took personal command of the military; he retained the title of Supreme Commander, abolished the Ministry of War and in its place created the High Command of the Armed Forces (OKW) under his control, to be the supervisory body of the Wehrmacht (armed forces). Keitel, who would be promoted to the rank of field marshal in 1940, and Blomberg's former right-hand man would be appointed by Hitler as the Chief of the OKW of the Armed Forces. Keitel thus became "de facto" Minister of War.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: A few days later, Göring and Himmler accused "Generaloberst" Werner von Fritsch, the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, of being a homosexual. Hitler used these opportunities for a major reorganization of the Wehrmacht. Fritsch was later acquitted; together, the events became known as the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: "Generalfeldmarschall" von Blomberg and his wife went on a honeymoon for a year to the island of Capri. Admiral Erich Raeder decided that Blomberg needed to commit suicide to atone for his marriage, and dispatched an officer to Italy, who followed the Blombergs around on their honeymoon and persistently and unsuccessfully tried to force Blomberg to commit suicide. The officer at one point even tried to force a gun into Blomberg's hands, but he declined to end his life. Spending World War II in obscurity, Blomberg was arrested by the Allies in 1945 and later gave evidence at the Nuremberg trials.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg's health declined rapidly while he was in detention at Nuremberg. He faced the contempt of his former colleagues and the intention of his young wife to abandon him. It is possible that he manifested symptoms of cancer as early as 1939. On 12 October 1945, he noted in his diary that he weighed slightly over . He was diagnosed with colorectal cancer on 20 February 1946. Resigned to his fate and gripped by depression, he spent the final weeks of his life refusing to eat.


title: Werner von Blomberg

text: Blomberg died on 13 March 1946. His body was buried without ceremony in an unmarked grave. His remains were later cremated and interred in his residence in Bad Wiessee.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: Camila Giorgi (; born 30 December 1991) is an Italian professional tennis player. She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 26, achieved on 22 October 2018. She is the current Italian No. 2, after Martina Trevisan.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: After winning her first ITF title in 2009, Giorgi made her Grand Slam and main-draw debut at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships. Giorgi reached the fourth round of the 2012 Wimbledon Championships in just her second appearance at the tournament. After her successful run at the championships, she made her top-100 debut in the WTA rankings. The following year, she followed it up with a third-round run at the Wimbledon Championships, and made her second Grand Slam fourth round at the US Open. She reached her first Grand Slam quarterfinal at the 2018 Wimbledon Championships, six years after her Wimbledon breakout. Giorgi reached her first WTA Tour final in 2014 at the Katowice Open, and then won her first title at the Rosmalen Open. She won the biggest title of her career at the 2021 National Bank Open in Montréal, defeating former world No. 1, Karolína Plíšková, in the final.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: Giorgi is known for her aggressive style of game and her powerful flat groundstrokes, and is considered to be one of the hardest hitters of the ball on the tour. Her most notable professional wins have come at the 2013 US Open, Indian Wells Open, and Eastbourne International, defeating former world No. 1 players Caroline Wozniacki, Maria Sharapova, and Victoria Azarenka, respectively.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: Giorgi was born in Macerata, Italy, to Jewish parents Claudia Gabriella Fullone and Sergio Giorgi, an Argentine of Italian descent who emigrated to Italy from La Plata. Her father was drafted in Argentina in 1982 and fought in the Falklands War against the British, while her mother is a fashion designer. Now, her father coaches her full-time while her mother designs her dresses for tennis matches. She is Jewish and considered emigrating to Israel in 2012, after her father opened negotiations with the Israel Tennis Association (ITA) over the financial terms for her immigration to Israel.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: As of September 2013, the Giorgi family was based in the Italian city of Pisa. Giorgi is quadrilingual, speaking Spanish, Italian, French, and English.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: There are four children in Giorgi's family. In addition to her older brother Leandro, who is studying to become an actor, her younger brother Amadeus is a football player, who currently plays for Serie D club A.C.D. Campodarsego. She had a sister named Antonela who died in a car accident in Paris.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: Following an initial interest in artistic gymnastics, Giorgi decided to devote herself to tennis after assisting in her brother's training, when she was five years old. She was subjected to hard training by her father, Sergio. Two years later, 1976 French Open champion Adriano Panatta said of her: "It's the first time I play a girl who plays like Andre Agassi." In 2000, she was spotted by tennis coach Nick Bollettieri, who subsequently offered her seven months of training (previously offered only to Maria Sharapova).


title: Camila Giorgi

text: In November 2005, she reached the final of the Nike Junior Tour, but was defeated by Zuzana Luknárová from Slovakia. Giorgi reached the final at the Sey Development Cup in the Czech Republic, and the round of 16 at the Astrid Bowl in Belgium.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: Giorgi started with $10k tournaments, and obtained her first significant results reaching two semifinals in Baku and Jakarta. At the end of the season, she took part in her first $25k tournament. She closed 2006 with ten wins and seven losses, and as the 944th in the WTA rankings.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: She obtained her best results in 2007 in September at Limoges in France, reaching the quarterfinals in a $10k tournament; then in $25k tournaments that she played at the end of the season, in December, in Lagos, Nigeria, where she reached the quarterfinals.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: Giorgi started 2008 playing several tournaments in France, where she lived with her family. In May, she played for the first time qualifying for a major tournament circuit, thanks to a wildcard obtained at the Italian Open. She lost to Jill Craybas, No. 66 in the world, in a third set tie-breaker. She also played in the first round of the main draw in Rome-Tevere Remo (25k), Contrexéville (50k), and Rimini (75k). In Martina Franca (25k), she qualified and reached the second round. In November, in Saint Denis (La Réunion, 25k), she reached the quarterfinals. Giorgi finished the year 480th in the WTA rankings.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: At the beginning of the 2009 season, Giorgi played few tournaments, failing to qualify for the main draw. She achieved her first important results in April, when she qualified for and reached the quarterfinals of two $25k tournaments. After some successes in tournaments in France, Giorgi won her first ITF tournament in August, in Katowice (25k), starting again from qualifying and defeating players such as Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová (ranked No. 105) and, in the final, Ksenia Pervak (No. 135). After another quarterfinal in Nantes (50k), Giorgi ended with the victory in a $50k tournament in Toronto. With these two successes, she ended the year with 33 wins and 12 defeats, and reached No. 285 in the rankings.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: The 2010 season began poorly for Giorgi, as she suffered three first-round losses in the first three months of the year. In June, she reached the final of a $25k tournament, in Bratislava. In the summer, she played several tournaments in America, where she went to live (in Miami, with her family), without remarkable results. In August, trying for the first time to qualify for a Grand Slam tournament – the US Open – she was defeated in the first round. However, in October, Camila won (losing only one set, in the first round) a $25k tournament in Rock Hill, South Carolina.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: In February, Giorgi reached the semifinals at two ITF events, but her best result came in May, when she reached the final of a $50k tournament in Raleigh, North Carolina, and a week later triumphed in Carson ($50k), yielding a single set and dominating the semifinal with an unprecedented double bagel.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: In June, at Wimbledon, Giorgi passed the qualifiers and reached her first appearance in a major, but she lost in the first round to eventual quarterfinalist Tsvetana Pironkova. Giorgi reached semifinals of two other tournaments before closing the year with 36 wins and 21 defeats, and 149th in the WTA rankings, reaching her best ranking in October when she was No. 141 in the world.


title: Camila Giorgi

text: Giorgi began season by playing at the $25k tournament in Innisbrook, Florida. As the top seed, she lost in the second round to Jessica Pegula. Then, she competed at the $25k tournament in Plantation, Florida. Seeded second, she was defeated in the first round by Johanna Konta. In February, Giorgi played in her WTA tournament of the year at the Memphis International. Seeded fourth for qualifying, she made it to the main draw beating Naomi Broady and sixth seed Chichi Scholl. In the first round, she stunned top-seed Nadia Petrova, 6–4, 6–2. In the second round, she lost to Stéphanie Foretz Gacon, 5–7, 4–6. During the week of 5 March, Giorgi competed at the $25k tournament in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. As the second seed, she reached the semifinals where she was defeated by Madison Brengle. Next, Giorgi was the top seed at the $25k tournament in Clearwater, Florida. She made it from qualifying all the way to the quarterfinals where she was stopped by Stefanie Vögele.