title: Mozambique Drill

text: The Mozambique Drill is intended to ensure that the target is immediately stopped, by first placing two shots into the larger, easier-to-hit mass of the upper body, then, if the target is still active, following with a third, more precisely aimed and difficult head shot. Due to factors such as body armor, the bolstering effect of drugs, or failure to hit vital organs, the body shots may not be immediately effective, necessitating the third shot. To guarantee instant incapacitation by impacting the brain and central nervous system, the head shot must be delivered to the area between eyebrows and upper lip, otherwise, various bony areas of the skull could deflect the bullet.


title: Suicide (band)

text: Suicide was an American musical duo composed of vocalist Alan Vega and instrumentalist Martin Rev, intermittently active between 1970 and 2016. The group's pioneering music utilized minimalist electronic instrumentation, including synthesizers and primitive drum machines, and their early performances were confrontational and often ended in violence. They were among the first acts to use the phrase "punk music" in an advertisement for a concert in 1970—during their very brief stint as a three-piece including Paul Liebegott.


title: Suicide (band)

text: Though never widely popular among the general public, Suicide have been recognized as among the most influential acts of their era. Their debut album "Suicide" (1977) was described by "Entertainment Weekly" as "a landmark of electronic music", while AllMusic stated that it "provided the blueprints for post-punk, synth pop, and industrial rock."


title: Suicide (band)

text: Rev and Vega met and became friends in 1970. After the former's avant-jazz band broke up, they decided to form a band together. The initial line-up was - Vega (aka "Nasty Cut" or "Nasty Punk"): guitar, trumpet, vocals; Rev (aka "Marty Maniac"): drums, keyboard and Paul Liebegott (aka Cool P) guitar. Their first show was June 19, 1970 at the Project of Living Artists in lower Manhattan. They soon began billing themselves as "punk music". Liebegott left at the end of 1971, and they continued as a duo. By that point, Vega was no longer playing any instruments, and began performing only vocals. Rev stopped playing drums and blowing whistle by early 1975. By 1973, they had become part of lower Manhattan's underground music scene, and played shows with the likes of the New York Dolls and the Fast. Their first release was Rocket U.S.A., which was included on the "1976 Max's Kansas City" compilation. The following year, they recorded and released their debut album. They played their first overseas shows in 1978 playing support for Elvis Costello and the Clash in the UK and Western Europe. They continued on and off, until playing their final shows in 2015. Shows scheduled for the following year were cancelled, due to Vega's declining health, and eventual death.


title: Suicide (band)

text: According to a 2002 interview of Alan Vega, the name of the band was inspired by the title of a Ghost Rider comic book issue titled ""Satan Suicide"". He further explained, "We were talking about society’s suicide, especially American society. New York City was collapsing. The Vietnam War was going on. The name Suicide said it all to us."


title: Suicide (band)

text: Rev's simple keyboard riffs, which were initially played on a battered Farfisa organ combined with effects units, before changing to a synthesizer, were accompanied by primitive drum machines. This provided a pulsing, minimalistic, electronic backdrop for Vega's murmuring and nervy vocals. It was the first band to use the term "punk" to describe itself, which the band had adopted from an article by Lester Bangs. Some of the band's earliest posters use the terms ""punk music"" and ""punk music mass"".


title: Suicide (band)

text: Suicide emerged alongside the early glam punk scene in New York, with a reputation for its confrontational live shows. Many of the band's early shows were at the Mercer Arts Center, alongside bands such as the New York Dolls and Eric Emerson and the Magic Tramps. At one point, David Johansen played harmonica with Suicide in an early show at the Mercer Arts Center. Vega and Rev both dressed like 'arty street thugs', and Vega was notorious for brandishing a motorcycle drive chain onstage. Vega once stated, "We started getting booed as soon as we came onstage. Just from the way we looked, they started giving us hell already." This sort of audience confrontation was inspired by Vega's witnessing of an Iggy and the Stooges concert at the New York State Pavilion in August 1969, which he later described as "great art". After the collapse of the Mercer Arts Center in 1973, Suicide played at Max's Kansas City and CBGB (before being banned), often sharing the bill with emerging punk bands. Their first album was reissued with bonus material, including "23 Minutes Over Brussels", a recording of a Suicide concert that later deteriorated into a riot.


title: Suicide (band)

text: The band's first album, "Suicide" (1977), was released independently on Red Star Records. Although initial press reviews were divided (with "Rolling Stone" in particular giving it a scathing review), media recognition has changed over the years. One critic writes: Che', 'Ghost Rider'—these eerie, sturdy, proto-punk anthems rank among the most visionary, melodic experiments the rock realm has yet produced." Of note is the ten-minute "Frankie Teardrop", which tells the story of a poverty-stricken 20-year-old factory worker pushed to the edge. Critic Emerson Dameron writes that the song is "one of the most terrifying, riveting, absurd things I’ve ever heard." Nick Hornby, in his book "31 Songs," describes the track as something you would listen to "only once".


title: Suicide (band)

text: In 1986, Alan Vega collaborated with Andrew Eldritch of The Sisters of Mercy on the "Gift" album, released under the name of The Sisterhood. In 1996, Vega collaborated with Alex Chilton and Ben Vaughn on the album "Cubist Blues". Vega and Rev have both released solo albums.


title: Suicide (band)

text: In 2002, Suicide released their first album in over a decade, titled "American Supreme". Sales, however, were slow, and critical reception was mixed.


title: Suicide (band)

text: In 2005, SAF Publishing put out "Suicide No Compromise", a "docu-biography" by David Nobahkt, which featured extensive interviews with Vega and Rev as well as many of their contemporaries and famous fans.


title: Suicide (band)

text: In 2008, Blast First Petite released "Alan Vega 70th Birthday Limited Edition EP Series"—a monthly, limited-edition series of 10" vinyl EPs and downloads by major artists, honoring Alan Vega's 70th birthday. Among those paying tribute were Bruce Springsteen, Primal Scream, Peaches, Grinderman, Spiritualized, The Horrors, +Pansonic, Julian Cope, Lydia Lunch, Vincent Gallo, LIARS, and The Klaxons. The label also released "Suicide: 1977–1978", a 6-CD box set, the same year.


title: Suicide (band)

text: In September 2009, the group performed their debut LP live in its entirety as part of the All Tomorrow's Parties-curated Don't Look Back series.


title: Suicide (band)

text: In May 2010, the band performed the entire first album live at two London concerts, double billed with Iggy & The Stooges performing "Raw Power". The band performed their final concert at London's Barbican Centre on 9 July 2015. Billed as 'A Punk Mass', the show featured solo sets by both Rev and Vega before a headlining Suicide performance. Henry Rollins, Bobby Gillespie, and Jehnny Beth made guest appearances. The concert received positive reviews.


title: Suicide (band)

text: Alan Vega died in his sleep on July 16, 2016, at the age of 78. His death was announced by musician and radio host Henry Rollins, who shared an official statement from Vega's family on his website.


title: Suicide (band)

text: Musicians who have listed Suicide as an influence include, among others, Television, Chrome, Wire, Public Image Ltd, Gary Numan, Richard Hell, Pere Ubu, Patti Smith, Talking Heads, Cabaret Voltaire, Steve Albini (from Shellac, Rapeman, and Big Black), The Jesus and Mary Chain, Bauhaus, The Sisters of Mercy, Soft Cell, Sigue Sigue Sputnik, The Birthday Party, Joy Division, Nick Cave, D.A.F., Erasure, the music of Giant Haystacks, The KLF, Ministry, Nine Inch Nails, OMD, Rocket from the Tombs, Cassandra Complex (and covered "Frankie Teardrop"), Mudhoney, Nitzer Ebb, Depeche Mode, R.E.M. (covered "Ghost Rider"), Devo, Ultravox, Massive Attack, Autechre, The Chemical Brothers, Daft Punk, Aphex Twin, The Kills, AFI, and Bruce Springsteen.


title: Suicide (band)

text: In 1994, "" contains "Ghost Rider", covered by the Rollins Band. That same year The Fatima Mansions released a cover of "Diamonds, Fur Coat, Champagne", as part of their 1994 single "Nite Flights". In May 1999, ? and the Mysterians released a cover of "Cheree" on the album "More Action".


title: Suicide (band)

text: The riff from "Ghost Rider" was sampled extensively in M.I.A.'s single, "Born Free", released in April 2010. Martin Rev joined M.I.A. to perform the song on the Late Show with David Letterman.


title: Suicide (band)

text: In mid-2009, the band The Horrors released a cover of the song "Shadazz", as part of a tribute to Alan Vega and his work. They have performed it many times live, along with another Suicide song, "Ghost Rider". Later that year, Primal Scream and Miss Kittin covered the song "" for a limited-edition 10-inch vinyl pressing. A total of 3,000 copies were pressed and released on March 30, 2009.


title: Suicide (band)

text: "Ghost Rider" was covered by the garage punk band The Gories, and released on the album "Cheapo Crypt Sampler No. 2." In April 2011, the influential dance-punk band LCD Soundsystem used a snippet from "Ghost Rider" during the song "Losing My Edge", and covered the Alan Vega solo effort "Bye Bye Bayou" during their final concert, held in a sold-out Madison Square Garden. The song was also covered by British duo The Last Shadow Puppets at New York City's Terminal 5, as a tribute to Alan Vega, shortly after his death in 2016.


title: Suicide (band)

text: In April 2012, Neneh Cherry released a cover of the song "Dream Baby Dream", which appeared on her album "The Cherry Thing". In May 2014, The band Savages, also released a live cover of the song as a b-side of their single "Fuckers"/"Dream Baby Dream" 12". Other artists who covered the song include, long time fan, Bruce Springsteen in 2016, and Many Angled Ones & Guy McKnight, in August 2018.


title: Suicide (band)

text: Both Alan Vega and Martin Rev have recorded solo albums; see Alan Vega discography and Martin Rev discography.


title: Benny Dayal

text: Benny Dayal (born 13 May 1984) is an Indian playback singer. He is a prominent singer in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali, Gujarati and Marathi and more languages films. He has sung more than 3500 songs in 19+ Indian languages. He is a member of the band S5, launched by SS Music TV channel. He made his acting debut in the Malayalam movie "By the People", a suspense thriller. All the songs were sung by S5 members and it was then that A.R. Rahman noticed him and took an audition.


title: Benny Dayal

text: Dayal's parents hail from Kollam district in Kerala. He was born and raised in Abu Dhabi, UAE and completed his schooling there from Abu Dhabi Indian School (ADIS). He went on to complete his B.Com. and Masters in Journalism from Madras Christian College.


title: Benny Dayal

text: Dayal worked as an Events Coordinator with RR Donnelley. He quit his job in BPO to accomplish his career with music. On 5 June 2016, the singer married his model girlfriend Catherine Thangam in a close-knit ceremony in Bengaluru.


title: Diamond Head, Hawaii

text: Diamond Head is a volcanic tuff cone on the Hawaiian island of Oahu and known to Hawaiians as Lēahi (). The Hawaiian name is most likely derived from "lae" (browridge, promontory) plus "ahi" (tuna) because the shape of the ridgeline resembles the shape of a tuna's dorsal fin. Its English name was given by British sailors in the 19th century, who named it for the calcite crystals on the adjacent beach.


title: Diamond Head, Hawaii

text: Diamond Head is part of the system of cones, vents, and their associated eruption flows that are collectively known to geologists as the Honolulu Volcanic Series, eruptions from the Koolau Volcano that took place long after the volcano formed and had gone dormant. These eruptive events created many of Oahu's well-known landmarks, including Punchbowl Crater, Hanauma Bay, Koko Head, and Mānana Island in addition to Diamond Head.


title: Diamond Head, Hawaii

text: Diamond Head, like the rest of the Honolulu Volcanic Series, is much younger than the main mass of the Koolau Mountain Range. While the Koolau Range is about 2.6 million years old, Diamond Head is estimated to be about 400,000 to 500,000 years old.


title: Diamond Head, Hawaii

text: Known as "Lēʻahi" in Hawaiian, the mountain in 1825 was given the name "Diamond Hill" by British sailors who discovered sparkling volcanic calcite crystals in the sand and mistook them for diamonds. This is reflected in another local name, "Kaimana Hila". The name later became "Diamond Head", with "head" being shortened from "headland".


title: Diamond Head, Hawaii

text: The interior and adjacent exterior areas were the home to Fort Ruger, the first United States military reservation on Hawaii. Only Battery 407, a National Guard emergency operations center, and Birkhimer Tunnel, the Hawaii State Civil Defense Headquarters (HI-EMA), remain in use in the crater. An FAA air traffic control center was in operation from 1963 to 2002.


title: Diamond Head, Hawaii

text: Diamond Head is a defining feature of the view known to residents and tourists of Waikīkī, and also a U.S. National Natural Monument. The volcanic tuff cone is a State Monument. While part of it is closed to the public and serves as a platform for antennas used by the U.S. government, the crater's proximity to Honolulu's resort hotels and beaches makes the rest of it a popular destination.


title: Diamond Head, Hawaii

text: In 1968, Diamond Head was declared a National Natural Landmark. The crater, also called Diamond Head Lookout, was used as a strategic military lookout in the early 1900s. Spanning over 475 acres (190 ha) (including the crater's interior and outer slopes), it served as an effective defensive lookout because it provides panoramic views of Waikīkī and the south shore of Oahu.


title: Diamond Head, Hawaii

text: The Diamond Head Lighthouse, a navigational lighthouse built in 1917 is directly adjacent to the crater's slopes. In addition, a few pillboxes are located on Diamond Head's summit.


title: Diamond Head, Hawaii

text: Diamond Head appears on an 80-cent air mail stamp issued in 1952 to pay for shipping orchids to the mainland of the U.S.


title: Diamond Head, Hawaii

text: The Crater was the location of several concerts in the 1960s and 1970s. First held on New Year's Day 1969, and often known as "Hawaiian Woodstock", Diamond Head Crater Festivals, sometimes called Sunshine Festivals, were all-day music celebrations held in the 1960s and '70s, attracting over 75,000 attendees for performances of the Grateful Dead, Santana, America, Styx, Journey, War, and Tower of Power, alongside Hawaiian talent like Cecilio & Kapono and the Mackey Feary Band. These one day festivals became two day events in 1976 and 1977, but were cancelled by the Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources because of community noise and environmental impact concerns. Many items from the bands were brought into and out of the Crater by helicopter.


title: Rammstein Stadium Tour

text: The Rammstein Stadium Tour is the seventh concert tour by German Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein, originally in support of their 2019 untitled studio album, but then "Zeit" as well in 2022 and 2023, with a total of 58 shows in 2019. It grossed more than $64,000,000 by the end of 2018 in pre-sales.


title: Rammstein Stadium Tour

text: On 2 November 2018, Rammstein announced that they will tour again, with tour dates, this time in stadiums. Along with that in the following days a few teasers were uploaded to the band's social media channels containing studio snippets from the yet unreleased song "Ramm4", that the band played on their recent tours in 2016–17.


title: Rammstein Stadium Tour

text: The presale tickets were available from 5 November 2018 and were available to the public from 7 November 2018. Most of the venues sold out within days. And in the following days the band added a few other shows to sold-out events, mostly to the following day. On 10 April 2019, a limited number of tickets were available in some venues, due to the new single, "Deutschland", getting released.


title: Rammstein Stadium Tour

text: On 24 June 2019, Rammstein added a teaser – including names of cities – on their social media pages which revealed that they will continue their European stadium tour in 2020. On 26 June, the band added another teaser, this time revealing Europe dates and venues, as well as mentioning that a US tour will be announced at a later date. Ticket sales started on 5 July. Rammstein released a teaser image for their next UK performance of 2020 on 26 July 2019 using a photo of what looked like a Welsh Rugby Union jersey with a Rammstein logo, draped over some stadium seating. Fans speculated that this was the Principality Stadium in Cardiff. It was then confirmed by the band when they made the official announcement that they would be playing the Cardiff stadium on 14 June 2020. This will be their first show in Wales since July 2005. As per the most recent announcement, the shows planned for 2020 will not take place due to the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak, but were preliminarily postponed into 2021, and then postponed again into 2022. On May 12, 2021 the band announced four additional shows, as well as postponing the American dates to 2022 on 24 May 2021.


title: Rammstein Stadium Tour

text: The set list of the tour saw notable performances, with "Heirate mich" and "Rammstein" being performed for the first time in 18 and 14 years, respectively. Additionally, regularly played staple songs "Keine Lust" and "Feuer frei!" were excluded from the set list for the first time. The 2022 set list features new pieces from Zeit in place of "Was ich liebe", "Tattoo", "Sex", "Diamant" and "Ohne dich" respectively, as well as ending with "Adieu" as opposed to "Ich will".


title: Rammstein Stadium Tour

text: The show begins with "Music for the Royal Fireworks" played over the speakers, as a screen rises up above the stage. As the music builds to a crescendo, Rammstein's stylised R logo flashes onto the screen, as Christoph walks on stage to his drums, and there is an explosion of pyrotechnics. The rest of the band then emerges from the bottom of the stage, Richard first, then Paul, followed by Ollie and Flake, and finally Till, clad in a snakeskin military uniform, complete with jacket and boots. They then launch straight into "Was Ich liebe", during which black smoke is rising from the stage and delay towers. Next up, Till discards his jacket, and the band continues with "Links 2-3-4". Red banners with the Rammstein logo are revealed across the stage when the song kicks in. As the band start playing "Tattoo", Till then takes off his shirt, revealing a vest top underneath. After "Sehnsucht" and "Zeig Dich", Till begins singing "Mein Herz Brennt", but tricks the audience into singing the hook at the wrong time, before the band starts playing the hook properly. As the band starts playing "Puppe", Till then goes under the stage, and comes back pushing an enormous metal pram. He then puts on a camera that goes over his eye, and looks inside the pram, to reveal a deformed baby doll with its mouth stuck in a scream. During the chorus, flames erupt from the pram, and black confetti falls down on the audience. The pram is then moved off stage, and the band continues with "Heirate mich" and "Diamant". Afterwards, the band leaves the stage, as Richard ascends the stage on a mechanised platform, and starts playing his remix of "Deutschland" on a DJ deck. After a few minutes, Paul, Christoph, Ollie and Flake walk on stage wearing identical hooded suits, which light up as they put their hoods up, and dance around the stage. Afterwards the platform descends, the band come back in their normal clothes, and play the regular version of "Deutschland". After an energetic performance of "Radio", Till and Flake disappear offstage. As the rest of the band start playing "Mein Teil", Till comes back in a bloodied chef's outfit, wheeling a huge cooking pot. He then lifts the lid to reveal Flake inside, playing his keyboard. Till then starts singing into a microphone with a knife attached to the end. After the second chorus, he then brings out a variety of flamethrowers, and roasts the bottom of the pot. Finally, Flake escapes the pot, and Till chases him off the stage. They then return to the stage for "Du hast". Midway through the bridge of the song, a roadie brings out a crossbow, as Till picks it up, aims and fires, sending fireworks shooting above the audience, causing a series of explosions. They then stop, and start playing "Sonne", which is accompanied by twenty-foot theatrical flames, around the audience. They then finish the set with "Ohne dich", during which sparks rain down over Till. They then leave the stage, as a graphic on the screen shows a smartphone turning on the flashlight, encouraging the audience to do the same.


title: Rammstein Stadium Tour

text: The band then appears on a small stage in the middle of the stadium, with their opening act Duo Jatekok, and play a piano version of "Engel". They then return to stage for the first encore and play "Ausländer", during which Flake crowd-surfs in an inflatable rubber dinghy. When Flake returns to the stage, they all launch into "Du riechst so gut", where Till shoots a bow shooting sparks. They finish the first encore with "Pussy", where midway through the song, Till mounts a phallic cannon that shoots white foam on the audience. After getting off the cannon, confetti starts shooting out over the audience. The band then leaves the stage.


title: Rammstein Stadium Tour

text: After a long pause, the band come back onto the stage for their second encore, and start playing "Rammstein". They finish with "Ich will", during which, huge bursts of flame shoot up into the sky from the very top of the stage. The band then stops playing, and they don a curtsey (as is customary for them) at the bottom of the stage, before Till stands up and thanks the audience for their support, and the band finally leave the stage by way of a lift. The show ends how it began, with another explosion.


title: Perfume Genius

text: Michael Alden Hadreas (born September 25, 1981), better known by his stage name Perfume Genius, is an American singer, songwriter, and musician. Hadreas's music explores topics including sexuality, his personal struggle with Crohn's disease, domestic abuse, and the dangers faced by gay men in contemporary society.


title: Perfume Genius

text: Hadreas is of Greek descent and was born in Des Moines, Iowa, moving to the suburbs of Seattle, Washington at age 6 or 7. Hadreas studied painting in school and took piano lessons as a child. His mother was a special education teacher, and is now an assistant principal at a middle school. His parents divorced when he was a teenager.


title: Perfume Genius

text: Growing up, Hadreas was the only openly gay student at his school, and he received death threats that were ignored by the school administration. He dropped out of high school during his senior year. Two years after dropping out, he was attacked by several young men in his neighborhood. He moved to Williamsburg, Brooklyn, and worked as a doorman for a club in the East Village. In 2005, Hadreas returned home to Seattle and began recording music. In 2008, Hadreas set up a MySpace page under the name Perfume Genius, beginning his music career. The moniker comes from the genius perfume-maker in Tom Tykwer's 2006 movie "".


title: Perfume Genius

text: Hadreas's debut album, "Learning", was released on June 21, 2010, through Turnstile Records in Europe and Matador Records in the United States. Many of the tracks for "Learning" were recorded in Hadreas's home. The album quickly received critical acclaim, including an 8.2 out of 10 score from Pitchfork.


title: Perfume Genius

text: He performed his first live show at The Vera Project in Seattle, where he opened for A Sunny Day in Glasgow. Hadreas brought on pianist, Alan Wyffels, to play for the album tour. Hadreas would go on to date Wyffels. Wyffels has continued to perform with Hadreas in recordings and live shows.


title: Perfume Genius

text: Hadreas's second album, "Put Your Back N 2 It", was released on February 20, 2012. Again, Hadreas received praise from music critics and fans alike for the sonic intimacy his music achieved.


title: Perfume Genius

text: The promotional video for the album, featuring Hadreas and pornographic actor Arpad Miklos embracing each other, was deemed unsafe for family viewing by YouTube.


title: Perfume Genius

text: On September 23, 2014, Hadreas released his third album, "Too Bright", which was co-produced by Adrian Utley of Portishead and Ali Chant, to critical acclaim. The album was a transformative leap for Hadreas and marked a new trajectory in his career. The album received rave reviews from an array of publications. Pitchfork gave the album an 8.5 and commented that "these songs feel less like songs and more like treasures, ones that fill you with power and wisdom."


title: Perfume Genius

text: Following the release of the album, Hadreas toured it and played sold out headline shows. On October 30, 2014, Perfume Genius appeared on "The Late Show with David Letterman" performing "Queen". In April 2015, Hadreas was featured on the cover and in the pages of "Hello Mr."


title: Perfume Genius

text: Hadreas collaborated with Sharon Van Etten to contribute a cover of The Grateful Dead's "To Lay Me Down" to "Day of the Dead", a charity tribute album curated and produced by members of The National and released by 4AD on May 20, 2016. All profits from the album are helping to fight HIV/AIDS and related health issues around the world through the Red Hot Organization.


title: Perfume Genius

text: On September 16, 2016, Hadreas released a cover of Elvis' "Can't Help Falling in Love" in collaboration with Prada. The song was featured in the ad campaign for Prada's La Femme and L'Homme fragrances.


title: Perfume Genius

text: Hadreas was featured on the cover of the March/April 2017 issue of "The Fader", which included a lengthy feature on Hadreas and his work on his next album. In the weeks following the article, Hadreas posted a number of video and audio clips teasing new music. On March 21, 2017, Hadreas announced his fourth studio album "No Shape" and released the first single "Slip Away", which was accompanied by a music video directed by frequent Björk collaborator Andrew Thomas Huang. The single was designated "Best New Track" by "Pitchfork". On April 19, Hadreas released another single from the album called "Go Ahead" during a live Twitter Q&A with fans.


title: Perfume Genius

text: "No Shape" was released via Matador on May 5, 2017. It was produced by Blake Mills (Fiona Apple, John Legend, Alabama Shakes) and mixed by Grammy Award-winning engineer Shawn Everett. The album was praised by critics. Pitchfork awarded it an 8.8 and named it "Best New Album", deeming it "his most realized album yet, a tender and transcendental protest record of love and devotion." "The Guardian" commented that "No Shape sounds like a unique talent coming into full bloom."


title: Perfume Genius

text: On May 9, 2017 Perfume Genius released the video for "Die 4 You", directed by Floria Sigismondi. That same month, it was announced that Perfume Genius would curate a part of the line-up for Le Guess Who? Festival in Utrecht in November, for which he invited amongst others Aldous Harding, Mount Eerie, Weyes Blood, and Bulgarian women's choir Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares.


title: Perfume Genius

text: In 2019, the track "Otherside" was used in the trailer for the film "The Goldfinch", adapted from the Donna Tartt novel of the same name.


title: Perfume Genius

text: On February 25, 2020, Hadreas released the single, "Describe". On March 16, he released another single, "On the Floor". Both songs were included on his album, "Set My Heart on Fire Immediately", released on May 15, 2020.


title: Perfume Genius

text: On June 17, 2022, Hadreas released his sixth studio album, "Ugly Season". The album was originally composed as a musical accompaniment for choreographer Kate Wallich's contemporary dance piece "The Sun Still Burns Here."


title: Perfume Genius

text: Hadreas' musical style has been described as art pop, indie rock, baroque pop, indie pop, chamber pop, folk, pop, and glam rock.


title: Generation Swine

text: Generation Swine is the seventh studio album by the American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe, released on June 24, 1997. The album marks the return of lead singer Vince Neil following his last appearance on 1991's "Decade of Decadence" and the last to feature drummer Tommy Lee until the 2008 album "Saints of Los Angeles". It is also the band's last album to be released on Elektra Records.


title: Generation Swine

text: Following the commercial disappointment of the band's self-titled album, Mötley Crüe was under pressure by executives at Elektra Records to return Mötley Crüe to the level of commercial success that the band enjoyed in the 1980s.


title: Generation Swine

text: The band, then officially consisting of vocalist/guitarist John Corabi, bassist Nikki Sixx, drummer Tommy Lee and guitarist Mick Mars, were so frustrated with the failure of the previous album and tour sales that they fired numerous people around the group, including manager Doug Thaler and producer Bob Rock. The band then hired Allen Kovac as their new manager and started looking for another producer to work with for their next record, which was originally titled "Personality #9".


title: Generation Swine

text: After the mass firing, the band was called to a meeting with Warner Bros. CEO Doug Morris to discuss the current state of the band. At the meeting, Morris tried to convince Sixx and Lee to get rid of Corabi, as he wasn't a "star", and reunite with original singer Vince Neil. Sixx and Lee were not interested in the idea of working with Neil again, and insisted on keeping Corabi in the group. With some additional convincing from Elektra CEO Sylvia Rhone, Morris agreed and the band continued with their work.


title: Generation Swine

text: Mötley returned to the studio intending to record a straight rock record that was more aggressive than the "Mötley Crüe" album. With Bob Rock producing, they recorded material such as "The Year I Lived in a Day" and "La Dolce Vita". The band was so excited that, according to Corabi, "At the end of each day we'd walk around the studio carrying our huge cocks in our hands because the music rocked so hard."


title: Generation Swine

text: After Rock was fired for being "too expensive and overproduc[ing] the music", the band eventually chose Scott Humphrey, with Sixx and Lee serving as coproducers. But the process became disorganized, as Humphrey and Sixx regularly argued over ideas. Mars' role was greatly reduced due to an ongoing feud between him and Humphrey, and Corabi grew increasingly frustrated, as he would learn and write material only to find it completely changed by the time he returned to the studio.


title: Generation Swine

text: As the recording continued, the band was being pressured to reunite with Neil. Corabi decided he had had enough of the frustration of working under the pressure that the band and Humphrey put on him. With Corabi out, the door was open for Neil to return.


title: Generation Swine

text: Neil had been busy with his solo career and the untimely death of his daughter Skylar when Kovac approached him with the idea of reuniting with Mötley, which Morris had presented to Sixx and Lee earlier. Neil, like Sixx and Lee, was against the idea, but Kovac planted the idea of a reunion in Neil's head that eventually changed his mind. After meeting with Sixx and Lee, Neil agreed to rejoin and finish the album, whose title had been changed to "Generation Swine".


title: Generation Swine

text: Musically, the album shows Mötley trying to update their image and sound, experimenting with trends such as electronica and alternative rock. The songs draw heavy influence from Cheap Trick in the first half of the record. Rick Nielsen and Robin Zander did backing vocals in some songs. Most of the album was written while Corabi was with the band, and as such Neil had difficulty adjusting his voice to the material and sound. "There's a lot on that album that I'd have changed had I been there from the start," he remarked. "I didn't think the producer really knew what he was doing, because he wouldn't let me sing in the style I was accustomed to. He wouldn't let Mick play his usual way either. It was a nightmare."


title: Generation Swine

text: Even with Neil back in the band, the album proved a departure from traditional Mötley albums. Besides the aforementioned experimentation, the album featured Sixx and Lee on lead vocals for the first time: Sixx on "Rocketship" (a love song for his new romance with model Donna D'Errico) and parts of "Find Myself"; and Lee on "Brandon" (a namesake song for his first-born son, and his then-current wife, Pamela Anderson) and "Beauty".


title: Generation Swine

text: Lyrically, "Generation Swine" ranges from songs about drugs and prostitution such as "Find Myself" and "Beauty", to the anti-suicide stance on "Flush" and familial love on "Rocketship" and "Brandon".


title: Generation Swine

text: "Afraid" was released as the first single from the album. The video featured "Hustler" publisher Larry Flynt, who also put the band on the cover of an issue of "Hustler" that year. The song reached #10 on the US mainstream rock charts, but that too did little to generate interest in the album. The second single released was "Beauty", which reached number 37 on the mainstream rock charts; "Glitter" was also released as a single. "Find Myself" was released as a promo single and a music video was made for "Shout at the Devil '97". The band felt that the album's sluggish sales were due to Elektra not promoting the album properly, claiming that the label was only interested in promoting R&B acts. Rhone denied this claim though, stating that Mötley Crüe was a major priority for Elektra and that the label had spent a large sum of money in order to get the band to perform "Shout at the Devil '97" on the American Music Awards in January 1997.


title: Generation Swine

text: To promote the album, Skeleteens Beverages in Pasadena, California created a soft drink for the band called "Motley Brue". The drink came in bottles that featured the new "Pig logo" and consisted of large amounts of blue #1 that turned everything blue. The intentions were to have people that drank the soft drink urinate green fluid. Mötley Crüe helped design the bottles that featured lyrics from "Generation Swine" songs on the reverse of each label.


title: Generation Swine

text: The Japanese release of the album included the track "Song to Slit Your Wrist By" a song recorded by Sixx's solo project 58.


title: Generation Swine

text: "Generation Swine" debuted at No. 4 on the "Billboard" 200, selling over 80,500 copies in its first week and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 27, 1997. Despite the strong charting debut, the album failed to return the band to the level of critical and commercial success that had been hoped for with the reunion, and according to Nielsen SoundScan the album has sold about 306,000 copies in the U.S. to date. In 2008, singer Vince Neil stated that the album was "terrible" due to "too much experimenting".


title: Generation Swine

text: "Generation Swine" would be the group's final release on Elektra Records, as the label and Mötley Crüe would break their relationship off in early 1998. Future releases from the group would come from their own Mötley Records.


title: Generation Swine

text: "Generation Swine" received mixed reviews. "Somehow", Sixx observed in 2000, "the spin had got out there that Mötley was going to flirt with an alternative sound – that we'd sold out. Sure, it was experimental, but it wasn't alternative, techno or dance. So I was a little disappointed at the way it was received."


title: Generation Swine

text: Sputnikmusic highlights the experimental nature of the production, which "is devoted to hard rock tracks structurally very similar to their so-called 'classic era' but sonically re-wired and approached from a direction entirely alien to the band" and praises "the vast improvement, or at the very least development, in Nikki Sixx's songwriting", finally declaring "Generation Swine" "a worthwhile experiment for the band that produced some of their most enduring music." David Grad of "Entertainment Weekly" praises Neil's voice, which lost "none of its hormonal urgency" and describes the music as a display "of highly burnished metal trumpeting the pleasures of drugs and nasty sex." Martin Popoff calls it "the summer record of '97."


title: Generation Swine

text: In contrast, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic calls the album "nothing short of an embarrassment" and blames the band for "simply recycling old ideas and sounds", not coming up "with any catchy riffs" and making the return of Neil "just a coincidence." Dean Golemis of the "Chicago Tribune" agrees, writing that despite "nose-bleeding punk runs", what transpires is the sound of a "Hollywood metal band from the '80s." Jon Wiederhorn of "Rolling Stone" remarks how the band tried to fuse "cornball glam-metal techniques" with "cutting-edge production and grinding industrial effects", but – instead of a "new direction that would defy expectations" – produced an album "more schizophrenic than Wesley Willis", unwelcome to Mötley fans who "crave consistency". J. D. Considine, another "Rolling Stone" reviewer, finds the album "as limp as overcooked spaghetti." Neil Arnold of "Metal Forces" calls "Generation Swine" "the black sheep of the Crüe family, making even the 1994 self-titled opus look brilliant" and ascribes its failure to the fusion of "industrial-fueled grooves and clanking rhythms" with the "distinctive Vince Neil whine", concluding that "'electronica' and 'alternative' are not words [he]'d associate with Mötley Crüe."


title: Generation Swine

text: On July 7, 1997, Corabi filed a $4-million lawsuit against the band for alleged breach of contract, fraud, and slander. Corabi's claim was that he had not received royalties or credit for his work and contributions while he was in the band.


title: Generation Swine

text: Corabi was only officially credited for two songs on the original pressing of "Generation Swine", "Flush" and "Let Us Prey", but claimed that he was responsible for at least 80% of the material on the album.


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: Allen Lee Davis (July 20, 1944 – July 8, 1999) was an American murderer who was executed for the May 11, 1982, murder of Nancy Weiler, who was three months pregnant, in Jacksonville, Florida. According to reports, Nancy Weiler was "beaten almost beyond recognition" by Davis with a .357 Magnum, and hit more than 25 times in the face and head. He was additionally convicted of killing Nancy Weiler's two daughters, Kristina, age 9, who was shot twice in the face, and Katherine, age 5, who was shot as she tried to run away and then had her skull beaten in with the gun.


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: Davis, who had a lengthy criminal history, was on parole for armed robbery at the time of the murders. He later admitted that his initial motive was to rape and murder Kristina, kill her sister and mother, and then ransack the house.


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: Davis was executed on July 8, 1999, via electrocution. His execution was alleged to have been botched, with witnesses reporting that Davis was still alive after the power to Old Sparky was switched off. Blood had also leaked from Davis's nose during the execution, although prison officials alleged this was caused by a nose bleed.


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: Because of the controversy surrounding his execution, Davis remains the last person executed by electric chair in Florida. All subsequent executions in Florida have been carried out by lethal injection, although inmates can still choose to be executed by electric chair.


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: Davis had prior convictions for armed robbery, attempted armed robbery, use of a firearm during the commission of a felony, and involuntary manslaughter. He also had a history of child molestation. Nancy Weiler's husband, John Weiler, would later call Davis a "deviant animal that should have been permanently caged or executed many years before May 1982."


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: For his last meal, Davis requested and received a dinner consisting of one lobster tail, fried potatoes, a half pound of fried shrimp, six ounces of fried clams, half a loaf of garlic bread, and of A&W Root Beer.


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: According to the licensed electrical engineer who managed the equipment, the amount of electrical energy applied to Davis in three steps was:


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: The maximum power was 15.0 kW, which is approximately equal to 11.2 horsepower. The maximum output of a standard U.S. 15 Ampere electrical outlet is 1.8 kW or 1.3 horsepower.


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: A BTU is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. Davis weighed 350 pounds. 284 BTUs are the amount of heat needed to raise 350 pounds of water 0.8 degrees Fahrenheit. An average male body contains about 58 ±8% water.


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: Davis's execution gained nationwide media attention after he bled profusely from the nose while being electrocuted. Also during his time in the electric chair, Davis suffered burns to his head, leg, and groin area.


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: A subsequent investigation concluded that Davis had begun bleeding before the first jolt of electricity was applied. He had been taking blood thinning medication for an unrelated health problem. It was concluded that the electric chair had functioned as designed and the Florida Supreme Court upheld electrocution as a means of capital punishment. However, a dissenting justice published photos of the aftermath of the incident in an attempt to argue that the practice of capital punishment by electrocution was outdated, and that any future executions should be carried out through lethal injection.


title: Allen Lee Davis

text: In 1999, the state of Florida heard a petition from Thomas Harrison Provenzano, another death row inmate, arguing that the electric chair was a "cruel and unusual punishment". As of 2021, Davis was the last Florida inmate executed by electric chair. Since the 2000 execution of Terry Melvin Sims, all subsequent executions were by lethal injection. Inmates, however, may still choose electrocution. As of 2021, only Wayne C. Doty has opted for death by electrocution; he is still alive, and his execution date has yet to be set.


title: Japanese wolf

text: The Japanese wolf (, , or , [see ]; Canis lupus hodophilax), also known as the Honshū wolf, is an extinct subspecies of the gray wolf that was once endemic to the islands of Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū in the Japanese archipelago.


title: Japanese wolf

text: It was one of two subspecies that were once found in the Japanese archipelago, the other being the Hokkaido wolf. Phylogenetic evidence indicates that Japanese wolf was the last surviving wild member of the Pleistocene wolf lineage (in contrast to the Hokkaido wolf which belonged to the lineage of the modern day gray wolf), and may have been the closest wild relative of the domestic dog. Many dog breeds originating from Japan also have Japanese wolf DNA from past hybridization.


title: Japanese wolf

text: Despite long being revered in Japan, the introduction of rabies and canine distemper to Japan led to the decimation of the population, and policies enacted during the Meiji Restoration led to the persecution and eventual total extermination of the subspecies by the early 20th century. Well-documented observations of similar canids have been made throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, and have been suggested to be surviving wolves. However, due to environmental and behavioral factors, doubts persist over their identity.


title: Japanese wolf

text: "C. hodopylax"'s binomial name derives from the Greek "Hodos" (path) and "phylax" (guardian), in reference to Okuri-inu from Japanese folklore, which portrayed wolves or weasels as the protectors of travelers.


title: Japanese wolf

text: There had been numerous other aliases referring to Japanese wolf, and the name ōkami (wolf) is derived from the Old Japanese öpö-kamï, meaning either "great-spirit" where wild animals were associated with the mountain spirit Yama-no-kami in the Shinto religion, or "big dog", or "big bite" (ōkami or ōkame), and "big mouth"; Ōkuchi-no-Makami () was an old and deified alias for Japanese wolf where it was both worshipped and feared, and it meant "a true god with big-mouth" based on several theories; either referring to wolf's mouth with associations with several legends and folklore such as the wolf guided Yamato Takeru and was titled so by the prince, or a region in Asuka called "Ōkuchi-no-Makami-no-Hara" where Asuka no Kinunui no Konoha () lived and a number of people were said to be killed by an old wolf there.


title: Japanese wolf

text: Before Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck classified it, it had been long recognized in Japan that Honshu was inhabited by two distinct canids; "ōkami" (wolf) and "yamainu" ("mountain dog", likely a type of feral dog), both of which were described by the herbalist Ono Ranzan in his "Honzō kōmoku keimō" (“An instructional outline of natural studies”) in 1803. He described the "ōkami" as an edible, but rapacious, greyish-brown animal with a long, ash-colored, white-tipped tail with webbed toes and triangular eyes that would occasionally threaten people if rabid or hungry. In contrast, the "yamainu" was described as a similar animal, but with speckled yellowish fur, unwebbed toes, a foul odor and inedible meat.


title: Japanese wolf

text: Ranzan's works were studied by German botanist Philipp Franz von Siebold during his tenure in Dejima. He purchased a female mountain dog and a wolf in 1826, describing both in his notes as distinct, and preparing two sketches illustrating their differences. The skin of the mountain dog was subsequently shipped to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in the Netherlands and mounted. The specimen, along with Siebold's notes, were used by Temminck as references for his scientific classification of the animal in "Fauna Japonica" (1839). Temminck, however, misinterpreted Siebold's notes distinguishing the wolf and the mountain dog and treated the two as synonyms. In 1842, he wrote a longer description, still confounding the two names, and producing a sketch of a "wolf" based on Siebold's mounted mountain dog specimen.


title: Japanese wolf

text: The Japanese wolf, or Honshū wolf, ("Canis lupus hodophilax" Temminck, 1893) is a subspecies of the gray wolf ("Canis lupus"). Skeletal remains of the Japanese wolf have been found in archaeological sites, such as Torihama shell mounds, dating from the Jōmon period (10,000 to 250 B.C).


title: Japanese wolf

text: The Japanese wolf was not the world's smallest wolf. The cranial length of the adult Arab wolf ("Canis lupus arabs") measures on average 200.8 mm, which is smaller than most wolves. Specimens of the Japanese wolf were measured between 193.1 mm and 235.9 mm and it was uncertain if these were all from adults. In the mandible, M1 (molar tooth) is relatively larger than in any other canid species. An examination in 1991 found one specimen's condylobasal length (a measure of skull length) to be 205.2mm, and the Alveolar length of P4 (the fourth maxillary premolar or carnassial tooth) to be 20.0mm (left) and 21.0mm (right). In 2009, an osteological study declared that the skull of the Japanese wolf was between 206.4 mm to 226.0 mm in total length, and that morphological characters alone were not sufficient to distinguish the Japanese wolf from large domesticated dogs, such as the Akita breed. Remains of the wild native canine dating from the late Edo period (1603 and 1868), the Yama-Inu, has occasionally been confused with the Japanese wolf because of the osteological similarities between the two.


title: Japanese wolf

text: The Japanese wolf inhabited Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu Islands but not Hokkaido Island. This indicates that its ancestor may have migrated from the Asian continent through the Korean Peninsula into Japan. The phylogenetic tree generated from its mitochondrial DNA sequences revealed a long branch that separated the Japanese wolf from other gray wolf populations and that it belongs to the ancient mDNA haplogroup 2 (represented today by the Italian wolf and scattered pockets of other wolves across Eurasia), while the Hokkaido wolf belongs to mDNA haplogroup 1 and this suggests that the Japanese wolf was the first arrival on the Japanese archipelago with the Hokkaido wolf arriving more recently from the north. The wolf was estimated to have arrived in Japan during the Late Pleistocene between 25,000–125,000 years ago, however a more recent study that looked at the past sea levels of the Korean Strait together with the timing of the Japanese wolf sequences indicated that it arrived to the southern islands less than 20,000 YBP. There have been several excavations of a large canid, which was comparable in size to North American dire wolf, dating the Late Pleistocene from Aomori and Shizuoka prefectures, however its relationship with either "C. lupus hodophilax" or "C. lupus" is unclear.


title: Japanese wolf

text: An examination of sequences from 113 ancient "Canis" specimens from China and Russia did not match, which indicated that none of these specimens were the ancestors of the Japanese wolf.


title: Japanese wolf

text: Analyses of the mitochondrial DNA of 1576 dogs worldwide revealed that one Kishu and one Siberian husky possessed the same haplotype as a Japanese wolf, indicating past cross-breeding. A more-refined study of Japanese wolf mitochondrial DNA showed that they could be further divided into two separate groups, and that the sequences from one Kishu, one Siberian husky and one Shiba Inu could also be divided into the two groups. These dogs correspond to clade F of the mDNA phylogenetic tree among worldwide dogs, with clade F haplogroup dogs originating from a rare admixture between male dogs and more than one female ancestor of Japanese wolves, which have contributed to the dog gene pool.


title: Japanese wolf

text: In 2021, a genomic study found the Japanese wolf to be the last surviving member of the Pleistocene wolf lineage, which was otherwise thought to have gone extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene (11,700 years ago). The study found this lineage to occupy its own branch on the gray wolf family tree, with the modern gray wolf and most domestic dogs (aside from Native American dogs and some Asian breeds) being more closely related to each other than to the Pleistocene wolves. In contrast, a study later that year found the Japanese wolf to be the closest wild relative of domestic dogs in general. Japanese wolves were found to be most closely related to East Eurasian dog breeds, with both lineages diverging only after their ancestral lineage split from that of the West Eurasian dog breeds; however, many West Eurasian dog breeds have also inherited Japanese wolf ancestry due to admixture with East Eurasian breeds. The study found the dingo and New Guinea singing dog to genetically be the closest to the Japanese wolf, sharing almost 5.5% genomic introgression. However, this study has not yet been peer-reviewed.


title: Japanese wolf

text: Admixture with domestic and feral dogs had been common in Japan, and distinguishing the original wolf was already difficult as scientific approaches for classification and species identification only began in Meiji where authorities were troubled to distinguish damages by wolves and dogs. Intentional cross-breeding between wild wolves and female domestic dogs, being chained outside, to create strong breeds was common, and several "types" of "wolves" had been commonly recognized by publics including potential F1 hybrids. These aspects led Japanese researchers to indicate that hybridization was severe among wide ranges of the archipelago including Hokkaido, and may disrupt genetic and morphological studies to determine the true "C. hodophilax" and "C. hattai".


title: Japanese wolf

text: Genetic analysis of Siebold's "yamainu" specimen using matrilineal mtDNA has found it to genetically match the Japanese wolf; however, its skull displays significant differences from other Japanese wolves. Due to this, it has been theorized that the "yamainu" may represent wolfdog hybrids between Japanese wolves and feral dogs, and Siebold's specimen was likely the offspring of a wolf mother and dog father.


title: Japanese wolf

text: The Japanese wolf inhabited Kyushu, Shikoku, and Honshu Islands but not Hokkaido Island. The remains of a 28,000-year-old wolf specimen from the Yana River on the northern coast of arctic Siberia matched the mDNA haplotype of the Japanese wolf, which indicates that they shared common ancestry and a wider distribution.


title: Japanese wolf

text: "Canis lupus hodophilax" was described by Temminck in 1839 as smaller than "Canis lupus lupus" (Linnaeus 1758) and of shorter legs, with its coat smooth and short. The Japanese wolf was smaller in size compared to the Hokkaido wolf and other gray wolves from the Asian and North American continents. It stood 56–58 cm at the withers.


title: Japanese wolf

text: There are four mounted specimens believed to be "Canis lupus hodophilax" located at: the National Museum of Nature and Science, Japan; University of Tokyo, Japan; Wakayama University, Japan; Siebold Collection, and the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, Netherlands.


title: Japanese wolf

text: As above mentioned, descriptions of "ōkami" and "yamainu" by Ono Ranzan don't correspond, and several different "types" of wolves or wolf-like canids in Japanese islands were noted in literatures and reports, indicating these may or may not represent wolfdogs.


title: Japanese wolf

text: For example, there exist a "big and black" one, and ones referred to "ohokami" or "ōkame" that were aliases and potential synonyms of "ōkami"; the former to "have paddles on paws and swim" and to "leave footprints with five claws", and the latter to be "slender and long-haired" and could be one of animals kept by Siebold although this could also be a misidentified different canidae such as a dhole or a dog or a hybrid.


title: Japanese wolf

text: Some researchers believe "yamainu" could be one or more of distinct and unrecognized native canidae. One is small and shorter legs, but more primitive and somewhat mustelidae-like appearance, and may represent the art of "yamainu" kept by Siebold by Kawahara Keiga, depicted with stripes, and the specimen preserved at Ube shrine, claimed to be a "C. hodophilax" captured in Wakayama in 1949, more than four decades after the last confirmed record. The other is a large canid that also inhabited Hokkaido predating Hokkaido wolf, and was described to "have different paws and fur patterns, different vocalization and behavioral patterns to jump and dance when agitated, disproportionate measurements compared to European wolves with notably shorter legs and a larger head while having similar trunk length for Hokkaido while muzzle for Honshu was shorter than Hokkaido's case".


title: Japanese wolf

text: The Japanese wolf is considered to be extinct as the last Japanese wolf was captured and killed at Washikaguchi of Higashiyoshino village in Honshu Nara Prefecture, Japan on January 23, 1905. Sightings of "short-legged dog like beasts", proposed to be the Japanese wolf, have been claimed since the time of its extinction until the last claim in 1997, but none of these have been verified. A claim in 2000 was dismissed as a hoax. Some Japanese zoologists believe that these reports "merely derive from misidentification of feral dogs".


title: Japanese wolf

text: In AD 713, the wolf first appeared on record in "Kofudoki itsubun" (Lost writings on ancient customs). From AD 967, historical records indicated the wolf's preference for preying on horse, either wild horses or those in pastures, stables, and villages. In 1701, a lord introduced the first wolf bounty and by 1742 the first professional wolf hunters were using firearms and poison. In 1736, rabies appeared among dogs in eastern Japan, indicating that it had entered from China or Korea, then spread across the nation. Shortly after it spread to the wolf population, turning some wolves from simple horse predators to man-killers that led to organized wolf hunts. Killing wolves became a national policy under the Meiji Restoration, and within one generation the Japanese wolf was extinct.


title: Japanese wolf

text: Some interpretations of the Japanese wolf's extinction stress the change in local perceptions of the animal: rabies-induced aggression and deforestation of the wolf's habitat forced them into conflict with humans, and this led to their being targeted by farmers.


title: Japanese wolf

text: In the Shinto belief, the "ōkami" ("wolf") is regarded as a messenger of the "kami" spirits and also offers protection against crop raiders such as the wild boar and deer. Wild animals were associated with the mountain spirit Yama-no-kami. The mountains of Japan, seen as a dangerous, deadly place, were highly associated with the wolf, which was believed to be their protector and guardian. Many mountain villages, such as Okamiiwa ("Wolf Rock") and Okamitaira ("Wolf Plateau"), are named after the wolf; this could be due to a sighting at the location, or a simple homage to the species.


title: Japanese wolf

text: There are an estimated 20 Shinto wolf shrines on Honshu alone. The most famous national shrine is located at Mitsumine in Chichibu, Saitama Prefecture and there are a number of smaller wolf shrines on the Kii Peninsula, including the Tamaki Shrine and the Katakati Shrine at Totsukawa village.


title: Japanese wolf

text: In Japanese folklore, there is the widely recorded belief of the "okuriōkami" ("escort wolf") that followed someone walking alone through a forest at night until they reach their home without doing them any harm. An offering was sometimes made for this escort. Another belief was of wolves that raised an infant who had been abandoned in the forests of the Kii Peninsula, and later became the clan leader Fujiwara no Hidehira. Another belief from the Kanto area of eastern Japan was that feeding an infant wolf's milk would make them grow up strong. Some legends portray the Japanese wolf as being prophetic creatures. In the Tamaki Mountains the location of a tree called “the cypress of dog-howls” is said to be the site where wolves howled immediately before a flood in 1889 warning the villagers, and before the great earthquake of 1923 even though the wolf was extinct by that time. Another belief was the "wolf notification" where a traveller does not return home, then a wolf comes to their home and makes a sad howling that signalled their death.


title: Japanese wolf

text: Some villages had wolf charms called "shishiyoke" that were believed to protect their village and their crops against wild boar. Wolf fangs, hide, and hair were carried by travelers to ward off evil spirits, and wolf skulls were kept in some home shrines to ward off misfortune. In some villages such as in Gifu Prefecture, the skull of the wolf was used as the charm for both protection as well as curing possessed villagers. In addition to protecting the crops, the wolf may leave prey for villagers.


title: Japanese wolf

text: The Japanese wolf is the prime concept in the hit 2012 anime movie, "Wolf Children", about the life of the last Japanese wolf who can turn into a human, and a human wife who raised their two wolf-human children as a single mother, after her husband was killed. The Japanese wolf has also played a major role in other popular media, such as in the 1997 Studio Ghibli film "Princess Mononoke", the 2006 video game "Ōkami.", and the 2019 show "Kamen Rider Zero-One".


title: Japanese wolf

text: Despite the status, there have been various reports of canines resembling "Canis lupus hodophilax" throughout the 20th century and in the 21st century including a case by foreign tourists. Three of these, a kill within Fukui Castle in 1910 and two sightings from Chichibu in 1996 and nearby Mount Sobo in 2000, involved closely taken images of each animals and scientific investigations, and a potential audio recording was made in 2018. These cases triggered debates both for and against the identities of the animals; however, affirmative biologists claimed morphological correspondences of all to "Canis lupus hodophilax" rather than misidentifications of feral animals such as a Eurasian wolf for the 1910 capture or Shikoku dog for the sighting in 2000. For 1910 record, scientists agreed that this was a "Canis" while some pointed the possibility of a Eurasian wolf that fled from a mobile zoo four or five days before; however, a staff of the zoo checked the corpse and confirmed that the animal captured was different.


title: Japanese wolf

text: The 1996 sighting was in Chichibu Tama Kai National Park; the photographer, Hiroshi Yagi, spotted a wolf-like animal walking along the side of the road, and photographed it several times; the canine displayed no fear, even walking right up to him. Several experts who analyzed photographs conceded that the animal closely resembled a Japanese wolf. Other reports of wolf-like animals had also been made by Chichibu residents. Yagi had also previously heard potential Japanese wolf howls while working at a mountaineering lodge in the 1970s. Following the 1996 sighting, Yagi began research into the potential survival of the Japanese wolf, being assisted by other individuals over the years. Eventually, Yagi's team set up over 70 camera traps in the Okuchichibu Mountains; in 2018, one camera recorded footage of deer running by, with a howl heard in the background. Analysis of the howl by specialists found it to be nearly identical to that of an eastern wolf ("C. lycaon").


title: Japanese wolf

text: Despite all the numerous well-attested sightings or recordings of canids closely resembling or having similar voices to wolves, significant doubt persists among experts for the species' continued survival, as the Japanese wolf primarily travelled in small packs, while most of the alleged sightings have been of singular individuals. In addition, the Japanese wolf inhabited deciduous forests composed largely of Japanese beech, but over 40% of this habitat was logged following World War II and replaced with plantations of sugi and hinoki; these artificial coniferous forests likely would not support the diversity that the Japanese wolf relied on. It is still likely that the Japanese wolf is extinct, and only DNA evidence can confirm or deny the identity of the sighted wild canids as Japanese wolves.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Ward County, North Dakota, United States, in the state's north-central region. It is most widely known for the Air Force base approximately north of the city. With a population of 48,377 at the 2020 census. Minot is the state's fourth-largest city and a trading center for a large part of northern North Dakota, southwestern Manitoba, and southeastern Saskatchewan. Founded in 1886 during the construction of James J. Hill's Great Northern Railway, Minot is also known as "Magic City", commemorating its remarkable growth in size over a short time.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot is the principal city of the Minot micropolitan area, a micropolitan area that covers McHenry, Renville, and Ward counties and had a combined population of 77,546 at the 2020 census.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot came into existence in 1886, after the railroad laid track through the area. A tent town sprang up overnight, as if by "magic", making the city known as the Magic City, and in the next five months, the population increased to over 5,000, further bolstering the nickname. The town site was chosen by the railroad to be placed on the land of then-homesteader Erik Ramstad. Ramstad was convinced to relinquish his claim and became one of the city leaders. The town was named after Henry D. Minot, a railroad investor, ornithologist and friend of Hill. Its Arikara name is "niwaharít sahaáhkat"; its Hidatsa name is "dibiarugareesh" ("Plum Coulee").


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The city was incorporated on July 16, 1887. The Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad (Soo Line) later built a line from Valley City to Canada. While initially their plan was to cross the Mouse River at Burlington, local interests and arguments convinced them otherwise; landholders along the new route donated the right-of-way. They reached Minot in 1893.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: On July 22, 1920, a tornado passed over Minot and bore down in a coulee southeast of town. The tornado picked up Andy Botz's home and hurled it to the ground, killing his wife, breaking Botz's shoulder, and slightly injuring the two Botz children who were in the house.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot and its surrounding area were wide open from 1905 to 1920. The population grew rapidly due to railroad construction and availability of unclaimed land. Nearly complete court records of Ward County and Minot document the prevalence and different types of criminal activity, and offer strong support for the epithet "crime capitol of North Dakota". State attorney general William Langer helped clean up the town in 1917–1920, but by the time Prohibition arrived in the 1920s, Minot had become a center of illegal activities associated with the High Third district, exacerbated because the city was a supply hub of Al Capone's liquor smuggling operations. The hotbed of alcohol bootlegging, prostitution, and opium dens that sprang up in the Downtown area soon led people to nickname Minot "Little Chicago". The smugglers used a network of tunnels (some previously built for heating or deliveries) to transport and conceal illicit cargo entering from Canada.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The 1950s saw a large influx of federal funding into the region, with the construction of Minot Air Force Base (1956–1957) north of the city, and Garrison Dam (1947–1953) on the Missouri River, about south. In 1969, a severe flood on the Mouse River devastated Minot. Afterward, the Army Corps of Engineers straightened the river's path through the city and built several flood control structures.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: On January 18, 2002, a severe train derailment west of the city sent a gigantic cloud of anhydrous ammonia toward Minot and Burlington. One man died and many of Minot's citizens were sickened and severely injured by the gas, causing one of the worst major chemical accidents of the country. In early 2006, court cases were heard in Minneapolis, Minnesota, against Canadian Pacific Railway, the owner of the derailed train. The anhydrous ammonia spill was the largest such spill in U.S. history. Eric Klinenberg used the incident in his book "Fighting for Air: The Battle to Control America's Media" as an example of the failure of mass media, specifically local radio stations, to disseminate information in an emergency.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The 2011 Mouse River flood caused extensive damage throughout the Mouse River Valley. On June 21, 2011, KXMC-TV reported that a flood of historic proportions was imminent in the Mouse River Valley, largely due to large dam releases upstream. Around 12,000 people were evacuated. On June 26, flooding exceeded previous records when the river crested at above sea level, above the previous record set in 1881. It is estimated that 20% of Minot sustained damage from the flood. This figure includes over 4,100 homes that were in some way affected, 2,376 extensively damaged, and 805 damaged beyond repair. Burlington was also severely damaged during this time.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which is land and is water.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot is commonly divided into three major sections: North Hill, the Mouse River Valley and South Hill. North Hill is the area roughly north of Eleventh Avenue North and Northwest Avenue. South Hill is a broad area south and west of Valley Street and Fifth Avenue South. West of Sixth Street West, South Hill dips sharply to the southwest. South Hill's limits are less clearly defined than North Hill's. Though the neighborhood levels out past 16th Street South, the name South Hill is generally applied to all areas south up to the city limits. Neighborhoods in the Mouse River Valley include Bel Air, Downtown, Eastwood Park, Oak Park and West Minot.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot is on the Drift Prairie of northwestern North Dakota. It is at , about north of Bismarck. The Mouse River, or Souris River, runs through the city west to east.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Important cities in the region for which Minot is the trading center include Burlington, Velva, Garrison, Stanley, Bottineau, Rugby, and New Town.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot is almost entirely land; the Mouse River, its oxbow lakes, and a few creeks take up just 0.14% of the city's area.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The elevation of the river at the city center is above sea level. The valley sits below the surrounding plains; the elevation at the Minot International Airport on North Hill is . The city has several small horseshoe-shaped oxbow lakes within its limits near the river, created by the Mouse's meandering course.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The city is laid out on a grid-based street system. Streets run north-south and avenues run east-west. Streets are numbered by their block distance east or west of Main Street. Avenues are numbered north and south of Central Avenue. There are four city quadrants (NW, SW, SE, NE) to designate the location of any address. Main Street addresses are designated North and South. Central Avenue addresses are designated East and West. The grid system carries over into the rural areas of Ward County, making the county one of only three that do not follow the statewide grid system (the others are Burleigh County and Grand Forks County).


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The Mouse River divides the city approximately in half, north and south. The valley rises to the plains both north and south of the river. Although there are names for certain features of these hills, such as Anthony Hill on South Hill, there are no general names for these topographical features. The northern rise and the plateau north of it are called North Hill and the southern rise and plateau south of it are called South Hill.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot experiences a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: "Dwb") in its marginal zone receiving sufficient precipitation for such category. Like Central Asia, it exhibits great temperature variation. Summers range from warm to moderately hot, with frequent thunderstorm activity. Winters are typically bitterly cold and snowy, with high winds and below-freezing temperatures for weeks at a time. Lows below occur on about 39 days during the winter, while temperatures reach on 14 days per summer, and in some years reach . The average annual snowfall total is .


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: As of the census of 2020, there were 48,377 people, 20,979 households, and 9,978 families residing in the city. The population density was . The racial makeup of the city was 85.1% White, 4.2% African American, 2.3% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.3% of the population.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: There were 20,979 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.1% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.1% were non-families. Of all households 34.9% were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The median age in the city was 33.8 years. 21.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 65.5% of residents were aged 19-64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.9% male and 48.1% female.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 40,888 people, 17,863 households, and 9,978 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 18,744 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.2% White, 2.3% African American, 3.2% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of the population.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: There were 17,863 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.1% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.1% were non-families. Of all households 34.9% were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.86.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The median age in the city was 33.8 years. 21.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 14% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.7% were from 25 to 44; 23.2% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 36,567 people, 15,520 households, and 9,265 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,513.1 per square mile (970.4/km). There were 16,475 housing units at an average density of 1,132.3 per square mile (437.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 93.18% White, 1.34% African American, 2.76% Native American, 0.62% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 1.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.47% of the population.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The most populous ancestry groups in the city are German (40.8%), Norwegian (32.3%), Irish (8.7%), English (5.4%), Swedish (4.2%) and French (3.2%).


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: There were 15,520 households, of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. Of all households 32.5% were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.90.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: In the city the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 13.3% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: As of 2000 the median income for a household was $32,218, and the median income for a family was $42,804. Males had a median income of $30,283 versus $20,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,011. About 8.8% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.0% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The mayor of Minot is Tom Ross. As mayor he chairs the 7-member City Council, but only casts a vote to break a tie. City Manager Harold Stewart handles the city's day-to-day affairs.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot uses the council–manager system of government. Seven councilmen are elected from 7 city wards to four-year terms. Elections are arranged such that one councilman from each ward is elected every even-numbered year. The mayor is elected to a four-year term as well; the last mayoral election was in 2022. All city offices are nonpartisan.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The Northwest Area Water Supply (NAWS) has had disputes with the Canadian government over a plan calling for water to be pumped from Lake Sakakawea, then to Minot for treatment, and then to large stretches of Northwest North Dakota.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: According to the City's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are:


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot's economy predominantly centers around the Air Force Base north of town, making the city's economy more robust than other cities of its size due to its large service area.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot has seen a significant increase in population and infrastructure investments in the last several years with the expanding drilling (using hydrofracking) of oil in the Bakken Formation and Three Forks Groups. The State of North Dakota has a website detailing daily oil activity.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The Minot Public Schools system operates ten elementary schools (K–5) in the city: Bel Air, Edison, John Hoeven, Lewis and Clark, Longfellow, McKinley Roosevelt, Perkett, Sunnyside, and Washington. The district also operates Bell Elementary, about five miles southeast of Minot. Jefferson Elementary closed in 2003. The old Washington Elementary building closed in 2007 and the students moved to a new building that was renovated from an old health care center. There are also two elementary schools (K–6) on the Minot Air Force Base: Dakota and North Plains. The 2011 flood resulted in the relocation of Erik Ramstad Middle School and the closure of Lincoln Elementary, as both buildings were damaged beyond economical repair. Longfellow Elementary was expanded after the flood and children who lived in the Lincoln neighborhood then attended Longfellow Elementary.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: There are three middle schools in the system. The two in Minot are grades 6–8: Jim Hill in the south and Erik Ramstad in the north. Memorial Middle School on Minot AFB is named for fallen veterans of the U.S. armed forces. The school was built in the mid-1960s on the base's northern perimeter. All three middle schools were formerly called "junior high" schools.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The city has one public high school, Minot High School, divided between two campuses. A few blocks east of Downtown Minot is Central Campus (grades 9–10), which occupies the original high school building. On the southwest side of the city is the newer Magic City Campus (grades 11–12), constructed in 1973 just west of Jim Hill Middle School. MPS also operates an adult learning center and Souris River Campus, an alternative high school.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: In 2021, voters passed a school bond issue to fund renovation of Central Campus in downtown Minot into a third in-town middle school for students in grades 6 to 8. Magic City Campus will be renovated into a four-year high school attended by students in grades 9 to 12. A second four-year high school, Minot North High School, will be in north Minot on the site of the former Cognizant office building, which has been donated to the school district and will be expanded and renovated.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Private schools in Minot include Bishop Ryan Catholic School, which offers preschool through grade 12 at a single campus. There is also a Protestant K–12 school, Our Redeemer's Christian School.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot is also home to Minot State University, the state's third-largest university. MSU's campus is at the base of North Hill, just west of Broadway. A two-year teacher's college when it opened in 1913, Minot State became a university in 1987.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Many of the larger daycare centers and preschools in the Minot area work in collaboration with local church groups. There are also programs such as Head Start and preschool programs through Minot Public Schools. The in-home daycare providers are state registered and licensed.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot's arts community includes an art museum, a symphony orchestra, an opera company, a city band, several dance and theater troupes: over 40 organizations claim membership in the Minot Area Council on the Arts.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Nearly 40% of the city's residents are of Scandinavian ancestry, and every October since 1977, Minot has been the host to the Norsk Høstfest, North America's largest Scandinavian-American festival. Scandinavian Heritage Park is located in Minot. Scandinavian Heritage Park features remembrances and replicas from each of the Scandinavian countries: Norway, Sweden and Denmark, as well as Finland and Iceland.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The Minot Park District operates seventeen parks with various facilities; Corbett Field, home to American Legion, high school and college baseball; Optimist soccer complex; MAYSA ice arena; the Sertoma Complex which has 8 softball fields; Souris Valley Golf Course, and an indoor tennis complex.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The city's largest parks are Roosevelt Park and Oak Park. Roosevelt Park Zoo is one of the top zoos in the region. Dogs are allowed in Roosevelt Park, a sign is posted at the entrance confirming this. A "bark park" for dogs opened in the summer of 2005.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The North Dakota State Fair is held in July annually, in Minot. Nearly all recreation areas however are closed during the long winters. The local high school hockey teams use the ice rink located in the Fair Grounds. The ice rink is also turned into the location of the rodeo.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot is also a sister city of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, about to the north-west. The cities share many qualities, including their size, location on river valleys, historical origins, and air force bases.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot has several media outlets. KMOT-TV, KXMC-TV and the Minot Daily News report on local news daily. KCJB-AM, KHRT-AM, and Prairie Public have some local news content, but no active journalists.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot is served by 15 radio stations (12 FM, three AM). Bottineau-based Programmer's Broadcasting owns KTZU and KWGO, along with KBTO of Bottineau. Prairie Public Radio operates KMPR FM 88.9, a community broadcaster based in Burlington operates a low-power FM station, and the remainder are nonprofit Christian stations, of which only KHRT is local.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: iHeartMedia owns and operates all the commercial stations licensed to Minot itself: KCJB 910 (classic country & talk), KRRZ 1390 (classic hits/talk), KYYX 97.1 (country), KIZZ 93.7 (Top 40), KMXA-FM 99.9 (AC), and KZPR 105.3 (mainstream rock). This concentration of broadcasting in the hands of a single owner has led to criticism.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Additionally, the following stations are not based in Minot, but generally have a clear signal into town:


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Midcontinent Communications provides cable service to the city of Minot and Minot Air Force Base. Souris River Telecommunications provides cable service to other nearby communities.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The principal local newspaper is the "Minot Daily News", which publishes six days a week. The Minot Air Force Base also has a weekly newspaper printed, The Northern Sentry. It is a free publication published on Fridays by BHG, Inc. out of Garrison, ND available on the MAFB, as well as the surrounding communities and many locations within Minot. The Minot State University student newspaper "Red & Green" is published once a week (Thursdays) during the regular school year, but not during the summer months. Morgan Printing produces the "Lunch Letter" three days a week on a double-sided leaflet. There is one weekly classified-ad publication, the "Trading Post", printed by the "Minot Daily News". The "Bismarck Tribune" is available at several outlets in the city, as is "The Forum", to a lesser extent.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The railroads that built Minot remain, though Great Northern is now part of the BNSF Railway and the Soo Line is run by the Canadian Pacific Railway.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Passenger rail transportation is provided on Amtrak's "Empire Builder" line, connecting Chicago with Portland and Seattle, which stops at the Minot Amtrak station. Trains make a 20-minute refueling and crew change stop in Minot. Westbound trains are scheduled to arrive daily at 8:29 am local time; eastbound trains are scheduled to arrive daily at 9:27 pm.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Three major U.S. highways run through the city, connecting it to Canada, Montana, and two interstates: US 2, US 52, and US 83.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: US 2 runs east-west and is a four-lane divided highway from Minot east to Grand Forks and beyond as well as west to Williston and into Montana. Minot is midpoint along the North Dakota segment of US 2.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: US 83 runs north-south through central Minot as Broadway. It is a four-lane divided highway from Minot south to Bismarck and north to Minot Air Force Base. Just north of the main gate at the base, the road reduces to two lanes and crosses the Canada–US border at Westhope, ND, where it becomes Manitoba Highway 83.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: US 52 is a two-lane highway that runs southeast-northwest. Southeast from Minot, it follows a slightly circuitous route to Jamestown. US 52 then merges with Interstate 94 (I-94) after Jamestown, heading due east to Fargo. Northwest from Minot, US 52 crosses the Canada–US border at Portal, ND/North Portal, SK, where it becomes Saskatchewan Highway 39.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: The Minot Bypass follows alternate alignments of these roads around the city in its northwest and northeast quadrants, with southwest and southeast bypasses in preliminary planning stages.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Minot International Airport is served by three airlines as well as charters and air taxi service around North Dakota. Delta Air Lines offers up to six daily round trips to Minneapolis International Airport, offering hundreds of daily connections. United Airlines offers four daily round trips to its Denver International Airport hub. Allegiant Air provides up to four weekly round trips to Las Vegas McCarran International Airport and up to five weekly round trips to Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Automobiles dominate intracity and local area transport. There is limited fixed-route city transit service (Minot City Transit) on weekdays, and flexible-route rural transit service (Souris Basin Transportation) on an occasional basis. Local transit services for the elderly and disabled (Minot Commission on Aging Transit) meet federal guidelines but have 24-hour advance notice requirements.


title: Minot, North Dakota

text: Pedestrianism in the city is inhibited by several factors; the sidewalk network is poor in many areas of the city, though improving. Automobile drivers take the right of way at all but the best-marked crosswalks, and major points are often separated by relatively large distances and hill slopes. Skateboarding is illegal in streets and on sidewalks (though there is a skating area in Roosevelt Park), and rollerblading is generally disallowed by downtown landowners.


title: Tantrum

text: A tantrum, temper tantrum, lash out, meltdown, fit or hissy fit is an emotional outburst, usually associated with those in emotional distress, that is typically characterized by stubbornness, crying, screaming, violence, defiance, angry ranting, a resistance to attempts at pacification, and, in some cases, hitting and other physically violent behavior. Physical control may be lost; the person may be unable to remain still; and even if the "goal" of the person is met, they may not be calmed. Throwing a temper tantrum can lead to a child getting detention or being suspended from school for older school age children.


title: Tantrum

text: Tantrums are one of the most common forms of problematic behavior in young children but tend to decrease in frequency and intensity as the child gets older. For a toddler, tantrums can be considered as normal, and even as gauges of developing strength of character.


title: Tantrum

text: While tantrums are sometimes seen as a predictor of future anti-social behaviour, in another sense they are simply an age-appropriate sign of excessive frustration, and will diminish over time given a calm and consistent handling. Parental containment where a child cannot contain themself—rather than what the child is ostensibly demanding—may be what is really required.


title: Tantrum

text: Selma Fraiberg warned against "too much pressure or forceful methods of control from the outside" in child-rearing: "if we turn every instance of pants changing, treasure hunting, napping, puddle wading and garbage distribution into a governmental crisis we can easily bring on fierce defiance, tantrums, and all the fireworks of revolt in the nursery".


title: Tantrum

text: Some people who have developmental disorders such as autism, Asperger syndrome, ADHD, and intellectual disability could be more vulnerable to tantrums than others, although anyone experiencing brain damage (temporary or permanent) can suffer from tantrums. Anyone may be prone to tantrums once in a while, regardless of gender or age. However, a meltdown due to sensory overload (which even neurotypical children can experience) is not the same as a temper tantrum.


title: Tantrum

text: Freud considered that the Wolf Man's development of temper tantrums was connected with his seduction by his sister: he became "discontented, irritable and violent, took offence on every possible occasion, and then flew into a rage and screamed like a savage". Freud linked the tantrums to an unconscious need for punishment driven by feelings of guilt—something which he thought could be generalised to many other cases of childhood tantrums.


title: Tantrum

text: Heinz Kohut contended that tantrums were rages of anger, caused by the thwarting of the infant's grandiose-exhibitionist core. The blow to the inflated self-image, when a child's wishes are (however justifiably) refused, creates fury because it strikes at the feeling of omnipotence.


title: Tantrum

text: Jealousy over the birth of a sibling, and resulting aggression, may also provoke negativistic tantrums, as the effort at controlling the feelings overloads the child's system of self-regulation.


title: Tantrum

text: Writer William Makepeace Thackeray claimed that in later life "you may tell a tantrum as far as you can see one, by the distressed and dissatisfied expression of its countenance—'Tantrumical', if we may term it so".


title: Tantrum

text: Heinz Kohut contended that "the baby’s core is likely to contain a self-centred, grandiose-exhibitionist part", and that "tantrums at being frustrated thus represent narcissistic rages" at the blow to the inflated self-image. With "a child confronted with some refusal ... regardless of its justifications, the refusal automatically provokes fury, since it offends his sense of omnipotence".


title: Tantrum

text: The willingness of the celebrity to throw tantrums whenever thwarted to the least degree is a kind of acquired situational narcissism or tantrumical behavior.


title: Tantrum

text: If tantrums are shown by older people, they might often be signs of immaturity or a mental disability; and often autistic or ADHD meltdowns are incorrectly labelled tantrums. It can also occur in neurotypical people under extreme stress.


title: Species of the Marvel Cinematic Universe

text: The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on superhero films and other series starring various titular superheroes independently produced by Marvel Studios and based on characters that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters. Due to the galaxy-spanning nature of the franchise, multiple species have been introduced.


text: The Asgardians, or the Æsir, introduced in the "Thor", are the inhabitants of Asgard, on whom the gods of Norse mythology are based in MCU mythology. In the first film they are shown as a race of extraterrestrials similar in appearance to humans, possessing a highly advanced form of technology resembling magic and sorcery, upon which their entire civilization is built. However, later films contradict this, with "" establishing that Thor and Zeus are actual gods in the fictional universe. The film's post-credit scene also confirms the existence of Valhala in the MCU.


text: The Asgardians are shown suffering major losses, first during Hela's attempt to harness Asgard's power in "", and later by Thanos on his quest to retrieve the Tessaract, as revealed in "". A group of survivors escapes to Earth, and build a settlement under the rule of .


text: They appear in the films "Thor", "The Avengers", "", "", "Doctor Strange", "Thor: Ragnarok", "Avengers: Infinity War", "" and "Thor: Love and Thunder"; as well as the ABC series "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", the Disney+ series "Loki" and the animated series "What If...?".


text: Celestials are an ancient race of entities introduced in "Guardians of the Galaxy" and later expanded upon on "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2" and "Eternals" as beings with vast matter and energy manipulation abilities.


text: In "Guardians of the Galaxy," they are introduced as being present in the universe long before the galactic communities and even the Asgardians. Their origin and nature are not elaborated upon. Whatever is known about them is known only by a few characters, such as Taneleer Tivan, who reveals that the Celestials utilized the Infinity Stones as a means of power against lesser life forms. The severed head of a deceased Celestial, which was converted into Knowhere, appears in this film and "Avengers: Infinity War".


text: Eson the Searcher is shown in a flashback sequence as a former owner of the Power Stone in "Guardians of the Galaxy". He uses its power to level the surface of an entire planet.


text: In "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", Ego the Living Planet, Star-Lord's biological father, is a Celestial who controls a humanoid avatar to travel the universe. His planetary form is a living extension of his Celestial consciousness. Over the course of many years, he plants thousands of alien-seedlings to expand his existence across all life sustaining planets. However, Ego needs another Celestial's assistance to activate them, so he fathers children with various alien races and had Yondu Udonta retrieve them so he could gauge their Celestial powers. Quill is the only child who gains his father's Celestial abilities, though he loses them after killing Ego and foiling his plans.


text: In "Eternals", Arishem the Celestial is revealed to have planted seeds of other Celestials in planets with life for millions of years, and created and dispatched Deviants and Eternals to prepare the planets for their birth. After the Eternals of Earth defy his orders and stop the birth of Celestial Tiamut, their remaining members are taken away by Arishem for judgement.


text: The Chitauri are a powerful, reptilian warrior race, introduced in "The Avengers" as a hybrid between organic beings and machines. They have a caste-like society, with each caste (nearly a different species in itself) fulfilling a different role in Chitauri society. They are in league with Thanos through his vizier, a hooded being called "the Other". They are presented as a race of grey-skinned, six-fingered reptilian humanoids that have a bio-mechanical physiology and superhuman attributes. Their technology ranges from hovercraft-like skimmers and Necrocraft, to living airborne troop carriers called Leviathans, all neurally linked with a mothership.


text: The Clandestines, introduced in "Ms. Marvel", are a group who claim to be Djinns that were exiled from their home Noor dimension. Their presence on Earth is shown to be tied to the background of series protagonist Kamala Khan and her family. Kamala's great-grandmother Aisha is revealed to be a former Clandestines in a flashback sequence set in the period upto the Partition of India. In 1942 Aisha leaves the group, falls in love with a human man named Hasan, and gives birth to Sana, Kamala's grandmother. In 1947, the other Clandestines find Aisha, and their leader, , kills her. The other members include Fariha, Aadam, Saleem, and Kamran, who tries to protect Kamala from the other Clandestines when they attempt to forcibly use her to return home.


text: Deviants are a race of organic beings introduced in "Eternals", created by the Celestial Arishem. Like Eternals, they are sent to planets to ensure the development of intelligent life, creating the necessary conditions to birth a Celestial. Deviants achieve this by eliminating the apex predators of planets, allowing populations to grow. However, unlike Eternals, Deviants evolve, and eventually become a threat to intelligent life themselves. Eternals are revealed to have been sent as replacements with the additional mission to eliminate Deviants.


text: On Earth, Deviants are believed to have been eliminated by Eternals led by Ajak in 1521, until their resurgence in 2024. One of these Deviants, Kro, kills Eternals Ajak and Gilgamesh and absorbs their abilities.