title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: The age of the Lombard kingdom was, especially in Italy, devalued as a long reign of barbarism in the midst of the "Dark Ages". A period of confusion and dispersion, marked by the abandoned ruins of a glorious past and still in search of new identity; see, for example, the verses of Manzoni's Adelchi:


title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: Sergio Rovagnati defines the continuing negative prejudice against the Lombards as "a sort of "damnatio memoriae"", common to that given often to all the protagonists of the barbarian invasions. The most recent historiographical guidelines, however, have largely reassessed the Lombard era of the history of Italy. The German historian Jörg Jarnut pointed out all the elements that constitute the historical importance of the Lombard kingdom.


title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: The historical bipartition of Italy that has, for centuries, directed the North towards Central-Western Europe and the South, instead, to the Mediterranean area dates back to the separation between "Langobardia Major" and "Langobardia Minor", while Lombard law influenced the Italian legal system for a long time, and was not completely abandoned even after the rediscovery of Roman law in the 11th and 12th centuries. Lombard, a Germanic language, made a large contribution to the formation of the Italian language in the sense that it hastened the population's detachment from vulgar Latin, causing it to take on autonomous forms known as Neo-Latin.


title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: Regarding the role played by the Lombards within the emerging Europe, Jarnut shows that, after the decline of the kingdom of the Visigoths and during the period of weakness of the kingdom of the Franks in the Merovingian era, Pavia was about to take a guiding role for the West after determining, by tearing a large part of Italy from the dominance of the "Basileus", the final boundary line between the Latin-Germanic West and the Greek-Byzantine East.


title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: The rise of the Lombards in Europe was halted, however, by the growing power of the Frankish kingdom under Charlemagne, who inflicted decisive defeats on the last kings of the Lombards. The military defeat, however, did not correspond to a disappearance of the Lombard culture: Claudio Azzara states that "the same Carolingian Italy is configured, in fact, as a Lombard Italy, in the constituent elements of society and culture".


title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: The persistent injury historiography on the "Dark Ages" has long cast shadows on the Lombard kingdom, averting the interest of writers from that period. Few literary works have been set in Italy between the 6th and 8th centuries; between them, relevant exceptions are those of Giulio Cesare Croce and Alessandro Manzoni. More recently the Friulian writer Marco Salvador has devoted a fiction trilogy to the Lombard kingdom.


title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: The figure of Bertoldo/Berthold, a humble and clever farmer from Retorbido, who lived during the reign of Alboin (568-572), inspired many oral traditions throughout the Middle Ages and early modern period. In them the 17th-century scholar Giulio Cesare Croce found inspiration in his ("the smart craftiness of Berthold") (1606), to which, in 1608, he added ("The pleasant and ridiculous simplicity of Little Berthold"), about Berthold's son.


title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: In 1620, the abbot Adriano Banchieri, poet and composer, produced a further follow-up: ("News of Cacasenno, son of simple Little Berthold"). Since then, the three works are usually published in one volume under the title of .


title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: Set during the extreme end of the Lombard kingdom, the Manzonian tragedy "Adelchi" tells the story of the last king of the Lombards, Desiderius and his children Ermengarde (whose real name was Desiderata) and Adalgis: the first the divorced wife of Charlemagne, and the second the last defender of the Lombard kingdom against the Frankish invasion. Manzoni used the Lombard kingdom as the scene, adjusting its interpretation of the characters (the real centers of the work) and portrayed the Lombards as having a role in paving the way to Italian national unity and independence, while reproducing a then-dominant image of a barbaric period after the classical splendor.


title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: Three films were inspired by stories of Croce and Banchieri and set in the initial period of the Lombard kingdom (very freely played):


title: Kingdom of the Lombards

text: By far the most famous is the last of the three films, which boasted a cast composed of, among others, Ugo Tognazzi (Berthold), Maurizio Nichetti (Little Berthold), Alberto Sordi (fra Cipolla) and Lello Arena (king Alboin).


title: Robert Swan

text: He is currently an advocate for the protection of Antarctica and renewable energy. Swan is also the founder of 2041, a company which is dedicated to the preservation of the Antarctic and the author with Gil Reavill of "Antarctica 2041: My Quest to Save the Earth's Last Wilderness".


title: Robert Swan

text: In November 2017, Swan undertook the South Pole Energy Challenge, the first expedition of its kind: a 600-mile journey to the South Pole with his son, surviving solely using renewable energy.


title: Robert Swan

text: He was born in Durham, England, and attended Aysgarth School and then Sedbergh School (1969–1974) before completing a BA in ancient history (1976–1979) at St Chad's College, Durham University.


title: Robert Swan

text: "Southern Quest" set sail on 3 November 1984 to travel the to Antarctica. The expedition stopped over in Lyttelton, New Zealand, to meet Bill Burton, who at 96 years old was the last surviving member of Scott's expedition in 1912. Swan's initial Antarctic expedition was thus officially dubbed "In the Footsteps of Scott". Upon arrival on the frozen continent, Swan and his team spent the Antarctic winter at the Jack Hayward Base with colleagues John Tolson and Dr. Michael Stroud. When the winter had passed, Swan, Roger Mear and Gareth Wood set out to walk to the South Pole. They arrived at the South Pole on 11 January 1986, after 70 days without the aid of any radio communications or back-up support and having hauled sledges. Swan's team had achieved the longest unassisted march ever made in history. Once at the pole, they received the bad news that their ship, "Southern Quest", had been crushed by pack ice and had sunk, just minutes before they arrived. There was much criticism of the adventure from the scientists working in Antarctica as time and money had to be spent in flying some of the party back out to New Zealand. However, Swan returned in 1987 with a ship to collect the rest of the team at Jack Hayward Base and to remove all traces of his expedition, i.e., rubbish and remaining stores.


title: Robert Swan

text: Three years after reaching the South Pole, Swan assembled a team of eight people from seven nations for an attempt at the North Pole. The Icewalk expedition team consisted of: Dr. Misha Malakhov from Russia, Rupert Summerson of the UK, Graeme Joy of Australia, Arved Fuchs of Germany, Hiroshi Onishi from Japan, Angus Cockney of the Inuit, and Daryl E. Roberts of the US. Icewalk's base camp held 22 representatives from 15 nations, with the US represented by Mike Doyle and photojournalist Michael Forster Rothbart. They produced a series of educational films there and facilitated the removal of rubbish from the surrounding Arctic wilderness. Swan and his team reached the North Pole on 14 May 1989. The team nearly drowned during their expedition due to the unseasonable melting of Arctic ice. Their journey made Swan the first man to walk to both the North and South poles, unassisted.


title: Robert Swan

text: In 1992, Swan was invited by the United Nations to be a keynote speaker to the first Earth Summit for sustainable development, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In response to the world leaders' challenge to "think global act local", Swan made a commitment to deliver a global and local environmental mission involving industry, business, and young people to the next World Summit in 2002.


title: Robert Swan

text: In 1996–97, he organised a team for One Step Beyond, the South Pole Challenge. The mission was to remove and recycle 1,500 tons of waste that had been left at Bellingshausen station in Antarctica after decades of scientific research. The team worked for eight years to raise the money, plan, and execute the mission. The rubbish at the Russian base of Bellingshausen, King George Island, was cleared and the native penguins reclaimed their beach for the first time in 47 years.


title: Robert Swan

text: Swan's 67' foot racing yacht "2041" was named after the year in which the 'Madrid Protocol' comes up for debate. The protocol, signed by nearly every nation, provides additional protection for the Antarctic Treaty and designates the continent as "a Natural Reserve Land for Science and Peace". It also places a ban on mining and mineral exploration in Antarctica for 50 years (1991–2041).


title: Robert Swan

text: In 2002, Swan and his "2041" sailboat embarked on the longest overland voyage in history, visiting over 30 destinations in South Africa. Beginning in Cape Town, the voyage's destination was the 2002 World Summit for Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa. Swan partnered with loveLife – a charity battling AIDS in South Africa.


title: Robert Swan

text: The voyage reached out to over 750,000 young people across South Africa. During the World Summit, the 'Ice Station' exhibit was visited by 128 world leaders and 35,000 visitors, including 12,000 young people. It was awarded first prize for outstanding contribution to the World Summit.


title: Robert Swan

text: Swan was charged by the world leaders to continue his mission and report back at the next World Summit for Sustainable Development, ten years later, in 2012.


title: Robert Swan

text: As the first step to the 2012 World Summit at Rio, Swan brought a team of young African leaders on "2041" for the Cape to Rio Yacht Race.


title: Robert Swan

text: Returning from the Rio, the yacht embarked on "The Circumnavigation of Africa". The voyage promoted AIDS awareness, water saving, and recycling whilst visiting over 30 ports.


title: Robert Swan

text: Along the route, communities came out in force to participate in clean-up projects with the aim of improving their immediate environment. Three young men from loveLife were chosen by Swan to become the first African crew in history to circumnavigate their own continent.


title: Robert Swan

text: Continuing on her journey towards the 2012 World Summit, Swan entered sailboat "2041" in the 2004/2005 Sydney Hobart Yacht Race with the world's first sails made entirely from recycled plastic (PET) bottles. "2041" was crewed by industry leaders and teachers selected for their outstanding inspiration for young people. The sailboat finished 24th in the race.


title: Robert Swan

text: Powered entirely on renewable energy, Swan and a small team lived and sent broadcasts from the E-base via the internet for two weeks. It was the first time in history that a team had attempted to survive in Antarctica relying solely on renewable energy. Their mission was successful, and the team departed the continent after the allotted two weeks in good health.


title: Robert Swan

text: On 8 April 2008, the Voyage for Cleaner Energy and "2041" sailboat launched from San Francisco, California. "2041" was refitted to operate entirely on wind, solar, and biodiesel generated energy. "2041" and Swan engaged in a multi-city tour of the West Coast of the US to highlight renewable energy and engage the youth of the world to take positive steps toward renewable, sustainable energy practices. 8 April 2008 was officially deemed "Robert Swan Day" in San Francisco at the request of Mayor Gavin Newsom.


title: Robert Swan

text: Swan led the first corporate expedition to Antarctica in 2003. The expedition members witnessed firsthand the effects of climate change in Antarctica. They were tasked by Swan to become leaders in sustainability upon their return home. The expeditions include leadership development, climate change training, sustainability education, and training on Antarctica. In addition the expedition's teach participants the benefits and need to ensure the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty remains as it is - a protocol that puts aside Antarctica for peaceful purposes and scientific research. It could potentially be modified or amended between the years 2041 and 2048.


title: Robert Swan

text: On the 2018 International Antarctic Expedition Team Zayed (Mariam Al Qassimi, Rashed Al Zaabi and Winston Cowie) representing the Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi and Dr Jane Goodall lit up the Antarctic sky with a solar light show, writing a message in solar lights to the world on climate change and plastic. The solar light show, with Swan and his son Barney present, inspired the award-winning documentary "Zayed's Antarctic Lights".


title: Robert Swan

text: The 2022 International Antarctic Expedition was the largest yet and a collaboration between Swan's NGO '2041', adventure travel company the 'Explorers Passage', and Swan's son's Barney's NGO 'Climateforce'. The expedition left from Ushuaia, South America, on board the vessel the 'Ocean Victory', with 177 participants from 37 countries in attendance. Winston Cowie was the Program Director of the 2022 International Antarctic Expedition.


title: Robert Swan

text: The goal of the Climate Force (CF) challenge is to reduce 360 million tonnes of before the year 2025. Working directly with businesses, communities, and students to promote sustainable development, Swan and his son Barney continue to manage expeditions as a platform to accelerate impact.


title: Robert Swan

text: In November 2017, Swan undertook another expedition to the South Pole with his son Barney, on a mission known as the South Pole Energy Challenge (SPEC). This father and son team set out to ski a 600-mile journey surviving solely on renewable energy, a first in polar-exploration. Carrying everything on their sledges, they used NASA designed solar ice melters, biofuels made from waste, lithium batteries, and passive solar flasks for survival. Additionally, they planted 2,000 trees to make the logistics and operations of the expedition carbon positive. Swan planned to undertake a mission to complete his 35-year-old goal of crossing the entire Antarctic continent in January, 2022.


title: Yeon Jung-hoon

text: Yeon Jung-hoon (born November 6, 1978) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for generational epic "East of Eden" (2008), crime procedural "Vampire Prosecutor" (2011-2012) and the domestically popular weekend drama "Pots of Gold" (2013). Outside of acting, Yeon hosted the first three seasons of "Top Gear Korea", the South Korean version of the BBC show, and is a cast member of the popular variety-reality show "2 Days & 1 Night".


title: Yeon Jung-hoon

text: Yeon is the only son and younger of two children of veteran actor Yeon Kyu-jin. He was sent to the United States as a teenager and lived with his aunt while attending junior high and high school. He spent his freshman year of college at the ArtCenter College of Design but returned to South Korea due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis and continued his education at Myongji University, majoring in product design. Despite his father being an actor, he never showed any inclination towards the entertainment industry until he was in college. He made his acting debut whilst a college student and eventually decided to pursue it as a career after graduating. His father had misgivings over his new career path out of concern; Yeon later stated that his father was finally convinced after he was named Best New Actor at the 2003 KBS Drama Awards.


title: Yeon Jung-hoon

text: In 1999 Yeon made his debut in the drama "Wave". After appearing in several dramas in minor or supporting roles, he first came to prominence with domestic audiences in the highly-rated 2003 daily soap "Yellow Handkerchief" and portrayed lovers with his future wife. They both went on to win the Best New Actor and Best New Actress awards respectively at the year-end KBS Drama Awards. He was cast in "Sad Love Story" as a last-minute replacement for Song Seung-heon, who was embroiled in a scandal involving his exemption from mandatory military service and forced to pull out. Yeon himself nearly did not get the role as his character's background story required him to film on location in New York City for several weeks and he had to get a visa at short notice. The drama received much attention as it was also broadcast overseas in Japan and other countries in the Middle East and Africa. Although domestic viewership was lower than expected, Yeon was praised for ably stepping into the role at the last minute and it led to a rise in popularity for him, especially in Japan. It was his last drama before enlisting for mandatory military service in November 2005.


title: Yeon Jung-hoon

text: After his discharge, Yeon began diversifying into other genres and largely shied away from romantic melodramas to avoid being typecast. His comeback project was the critically-acclaimed 2008 generational drama "East of Eden" in which he and Song Seung-heon portrayed brothers who grew up in a mining town during the turbulent 1970s and later find themselves on opposing sides of the law. He then starred in his first "sageuk" (historical period drama) "Jejungwon". From 2011 to 2012, Yeon, an avid car enthusiast and former Formula 4 driver, was a co-host of "Top Gear Korea" and hosted the first three seasons before leaving to concentrate on acting and other interests. He also starred in the OCN legal drama "Vampire Prosecutor", portraying the titular character, a prosecutor who becomes a vampire and hides his newfound powers while secretly using it to solve crimes. To prepare for the action scenes required of his role, he lost weight and learned Jeet Kune Do for several months prior to filming. The drama became the most watched cable drama of the year 2011 and received rave reviews from both critics and viewers. Its popularity prompted the producers to bring it back for a second season.


title: Yeon Jung-hoon

text: Yeon's next two roles were as "chaebol" businessmen in romantic comedies. In the 2012 cable drama "Can Love Become Money", he played the CEO of a hospitality company who hides his sensitive and caring side behind an unpleasant and emotionless exterior. He reunited with his "East of Eden" co-star Han Ji-hye the following year in "Pots of Gold", in which he portrayed the eldest son of a chaebol family embroiled in a saga involving his father's mistresses. A domestic ratings hit, the weekend drama consistently topped its time slot and he was named Best Actor in a Serial Drama at the 2013 MBC Drama Awards.


title: Yeon Jung-hoon

text: Yeon's next project was the 2014 TVB microfilm "A Time of Love" where he played the boyfriend of Linda Chung. After mostly portraying straight-laced protagonists, he played the main antagonist in the drama "Mask", winning rave reviews for his portrayal of a remorseless, cold-hearted lawyer. He was nominated for the Excellence Award, Actor in a Mid-length Drama at the 2015 SBS Drama Awards, losing to his "Mask" co-star Ju Ji-hoon. He made a guest appearance in the 2016 JTBC drama "My Horrible Boss" before making his Hollywood debut in the Hong Kong-Chinese-American collaboration buddy cop film "Skiptrace" and played the right-hand man of a businessman-cum-mob boss (played by Winston Chao).


title: Yeon Jung-hoon

text: Yeon returned to cable drama in the action-comedy-thriller "Man to Man" and played the main antagonist, an unscrupulous businessman with a painful past. He then co-headlined the weekend melodramas "Bravo My Life" and "My Healing Love", the latter of which earned him the Top Excellence Award in a Soap Opera at the 2018 MBC Drama Awards. He returned to the supernatural genre in the cable comedy-thriller "Possessed", which aired in early 2019. In November 2019, Yeon was announced as a fixed cast member of "2 Days & 1 Night" for the upcoming new season. In 2020 he starred in the Channel A drama "Lie After Lie" with Lee Yoo-ri and it ended its run as one of the most watched cable dramas of the year.


title: Yeon Jung-hoon

text: Yeon married actress Han Ga-in on April 26, 2005 after a two-year courtship. They have two children, a daughter (born April 13, 2016) and a son (born May 13, 2019).


title: Yeon Jung-hoon

text: In November 2005 Yeon enlisted for mandatory military service at the 306th Replacement Battalion in Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi Province. As he was married, he was allowed to commute to his duty station from home after completing the five weeks of basic training. He was assigned to the 52nd Infantry Division and discharged in October 2007. He was previously a United States permanent resident but gave up his green card when he entered the entertainment industry, thus making him eligible for conscription.


title: Antidisestablishmentarianism

text: Antidisestablishmentarianism (, ) is a position that advocates that a state Church (the "established church") should continue to receive government patronage, rather than be disestablished.


title: Antidisestablishmentarianism

text: In 19th century Britain, it developed as a political movement in opposition to disestablishmentarianism, the Liberal Party's efforts to disestablish or remove the Church of England as the official state church of England, Ireland, and Wales. The Church's status has been maintained in England, but in Ireland, the Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1871. In Wales, four Church of England dioceses were disestablished in 1920 and became the Church in Wales. In colonial America, the Church of England was disestablished in six colonies despite its mild popularity in Anglicanism in the 1780s and many former Anglicans deemed themselves Episcopalians instead.


title: Antidisestablishmentarianism

text: "Antidisestablishmentarianism" is also frequently noted as one of the longest non-scientific words in the English language.


title: Antidisestablishmentarianism

text: The matter of disestablishment of the Church of England is an ongoing issue, often tied with the position of the Monarchy of the United Kingdom as "Supreme Governor" of the Church (see Act of Settlement 1701).


title: Antidisestablishmentarianism

text: British philosopher Phillip Blond, an advocate of the antidisestablishmentarian position, argues that England having a state church has prevented the country from embracing any sort of ethnic or racial nationalism. Blond has stated that official patronage of the Church of England has allowed the country to withstand and speak against totalitarian ideologies of the 20th century that were plaguing other parts of the world. He further opined that "Just as we need the church to protect the political, so we need it to protect the idea of civil society." Blond concludes that the "church establishment in England creates a more diverse political and social life, prevents religious extremism and helps to minimise partisan conflict and secular violence." Giles Coren, a British writer, supports antidisestablishmentarianism because it allows all English people to receive meaningful rites such as marriage.


title: Antidisestablishmentarianism

text: In April 2014, Nick Clegg, then Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Liberal Democrats, said that he thought the Church of England and the British state should be separated "in the long run". David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the time, responded to Clegg's comments by stating that the position was "a long-term Liberal idea, but it is not a Conservative one", adding that he believed the existence of an established church is beneficial.


title: Antidisestablishmentarianism

text: The word "antidisestablishmentarianism", with 28 letters and 12 syllables (an-ti-dis-es-tab-lish-ment-ar-i-an-is-m), is one of the longest words in the English language. It is estimated to be the 6th largest word in the English dictionary. However, the word is not recorded in Merriam Webster's dictionary of American English.


title: Alanah Pearce

text: Alanah Pearce (born 24 August 1993) is an Australian video game writer and former journalist. Since 2020, Pearce has worked for American game developer Santa Monica Studio.


title: Alanah Pearce

text: Pearce has reported on video games for various news outlets including entertainment news website "IGN". She worked at production company Rooster Teeth from 2018 to 2020, during which she hosted the "Inside Gaming" news program and was involved with its Funhaus division, which produces videos focused on video games.


title: Alanah Pearce

text: Alanah Pearce was born in Cairns, Queensland, Australia, on 24 August 1993. Pearce was raised in Cairns, and later spent nine years in Brisbane. From a young age, she was interested in writing and video games, doing reviews of video games in her diaries. While working at a call center, she found a job listing for a volunteer games journalist position that inspired a career in journalism. She earned a bachelor's degree studying mass communication at the Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane.


title: Alanah Pearce

text: From 2012 to 2015, Pearce wrote gaming news for around a dozen news outlets, including "Impulse Gamer", "Zelda Universe", the BBC, and worked stints at Australian radio and television stations. She launched a YouTube channel in 2012, where she publishes game reviews and personal videos.


title: Alanah Pearce

text: Feeling the Australian video game industry was too small, Pearce moved to the United States in 2015. She began work as an editor and writer for "IGN" later that year. In 2017, she replaced Naomi Kyle as host of "IGN"s "Daily Fix" gaming news program. Later that year, she was involved in a staff walkout until the company issued a statement addressing sexual harassment allegations made by former editor Kallie Plagge. Pearce cohosted the SXSW Gaming Awards alongside Rich Campbell in 2018.


title: Alanah Pearce

text: After departing "IGN" in 2018, Pearce joined production company Rooster Teeth. She regularly appeared in videos for Funhaus, a division of Rooster Teeth which produces videos focused on video games, and cohosted the company's "Inside Gaming" news program starting in 2019. She left Rooster Teeth in October 2020.


title: Alanah Pearce

text: In November 2020, Pearce joined Sony's Santa Monica Studio as a video game writer. She provided consulting on three video games and completed other work on two video games prior to joining the studio. She faced harassment on social media following the studio's decision to delay the release of "God of War Ragnarök". In September 2021, Pearce revealed that she was part of the development team behind "Ragnarök".


title: Alanah Pearce

text: Pearce did voice acting for "Gears 5" (2019) and "Afterparty" (2019). She also lent her voice and likeness to a character in "Cyberpunk 2077" (2020).


title: Alanah Pearce

text: Pearce is the host of the "Play, Watch, Listen" podcast, along with Troy Baker, Mike Bithell, and Austin Wintory. She also hosts the podcasts "Red Lips, Orange Car" and "Video Game Writing 101", and formerly hosted "Idiots and a Broad".


title: Alanah Pearce

text: Pearce credits video games with helping her deal with the effects of myalgic encephalomyelitis and tendinitis. She has helped fundraise for AbleGamers, a charity dedicated to improving accessibility in video games. In November 2020, she cohosted the inaugural Video Game Accessibility Awards with AbleGamers.


title: Alanah Pearce

text: In 2014, Pearce became the focus of news media after she wrote to the mothers of internet trolls who had sent her rape threats. In 2019, she was subject to harassment after the Entertainment Software Association, the organiser of the E3 gaming expo, leaked the personal information of E3 2019 media attendees to the public.


title: Alanah Pearce

text: Pearce came out in June 2020; while she does not feel an attachment to any label, she felt best defined by the term pansexual.


title: Mercutio

text: Mercutio ( , ) is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's 1597 tragedy, "Romeo and Juliet". He is a close friend to Romeo and a blood relative to Prince Escalus and Count Paris. As such, Mercutio is one of the named characters in the play with the ability to mingle around those of both houses. The invitation to Lord Capulet's party states that he has a brother named Valentine.


title: Mercutio

text: Though often fun-loving and witty, the latter demonstrated in his Queen Mab speech in the first act, Mercutio's sense of humour can at times be facetious or even coarse, much to his friends' annoyance. He is also moody and given to sudden outbursts of temper, one of which sets a key plot development in motion.


title: Mercutio

text: One of Romeo's closest friends, Mercutio, entreats Romeo to forget about his unrequited love for a girl named Rosaline and come with him to a masquerade ball at Lord Capulet's estate, through use of his Queen Mab speech. There, Mercutio and his friends become the life of the party, but Romeo is drawn to Capulet's daughter, Juliet. He finds himself in love, and immediately forgets about Rosaline. When Mercutio sees Romeo the next day, he is glad to see that his friend is his old self again, and he encourages Romeo, all the while making bawdy jokes at the expense of Juliet's Nurse.


title: Mercutio

text: After Romeo receives a death threat from Juliet's cousin Tybalt, Mercutio expects Romeo to engage Tybalt in a duel. However, Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt, because Romeo now considers Tybalt to be kin due to his secret marriage to Juliet. Mercutio is incensed at his friend's "calm, dishonorable, vile submission", and decides to fight Tybalt himself, referring to his own sword as his "fiddlestick." Romeo attempts to intervene. By stepping between the dueling men, however, he inadvertently hinders Mercutio, allowing Tybalt to inflict a fatal blow. Before he dies, Mercutio curses both the Montagues and Capulets, crying several times, "A plague o' both your houses!" (Act III, Sc. 1, often quoted as "A pox on both your houses"). He makes one final pun before he dies: "Ask for me to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man.". A grief-stricken and enraged Romeo kills Tybalt, resulting in his banishment from Verona and beginning the tragic turn of events that make up the rest of the play.


title: Mercutio

text: The name Mercutio was present in Shakespeare's sources for "Romeo and Juliet", though his character was not well developed and he was presented as a romantic rival for Juliet. The name is first used in Luigi Da Porto's 1530 "Giulietta e Romeo". Da Porto briefly introduces a character named Marcuccio Guertio, a noble youth "with very cold hands, in July as in January", who makes Giulietta Cappelletti appreciate the warm hands of Romeo Montecchi.


title: Mercutio

text: Earlier versions of the story described a different chain of events leading to Tybalt's death, omitting Mercutio completely. Arthur Brooke's "The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet" and William Painter's 1567 versions of the story both left the entire episode solely to Romeo and Tybalt. In both stories, Tybalt attacks the pacifist Romeo with such force that Romeo is forced to take up the sword to defend himself. He is then banished rather than executed because the killing was provoked. In 1672, English poet John Dryden wrote, "Shakespeare show'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio, and he said himself, that he was forced to murder him in the third Act, to being killed by him."


title: Mercutio

text: The addition of Mercutio into the fray increases the tension, and Tybalt is seen as a slightly more peaceful character than in previous versions, as Mercutio is disgusted by the fact that Tybalt continues to search for a quarrel with Romeo, when Romeo is trying to bring peace between them. Mercutio hurls insults and taunts at Tybalt, and draws the sword first, in reaction to Tybalt's insults, which are directed to Romeo.


title: Mercutio

text: Mercutio's death in Act III, scene I is the pivotal point of the play, which up to this point is relatively light-hearted. Mercutio's death is sudden and makes death a dark reality for several characters, causing a domino effect that leads ultimately to the tragic climax.


title: Broadcasting House

text: Broadcasting House is the headquarters of the BBC, in Portland Place and Langham Place, London. The first radio broadcast from the building was made on 15 March 1932, and the building was officially opened two months later, on 15 May. The main building is in Art Deco style, with a facing of Portland stone over a steel frame. It is a Grade II* listed building and includes the BBC Radio Theatre, where music and speech programmes are recorded in front of a studio audience.


title: Broadcasting House

text: As part of a major consolidation of the BBC's property portfolio in London, Broadcasting House has been extensively renovated and extended. This involved the demolition of post-war extensions on the eastern side of the building, replaced by a new wing completed in 2005. The wing was named the "John Peel Wing" in 2012, after the disc jockey. BBC London, BBC Arabic Television and BBC Persian Television are housed in the new wing, which also contains the reception area for BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra (the studios themselves are in the new extension to the main building).


title: Broadcasting House

text: The main building was refurbished, and an extension built to the rear. The radio stations BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 4 Extra and the BBC World Service transferred to refurbished studios within the building. The extension links the old building with the John Peel Wing, and includes a new combined newsroom for BBC News, with studios for the BBC News channel, BBC World News and other news programming. The move of news operations from BBC Television Centre was completed in March 2013.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The official name of the building is "Broadcasting House" but the BBC now also uses the term "new Broadcasting House" (with a small 'n') in its publicity referring to the new extension rather than the whole building, with the original building known as old Broadcasting House.


title: Broadcasting House

text: Construction of Broadcasting House began in 1928. Programmes transferred gradually to the building. On 15 March 1932, the first musical programme was given by the bandleader Henry Hall and the BBC Dance Orchestra. Hall also wrote and performed, with his dance band, "Radio Times", the name of the BBC's schedule publication.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The first news bulletin was read by Stuart Hibberd on 18 March. The last transmission from Savoy Hill was on 14 May, and Broadcasting House officially opened on 15 May 1932. George Val Myer designed the building in collaboration with the BBC's civil engineer, M. T. Tudsbery. The interiors were the work of Raymond McGrath, an Australian-Irish architect. He directed a team that included Serge Chermayeff and Wells Coates and designed the vaudeville studio, the associated green and dressing rooms, and the dance and chamber music studios in a flowing Art Deco style.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The building is built in two parts. Dispensing with the oft-found central light-well of contemporary buildings this size, the central core containing the recording studios was a windowless structure built of brick. (Structural brick rather than steel framing was used in order to reduce noise transmission both from without and between studios.) The surrounding outer portion, designed for offices and ancillary spaces, is steel framed and faced using Portland stone. While the outer portion had plenty of windows, the inner core required special sound-dampened ventilation systems.


title: Broadcasting House

text: There were two areas where right of ancient lights would cause height restrictions. While the rights on the southern side ceased to be a problem after the owners of those rights gave concessions, the rights on the eastern side were dealt with by sloping the roof away from the street from the fourth floor up, which affected not only the floorplan of the structure but meant that the interior recording tower could not be continued up to the top floor. (Thus, one studio on the top floor was actually outside the central studio core structure.)


title: Broadcasting House

text: Underground structures, including a hundred-year-old sewer, also presented problems during construction. The building is above the Bakerloo line of the London Underground: the Victoria line was tunnelled beneath in the 1960s, and presented problems for construction of the Egton Wing (see below). Noise from passing trains is audible within the radio theatre, but generally imperceptible in recordings. The ground floor was fitted with floor-to-ceiling windows overlooking the street, as the BBC believed that to finance such a project (costing £25 million in today's money) they would need to let the ground floor as a retail unit. The rapid expansion of the BBC meant this never occurred.


title: Broadcasting House

text: Beginning in 2003, Broadcasting House underwent a major renovation during the BBC's W1 Programme, with the aim of refurbishing the building and combining a number of the BBC's operations in a new extension. This houses the television and radio operations of BBC News, relocated from Television Centre, and the BBC World Service, which relocated from Bush House on 12 July 2012. Many of the BBC's national radio stations are also broadcast from the building, with the exception of BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra which have moved to Salford Quays, and BBC Radio 2 and BBC Radio 6 Music which moved to new studios in nearby Wogan House in 2006 to make way for the renovation.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The building work was completed in two phases. It began with the demolition of two post-war extensions to the original building.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The first phase consisted of the renovation of the original building, which was starting to show its age and needed structural repair, and a new wing to the east.


title: Broadcasting House

text: In the old building the sloped "cat slide" slate roof was taken off and many of the rooms stripped back to their walls, although much of the Art Deco architecture was retained and preserved. Much of the work focused on the lower walls and ceilings, which did not include Art Deco features. The reception area was renovated to include a new desk, while retaining the message and statue as the attention piece. Many rooms had ceilings removed, such as the south tower, and new reinforcement joists were added.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The new Egton Wing is roughly the same shape as the main building, with a modern design and window arrangement but retaining features such as Portland stone. Towards the rear a large block was created in the side, mirroring that created in the main building when the sloping roof was removed.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The design of the extension, intended to equal the original in "architectural creativity", was carried out by MacCormac Jamieson Prichard. Construction was completed in 2005 and the refurbished Broadcasting House and the new Egton wing were opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 20 April 2006 as part of her 80th birthday celebrations. All areas of the Egton Wing were fully fitted out and completed by 2007.


title: Broadcasting House

text: In 2012, it was announced by the then Director-General Mark Thompson that the Egton Wing would be renamed the 'John Peel Wing' to commemorate the late Radio 1 disc jockey, whom he described as a "great radio talent". Thompson described the wing as a "fitting tribute to a man who personified so much of what the BBC stands for".


title: Broadcasting House

text: It houses BBC London, BBC Arabic Television and BBC Persian Television, together with the reception area for BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The second phase was the creation of the large wing to the rear of the building, joining the two buildings, and creating a plaza between them. The original architects were replaced for not agreeing to cost-related revisions, as Sir Richard MacCormac was unwilling to sacrifice the quality of his design. Construction was completed by Bovis Lend Lease in 2010, and control handed over to the BBC in 2011. While the rebuilding process was under way, many BBC radio stations moved to other buildings near Portland Place.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The extension contains the BBC News and Journalism departments, and state-of-the-art technical equipment and new studios to house the BBC News bulletins on television, the BBC News Channel and BBC World News, the BBC Arabic Television service and the BBC Persian Television service. At the heart of this is a new newsroom, the largest live newsroom in the world.


title: Broadcasting House

text: A walkway above the newsroom allows the public to view the work of journalists, connecting the foyer to the Radio Theatre and a new café for staff and the public. Complemented by the outdoor plaza, which could act as an outdoor arena and theatre, this is designed to engage the public with the television and radio making process. The extension is glass-covered in the plaza area and curved to contrast both wings either side and to continue the glass on both sides high up the building. On the Portland Place side, it continues the same use of Portland stone and glass as with the John Peel Wing.


title: Broadcasting House

text: On Monday 18 March 2013 at 1 pm, following the BBC News Channel's final broadcast from Television Centre, the first news programme from Broadcasting House was aired: the BBC News at One, on BBC One and the BBC News Channel. BBC World News was the first of BBC's news services to move into the new building on Monday 14 January 2013, beginning with "GMT" at noon.


title: Broadcasting House

text: Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the extension on 7 June 2013. The second phase development won the 'Programme of the Year' award at the 2013 annual awards of the Association for Project Management.


title: Broadcasting House

text: When built, Broadcasting House contained 22 radio studios for all programme genres, in the art-deco style with an emphasis on both looks and practicality. The overall practicality of the studios changed rapidly as a result of the limitations of the time and the changing nature of broadcasting and the uses of the studios. These studios were:


title: Broadcasting House

text: Following the rebuild and refurbishment, several studios have been added and the studio structure changed dramatically. The current studios are:


title: Broadcasting House

text: Until programmes air information is subject to change. All times listed are either Greenwich Mean Time or British Summer Time depending on what is being used in London.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The building showcases works of art, most prominently the statues of Prospero and Ariel (from Shakespeare's "The Tempest") by Eric Gill. Their choice was fitting since Prospero was a magician and scholar, and Ariel a spirit of the air, in which radio waves travel. There was, reportedly, controversy over some features of the statues when built and they were said to have been modified. They were reported to have been sculpted by Gill as God and Man, rather than Prospero and Ariel, and that there is a small carved picture of a beautiful girl on the back of Prospero. Additional carvings of Ariel are on the exterior in many bas-reliefs, some by Gill, others by Gilbert Bayes. The reception area contains a statue of 'The sower' by Gill.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The statues of Prospero and Ariel have attracted controversy in recent years, in large part due to increasing evidence that Gill engaged in pedophilia, and that pedophilic motifs might be reflected in the statue. Despite pressure, the BBC has refused to remove the statue, citing Gill's status as one of the preeminent British artists of the 20th century. On 13 January 2022, the statue was vandalized by a man wielding a hammer, who also wrote “Time to go was 1989” and “noose all paedos” on the statue.


title: Broadcasting House

text: Several works of art were commissioned by the BBC for the refurbishment of Broadcasting House, at an overall cost of more than £4 million. Among these is "World", a pavement artwork by the Canadian-born architect and artist Mark Pimlott. According to the BBC, the work "reflects the global dimension of the BBC’s broadcasting and consists of over 750 stone flags inscribed with place names from around the world, as well as those from history, mythology and fantasy. The artwork is enhanced by elegant steel lines of longitude and latitude, a subtle scheme of small embedded lights and some audio installation linked to key output from the World Service."


title: Broadcasting House

text: On the roof of the John Peel wing, mirroring the radio mast, is "Breathing", a cone-shaped glass structure reaching into the sky to the same height as the mast. It was sculpted by Jaume Plensa as a memorial to journalists killed in the line of duty. It includes words from a poem by James Fenton and is illuminated day and night. At 10 pm daily, in line with the "BBC News at Ten", a column of light shines into the sky. It was officially unveiled on 16 June 2008 by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon.


title: Broadcasting House

text: The earliest use of Broadcasting House as a setting in fiction would seem to be in the 1934 detective novel "Death at Broadcasting House" by Val Gielgud and Holt Marvell (Eric Maschwitz), where an actor is found strangled in Studio 7C. Broadcasting House is a central feature in Penelope Fitzgerald's novel "Human Voices," published in 1980, where the lead characters work for the BBC during the Second World War. It is also the work place of Alexander Wedderburn in A. S. Byatt's 1995 novel "Still Life," and Sam Bell in Ben Elton's 1999 novel "Inconceivable", and also that of the evil nazi-sympathiser Ezzy Pound in Michael Paraskos's 2016 novel "In Search of Sixpence." The building is well realised as a setting in Nicola Upson's 2015 mystery novel "London Rain".


title: Broadcasting House

text: The head of BBC history, Robert Seatter, has said George Orwell in his novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949), "reputedly based his notorious Room 101 from the novel "on a room he had worked in whilst at the BBC."


title: Broadcasting House

text: On 7 November 2017 a statue of Orwell, sculpted by the British sculptor Martin Jennings, was unveiled, outside Broadcasting House. The wall behind the statue is inscribed with the following phrase: "If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear". These are words from his proposed preface to "Animal Farm" and a rallying cry for the idea of free speech in an open society.


title: Broadcasting House

text: In 1985 it was revealed by "The Observer" that MI5 had had a special office in the building from 1937 for the purpose of vetting BBC employees for national security purposes.


title: Sexy and I Know It

text: "Sexy and I Know It" is a hit song by American duo LMFAO from their second studio album, "Sorry for Party Rocking". It was released as the third single from the album on September 16, 2011. The song was written by Stefan Kendal Gordy, GoonRock, Erin Beck, George M. Robertson and Kenneth Oliver, and it was produced by Party Rock. It went to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on January 7, 2012, and remained there for two weeks.


title: Sexy and I Know It

text: The song became LMFAO's second number one hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States (after "Party Rock Anthem"), making them the first duo to have two successive number-one singles since Outkast's "Hey Ya!" (2003) and "The Way You Move" (2004). The song also reached number one in Australia, Canada, Israel and New Zealand, and charted within the top ten in nearly every country in which it charted.


title: Sexy and I Know It

text: "Sexy And I Know It" debuted at number 76 on the week issue of September 17, 2011, on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It later moved to number 50 being the greatest gainer of the week. The song launched into number 25 on the week of October 1, 2011. It jumped into the Top 10 the next week being LMFAO's second Top 10 hit behind Party Rock Anthem. The song peaked at number two on the week of November 19, 2011, being blocked by Rihanna's "We Found Love". It stayed at the position for seven consecutive weeks before hitting the top on the week of January 7, 2012. It remained in the Hot 100 for 42 weeks.


title: Sexy and I Know It

text: The music video for "Sexy and I Know It" was filmed in Venice, California, and uploaded on LMFAO's YouTube channel on September 16, 2011. It features Redfoo and a group of men including Hok from Quest Crew, Shuffle Bot, Nathan Pasley and Q dancing around town in speedos in front of women. In several scenes it shows Redfoo lifting weights. Chelsea Korka, Ron Jeremy, Wilmer Valderrama, Alistair Overeem, Victor Kim, Steve Terada, Lola Blanc, Ryan Conferido, Ryan Feng of Quest Crew, Mindy Robinson, Angelo Marconi, Darren Mabee, Darla George, and Simon Rex all have cameos in the video. The music video on YouTube has been flagged for sexual content several times since its release. The final shot of the video pays homage to the final shot of "Michael Jackson's Thriller": it shows Shuffle Bot leaving with the girls while it turns its head towards the camera behind it and the image freezes.


title: Sexy and I Know It

text: In 2012, the "Glee" cast recorded a Spanglish cover of the song, featuring Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin. The song was released as single from "Glee: The Music, The Complete Season Three", in 2012, and it reached number 81 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The "Gaeltacht" districts were first officially recognised during the 1920s in the early years of the Irish Free State, following the Gaelic Revival, as part of a government policy aimed at restoring the Irish language.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Gaeltacht is threatened by serious language decline. Research published in 2015 showed that Irish is spoken on a daily basis by two-thirds or more of the population in only 21 of the 155 electoral divisions in the Gaeltacht. Daily language use by two-thirds or more of the population is regarded by some academics as a tipping point for language survival.


title: Gaeltacht

text: In 1926, the official Gaeltacht was designated as a result of the report of the first Gaeltacht Commission "Coimisiún na Gaeltachta". The exact boundaries were not defined. At the time, an area was classified as Gaeltacht if 25% or more of the population was Irish-speaking; however, Gaeltacht status was also accorded to many areas that did not meet the 25% threshold. The Irish Free State recognised that there were predominantly Irish-speaking or semi-Irish-speaking districts in 15 of its 26 counties.


title: Gaeltacht

text: In the 1950s, another Gaeltacht Commission concluded that the Gaeltacht boundaries were ill-defined. It recommended that Gaeltacht status be based solely on the strength of language use in an area. In the 1950s, Gaeltacht districts were initially defined precisely and excluded many areas in which the number of Irish speakers had declined. Gaeltacht areas were recognised in seven of the state's 26 counties (nominally Donegal, Galway, Mayo, Kerry, and Waterford).


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Gaeltacht boundaries have not officially been altered since then, apart from minor changes. Those changes were: The inclusion of An Clochán ("Cloghane") and Cé Bhréanainn ("Brandon") in County Kerry in 1974; the inclusion of a part of West Muskerry in County Cork (although the Irish-speaking population had decreased markedly from what it had been before the 1950s); and the inclusion of Baile Ghib ("Gibstown)" and Ráth Chairn ("Rathcarran") in Meath in 1967.


title: Gaeltacht

text: A study in 2005 by "An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta agus Gaelscolaíochta" (The Educational Council for Gaeltacht and Irish-Medium Schools, which was established in 2002 under the Education Act 1998) said that Gaeltacht schools were facing a crisis. It forecast that, without support, few of them would be teaching in Irish in 20 years' time. This would threaten the future of the Gaeltacht. Parents felt that the educational system did not support their efforts to pass on Irish as a living language to their children. The study added that a significant number of Gaeltacht schools had switched to teaching in English, and others were wavering.


title: Gaeltacht

text: In 2002 the third "Coimisiún na Gaeltachta" stated in its report that the erosion of the use of Irish in the Gaeltacht was now such that it was only a matter of time before the Gaeltacht disappeared. In some areas, Irish had already ceased to be a community language. Even in the strongest Gaeltacht areas, current patterns of bilingualism were leading to the dominance of English. Policies implemented by the State and voluntary groups were having no effect.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The report recommended that a new language reinforcement strategy was required, one that had the confidence of the community itself. The Commission recommended, among many other things, that the boundaries of the official Gaeltacht should be redrawn. It also recommended a comprehensive linguistic study to assess the vitality of the Irish language in the remaining Gaeltacht districts.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The study was undertaken by "Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge" (part of the National University of Ireland, Galway). On 1 November 2007 "Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht" ("A Comprehensive Linguistic Study of the Usage of Irish in the Gaeltacht") was published.


title: Gaeltacht

text: Concerning Gaeltacht boundaries, it suggested creating three linguistic zones within the Gaeltacht region:


title: Gaeltacht

text: The report suggested that Category A districts should be the State's priority in providing services through Irish and development schemes. It also said that Category C areas that showed a further decline in the use of Irish should lose their Gaeltacht status.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The 2006 Census data shows that of the 95,000 people living within the official Gaeltacht, approximately 17,000 belonged to Category A areas, 10,000 to Category B, and 17,000 to Category C, leaving about 50,000 in Gaeltacht areas that did not meet the minimum criteria. In response to this situation, the government introduced the Gaeltacht Bill 2012. Its stated aim was to provide for a new definition of boundaries based on language criteria, but it was criticised for doing the opposite of this.


title: Gaeltacht

text: Critics drew attention to Section 7 of the Bill, which stated that all areas "currently within the Gaeltacht" would maintain their current Gaeltacht status, regardless of whether Irish was used. This status could only be revoked if the area failed to prepare a language plan (with no necessary relationship to the documented number of speakers). The Bill was also criticised for placing all responsibility for the maintenance of Irish on voluntary organisations, with no increase in government resources.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The annual report in 2012 by the Language Commissioner for Irish reinforced these criticisms by emphasising the failure of the State to provide Irish-language services to Irish speakers in the Gaeltacht and elsewhere. The report said that Irish in the Gaeltacht was now at its most fragile and that the State could not expect that Irish would survive as a community language if the State kept forcing the use of English on Gaeltacht communities.


title: Gaeltacht

text: A report published in 2015, "Nuashonrú ar an Staidéar Cuimsitheach Teangeolaíoch ar Úsáid na Gaeilge sa Ghaeltacht: 2006–2011", said that on present indicators, Irish will cease to be used as a community language in the Gaeltacht within ten years.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media, under the leadership of the Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media, is responsible for the overall Irish Government policy with respect to the Gaeltacht, and supervises the work of the "Údarás na Gaeltachta" and other bodies. "RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta" is the "Raidió Teilifís Éireann" (RTÉ) radio station serving the Gaeltacht and Irish speakers generally. TG4 is the television station which is focused on promoting the Irish language and is based in the County Galway Gaeltacht.


title: Gaeltacht

text: In March 2005, Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs Éamon Ó Cuív announced that the government of Ireland would begin listing only the Irish language versions of place names in the Gaeltachtaí as the official names, stripping the official Ordnance Survey of their English equivalents, to bring them up to date with road signs in the Gaeltacht, which have been in Irish only since 1970. This was done under a Placenames Order made under the Official Languages Act.


title: Gaeltacht

text: At the time of the 2006 census of the Republic of Ireland, the population of the Gaeltacht was 91,862, approximately 2.1% of the state's 4,239,848 people, with major concentrations of Irish speakers located in the western counties of Donegal, Mayo, Galway, and Kerry. There were smaller concentrations in the counties of Cork and Waterford in the south and Meath in the east. The most recent census of 2016 however shows that the population of the Gaeltacht was 96,090. This shows a rise of 4.5% from 2006.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Gaeltacht districts have historically suffered from mass emigration. Being at the edge of the island they always had fewer railways and roads, and poorer land to farm. Other influences have been the arrival of non-Irish speaking families, the marginal role of the Irish language in the education system and general pressure from the English-speaking community. There is no evidence that periods of relative prosperity have materially improved the situation of the language.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Donegal (or Tyrconnell) Gaeltacht ( or "Gaeltacht Thír Chonaill") has a population of 23,346 (Census 2016) and represents 23.4% of the total Gaeltacht population. The Donegal Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of . This represents 26% of total Gaeltacht land area. The three parishes of the Rosses, Gweedore and Cloughaneely constitute the main centre of population of the Donegal Gaeltacht. There are over 17,132 Irish speakers, 14,500 in areas where it is spoken by 30–100% of the population and 2,500 in areas where it is spoken by less than 30%. In 2006 there were 2,436 people employed in a full-time capacity in Údarás na Gaeltachta client companies in the Donegal Gaeltacht. This region is particularly popular with students of the Ulster dialect; each year thousands of students visit the area from Northern Ireland. Donegal is unique in the Gaeltacht regions, as its accent and dialect is unmistakably northern in character. The language has many similarities with Scottish Gaelic, which are not evident in other Irish dialects.


title: Gaeltacht

text: Gweedore in County Donegal is the largest Gaeltacht parish in Ireland, which is home to regional studios of "RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta". It has produced well-known traditional musicians, including the bands Altan and Clannad, as well as the artist Enya. All three have recorded music in Irish.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Galway County () and Galway City () Gaeltachtaí have a combined population of 50,570 (2016) and represent 50.8% of total Gaeltacht population. The Galway Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of . This represents 26% of total Gaeltacht land area.


title: Gaeltacht

text: There is also a third-level constituent college of National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG) called Acadamh na hOllscolaíochta Gaeilge in An Cheathrú Rua and Carna. The national Irish-language radio station Raidió na Gaeltachta is located in Casla, the "Tuairisc" online newspaper is in Barna, and the national television station TG4 is in Baile na hAbhann. Galway city is home to the Irish language theatre Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Kerry Gaeltacht () consists of two areas – the western half of Gaeltacht Corca Dhuibhne ("Dingle Peninsula") and central and western parts of Iveragh Peninsula ("Uíbh Ráthach"). The largest settlement in Corca Dhuibhne is Dingle and the largest in Iveragh Peninsula is Ballinskelligs. The Kerry Gaeltacht has a population of 8,729 (6,185 Irish speakers) and represents 9% of total Gaeltacht population. The Kerry Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of .


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Mayo Gaeltacht () as of 2011 has a total population of 10,886 and represents 11.5% of the total Gaeltacht population. The Mayo Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of . This represents 19% of the total Gaeltacht land area and comprises three distinct areas – Erris, Achill Island and Toormakeady. There are 6,667 Irish speakers, with 4,000 living in areas where the language is spoken by 30–100% of the population and 2,500 living in areas where it is spoken by less than 30%.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Cork Gaeltacht () consists of two areas – Muskerry and Cape Clear Island. The Muskerry Gaeltacht has a population of 3,895 people (2,951 Irish speakers) and represents 4% of the total Gaeltacht population. The Cork Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of . This represents 6% of the total Gaeltacht area. The largest Muskerry settlements are the villages of Baile Mhic Íre (Ballymakeera), Baile Bhuirne (Ballyvourney) and Béal Átha an Ghaorthaidh (Ballingeary).Cill na Martra (Kilnamartyra)


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Waterford Gaeltacht (Gaeltacht na nDéise, ) is ten kilometres (six miles) west of Dungarvan. It embraces the parishes of Rinn Ua gCuanach (Ring) and An Sean Phobal (Old Parish). The Waterford Gaeltacht has a population of 1,784 people (1,271 Irish speakers) and represents 2% of total Gaeltacht population.


title: Gaeltacht

text: All education in Gaeltacht na nDéise is carried out through the medium of Irish. There are two Pre-schools, two Primary level national schools, one Secondary School, Meánscoil San Nioclás and Coláiste na Rinne, a private boarding school and summer college. Gaeltacht na nDéise was one of the few Gaeltacht areas in which the percentage of daily Irish speakers increased in the recent updated comprehensive linguistic survey of the Gaeltacht.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Meath Gaeltacht () is the smallest Gaeltacht area and consists of the two villages of Ráth Cairn and Baile Ghib. Navan, from Baile Ghib, is the main urban centre within the region, with a population of more than 20,000. The Meath Gaeltacht has a population of 1,771 and represents 2% of the total Gaeltacht population. The Meath Gaeltacht encompasses a geographical area of . This represents 1% of the total Gaeltacht land area.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Meath Gaeltacht has a history quite different from that of the country's other Irish speaking regions. The Ráth Cairn Gaeltacht was founded in 1935 when 41 families from Connemara in West Galway were resettled on land previously acquired by the Irish Land Commission. Each was given to farm. Baile Ghib (formerly Gibbstown) was settled in the same way in 1937, along with Baile Ailin (formerly Allenstown). In the early years, a large percentage of the population returned to Galway or emigrated, but enough Irish speakers remained to ensure that Ráth Cairn and Baile Ghib were awarded Gaeltacht status in 1967. The original aim of spreading the Irish language into the local community met with no success, and the colonists had to become bilingual.


title: Gaeltacht

text: There are areas of Ireland, north and south, where an attempt is being made to re-establish Irish-speaking communities, with varying levels of success. Such areas are both urban and rural. Most daily speakers of Irish now live outside the existing Gaeltacht areas, and are particularly numerous in Dublin. In 2018 Foras na Gaeilge announced that Carn Tóchair in County Londonderry was going to be one of the first five Líonraí Gaeilge (areas with Irish-speaking networks) on the island of Ireland, along with Belfast, Loughrea in County Galway, Ennis in County Clare, and Clondalkin in Dublin.


title: Gaeltacht

text: Dublin and its suburbs are reported to be the site of the largest number of daily Irish speakers, with 14,229 persons speaking Irish daily, representing 18 per cent of all daily speakers. In a survey of a small sample of adults who had grown up in Dublin and had completed full-time education, 54% of respondents reported some fluency in Irish, ranging from being able to make small talk to complete fluency. Only 19% of speakers spoke Irish three or more times per week, with a plurality (43%) speaking Irish less than once a fortnight.


title: Gaeltacht

text: There is an Irish-language centre "Áras Chrónáin" in Clondalkin and an Irish language GAA club Na Gaeil Óga CLG based in Lucan and the Phoenix Park.


title: Gaeltacht

text: In 2001, the British government ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Irish (in Northern Ireland) was specified under Part III of the Charter, giving it a status comparable to that of the Welsh language or Scottish Gaelic. This included undertakings in relation to education, translation of statutes, interaction with public authorities, the use of placenames, media access, support for cultural activities and other matters. Compliance with the state's obligations is assessed periodically by a Committee of Experts of the Council of Europe.


title: Gaeltacht

text: A language revival has also taken place in southern County Londonderry, centred on Slaghtneill (Sleacht Néill) and Carntogher (Carn Tóchair), both outside Maghera.


title: Gaeltacht

text: Parts of County Clare were recognised as Gaeltacht areas following recommendations made by Coimisiún na Gaeltachta 1925. In 1956, however, it was decided that there were too few traditional speakers to justify the inclusion of Clare in the Official Gaeltacht. Since then there have been attempts to re-establish the language in the community, and it was claimed in 2012 that there were up to 170 people in County Clare who were daily speakers of Irish. The main activist group is Coiste Forbartha Gaeltachta Chontae an Chláir (The Gaeltacht Development Committee for County Clare), whose aim is to achieve Gaeltacht status for County Clare or for part of it.


title: Gaeltacht

text: The Permanent North American Gaeltacht is an area in Tamworth, Ontario in Canada. It has no permanent residents but serves as a resource centre for Irish speakers throughout North America. It was officially opened in 2007.


title: Gaeltacht

text: Irish colleges are residential Irish language summer courses that give students the opportunity to be totally immersed in the language, usually for periods of three weeks over the summer months. During these courses, students attend classes and participate in a variety of different activities games, music, art and sport. There are a number of different Irish colleges for students to choose from throughout the country. Many of the colleges while providing a number of activities and events for young people through the Irish language will be known for or specialise in a specific category. For example, Coláiste Lurgan is commonly known for its promotion of the Irish language through music, Coláiste Aodáin for water sports and team games, and others for GAA sports.


title: Gaeltacht

text: As with the conventional schools, the Department of Education sets out requirements for class sizes and qualifications required by teachers. Some courses are college-based and others provide for residence with host families in Gaeltacht areas, such as Ros Muc in Galway, Ráth Cairn in County Meath, and Teileann and Rann na Feirste in County Donegal, with instruction given by a "bean an tí", or Irish-speaking landlady.


title: Gaeltacht

text: Popular Irish colleges/Gaeltachts include: Spleodar, Colaiste Sheosaimh and Uisce. Most Irish language summer colleges for teenagers in the Gaeltacht are supported and represented by CONCOS, who are based in Leitir Móir.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Andrew William Stevenson Marr (born 31 July 1959) is a British journalist and broadcaster. Beginning his career as a political commentator, he subsequently edited "The Independent" newspaper from 1996 to 1998 and was political editor of BBC News from 2000 to 2005.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In 2002, Marr took over as host of BBC Radio 4's long-running "Start the Week" Monday morning discussion programme. He began hosting a political programme—"Sunday AM", later called "The Andrew Marr Show"—on Sunday mornings on BBC One in September 2005.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In 2007, he presented "Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain", a BBC Two documentary series on the political history of post-war Britain, which was followed by a prequel in 2009, "Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain", focusing on the period between 1901 and 1945. In September 2012, Marr began presenting "Andrew Marr's History of the World", a series examining the history of human civilisation.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Following a stroke in January 2013, Marr was in hospital for two months. He returned to presenting "The Andrew Marr Show" in September 2013. Marr left the BBC in December 2021. In March 2022, he started his first show called "Tonight with Andrew Marr" on LBC.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Marr was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on 31 July 1959 to Donald Marr, an investment trust manager, and his wife Valerie. Regarding his upbringing, he has said: "My family are religious and go to church... [a]nd I went to church as a boy". Marr was educated in Scotland at Craigflower Preparatory School, the independent High School of Dundee; and at Loretto School, also an independent school in Musselburgh, East Lothian, where he was a member of Pinkie House and a prefect. He went to read English at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, graduating with a first class honours degree.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Regarding his political affiliations, he was formerly a Maoist and a member of the Socialist Campaign for a Labour Victory, a left-wing pressure group founded by Labour Party members, now known as the Alliance for Workers' Liberty. His interest in Mao Zedong began as early as age eleven, when he gave fellow Craigflower School students copies of the "Little Red Book" that he had requested and received from the Chinese embassy. His affinity for Maoism continued into his time at Cambridge, where Marr says he was a "raving leftie" who acquired the nickname "Red Andy".


title: Andrew Marr

text: Marr joined "The Scotsman" as a trainee and junior business reporter in 1981. In 1984, he moved to London where he became a parliamentary correspondent for the newspaper, and then a political correspondent in 1986. Marr met the political journalist Anthony Bevins, who became his mentor and close friend. Bevins was responsible for Marr's first appointment at "The Independent" as a member of the newspaper's launch staff, also in 1986.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Marr left shortly afterwards, and joined "The Economist", where he contributed to the weekly "Bagehot" political column and ultimately became the magazine's political editor in 1988. Marr has remarked that his time at "The Economist" "changed me quite a lot" and "made me question a lot of my assumptions".


title: Andrew Marr

text: Marr returned to "The Independent" as the newspaper's political editor in 1992, and became its editor in 1996 during a particularly turbulent time at the paper. Faced with price cutting by the Murdoch-owned "Times", sales had begun to decline, and Marr made two attempts to arrest the slide. He made use of bold 'poster-style' front pages, and then in 1996 radically re-designed the paper along a mainland European model, with Gill Sans headline fonts, and stories being grouped together by subject matter, rather than according to strict news value. This tinkering ultimately proved disastrous. With a limited advertising budget, the re-launch struggled for attention, then was mocked for reinterpreting its original marketing slogan 'It Is – Are You' to read 'It's changed – have you?'.


title: Andrew Marr

text: At the beginning of 1998, Marr was sacked, according to one version of events, for having refused to reduce the newspaper's production staff to just five subeditors. According to Nick Cohen's account, the sacking was due to the intervention of Alastair Campbell, director of communications for Tony Blair. Campbell had demanded that David Montgomery, the paper's publisher, fire Marr over an article in which he had compared Blair with his predecessor John Major. This article had followed an earlier one by Blair published in "The Sun", in which Blair had written: "On the day we remember the legend that St George slayed a dragon to protect England, some will argue that there is another dragon to be slayed: Europe." Marr's response asserted that Blair had spoken in bad faith, opportunistically championing Europe to pro-EU audiences while criticising it to anti-EU ones; and that the phrase "some will argue" was Blair's disingenuous rhetorical ruse to distance himself from the xenophobic appeal that he himself was making.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Three months later, Marr returned to "The Independent". Tony O'Reilly had increased his stake in the paper and bought out owners, the Mirror Group. O'Reilly, who had a high regard for Marr, asked him to collaborate as co-editor with Rosie Boycott, in an arrangement whereby Marr would edit the comment pages, and Boycott would have overall control of the news pages.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Many pundits predicted the arrangement would not last and two months later, Boycott left to replace Richard Addis as editor of the "Daily Express". Marr was sole editor again, but only for one week. Simon Kelner, who had worked on the paper when it was first launched, accepted the editorship and asked Marr to stay on as a political columnist. Kelner was not Marr's "cup of tea", Marr observed later, and he left the paper for the last time in May 1998.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Marr was then a columnist for the "Daily Express" and "The Observer". Marr presented a three-part television series shown on BBC Two from 31 January to 2 February 2000 after "Newsnight". A state-of-the-nation reflection, "The Day Britain Died" (2000) also had an accompanying book. Among Marr's other publications is "My Trade: A Short History of British Journalism" (2004).


title: Andrew Marr

text: Marr was appointed as the BBC's political editor in May 2000. Among his personal scoops were the second resignation of Peter Mandelson, and the interview in late 2004 in which Tony Blair told him that he would not seek a fourth term as prime minister should he win the forthcoming general election. During his time as political editor, Marr assumed various presentational roles.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Marr announced in 2005 that following the 2005 general election, he would step down as political editor to spend more time with his family. He was succeeded as political editor by Nick Robinson.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In September 2005, he moved to a new role presenting the BBC's Sunday morning flagship news programme "Sunday AM", known as "The Andrew Marr Show" since September 2007; the slot was previously filled by "Breakfast with Frost" and hosted by Sir David Frost. Marr also presented the BBC Radio 4 programme "Start the Week" until his illness in 2013, and he returned as the programme's regular host until he left the BBC.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In May and June 2007, the BBC broadcast "Andrew Marr's History of Modern Britain". He presented the series of five one-hour documentaries chronicling the history of Britain from 1945 to 2007. Unsold copies of the book of the series, a best-seller, were recalled in March 2009 by publishers Macmillan when legal action was taken over false claims that domestic violence campaigner Erin Pizzey had been a member of The Angry Brigade terrorist group. According to her own account, in a "Guardian" interview in 2001, Pizzey had been present at a meeting when they discussed their intention of bombing Biba, a fashion store, and threatened to report their activities to the police. Damages were paid to Pizzey and Marr's book was republished with the error removed.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In 2008, he presented the prime time BBC One series "Britain From Above". The following year, he contributed a three-part series called "Darwin's Dangerous Idea" to the BBC Darwin Season, celebrating the bicentenary of Charles Darwin and the 150th anniversary of the publication of his theory of evolution.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In late 2009, BBC Two broadcast his six-part television series on British politics in the first half of the 20th century "Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain."


title: Andrew Marr

text: In September 2009 on the Sunday before the Labour Party conference in Brighton, Marr interviewed Prime Minister Gordon Brown. Towards the end of the interview, Marr told Brown he wanted to ask about:


title: Andrew Marr

text: The Prime Minister responded: "No. I think this is the sort of questioning which is all too often entering the lexicon of British politics." Marr was later heavily criticised by Labour politicians, the media and fellow political journalists for what was described as a vague question which relied on its source being a single entry on a political blog. In a later interview with Krishnan Guru-Murthy of "Channel 4 News", John Ward, the author of the Not Born Yesterday blog, stated that he had no proof to back up the claim.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In 2010, Marr presented a series, "Andrew Marr's Megacities", examining the life, development and challenges of some of the largest cities in the world.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In early 2012, Marr presented "The Diamond Queen", a three-part TV series on BBC One looking at the life and reign of Queen Elizabeth II in the run-up to the main celebrations of her Diamond Jubilee.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In 2012, Marr presented an eight-part series on BBC One entitled "Andrew Marr's History of the World", in conjunction with the Open University.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Following the death of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on 8 April 2013, Marr narrated a memorial documentary, "Margaret Thatcher: Prime Minister".


title: Andrew Marr

text: On an 8 April 2018, BBC Sunday news programme Marr said "lots of Palestinian kids" were killed by Israeli forces. The journalist and campaigner Jonathan Sacerdoti complained that the statement was misleading and false. BBC management ruled that Marr breached editorial guidelines, that the statement lacked any evidence and "risked misleading audiences on a material point".


title: Andrew Marr

text: Marr portrayed himself in the 2018 BBC series "Bodyguard", interviewing Keeley Hawes' character Julie Montague, and wrote an opinion piece for "The Guardian" about his decision to do so.


title: Andrew Marr

text: On 1 December 2019, Marr interviewed British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and discussed Islamic terrorist Usman Khan, perpetrator of the 2019 London Bridge stabbing. Marr claimed the government had done nothing since 2010 to tighten the rules on sentencing for terrorist offences, implying that Johnson could have stopped Khan's early release. In reality, Johnson's government had lengthened the minimum early release, and in Khan's case any legislation would have need to be retrospective anyhow. The BBC Editorial Complaints Unit therefore found that Marr had misled viewers on two counts.


title: Andrew Marr

text: On 19 November 2021, Marr announced that he was leaving the BBC and joining Global in 2022 to host a new opinion programme on LBC called "Tonight with Andrew Marr", host a new arts and interview programme on Classic FM, present a new weekly podcast on Global Player, and write a regular column for the LBC's website. He said, "Coming to Global gives me a new freedom to do fast-paced very regular political journalism on LBC with no filter in entirely my own voice". His first LBC show aired on 7 March 2022.


title: Andrew Marr

text: Marr has written about the need to remain impartial and "studiously neutral" whilst delivering news reports and "convey fact, and nothing more". At an October 2006, BBC seminar discussing impartiality, Marr highlighted alleged bias within the BBC. He stated: "The BBC is not impartial or neutral. It's a publicly funded, urban organisation with an abnormally large number of young people, ethnic minorities, and gay people. It has a liberal bias, not so much a party-political bias. It is better expressed as a cultural liberal bias." In May 2021, he talked about his frustration at having to maintain his impartiality at the BBC and not being able to speak in his own voice. He said: "I think it will be very, very hard for people like me to carry on being completely neutral and completely "sotto voce" all the way through that ... At some point, I want to get out and use my own voice again."


title: Andrew Marr

text: In "The Daily Telegraph", in 2007, he said that he was a libertarian when discussing his conflicting views on smoking bans. Writing in "The Guardian" in 1999, he defined himself as a "pampered white liberal" and said that:


title: Andrew Marr

text: In March 2014, Marr was criticised for allegedly expressing his own opinion on an independent Scotland's membership of the EU while interviewing Scottish politician Alex Salmond on BBC Television.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In the "New Statesman" during 2015, Marr expressed the opinion that the new Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn may be electable and that Conservative leaders recognise this. Marr wrote, "Here and now, in 2015, we know diddly-squat." At that time Marr considered a Labour election victory under Corbyn unlikely.


title: Andrew Marr

text: On the BBC's "This Week" on 16 May 2019, George Galloway said "I knew Andrew Marr when he was a Trotskyite selling Trotskyite newspapers to bewildered railwaymen outside King's Cross Station".


title: Andrew Marr

text: Marr has helped support Sense, the National Deafblind and Rubella Association, and was the face of a Sense direct marketing appeal. He was President of the Galapagos Conservation Trust until 2013. In 2007 and 2014, Marr supported the charity iDE UK in the BBC Radio 4 Appeal and subsequently became a patron. His novels include "Head of State" (2014) and "Children of the Master" (2015).


title: Andrew Marr

text: In August 1987, Marr married Jackie Ashley, a fellow political journalist, in Surrey. She is a daughter of the Labour life peer, Lord Ashley of Stoke (1922–2012). The couple have a son and two daughters. , Marr lives in Primrose Hill in north London, having moved there from East Sheen in 2013.


title: Andrew Marr

text: When asked about his religious views, Marr has said, "Am I religious? No. Do I believe in anything? No. I just don't have that bump", and has described himself as "an irreligious Calvinist".


title: Andrew Marr

text: On 8 January 2013, Marr was taken to hospital after suffering a stroke at home. He left hospital on 3 March and said he hoped to return to work later in the year. He appeared as a guest on "The Andrew Marr Show" on 14 April and returned twice to interview David Miliband and the prime minister, David Cameron, before it was announced that he would return to presenting the show on 1 September 2013.


title: Andrew Marr

text: In May 2018, Marr went into hospital for an operation to deal with a malignant tumour on his kidney. He was expected to make a full recovery.


title: Andrew Marr

text: On 28 June 2008, Richard Ingrams reported in "The Independent" that Marr had been granted a High Court "super-injunction" preventing disclosure in the media of "private" information, or the existence of the injunction. "Private Eye" had revealed the existence of the injunction earlier in the week, having successfully challenged the need for its existence to be kept secret.


title: Andrew Marr

text: On 26 April 2011, following legal action by "Private Eye" editor Ian Hislop, an interview with Marr was published in the "Daily Mail", in which he revealed that the super-injunction had covered the reporting of an extra-marital affair with a female journalist. Hislop had filed a court challenge earlier in April 2011, and described the super-injunction as "pretty rank".


title: Andrew Marr

text: In 1995, he was named Columnist of the Year at both the "What the Papers Say" Awards and the British Press Awards, and received the Journalist Award in the Channel 4 Political Awards of 2001.


title: Andrew Marr

text: He was considered for honorary membership of The Coterie for 2007. Marr has received two British Academy Television Awards: the Richard Dimbleby Award at the 2004 ceremony and the award for Best Specialist Factual Programme (for his "History of Modern Britain") at the 2008 ceremony.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: Christopher Bernard Wilder (March 13, 1945 – April 13, 1984), also known as the Beauty Queen Killer, was an Australian serial killer who abducted and raped at least twelve young women and girls, torturing some, and killing at least eight of them, during a six-week, cross-country crime spree in the United States in early 1984. Wilder's series of murders began in Florida on February 26, 1984, and continued across the country through Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Nevada, and California, and attempted abductions in Washington State and New York State before he was killed during a struggle with police in New Hampshire on April 13, 1984.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: Wilder is also believed to have raped two girls, aged 10 and 12, in Florida in 1983. Since his death, he has also been considered a suspect in many unsolved murders, including the unsolved 1965 murder of two teenaged girls in his native Sydney, where he had lived during the same period.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: Christopher Bernard Wilder was born on March 13, 1945, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, the oldest of four sons to an American father, a naval officer, and an Australian mother. He nearly died at birth, and reportedly almost drowned in a swimming pool at the age of two.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: On January 4, 1963, aged 17, Wilder raped a 13-year-old girl in company with two other young men, both of whom denied being involved in the actual assault. Wilder was sentenced to probation, and claimed later in life that he also received electroshock therapy. It has been suggested that this therapy aggravated Wilder's violent sexual tendencies. However, journalist Duncan McNab claims there is no evidence that he underwent electroshock therapy, and that the story of Wilder's near-drowning was an invention of Wilder himself.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: Wilder married in 1968, but his wife left him after one week. He emigrated to the United States in 1969 and lived in Boynton Beach, Florida in an upscale home and was successful in real estate while developing an interest in photography. From about 1971 through 1975, Wilder faced various charges related to sexual misconduct. He eventually raped a young woman he had lured into his truck on the pretense of photographing her for a modeling contract. This was to become part of his "modus operandi" during his later crime spree. Despite several convictions, Wilder was never jailed for any of these offenses.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: While visiting his parents in Australia in 1982, Wilder was charged with sexual offenses against two 15-year-old girls whom he had forced to pose nude. His parents posted bail and he was allowed to return to Florida to await trial, but court delays prevented his case from ever being heard, as the eventual initial hearing date of April 1984 came after his death.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: In early 1984, Wilder began a bloody six-week, cross-country crime spree in the United States. He left in his wake eight murder victims, all female.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: The first murder attributed to Wilder was that of Rosario Gonzalez, who was last seen on February 26, 1984, at the Miami Grand Prix, where she was employed as a spokesmodel. Wilder was also at the race, where he raced in the IMSA GTU class in a Porsche 911. On March 5, Wilder's former girlfriend, Miss Florida finalist Elizabeth Kenyon, went missing. Neither woman's remains have ever been found. On March 18, Wilder led 21-year-old Theresa Wait Ferguson away from the Merritt Square Mall in Merritt Island, Florida. He murdered Ferguson and dumped her body at Canaveral Groves, where it was discovered on March 23.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: Wilder's next victim was 19-year-old Linda Grover from Florida State University, whom he abducted from the Governor's Square Mall in Tallahassee, Florida, and transported to Bainbridge, Georgia, on March 20. She had declined his offer to photograph her for a modeling agency, after which he assaulted her in the mall parking lot. Wilder tied Grover's hands, wrapped her in a blanket, and put her in the trunk of his car. Grover was taken to Glen Oaks Motel and was raped. Wilder blinded her with a blow dryer and super glue. He applied copper wires to her feet and passed an electric current through them. When she tried to get away, he beat her, but she escaped and locked herself in the bathroom, where she began pounding on the walls. Wilder fled in his car, taking all of Grover's belongings with him.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: On March 21, Wilder approached Terry Walden, a 23-year-old wife, mother, and nursing student at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas, about posing as a model. She turned him down, but ran across him again two days later, March 23, and he kidnapped her then. Wilder stabbed her to death and dumped her body in a canal, where she was found on March 26. After killing Walden, Wilder fled in her rust-colored 1981 Mercury Cougar.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: On March 25, Wilder abducted 21-year-old Suzanne Logan at the Penn Square Mall in Oklahoma City. Wilder took her 180 miles north to Newton, Kansas, and checked into room 30 of the I-35 Inn. After breakfast the next morning, he drove to Milford Reservoir, 90 miles northeast of Newton near Junction City, Kansas, where he stabbed her to death and dumped her body under a cedar tree.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: Wilder took 18-year-old Sheryl Bonaventura captive in Grand Junction, Colorado, on March 29. They were seen together at a diner in Silverton, where they told staff they were heading for Las Vegas with a stop in Durango on the way. On March 30, they were seen at the Four Corners Monument, after which Wilder checked into the Page Boy Motel in Page, Arizona. Wilder shot and stabbed Bonaventura to death around March 31 near the Kanab River in Utah, but her body was not found until May 3.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: Wilder killed 17-year-old Michelle Korfman, an aspiring model, who disappeared from a "Seventeen" magazine cover model competition at the Meadows Mall in Las Vegas on April 1. A photograph was taken of Wilder stalking her at the competition. Her body remained undiscovered near a Southern California roadside rest stop until May 11, and was not identified until mid-June via dental X-rays.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: On April 4, in Torrance, California, Wilder photographed 16-year-old Tina Marie Risico before abducting her and driving her to El Centro, where he assaulted her. Wilder apparently believed that Risico would be of use in helping him get other victims, so he kept her alive and took her with him as he traveled back east through Prescott, Arizona, Joplin, Missouri, and Chicago, Illinois. Wilder had been on the FBI's ten most wanted fugitives list since the second week of April.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: He and Risico went to Merrillville, Indiana, on April 10, where she helped him abduct 16-year-old Dawnette Wilt at the Southlake Mall. Wilder raped Wilt several times as Risico drove to New York. Near Penn Yan, Wilder took Wilt into the woods and attempted to suffocate her before stabbing her twice and leaving her. Wilt managed to tie a pair of jeans around herself and flag down help. She was taken to Soldiers and Sailors Hospital in Penn Yan by a truck driver, Charlie Laursen. Wilder had doubled back and returned to the spot where he left her to make sure she was dead. He panicked on seeing she had fled.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: Dr. John F. Flynn performed a life-saving surgery on Wilt at the hospital and Wilt survived and recuperated at Soldiers and Sailors Hospital. She told local police that Wilder was heading for Canada. At the Eastview Mall in Victor, New York, Wilder forced 33-year-old Beth Dodge into his car and had Risico follow him in Dodge's Pontiac Firebird. After a short drive, Wilder shot Dodge and dumped her body in a gravel pit. Risico and he then drove the Firebird to Logan Airport in Boston, where he bought her a ticket to Los Angeles.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: Wilder then headed north, and in Beverly, Massachusetts, he attempted to abduct a woman at gunpoint, but was unsuccessful.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: On April 13, Wilder stopped at Vic's Getty service station in Colebrook, New Hampshire to ask directions to Canada. Two New Hampshire state troopers, Leo Jellison and Wayne Fortier, approached Wilder, who retreated to his car to arm himself with a Colt Python .357 Magnum. Jellison was able to grab Wilder from behind and in the scuffle, two shots were fired. The first bullet hit Wilder and exited through his back and into Jellison. The second bullet hit Wilder in the chest. Wilder died; Jellison was seriously wounded, but recovered and returned to full duty.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: A copy of the novel "The Collector" by John Fowles, in which a man keeps a woman in his cellar against her will until she dies, was found among his possessions after his death.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: Wilder was cremated in Florida, leaving a personal estate worth more than $7 million. In June 1986, a court-appointed arbitrator ruled that the after-tax balance was to be divided among the families of his victims.


title: Christopher Wilder

text: On May 3, 1973, a man walking his dog discovered the bodies of sisters Mary Jenkins (16) and Marguerit "Maggie" Jenkins (18), in a wooded area in Key Largo, about 100 miles from where they were last seen. They were seen the day before trying to hitchhike back to their home in Gloucester, New Jersey. Both girls had been sexually assaulted as well as had been subjected to blunt force trauma and shot to death. Authorities looked into the possibility that Wilder was the person responsible for the murders as he had already been attacking women and resided in Boynton Beach in 1973, which is 150 miles from Key Largo. However, Wilder was ruled out when DNA recovered from a bite mark on one of the girls did not match his.


title: Tanqueray

text: Tanqueray is an English brand of gin produced by Diageo plc. It originated in London. In 2016 it displaced Beefeater as the number one global seller. While it does not command a sizable market share in its native market, its largest market is the United States, where it is the highest-selling gin import.


title: Tanqueray

text: Tanqueray is a London dry gin, reflecting its distillation process and origin in Bloomsbury, London. London dry gin is made by double distilling grain, with select botanicals added during the second distillation. While the Tanqueray recipe is a closely guarded trade secret, it is known to contain four botanicals: juniper, coriander, angelica root and liquorice, all common botanicals in gin productions overall.


title: Tanqueray

text: It is one of Diageo's sixteen "strategic brands" earmarked for prioritisation in promotion and distribution worldwide.


title: Tanqueray

text: Tanqueray gin was initially distilled in 1830 by Charles Tanqueray in the Bloomsbury district of London. The retail outlet of Edward & Charles Tanqueray & Co was established on Vine Street, London, in 1838. When Charles died in 1868, his son Charles Waugh Tanqueray inherited the distillery, which continued to operate until it was severely damaged during World War II. The only facility to survive the Axis bombing, now known as "Old Tom", has since been moved to Cameron Bridge, Scotland.


title: Tanqueray

text: According to one report, Tanqueray became the highest selling gin in the world for the first time in 2016, with nearly three million nine-litre cases sold.


title: Tanqueray

text: Tanqueray London Dry Gin is the original product that was launched in 1830; its key botanicals are juniper, coriander, angelica root and liquorice. It is variously sold as:


title: Tanqueray

text: Tanqueray No. Ten Gin (47.3%) was introduced in 2000 and is targeted at the martini market. It is distilled four times with whole fresh grapefruit, orange, lime and chamomile flowers


title: Tanqueray

text: Tanqueray Sterling Vodka was introduced in 1989 and is available in both neutral and citrus flavours. Its main market is the United States.


title: Tanqueray

text: Tanqueray Rangpur Gin was introduced in Maryland, Delaware, and Washington, D.C. in the summer of 2006. It has a strong citrus flavor, the result of rangpur limes, ginger, and bay leaves added during the final distillation process. It is produced at 82.6 proof (41.3% abv) and is now available throughout the United States and Canada.


title: Tanqueray

text: Tanqueray Malacca Gin was introduced in 1997 as a "wetter" alternative to the London Dry, with more sweetness and a stronger fruit palate (most notably grapefruit). Discontinued in 2001, Diageo announced on 12 December 2012 (12/12/12) that a 16,000-case limited edition of Tanqueray Malacca would be relaunched in the US, Great Britain, Canada and Western Europe for February 2013.


title: Tanqueray

text: Tanqueray Blackcurrant Royale Gin was introduced in 2021. It has a rich fruity flavor with taste of French blackcurrant, vanilla and exotic floral notes.


title: Tanqueray

text: In 2021 Tanqueray launched a non-alcoholic variety of the original called Tanqueray 0.0 , bottled at 0.0%abv.


title: Tanqueray

text: Past offerings from Tanqueray also include both orange and lemon gins, produced from 1937 until 1957, when both were phased out.