title: BDO Global

text: On July 10, 2019, former BDO Puerto Rico president Fernando Scherrer was indicted on federal charges related to the redirection of over $15 million in federal education funds, alongside former Puerto Rico Secretary of Education Julia Keleher and others.


title: BDO Global

text: BDO Puerto Rico was also retained by Puerto Rico's federal oversight board Junta de Control Fiscal to provide financial and consulting services to PREPA.


title: BDO Global

text: In November 2018, BDO and Moore Stephens announced plans to merge their UK businesses, putting BDO ahead of Grant Thornton as the fifth-largest accountancy firm in the UK. The deal was completed in February 2019.


title: BDO Global

text: The firm was founded in 1903 as Stoy and Co by Fred Stoy. In 1919, Jack Hayward joined the firm and it became Stoy Hayward and Co. A series of mergers with Finnie and Co in 1992 and the BDO Binder Hamlyn offices that did not join Arthur Andersen or Deloitte & Touche in 1994 created BDO Stoy Hayward, which became the UK member of BDO International. The firm became a limited liability partnership in 2004.


title: BDO Global

text: BDO Stoy Hayward was criticised in their role as administrators for the collapsed Christmas hamper savings company Farepak. BDO Stoy Hayward used an 0870 premium rate phone service to provide information for victims of Farepak's collapse in 2016. They were initially also accused by "The Observer" of taking a share of the call revenue to pay for the administration; this accusation was later withdrawn.


title: BDO Global

text: In September 2008, Andrew Caldwell, valuations partner at BDO Stoy Hayward, was appointed independent valuer for the stricken mortgage bank, Northern Rock plc. The UK government nationalised Northern Rock in February 2008, and the legislation effecting the nationalisation required an independent valuer to ascertain the value of the business at the point of nationalisation. The role is a controversial one, as the legislation specifies in some detail the basis of valuation, and shareholder action groups claim that the valuation basis has been designed to minimise the compensation due.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: Dawn Rochelle is an American model, actress, television host and entrepreneur. She became a well-known model in the 1990s for mainstream swimwear brands and later appeared in "Maxim" Magazine and "Playboy" Lingerie. She developed a career as an actress through movies and the popular television series Walker, Texas Ranger.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: Aside from acting and modeling, Warner founded the Miss Bikini United States pageant and the agency Warner Models Agency in 2008.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: In 2006, she was named as one of the Sexiest Vegetarians Alive by PETA and one of the 101 Hottest Women by "Maxim" magazine.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: In 2011, Warner became affiliated with "Playboy". She was selected as one of Playboy Intimates' top 50 lingerie models of 2012.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: Warner is the only child of Jeanie and Robert Warner. In 1999 she married Josue Ramos, a citizen of Spain. They later divorced but have one son, Canyon Joshua. Warner likes surfing. She and her son are avid surfers. In addition to surfing, she and her son are strict vegetarians.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: Warner began her career at the age of 9 when she went to a commercial audition with friends and landed the role of the middle child in a commercial for ABC Broadcasting. She enjoyed the experience and began competing in beauty pageants. Her career in pageantry lead her to modeling. Her modeling career lead her down two paths, one of entrepreneurship and one of film acting and corresponding.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: In her pageantry she went on to hold titles like Miss Texas Lonestar, Miss Hawaiian Tropics National Finalist, Miss US Glamour Girl, Miss Summer Nationals, and was top ten semi-finalist in the Miss Kansas USA Pageant, official preliminary to the Miss USA and Miss Universe Pageants.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: Early in her career, Warner became a swimwear model for Catalina Swimwear, Body Glove, and Cole of California Swimwear. She has done product endorsements for Pepsi and Coors Light. She later found success by working in Milan, Paris, London and the US appearing in campaigns for Adrienne Vittidini, Anne Cole, Bell Fitness, Dodge, Body Glove, Rodeo Rose, Miss Me Denim and Fortune Denim.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: Warner has appeared in numerous magazines including: "Maxim", "Esquire", Playboy Lingerie, "Focus Magazine", "Modern Bride" Platform and "South Beach Magazine".


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: Warner's hosting and correspondent credits include the "Billboard Latin Music Awards", "MLW Planet Hollywood Press Conference", "Girls Night Out- Key West" for Clear Channel Radio, and "Model Camp Las Vegas" for Univision. During the 2006 Baseball season, she was heard in Dallas/Ft Worth on KRLD (CBS Radio) as a KRLD Diva and was live at KRLD radio remotes and professional sporting events including the Texas Rangers Baseball team. She also has credits on shows for the E! Channel, ESPN, and Telemundo. She has interviewed international stars and celebrities including Enrique Iglesias, Laura Bozzo, and Donald Trump.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: Dawn Rochelle founded (DRP) which has become a known entity producing beauty and fashion entertainment and events, including the Miss Bikini United States pageant at Miami Swim Week. She also founded Warner Models Agency.


title: Dawn Rochelle Warner

text: In , Maxim Magazine named Warner as one of the "Hottest 101 Women in the World". That same year, PETA named her as one of the "10 Sexiest Vegetarians Alive".


title: British Grand Prix

text: The British Grand Prix is a Grand Prix motor race organised in the United Kingdom by the Royal Automobile Club. First held in 1926, the British Grand Prix has been held annually since 1948 and has been a round of the FIA Formula One World Championship every year since 1950. In 1952, following the transfer of the lease of the Silverstone Circuit to the British Racing Drivers' Club, the RAC delegated the organisation of the race to the BRDC for the first time, and this arrangement has continued for all British Grands Prix held at Silverstone since then (organisation of British Grands Prix held at Aintree having meanwhile been similarly delegated to the British Automobile Racing Club).


title: British Grand Prix

text: The British Grand Prix is currently held at the Silverstone Circuit near the village of Silverstone in Northamptonshire in England. The 2019 event was the 70th time that the race had been run as a World Championship event since the inaugural season in , and the 53rd time that a World Championship round had been held at Silverstone.


title: British Grand Prix

text: The British race is the oldest in the Formula One World Championship calendar as the 1950 race at Silverstone was round one of the first championship season in . It and the Italian Grand Prix are the only two Formula One World Championship Grands Prix that have been staged during every season that the championship has been held. The British Grand Prix was a round of the World Manufacturers' Championship in both 1926 and 1927, but was never held during the existence of the European Championship. It was designated the European Grand Prix five times between 1950 and 1977, when this title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe. All British Grands Prix dating back to 1926 have been held in England, where the British motor racing industry is primarily located.


title: British Grand Prix

text: The concrete Brooklands oval was built in 1907 near Weybridge in Surrey, located just outside the British capital of London. It was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, as well as one of the first airfields in the United Kingdom. Grand Prix motor racing first came to Britain in 1926, following the successes of Henry Segrave in winning the 1923 French Grand Prix and the San Sebastián Grand Prix the following year, both in a Sunbeam Grand Prix car, which raised interest in the sport domestically and demonstrated to the AIACR that the advances made in the British motor industry merited the honour of hosting an international grand prix motor race. The first ever British Grand Prix (officially known as the Grand Prix of the Royal Automobile Club) was held at Brooklands on 7 August 1926 and was won by Robert Sénéchal and Louis Wagner driving a Delage 15 S 8. The second Grand Prix of the RAC was also held at Brooklands, on 1 October 1927, and was again won by a Delage 15 S 8, this time driven by Robert Benoist.


title: British Grand Prix

text: Several non-championship races known as the Donington Grand Prix were held at Donington Park in Leicestershire near Derby which attracted the best European teams in 1937 and 1938, where the German Mercedes and Auto Unions dominated the proceedings. The German Bernd Rosemeyer and the Italian Tazio Nuvolari (both driving mid-engined Auto Union cars) won this race in 1937 and 1938, respectively, but as the races were organised by the Derby & District Motor Club rather than by (or on behalf of) the Royal Automobile Club, they are not usually accorded the "British Grand Prix" title.


title: British Grand Prix

text: Brooklands had been severely damaged by the onset of World War II and the circuit was abandoned. Most new British circuits were being built on disused Royal Air Force airfields, and Silverstone, located on the Northamptonshire/Buckinghamshire border in central England equidistant between London and Birmingham (the latter being the capital of the UK production car industry)- was one of those circuits. It staged its first race, the Royal Automobile Club International Grand Prix on 2 October 1948, which was won by Italian Luigi Villoresi in a Maserati. In 1949, the circuit was heavily modified and made very fast; and it remained in this configuration for decades.


title: British Grand Prix

text: In 1950, the World Championship of Drivers was introduced, and the 1950 British Grand Prix was the first World Championship Formula One race ever held, with new regulations and 6 other races in Europe. This race was won by Alfa Romeo driver Giuseppe "Nino" Farina. King George VI was among the attendees of the race. The 1951 race was particularly exciting, as it was the first F1 race not won by an Alfa Romeo; the gas-guzzling Italian cars were beaten by another Italian car- the more fuel-efficient Ferrari of Argentine José Froilán González in what was the famed Scuderia's first ever Formula One victory. For the 1952 event, the original pits between Abbey and Woodcote were abandoned and demolished. A new pit complex was constructed between Woodcote and Copse corners; Alberto Ascari dominated this and the next year's race; González won again in 1954 in a Ferrari.


title: British Grand Prix

text: In 1955, the Formula One circus began to alternate between Silverstone and the Aintree circuit, located on the Grand National horse racing course near Liverpool. Mercedes drivers Juan Manuel Fangio and home favourite Stirling Moss arrived at Aintree expecting to win. They took the lead at the start and the two drivers battled throughout, and Moss passed Fangio on the 26th lap, and he kept the lead for a while; but Fangio fought back and was about to pass Moss on the last corner on the last lap, and all were certain Fangio would pip Moss at the chequered flag. But he didn't, and Moss won his first Formula One race on home soil. Moss later asked Fangio "did you let me through?" and the Argentine replied "No. You were better than me that day." Mercedes romped to the finish 1-2-3-4, with German Karl Kling and Italian Piero Taruffi finishing 3rd and 4th.


title: British Grand Prix

text: The even-numbered years were at Silverstone and the odd numbered and 1962 were at Aintree. 1956 saw Fangio win in a Ferrari, and 1957 returned to see Moss win again in a Vanwall; he took over his ill teammate Tony Brooks's car and stormed through the field to take victory. This was the first Grand Prix victory for a British-built car- Formula One would soon be mostly made up of British teams. 1958 was when Peter Collins won in a Ferrari and Bernie Ecclestone was entered in a Connaught but his car was driven by Jack Fairman, and 1959 and 1960 saw Australian Jack Brabham win in a mid-engined Cooper. The last race at Aintree was in 1962 when Briton Jim Clark won his first of 5 British Grands Prix; Aintree was decommissioned in 1964.


title: British Grand Prix

text: 1964 saw the first Formula One race at the southern English circuit known as Brands Hatch, located in ancient woodlands in Kent, just outside London. The track was built in the early 1950s and had been extended in 1960 to include the new Grand Prix course. Silverstone hosted the British Grand Prix in odd-numbered years and Brands Hatch in even-numbered years. Like Silverstone, the circuit was popular with drivers, and unlike the flat Northamptonshire circuit and Aintree, Brands Hatch had many cambered corners and varying elevation. Like the year before at Silverstone, Clark won the 1964 race and the next year's race. 1967 saw Clark take yet another dominant win, and 1968 saw a monumental battle between Swiss Jo Siffert in a Lotus and New Zealander Chris Amon in a Ferrari; Siffert won the race, his first of two victories in F1 on the circuit where he would lose his life in a non-championship race three years later.


title: British Grand Prix

text: 1969 saw another big battle between home favourite Jackie Stewart and Austrian Jochen Rindt, that went on for a while; although Rindt had a loose rear wing and had to come into the pits to get it repaired; Stewart took the chequered flag driving a Ford/Cosworth-powered Matra for Ken Tyrrell. Rindt won the 1970 event at the expense of Brabham running out of fuel at the end of the race, and 1971 saw Stewart win again in a Tyrrell (Ken Tyrrell had started building his own cars). 1973, however, saw a huge first lap accident at Woodcote that took out 11 cars, including all three works Surtees cars. Amazingly, there were no deaths or any fires and the worst news was that Andrea de Adamich received career-ending ankle injuries. 1974 saw Austrian up-and-comer Niki Lauda dominate the race in his Ferrari, however, a rear-tire puncture slowed his car and rivals Jody Scheckter and Emerson Fittipaldi passed Lauda to take 1st and 2nd.


title: British Grand Prix

text: 1975 saw a chicane added to Woodcote to slow cars going through the very high-speed corner; and this was another race of variables as a rainstorm hit the track and a number of drivers including Scheckter and Briton James Hunt hydroplaned off the track at the same corner; Fittipaldi won the race after it was called short. 1976 also saw changes to Brands Hatch including making the fearsome Paddock Hill bend a bit tamer, South Bank corner more of a left-hand apex rather than a long hairpin and moving Bottom Straight further south so that the pits and paddock area could be expanded. This race proved to be very controversial; as home favourite Hunt won the race but was later disqualified following a protest from Ferrari and other teams about Hunt not completing the first lap of the race; and the victory went to second-placed Lauda. 1977 saw Hunt take victory without any controversy and when F1 returned to Silverstone two years later, Australian Alan Jones lapped the circuit more than 6 seconds inside the lap record in his ground-effect Williams. His teammate Clay Regazzoni won the race, Williams's first F1 victory. 1980 saw Jones win after the Ligiers of Jacques Laffite and Didier Pironi retired; and 1981 saw French rising star Alain Prost thoroughly dominate the first part race in his Renault; and there was an accident involving Canadian Gilles Villeneuve at the Woodcote Chicane which held up Briton John Watson; but Watson passed several cars and won the race; the first for a car with an all-carbon fibre chassis. 1982 saw polesitter Keke Rosberg having to start from the back due to problems with his Williams and he began a charge that brought him far up the field; but he retired, and there was another spectacular showing from Briton Derek Warwick in his underfunded Toleman; he managed to pass Pironi for 2nd, but he also retired with a broken driveshaft; the victory went to Austrian Lauda.


title: British Grand Prix

text: 1983 saw Prost win his first of five British Grands Prix and a spectacular performance from Briton Nigel Mansell in his first outing in a turbocharged Lotus, he started 16th and finished 4th. Lauda won again at Brands Hatch in 1984, during which FISA president Jean-Marie Balestre announced that the Tyrrell team was to be excluded from that year's championship for fuel irregularities, and the restarted race after a huge accident at Bottom Bend caused more controversy; Prost and Lauda had passed Brazilian Nelson Piquet on the last lap of the first race, but Piquet started in front of the two McLaren drivers; regulations dictated that the positions were on the grid were to be determined two laps before the restart was called; and an irate Prost made scathing comments about his countryman Balestre.


title: British Grand Prix

text: 1985 was to see Keke Rosberg set the all-time Formula 1 qualifying lap record for 17 years after posting a fastest qualifying time for the race with an average speed of . Silverstone, which was already a very fast circuit, was becoming faster and faster and the cars were lapping the circuit in the low 1-minute range. The race was an exciting one with Brazilian rising star Ayrton Senna making a great start from 4th and taking the lead by the first corner. He led until late in the race when his car was running out of fuel while Prost was pushing him hard; Senna eventually ran out of fuel and Prost went on to take victory. 1986 saw a huge crowd thanks to Mansell being a favourite to win; his newly found fame and place in a competitive team would help the British Grand Prix to see huge crowds for several years. This race saw 42-year-old Jacques Laffite get involved in a first corner accident and slam head-on into the barriers, breaking both his legs and ending his Formula One career. Nigel Mansell, whose car broke at the start of the first race, got into his teammate Piquet's spare car and won the race; although this was the last F1 race at Brands Hatch. A number of people had concerns about the speeds of the cars on the small track; particularly the European Grand Prix held at Brands Hatch the previous year. The southern English circuit was getting to be very fast- now with these -plus, cars, pole sitter Piquet's average qualifying speed was and his lap time was in the 1 minute 6-second range, compared to the 1 minute 20-second range in 1976. But Brands Hatch's demise was for other reasons: the international motorsports governing body at the time, (FISA), had instituted a policy of long-term contracts for one circuit per Grand Prix. Brands Hatch was perceived as a poorer facility, and considering most of the track was located in a very old forest it did have very little run-off and room to expand, something Silverstone had in acres. Silverstone and the BRDC had signed a seven-year contract with Formula 1 and FISA at some point in 1986, to run from 1987 to 1993.


title: British Grand Prix

text: 1987 saw Silverstone modified; the Woodcote chicane was no longer used and a new left-right chicane was built on the Farm Straight just before Woodcote. Silverstone's layout, like Brands Hatch, had changed little since 1949. The circuit was still fast, and it saw Mansell charge after Piquet (who had decided to run the whole race on one set of tyres) and the British driver broke the lap record 11 times, caught and passed Piquet and took victory; the Silverstone crowd broke ranks and ran onto the circuit after the race was over; this was to start a number of dramatic events surrounding Mansell for the next 5 years. 1988 saw Senna win a rain-soaked event, and Mansell finished 2nd after driving very hard and passing many cars to attempt to catch Senna; this was one of Mansell's two race finishes that season. 1989 saw Prost win in a McLaren after his teammate Senna went off at Becketts; Mansell finished 2nd again driving for Ferrari; and sometime after the event, it was decided that Silverstone, the fastest circuit on the Formula One calendar, was to be heavily modified, and the project would be completed for 1991. The 1990 Grand Prix was the last motor race on the high-speed circuit; and Mansell drove hard and led a lot of the race; but gearbox problems eventually forced him to retire, where he threw his gloves into the crowd and announced that he was going to retire, a decision that he would later take back; and he effectively dominated the next two events, driving for Williams. The circuit was now more technical, 15 percent slower and every corner on the circuit except Copse was different. It also included an infield section right before the pits. After 1992, Mansell had retired from F1, and 1993 saw new Williams driver Damon Hill lead much of the race until his engine blew up, and Hill's French teammate Alain Prost took his 50th career Grand Prix win.


title: British Grand Prix

text: After the tragedies of Imola in 1994, a chicane was installed at the flat-out Abbey corner 6 weeks before the event was due to take place and Stowe corner was slowed considerably. Hill won the event, something his double world champion father Graham never did. 1995 saw another British driver, Johnny Herbert, take victory in his Benetton. 1996 saw further changes to the circuit, where Stowe was more or less restored to its 1991 design, and the 1999 event saw double world champion Michael Schumacher crash heavily at Stowe; he broke his leg, missed many races and this put him out of championship contention. There were attempts to bring the British GP back to Brands Hatch for 2002, but this never materialised.


title: British Grand Prix

text: The 2003 event was disrupted by a defrocked priest, Cornelius Horan, who ran onto the Hangar Straight during the race while cars were coming at him at over . Marshals were able to get him off the track before he hurt himself or anyone else and he was later arrested; Brazilian Rubens Barrichello won the race for Ferrari. A dispute between Silverstone's owners, the British Racing Drivers' Club (BRDC), and the Formula One authorities in 2003 over the funding of necessary improvements to the track's facilities led to doubts over the future of the race. In October 2004 the British Grand Prix was left off the preliminary race schedule for 2005 because the BRDC refused to pay the race fee demanded by Bernie Ecclestone. However, after months of negotiation between the BRDC, Ecclestone and the Formula One constructors, a deal was made for the Grand Prix to be held at Silverstone until 2009. 2008 saw Briton Lewis Hamilton win in pouring rain for McLaren; Hamilton and Jenson Button’s presence and success in Formula One helped to see huge crowds at Silverstone not seen since Nigel Mansell’s time in the sport. On 4 July, it was announced that Donington Park had been awarded the contract to host the British Grand Prix for 10 years from 2010. However, Donington failed to secure the necessary funding to host the race, and its contract was terminated in November 2009. On 7 December 2009, Silverstone signed a 17-year contract to host the British Grand Prix from 2010 onwards. The 2010 race saw a new circuit configuration being used, using the brand new "Arena" layout. For 2011 a new pit complex was built between Club and Abbey Corners, to where the start/finish line was moved. Silverstone is still a very fast circuit- with average speeds up in the range for Formula 1 cars; one of the highest average speeds on the F1 calendar.


title: British Grand Prix

text: On 11 July 2017, the BRDC, the owners of Silverstone, activated a break clause in their contract meaning unless a new contract was signed, 2019 would be the final year the British Grand Prix took place at Silverstone. However, in July 2019 a few days before the 2019 edition it was confirmed that Silverstone was contracted to host the British Grand Prix until at least 2024.


title: British Grand Prix

text: In September 2022, Silverstone was criticised during the initial sale of tickets for the 2023 British Grand Prix. The track instituted a 'dynamic pricing' model of prices refreshing every 90 seconds based on demand, and then encouraged fans to access its online ticketing system immediately after sales began. The rush of fans led to surges in pricing and crashes to the ticket sales website. Silverstone was forced to suspend sales and apologise to fans.


title: British Grand Prix

text: Since 1950, it has been customary that the winner of the race is awarded the official RAC British Grand Prix Trophy, a perpetual trophy awarded each year and then returned to the Royal Automobile Club, where it is permanently housed. From 1950 until 1972, the official trophy was the Mervyn O'Gorman Trophy, but this was replaced from 1973 by the present gold cup.


title: British Grand Prix

text: Since 1952, the winner of the British Grand Prix has generally also been awarded a trophy by the principal sponsor of the race (for 1952, the Daily Express), which is won outright each year and replaced by a new trophy for the following year's event. In some years, it is the sponsor's trophy, rather than the official RAC trophy, which is handed to the winner on the podium, which is why post-race photographs since 1950 have shown many more than the two official trophies that have ever been awarded.


title: British Grand Prix

text: Before the institution of a winner's trophy, the only award for being placed in the British Grand Prix was the prize money on offer. For the first two British Grands Prix held at Brooklands, the prize money was £1,000 to the winner, £300 to the second-placed finisher and £200 for finishing third. For the first post-Second World War British Grand Prix in 1948, prize money was offered to the entrants of the top ten finishers, ranging from £500 to the winner to £20 for tenth place, and the amounts awarded changed little over the next few years, although by 1958 the winner's prize had increased to £750.


title: British Grand Prix

text: A cash prize was also awarded for the fastest lap of the race from 1948, when the prize amounted to £25. By 1953, this prize was no longer offered.


title: British Grand Prix

text: In addition to the official winner's trophy, in 1950 the RAC also awarded for the first time a further perpetual trophy, the Fred G. Craner Memorial Car Trophy, for the highest-placed British competitor driving a British car, which was awarded until at least 1972. Fred Craner had been secretary of the Derby & District Motor Club and instrumental in establishing Donington Park as a motor racing circuit and in organising the Donington Grands Prix. The first winner of this trophy was F R "Bob" Gerard driving an ERA, who finished fifth overall. The first occasion on which the winners of the British Grand Prix also won the Fred G. Craner Memorial Trophy was at Aintree in 1957, when the winners were Stirling Moss and Tony Brooks driving a Vanwall.


title: British Grand Prix

text: From 1948 until at least 1953, the chief mechanic of the winning car was awarded a prize. From 1948 the prize was the RAC Plaque, but by 1952 this had become a cash prize of £25.


title: British Grand Prix

text: For the first British Grand Prix in 1926, Sir Arthur Stanley, president of the RAC from 1905 to 1936 presented a cup for the fastest lap of the race, which was won outright by Henry Segrave.


title: British Grand Prix

text: "A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship."<br>


title: British Grand Prix

text: "A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship."


title: KVLY-TV mast

text: The KVLY-TV mast (formerly the KTHI-TV mast) is a television-transmitting mast in Blanchard, North Dakota. It is used by Fargo station KVLY-TV channel 11 and KXJB-LD's Argusville/Valley City/Mayville translator K28MA-D channel 28. Completed in 1963, it was once the tallest structure in the world, and stands at 2,655 feet tall (629 m). The antenna lights are the second highest in the world, being serviced at a height of about 750 meters.


title: KVLY-TV mast

text: In 1974, it was succeeded by the Warsaw radio mast as the world's tallest structure. The Warsaw mast collapsed in 1991, again making the KVLY-TV mast the tallest structure in the world until the Burj Khalifa surpassed it in 2008. It became the third tallest when the Tokyo Skytree was completed in 2012, then the fourth tallest when the Shanghai Tower took third place in 2013. It remains the tallest structure in the Western Hemisphere, and the tallest broadcasting mast in the world


title: KVLY-TV mast

text: The mast is located west of Blanchard, North Dakota, halfway between Fargo and Grand Forks. It became the tallest artificial structure, and the first man-made structure to exceed in height, upon the completion of its construction on August 13, 1963.


title: KVLY-TV mast

text: The tower was built by Hamilton Erection Company of York, South Carolina, and Kline Iron and Steel, and required thirty days to complete, at a cost of approximately $500,000 (roughly $ today). Construction was completed August 13, 1963.


title: KVLY-TV mast

text: Owned by Gray Television of Atlanta, Georgia, the tower broadcasts at 356 kW on channel 36 for television station KVLY-TV (channel 11 PSIP, an NBC/CBS affiliate) which is based in Fargo, North Dakota. The tower provides a broadcast area of roughly , which is a radius of about . CBS/CW+ affiliate KXJB-LD's translator K28MA-D also broadcasts on this tower at 15 kW on UHF channel 28 (also its virtual channel).


title: KVLY-TV mast

text: When the mast was built, the call letters of the television station for which it was built were changed to KTHI, the "HI" referring to the height of the mast. The top is reachable by a two-person service elevator (built by Park Manufacturing of Charlotte, North Carolina) or ladder.


title: KVLY-TV mast

text: The tower consists of two parts: a lattice tower of ; topped by the transmitting antenna array of . The total height of both is . The antenna weighs , the lattice tower weighs , giving a total weight of . It takes up of land with its guy anchors. Its height above mean sea level is .


title: KVLY-TV mast

text: Some time after its completion, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) imposed a policy that states, "Although there is no absolute height limit for antenna towers, both agencies have established a rebuttable presumption against structures over 2,000 feet above ground level." The FCC and FAA may approve a taller structure in "exceptional cases."


title: Justin Kurzel

text: Kurzel was born 1974 in Gawler, South Australia to a family of immigrant roots, his father hailing from Poland and his mother from Malta. His younger brother, Jed Kurzel, is a blues rock musician who has scored most of Justin's films.


title: Justin Kurzel

text: In 1999 he was awarded a Mike Walsh Fellowship. His film debut was the Australian short film "Blue Tongue" (2004). His feature film debut was "Snowtown" (2011), for which he won the AACTA Award for Best Direction. Though controversial for its violence, the film was generally praised and holds an 84% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critic consensus: "It's a bleak and brutal endurance test, but for viewers with the strength and patience to make it to the end, Snowtown will prove an uncommonly powerful viewing experience."


title: Justin Kurzel

text: His 2015 film adaptation of William Shakespeare's "Macbeth" was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Justin Kurzel

text: In 2016, Kurzel directed "Assassin's Creed" (2016), based on the video game franchise of the same name.


title: Justin Kurzel

text: Kurzel directed "True History of the Kelly Gang" in 2018, adapted from Peter Carey's 2001 Man Booker Prize-winning novel of the same name, written from the viewpoint of legendary Australian bushranger and outlaw Ned Kelly. The film premiered at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in Australian cinemas in 2020.


title: Justin Kurzel

text: Kurzel will direct multiple episodes of Apple TV's television adaptation of the 2003 novel "Shantaram".


title: Alexander Gould

text: Alexander Jerome Gould (born May 4, 1994) is an American actor. He is best known for voicing the title character of the Pixar animated film "Finding Nemo". He is also known for playing Shane Botwin on the Showtime drama series "Weeds".


title: Alexander Gould

text: Gould was born in Los Angeles, California. His younger sisters Emma and Kelly were actresses. Gould practices Judaism, and was active in the Conservative Jewish youth group United Synagogue Youth.


title: Alexander Gould

text: Following filming of the final season of "Weeds" in Spring 2012, Gould participated in Nativ, a gap year program, and lived in Israel for almost a year, then went to college at Clark University in 2013. Gould later transferred to Brandeis University, and graduated from in 2017 with a dual major in philosophy and politics.


title: Alexander Gould

text: Gould's acting career began when he was two years old. He had small roles in the late 1990s and early 2000s on many television shows that were popular at the time. At age seven, he won the eponymous role in "Finding Nemo." He then played David Collins in the remake of the soap opera "Dark Shadows", but the pilot episode was rejected by The WB.


title: Alexander Gould

text: From ages ten to eighteen, Gould was part of the cast of "Weeds" on Showtime. He starred in all eight seasons as Shane Botwin. For his role, he was nominated twice for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series at the SAG Awards. During his tenure, he also had guest roles in other shows, was part of the ensemble cast of the 2006 film "How to Eat Fried Worms", and voiced Bambi in "Bambi II".


title: Alexander Gould

text: In 2012, Gould stepped away from his acting career to attend college, among other pursuits. He had two small voice acting roles during this period, Jimmy Olsen in the 2013 animated film "" and a cameo in 2016's "Finding Dory". In 2018, he joined the Abrams Acting Agency.


title: Naomi McDuffie

text: Naomi McDuffie, also known as Powerhouse, is a fictional superhero appearing in comic books published by DC Comics, as well as a television drama by The CW. The character was created by the writer Brian Michael Bendis for his Wonder Comics imprint, along with writer David F. Walker, and artist Jamal Campbell. The character's name is, in part, a tribute to comic book writer and creator Dwayne McDuffie.


title: Naomi McDuffie

text: The character made her live-action debut in The CW's eponymous series, and was portrayed by Kaci Walfall.


title: Naomi McDuffie

text: Naomi McDuffie was created by writers Brian Michael Bendis and David F. Walker, with artwork by Jamal Campbell. The character's surname of McDuffie was given as a tribute to the late comic book artist Dwayne McDuffie, whose own writing career focused on underrepresented minorities in American comics.


title: Naomi McDuffie

text: In an alternate universe in the DC Multiverse, the degradation of Earth's ozone layer exposes the surface of the Earth to a previously-unknown type of radioactive energy, causing 29 people from around the planet to develop godlike powers. Some of these people attempt world domination with their new powers, while others oppose this, leading to a cataclysmic war between these metahumans. One month later, fourteen of the metahumans have died, and seven others have left the planet, leaving only eight remaining. Naomi is the first child born to two of these metahumans. The most evil of the original 29 metahumans, a criminal named Zumbado, who was about to be executed when he got his powers, tries to kill the infant Naomi. Consequently, her parents send her to Earth-0 for her safety and are killed in battle doing so. The infant ends up in a small Oregon town, where a Rannian ex-soldier and resident of the town, going by the name Greg McDuffie, witnesses her arrival, and adopts her.


title: Naomi McDuffie

text: Naomi lives an ordinary life in her hometown raised by Greg and his human wife, who knows about her husband's secrets, until Superman crashes through the center of town in a battle with Mongul. This prompts a couple of citizens to talk about the previous time the town had an encounter with otherworldly beings. Having learned that the date of the incident was also the day she was adopted, Naomi questions whether she has a connection to superheroes and begins looking into her origins.


title: Naomi McDuffie

text: Greg then reveals his own origins to Naomi, before telling her about her arrival on Earth-0. He gives Naomi a device he found with her, which contains a message from her birth mother, and awakens her superpowers. Shortly afterward, Zumbado arrives and takes Naomi back to their original world, which has been devastated under his rule. Naomi fights Zumbado to avenge her birth parents, and only narrowly manages to escape back to Earth-0.


title: Naomi McDuffie

text: Following these events, Naomi flies to Metropolis, and meets Superman and Batman. She later joins the recently reformed Young Justice.


title: Naomi McDuffie

text: In the comics, Naomi has a tremendous amount of an unknown type of energy inside her body. She can fire powerful energy blasts from her hands. This energy makes her very strong and durable, and allows her to fly. She can also manifest a black and gold costume around her body.


title: Naomi McDuffie

text: In December 2020, a live-action television series based on the character was announced to be in development by The CW. Kaci Walfall was cast as Naomi McDuffie in March 2021. In May, The CW put the series to order. Unlike the comic book series, Naomi is initially depicted as a Superman fangirl living in the real world, who is slowly drawn into the DC Universe as she develops superpowers. On May 12, 2022, The CW canceled the series after one season.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: East New York is a residential neighborhood in the eastern section of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City, United States. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise, are roughly the Cemetery Belt and the Queens borough line to the north; the Queens borough line to the east; Jamaica Bay to the south, and the Bay Ridge Branch railroad tracks and Van Sinderen Avenue to the west. Linden Boulevard, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Atlantic Avenue are the primary thoroughfares through East New York.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: East New York was founded as the Town of New Lots in the 1650s. It was annexed as the 26th Ward of the rapidly growing city of Brooklyn in 1886, and became part of New York City in 1898. During the latter part of the twentieth century, East New York came to be predominantly inhabited by African Americans and Latinos.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: East New York is part of Brooklyn Community District 5, and its primary ZIP Codes are 11207, 11208, and 11239. It is patrolled by the 75th Precinct of the New York City Police Department. New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) property in the area is patrolled by P.S.A. 2. Coverage by the Fire Department of New York is proveded by Battalions 39 & 44. Politically it is represented by the New York City Council's 37th and 42nd Districts.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: At the northern edge of what is now East New York, a chain of hills, geologically a terminal moraine, separates northwestern Long Island from Jamaica and the Hempstead Plains, the main part of Long Island's fertile outwash plain. The southern portions of the neighborhood, meanwhile, consisted of salt marshes and several creeks, which drained into Jamaica Bay. These areas were originally settled by the Jameco Native Americans, and later used by the Canarsee and Rockaway tribes as fishing grounds.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: In the 1650s Dutch colonists began settling in what are now the eastern sections of Brooklyn, forming the towns of Flatbush, Bushwick, and New Lots (the predecessor of East New York). The area along with the rest of Brooklyn and modern New York City was ceded to the British Empire in 1664. A few 18th-century roads, including the ferry road or "Palmer Turnpike" from Brooklyn to Jamaica, passed through the chain of hills; hence the area was called "Jamaica Pass". During the American Revolutionary War, invading British and Hessian (German) soldiers ended an all-night forced march at this pass in August 1776 to surprise and flank General George Washington and the Continental Army, to win the Battle of Long Island (also known as the Battle of Brooklyn or the Battle of Brooklyn Heights).


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: In 1835, Connecticut merchant John Pitkin (the namesake of Pitkin Avenue) purchased the land of the Town of New Lots north of New Lots Avenue, opening a shoe factory at what is now Williams Street and Pitkin Avenue. Pitkin named the area "East New York" to signify it as the eastern end of New York City. In 1836 the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad (soon to become part of the Long Island Rail Road) opened through the area; it did not originally stop in East New York, but a stop there was added by 1844. The LIRR moved its terminus to Queens in 1860, and the line through Brooklyn was shortened to end at East New York.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: In 1852, New Lots was officially ceded from the Town of Flatbush. In the middle 19th century, the road between Brooklyn and Jamaica became the Brooklyn and Jamaica Plank Road. The Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach Railroad (1865) was built to connect the LIRR's Atlantic Branch with Canarsie at a point later known as Broadway Junction. As often happened at 19th-century railroad junctions, a railway town arose. Sprawling development into the recently rustic northern part of the Town of New Lots followed the reach of elevated transit lines into the area: the Jamaica Avenue Line in 1885 and the Fulton Street Line in 1889. The road to Brooklyn was renamed Fulton Street, the one to Jamaica, Jamaica Avenue, and the one to Williamsburg, Broadway.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: East New York (as the Town of New Lots) was annexed as the 26th Ward of the rapidly growing City of Brooklyn in 1886; in 1898 after a decade-long controversy with debates, campaigns and publicity, the community was merged into New York City as a whole with the consolidation of Brooklyn and the other four boroughs into a single entity as the "City of Greater New York". In the 20th century its name came to be applied to much of the former township.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: After World War II, thousands of manufacturing jobs left New York City thereby increasing the importance of the remaining jobs to those with limited education and job skills. During this same period, large numbers of Puerto Ricans from the Caribbean island and African-Americans from the South emigrated to New York City looking for employment. East New York, no longer replete with the jobs the new residents had come for, was thereby faced with a host of new socioeconomic problems, including widespread unemployment and crime.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: Since the late 1950s East New York has had some of the highest crime rates in Brooklyn, and is considered by some to be the borough's murder capital, alongside Brownsville. Many social problems associated with poverty from crime to drug addiction have been prevalent in the area for decades. Despite the decline of crime compared to their peaks during the crack and heroin epidemics, violent crime continues to be widespread in the community. East New York's 75th Police Precinct reported the highest murder rate in the city in 2011, according to crime reports compiled by DNAinfo.com. East New York has significantly higher dropout rates and incidences of violence in its schools. Students must pass through metal detectors and swipe ID cards to enter the buildings. Other problems in local schools include low test scores and high truancy rates.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: Walter Thabit, a city planner for East New York, chronicled in his 2003 book, "How East New York Became a Ghetto", the change in population from mostly working class Italians and Jewish residents to residents of Puerto Rican and African American descent. Thabit argues that landlords and real estate agents played a significant role in the downturn of the area. Puerto Ricans were moving to New York City in the late 1950s, at a time when unemployment rates in Puerto Rico soared to 25 percent, and left Puerto Rico on the brink of poverty. Thabit also describes how the construction of public housing projects in East New York further contributed to its decline, noting that many of the developments were built by corrupt managers and contractors. He argues that the city government largely ignored the community when it could have helped turn it around. Writing in the "New York Press", Michael Manville accused Thabit of poor research, sweeping generalizations, and a failure to distinguish the actions of allegedly racist individuals from the effects of what he describes as "a racist capitalist system", and contends that much of the urban renewal and public housing efforts of the period were in fact well-intentioned, if ill-considered and hubristic.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: In the 1980s East Brooklyn Congregations (EBC), an affiliate of the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) organized to address the need for quality affordable housing in East New York. This coalition advocated that vacant New York City owned land be provided at no cost for the development of new affordable owner occupied housing with subsidies for low-interest mortgages. This effort was called the Nehemiah Program. It was replicated in other parts of the city and country and led to national legislation. The Nehemiah homes were funded by a loan from $8 million loan fund from three Brooklyn Churches. Its setup was described as follows by "The New York Times" the city provides vacant sites, forgives real-estate taxes on the homes (but not the land) for 10 years, and provides what amounts to a $10,000 interest-free loan per house. Buyers pay $43,500 (their median income was $27,000; 40 percent moved from public or subsidized housing)."


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: New developments are rising in the area, including the Gateway Center shopping mall located on what was once part of a landfill near Jamaica Bay. Gateway Center, in Spring Creek, is a suburban-style shopping complex with multiple large stores. Gateway Center consists of two structures. Gateway Center South, the first structure, opened in 2002, and Gateway Center North, the second development, opened in 2014.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of East New York was 91,958, an increase of 8,683 (10.4%) from the 83,275 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of .


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 63.6% (58,453) African American, 3.0% (2,764) Asian, 1.3% (1,240) White, 0.3% (291) Native American, 0.0% (38) Pacific Islander, 0.7% (683) from other races, and 1.3% (1,237) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.6% (27,252) of the population.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: The entirety of Community Board 5 had 181,300 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 78.6 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 27% are between the ages of 0–17, 28% between 25–44, and 34% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 10% and 12% respectively.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: As of 2016, the median household income in Community Board 5 was $36,786. In 2018, an estimated 30% of East New York residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in ten residents (10%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 52% in East New York, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , East New York is considered to be low-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: During the 1960s, East New York transitioned from being predominately Jewish and Italian to being predominately African American and Puerto Rican. However, now East New York is more diversified, with large African American, Puerto Rican, Dominican, West Indian, and South Asian populations. Due to gentrification of other Brooklyn neighborhoods, closer to Downtown Brooklyn and Manhattan, such as Bushwick and Bed-Stuy, East New York now has one of the fastest growing Black and Latino populations in the city.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: According to the 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning, Black residents make up the majority of East New York, but there are also significant populations of Hispanic residents. In East New York North, there are between 20,000 to 29,999 Black residents and between 10,000 to 19,999 Hispanic residents. City Line has about an equal population of Black and Hispanic residents (10,000 to 19,999) and 5,000 to 9,999 Asian residents. East New York New Lots has 30,000 to 39,999 Black residents and 10,000 to 19,999 Hispanic residents. Cypress Hills is the only section of East New York that has a majority Hispanic community, with 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents and 5,000 to 9,999 Black residents. In all parts of East New York except for City Line, there were less than 5,000 white and Asian residents.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: East New York covers a relatively large area, abutting the Queens border to the north and east. North of East New York is Highland Park, the Cemetery Belt, and the neighborhoods of Ridgewood and Glendale in Queens. The neighborhoods of Bushwick and Bedford–Stuyvesant are northwest of East New York, while Brownsville is to the west and Canarsie is to the southwest. Jamaica Bay and the Shirley Chisholm State Park are located on the southern shore, while Woodhaven, Ozone Park, and Howard Beach in Queens are located to the east.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: East New York consists of mixed properties but primarily semi-detached homes, two-to-four family houses, and multi-unit apartment buildings, including condominiums and co-ops. The total land area is one square mile.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: The area is also home to the East Brooklyn Industrial Park. The 44-block industrial park was established in 1980 by the New York City Public Development Corporation in East New York's northwest quadrant. It is bounded by Atlantic Avenue, Sheffield Avenue, Sutter Avenue and Powell Street.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: Public housing developments of various type and a smaller number of tenements populate the area. There are eleven New York City Housing Authority developments located in East New York.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: With the founding of East New York Farms in 1998, there has been an increase usage in lots. Various organizations and local community groups have different gardens in order to beautify the area.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: African Burial Ground Square was designated in 2013 after remains were found some years earlier between New Lots and Livonia Avenues from Barbey to Schenck Streets. It shares space with the New Lots branch of the Brooklyn Public Library. After months of effort, the burial ground was finally confirmed and formally recognized.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: City Line is a sub-section of East New York bordering the neighborhoods of Cypress Hills to the north and southwest and Ozone Park (Queens) to the east. The neighborhood is named "City Line" for its location in the former City of Brooklyn near the border with Queens County before Brooklyn and parts of Queens County were consolidated into New York City in 1898. Many Italians, Germans and Irish originally lived in the area, which today is home to immigrants from Bangladesh, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Puerto Rico. The neighborhood also includes African Americans, Latinos and a scattered presence of South Asians. The main commercial district is located along Liberty Avenue. City Line is home to many restaurants, shopping stores, and food markets.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: New Lots is a sub-section of East New York. The "New Lots" east of the Town of Flatbush were laid out in the 18th century and were considered to be an eastward extension of Flatbush. The area was the site of the Town Hall of New Lots (located at 109-111 Bradford Street) from 1852 when the area seceded from Flatbush until it was annexed in 1886 as the 26th Ward of Brooklyn. The population is largely African-American and Latino-American. IS 218, PS 72 and Invictus Preparatory Charter School are right across from the public houses.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: Spring Creek is the southeastern part of the former Town of New Lots, and is often included in East New York. Its boundaries moving clockwise are: Linden Boulevard to the north; Betts Creek and Fountain Avenue to the east; Gateway National Recreation Area to the south; and Schenck Avenue and Hendrix Creek to the west. Some locations north of this area up to Linden Boulevard are also considered part of the neighborhood. Spring Creek includes the Starrett City apartment complex, the Gateway Center, the Spring Creek Gardens gated housing development, and the Nehemiah Spring Creek and Gateway Elton affordable housing developments.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: Cypress Hills, a subsection of East New York, is bordered on the south by City Line; to the north by Cypress Hills Cemetery; to the west by Bushwick; and to the east Woodhaven and Ozone Park in Queens. Cypress Hills is bordered by Highland Park Boulevard and Jamaica Avenue on the north, Eldert Lane on the east, Linden Boulevard on the south, and Pennsylvania Ave on the west. The Cypress Hills and Arlington branches of the Brooklyn Public Library serve this community. This neighborhood is demographically mixed with Dominican-Americans, Stateside Puerto Ricans, South Asian-Americans, Caribbean Americans, Caucasians and African Americans. The Hispanic or Latino population were 60.9%.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: Starrett City (also known as Spring Creek Towers) is the largest subsidized rental apartment complex in the United States. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are: Flatlands Avenue to the north, Hendrix Street to the east, Jamaica Bay to the south and the Fresh Creek Basin. Opened in 1974, the Starrett City site spanned over before being subdivided in 2009 as part of a refinancing. The housing development contains 5,881 apartment units in 46 buildings. The residential site also includes eight parking garages and a community center. The area contains a shopping center as well. A number of parcels of undeveloped land totaling were separated out from the residential site as part of the refinancing.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: The development was designed by Herman Jessor, organized in the towers in the park layout. The buildings utilize a simple "foursquare" design. The residential portion of the property has eight "sections" each including several buildings, its own field, recreational area (jungle gym, park, handball court, basketball court) and a five-story parking garage for residents in that section. These sections are Ardsley, Bethel, Croton, Delmar, Elmira, Freeport, Geneva, and Hornell; each named after municipalities in New York State. The community had its own newspaper, known as the "Spring Creek Sun".


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: The Hole is an isolated section that is also a part of Queens. A run-down neighborhood considered "lost", it has the lowest elevation within the city and is considered to be like the Wild West in some fashions. It is generally bordered by Ruby Street, South Conduit Avenue, and Linden Boulevard.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: East New York is patrolled by the 75th Precinct of the NYPD. The 75th Precinct ranked 53rd safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. While total crime has decreased since the 1990s, it is still higher in East New York than in the rest of the city. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 113 per 100,000 people, East New York's rate of violent crimes per capita is greater than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 1,065 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: The 75th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 73.1% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 7 murders, 70 rapes, 603 robberies, 940 felony assaults, 441 burglaries, 1,030 grand larcenies, and 207 grand larcenies auto in 2018.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates four fire stations and one EMS station in East New York:


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: , preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in East New York than in other places citywide. In East New York, there were 110 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 29.3 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). East New York has a relatively low population of residents who are uninsured, or who receive healthcare through Medicaid. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 7%, which is lower than the citywide rate of 12%.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in East New York is , lower than the citywide and boroughwide averages. Thirteen percent of East New York residents are smokers, which is slightly lower than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In East New York, 35% of residents are obese, 14% are diabetic, and 34% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 25% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: Seventy-six percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 70% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," less than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in East New York, there are 13 bodegas.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: There are several hospitals in the East New York area, including NYC Health + Hospitals/Gotham Health, East New York; Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center; and Kings County Hospital Center.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: The majority of East New York is covered by ZIP Codes 11207 and 11208, though Starrett City is covered by its own zip code, 11239. The United States Post Office operates the East New York Station at 2645 Atlantic Avenue and the Spring Creek Station at 1310 Pennsylvania Avenue.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: East New York generally has a lower ratio of college-educated residents than the rest of the city . While 21% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 23% have less than a high school education and 56% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of East New York students excelling in reading and math has been increasing, with reading achievement rising from 26 percent in 2000 to 32 percent in 2011, and math achievement rising from 19 percent to 43 percent within the same time period.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: East New York's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In East New York, 31% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, compared to the citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 68% of high school students in East New York graduate on time, lower than the citywide average of 75% of students.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: The New York City Department of Education operates public schools in the area. East New York high schools suffer from high dropout rates. As with other New York City schools, gang violence is a common problem. East New York has two higher institutes, Touro College and Be'er Hagolah Institute in Starrett City. Spring Creek High School opened in 2012, becoming the fifth high school in 60 years and the first in the Spring Creek area.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: One of the neighborhood's local public high schools, Thomas Jefferson High School, shut down in June 2007 due to extremely low academic performance: a graduation rate of 29%, with only 2% entering the school at grade level in math and 10% entering at grade level in reading. The school was known for its ROTC program. Four new high schools were organized in the old building.


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: East New York is well-served by public transportation, including these New York City Subway services:


title: East New York, Brooklyn

text: In addition, the neighborhood contains the East New York station on the Long Island Rail Road's Atlantic Branch. The New York City Subway's East New York Yard, Livonia Yard, and Pitkin Yard, as well as New York City Bus's East New York Bus Depot and Spring Creek Bus Depot, are all in the neighborhood, but none of these are open to the public. The freight-only Bay Ridge Branch demarcates the western border of East New York.


title: Michael Lonsdale

text: Michael Edward Lonsdale-Crouch (24 May 1931 – 21 September 2020), commonly known as Michael Lonsdale and sometimes named as Michel Lonsdale, was a French actor and author who appeared in over 180 films and television shows. He is best known in the English-speaking world for his roles as the villain Hugo Drax in the 1979 James Bond film "Moonraker", the detective Claude Lebel in "The Day of the Jackal", The Abbot in "The Name of the Rose" and Dupont d'Ivry in "The Remains of the Day".


title: Michael Lonsdale

text: Lonsdale was born in Paris, the son of British Army officer Edward Lonsdale-Crouch and his half-French, half-Irish wife Simone Béraud. He was brought up initially on the island of Guernsey, then in London from 1935, and later, during the Second World War, in Casablanca, Morocco.


title: Michael Lonsdale

text: He returned to Paris to study painting in 1947, but was drawn into the world of acting instead, first appearing on stage at the age of 24. Lonsdale was bilingual, and appeared in both English-language and French-language productions. He appeared in a starring role with Roger Moore in the 1979 James Bond film "Moonraker". and with Sean Connery, in the 1984 film "The Name of the Rose". As it happens, he would later appear in "Munich", a film that also starred another Bond, Daniel Craig.


title: Michael Lonsdale

text: In his 2016 memoir "Le Dictionnaire de Ma Vie", Lonsdale revealed he had fallen for Delphine Seyrig, having met her as a student in Tania Balachova's acting classes at the Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier in 1947. He wrote that "it was her or nothing", which was why he never married.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: Cannabis ruderalis is a variety, subspecies, or species of "Cannabis" native to Central and Eastern Europe and Russia. It contains a relatively low quantity of psychoactive compound tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Some scholars accept "C. ruderalis" as its own species due to its unique traits and phenotypes which distinguish it from "C. indica" and "C. sativa"; others debate whether "ruderalis" is a subdivision under "C. sativa". The consensus among plant taxonomical databases, as of 2022, is to consider it Cannabis sativa" var. "ruderalis.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: "Cannabis ruderalis" is smaller than other species of "Cannabis", rarely growing over in height. According to one source, the plants have "thin, slightly fibrous stems" with little branching. The foliage is typically open with large leaves. "C. ruderalis" reaches maturity much quicker than other species of "Cannabis," typically 5–7 weeks after being planted from seed.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: Unlike other species of the genus, "C. ruderalis" enters the flowering stage based on the plant's maturity rather than its light cycle. With "C. sativa" and "C. indica" varieties, it is possible to keep the plant in the vegetative state indefinitely by maintaining a long daylight cycle. "C. ruderalis", however, will enter the flowering stage regardless of daily light duration. "Cannabis" geneticists today refer to this feature as ""auto-flowering"" when "C. ruderalis" is cross-bred.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: It has less tetrahydrocannabinal (THC) in its resin compared to other "Cannabis" species but is often high in cannabidiol (CBD).


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: It is widely accepted in the botany community that "C. ruderalis" is its own species, rather than a subspecies from "C. sativa". It was classified in 1924 by D. E. Janischewsky, noting the visible differences in seed, shape and size from previously classified "Cannabis sativa". "C. ruderalis" represent feral types of "Cannabis" which tend to have higher CBD levels, and do not depend on seasonal light changes to commence the flowering process.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: "C. ruderalis" occupies regions farther north in latitude. Chemotaxonomic analysis reveals that "C. ruderalis" is shown to have lower tetrahydrocannabinol levels compared to feral and domesticated genotypes of "C. sativa".


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: "Cannabis ruderalis" was first described by Russian botanist D. E. Janischewsky in 1924. The term "ruderalis" is derived from the Latin "rūdera", which is the plural form of "rūdus", a Latin word meaning rubble, lump, or rough piece of bronze. In botanical Latin, 'ruderalis' means 'weedy' or 'growing among waste'. A ruderal species refers to any plant that is the first to colonize land after a disturbance removing competition.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: "C. ruderalis" was first scientifically identified in 1924 in southern Siberia, although it grows wild in other areas of Russia. The Russian botanist, Janischewski, was studying wild "Cannabis" in the Volga River system and realized he had come upon a third species. "C. ruderalis" is a hardier variety grown in the northern Himalayas and southern states of the former Soviet Union, characterized by a more sparse, "weedy" growth.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: Similar "C. ruderalis" populations can be found in most of the areas where hemp cultivation was once prevalent. The most notable region in North America is the midwestern United States, though populations occur sporadically throughout the United States and Canada. Large wild "C. ruderalis" populations are found in central and eastern Europe, most of them in Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia and adjacent countries. Without human selection, these plants have lost many of the traits they were originally selected for, and have acclimated to their environment.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: Seeds of "C. ruderalis" were brought to Amsterdam in the early 1980s in order to enhance the breeding program of the Seed Bank.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: "C. ruderalis" has lower THC content than either "C. sativa" or "C. indica", so it is rarely grown for recreational use and the shorter stature of "C. ruderalis" limits its application for hemp production. "C. ruderalis" strains are high in the cannabіnoid cannabidiol (CBD), so they are grown by some medical marijuana users.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: "C. ruderalis"<nowiki>'</nowiki> early, plant-age triggered "autoflowering" characteristic (which offers some agricultural advantages over the photoperiodic flowering varieties) as well as its reputed resistance to insect and disease pressures makes it attractive to plant breeders. "C. indica" strains are frequently cross-bred with "C. ruderalis" to produce autoflowering plants with high THC content, improved hardiness and reduced height. "Cannabis x intersita" Sojak, a strain identified in 1960, is a cross between "C. sativa" and "C. ruderalis". Attempts to produce a "Cannabis" strain with a shorter growing season are another application of cultivating "C. ruderalis". "C. ruderalis" when crossed with "sativa" and "indica" strains will carry the recessive autoflowering trait. Further crosses will stabilise this trait and give a plant which flowers automatically and can be fully mature in as little as 10 weeks.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: Because "C. ruderalis" transitions from the vegetative stage to the flowering stage with age, as opposed to the light cycle required with photoperiod strains, it is bred with other household "sativa" and "indica" strains of "cannabis" to create "auto-flowering cannabis strains". These strains are favorable for cultivars because they exhibit the hardiness of "ruderalis" plants while still maintaining the medicinal effects of "sativa" and "indica" strains. Cultivators also favor "ruderalis" plants due to their reduced production time, typically finishing in 3–4 months rather than 6–8 months. The auto-flowering trait is extremely beneficial because it allows for multiple harvests in one outdoor growing season without the use of light deprivation techniques necessary for multiple harvest of photo-period strains. As a result of "ruderalis" genetics, auto-flowering plants typically have much higher CBD levels than photo-period "cannabis".


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: "C. ruderalis" is traditionally used in Russian and Mongolian folk medicine, especially for uses in treating depression. Because "C. ruderalis" is among the lowest THC producing biotypes of "Cannabis", "C. ruderalis" is rarely used for recreational purposes.


title: Cannabis ruderalis

text: In modern use, "C. ruderalis" has been crossed with Bedrocan strains to produce the strain Bediol for patients with medical prescriptions. "C. sativa" and "C. indica" strains bred with "ruderalis" plants typically exhibit the "autoflowering" phenotype exhibited by the "C. ruderalis" lineage, meaning that they flower when the plant reaches a certain maturity (usually ten weeks from seed) as opposed to flowering in accordance with the daily light schedules. The typically higher concentration of CBD makes "ruderalis" plants valuable for the treatment of anxiety or epilepsy. "C. ruderalis" is being used for the treatment of cancer, sclerosis, and loss of appetite.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Nyjah Imani Huston (born November 30, 1994) is an American professional skateboarder and was the overall champion at competition series in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2017, and 2019. He is the highest paid skateboarder in the world. As of May 19, 2013, Huston has won more prize money than any other skateboarder in history. He won more prize money than any other skateboarder. He won many gold medals at the World Skateboarding Championship in 2014, 2017 to 2019, and has additionally towered the street classification at the X Games, in which he had won 12 gold medals since 2011. His net worth of 2022 is ($12 Million).


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Huston was born in Davis, California. He has three brothers and one sister. The children were raised in a strict Rastafarian lifestyle by their father Adeyemi Huston. They were vegans and schooled at home by their mother Kelle Huston. Huston's father was a skateboarder and made his sons start skating when Nyjah was only five years old. Huston has said that his father was very controlling and wanted Nyjah to skate every day. In 2004 his parents purchased an indoor skate park in Woodland where Huston spent his entire time practicing. In 2006 his father abruptly decided to move to Puerto Rico with his family. During this time the distance between Puerto Rico and California caused problems with Huston's board sponsor Element Skateboards as Nyjah was not able to take part in demos. While in Puerto Rico his parents separated and his mother moved back to California with Nyjah's siblings while he had to stay with his father, Adeyemi, as he was his manager and videographer at that time. Nyjah Huston did not see his mother for one year before Kelle Huston took her husband to court to get divorced. The judge granted Kelle full custody, after which Nyjah moved back to live with his mother and siblings.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Huston first garnered attention when he signed a sponsorship deal with Element Skateboards and joined their team. During his debut era with the company, Huston appeared in numerous Element video productions, such as both volumes of the "Elementality" series, and competed in high-profile contests, such as the Dew tour and the Vans Downtown Showdown. However, Huston eventually launched his own skateboard deck company, I&I, in 2009 after he parted ways with Element in 2008; Huston was an amateur skateboarder at the time of his departure.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: I&I was a short-lived company and operated for approximately two years with a team that consisted of Huston, Richard Jefferson, and Anthony Williams. During the period of the company's existence, a number of magazine advertisements were published and an online promotional video that featured the three team members was released. The primary aesthetic influence of the brand was Rastafari and the I&I logo incorporated the pan-African colors of red, yellow, and green.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Following the closure of I&I, Huston returned to Element and released a solo video production entitled "Rise & Shine" in 2011—the video was available for purchase on the iTunes website and later received the "Best Video Part" award from the "Transworld Skateboarding" magazine. During this stage of Huston's career, the skateboarder also joined the DC Shoes company as a team rider, following a significant period of time without a shoe sponsor—an unusual occurrence for a professional skateboarder with the degree of exposure that Huston had attracted. In response to the DC Shoes announcement, Huston explained that "I think it was all a buildup of things over the past year. DC has always been my top choice for a shoe sponsor but I think it took this past year for them to see what I've accomplished and how I did in the contests and my video part and all that for it to finally come through."


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Following Huston's decision to skateboard for DC Shoes, other DC team riders expressed their perspectives in online promotional material produced by the shoe company. Long-term DC team rider Josh Kalis stated in the introductory video for Huston (also featuring Mike Mo Capaldi), "And then there's this other dude out there, literally buying shoes from a skate shop. He could get shoes from anybody that he wanted, but he was buying DCs." Capaldi expressed his opinion on Huston in the same video, stating his belief that Huston is "probably the best skateboarder I've ever seen—he does everything in, like, two tries."


title: Nyjah Huston

text: After Huston's gold medal victory at the 2013 X Games Street League contest in Barcelona, Spain in mid-May, "Transworld SKATEboarding" magazine announced that no other skateboarder has won a greater amount of prize money. On the final night of May 2013, the DC Shoes Co. held a launch event for the first signature model skate shoe of Huston's career at the Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles, California, U.S., with Pete Rock in the role of DJ. The model is named the "Nyjah Huston Signature Shoe" and the promotional advertisement features Huston executing a trick at set of stairs at Hollywood High School in Los Angeles, U.S.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: An announcement on June 25, 2013, revealed that, due to a rib injury, Huston was unable to compete in the Street League contest at the Munich X Games in late June 2013. Huston's mother Kelle Huston reported that her son "bruised and scraped the right side of his torso" in a skateboarding accident, but an article from the Street League website stated that Huston would be fit to compete in the next contest round in July 2013 in Portland, Oregon. Also in 2013, Huston made a statement to Thrasher Magazine in which he questioned the appropriateness of female skateboarders. He later apologized for his remarks.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Huston was added to the competition lineup for the 2013 Kimberley Diamond Cup in South Africa, held from September 28 to 29. Huston won the Kimberley Diamond Cup and the one million rand cash prize.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Nyjiah qualified for the United States Olympic Team in the Street Skateboarding discipline for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics - the first year for skateboarding at the Olympics. He qualified for the Olympic final out of his heat (heat 3), but did not medal in the final. He posted excellent scores in both of his runs, and landed his first of five best trick attempts, but he fell four times in a row after that to finish seventh, missing out on a medal.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: As of January 2021, Huston is sponsored by Nike SB, Diamond Supply Co., Ricta Wheels, Thrasher Magazine, Monster Energy, Social CBD, Doritos, Mob Grip, Mountain Dew, flatbread Neapolitan pizzeria, Urban Plates and Adapt Technology. As of January 2021, Nyjah Huston stated via social media that he is no longer with Element Skateboards. In June 2021, Huston launched his own skateboard brand, Disorder Skateboards.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: At "Transworld SKATEboarding" magazine's 2012 awards event, Huston's performance was given the headline "Nyjah Huston Cleans Up at Annual "Transworld" Skate Awards" by the "Yahoo! Sports" website. Huston won three awards at the event: "Best Video Part" (for Huston's "Rise & Shine" video release), "New Era Readers' Choice" (the only award chosen solely by the readers of the magazine and "Transworld" website), and "Best Street".


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Huston has been nominated several times for "Thrasher Magazine"’s prestigious "Skater Of The Year" (SOTY) award.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Huston is a featured character in the video games "Tony Hawk's Project 8", "Tony Hawk's Proving Ground", "", "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater HD", and "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 5".


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Huston also appears in Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1+2 which is a remake of both Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 1 & Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2 games by studio Vicarious Visions, released in September 2020.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: In July 2020 Nyjah Huston worked alongside Play'n GO to develop his own branded game "Nyjah Huston Skate for Gold". It is one of the first skateboarding themed games to be released within the iGaming industry.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Together with his mother Kelle Huston, Huston founded the charity organization "Let It Flow" in 2008 with the aim of providing clean, safe, and accessible water to communities in need. Following their personal experiences in Puerto Rico, the pair started by selling reusable water bottles at a local farmers market and, as of December 2012, the organization builds clean-water wells, fixes wells that are inoperable, and builds sanitation stations for people in urgent need of clean water. Let It Flow built its first sanitation station in Ethiopia.


title: Nyjah Huston

text: Following his return to Element, Huston revealed that his father's controlling behavior had led to estrangement, further explaining that his father refused to return video footage of Huston's skateboarding following the separation. He no longer adheres to a strict Rastafarian lifestyle, cut off his dreadlocks and has identified hip hop as his favorite musical style to listen to.


title: Siemens (unit)

text: The siemens (symbol: S) is the unit of electric conductance, electric susceptance, and electric admittance in the International System of Units (SI). Conductance, susceptance, and admittance are the reciprocals of resistance, reactance, and impedance respectively; hence one siemens is redundantly equal to the reciprocal of one ohm () and is also referred to as the "mho". The 14th General Conference on Weights and Measures approved the addition of the siemens as a derived unit in 1971.


title: Siemens (unit)

text: The unit is named after Ernst Werner von Siemens. In English, the same word "siemens" is used both for the singular and plural. Like other SI units named after people, the symbol is capitalized but the name of the unit is not. For the siemens this is particularly important to distinguish it from the second, symbol (lower case) s.


title: Siemens (unit)

text: For an element conducting direct current, electrical resistance and electrical conductance are defined as


title: Siemens (unit)

text: where is the electric current through the object and is the voltage (electrical potential difference) across the object.


title: Siemens (unit)

text: For a device with a conductance of one siemens, the electric current through the device will increase by one ampere for every increase of one volt of electric potential difference across the device.


title: Siemens (unit)

text: The conductance of a resistor with a resistance of five ohms, for example, is (5 Ω), which is equal to 200 mS.


title: Siemens (unit)

text: A historical equivalent for the "siemens" is the mho (). The name is derived from the word "ohm" spelled backwards as the reciprocal of one ohm, at the suggestion of Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) in 1883. Its symbol is an inverted capital Greek letter omega: .


title: Siemens (unit)

text: NIST's "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)" refers to the mho as an "unaccepted special name for an SI unit", and indicates that it should be strictly avoided.


title: Siemens (unit)

text: The SI term "siemens" is used universally in science and often in electrical applications, while "mho" is still used in some electronic contexts.


title: Siemens (unit)

text: The inverted capital omega symbol (℧), while not an official SI abbreviation, is less likely to be confused with a variable than the letter 'S' when writing the symbol by hand. The usual typographical distinctions (such as italic for variables and roman for units) are difficult to maintain. Likewise, it is difficult to distinguish the symbol 'S' ("siemens") from the lower-case 's' ("seconds"), potentially causing confusion. So, for example, a pentode’s transconductance of might alternatively be written as or (most common in the 1930s) or .


title: Siemens (unit)

text: A handwritten 'S' can also be misread as the frequency-space variable 's', commonly used in transfer functions.


title: Siemens (unit)

text: The "ohm" had officially replaced the old ""siemens" unit", a unit of "resistance", at an international conference in 1881.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: Alexander Aleksandrovich Alekhine (March 24, 1946) was a Russian and French chess player and the fourth World Chess Champion, a title he held for two reigns.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: By the age of 22, Alekhine was already among the strongest chess players in the world. During the 1920s, he won most of the tournaments in which he played. In 1921, Alekhine left Soviet Russia and emigrated to France, which he represented after 1925. In 1927, he became the fourth World Chess Champion by defeating José Raúl Capablanca.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: In the early 1930s, Alekhine dominated tournament play and won two top-class tournaments by large margins. He also played first board for France in five Chess Olympiads, winning individual prizes in each (four medals and a brilliancy prize). Alekhine offered Capablanca a rematch on the same demanding terms that Capablanca had set for him, and negotiations dragged on for years without making much progress. Meanwhile, Alekhine defended his title with ease against Efim Bogoljubov in 1929 and 1934. He was defeated by Max Euwe in 1935, but regained his crown in the 1937 rematch. His tournament record, however, was uneven, and rising young stars like Paul Keres, Reuben Fine, and Mikhail Botvinnik threatened his title. Negotiations for a title match with Keres or Botvinnik were halted by the outbreak of World War II in Europe in 1939. Negotiations with Botvinnik for a world title match were proceeding in 1946 when Alekhine died in Portugal, in unclear circumstances. Alekhine is the only World Chess Champion to have died while holding the title.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: Alekhine is known for his fierce and imaginative attacking style, combined with great positional and endgame skill. He is highly regarded as a chess writer and theoretician, having produced innovations in a wide range of chess openings and having given his name to Alekhine's Defence and several other opening variations. He also composed some endgame studies.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: Alekhine was born into a wealthy Russian family in Moscow, Russia, on October 31, 1892. His father, Alexander Ivanovich Alekhin, was a landowner and Privy Councilor to the conservative legislative Fourth Duma. His mother, Anisya Ivanovna Alekhina (born Prokhorova), was the daughter of a rich industrialist. Alekhine was introduced to chess by his mother, his older brother Alexei, and his older sister Varvara.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: Alekhine's first known game was from a correspondence chess tournament that began on December 3, 1902, when he was ten years old. He participated in several correspondence tournaments, sponsored by the chess magazine "Shakhmatnoe Obozrenie" ("Chess Review"), between 1902 and 1911. In 1907, he played his first over-the-board tournament, the Moscow chess club's Spring Tournament. Later that year, he tied for 11th–13th in the club's Autumn Tournament; his elder brother, Alexei, tied for 4th–6th place. In 1908, Alexander won the club's Spring Tournament, at the age of 15. In 1909, he won the All-Russian Amateur Tournament in Saint Petersburg. For the next few years, he played in increasingly stronger tournaments, some of them outside Russia. At first he had mixed results, but by the age of 16 he had established himself as one of Russia's top players. He played first board in two friendly team matches: St. Petersburg Chess Club vs. Moscow Chess Club in 1911 and Moscow vs. St. Petersburg in 1912 (both drew with Yevgeny Znosko-Borovsky). By the end of 1911, Alekhine moved to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Imperial Law School for Nobles. By 1912, he was the strongest chess player in the St. Petersburg Chess Society. In March 1912, he won the St. Petersburg Chess Club Winter Tournament. In April 1912, he won the 1st Category Tournament of the St. Petersburg Chess Club. In January 1914, Alekhine won his first major Russian tournament, when he tied for first place with Aron Nimzowitsch in the All-Russian Masters Tournament at St. Petersburg. Afterwards, they drew in a mini-match for first prize (each won a game). Alekhine also played several matches in this period, and his results showed the same pattern: mixed at first but later consistently good.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: In April–May 1914, another major St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament was held in the capital of the Russian Empire, in which Alekhine took third place behind Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca. By some accounts, Tsar Nicholas II conferred the title of "Grandmaster of Chess" on each of the five finalists (Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Frank Marshall). (Chess historian Edward Winter has questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources supporting this story are an article by Robert Lewis Taylor in the June 15, 1940, issue of "The New Yorker" and Marshall's autobiography "My 50 Years of Chess" (1942).) Alekhine's surprising success made him a serious contender for the World Chess Championship. Whether or not the title was formally awarded to him, "Thanks to this performance, Alekhine became a grandmaster in his own right and in the eyes of the audience." In July 1914, Alekhine tied for first with Marshall in Paris.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: In July–August 1914, Alekhine was leading an international Mannheim tournament, the 19th DSB Congress (German Chess Federation Congress) in Mannheim, Germany, with nine wins, one draw and one loss, when World War I broke out. Alekhine's prize was 1,100 marks (worth about 11,000 euros in terms of purchasing power today). After the declaration of war against Russia, eleven "Russian" players (Alekhine, Efim Bogoljubov, Fedor Bogatyrchuk, Alexander Flamberg, N. Koppelman, Boris Maliutin, Ilya Rabinovich, Peter Romanovsky, Pyotr Saburov, Alexey Selezniev, and Samuil Weinstein) were interned in Rastatt, Germany. On September 14, 17, and 29 of 1914, four of them (Alekhine, Bogatyrchuk, Saburov, and Koppelman) were freed and allowed to return home. Alekhine made his way back to Russia (via Switzerland, Italy, London, Sweden, and Finland) by the end of October 1914. A fifth player, Romanovsky, was released in 1915, and a sixth, Flamberg, was allowed to return to Warsaw in 1916.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: When Alekhine returned to Russia, he helped raise money by giving simultaneous exhibitions to aid the Russian chess players who remained interned in Germany. In December 1915, he won the Moscow Chess Club Championship. In April 1916, he won a mini-match against Alexander Evensohn with two wins and one loss at Kiev, and in summer he served in the Union of Cities (Red Cross) on the Austrian front. In September, he played five people in a blindfold display at a Russian military hospital at Tarnopol. In 1918, he won a "triangular tournament" in Moscow. In June of the following year, after the Russians forced the German army to retreat from Ukraine, Alekhine was charged with links with White movement counter-intelligence and was briefly imprisoned in Odessa's death cell by the Odessa Cheka. Rumors appeared in the West that he had been killed by the Bolsheviks.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: When conditions in Russia became more settled, Alekhine proved he was among Russia's strongest players. In January 1920, he swept the championship of Moscow (11/11), but was not declared champion because he was not a resident of the city. In October 1920 he won the All-Russian Chess Olympiad in Moscow (+9−0=6); the tournament was retroactively called the first USSR Championship. His brother Alexei took third place in the tournament for amateurs.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: In March 1920, Alekhine married Alexandra Batayeva. They divorced the next year. For a short time in 1920–21, he worked as an interpreter for the Communist International (Comintern) and was appointed secretary to the Education Department. In this capacity, he met a Swiss journalist and Comintern delegate, Anneliese Rüegg, who was thirteen years older than he was, and they married on March 15, 1921. Shortly after, Alekhine was given permission to leave Russia for a visit to the West with his wife. He never returned. In June 1921, he left his second wife in Paris and went to Berlin.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: In 1921–1923, Alekhine played seven mini-matches. In 1921, he won against Nikolay Grigoriev (+2−0=5) in Moscow, drew with Richard Teichmann (+2−2=2) and won against Friedrich Sämisch (+2−0=0), both in Berlin. In 1922, he won against Ossip Bernstein (+1−0=1) and Arnold Aurbach (+1−0=1), both in Paris, and Manuel Golmayo (+1−0=1) in Madrid. In 1923, he won against André Muffang (+2−0=0) in Paris.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: From 1921 to 1927, Alekhine won or shared first prize in about two-thirds of the many tournaments in which he played. His "least" successful efforts were a tie for third place at Vienna 1922 behind Akiba Rubinstein and Richard Réti, and third place at the New York 1924 chess tournament, behind ex-champion Emanuel Lasker and world champion José Raúl Capablanca (but ahead of Frank Marshall, Richard Réti, Géza Maróczy, Efim Bogoljubov, Savielly Tartakower, Frederick Yates, Edward Lasker, and Dawid Janowski). Technically, Alekhine's play was mostly better than his competitors'—even Capablanca's—but he lacked confidence when playing his major rivals.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: Alekhine's main goal throughout this period was to arrange a match with Capablanca. He thought the greatest obstacle was not Capablanca's play but the requirement under the 1922 "London rules" (at Capablanca's insistence) that the challenger raise a purse of US$10,000 (~$162,000 in 2022 terms), of which the defending champion would receive over half even if defeated. Alekhine in November 1921, and Rubinstein and Nimzowitsch in 1923, challenged Capablanca but were unable to raise the $10,000. Raising the money was Alekhine's preliminary objective; he even went on tour, playing simultaneous exhibitions for modest fees day after day. In New York on April 27, 1924, he broke the world record for simultaneous blindfold play when he played twenty-six opponents (the previous record was twenty-five, set by Gyula Breyer), winning sixteen games, losing five, and drawing five after twelve hours of play. He broke his own world record on February 1, 1925, by playing twenty-eight games blindfold simultaneously in Paris, winning twenty-two, drawing three, and losing three.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: In 1924, he applied for the first time for a residence privilege in France and for French citizenship while pursuing his studies in the Sorbonne Faculty of Law to obtain a PhD. Although sources differ about whether he completed his studies there, he was known as "Dr. Alekhine" in the 1930s. His thesis was on the Chinese prison system. "He received a degree in law in Saint Petersburg in 1914 but never practiced."


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: His French citizenship application was postponed because of his frequent travels abroad to play chess and because he was reported once in April 1922, shortly after his arrival in France, as a "bolshevist charged by the Soviets of a special mission in France". Later in 1927, the French Chess Federation asked the Ministry of Justice to intervene in Alekhine's favor to have him lead the French team in the first Nation tournament to be held in London in July 1927. Nevertheless, Alekhine had to wait for a new law on naturalization which was published on 10 August 1927. The decree granting him French citizenship (among hundreds of other citizens) was signed on 5 November 1927 and published in the Official Gazette of the French Republic on 14–15 November 1927, while Alekhine was playing Capablanca for the World title in Buenos Aires.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: In October 1926, Alekhine won in Buenos Aires. From December 1926 to January 1927, he beat Max Euwe 5½–4½ in a match. In 1927, he married his third wife, Nadiezda Vasiliev (née Fabritzky), another older woman, the widow of the Russian general V. Vasiliev.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: In 1927, Alekhine's challenge to Capablanca was backed by a group of Argentine businessmen and the president of Argentina, who guaranteed the funds, and organized by the Club Argentino de Ajedrez (Argentine Chess Club) in Buenos Aires. In the World Chess Championship match played from September 16 to November 29, 1927 at Buenos Aires, Alekhine won the title, scoring +6−3=25. This was the longest formal World Championship match until the contest in 1984 between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov. Alekhine's victory surprised almost the entire chess world, since he had never previously won a single game from Capablanca. After Capablanca's death Alekhine expressed surprise at his own victory, since in 1927 he did not think he was superior to Capablanca, and he suggested that Capablanca had been overconfident. Capablanca entered the match with no technical or physical preparation, while Alekhine got himself into good physical condition and had thoroughly studied Capablanca's play. According to Kasparov, Alekhine's research uncovered many small inaccuracies, which occurred because Capablanca was unwilling to concentrate intensely. Vladimir Kramnik has commented that this was the first contest in which Capablanca had no easy wins.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: Immediately after winning the match, Alekhine announced that he was willing to give Capablanca a return match, on the same terms that Capablanca had required as champion: the challenger must provide a stake of US$10,000, of which more than half would go to the defending champion even if he was defeated. Negotiations dragged on for several years, often breaking down when agreement seemed in sight. Their relationship became bitter, and Alekhine demanded much higher appearance fees for tournaments in which Capablanca also played. The rematch never took place. After Capablanca's death in 1942, Alekhine wrote that Capablanca's demand for a $10,000 stake had been an attempt to avoid challenges.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: Grandmaster Robert Byrne wrote that Alekhine consciously sought lesser opponents for his subsequent championship matches, rather than give Capablanca another chance.


title: Alexander Alekhine

text: Although he never agreed terms for a rematch against Capablanca, Alekhine played two world title matches with Efim Bogoljubov, in 1929 and 1934, winning handily both times. The first was held at Wiesbaden, Heidelberg, Berlin, The Hague, and Amsterdam from September through November 1929. Alekhine retained his title, scoring +11−5=9. From April to June 1934, Alekhine faced Bogoljubov again in a title match held in twelve German cities, defeating him by five games (+8−3=15). In 1929, Bogoljubov was forty years old and perhaps already past his peak.