text: The FMLN and the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) are the two dominant political parties in El Salvador. Since 2000, the FMLN has gone back and forth with ARENA in controlling the largest number of Legislative Assembly seats. The FMLN has controlled the mayor's offices in many of the large cities of El Salvador since 1997, including the capital, San Salvador, and the neighboring city Santa Tecla. The FMLN mayor of San Salvador, was Violeta Menjívar, the first female mayor of San Salvador, who was elected in a narrow victory in 2006. The death of the FMLN's long standing leader, Jorge Schafik, boosted Violeta Menjivar's political campaign which ultimately led her to narrow win in the election of San Salvador's mayor. Schafik's death also boosted several FMLN political candidates running for positions in El Salvador's Legislative Assembly. The FMLN mayor of Santa Tecla was Oscar Ortiz, who served in that position since 2000.


title: Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front

text: In the legislative elections, held on 16 March 2003, the FMLN won 34% of the popular vote and 31 out of 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador, becoming the political party with the most assembly members. The FMLN's candidate in the 21 March 2004 presidential election, Schafik Hándal, won 35.6% of the vote, but was defeated by Antonio Saca of ARENA.


text: In the 12 March 2006 legislative election, the FMLN won 39.7% of the popular vote and 32 out of 84 legislative assembly seats. The FMLN also retained the mayor's seats in the largest cities of El Salvador, San Salvador and Santa Tecla, and hundreds of other municipalities. This was possible because one of the largest progressive coalitions in El Salvador called The Popular Social Bloc formed a pact with FMLN to help the political party win more seats in the Legislative Assembly. However, most other coalitions and groups dedicated to social change have kept away from the political party. Two months before the elections of 2009, however, the FMLN lost the mayoralty of San Salvador.


text: At the 18 January 2009 legislative elections, FMLN won 42.6% of the vote and 35 seats. FMLN is the largest party in the Salvadoran legislature, though it did not have a governing majority.


text: On 15 March 2009, the FMLN's candidate Mauricio Funes won the presidential elections. He was inaugurated in June 2009 as the first president coming from the FMLN party. The FMLN also organized support groups during the 2009 election in order to secure votes as well as gaining more volunteers to help in the upcoming elections.


text: In March 2014, Vice President of El Salvador from 2009–2014, Salvador Sánchez Cerén, was elected as the new President of El Salvador. Cerén's presidential win assured the FMLN would have a party member in the presidential office for another five years.


text: At the end of the civil war in 1992, the FMLN became a legal political party. At the end of the war, the FMLN still comprised the five political parties—FPL, CP, ERP, RN, PRTC—each of which retained its own organizational structure but with a leader. During the civil war, and continuing in the post-war period, people did not directly join the FMLN "per se", but joined one of the five component groups.


text: After the end of the war, it became clear that there were serious divisions within the FMLN, some of which had existed during the war but had been somewhat hidden from the general public. Particularly it became clear between 1992 and 1994 that the leaders of the ERP and the RN had a number of disagreements with the leaders of the other parties. Soon after the 1994 Legislative Assembly elections, the leaders of the ERP and the RN left the FMLN, and took many of their members with them. The leaders of this split (including FMLN commandante Joaquin Villalobos of the ERP) then formed the "Partido Democrata" (Democratic Party), which was short-lived. Many members of the ERP and RN who had left in 1994 then returned to the FMLN.


text: After the 1994 elections and the 1994 split, momentum grew to unify the FMLN into a single organization without separate internal parties. In 1995, the five parties that had formed the FMLN dissolved themselves. It is at that point that the FPL, CP, ERP, RN and PRTC ceased to exist, and what remained was a unified FMLN. Then people could join the FMLN directly instead of having to join one of its component parties. While this decision liquidated the parallel organizational structures inside the FMLN, there still remained strong loyalties along historic organizational lines, some of which can still be seen today.


text: In the 1999 presidential election, the FMLN ran Facundo Guardado as its candidate. This was a contentious decision, and many in the FMLN did not support Guardado, as they believed that his politics were moving to the right. Out of this internal conflict, two organized tendencies emerged in the FMLN—the Renovadores ("Renovators" or "Renewal Movement") and the Corriente Revolucionario y Socialista (CRS—Revolutionary Socialist Current). The two main leaders of the CRS were the historic FMLN leaders Schafik Hándal and Salvador Sanchez Ceren. The main leader of the Renovadores was Facundo Guardado. As a charismatic former FPL commander, Guardado had a base of supporters in the FMLN. He criticized the historic leadership as being too communist and called for a renovated ideology. The CRS criticized Guardado for advocating social democratic politics and for not being clearly against neoliberalism.


text: After a couple years of internal turmoil, in which the Revolutionary Socialist Current won the majority of the internal elections in the organization, Guardado became more frustrated, publicly attacked the FMLN leaders he didn't agree with, and took actions contrary to decisions the party had made. He was expelled from the party and some of his supporters left the FMLN. Guardado tried to form the Renovadores as its own political party, but they received negligible support in the 2003 election and then ceased to exist as a party.


text: After the Renovadores vs Revolutionary Socialist Current factionalism, the FMLN's leadership decided to stop organized internal tendencies, and none have emerged since then.


text: In 2004 and 2005, the FMLN experienced another split. Five FMLN Legislative Assembly members and a number of their supporters left the FMLN to form a new political party, the Democratic Revolutionary Front (Spanish: "Frente Democratico Revolucionario"). Some of the principal leaders of this split were Ileana Rogel and Francisco Jovel. The people who left to form the FDR chose this name because it has a legacy in the Salvadoran movement; an organization by the same name was formed under the leadership of the FMLN during the civil war to bring together parties and individuals doing legal political work during the civil war. As opposed to previous splits from the FMLN which openly proclaimed that they were ideologically 'center' or 'center-left' or were no longer self-declared "revolutionaries", the people who split to form the FDR claimed to still be part of the leftist legacy of the FMLN. In the 2006 elections, no FDR candidates won office, except for the incumbent mayor of Nejapa, Rene Canjura. Canjura was a popular FMLN mayor of the municipality of Nejapa for three consecutive periods, and therefore under FMLN statutes, would not have been eligible to run for a fourth consecutive period. So he left the FMLN and successfully ran in 2006 as the FDR candidate. No other FDR candidates won any electoral victories in 2006.


text: On Sunday, 15 March 2009, an FMLN candidate, Mauricio Funes, was elected President of El Salvador. On 10 February 2016, the El Salvador Supreme Court ruled that Funes would face a civil trial for charges of illegally laundering more than $700,000 in personal bank accounts. On 28 November 2017, El Salvador's second civil court found Funes guilty of illegal enrichment.


text: In 2014 election Salvador Sanchez Ceren of FMLN was narrowly elected as the new President of El Salvador.


text: FMLN lost both 2019 presidential election and 2021 legislative election dominated by new Nuevas Ideas (New Ideas) party of president Nayib Bukele.


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: Garam Masala () is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language comedy film written and directed by Priyadarshan, featuring Akshay Kumar, John Abraham, Paresh Rawal, Rimi Sen, Neha Dhupia and Rajpal Yadav. The story revolves around Mac (Kumar) and Sam (Abraham), two photographer friends, like to flirt with women constantly. After a trip abroad, Shyam decides to disrupt Makarand's life when he sees him enjoying the company of three ladies. It was a remake of 1965 American film "Boeing Boeing".


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: The film was released during Diwali in 2005, received mixed reviews from the critics, Kumar was appreciated for his performance He also won Best Actor in a Comic Role award at the Filmfare Awards. The film was a commercial success at the box office grossing ₹ 54 crore worldwide.


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: The film starts off when two photographers Makarand "Mac" Godbole and Shyam "Sam" Salgaonkar are doing a photo shoot. While Mac is shooting the models in exposing poses, his fiancée Anjali leaves in disgust due to Mac's closeness to the models. Their boss calls them into his office and tells them that they are good-for-nothing photographers. He threatens to reduce their pay if they don't get some good pictures for the world photography competition to make his magazine "Garam Masala" famous.


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: Both Mac and Sam ask Maggie, the boss's secretary, on a date on the same day, at the same restaurant at the same time. As all three meet up at the restaurant a pickpocket takes Mac's and Sam's wallets. After the meal, the competition to impress Maggie heightens thus evoking humorous events after which Sam and Mac leave Maggie to pay the bill.


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: Sam visits a famous photographer, praising him and asking for a few outstanding shots. These stolen shots help Sam to win the world photography competition. He gets promoted, is given ten percent of the prize money and has his pay doubled, whilst Mac receives a demotion to assistant. Sam flies off to the US to enjoy his holiday, leaving Mac fuming in Mauritius.


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: The chief editor persuades Mac to show up Sam by getting three women to be his fiancées, getting a very expensive flat and driving very expensive, imported cars. Following his promise, Mac gets a high-quality flat and gets access to three beautiful air hostesses. His driver, Babban, is his key to the high life. Not only does Babban get Mac access to the flat, he delivers very high-end cars to impress his fiancées. He drives Mac's cars and does all his services for a small amount of liquor every day. Lastly, Babban gets Mac a housekeeper, Mambo, who has an attitude problem and doesn't care what goes on in his flat so long as his demands are met.


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: He has affairs with each of the three women — Deepti, Puja and Sweety — and creates chaos. Sam returns from America, only to find his friend turned rival, playing around with three women at once. He tries to help his friend and tries out his own luck with the girls.


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: The story turns into mayhem when it's hard for the two boys to maintain the three girls simultaneously. Mac's original fiancée Anjali learns about Mac's acts, and it creates a bigger mess. When their cook Mambo leaves, they begin to realise their mistakes and Mac attempts reuniting with Anjali; in the end Mac tries to climb on the car which Anjali and Sam are in while being chased by the three women he was dating now that they realised the truth.


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: The music is composed by Pritam while the lyrics are penned by Sameer and Mayur Puri. All the remix songs are mixed by DJ Suketu.Background Score by D. Imman.


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: Raja Sen of Rediff.com called the film ″funniest film of the year″, writing ″Akshay Kumar rocks the film. In a commandingly restrained performance, the actor shows off topnotch comic timing to hilarious effect. Balancing subtle shifts of tone with wildly over-the-top slapstick, he manages to always get a laugh, even when the script falters. There's a self-deprecating aspect visible in Akshay's comedy that adds warmth to the film. And he counters his goofy grin with a terrific display of deadpan dialogue delivery. This is his film, and he's having a ball.″


title: Garam Masala (2005 film)

text: Conversely, Namrata Joshi of Outlook Magazine gave the film 2 stars out of 5, writing ″Priyadarshan again shows a spirit for mirth and mania but the film is not quite a laugh riot.″ Kaveree Bamzai of India Today wrote ″The lines are suited to the revolving-door kind of sex comedy. So there are many jibes about thighs, eyes and undies, which are ridiculous enough to elicit laughter from the devotees of films like No Entry.″


title: Warangal

text: Warangal () is a city in the Indian state of Telangana and the district headquarters of Warangal district. It is the second largest city in Telangana with a population of 704,570 per 2011 Census of India, and spreading over an .


title: Warangal

text: Warangal served as the capital of the Kakatiya dynasty which was established in 1163. The monuments left by the Kakatiyas include fortresses, lakes, temples and stone gateways which, in the present, helped the city to become a popular tourist attraction. The Kakatiya Kala Thoranam was included in the emblem of Telangana by the state government and Warangal is also touted as the cultural capital of Telangana.


title: Warangal

text: It is one of the eleven cities in the country to have been chosen for the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme by the Government of India. It was also selected as a "smart city" in the "fast-track competition", which makes it eligible for additional investment to improve urban infrastructure and industrial opportunities under the Smart Cities Mission.


title: Warangal

text: The three urban cities Kazipet, Hanamkonda and Warangal are together known as Warangal Tri-City. The three cities are connected by National Highway 163 (Hyderabad–Bhuvanagiri–Warangal–Bhopalpatnam). The major stations are Kazipet Junction railway station and Warangal railway station.


title: Warangal

text: During the 160 years of Kakatiya rule between 1163 - 1323, Warangal was referred with various names like "Orugallu", "Ekasila Nagaram", or "Omatikonda" all these means a 'single stone' referring to a huge granite boulder present in the Warangal fort. When the Kakatiya dynasty was defeated by Delhi Sultanate in 1323, ruler Juna Khan conquered the city and renamed it as Sultanpur. Later Musunuri Nayaks recaptured Warangal in 1336 A. D. and named it Orugallu again.


title: Warangal

text: Warangal was the ancient capital of Kakatiya dynasty. It was ruled by many kings such as Beta Raja I, Prola Raja I, Beta Raja II, Prola Raja II, Rudradeva, Mahadeva, Ganapathideva, Prataparudra and Rani Rudrama Devi who is the only woman to rule over Telugu region. Beta Raja I is the founder of Kakatiya Dynasty and ruled the kingdom for 30 years and was succeeded by his son Prola Raja I who shifted his capital to Hanamkonda.


title: Warangal

text: During the rule of Ganapathideva, the capital was shifted from Hanamkonda to Warangal. Kakatiya Period Inscriptions praised Warangal as best city within all of Telugu region up to shores of the Ocean. The Kakatiyas left many monuments, including an impressive fortress, four massive stone gateways, the Swayambhu temple dedicated to Shiva, and the Ramappa temple situated near Ramappa Lake. The cultural and administrative distinction of the Kakatiyas was mentioned by Marco Polo. After the defeat of Prataparudra II, the Musunuri Nayaks united 72 Nayak chieftains and captured Warangal from Delhi Sultanate and ruled for fifty years. After the demise of the Nayaks, Warangal was part of the Bahmani Sultanate and then the Sultanate of Golconda.


title: Warangal

text: The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered Golconda in 1687, and it remained part of the Mughal empire until the southern provinces of the empire split away to become the state of Hyderabad in 1724, which included the Telangana region and some parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka. Hyderabad was annexed to India in 1948, and became an Indian state called as Hyderabad state. In 1956 Hyderabad state was partitioned as part of the States Reorganisation Act, and Telangana, the Telugu-speaking region of Hyderabad state, which includes Warangal, became part of Andhra Pradesh. After the Telangana movement, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014, Warangal became part of Telangana State.


title: Warangal

text: Warangal is located at . It has an average elevation of 266 metres (873 feet). It is settled in the eastern part of Deccan Plateau made up of granite rocks and hill formations which left the region barren making the cultivation dependent on seasonal rainfall. There are no major rivers flowing near the city, making it reliant on the Kakatiya Canal which originates from Sriram Sagar Project to meet the city's water requirements. Located in the semi-arid region of Telangana, Warangal has a predominantly hot and dry climate. Summer starts in March, and peak in May with average high temperatures in the range. The monsoon arrives in June and lasts until September with about of precipitation. A dry, mild winter starts in October and lasts until early February, when there is little humidity and average temperatures in the range. Many hill rocks and lakes are located around warangal. Padmakshi hill, mettu gutta, hanumathgiri gutta, ursu gutta and Govinda Rajula Gutta are famous hills with temples.


title: Warangal

text: Bhadrakali Lake, Dharmasagar lake and Waddepally Lake are the three famous lakes which adds scenic beauty and also are the major sources of drinking water.


title: Warangal

text: Census of India, the city has population of , which later increased to the present population of 830,281, including the expanded city limits.


title: Warangal

text: The major religion in Warangal is Hinduism, with 83% of the population adhering to it. Islam is the largest minority, at 14%. There are small communities of Christians, Jews, and Buddhists.


title: Warangal

text: Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation is the civic body of the city, which oversees the civic needs. Established in 1899, it is one of the oldest urban local bodies in India. City planning is governed by the Kakatiya Urban Development Authority (KUDA), constituted in 1982 by the local government for the planning, development and management of the Kakatiya Urban Development Area. It has its jurisdictional area spread over , covering 19 mandals, 181 villages in the three districts of Warangal district, Hanamkonda and Jangaon. , the corporation has bagged a total of eleven awards in various categories, such as conservation, sanitation, heritage, etc. For electoral purpose, the city is divided into 58 electoral wards, of which 50% are reserved for women. A total of thirty seats are reserved for BCs (19), SCs (9) and STs (2) respectively.


title: Warangal

text: In October 2012, the corporation conducted "Clean Cities Championship", which invited professionals from 57 municipalities across the state for effective waste management and was won by Khammam Municipal Corporation. Following the event, Warangal became the first city in India to achieve 100% door-to-door MSW collection. About 70% of households started practicing two-bin MSW segregation into wet and dry waste. 420 cement bins and 128 dumpsters were removed from locations across Warangal making it a no dump city. GWMC was able to reduce the MSW going to landfill by 30% to 40%. and the dumpyard with significantly reduced load is, in phases, being converted into a nature park with vermicomposting sheds.


title: Warangal

text: The urban police district, which is responsible for maintaining law and order in city and agglomerated areas around Warangal was converted into a Police Commissionerate by the state government in 2015. Inspector General will be working as police commissioner who is also given magisterial powers. There are around 71 police stations present under Warangal Police Commissionerate.


title: Warangal

text: There are hospitals in the city for health care. The Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital is the largest hospital in the city, serving the patients from the Adilabad, Khammam and Karimnagar.


title: Warangal

text: census of India, Warangal is one of the Indian cities that has seen rapid growth of urbanisation from 19%–28%, alongside cities such as Gandhinagar, Kozhikode.


title: Warangal

text: Agriculture is the main economic activity with irrigation depending mainly on monsoon and seasonal rainfalls. Major crops are paddy, cotton, mango and wheat. Warangal benefits from the Godavari lift irrigation scheme which is designed to lift water from the Godavari river to irrigate drought prone areas in the Telangana region.


title: Warangal

text: The city hosts second-biggest grain market of Asia, located in Enumamula. Information Technology is another sector in which the city is making steady progress with its Incubation centre at Madikonda. Recently Tech Mahindra & Cyient have opened their development centres and many other IT majors like Mindtree, quadrant resource will be opening their offices shortly.


title: Warangal

text: The city is connected to major cities and towns by means of road and railways. National and state highways that pass through the city are, National Highway 163, connecting Hyderabad and Bhopalpatnam; NH 563 connecting Ramagundam and Khammam; State highway 3. TSRTC operates buses to various destinations from Hanamkonda and Warangal bus stations of the city. Nearly 78 City buses run in various routes across the city and sub urban areas while 45 city buses run from city to nearby villages.


title: Warangal

text: Warangal has two railway stations namely, Kazipet and Warangal on the important New Delhi-Chennai main line of Indian Railways. They are administered under the jurisdiction of the Secunderabad railway division of South Central Railway zone. Kazipet Junction shelters both Electric and Diesel Loco sheds with a capacity of holding 175 and 142 locomotives. Kazipet town, Vanchanagiri, Pendial,


title: Warangal

text: Hasanparthy Road railway station are the other railway stations within the city limits. The construction of third railway line between Balharshah and Kazipet was sanctioned at an estimated cost of .


title: Warangal

text: Warangal has an airport built by the Nizams at Mamnoor in 1930. It was largest airport in undivided India with 1,875 acres of land, a 6.6-km runway, a pilot and staff quarters, a pilot training centre and more than one terminal. Many cargo services and Vayudoot services were served. During the Indo-China war, it served as a hangar for government aircraft due to Delhi airport being a target in combat. It remained in service until 1981.


title: Warangal

text: This airport is currently being used as NCC Training Centre by No. 4(A) air squadron for gliding sorties, skeet shooting and aero-modeling. There is no scheduled commercial air service from this airport at present.


title: Warangal

text: The residents of the city are often referred as "Warangalites". The Warangal Fort, Thousand Pillar Temple and the Ramappa Temple which was inscribed in the list of World Heritage sites recognised by UNESCO. Bhadrakali Temple, Padmakshi Temple, Mettu Gutta, Govinda Rajula Gutta, Roman Catholic Diocese of Warangal, Kazipet Dargah, Ursu Gutta, and Erragattu Gutta are the other notable destinations of various religions. Bhadrakali Lake, Waddepally Lake, and Dharmasagar Lake are the water bodies notable for tourism.


title: Warangal

text: Bhadrakali Temple lake is being developed into the largest first Geo-Bio-Diversity cultural park in the country, with promenades, historic caves, suspension bridges, natural trails, nesting ground and ecological reserves.


title: Warangal

text: The Ministry of Tourism has awarded Warangal as the best heritage city, at the National Tourism Awards for the year 2014–2015. This is third time in a row for the city to get this award since 2012.


title: Warangal

text: Festivals in the city include, a floral festival of Bathukamma being celebrated by women of the city, worshiping the goddess with different flowers for nine days. The women carry their "Bathukamma" to the nearest temple of their locality, then they clap, sing and dance rhythmically around the Bathukamma. Along with Bathukamma, Bonalu is also declared as a state festival on 15 June 2014. Other festivals are, Sammakka Saralamma Jatara (Medaram Jatara), a popular religious congregation in the honour of Goddess at Medaram of Warangal district.


title: Warangal

text: The cuisine of the city is mainly of Deccan dishes. The breakfast items include Chapati, and Puri. Rice with variety of curries including curd is taken as main food.


title: New York Public Library

text: The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items and 92 locations, the New York Public Library is the second largest public library in the United States (behind the Library of Congress) and the fourth largest in the world. It is a private, non-governmental, independently managed, nonprofit corporation operating with both private and public financing.


title: New York Public Library

text: The library has branches in the boroughs of the Bronx, Manhattan, and Staten Island and affiliations with academic and professional libraries in the New York metropolitan area. The city's other two boroughs, Brooklyn and Queens, are not served by the New York Public Library system, but rather by their respective borough library systems: the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Public Library. The branch libraries are open to the general public and consist of circulating libraries. The New York Public Library also has four research libraries, which are also open to the general public.


title: New York Public Library

text: The library, officially chartered as The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations, was developed in the 19th century, founded from an amalgamation of grass-roots libraries and social libraries of bibliophiles and the wealthy, aided by the philanthropy of the wealthiest Americans of their age.


title: New York Public Library

text: The "New York Public Library" name may also refer to its Main Branch, which is easily recognizable by its lion statues named Patience and Fortitude that sit either side of the entrance. The branch was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, and designated a New York City Landmark in 1967.


title: New York Public Library

text: At the behest of Joseph Cogswell, John Jacob Astor placed a codicil in his will to bequeath $400,000 (equivalent of $ million in 2021) for the creation of a public library. After Astor's death in 1848, the resulting board of trustees executed the will's conditions and constructed the Astor Library in 1854 in the East Village. The library created was a free reference library; its books were not permitted to circulate. By 1872, the Astor Library was described in a "The New York Times" editorial as a "major reference and research resource", but, "Popular it certainly is not, and, so greatly is it lacking in the essentials of a public library, that its stores might almost as well be under lock and key, for any access the masses of the people can get thereto".


title: New York Public Library

text: An act of the New York State Legislature incorporated the Lenox Library in 1870. The library was built on Fifth Avenue, between 70th and 71st Streets, in 1877. Bibliophile and philanthropist James Lenox donated a vast collection of his Americana, art works, manuscripts, and rare books, including the first Gutenberg Bible in the New World. At its inception, the library charged admission and did not permit physical access to any literary items.


title: New York Public Library

text: Former Governor of New York and presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden believed that a library with citywide reach was required, and upon his death in 1886, he bequeathed the bulk of his fortune—about (equivalent of $ million in 2021)—to "establish and maintain a free library and reading room in the city of New York". This money would sit untouched in a trust for several years, until John Bigelow, a New York attorney, and Andrew Haswell Green, both trustees of the Tilden fortune, came up with an idea to merge two of the city's largest libraries.


title: New York Public Library

text: Both the Astor and Lenox libraries were struggling financially. Although New York City already had numerous libraries in the 19th century, almost all of them were privately funded and many charged admission or usage fees (a notable exception was Cooper Union, which opened its free reading room to the public in 1859). Bigelow, the most prominent supporter of the plan to merge the two libraries found support in Lewis Cass Ledyard, a member of the Tilden Board, as well as John Cadwalader, on the Astor board. Eventually, John Stewart Kennedy, president of the Lenox board came to support the plan as well. On May 23, 1895, Bigelow, Cadwalader, and George L. Rives agreed to create "The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations". The plan was hailed as an example of private philanthropy for the public good. On December 11, John Shaw Billings was named as the library's first director. The newly established library consolidated with the grass-roots New York Free Circulating Library in February 1901.


title: New York Public Library

text: In March, Andrew Carnegie tentatively agreed to donate (equivalent of $ million in 2021) to construct sixty-five branch libraries in the city, with the requirement that they be operated and maintained by the City of New York. The Brooklyn and Queens public library systems, which predated the consolidation of New York City, eschewed the grants offered to them and did not join the NYPL system; they believed that they would not get treatment equal to the Manhattan and the Bronx counterparts. Later in 1901, Carnegie formally signed a contract with the City of New York to transfer his donation to the city in order to enable it to justify purchasing the land for building the branch libraries. The NYPL Board of trustees hired consultants for the planning, and accepted their recommendation that a limited number of architectural firms be hired to build the Carnegie libraries: this would ensure uniformity of appearance and minimize cost. The trustees hired McKim, Mead & White, Carrère and Hastings, and Walter Cook to design all the branch libraries.


title: New York Public Library

text: The notable New York author Washington Irving was a close friend of Astor for decades and had helped the philanthropist design the Astor Library. Irving served as President of the library's Board of Trustees from 1848 until his death in 1859, shaping the library's collecting policies with his strong sensibility regarding European intellectual life. Subsequently, the library hired nationally prominent experts to guide its collections policies; they reported directly to directors John Shaw Billings (who also developed the National Library of Medicine), Edwin H. Anderson, Harry M. Lydenberg, Franklin F. Hopper, Ralph A. Beals, and Edward Freehafer (1954–1970). They emphasized expertise, objectivity, and a very broad worldwide range of knowledge in acquiring, preserving, organizing, and making available to the general population nearly 12 million books and 26.5 million additional items. The directors in turn reported to an elite board of trustees, chiefly elderly, well-educated, philanthropic, predominantly Protestant, upper-class white men with commanding positions in American society. They saw their role as protecting the library's autonomy from politicians as well as bestowing upon it status, resources, and prudent care.


title: New York Public Library

text: Representative of many major board decisions was the purchase in 1931 of the private library of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (1847–1909), uncle of the last tsar. This was one of the largest acquisitions of Russian books and photographic materials; at the time, the Soviet government had a policy of selling its cultural collections abroad for gold. Related collections include a significant number of important works by Russian photographers, as well as photographs relating to the House of Romanov and early Russia expert George Kennan (explorer).


title: New York Public Library

text: The military drew extensively from the library's map and book collections in the world wars, including hiring its staff. For example, the Map Division's chief Walter Ristow was appointed as head of the geography section of the War Department's New York Office of Military Intelligence from 1942 to 1945. Ristow and his staff discovered, copied, and loaned thousands of strategic, rare or unique maps to war agencies in need of information not available through other sources.


title: New York Public Library

text: The organizers of the New York Public Library, wanting an imposing main branch, chose a central site along Fifth Avenue between 40th and 42nd Streets, on top of the Croton Reservoir. Dr. John Shaw Billings, the first director of the library, created an initial design that became the basis of the new building contain a huge reading room on top of seven floors of book stacks, combined with a system that was designed to get books into the hands of library users as fast as possible. The architectural firm Carrère and Hastings constructed the structure in the Beaux-Arts style, and the structure opened on May 23, 1911. It was the largest marble structure up to that time in the United States.


title: New York Public Library

text: The two stone lions guarding the entrance were sculpted by E.C. Potter and carved by the Piccirilli Brothers. Its main reading room was contemporaneously the largest of its kind in the world at wide by long, with ceilings. An expansion in the 1970s and 1980s added storage space under Bryant Park, directly west of the library. The structure was given a major restoration from 2007 to 2011, underwritten by a $100 million gift from philanthropist Stephen A. Schwarzman, for whom the branch was subsequently renamed. Today, the branch's main reading room is equipped with computers with access to library collections and the Internet as well as docking facilities for laptops. A Fellows program makes reserved rooms available for writers and scholars, selected annually, and many have accomplished important research and writing at the library.


title: New York Public Library

text: The Main Branch also contains several historic designations. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, and designated a New York City designated landmark in 1967. Astor Hall, first-to-third-floor stairs, and McGraw Rotunda were designated as interior landmarks in 1974. and the Rose Main Reading Room and Public Catalog Room were separately made New York City designated landmarks in 2017.


title: New York Public Library

text: In the 1990s, the New York Public Library decided to relocate that portion of the research collection devoted to science, technology, and business to a new location. The library purchased and adapted the former B. Altman & Company Building on 34th Street. In 1995, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the library, the Science, Industry and Business Library (SIBL), designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates of Manhattan, opened to the public. Upon the creation of the SIBL, the central research library on 42nd Street was renamed the Humanities and Social Sciences Library.


title: New York Public Library

text: Today there are four research libraries that comprise the NYPL's research library system; together they hold approximately 44 million items. Total item holdings, including the collections of the Branch Libraries, are . The Humanities and Social Sciences Library on 42nd Street is still the heart of the NYPL's research library system. The SIBL, with approximately volumes and 60,000 periodicals, is the nation's largest public library devoted solely to science and business. The NYPL's two other research libraries are the Schomburg Center for Research and Black Culture, located at 135th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem, and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, located at Lincoln Center. In addition to their reference collections, the Library for the Performing Arts and the SIBL also have circulating components that are administered as ordinary branch libraries.


title: New York Public Library

text: The New York Public Library was not created by government statute. From its earliest days, the library was formed from a partnership of city government with private philanthropy. As of 2010, the research libraries in the system are largely funded with private money, and the branch or circulating libraries are financed primarily with city government funds. Until 2009, the research and branch libraries operated almost entirely as separate systems, but that year various operations were merged. By early 2010, the NYPL staff had been reduced by about 16 percent, in part through the consolidations.


title: New York Public Library

text: In 2010, as part of the consolidation program, the NYPL moved various back-office operations to a new Library Services Center building in Long Island City. A former warehouse was renovated for this purpose for . In the basement, a new, book sorter uses bar codes on library items to sort them for delivery to 132 branch libraries. At two-thirds the length of a football field, the machine is the largest of its kind in the world, according to library officials. Books located in one branch and requested from another go through the sorter, which use has cut the previous waiting time by at least a day. Together with 14 library employees, the machine can sort 7,500 items an hour (or 125 a minute). On the first floor of the Library Services Center is an ordering and cataloging office; on the second, the digital imaging department (formerly at the Main Branch building) and the manuscripts and archives division, where the air is kept cooler; on the third, the Barbara Goldsmith Preservation Division, with a staff of 10 (as of 2010) but designed for as many as 30 employees.


title: New York Public Library

text: The NYPL maintains a force of NYC special patrolmen, who provide security and protection to various libraries, and NYPL special investigators, who oversee security operations at the library facilities. These officials have on-duty arrest authority granted by the New York Penal Law. Some library branches contract for security guards.


title: New York Public Library

text: To celebrate its 125th anniversary, the NYPL calculated a list of its most checked out books. Topping the list was Ezra Jack Keats' "The Snowy Day", with "The Cat in the Hat" and "Nineteen Eighty-Four" rounding out the top three.


title: New York Public Library

text: As of October 5, 2021, the NYPL no longer charges late fees. Existing debts have since been cleared from the records of all NYPL patrons.


title: New York Public Library

text: In February 2013, the New York and Brooklyn public libraries announced that they would merge their technical services departments. The new department is called BookOps. The proposed merger anticipates a savings of $2 million for the Brooklyn Public Library and $1.5 million for the New York Public Library. Although not currently part of the merger, it is expected that the Queens Public Library will eventually share some resources with the other city libraries. As of 2011, circulation in the New York Public Library systems and Brooklyn Public Library systems has increased by 59%. Located in Long Island City, BookOps was created as a way to save money while improving patrons service. The services of BookOps include the Selection Team which "acquires, describes, prepares, and delivers new items for the circulating collections of Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) and New York Public Library, and for the general collections of NYPL's research libraries." Under the Selection Team are the Acquisitions Department, the Cataloging Department, The Collections Processing Unit, and the Logistics Department. Before this facility opened, all the aforementioned departments were housed in different locations with no accountability between them, and items sometimes taking up to two weeks to reach their intended destination. BookOps now has all departments in one building and in 2015 sorted almost eight million items. The building has numerous rooms, including a room dedicated to caring for damaged books.


title: New York Public Library

text: The consolidations and changes in collections have promoted continuing debate and controversy since 2004 when David Ferriero was named the Andrew W. Mellon Director and Chief Executive of the Research Libraries. NYPL had engaged consultants Booz Allen Hamilton to survey the institution, and Ferriero endorsed the survey's report as a big step "in the process of reinventing the library". The consolidation program has resulted in the elimination of subjects such as the Asian and Middle East Division (formerly named Oriental Division), as well as the Slavic and Baltic Division.


title: New York Public Library

text: A number of innovations in recent years have been criticized. In 2004 NYPL announced participation in the Google Books Library Project. By agreement between Google and major international libraries, selected collections of public domain books would be scanned in their entirety and made available online for free to the public. The negotiations between the two partners called for each to project guesses about ways that libraries are likely to expand in the future. According to the terms of the agreement, the data cannot be crawled or harvested by any other search engine; no downloading or redistribution is allowed. The partners and a wider community of research libraries can share the content.


title: New York Public Library

text: The sale of the separately endowed former Donnell Library in midtown provoked controversy. The elimination of Donnell was a result of the dissolution of children's, young adult and foreign language collections. The Donnell Media Center was also dismantled, the bulk of its collection relocated at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts as the Reserve Film and Video Collection, with parts of its collection redistributed. The site was redeveloped for a luxury hotel.


title: New York Public Library

text: Several veteran librarians have retired, and the number of age-level specialists in the boroughs have been cut back.


title: New York Public Library

text: The New York Public Library system maintains commitment as a public lending library through its branch libraries in the Bronx, Manhattan, and Staten Island, including the Stavros Niarchos Foundation Library (formerly: Mid-Manhattan Library), the Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library, the circulating collections of the Science, Industry and Business Library, and the circulating collections of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. The branch libraries comprise the third-largest library in the United States. These circulating libraries offer a wide range of collections, programs, and services, including the renowned Picture Collection at Stavros Niarchos Foundation Library and the Media Center, redistributed from Donnell.


title: New York Public Library

text: The system has 40 libraries in Manhattan, 35 in the Bronx, and 14 in Staten Island. The newest is the Charleston Library, which opened on March 16, 2022. As of 2022, the New York Public Library consisted of 4 research centers and 89 neighborhood branch libraries in the three boroughs served. All libraries in the NYPL system may be used free of charge by all visitors. , the research collections contain 46.8 million items (books, videotapes, maps, etc.), while the branch libraries contain 9.9 million items. Together the collections total nearly items, a number surpassed only by the Library of Congress and the British Library.


title: New York Public Library

text: Telephone Reference, known as ASK NYPL, answers 100,000 questions per year, by phone and online, as well as in "The New York Times".


title: New York Public Library

text: The Library website provides access to the library's catalogs, online collections and subscription databases. It also has information about the library's free events, exhibitions, computer classes and English as a Second Language (ESL) classes. The two online catalogs, LEO (which searches the circulating collections) and CATNYP (which searches the research collections) allow users to search the library's holdings of books, journals and other materials. The LEO system allows cardholders to request books from any branch and have them delivered to any branch.


title: New York Public Library

text: The NYPL gives cardholders free access from home to thousands of current and historical magazines, newspapers, journals and reference books in subscription databases, including EBSCOhost, which contains full text of major magazines; full text of the "New York Times" (1995–present), Gale's Ready Reference Shelf which includes the "Encyclopedia of Associations" and periodical indexes, "Books in Print"; and Ulrich's Periodicals Directory. The New York Public Library also links to outside resources, such as the Bureau of Labor Statistics' "Occupational Outlook Handbook", and the CIA's "World Factbook". Databases are available for children, teenagers, and adults of all ages.


title: New York Public Library

text: The NYPL Digital Collections (formerly named Digital Gallery) is a database of over 900,000 images digitized from the library's collections. The Digital Collections was named one of "Time Magazine"'s 50 Coolest Websites of 2005 and Best Research Site of 2006 by an international panel of museum professionals.


title: New York Public Library

text: The "Photographers' Identities Catalog" (PIC) is an experimental online service of the "Photography Collection" in the Stephen A. Schwarzman Building.


title: New York Public Library

text: Other databases available only from within the library include "Nature", IEEE and Wiley science journals, "Wall Street Journal" archives, and Factiva. Overall, the digital holdings for the Library consist of more than a petabyte of data as of 2015.


title: New York Public Library

text: In 2006, the library adopted a new strategy that merged branch and research libraries into "One NYPL". The organizational change developed a unified online catalog for all the collections, and one card to that could be used at both branch and research libraries. The 2009 website and online-catalog transition had some initial difficulties, but ultimately the catalogues were integrated.


title: New York Public Library

text: The New York Public Library offers many services to its patrons. Some of these services include services for immigrants. New York City is known for having a welcoming environment when its comes to people of diverse backgrounds. The library offers free work and life skills classes. These are offered in conjunction with volunteers and partnerships at the library. In addition, the library offers non-English speakers materials and coaching for them to acclimate to the U.S. For these non-English speakers, the library offers free ESOL classes. An initiative was taken in July 2018, NYC library card holders are allowed to visit Whitney Museum, the Guggenheim and 31 other prominent New York cultural institutions for free.


title: New York Public Library

text: In June 2017, Subway Library was announced. It was an initiative between the New York Public Library, Brooklyn Public Library, Queens Public Library, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, and Transit Wireless. The Subway Library gave New York City Subway riders access to e-books, excerpts, and short stories. Subway Library has since ended, but riders can still download free e-books via the SimplyE app or by visiting SimplyE.net.


title: New York Public Library

text: The NYPL, like all public libraries in New York, is granted a charter from the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York and is registered with the New York State Education Department. The basic powers and duties of all library boards of trustees are defined in the Education Law and are subject to Part 90 of Title 8 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations.


title: New York Public Library

text: The NYPL's charter, as restated and granted in 1975, gives the name of the corporation as "The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations". The library is governed by a board of trustees, composed of between 25–42 trustees of several classes who collectively choose their own successors, including "ex officio" the New York City Mayor, New York City Council Speaker and New York City Comptroller.


title: New York Public Library

text: The New York Public Library is one of three separate and independent public library systems in New York City. The other two library systems are the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Public Library. According to the 2006 "Mayor's Management Report," New York City's three public library systems had a total library circulation of 35 million: the NYPL and BPL (with 143 branches combined) had a circulation of , and the Queens system had a circulation of through its 62 branch libraries. Altogether the three library systems hosted visitors in 2006. Taken as a whole, the three library systems in the city have 209 branches with 63 million items in their collections.


title: New York Public Library

text: Other libraries in New York City, some of which can be used by the public, are listed in the Directory of Special Libraries and Information Centers.


title: New York Public Library

text: The historian David McCullough has described the New York Public Library as one of the five most important libraries in the United States; the others are the Library of Congress, the Boston Public Library, and the university libraries of Harvard and Yale.


title: New York Public Library

text: The New York Public Library was a founding member of the Research Libraries Group, alongside Columbia, Harvard, and Yale Libraries. Along with Harvard, Columbia, and Princeton, it is a member of the Research Collections and Preservation Consortium (ReCAP), and shares an off-site shelving facility in Plainsboro, New Jersey with the three.


title: New York Public Library

text: The New York Public Library has been referenced numerous times in popular culture. The library has appeared as a setting and topic multiple times in film, poetry, television, and music.


title: Sean Bridgers

text: Sean MacKenzie Bridgers (born March 15, 1968) is an American actor, screenwriter, and producer, known for his role as Johnny Burns on the HBO series "Deadwood" and on the SundanceTV original series "Rectify" as Trey Willis. Additional to many roles in television and film since 1991, Bridgers received acclaim and awards for the independent film "Paradise Falls", which he wrote and produced.


title: Sean Bridgers

text: He received praise for his lead role in Lucky McKee's horror film "The Woman" and another Moderncine film, "Jug Face", as well as notable roles in "Sweet Home Alabama" and "Nell". He played Old Nick in the 2015 film "Room".


title: Sean Bridgers

text: Bridgers was born in 1968 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, to Ben and Sue Ellen Bridgers. Ben was the tribal attorney for the Cherokee Indian tribe and published a memoir and books of poetry. Sue Ellen Bridgers is a novelist with seven published novels.


title: Sean Bridgers

text: He graduated from St. Andrew's-Sewanee School and Western Carolina University. In interviews, Bridgers has mentioned that as a screenwriter he is influenced by his favorite author Mark Twain and developed an interest in acting after seeing Robert Duvall in "Tender Mercies" at age 14. Bridgers started watching everything by "Tender Mercies" screenwriter Horton Foote, and Duvall and Foote became his biggest creative influences.


title: Sean Bridgers

text: Sean Bridgers's children are also actors. His son, Jackson, has acted in roles on "Justified" and "Deadwood", as well as his daughter, Kate, who starred in Bridgers' 2012 short, "The Birthday Present".


title: Sean Bridgers

text: Bridgers has received praise for a diversity of roles in both film and television, including his role as Johnny Burns on HBO's "Deadwood," and his role as the father in Lucky McKee's feature film "The Woman". His co-starring role in the southern-horror film, from writer/director Chad Crawford Kinkle's Slamdance award-winning screenplay, "Jug Face", released by the studio Moderncine, was another performance in the horror genre. Bridgers received praise for his performance from FEARnet, "Dread Central", "Birth.Movies.Death", and "Starburst Magazine" critics, among others.


title: Sean Bridgers

text: Bridgers has also received acclaim for his role as Trey Willis on "Rectify", particularly in one of the series' most notable episodes in Season 3. Reviewer Nick Hogan wrote, "this was one of the most gut-wrenching episodes of "Rectify" in some time. Mostly because Sean Bridgers does a masterful job portraying Trey..." Mark Walker wrote in "The Copenhagen Post" that Bridgers's performance as Old Nick in "Room" was "brilliantly restrained". Bridgers also stars in the critically acclaimed Epix show "Get Shorty".


title: Sean Bridgers

text: Bridgers, along with his producing and directing partner, Michael "Ffish" Hemschoot, have been developing a dark western, noted as a "Faustian western" that takes place in the South during the Civil War titled "Arkansas Traveler". Bridgers wrote the original screenplay and is a principal in the production company Travelin' Productions with Hemschoot, producing and shooting a trailer of the film featuring a cast including Garret Dillahunt and Angela Bettis. The resulting production was also released online as a Web series of the same name in June 2017.


title: Sean Bridgers

text: Actor and filmmaker Ray McKinnon commented on Bridgers's screenplay: "Arkansas Traveler" is one of the best un-produced scripts I have read in the last decade, it's not just the complex, larger narrative of the end of the Civil War and the amazing backdrop of the protagonist's travels, but "Arkansas Traveler" offers the continual smaller surprises of behavior and plot – of man's inhumanity to man [and woman and child and beast] and his infinite humanity. It's universal and timeless and must get made.


title: Sean Bridgers

text: Bridgers and Hemschoot, under their production companies Travelin' Productions and Colorado animation studio Worker Studio are also developing an animated documentary about decorated World War II pilot John H. Ross.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: One Missed Call is a 2008 supernatural horror film directed by Eric Valette and written by Andrew Klavan. An international co-production between the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan and Germany, it is a remake of the 2003 Japanese film of the same name directed by Takashi Miike, which itself was based on the Yasushi Akimoto novel "Chakushin Ari". The film stars Shannyn Sossamon, Edward Burns, Ana Claudia Talancón, Ray Wise and Azura Skye.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: The film was released in North America on January 4, 2008. Despite being a moderate box office success, the film was panned by film critics, with many regarding it as the worst J-horror remake to be released. It became the worst-reviewed film of 2008, receiving a 0% rating approval on Rotten Tomatoes, and winning a Mouldy Tomato Award.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: A young girl gets rescued from the blazing Saint Luke's hospital, and a paramedic inquires where her mother is, to which she remains speechless. A scene transition occurs, and undergraduate Shelley Baum, while sitting outside, hears her cat meowing over the koi pond followed by a splash. As she bends toward the pond to investigate, a hand grabs her and pulls her under the water. A red candy then appears on the pond's surface. Days later, college students Beth Raymond and Leann Cole discuss Shelley's funeral. Leann's cellphone rings in a lullaby-esque ringtone, with a call from Shelley. She unfolds it and hears an eerie voicemail of herself, dated June 12, 10:17 PM; three days in the future. In the ensuing days, she undergoes disturbing hallucinations and calls Beth for solace while heading home after a study session. Beth rushes to her location but arrives just as Leann falls off an overpass and gets hit by a train. A red candy pops out of her mouth, and her severed hand dials a number on the phone it's holding. At Leann's funeral, her ex-boyfriend Brian Sousa departs after experiencing hallucinations. Beth encounters him outside a coffee shop. He shows her the voicemail received post-mortem from Leann's phone, dated minutes away. An acetylene tank explosion from the adjacent construction site launches debris into the air, and rebar impales Brian's torso. A red candy is ejected from his mouth, and he collapses.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: The next day Beth seeks aid at a police department and is introduced to detective Jack Andrews. He mentions that his sister Jean interned with Shelley Baum at Saint Luke's hospital and died two days prior. They discern an indeterminate interrelation between the events, and Andrews provides his contact card. Beth arrives home and finds her friend Taylor Anthony distraught by a premonitory feeling of being the next victim. As a consolation, Beth removes the batteries from their cellphones to render them unreachable. That night, Taylor's cellphone rings. She raises it and views a video of her apparent demise. The following morning Andrews and Beth set off to research geriatric nurse Marie Layton, originator of the calls. Via the morgue's database, they find Ellie Layton's autopsy report, her eldest daughter. The registered mortality cause is an acute asthmatic episode, mentioning "no bruising but evidence of past scars" with an attached CPS file for further consultation. The file indicates that Mrs. Layton got questioned by psychiatric nurse Jean Andrews at Saint Luke's infirmary. Moreover, Jean notes nine admissions between April–May for Marie's children (Ellie and Laurel) concerning several causes, leading Beth to assume that the mother is affected by FDIA.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: Meanwhile, a TV producer that approached Taylor a day prior prepares to record her exorcism. The exorcist explains that spiritual energy operates in the same electromagnetic spectrum as light/microwaves. Hence it is transmissible via cellular phones from which manifests as hallucinations. Beth views the show's advertisement on TV and races to the site. She arrives in time to witness an unseen force choking Taylor to death. Beth's phone sounds with a voicemail dated for tomorrow. Assuming that finding Marie will settle the matter, she resolves to venture to Saint Luke's. At the desolate infirmary, she attempts to escape due to startling visions but runs into Andrews, and they decide to progress. They enter an operating room, and Marie's spirit propels Jack outside, knocking him unconscious. Beth remains locked inside, and a phone begins to chime, displaying her diminishing time. She launches it fiercely across the room, where it impacts the air duct's grill cover making it fall, allowing access to a crawlspace. Beth bends and crawls forward toward a potential exit. After a while, she turns to her left and notices Marie's charred corpse clutching a cellphone. Marie's corpse rises and proceeds to pursue her. When she intercepts her, she weeps and murmurs, "Forgive me." Subsequently, she reunites with Andrews and states that Marie might have brought her there to protect her.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: Andrews heads to Laurel's foster home to declare her mother's death. There he finds a compact disc from the nanny cam embedded in the eye of Laurel's teddy bear. The footage reveals Ellie incising Laurel with a knife in their bedroom. Marie enters shortly thereafter and realizes that Ellie was the abuser all along. She rushes with Laurel to the hospital, locking Ellie within. Ellie began pressing wheezingly on the inhaler but was overtaken and fell on the floor facing the future curse's constituents: millipedes, an uncanny doll of a mother with baby in a perambulator (hallucinations theme), and the lullaby-Esque music emanating from the teddy, audible during every victim's call. She died from asphyxia while dialling her mother's phone number. The video concludes, followed by a thunder crash. The door creaks behind Andrews, and Laurel imparts that though Ellie injured her, she always provided candies. He apprehends that Ellie is the causal agent, and while driving homeward to apprise Beth, gets informed by a colleague of a new voicemail. Succeeding his ingress into Beth's house, somebody knocks on the door. As Andrews peers through the peephole, a knife stabs through it, killing him. Ellie appears and reaches out to murder Beth, but Marie's spirit intervenes and bounds Ellie in Andrews's phone. After banishing Ellie, she gazes briefly at Beth before evanescing. Jack's mouth spills a red candy and his cellphone auto-dials.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: "One Missed Call" was announced in 2005, before being officially greenlit by Warner Bros. in early 2006, with Eric Valette signing as the film's director. The film began production in June 2006 in Atlanta, Georgia with Edward Burns, Margaret Cho, and Shannyn Sossamon signing on. On August 3, 2006, Ed Harris and Gabriel Byrne both signed on to appear in the film; however, both withdrew due to unknown circumstances.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: Sound designers used the voice of Skid Row front man Sebastian Bach in the hospital basement scene. The exact clip comes from Bach's scream at the beginning of "Midnight Tornado", a song from the band's 1989 debut album, "Skid Row".


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: In December 2007, the official website was launched as well as numerous websites running competitions to promote the film with the first prize being an Apple iPhone.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: The film was intended for release on August 24, 2007, but was delayed until January 4, 2008. On August 30, 2007, the film's trailer premiered on Yahoo! Movies and late September/October 2007 the film's poster was released along with other numerous promotional images. The song "" by was used in television advertisements for the film.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: The DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray were released on April 22, 2008 none of which contain any special features. The film was also released on iTunes and on the Xbox Live Marketplace.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: The film was not screened for critics. , the film holds a 0% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 81 reviews with an average rating of 2.60/10, also earning the site's Mouldy Tomato Award for the worst-reviewed film of 2008. The site's consensus states "One of the weakest entries in the J-horror remake sweepstakes, "One Missed Call" is undone by bland performances and shopworn shocks." It is rated the second worst film of the 2000s decade behind "". Metacritic reported that the film had an aggregate score of 24 out of 100, based on 14 reviews.


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: Despite being a remake of "Chakushin ari", the film was strongly criticized for borrowing plot elements from and being similar to "Scream" (1996), "Final Destination" (2000), "The Ring" (2002), "The Grudge" (2004), "Dark Water" (2005), and "Pulse" (2006).


title: One Missed Call (2008 film)

text: "One Missed Call" includes most of the scenes and characters that were in the original 2003 film. These include the exorcism scene, where one of the characters is killed while filming the show "American Miracles". The characters of Beth, Leann, Taylor, Jack, Brian, and Shelley are respectively based on the original characters Yumi, Yoko, Natsumi, Yamashita, Kenji, and Rina. Another reference is contained within the theatrical trailer; while Leann is walking down the street, a piece of the original ringtone from "One Missed Call" (2003) plays in the background until she falls from the overpass.


title: Julie Plec

text: Julie Plec (born May 26, 1972) is an American television producer, writer and director, known for her work on The CW television series "The Vampire Diaries" (2009–2017) which she co-created with Kevin Williamson, and its spin-offs "The Originals" (2013–2018) and "Legacies" (2018–2022). She also developed the limited series "Containment" (2016).


title: Julie Plec

text: Plec graduated from Northwestern University in 1994. She was originally a film major but transferred out of the program halfway through and graduated from an interdepartmental major.


title: Julie Plec

text: Having acted as co-producer and assistant to Wes Craven on both "Scream 2" and "Scream 3", Plec worked on another film for Craven, "Cursed", which was released in 2005 and starred Christina Ricci, Jesse Eisenberg, Joshua Jackson, and Shannon Elizabeth. The film suffered many script and scheduling difficulties during production and ultimately failed to perform at the box office.


title: Julie Plec

text: Plec developed a new TV series for The CW entitled "The Vampire Diaries", which was adapted from a novel series of the same name by L. J. Smith. The series follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev), who falls in love with vampire Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley), and soon finds herself caught in a love triangle between Stefan and his older brother, Damon (Ian Somerhalder), while the brothers are also being haunted by the past they've had with Katherine Pierce (also played by Dobrev). The series also focuses on the lives of Elena's friends and other inhabitants of the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia. "The Vampire Diaries" premiered on September 10, 2009, and has become a domestic and international hit.


title: Julie Plec

text: In November 2012, "Deadline Hollywood" announced that Julie Plec and Greg Berlanti had attained the rights to "The Tomorrow People" and commissioned a pilot written by Phil Klemmer. This occurred after a similar rights option expired to an aborted attempt two years previously. It was announced on January 28, 2013 that the revival had received a pilot order from The CW. On May 9, 2013 the series was picked up for the 2013–14 season by The CW.


title: Julie Plec

text: On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a back-door pilot of "The Vampire Diaries" entitled "The Originals" focusing on the Original family of vampires was in the works. The pilot aired in April 2013 as part of "The Vampire Diaries" fourth season. It was soon after picked up for series by The CW, which will air its first season in the 2013–14 season. Joseph Morgan reprises his role as Klaus. It also stars "The Vampire Diaries" actors Daniel Gillies, Claire Holt and Phoebe Tonkin as well as new cast members. This second spin-off attempt is carried out by Julie Plec, with no involvement by Kevin Williamson. In 2020, her My So-Called Company signed a deal with Universal Television.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Patricia "Patsy" Walker is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stuart Little and Ruth Atkinson, Patsy Walker first appeared in "Miss America Magazine" #2 (November 1944), published by Marvel precursor Timely Comics, and became Hellcat in "The Avengers" #144 (February 1976). She premiered as the star of a teen romantic-comedy series, and was later integrated into Marvel superhero franchises such as the Avengers and the Defenders as Hellcat.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Following her reintroduction as Hellcat, the character has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful female heroes.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Rachael Taylor portrayed Trish Walker in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) / Netflix series "Jessica Jones" (2015–2019), "Luke Cage" (2016–2018), and "The Defenders" (2017).


title: Patsy Walker

text: Created by writer Stuart Little and artist Ruth Atkinson, Patsy Walker first appeared in "Miss America Magazine" #2 (cover-dated November 1944), published by Marvel precursor Timely Comics. Redheaded Patsy Walker, her parents Stanley and Betty, her boyfriend Robert "Buzz" Baxter, and her raven-haired friendly rival Hedy Wolfe appeared from the 1940s through 1967 in issues of "Miss America", "Teen Comics", "Girls' Life", and the namesake teen-humor series "Patsy Walker", as well as in the spin-offs "Patsy and Hedy", "Patsy and Her Pals", and the single-issue "A Date with Patsy". Attesting to its quiet popularity, "Patsy Walker" (along with "Millie the Model" and "Kid Colt, Outlaw") was among the very few titles published continuously by Marvel from the 1940s Golden Age of Comic Books, through Marvel's 1950s iteration as Atlas Comics, and into the 1960s Silver Age of Comic Books.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Future "Mad" magazine cartoonist and "Mad" Fold-in creator Al Jaffee wrote and drew most of the early issues of "Patsy Walker", several of which included "Mad" founding editor Harvey Kurtzman's highly stylized "Hey Look!" one-page humor strips. Jaffee was succeeded by Al Hartley, who went to Archie Comics and produced many Christian comic books starring Archie characters and others. "Patsy and Her Pals" was drawn by Morris Weiss.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Following Patsy's high-school graduation in issue #116 (Aug. 1964), the title switched from humor to become a young career-gal romantic adventure. "Patsy Walker" lasted through issue #124 (Dec. 1965), with "Patsy and Hedy" outlasting it to its own #110 (Feb. 1967).


title: Patsy Walker

text: Patsy and Hedy made a cameo appearance in "Fantastic Four Annual" #3 (Oct. 1965), which established them in the Marvel Universe. The superhero-team comic "The Defenders" #89 (Nov. 1980) revealed that the earlier stories were fictional works published within the fictional Marvel Universe itself, and written by Patsy's mother Dorothy Walker though based upon Patsy's own life and friends. The Patsy Walker profile in "Marvel Legacy: The 1960s Handbook" #1 (Feb. 2006) establishes that Walker indeed experienced many of the events from these stories.


title: Patsy Walker

text: "Patsy Walker" #95 – together with the science-fiction anthology "Journey into Mystery" #69 (both June 1961) – are the first modern comic books labeled "Marvel Comics", with each showing an "MC" box on its cover.


title: Patsy Walker

text: The Beast feature in "Amazing Adventures" #13 (July 1972) introduced the concept of Walker as a superhero. Writer Steve Englehart recalled that Walker's cameo in "Fantastic Four Annual" #3 had:


title: Patsy Walker

text: Because the Beast feature was dropped from "Amazing Adventures" just three issues later, the storyline with Patsy Walker was temporarily abandoned. Walker was reintroduced in "The Avengers" #141 (November 1975), having resumed her maiden name of Walker, and accompanied the Avengers on a couple of adventures. Shortly thereafter, she adopted the name Hellcat, taking on superheroine Greer Grant Nelson's costume from her discontinued identity as the Cat. The name "Hellcat" itself had originally been proposed for Nelson. The suit's look was later slightly adapted.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Hellcat joined the superhero team the Defenders in issue #44 (Feb. 1977). After several adventures with the group, she met the supernatural adventurer Daimon Hellstrom, the Son of Satan, in "The Defenders" #92 (Feb. 1981). They married in "The Defenders" #125 and became husband-and-wife occult investigators, but Hellstrom's demonic nature asserted itself, and Walker was driven first mad and then, in "Hellstorm: Prince of Lies" #14 (May 1994), to suicide. Through Hellstrom's manipulation of the superhero Hawkeye, she was resurrected in "Thunderbolts Annual 2000", a summer annual of the superhero-team comic "Thunderbolts", and returned to Earth with new abilities acquired while in Hell. The story, which began in "Thunderbolts Annual 2000", concluded in "Avengers Annual 2000". A three-issue "Hellcat" miniseries (Sept.–Nov. 2000) took place immediately following the events in "Thunderbolts Annual 2000" and "Avengers Annual 2000". Briefly adopting a new costume and then returning to her traditional yellow outfit, she rejoined the Defenders in a short-lived revival series, "The Defenders" vol. 2 #1–12 (March 2001 – Feb. 2002).


title: Patsy Walker

text: After appearing in occasional guest roles, Hellcat had starring roles between 2007 and 2009, thanks to artist Stuart Immonen and his wife Kathryn. With the impending relaunch of "Marvel Comics Presents", Stuart was asked by editor Nick Lowe if he wanted to do a Hellcat story, which was spread across the title's first four issues (Sept.–Dec. 2007). Marvel remained open for a Hellcat miniseries, and out of what Kathryn first conceived as a "Hellcat Christmas Special", inspired by endurance car races in Mongolia and research on the Inuit, came the five-issue miniseries "Patsy Walker: Hellcat" (Sept. 2008–Feb. 2009), drawn by David Lafuente with covers by Stuart. A tie-in to the , it features Hellcat being assigned to watch over Alaska. Following this, she was an ensemble star and narrator, alongside the superheroines Firestar, the Black Cat, and Photon, in the miniseries "Marvel Divas" #1–4 (Sept.-Dec. 2009), which writers Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and Tonci Zonjic had pitched it to Marvel editors as ""Sex and the City" in the Marvel Universe".


title: Patsy Walker

text: Walker became part of the All-New Marvel NOW! event in "She-Hulk" vol. 3 #2, when Jennifer Walters started her own law firm. Walters hired Patsy as her private investigator, who uses her Hellcat alias on assignments.


title: Patsy Walker

text: The All-New, All-Different Marvel line in 2015 led to a new ongoing Patsy Walker title, "Patsy Walker A.K.A. Hellcat!". Written by Kate Leth and drawn by Brittney Williams, it attempted to combine the romance and superhero comics with a more comedic approach, which Leth compared to a Saturday-morning cartoon. In it, Walker tries to establish a job agency for superpowered people following her dismissal by the She-Hulk, and also recover the rights to old "Patsy Walker" comics which have been republished by Hedy. In February 2017, Leth announced that the series would be ending that April with its 17th issue. She praised Marvel for "giv[ing] us space to wrap up the story exactly how we wanted in 3 volumes".


title: Patsy Walker

text: After growing up in suburban Centerville, graduating high school and marrying high-school sweetheart Robert "Buzz" Baxter, Patsy Walker becomes an assistant to scientist Hank McCoy, the mutant superhero the Beast, who at that time was on hiatus from the X-Men. Estranged from her husband, now a U.S. Air Force colonel, Walker befriends McCoy, and, desiring to become a superhero, accompanies McCoy on a quest with the Avengers. She adopts a costume that formerly belonged to Greer Grant Nelson, the former masked adventuress the Cat, and takes on the name Hellcat.


title: Patsy Walker

text: After having used her natural athletic abilities and good instincts to rescue the Avengers, Walker is offered membership in the team. The cosmic adventurer Moondragon persuades Hellcat to decline and instead accompany her to Saturn's moon Titan for training in psychic ability and advanced martial arts. Walker's training is soon interrupted when she returns to Earth to assist the supernatural hero Doctor Strange, joining the Defenders in the process. Later, Moondragon revokes her mind powers mentioning Walker's ineffective use of them.


title: Patsy Walker

text: She meets her future husband Daimon Hellstrom, the Son of Satan, during the course of a quest with the Defenders. After learning that her mother had promised her soul to Satan, and briefly being lied to by the Devil that he was her father, Walker reunites with her real father and marries Hellstrom. The two then retire from being superheroes. Ultimately, Hellstrom's demonic inheritance took possession of him and drove Walker insane. Institutionalized, she was driven to suicide by the otherworldly being Deathurge.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Trapped in Hell, Walker's spirit is used in a series of gladiatorial-like combat scenarios. There, she learns to develop and use her psychic powers. Hellstrom tricks the archer superhero Hawkeye into returning her spirit to Earth; Hawkeye believes he is retrieving his presumed-dead wife, Mockingbird, from the demonic lord Mephisto's realm. Resurrected and back on Earth, Walker retains the powers she developed in Hell, and she is also able to manifest a costume at will. Once again a member of the Defenders, Hellcat focuses on combating occult evils, notably Nicholas Scratch, who had based himself in her hometown of Centerville, and the otherdimensional ruler Dormammu.


title: Patsy Walker

text: During the "Civil War" storyline, Hellcat registers. She serves as one of the young superheroes' instructors at Camp Hammond. She was then assigned as the official superhero for Alaska, but eventually returned to New York City. Hellcat develops and maintains a deep friendship with the superheroes Firestar, Black Cat, and Monica Rambeau, partly stemming from their support to Firestar, who develops and then survives breast disease.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Hellcat is later seen with She-Hulk and facing personal problems. After a night of heavy drinking and partying, Hellcat and She-Hulk invade a warehouse that A.I.M. was using as a hideout and defeat two agents wearing high tech suits. She-Hulk then hires Hellcat as her private investigator to help with her economic situation. She then helps She-Hulk in protecting Kristoff Vernard, the son of Doctor Doom, who was trying to defect to the US. She is later seen talking with Tigra about a case involving a lawsuit but ends up fighting her when she mentions the plaintiff's name, George Saywitz. After recovering in a hospital, she helps She-Hulk and Hank Pym in a recovery mission to save Reza, the partner of inventor Rufus Randall, to settle an argument between them over a device known as the Shrinko, which they were planning to sell to Pym. They later wind up helping Steve Rogers, the original Captain America, with a lawsuit involving a murder that happened in 1940.


title: Patsy Walker

text: As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel" line, She-Hulk eventually gets unable to afford Hellcat as an investigator and fires her friend, which also forces Walker to move out of Walters' office building (the same place where Howard the Duck works). Walker moves to the Brooklyn apartment of Ian, an Inhuman who she met when he used his powers to steal from an armored truck. Ian gets a job with Walker's old friend Tom Hale (known as "Tubs" in the romance comics) and inspires her to open a work agency for other superpowered people. To her chagrin, Walker also learns that her old rival Hedy Wolfe has obtained the rights from Walker's late mother Dorothy to republish the "Patsy Walker" comics. With the help of She-Hulk and Jessica Jones, Walker gets the rights back by proving that Dorothy was sedated and thus not in full mental capacities when she signed the comics off to Hedy, making it a void contract.


title: Patsy Walker

text: During the "Civil War II" storyline, Patsy Walker learns that She-Hulk is in a coma at the Triskelion. America Chavez allows Patsy to visit her. After the visit, Patsy tells Howard the Duck and the other tenants about She-Hulk's current condition, and moves her offices to where Jennifer operated as a lawyer.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Afterwards, Hedy dupes Patsy's ex-husbands Mad-Dog and Daimon Hellstrom into fighting her. Daimon sends Patsy to a dimension ruled by the demon Belial, who tries to bring Hellcat to his side. Patsy then confronts her former friend Black Cat, now leading a gang of criminals. Patsy suddenly catches a cold that causes her to alter reality when she sneezes. After several disasters, Patsy accidentally makes a building disappear. Hedy then calls Patsy and reveals that she is dating the demon Belial, who helps Patsy overcome her grief over She-Hulk and cures her of the cold. Patsy then receives a check for a big amount of money from She-Hulk and takes Ian, Tom, and Jubilee to the mall. While shopping, they encounter two teenage girls pretending to be supervillains, who are revealed to be Patsy's biggest fans. Ian then figures out that the girls like each other and resolves their dispute. After that, Patsy expresses joy of how her life has changed.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Hellcat possesses a superhuman level of physical abilities. She has different psionic powers due to Moondragon's Titania technology, including telekinesis, sensing psychic phenomena, and the ability to cast mental illusions. Hellcat can grow her nails into sharp claws. She is able to summon a magic cloak with enchanted properties at will that she uses to sense mystical phenomena or deflect mystical attacks. She uses retractable claws and grappling hooks on her wrists. Hellcat is a well-trained martial artist and gymnast.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Peter Eckhardt of "CBR.com" called Hellcat one of the "best cat-themed superheroes in comics," writing, "Patsy Walker wasn't made to be a superhero. Created in 1944, Walker starred in humorous teenage girl-oriented comics like "Miss America" and "Girls' Life". Her eponymous title was published continuously from the '40s until the '60s and Walker's trajectory turned towards superherodom. As the Hellcat, Walker became a more feminist hero. She divorced her abusive husband, took (temporary) control of the stories that had been published using her name, and joined a superhero non-team, the Defenders, to battle unnatural evils. A humorous character with a compelling story, Hellcat remains one of Marvel's most fun felines."


title: Patsy Walker

text: According to Diamond Comic Distributors, "Patsy Walker: Hellcat" #1 was the 118th best selling comic book in July 2008. "Patsy Walker: Hellcat" #2 was the 151st best selling comic book in August 2008.


title: Patsy Walker

text: James Hunt of "CBR.com" called "Patsy Walker: Hellcat" #1 "enormously fun to read, soaked with character and humor," stating, "It really has been a while since Marvel released such a charming comic, especially one so clearly aimed at a different audience than most of their superhero fare. While it's early days for the miniseries, the strength of the first issue is practically enough to keep it running on goodwill for the remaining 4 issues. Not everyone is going to appreciate or understand the tone of "Hellcat," so the important thing now is to make sure it finds its way into the hands of those that will as soon as possible, because there's almost nothing else like it, and originality like this needs all the support it can get." Jesse Schedeen of "IGN" gave "Patsy Walker: Hellcat" #1 a grade of 8.8 out of 10, asserting, "Immonen has a delightfully bombastic writing style that carries you from page to page. There's nothing terribly realistic about Patsy's portrayal or the events in her life. The book almost reminds me of "Nextwave", except the subversive humor is more subtle. Don't come into "Patsy Walker: Hellcat" expecting deep, nuanced characterization. Just expect to have plenty of fun, more than many series can offer in an entire arc. I was disappointed, though certainly not surprised, to learn that Stuart Immonen would not be returning to illustrate his wife's work. Luckily, David la Fuente is a more than capable replacement. His style perfectly captures the wonky tone and expressive, vibrant feel of the original story. As a fashion model, half of drawing Patsy Walker is capturing her many colorful outfits. Far too many artists have problems with rendering clothing not made of spandex. La Fuente is not one of them. It's a slow week, with only one "Secret Invasion" tie-in to be found. Take advantage of that and give "Patsy Walker: Hellcat" a shot."


title: Patsy Walker

text: According to Diamond Comic Distributors, "Patsy Walker A.K.A. Hellcat" #1 was the 49th best selling comic book in December 2015. "Patsy Walker A.K.A. Hellcat" #1 was the 431st best selling comic book in 2015.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Chase Magnett of "ComicBook.com" gave "Patsy Walker A.K.A. Hellcat" #1 a grade of "B," saying, "The jokes and quick set up of a very large cast and lots of potential plotlines all work as well as they do largely because of Williams and Wilson's presentation. They make the crayon-colored business presentation pop and the humorously foreboding callbacks to Walker's teenage friends seem actually mysterious. Their delivery of each line and concept is so engaging that it's easy to re-read "Patsy Walker A.K.A. Hellcat" #1, and wait for #2 to bring the same style and laughter, and the follow through on the premises established here." Jesse Schedeen of "IGN" gave "Patsy Walker, a.K.a. Hellcat!" #1 a grade of 6.7 out of 10, writing, ""Patsy Walker A.K.A. Hellcat!" is a decent option for any reader who craves more of the lighthearted silliness of Marvel books like Howard the Duck or The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl. But despite the solid supporting cast and characterization, this book doesn't really do anything those other titles don't do better. This first issue moves slowly and has its clunky moments, but hopefully a clearer and more engaging conflict will emerge over time." Charles Pulliam-Moore of "Gizmodo" stated, "Oftentimes, when comics set out to tell stories that humanize superheroes who are off saving the universe, they get mired in drama that somehow manages to be both weirdly familiar but utterly unrelatable. When every story tries to be an epic tale about how a hero’s greatest struggle, it becomes easy to lose sight of how a world as sprawling as Marvel’s logically fits together. On some level, Marvel understands the intrinsic appeal of these kinds of focused stories that are a touch off the traditional “mainstream” comics path. But like "Mockingbird", "Vision", and Nighthawk, before it, "Patsy Walker"’s coming to a premature end, seemingly because Marvel’s less interested in putting out thoughtful indies in an industry addicted to formulaic blockbusters. "Patsy Walker" isn’t a small story, or a simple one, but rather one with a solid focus on a couple of months in one woman’s during which some really important things happen around her. This is the storytelling that makes for characters that feel like real people and those are the kinds of characters that comics need more of."


title: Patsy Walker

text: Jenna Anderson of "ComicBook.com" gave "Iron Man/Hellcat" "Annual" #1 a grade of 4.5 out of 5, asserting, "After Tony Stark's marriage proposal in "Iron Man" #20, the larger narrative to his and Patsy Walker's stories could have gone into a wide swath of directions – which makes this week's excellent "Iron Man/Hellcat" "Annual" an excellent, but unsurprising, triumph. The vast majority of the story puts the spotlight on Patsy, throwing her into a literally hellish confrontation with her past. It's always a joy to read Christopher Cantwell's essentially-solo stories for Patsy, and having her world be explored throughout this issue is an entertaining joy, especially when coupled with Ruairi Coleman's excellent art. This issue is definitely a turning point for both Tony and Patsy – and a great one at that."


title: Patsy Walker

text: Patsy Walker has appeared in Marvel Comics' Multiverse Ultimate Marvel imprint. In "Ultimate Spider-Man", she first appears as a spokeswoman for a security firm, then as a swimsuit model for "Maxim" magazine, a talk show hostess, presenting a biography on Doctor Strange, and finally interviewing Norman Osborn. In addition, she appeared in "Ultimate Marvel Team-Up", hosting an instructional video for the Baxter Building. Patsy assumes her Hellcat identity in Ultimates and was a founding member of the ill-fated Defenders. Walker later shows up with the Defenders in "", powered up by Loki where she sports a leopard-like appearance.


title: Patsy Walker

text: In the Heroes Reborn universe, Hellcat appears as a member of the Avengers. This version of the character sports a more bestial "werecat" appearance similar to Tigra. Envious of Scarlet Witch's beauty, she is manipulated by Loki into siding with Hawkeye against the rest of the team. Patsy takes possession of Scarlet Witch's body, but is killed after Agatha Harkness forcibly expels her essence.


title: Patsy Walker

text: Patricia "Trish" Walker appears in Netflix series set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, portrayed by Rachael Taylor as an adult and by Catherine Blades as a teenager. This version is a former child star of the in-universe television series "It's Patsy", the best friend of Jessica Jones, the host of the radio show "Trish Talk", and the daughter of Dorothy Walker.


title: Milk chocolate

text: Milk chocolate is a solid chocolate confectionery containing cocoa, sugar and milk. Chocolate was originally sold and consumed as a beverage in pre-Columbian times, and upon its introduction to Western Europe. Major milk chocolate producers include Ferrero, Hershey, Mondelez, Mars and Nestlé. Between them, they are responsible for over half of the chocolate sold worldwide. Although four-fifths of all milk chocolate is sold in the United States and Europe, increasingly large amounts are consumed in China and Latin America. While taste and texture have been key to its success, milk chocolate has also historically been promoted as a healthy food, particularly for children. Recent evidence has shown that it may provide antioxidant health benefits.


title: Milk chocolate

text: The word "chocolate" arrived in the English language about 1600, but initially described dark chocolate. The first use of the term "milk chocolate" was for a beverage brought to London from Jamaica in 1687, but it was not until the Swiss inventor Daniel Peter successfully combined cocoa and condensed milk in 1875 that the milk chocolate bar was invented. Switzerland quickly developed as the centre of milk chocolate production, particularly after the development of the conche by Rodolphe Lindt, and was increasingly exporting to an international market. Milk chocolate became mainstream at the beginning of the twentieth century following the launch of Cadbury Dairy Milk and the Hershey bar, while Belgium saw a blossoming of chocolatiers with ninety manufacturers in Brussels alone by the 1920s. At the same time, milk chocolate was combined with other ingredients, like nougat, to form a wide variety of bars, including Toblerone in 1908, Goo Goo Cluster in 1912 and Kit Kat in 1935. The global spread of milk chocolate continued into the next century, along with increasing consolidation in the market. A more recent development has been the rise of Fair Trade and UTZ Certified chocolate aiming to provide ethical assurances for customers. In 2018, the market for milk chocolate was worth $63.2 billion.


title: Milk chocolate

text: The word "chocolate" was first used in English about 1600. The word derives from , from Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs, influenced by the Yucatec Mayan word ', "hot", with the Nahuatl word ', "water". The first instance of "milk chocolate" appeared soon after, referring to a drink of chocolate combined with milk. In 1687, Hans Sloane, an Irish physician and collector, introduced the beverage to London after seeing the people of Jamaica enjoying the drink. The preparation was known for its medicinal properties, and was manufactured by Nicholas Sanders and William White, and was soon joined by other milk chocolates around the city. From there, milk chocolate spread, first to France, where the pharmacist to Louis XVI, Sulpice Debauve, introduced the drink to the Court, and then further afield, reaching as far as the United States by 1834. Meanwhile, in Dresden in the German Confederation, Jordan & Timaeus were developing a mechanism to produce hard chocolate using steam power. On 23 May 1839, they advertised a solid chocolate containing milk, calling it "steam chocolate" (). However, when Fry's of Bristol in the UK created the first chocolate bar in 1847, they used dark chocolate.


title: Milk chocolate

text: In 1875, the Swiss entrepreneur and chocolatier Daniel Peter, based in Vevey and related to the Cailler family, first successfully combined cocoa mass, cocoa butter, and sugar with condensed milk, recently created by his neighbour and friend Henri Nestlé, to produce milk chocolate. The process was further refined by another Swiss chocolatier, Rodolphe Lindt, who developed the conche in 1879, which created a smoother product. However, it is only after many years of fine-tuning that the original formula was developed and, in 1887, the Gala Peter brand was finally launched. Daniel Peter called his product 'Gala' after the Greek word meaning 'milk'. The success of Gala Peter opened a breach into which all the manufacturers rushed. Not only did milk soften the bitterness of chocolate and refined its taste, but it also lowered its production cost due to a lower cocoa content. As a consequence, Peter's recipe leaked to other nearby manufacturers: Cailler and Kohler. In 1898, Cailler opened its new factory at Broc, where milk chocolate began to be produced on a large scale. Peter also opened a larger factory at Orbe in 1901, before merging with Kohler. The same year, Suchard of Neuchâtel launched the Milka brand; Carl Russ-Suchard had previously developed a first milk bar in 1896. The chocolate industry also expanded in the late nineteenth century with the establishment of new companies, such as Frey and Tobler. From these developments, Switzerland soon dominated the chocolate market. Production increased dramatically, and by 1905, the country was producing of chocolate, a vast proportion of it exported.


title: Milk chocolate

text: Meanwhile, there were other developments outside Switzerland. Swiss dominance was challenged in 1905 by a product from England, Cadbury Dairy Milk. Although there had been other milk chocolates produced outside Switzerland before – Cadbury themselves had produced one in 1897 – they were coarse and generally inferior to the Swiss varieties, and consequently suffered from low sales. In contrast, Dairy Milk quickly rose in prominence and, by the 1920s, was the bestselling chocolate in the UK. Simultaneously, in 1900, Milton Hershey had introduced the first Hershey bar, which revolutionised the popularity of milk chocolate in the United States. Although initially only available in Pennsylvania, by 1906 it was sold across the country. Popularity blossomed, particularly following World War I, when the United States Army issued chocolate bars to troops, for many their first taste of milk chocolate. By 1911, Peter's milk chocolate recipe represented half of the world's chocolate consumption. Milk chocolate became the standard of what the public thought chocolate should be.


title: Milk chocolate

text: As a result of the increasing popularity of chocolate, especially among the working and middle-class, cocoa consumption began to grow extraordinarily. To meet these demands, cocoa production expanded, notably in West Africa, where the Forastero variety began to be mass cultivated in the early twentieth century. Although considered inferior to the Criollo variety, the Forastero type bean is more suited for the manufacture of milk chocolate and is cheaper to produce owing to its higher yields. Countries in West Africa eventually dominated world production of cocoa. Conversely, milk became the critical ingredient. Contrary to cocoa and sugar, milk spoils quickly, therefore it cannot be stored for long periods of time. This favoured the implantation of large factories (as well as new populations of workers) in the countryside, where abundant fresh milk supplies are readily available. The Cailler factory of Broc and the Hershey factory of Derry Township are typical examples.


title: Milk chocolate

text: Over the decades, milk chocolate manufacture spread worldwide and new brands appeared. In 1910, Arthur and George Ensor created the first milk chocolate in Canada, using milk from Jersey cows. At the same time, Belgian chocolate production also expanded rapidly. From small beginnings in the 1870s, by the 1920s, there were ninety chocolate manufacturers around Brussels alone. In 1926, Meiji brought out their bar, the first example to be made in Japan. Milk chocolate swiftly dominated chocolate sales in most markets. It even found a place during World War II, when US troops carried D Ration chocolate, nicknamed Logan Bars after Quartermaster Paul Logan, as an emergency supply. At the same time, new ways of presenting chocolate appeared, from different shapes, like Cadbury Buttons, to the profusion of boxed varieties that became a feature of Belgian chocolate.


title: Milk chocolate

text: At the same time, the number of independent manufacturers declined sharply. The first consolidations in the industry were in Switzerland, where the takeover of Lindt by Sprüngli took place in 1899, and Nestlé had already emerged as the largest manufacture in the country by 1929. However, pace quickened in the latter half of the century. During the last three decades of the twentieth century, there were over 200 takeovers in the industry. By 2001, over half the global chocolate market was held by 17 companies. By 2013, the top four manufacturers, Mondelez, Mars, Nestlé and Ferrero, comprised 49 percent of the sales. This has continued; for example, in 2015, Thorntons, the British chocolatier that in four years before had produced the largest chocolate bar in the world weighing , was taken over by Ferrero.