title: Beatlemania

text: The first Beatles album issued by Capitol, "Meet the Beatles", hit number one on the "Billboard" Top LPs chart (later the "Billboard" 200) on 15 February, and it maintained that position for 11 weeks of its 74-week chart stay. On 4 April, the group occupied the top five US single chart positions, as well as seven other positions in the "Billboard" Hot 100. As of 2013, they remained the only act to have done so, having also broken 11 other chart records on the Hot 100 and the "Billboard" 200. Author David Szatmary states, "In the nine days, during the Beatles' brief visit, Americans had bought more than two million Beatles records and more than 2.5 million US dollars worth of Beatles-related goods." "The Beatles' Second Album" on Capitol topped the charts on 2 May and kept its peak for five weeks of its 55-week chart stay.


title: Beatlemania

text: The Beatles' success established the popularity of British musical acts for the first time in the US. By mid 1964, several more UK acts came to the US, including the Dave Clark Five, the Rolling Stones, Billy J. Kramer, and Gerry & the Pacemakers. Completing what commentators termed the British Invasion of the US pop market, one-third of all top ten hits there in 1964 were performed by British acts. The Beatles' chart domination was repeated in countries around the world during 1964, as were the familiar displays of mania wherever the band played. Fans besieged their hotels, where sheets and pillowcases were stolen for souvenirs. As the phenomenon escalated over 1964–65, travelling to concert venues involved a journey via helicopter and armoured car. These arrangements came to resemble military operations, with decoy vehicles and a level of security normally afforded a head of state. Contrary to the presentable image the Beatles maintained for reporters covering the tours, their evening parties often descended into orgies with female admirers, which Lennon later likened to the scenes of Roman decadence in Frederico Fellini's film "Satyricon".


title: Beatlemania

text: When the group toured Australia in June, as part of their 1964 world tour, the population afforded the visit the status of a national event. Despite arriving in Sydney on 11 June amid heavy rain, the Beatles were paraded at the airport on an open-top truck. A woman ran across the airport tarmac and threw her intellectually disabled young child into the truck, shouting, "Catch him, Paul!" McCartney did so before telling her the boy was "lovely" and that she should take him back. Once the truck had slowed, the woman kissed her boy and declared: "He's better! Oh, he's better!" Starr later said that scenes of alleged miracle working by the Beatles were commonplace around the world, including in the UK.


title: Beatlemania

text: A crowd of 300,000 – roughly half the city – welcomed the Beatles to Adelaide on 12 June. This figure was the largest recorded gathering of Australians in one place, and twice the number of people that had greeted Queen Elizabeth II on her royal visit in 1963. They were given a similar welcome in Melbourne on 14 June. Fans lined the city streets and then lay siege outside the Beatles' hotel; cars were crushed and 50 people were hospitalised, some having fallen from trees in an attempt to gain a vantage point of their heroes. The Beatles were asked to make an appearance on their hotel balcony in the hope of placating the crowd. The mass of people and sound was reminiscent of film footage of 1930s Nuremberg rallies. According to author Keith Badman, this prompted Lennon to give a Nazi salute "and shout 'Sieg Heil!', even holding his finger to his upper lip as a Hitler-style moustache". Lennon also took to giving crowds an open-palmed benediction in the style of the Pope.


title: Beatlemania

text: During the first concert in Sydney, on 18 June, the audience's habit of hurling Jelly Babies at the stage – a legacy of Harrison saying earlier in the year that he liked Jelly Babies – forced the band to twice stop the show, with McCartney complaining that it was "like bullets coming from all directions". In addition to the sweets, fans threw miniature koalas and packages as gifts for the band. Hurling objects at the group became a fan ritual carried out wherever the Beatles performed.


title: Beatlemania

text: The world tour moved on to New Zealand later in the month. There, the authorities expressed their disapproval of the Beatles and their fans' behaviour by refusing to supply a police escort and by allocating a maximum of three officers to control the thousands of screaming fans outside venues and hotels. In Auckland and Dunedin, the band were left to fight their way through crowds with the help of their road managers, Mal Evans and Neil Aspinall; Lennon was later vocal in his disgust with the local authorities. On 22 June, a young woman broke into the hotel in Wellington where the Beatles were staying, and slashed her wrists when Evans refused her access to the band's rooms. Following the Beatles' arrival in Christchurch on 27 June, a girl threw herself in front of the band's limousine and bounced off the car's bonnet. Unharmed, she was invited by the group to join them at their hotel.


title: Beatlemania

text: The Beatles starred as fictionalised versions of themselves in the feature-length motion picture "A Hard Day's Night". Originally to be titled "Beatlemania", it portrayed the members as struggling with the trappings of their fame and popularity. The making was complicated by the real-life Beatlemania that arose wherever the crew were shooting on a given day. Some reviewers felt that its concert scene, filmed at a London theatre with an audience of fans who were paid extras, had been deliberately sanitised in its depiction of Beatlemania.


title: Beatlemania

text: "A Hard Day's Night" had its world premiere on 6 July, attended by members of the royal family; 12,000 fans filled Piccadilly Circus in central London, which had to be closed to traffic. A separate premiere was held for the north of England on 10 July, for which the Beatles returned to Liverpool. A crowd estimated at 200,000 (a quarter of the city's population) lined the streets as the band members were driven to Liverpool Town Hall to meet local dignitaries; once there, in Barry Miles' description, Lennon "enlivened proceedings by making a series of Hitler salutes to the crowd".


title: Beatlemania

text: Stanley highlights the "Hard Day's Night" LP as the album that best demonstrates the band's international appeal, saying: "There was adventure, knowingness, love, and abundant charm [in the songs] ... the drug was adrenaline. The world loved them, and the world was their plaything." The album spent 14 weeks at number one on the "Billboard" Top LPs chart during a 56-week stay – the longest run of any album that year. In the UK, it was number one for 21 weeks and became the second best selling album of the year, behind the group's December 1964 release, "Beatles for Sale", which replaced it at the top of the chart.


title: Beatlemania

text: The band returned to the US for a second visit on 18 August 1964, this time remaining for a month-long tour. The Beatles performed 30 concerts in 23 cities, starting in California and ending in New York. One of the major stipulations was that the band would not perform for segregated audiences or at venues which excluded blacks. The tour was characterised by intense levels of hysteria and high-pitched screaming by female fans, both at concerts and during their travels. At each venue, the concert was treated as a major event by the local press and attended by 10,000 to 20,000 fans whose enthusiastic response produced sound levels that left the music only semi-audible.


title: Beatlemania

text: George Martin, the Beatles' record producer, assisted in taping the band's 23 August Hollywood Bowl concert for a proposed live album; given the audience's relentless screaming, he said it was "like putting a microphone at the end of a 747 jet". When the Beatles played in Chicago on 5 September, a local policeman described the adulation as "kind of like Sinatra multiplied by 50 or 100". "Variety" reported that 160 females were treated for injuries and distress in Vancouver, after thousands of fans charged at the security barriers in front of the stage. At Jacksonville on 11 September, 500 fans kept the Beatles trapped in the George Washington Hotel car park after the group had given a press conference at the hotel. With only a dozen police officers on hand, it took the band 15 minutes to move the 25 feet from the lift to their limousine. Harrison refused to take part in the scheduled ticker-tape parades, given Kennedy's assassination the previous year. He said that the constant demand on their time, from fans, city officials, hotel management and others, was such that the band often locked themselves in their hotel bathroom to gain some peace.


title: Beatlemania

text: The tour earned the group over a million dollars in ticket sales, and stimulated a further increase in record and Beatles-related merchandise sales. Robert Shelton of "The New York Times" criticised the Beatles for "creat[ing] a monster in their audience" and said that the band should try to subdue their fans "before this contrived hysteria reaches uncontrollable proportions". Reports at this time likened the intensity of the fans' adulation to a religious fervour. Derek Taylor, the band's press officer, was quoted in the "New York Post" as saying, "Cripples threw away their sticks [and] sick people rushed up to the car ... It was as if some savior had arrived and all these people were happy and relieved." In a report from London for the "Partisan Review", Jonathan Miller wrote of the effects of the Beatles' extended absence overseas: "They have become a religion in fact ... All over the place though there are icons, devotional photos and illuminated messiahs which keep the tiny earthbound fans in touch with the provocatively absconded deities." American social commentators Grace and Fred Hechinger complained that adults had failed to provide youth with an adequate foundation for their creativity, and they especially deplored the tendency for "creeping adult adolescence", whereby parents sought to share their children's "banal pleasures".


title: Beatlemania

text: During the 1964 tour, the Beatles met Bob Dylan in their New York hotel. Lennon later enthused about the meeting; he said that Beatlemania was "something Dylan can understand and relate to" and recalled Dylan explaining the intensity of his following. In his book "Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain, and America", author Jonathan Gould comments on the musical and cultural significance of this meeting, since the Beatles' fanbase and that of Dylan were "perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds". As a result, according to Gould, the traditional division between folk and rock enthusiasts "nearly evaporated" over the following year, as the Beatles' fans began to mature in their outlook and Dylan's audience embraced the new, youth-driven pop culture.


title: Beatlemania

text: Capitol Records exploited the band's popularity with a 48-minute documentary double LP "The Beatles' Story", released in November 1964 and purporting to be a "narrative and musical biography of Beatlemania". It included a portion of "Twist and Shout" from the Hollywood Bowl concert and segments such as "How Beatlemania Began", "Beatlemania in Action" and "'Victims' of Beatlemania".


title: Beatlemania

text: The Beatles attended the London premiere of their film "Help!" in July 1965, after completing a two-week tour of France, Italy and Spain, and then returned to the US for another two-week tour. In advance of the tour, the American cultural press published appreciations of the Beatles' music, marking a turnaround from the dismissiveness shown towards the band in 1964. Written by musicologists, these articles were informed by the media's realisation that, rather than a short-term fad, Beatlemania had become more ingrained in society, and by the group's influence on contemporary music.


title: Beatlemania

text: The US tour commenced at Shea Stadium in New York City on 15 August. The circular stadium had been constructed the previous year with seating arranged in four ascending decks, all of which were filled for the concert. It was the first time that a large outdoor stadium had been used for such a purpose and attracted an audience of over 55,000 – the largest of any live concert that the Beatles performed. The event set records for attendance and revenue generation, with takings of $304,000 (equivalent to $ in ). According to "The New York Times", the collective scream produced by the Shea Stadium audience escalated to a level that represented "the classic Greek meaning of the word pandemonium – the region of all demons". The band were astonished at the spectacle of the event, to which Lennon responded by acting in a mock-crazed manner and reducing Harrison to hysterical laughter as they played the closing song, "I'm Down". Starr later said: "I feel that on that show John cracked up ... not mentally ill, but he just got crazy ... playing the piano with his elbows."


title: Beatlemania

text: The rest of the tour was highly successful, with well-attended shows on each of its ten dates, most of which took place in stadiums and sports arenas. In Houston, fans swarmed over the wings of the Beatles' chartered Lockheed Elektra; three days later, one of the plane's engines caught fire, resulting in a terrifying ordeal for the band on the descent into Portland. A 50-minute concert film titled "The Beatles at Shea Stadium" was broadcast in the UK in March 1966. In the view of music critic Richie Unterberger, "there are few more thrilling Beatles concert sequences than the [film's] 'I'm Down' finale".


title: Beatlemania

text: Also in 1965, the band's influence on American youth was the subject of condemnation by Christian conservatives such as Bob Larson and David Noebel, the latter a Baptist minister and member of the Christian Crusade. In a widely distributed pamphlet titled "Communism, Hypnotism, and the Beatles", Noebel wrote that patriotic Americans were "in the fight of our lives and the lives of our children", and urged: "Let's make sure four mop-headed anti-Christ beatniks don't destroy our children's mental and emotional stability and ultimately destroy our nation." Later that year, Lennon complained about the 1965 US tour: "people kept bringing blind, crippled and deformed children into our dressing room and this boy's mother would say, 'Go on, kiss him, maybe you'll bring back his sight.' We're not cruel. We've seen enough tragedy in Merseyside ... We're going to remain normal if it kills us."


title: Beatlemania

text: On 26 October 1965, 4,000 fans gathered outside Buckingham Palace in central London while the Beatles received their MBEs from the Queen. As the crowd chanted "Yeah, yeah, yeah!", some fans jostled with police officers and scaled the palace gates. The impossibility of travelling without being mobbed led to the Beatles abandoning live television appearances to promote their singles. In November, they filmed promotional clips for their double A-side single, "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out", which could be played on shows such as "Ready Steady Go!" and "Top of the Pops". This relieved the band from travelling to TV studios around the UK and allowed them to focus on recording their next album, "Rubber Soul". In her study of Beatlemania, sociologist Candy Leonard says that "Rubber Soul" challenged some young fans, due to its more sophisticated lyrical and musical content, but its release in December 1965 marked the moment when "the Beatles came to occupy a role in fans' lives and a place in their psyches that was different from any previous fan–performer relationship."


title: Beatlemania

text: The LP's cover contained a distorted, stretched image of the band's faces, which were nevertheless so instantly recognisable that no artist credit was necessary. Its surreal quality led some fans to write to the band's official fanzine, "Beatles Monthly", alarmed that the group's appearance resembled that of corpses. Leonard writes that "Rubber Soul" initiated "close listening" among the Beatles' fanbase, particularly with regard to song lyrics, and studying the cover was part of the listening experience. Fans were fascinated by the photo and the change in the band's look. In Leonard's study, male fans recalled the significance of the band members' longer hair, individual clothes, and collective self-assuredness. The reaction from female fans varied; one found the cover "very sensual ... they looked grown up and sexy", while another described it as "scary, difficult, unpleasant", adding: "They looked menacing, like they were looking down on a victim. They looked like wooly mammoths, brown and leathery."


title: Beatlemania

text: In the UK, the release was accompanied by speculation that the group's success would soon end, given that most acts there faded after two or three years at the top. The Beatles had also defied convention and Epstein's wishes by drastically reducing their concert schedule in 1965, and they disappointed fans by refusing to reprise their annual "Christmas Show" season. During the band's UK tour that December, some newspapers reported that the intensity of the fans' passion appeared to have diminished. In his review of the opening show in Glasgow, Alan Smith of the "NME" wrote that "Crazy Beatlemania is over, certainly", despite the prevalence of "fainting fits, and thunderous waves of screams". By the end of the tour, however, following a series of concerts in London, Smith wrote: "without question, BEATLEMANIA IS BACK! ... I have not seen hysteria like this at a Beatles show since the word Beatlemania erupted into headlines!"


title: Beatlemania

text: After spending three months away from the public eye in early 1966, the Beatles were eager to depart from the formula imposed on them as pop stars, both in their music and in their presentation. Their first full group activity of the year was a photo session with photographer Robert Whitaker, who, having witnessed Beatlemania throughout the 1965 US tour, sought to humanise the band and counter impressions of their iconic status. A photo from this shoot, showing the group dressed in white butchers' coats and draped with pieces of raw meat and parts from plastic baby dolls, was submitted as the original cover image of a forthcoming US album, "Yesterday and Today". In one explanation he subsequently gave, Whitaker said the meat and dismembered limbs symbolised the violence behind Beatlemania and what the band's fans would do to them without the presence of heavy security at their concerts.


title: Beatlemania

text: By 1966, the Beatles were no longer willing to play shows in small venues such as the UK cinemas, but recognised the merit in continuing to perform in large stadiums. They played their final UK show on 1 May 1966 when they performed a short set at the "NME" Poll-Winners Concert, held at the Empire Pool in north-west London. In an opinion poll published in "Melody Maker", 80 per cent of respondents expressed deep disappointment in the group for their paucity of concert, TV and radio appearances, and most of those readers said that Beatlemania was in decline.


title: Beatlemania

text: After completing the recording for "Revolver" in late June, the Beatles set off on a tour combining concerts in West Germany, Japan and the Philippines. German police used tear gas and guard dogs to control fans in Essen, and in Tokyo, there was fear of terrorism surrounding the band's stay, forcing the members to be placed under heavy security in response to death threats from the country's hardline traditionalists. While in the Philippines in July, the group unintentionally snubbed first lady Imelda Marcos, who had expected them to attend her breakfast reception at Malacañang Palace in Manila. Epstein had declined the invitation on the band's behalf, as it had never been his policy to accept such official invitations. Riots resulted which endangered the group, and they escaped the Philippines with difficulty.


title: Beatlemania

text: According to author Steve Turner, the three-country tour represented the dark side of Beatlemania and the band's fame. Whereas crowds breaking through a police barrier would have been the biggest concern up until the previous year, "Now it was mob revolt, violence, political backlash, and threats of assassination." In George Harrison's recollection:


title: Beatlemania

text: The Beatles returned to the US on 11 August, shortly after the release of "Revolver", for what became their last tour. It coincided with a storm of American public protest caused by Lennon's remark that the Beatles had become more popular than Christ. Epstein had considered cancelling the 14-concert tour, fearing for their lives because of the severity of the protests, which included Beatles' records publicly burned and claims that the Beatles were "anti-Christ". There were disturbances on the tour, and one performance was brought to a temporary halt when a member of the audience threw a firecracker, leading the Beatles to believe that they were being shot at. They received telephone threats, and the Ku Klux Klan picketed some concerts. An ITN news team sent from London to cover the controversy reported that many teenagers in the US Bible Belt were among those offended by the Beatles. Lennon's comments had caused no upset when originally published in the UK, in March. However, John Grigg, in his column for "The Guardian", had applied Lennon's description of Christ's disciples as "thick and ordinary" to the band's fans, saying: "Beatle maniacs are a distinct obstacle to higher appreciation of the Beatles."


title: Beatlemania

text: When the group arrived in New York, midtown traffic was brought to a standstill as two female fans, perched on a 22nd-storey ledge above Sixth Avenue, threatened to jump unless the Beatles visited them. Outside the Warwick Hotel, where the band stayed, clashes ensued between Christian demonstrators and the crowd of adoring fans. Throughout the tour, the US press nevertheless seized the opportunity to predict the end of Beatlemania, citing the bonfires and radio bans, but also, as detrimental factors to the Beatles' teenage appeal, the group's financial wealth and the artiness of their latest records.


title: Beatlemania

text: The US tour ended on 29 August with a concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco. While commercially successful, the tour had been affected by the prevailing mood of controversy; there were rows of empty seats at some venues and, according to Schaffner, "The screaming had also abated somewhat – one could occasionally even hear snatches of music." Comparing the 1966 Shea Stadium concert with the previous year's event, one commentator recalled that as before, "when the Beatles sang, the looks in the girls' eyes were faraway", but "It was different ... This time, we boys were almost as entranced, and the experience was more unifying than dividing." The band's final concert marked the end of a four-year period dominated by touring and concerts, with over 1,400 shows performed worldwide.


title: Beatlemania

text: By 1966 the Beatles had become disenchanted with all aspects of touring – including fans offering themselves sexually to the band, the high-pitched screaming, and regular confinement in hotel rooms – and they were frustrated that the quality of their live performances was so at odds with the increasingly sophisticated music they created in the studio. Harrison was the first to tire of Beatlemania, while McCartney had continued to thrive on the adulation. McCartney finally ceded to his bandmates' insistence that the group stop touring towards the end of the 1966 tour. Lennon said that their concerts had become "bloody tribal rites" where crowds came merely to scream. Harrison later likened Beatlemania to the premise of Ken Kesey's novel "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest", "where you are sane in the middle of something and they're all crackers". According to Starr, they gave up touring "at the right time", since "Four years of Beatlemania was enough for anyone."


title: Beatlemania

text: The Beatles gave no more commercial concerts from the end of their 1966 US tour until their break-up in 1970, instead devoting their efforts to creating new material in the recording studio. By late 1966, many young fans in the US had temporarily turned away from the Beatles, having found "Revolver" overly austere and lacking the fun aspect they expected of the band's music. Sensing this, two Hollywood television executives created "The Monkees", a show starring an eponymous four-piece band in the Beatles' mould and evoking the spirit of their films "A Hard Day's Night" and "Help!" An immediate commercial success, the Monkees captured the teenybopper audience and elicited the frenzied adulation of early Beatlemania. For the younger Beatles fans, a weekly King Features cartoon series, titled "The Beatles", maintained the innocent "moptop" image of previous years.


title: Beatlemania

text: Following their final tour, the band members focused on individual interests and projects, and willingly ceded their traditionally dominant position over the Christmas sales period for 1966. The group's inactivity and lack of new music was reflected in the results of the end-of-year popularity polls conducted by magazines such as the "NME", "Record Mirror" and "Bravo". Their comments to the press also reflected a disillusionment with fame. In a feature article in "Woman's Mirror" magazine, Starr was quoted as saying that their image had become a "trap" in which they were pigeonholed as "Siamese quads eating out of the same bowl", while Lennon said, "We sort of half hope for the downfall. A nice downfall."


title: Beatlemania

text: The Beatles issued a double A-side single containing "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "Penny Lane" – their first new music since "Revolver" – in February 1967. The accompanying promotional films eschewed performance in favour of avant-garde imagery; they showed the band members' adoption of facial hair, a detail that challenged the convention for youthful-looking pop stars. The films confused many of their fans and drew unfavourable responses from the audience on "American Bandstand", the leading pop music show in the US.<ref name="Wawzenek/UCR"></ref> When the single failed to reach number one on the "Record Retailer" chart, British press agencies speculated that the group's run of success might have ended, with headlines such as "Beatles Fail to Reach the Top", "First Time in Four Years" and "Has the Bubble Burst?" However, the American cultural press, responding to appreciations of the Beatles' artistry in "Time" and "Newsweek", lauded the two songs for their experimental qualities. According to author Bernard Gendron, "An adult Beatlemania was in effect replacing the apparently fading 'teenybopper' Beatlemania, supplanting the screams and rituals of worship with breathless reportage and grandiloquent praise."


title: Beatlemania

text: "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" was released in May and became a major critical and commercial success. According to Gould, the album immediately revolutionised "both the aesthetics and the economics of the record business in ways that far outstripped the earlier pop explosions triggered by the Elvis phenomenon of 1956 and the Beatlemania phenomenon of 1963".


title: Beatlemania

text: Beatlemania continued on a reduced scale after the band's retirement from live performances and into their solo careers. In late August 1967, 2000 fans protested outside Shea Stadium at the band's failure to perform in the US that summer. When the Beatles traveled around the south of England filming their television film "Magical Mystery Tour" in September 1967, it was the first opportunity for most members of the public to see the band together in over a year. Gavrik Losey, a production assistant on the film, recalled: "We were staying in a little hotel outside West Malling and the crowd that came pushed in the front window of the hotel ... That level of adoration is just amazing to be around."


title: Beatlemania

text: The last mass display of fan adulation took place at the world premiere of the Beatles' animated film "Yellow Submarine", held at the London Pavilion in Piccadilly Circus on 17 July 1968. The event was attended by the four band members and, according to Miles, "Fans as usual brought traffic to a standstill and blocked the streets." A rare example of the Beatles interacting with fans was when they filmed a promotional clip for their "Hey Jude" single in September 1968, surrounded by a studio audience. Marc Sinden, later an actor and film director, recalled: "It was the days of screaming, but nobody screamed. We were suddenly in the presence of God. That's the only way I can describe it. These people had changed history. We grew up with them."


title: Beatlemania

text: The Beatles' popularity and influence grew into what was seen as an embodiment of socio-cultural movements of the decade. In Gould's view, they became icons of the 1960s counterculture and a catalyst for bohemianism and activism in various social and political arenas, fuelling movements such as women's liberation and environmentalism. A 1997 study titled "Beatlemania: A sexually defiant consumer subculture?" argued that Beatlemania represented a proto-feminist demonstration of girl power. In their 1986 book, Ehrenreich, Hess and Jacobs comment that, but for the girls' hairstyles and clothing, the photos and footage of young Beatles fans in confrontation with police suggest a women's liberation demonstration from the late 1960s rather than a 1964 pop event. The authors add: "Yet if it was not the 'movement,' or a clear-cut protest of any kind, Beatlemania was the first mass outburst of the '60s to feature women – in this case girls, who would not reach full adulthood until the '70s – and the emergence of a genuinely political movement for women's liberation." Derek Taylor, the band's press officer in 1964 and from 1968 until their break-up, described the relationship between the Beatles and their fans as "the twentieth century's greatest romance".


title: Beatlemania

text: The first band after the Beatles to receive widespread attention for its fan following in the UK was T.Rex, a glam-rock group led by Marc Bolan. In the early 1970s, the fan frenzy surrounding the band earned comparisons with Beatlemania and became known as "Bolanmania" and "T.Rextasy". Later in the decade, the British press coined the term "Rollermania" for female fans' adulation of the Bay City Rollers. Writing in "The Observer" in 2013, Dorian Lynskey said, "the tropes of Beatlemania have recurred in fan crazes from the Bay City Rollers to Bros, East 17 to One Direction: the screaming, the queuing, the waiting, the longing, the trophy-collecting, the craving for even the briefest contact." In their book "Encyclopedia of Classic Rock", David Luhrssen and Michael Larson state that while boy bands such as One Direction continue to attract audiences of screaming girls, "none of those acts moved pop culture forward or achieved the breadth and depth of the Beatles' fandom." André Millard similarly writes that, just as Beatlemania's "scale and ferocity" far surpassed the scenes of adulation inspired by Sinatra, Presley and Johnnie Ray, "nobody in popular entertainment has been able to repeat this moment in all its economic and cultural significance."


title: Reprise (film)

text: Reprise is a 2006 Norwegian comedy-drama film directed by Joachim Trier and co-written, over the course of five years, by Trier and Eskil Vogt. It is Trier's first feature-length film and the first, along with "Oslo, August 31st" (2011) and "The Worst Person in the World" (2021), in the director's "Oslo Trilogy".


title: Reprise (film)

text: The film follows a friend group of Oslovians as they navigate their early 20s, focusing particularly on Erik (Espen Klouman Høiner) and Phillip (Anders Danielsen Lie), who both harbour ambitions of being writers but whose lives take different paths.


title: Reprise (film)

text: Best friends Erik and Phillip, both 23, have written books and fantasize that their novels will become cult hits. However when they both submit manuscripts Erik's is rejected. Phillip's, on the other hand, is immediately accepted and a year later he becomes a star of the Norwegian literary scene.


title: Reprise (film)

text: Six months later, Erik and his friends pick up Phillip at a psychiatric hospital to bring him home after treatment following a suicide attempt. It is revealed that Phillip is suffering from psychosis which doctors believe was triggered by his whirlwind romance with Kari, a girl he met and fell in love with at an underground punk show. Still unpublished, Erik hasn't given up his dream, and continues to submit while Phillip shies away from all mention of writing. Instead Phillip tries to reunite with Kari, who on the advise of his psychiatrists hasn't seen Phillip in seven months.


title: Reprise (film)

text: Erik's revised novel finally is accepted by a publisher. He struggles to assert himself during the editing process and wonders whether he should stay with his girlfriend, Lilian, who he fears is holding him back from success. His publisher invites him to a book launch where Erik learns that Sten Egil Dahl, a reclusive writer he and Phillip both admire deeply, will be in attendance. Erik invites Phillip to the launch but Phillip is quickly overwhelmed and leaves early. Meanwhile Erik's attempt to meet Dahl is botched by another writer.


title: Reprise (film)

text: Still unable to write, Phillip invites Kari to Paris to try to recreate their first trip together. While there he obsessively has Kari re-enact the events of their first trip ignoring her discomfort. He eventually admits that he no longer is sure he loves her.


title: Reprise (film)

text: Erik's book is published but the publicity tour goes badly, he is met with poor reviews, and Lillian dumps him for being selfish.


title: Reprise (film)

text: After a night out with Erik, Phillip is inspired to write and immediately asks Erik for his thoughts. Erik is honest and tells Phillip it isn't his best work but has potential. Phillip is crushed and criticizes himself as a hack who recycles the work of Dahl and Ulven. After Phillip implies he thinks the same of Erik's novel, Erik angrily leaves. Going to the park he is knocked over by Sten Egil Dahl's dog and awakens in Dahl's home. To his surprise Dahl not only knows who he is but has read his work. While still critical of Erik's novel, Dahl also praises it. This renews Erik's self-confidence and he begins to contemplate leaving Oslo to concentrate on his writing.


title: Reprise (film)

text: Phillip goes to Kari's telemarketing job and tells her that he loves her. When Kari rejects him he collapses on the floor. He is taken back to a psychiatric hospital. Erik goes to visit him but cannot bring himself to meet with him and instead leaves.


title: Reprise (film)

text: Erik imagines a future in which he abruptly leaves for Paris, writing a book that creates mixed reviews but draws comparisons with Dahl's work. However his success is upstaged by the surprising literary success of another friend in his social circle, the boorish Henning. In Erik's fantasy Erik returns to Oslo for a friend's wedding. He runs into Phillip, who is happy and back with Kari, who is back in school studying psychology.


title: Reprise (film)

text: The day after the wedding Erik and Phillip meet at a café and discuss Dahl's abrupt suicide for unknown reasons. Phillip compliments Erik on his latest novel, which encourages Erik to keep going forward with his third book. Erik asks Phillip if he is still writing and he admits he is unlikely to write again unless inspiration abruptly strikes. Erik imagines a happy Phillip and Kari sitting at the café, playfully teasing each other.


title: Reprise (film)

text: The film grossed approximately $1,297,260 worldwide: $514,013 in the United States and Canada, and $647,579 in other territories—including $491,785 in Norway.


title: Reprise (film)

text: "Reprise" received generally positive reviews from Western critics. As of August 23, 2008, the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 87% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 69 reviews. Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 78 out of 100, based on 10 reviews.


title: Reprise (film)

text: In November 2009, film critics at the Norwegian newspaper "Verdens Gang" named "Reprise" the best Norwegian film of the decade.


title: Lisa Wu

text: Lisa Wu is an American television personality, actress, realtor, screenwriter and designer. She is best known for appearing on reality series "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" and "Hollywood Divas".


title: Lisa Wu

text: Lisa was born and raised in Inglewood, California as one of nine children. Her father, Stanley Wu, is a first-generation Chinese-American and her mother, Victoria Brislis-Wu, was of Afro-Caribbean descent. She has said that her family was often the target of discriminatory comments in their neighborhood.


title: Lisa Wu

text: Wu started her career as a backup dancer for musical artists and bands such as Public Enemy, EPMD, and Candyman. Shortly after this, she joined the rap group 9tene. After leaving music, Wu wrote, produced, and acted in the film "Black Ball" (2003). She remained in the film industry for many years as a screenwriter, producer, and an actress.


title: Lisa Wu

text: Wu was cast in the inaugural season of Bravo's "The Real Housewives of Atlanta". She appeared in the main cast for the first two seasons (2008–09) and was a guest for the third season (2010–11). She ultimately made guest appearances further on in the ninth, tenth, and fourteenth seasons, respectively.


title: Lisa Wu

text: Wu is the author of a novel called "When The Cake is Made". The novel was published in 2010 following her departure from "RHOA".


title: Lisa Wu

text: Since her departure from "RHOA", Wu has continued her career as an actress and producer. From 2014 until 2016, she was a cast member with four other actresses working on a short film, "The White Sistas", on the TV One series "Hollywood Divas".


title: Lisa Wu

text: One of nine children, Wu's elder brother, Meho, is deceased, and Wu was seen grieving over his death in a Season 2 episode of "RHOA", during the build-up to an anniversary of his death.


title: Lisa Wu

text: From 1992 until 2002, Wu was married to Keith Sweat. The couple have two sons, Jordan (b. 1995) and Justin (b. 1998).


title: Lisa Wu

text: In 2005, Wu married Ed Hartwell, and the couple had one son, Ed, Jr. Ed Hartwell filed for divorce on August 24, 2011; it was finalized October 7, 2011, with the court document giving her name as Sharon Millette Hartwell.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: The third generation of the BMW 6 Series consists of the BMW F12 (two-door convertible version), BMW F13 (two-door coupe version) and BMW F06 (four-door "Gran Coupe" version) grand tourers. The F12/F13/F06 generation was produced from 2011 to 2018 and is often collectively referred to as the F12.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: The F12 shares a platform and many features with the F10 5 Series, with the F12/13 having a shorter wheelbase than the F10, while the F06's wheelbase matches the F10's.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: The M6 version is powered by the S63 twin-turbocharged V8 engine mated to a 7-speed dual clutch transmission. It is the first M6 model to use a turbocharged engine.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: Production of the F12 generation ended when the Gran Coupe models were discontinued in September 2018. The successor to the F12, the BMW 8 Series (G15), began production in June 2018.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: The new 6 Series was first shown as the "BMW Concept 6 Series" coupé concept car at the 2010 Paris Motor Show. The exterior was designed by Nader Faghihzadeh, and the interior by Christian Bauer.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: Unusually for BMW, the production version of the convertible was released before the coupé. The convertible version was officially introduced in January at the 2011 North American International Auto Show, while the coupé was introduced in April at the Shanghai Auto Show and New York Auto Show. The Gran Coupé was introduced at the 2012 New York Auto Show.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: Initial models included the 640i and 650i, while 640d and 650i xDrive models were later added to the lineup. The kerb weight of the model range is .


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: The F06 Gran Coupé is the four-door coupé variant of the 6 Series, and was launched in June 2012 at the Geneva International Motor Show. The design of the Gran Coupé was inspired by the 2007 BMW CS Concept.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: The wheelbase of the Gran Coupé is longer than the F13 coupé, and the same length as the BMW F10 5 Series. Compared with the F13 coupé, the body is longer, and taller. The Gran Coupé has a 4+1 seating arrangement, meaning there are two full-size rear seats, and one smaller rear middle seat. Compared to the F01 7 Series, the Gran Coupe has a larger trunk (16.2 cubic feet versus 14 cubic feet) less headroom in the back seats due to the sloping rear roof line.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: Production of the Gran Coupe models began in March 2012 and ended in September 2018. Although production ended in fall of 2018, the F06 Gran Coupe are available in the 2019 model year.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: Most models were only available with an 8-speed automatic transmission. The M6 was available with a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission (called "M-DCT"), and a 6-speed manual transmission in the United States.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: The F06/F12/F13 6 Series introduced selectable driving modes with ECO PRO, Comfort, and Sport, affecting the acceleration, transmission shift points, and climate control system.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: Convertible models feature sun reflective front seats, and Gran Coupé models feature 60:40 split-folding rear seats. 6 Series models are also available with the M Sport package, featuring M exterior and interior styling, LED foglights, 19-inch alloy wheels, sports seats, and an Alcantara interior. Additional options include automatic parking, a Bang & Olufsen surround sound speaker system, and all-wheel drive (xDrive).


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: M Performance Parts can be fitted to all models. These include black grilles, carbon fibre mirrors, a sport exhaust system, M rims, sport pedals, a sport steering wheel and a carbon fibre gear selector.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: The M6 version was produced in convertible (F12), coupé (F13) and four-door coupé (F06) body styles. It was launched in the coupé body style alongside the standard 6 Series Gran Coupé at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show, and at the Auto Mobil International Leipzig in convertible form.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: It is powered by the S63 4.4 litre twin-turbo V8. In most countries, the only transmission offered was a Getrag 7-speed dual-clutch transmission (called "M-DCT"). In the United States, a 6-speed manual transmission was also available.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: Compared to the standard car, the M6 features M-styling, merino leather upholstery, an M-specific head-up display, and a carbon fibre roof.


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: The Alpina B6 Gran Coupé xDrive was launched in 2014 and is a high performance model based on the 650i. It shares the 4.4-litre twin-turbo V8 found in the B5 BiTurbo rated at and , with a top speed of . B6 models receive 20-inch alloy wheels, aerodynamic elements, and exclusive trim and paint options. In 2015, the B6 was refreshed and received performance improvements of and , and now had a top speed of .


title: BMW 6 Series (F12)

text: The B6 was manufactured alongside the regular 6 Series in Dingolfing, and was then completed with remaining components at the Alpina factory in Buchloe, Bavaria. It is sold by BMW in the United States and Canada, and is also independently sold by Alpina in other countries.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Hawk and Dove are a superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Steve Ditko and Steve Skeates, they appeared in "Showcase" #75 (June 1968) during the Silver Age of Comic Books. The duo has existed in multiple incarnations over the years across several eponymous ongoing series and miniseries, and has also appeared in a number of recurring roles and guest appearances in titles such as "Teen Titans", "Birds of Prey", and "Brightest Day". The duo originated as teenage brothers Hank Hall as Hawk and Don Hall as Dove. Following Don's death in "Crisis on Infinite Earths" (1985), Dawn Granger assumed the role of Dove in "Hawk & Dove" #1 (October 1988). The mantle of Hawk would later be taken up by Dawn's sister Holly Granger in 2003 after Hank was killed during 1994's "" until her death and Hank's resurrection in "Blackest Night" (2009). An unrelated team consisting of military cadet Sasha Martens as Hawk and rock musician Wiley Wolverman as Dove also appeared as the focus of a 1997 miniseries. The pairing of Hank and Dawn serve as the current and most commonly published incarnation of the team.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Inspired by the emerging political divides of the 1960s between pro-war hawks and pacifist doves, the central concept traditionally revolves around two young heroes with contrasting personalities and diametrically opposed ideologies who, by speaking their superheroic aliases, are transformed and granted power sets of heightened strength, speed, and agility. With Dove embodying reason and nonviolence and Hawk embodying force and aggression, the two heroes complement one another to effectively fight evil. With the introduction of Dawn Granger, it was revealed that Hawk and Dove receive their powers from the Lords of Chaos and Order, respectively, and that their powers are mystic in origin.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Though the duo's ongoing titles have all been relatively short-lived and their guest appearances in other titles sporadic, the heroes have experienced a storied and sometimes tragic history. Multiple characters have worn the respective titles of Hawk and Dove at one time or another and the legacy has experienced death, resurrection and even Hank's own descent into madness and subsequent transformation into the mass-murdering villain Monarch and later Extant.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Hank Hall, Dawn Granger, and Don Hall made their live-action debuts in the television series "Titans", played by Alan Ritchson, Minka Kelly, and Elliot Knight, respectively.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Spinning off from their "Showcase" debut, Hank and Don Hall received their own series titled "The Hawk and the Dove". Created by plotter/artist Steve Ditko and writer Steve Skeates, with Carmine Infantino coming up with the title, Ditko plotted only the first issue and left after the second. In a 1999 interview, Skeates expressed dismay with changes that would be made to his script by Ditko and editorial, citing a tendency to neutralize Dove's abilities as a crimefighter in favor of Hawk's:


title: Hawk and Dove

text: It was strange. A lot of changes would happen after I turned in a script. Quite often, my idea of what to do with the Dove was have him do brave stuff – and then it would be changed by either Dick [Giordano] or Steve into the Hawk doing that stuff. They'd say it was out of character for the Dove. They seemed to be equating Dove with wimp, wuss, coward or whatever. And I don't really think it was because they were more hawkish. I just don't think that they knew what a dove was.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Although Skeates attempted to change the direction of the series after Ditko left and artist Gil Kane joined the creative team, Skeates himself left after the fourth issue, leaving Kane to take on both writing and art responsibilities until the book's cancellation due to low sales after only the sixth issue.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: The original Hawk and Dove made sporadic appearances in different DC titles throughout the 1970s and 1980s, primarily within the "Teen Titans" and "New Teen Titans", joining the original incarnation briefly from "Teen Titans" #25–30 (January–October 1970), under the guidance of writers Dick Giordano and Robert Kanigher and artist Nick Cardy. Skeates also provided scripts for some of these issues they appeared in. The brothers also teamed up with Batman in "The Brave and the Bold" #181 (Dec 1981) in an out-of-continuity tale written by Alan Brennert and drawn by Jim Aparo.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: The original Hawk and Dove's last appearance together was in "Crisis on Infinite Earths" #12 (March 1986), in which Don Hall was killed and became one of the last of a multitude of characters to meet their demise throughout the series, including the Flash, Supergirl, and dozens of others.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Following Dove's death, Hawk and Dove would appear together in various flashbacks, while Hawk would appear alone in occasional guest-appearances in the "Teen Titans" titles, including his own solo two-part story in "Teen Titans Spotlight" #7–8 (February-March 1987) by Mike Baron and Jackson Guice.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In 1986, Karl Kesel and Barbara Kesel began collaborating on a revival of Hawk and Dove, with the idea of creating a second Dove, who would this time be a female that would later become Dawn Granger. Karl Kesel stated:


title: Hawk and Dove

text: I was inking the figure of the dead Dove on George Pérez's "Crisis" spread in "The History of the DC Universe" not crying tears over the death of the guy since he was pretty much a minor hero, but regretting the end of a really interesting team. I always liked Hawk and Dove. I always thought how they'd say "Hawk!" and "Dove!" and transform was really cool. Then it hit me: The mysterious voice that gave Hawk and Dove their powers could easily give the Dove powers to someone else! Maybe… a woman! I called Barbara as soon as I could. She sparked off the idea instantly and before even we knew it, we were co-writers.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: The revival was approved for a five-issue miniseries, and the Kesels were joined by then-up-and-coming artist Rob Liefeld. The miniseries, shortened from its 1968 title to simply "Hawk & Dove", was published in 1988–1989. The revival veered away from the duo's Silver Age political leanings and told a more straightforward superhero story with human trappings, introducing a number of supporting characters and villains that were loosely based on many of the Kesels' friends and family. Their portrayals of Hank and Dawn themselves were modeled on Barbara Kesel's brother and Karl Kesel's sister, respectively. This new direction was well received by fans and sold out, which then spurred the launch of an ongoing series with "Hawk & Dove" (vol. 3) in June 1989, co-written by the Kesels, with Greg Guler replacing Liefeld on art chores. The Kesels also wrote a Hawk and Dove feature in "Secret Origins" #43 (August 1989) that elaborated on the origin story of Hank and Don, revealing that Hawk and Dove's powers were given to them by the Lords of Chaos and Order and that Hawk and Dove themselves were Agents of Chaos and Order, respectively.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Despite its strong start, the relaunched ongoing series was eventually cancelled after 28 issues and two "Annual"s, with issue #28 being published in October 1991. To date, this is the longest any "Hawk & Dove" ongoing series has lasted.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Hank and Don Hall were the sons of Judge Irwin Hall. They eventually found out that their father had many enemies when he was nearly assassinated. Hank and Don eventually follow the criminal back to the hideout where they accidentally locked themselves in the closet of some criminals plotting to dispose of him. Just as Hank and Don who found for the first time they could agree that they wanted to save their father, mysterious voices echoed throughout the room offering the boys a chance to save their father. All they had to do was call upon the powers of the Hawk and the Dove. The voices belonged to a Lord of Chaos named T'Charr and a Lord of Order named Terataya (even though the Lords of Chaos and Order were eternal enemies, these two Lords had fallen in love). The Hall brothers invoked their new powers and became Hawk and Dove. The conservative Hawk (Hank) was hot-headed and reactionary, whereas the liberal Dove (Don) was more thoughtful and reasoned, but was prone to indecisiveness. Judge Irwin Hall displayed a more balanced political beliefs, and firmly disapproved of vigilantism, not knowing his sons were costumed adventurers and the fact that Hawk and Dove had saved him from his would-be assailants.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: After their series ended, Hawk and Dove became semi-regulars in the Teen Titans, eventually joining Titans West. Writer Alan Brennert attempted to end their saga in a 1982 issue of "The Brave and the Bold" where 12 years later, Hank and Don Hall, then adults, are trying to cope with their 1960s values in the 1980s. After Hawk and Dove teamed up with Batman, the mysterious voice revoked Hank and Don's powers, deeming them still immature. This was later intentionally disregarded with a joke (where Don notes everyone says they look older) in "New Teen Titans" #50, when it was realized the real time aging of Hank and Don would affect the age of the Teen Titans as well.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Dove died in 1985's "Crisis on Infinite Earths" while saving a young boy who was being attacked by the Anti-Monitor's shadow demons. The creature that killed Dove came from behind while he was saving a kid from a falling building and Hawk was too far away to intervene. A statue of Don is part of the memorial at Titans Tower in San Francisco. Hawk continued on his own, but without Dove to restrain him, he became violent to the point where many superheroes considered him nearly as much trouble as the supervillains.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In 1988, a new "Hawk and Dove" miniseries written by Karl Kesel and Barbara Kesel reintroduced the duo. This series placed a woman named Dawn Granger as the Dove, replacing Don, who had died. The new Dove mysteriously received her powers while attempting to save her mother from terrorists. At the end of the miniseries, it was revealed that Dawn received her powers the moment Don had been stripped of them.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: This Dove, while considerably more aggressive and self-confident than Don, also has greater-than-average strength and dexterity, faster-than-human speed and expanded mental capabilities. Dove fights mostly defensively, preferring to out-think and remain in control of her opponent. She also heals quickly and cannot revert to Dawn if her wounds or some other condition would be fatal to Dawn. They managed to hold their own against the Lords of Chaos' creation called Kestrel.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Set in Washington, D.C. (where the duo attended Georgetown University), the series introduced several supporting characters, including Hank's girlfriend, Ren Takamori, and friends Kyle Spenser and Donna Cabot. They also worked with police Captain Brian "Sal" Arsala, who would develop a mutual admiration for Dawn. It also introduced Kestrel, an evil spell created by M'Shulla and Barter, owner of Barter Trading: Exotic Goods and Services.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Hawk and Dove are lured to the mystical land of Druspa Tau – the home of the Lords of Chaos and Order – by Kestrel. It is all an effort of M'Shulla to seek out that world's Lords of Order. They are eventually discovered – Terataya, Lord of Order, and T'Charr, Lord of Chaos – in the form of a combined being called Unity. After M'Shulla and Kestrel are defeated (Hawk absorbs Kestrel and effectively destroys him), T'Charr and Terataya reveal they created Hawk and Dove to prove to the other Lords of Chaos and Order that the two forces could work together (and also because they were in love) and then convince Hawk and Dove to absorb the essence of their respective creators. This merging enhances their powers: Dove could now fly and was stronger and bulletproof; and Hawk now had superstrength and was nearly invulnerable.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In 1991, in an editorial snafu concerning the miniseries "Armageddon 2001", word leaked out that the central time-travelling villain of the piece (known as Monarch) was actually Captain Atom. Monarch had originally been conceived as a future identity of Captain Atom (post-psychotic break). Waverider had even "checked" Hawk's future in "Hawk and Dove Annual" #2, which had them fighting Monarch, eliminating them as possible candidates. In a last-ditch effort to provide a "surprise twist", DC changed the storyline.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Sales of "Hawk and Dove" had dipped and the series was slotted for cancellation, so Monarch's identity was revealed as the future Hank Hall. Monarch attacked Hawk and Dove and managed to murder Dawn in front of Hank, causing him to suffer the psychotic break, kill Monarch, and assume his villainous identity. He briefly became a recurring foe for Captain Atom before absorbing Waverider's time-travel powers, subsequently changing his form and name to Extant in "".


title: Hawk and Dove

text: As Extant, Hawk murdered several members of the Justice Society of America; during a rematch, however, the Atom Smasher used the New God Metron's Mobius Chair to transfer Hall onto a doomed plane in place of the Atom Smasher's mother; the plane exploded due to the terrorist actions of Kobra. Despite his crimes and the lives taken by him, a statue of him is present in the Titans Tower memorial in San Francisco.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Another version of Hawk (Sasha Martens) and Dove (Wiley Wolverman) appeared in a five-issue miniseries in 1997, written by Mike Baron. In this version, completely unrelated to the concept of the Lords of Chaos and Order, the duo's conflicting personalities manifested as "military brat" and "slacker dude", respectively. They gained large bird wings and a telepathic link by receiving experimental medical treatments as children. Following the miniseries, the new Hawk and Dove made a handful of cameo appearances in Titans-related books, once protecting the town of Woodstock, New York, during a worldwide crisis.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In 2003, "JSA" #45–50 told of a mysterious woman in a coma who was taken into the care of the Justice Society. Initially thought to be the comatose body of Hector Hall's missing wife, Hippolyta Trevor, the woman was revealed to be none other than the presumed-dead Dawn Granger. Dawn's "death" was revealed to be a hoax orchestrated by the villain Mordru, who was also revealed to have caused Hank's insanity that set him down the path to becoming Monarch (and later Extant).


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Dawn later gained a new partner when her estranged and aggressive British sister Holly Granger was granted the mystical powers of Chaos as the third Hawk. Holly's first appearance was in "Teen Titans" (vol. 3) #22–23, joining her sister and many other former Titans against Dr. Light. The duo later re-teamed with the Titans to rescue Raven's "soul self" from their old nemesis Kestrel.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In the "Day of Vengeance" limited series, the Spectre attacks and apparently destroys T'Charr and Terataya (who apparently were temporarily no longer dead), leaving Hawk and Dove supposedly powerless. Despite this, however, Hawk and Dove were shown during a worldwide prison break, being contacted telepathically by J'onn J'onzz. Both were in costume and Dove was carrying Hawk while flying, possibly implying that T'Charr and Terataya were somehow restored to life after Earth entered the Tenth Age of Magic.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Hawk and Dove also appeared in "Countdown to Mystery", in which Dawn Granger is one of a number of heroes possessed by Eclipso. In "Teen Titans" (vol. 3) #34 (post-"Infinite Crisis"), Holly and Dawn are shown in Titans Tower sometime during the previous year, with dialogue from Hawk implying that they were at the time members of the Teen Titans. Their association with the team was temporary, though they resurfaced in the "Titans East Special" as part of a new team organized by Cyborg. The sisters were both shot by energy beams from Trigon and were left for dead. Later events showed they were badly injured but had survived the experience.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In "Blackest Night" #2, multiple black power rings attempt to reanimate the body of Don Hall, only to be prevented from disturbing his grave by an invisible barrier. As they collide with the barrier, the rings' typical command ("rise") is interrupted; the rings instead respond "Don Hall of Earth at peace". This is the first depiction of the black power rings failing to recruit a member for the Black Lantern Corps. Though Don rejects the black rings, his brother Hank's corpse accepts his with humor: "Same old, same old, huh, bro? Hawk's got to do all the dirty work himself".


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In "Blackest Night: Titans" #1, Hank lures Holly and Dawn to a library with a trail of dead hawks and doves, then kills Holly by ripping out her heart. A black power ring then claims Holly's body and the two Black Lantern Hawks assault and torment Dawn. Eventually Dove goes to Titans Tower for help, only to find it under attack by more Black Lantern Titans. Holly and Hank catch up to her and resume their attack. When Holly attempts to rip out Dawn's heart, a blast of white energy radiates from her body, severing the connection between Holly and the ring. Dawn then turns the light on the other Black Lanterns, destroying all but Terra, Tempest and Hank. The effort causes Dawn to pass out. While unconscious, she has a vision of Don, who tells her that she can save Hank and should not give up on him.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Dawn and the Titans join the Justice League in battling the Black Lanterns at Coast City. She is able to destroy Black Lanterns with her very presence. The Flash (Barry Allen) witnesses Dawn's fight with the undead army and realizes that she possesses the "white light of creation" as mentioned by Indigo-1 (a member from the Indigo Tribe), a power believed to be created by the combined seven powers of the emotional spectrum. During the battle, Dove's white energies are pulled into the Black Lanterns' central power battery, under the control of the being trapped inside: the being is eventually revealed to be the villainous Anti-Monitor. Dove aids the seven Corps members to defeat the cosmic entity before resuming their battle with the Black Lantern Corps. In the aftermath of the final battle, Hank is brought back to life by the power of the white light. A memorial statue is created for Holly at Titans Tower.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Hank and Dawn encounter Deadman shortly after the events of "Blackest Night". They have him, in their own particular ways, try to resurrect Don and Holly, but to no avail; the voice guiding Deadman simply indicates death no longer holds the same meaning. The three are transported to Silver City, New Mexico, where they find the White Lantern power battery in a crater. When Deadman asks the white battery why they were all brought back to life, the Entity tells them that it is dying and requires a successor. The Entity also tells Hawk to save Dawn from Captain Boomerang (although the fact that it also told Boomerang to attack Dawn in the first place suggests a larger plan at play). When asking why Dove needs to be protected, the Entity said they all need protection.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Dove and Deadman travel together for a time, first to Atlantis and then Gotham City, in a search for a candidate to replace the Entity. They believe the Resurrection Man and Batman to be possible candidates, and Deadman tries to give the ring to Batman, but the ring rejects him and returns to Deadman, who is suddenly shot to death. But the ring brings him back to life and, upon doing so, both he and Dawn realize they are in love (she is the reason he embraces life and accepts the ring's offer). Deadman has since moved into Dove's apartment.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Later as the "dark avatar" made his presence known, Hawk and Dove are transported to the Star City forest by the Entity, where it tells them that they must protect the forest and withstand the ultimate savior, Alec Holland. Within the forest, Captain Boomerang finds Dawn and throws a boomerang at her. Hawk fails to catch it, but Deadman succeeds, dying in the process. Hawk is left to knock Captain Boomerang unconscious. After the Dark Avatar is defeated, the Entity reveals to them that the boomerang was part of a plan to free Hawk from his role as an avatar of war from the Lords of Chaos: his act of saving Dawn would have broken their power over Hawk and allow him to be true to himself. Dawn is heartbroken. She and Boston Brand share an emotional farewell as Brand resumes his duties as "Deadman".


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Around this same time period, Dawn and Hank are recruited into the Birds of Prey by Zinda Blake while in Gotham to stop some teenaged supervillains. Immediately after their meeting with Zinda, the two are called in by Oracle to rescue the Black Canary and the Huntress from a villainess calling herself the White Canary. Dove also appears as part of Wonder Woman's all-female super team in "Wonder Woman" #600.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In 2011, DC relaunched this title as part of their company-wide reboot of their 52 major titles. It was released on 7 September, written by Sterling Gates and art by Rob Liefeld.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In this new series, Hawk and Dove are Hank Hall and Dawn Granger, who resume their superhero activities in Washington, D.C., with assistance from Deadman. They encounter Condor and Swan, a new pair of supervillains who possess superpowers similar to theirs. Hawk and Dove fight Condor and Swan after they try to kill President Barack Obama and Hank's father. Swan escapes, but Hawk and Dove manage to defeat Condor, who is revealed to be an old unnamed man.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: During the first issue, the origins of Hawk and Dove are recounted – Don and Hank were Dove and Hawk for at least two years, until three years before the start of the series, when Don perished during the "worst crisis the world has ever seen" (referencing Don's death in the original canon in the Crisis) and Dawn became the next avatar almost immediately. This is later retconned in the "Titans Hunt" miniseries, where it is revealed that Hank and Don were members of the original Teen Titans, and that Don was killed during a battle between the team and Mister Twister.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: It is also said that Dawn had a connection to Don, known only to herself and Deadman, but unknown to Hank. The "Hawk and Dove" series was cancelled after issue #8 (released on 4 April 2012).


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In the new continuity, Dawn Granger has a tenuous romantic relationship with Deadman and has appeared in the team comic "Justice League Dark"; their attempt fails miserably, as while Deadman insists to carry on their relationship using borrowed bodies, Dove shows disdain and repulsion to the idea.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", Hawk and Dove are shown on TV being arrested by the Rocket Red Brigade for interfering with the Russian police.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: In the pages of "", Don Hall is revealed to be entombed in the Valhalla Cemetery. Batman later revived him and Holly Granger with a Black Lantern Ring.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Dove possesses an ability known as danger sense transformation. When in the presence of danger, whether to herself or others, Dawn Granger can call out the word "Dove" and transform into Dove. She does not need to be aware of danger, meaning she transforms if she says the word while unknowingly being in danger. However, the transformation requires actual danger, so if Dawn says "Dove" without danger being present, she would not transform.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: The transformation wears off a short time after any danger has passed, unless Dove is seriously injured. She will remain as Dove until the injuries are sufficiently healed. Hank once searched the warehouse district to find a criminal hideout, having to say "Hawk" before entering each warehouse. On high magic worlds, Dawn can remain as Dove for extended periods regardless of whether danger is present.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: The transformation changes Granger into a minor force of Order and she gains avian characteristics, which are hidden under her costume. If the costume receives sufficient damage, it can reveal part of her true form, which shines with the golden glowing light of Order. Within realms of higher magic, Dove can easily remove the costume and show her true form.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Dove is also hypervigilant; her natural aptitudes are enhanced, such as her ability to judge people which allows her to "read" people and objects, and know how they will behave. In addition to flight, she also has enhanced agility, can withstand physical punishment, heal quickly and her perceptions are heightened to their fullest extent.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Due to her connection with Terataya, on high magic worlds her powers are enhanced. She can concentrate her radiance into a blinding beam of light. She also possesses the White Light of Creation. It is unknown whether this power is an extension of her radiance ability, but during the "Blackest Night" crisis, Dove was able to channel this particular force and destroy Black Lanterns along with blocking a Black Lantern's aura-reading power. How and why Dawn was chosen for this power, or whether it has anything to do with her link to Terataya, remains unknown.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: As seen in the pages of "Blackest Night", Don Hall is impervious to black power rings. In an interview with IGN, Geoff Johns provides an explanation behind Dove's immunity to the black power rings: "You'll learn more about this as we go forward. But really it speaks to the nature of Don Hall. He can't be desecrated by the likes of these things. He's untouchable in death and at total peace more than any other being in the universe". Reflecting on the limitations of the rings, Johns goes on to state that, even though magic is a "joke" to the black power rings, Don is quite the opposite.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Hawk possesses a "danger sense transformation" which allows him to change into a super-human with the powers of superstrength, unlimited stamina, enhanced speed, enhanced agility, enhanced durability, enhanced body density and healing factor.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: His partner Dove suppresses his violent nature and without her presence Hawk's rage becomes boundless.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: While he was a member of the Black Lantern Corps, Hawk wielded a black power ring which allowed him to generate black energy constructs. He was also able to perceive emotional auras.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Outside of the enemies they fought with the Teen Titans, each of the Hawk and Dove incarnations had their own enemies:


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Hank Hall and Don Hall appear in "The Dark Knight Strikes Again". The Hall brothers try to take up the tights again in their old age, but do not return to action, due to their constant arguments.


title: Hawk and Dove

text: Hank Hall and Dawn Granger / Hawk and Dove appear in "DC Super Hero Girls" as background students at Super Hero High.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: Thomas "Tommy" Vercetti is a fictional character and the playable protagonist of the 2002 video game "", the fourth main installment in Rockstar Games' "Grand Theft Auto" series. The first protagonist in the series with full dialogue, Tommy was voiced by Ray Liotta.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: Portrayed as a temperamental gangster and criminal mastermind, the character is an ex-made man of the Forelli crime family, a fictional Italian Mafia organisation in the "Grand Theft Auto" universe. After serving a fifteen-year prison sentence for murder, Tommy is released in 1986 and resumes work for the Forelli family, but finds himself caught in an ambushed drug deal and subsequently tasked with recovering the stolen money and drugs. Tommy's quest leads him to make various criminal contacts that he works for, slowly building up a reputation within the criminal underworld of Vice City, a fictional town based on Miami, Florida. After murdering the drug lord who masterminded the ambush, he takes over his criminal empire, which he subsequently expands with the help of his contacts, ultimately becoming the kingpin of Vice City.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: Tommy was well-received by critics, who found him to be more fleshed-out and likeable than previous protagonists in the series, and praised his characterization, comparing it to that of Tony Montana from the 1983 film "Scarface". Liotta's performance as Tommy was also praised, and earned him multiple year-end accolades.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: Tommy, an Italian-American, is portrayed with a swarthy, handsome appearance, combed dark brown, almost black hair, and a constant five o'clock shadow. He first appears wearing a light blue-green Hawaiian shirt with dark blue palm trees printed on it, a gold pearl necklace around his neck, a gold watch around his left wrist, and a pair of blue jeans and white sneakers. This outfit becomes known as Tommy's "street" clothes. As the game progresses, Tommy is offered more wardrobe options: he obtains a blue-purple pastel suit with the sleeves rolled up over a black dress shirt and black loafers, as well as the option of a dark pinstripe suit labeled as "Mr. Vercetti" (which bears similarities to Tony Montana's suit). A light green jumpsuit is available to perform a bank robbery, complete with a hockey mask, and is even able to wear the uniform for an allied gang, among many others.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: Tommy Vercetti, in several ways, exhibits characteristics of fictional drug lord Tony Montana from the 1983 film "Scarface". This coincides with the heavy themes and appearance of the movie that has been implemented into "Vice City". Among these characteristics, his exile from his old home (Liberty City), his rise to power (acquiring property and wealth in the city, and a mansion which also sports an interior similar to that of Montana's mansion). Tommy is also a hired assassin, has killed his own collaborators (Lance Vance), taken over his temporary boss's business (Ricardo Diaz) and rebelled against his former leader (Sonny Forelli), as Tony Montana had. The only notable difference is that the final gunfight in Montana's mansion sees Montana eventually killed, whereas the final gunfight in Tommy's mansion sees Tommy managing to single-handedly take down his captors and survive.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: Tommy Vercetti is depicted as both intelligent and temperamental; he is easily angered and quick to resort to violence. He has no hesitation about killing, though many of his victims are in turn trying to kill Tommy as well, or have done something that requires them to be killed. Despite all this, Tommy does also show a softer side as seen with his relations with Mercedes Cortez, the daughter of Juan Garcia Cortez, and Earnest Kelly, an elderly employee at the "Print Works" printing company that he buys later in the game; the former serves as a love interest for Tommy, while the latter is more of a father figure due to his childhood memories of working with his father at a printworks.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: Tommy Vercetti was born in Liberty City to an Italian-American family. As a child, he would often visit his father at his job as a printing press operator, and helped him by cleaning the rollers. Although Tommy initially dreamed of an honest life, he quickly became caught up in the criminal lifestyle as a teenager, after befriending Sonny Forelli. Sonny, a prominent member (presumably already Don) of the Forelli Crime Family, got Tommy involved in various criminal activities, and eventually inducted him into the family as a made man.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: In 1971, jealous and nervous of Tommy's rising reputation within the Mafia, Sonny sent him into a trap to be killed, under the guise of a mission to assassinate a rival mobster in the city's Harwood district. When he arrived, Tommy was swiftly ambushed by eleven men, but managed to kill them all. Despite acting in self-defense, Tommy was arrested and sent to prison for multiple charges of murder. At one point, he was to be placed on death row, but due to the Forelli familly's influence and possible interference, he only served fifteen years. While in prison, Tommy earned the nickname "The Harwood Butcher" for his actions prior to his arrest.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: Fresh out of prison in 1986, Tommy is immediately dispatched by Sonny to Vice City to oversee an important drug deal. The deal was arranged by Sonny to both keep Tommy outside Liberty City in order to avoid further conflict with law enforcement, and to allow the Forelli family (by this time the most powerful Mafia organization in Liberty City) to expand into the drug trade in the south. Once in Vice City, Tommy and his assigned bodyguards meet the Forellis' crooked lawyer Ken Rosenberg, who drives them to the deal's location. When the deal is ambushed by masked assailants who kill Tommy's bodyguards and one of the customers, Tommy is forced to flee with Ken and abandon the money given to him by Sonny and the merchandise. After calling Sonny to give him the bad news, Tommy finds himself tasked with retrieving the drugs and Sonny's money, and kill whoever masterminded the ambush, under the threat of retaliation from Sonny.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: During his investigation, Tommy makes a number of allies who offer him help, including retired Colonel Juan Garcia Cortez, who helped set up the exchange; music producer Kent Paul, a friend of Ken's who maintains connections with Vice City's criminal underbelly; Lance Vance, the vengeful brother of the customer killed in the ambush; and Texan real estate developer Avery Carrington, who hires Tommy to assist him with several jobs. Through Cortez, Tommy meets drug lord Ricardo Diaz, who employs him and Lance, but is later revealed to be responsible for the ambush. After working for Diaz to earn his trust, the pair kill him in his mansion, getting back their money and drugs.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: With Diaz dead, Tommy takes over his empire, and slowly distances himself from the Forelli family, ignoring Sonny's orders to pay him the money he is owed. While he remains in contact with most of his allies, he begins to neglect Lance, who asks him to be treated like an equal partner on multiple occasions. Instead, Tommy becomes more focused on expanding his criminal syndicate, called the "Vercetti Gang", by forcing various businesses to pay him protection money, buying out nearly bankrupt companies to be used as fronts for illicit operations, and forming alliances with gangs such as the Los Cabrones and the Vice City Bikers.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: After Tommy establishes himself as the undisputed kingpin of Vice City, he is forced to defend his businesses from Forelli mobsters sent by Sonny, who decided to take actions against Tommy. After learning Sonny will be coming to Vice City to collect what he believes he is owed, Tommy plans to pay him tribute with counterfeit money. However, when Sonny arrives at Tommy's mansion, he reveals that he knows about his plan thanks to Lance, who betrayed him, and admits his role in Tommy's arrest fifteen years prior. A shootout then ensues in the mansion, during which Tommy prevents the Forellis from stealing his money and murders Lance for his betrayal, before finally killing Sonny in a tense standoff. Moments later, Ken arrives to a scene of carnage, but Tommy assures him that everything is fine, because without Sonny, he is in charge now. He then names Ken his new right-hand man, declaring the moment to be "the beginning of a beautiful business relationship."


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: Not much is known about Tommy's life after 1986 other than his partnership with Ken being short-lived. At some point before 1992, when Ken's cocaine addiction became a serious nuisance for Tommy, he sent him to a rehabilitation center in Fort Carson, San Andreas, and abandoned him there. In "", a short prologue film to "", Ken gets out of rehab after completing his treatment and tries to contact Tommy, but is unsuccessful, as the latter has cut all ties with him.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: Prior to the release of "Vice City", IGN stated that Tommy was likely to "leave the same kind of imprint on kids today that [actor Ray Liotta's] portrayal of Ray Sinclair left on every high school and college kid who saw "Something Wild" back in 1986." They also compared Liotta's portrayal of Tommy to his portrayal of Henry Hill in "Goodfellas".


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: When asked about his portrayal of Tommy, Liotta stated that "it was hard work." He said that "you're pretty much putting yourself in [the game developers'] hands and doing whatever they want so there's not much for you to do creatively."


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: The character of Tommy Vercetti received very positive reviews and remarks from critics and players of "Vice City", making it to many lists of the best video game characters. IGN said that they "were ready for a more fleshed-out protagonist" after "Grand Theft Auto III"s Claude. Crave Online stated that playing as Tommy was "a breath of fresh air". "The Age" praised Ray Liotta's voice acting and stated "while the character riffs on Tony Montana throughout the game, Liotta's speeches give him a reckless sense of humour that makes him more likeable". GameDaily praised Liotta's portrayal as having transformed him from a generic-looking thug to a "tough guy who ruled the 80's." "The Telegraph" described Tommy as "the most amoral" "Grand Theft Auto" protagonist. Liotta won the award for Best Live Action/Voice Male Performance at the 2003 G-Phoria Awards and Best Performance by a Human at the 2003 Spike Video Game Awards.


title: Tommy Vercetti

text: A popular fan-propagated rumour alleged that Steve, the "Minecraft" player character, is based on Tommy Vercetti due to the alleged physical resemblance between both characters. The theory relied on a 2009 Tumblr post by "Minecraft" creator Markus Persson which documented his progress working on the game, where he acknowledged that visual designs inspired by "Grand Theft Auto" video games were used as a foundation for his work. In 2020, Persson posted on social media and denied any tangible connections between both characters.


title: On the Border

text: On the Border is the third studio album by American rock group the Eagles, released in 1974. Apart from two songs produced by Glyn Johns, it was produced by Bill Szymczyk because the group wanted a more rock‑oriented sound instead of the country-rock feel of the first two albums. It is the first Eagles album to feature guitarist Don Felder. "On the Border" reached number 17 on the "Billboard" album chart and has sold two million copies.


title: On the Border

text: Three singles were released from the album: "Already Gone", "James Dean" and "Best of My Love". The singles peaked at numbers 32, 77 and 1 respectively. "Best of My Love" became the band's first of five chart toppers. The album also includes "My Man", Bernie Leadon's tribute to his deceased friend Gram Parsons. Leadon and Parsons had played together in the pioneer country rock band Flying Burrito Brothers, before Leadon joined the Eagles.


title: On the Border

text: This is the first album by the Eagles to be released in Quadraphonic surround sound. It was released on Quadraphonic 8-track tape and CD-4 LP. A hidden message carved into the run out groove of some vinyl LPs reads: "He who hesitates is lunch".


title: On the Border

text: The album was initially produced by Glyn Johns and recorded at Olympic Studios in London, but during the making of the album, disagreement arose between the Eagles and Johns. As the band tried to lean towards a more hard rock sound, they felt that Johns was overemphasizing their country-influenced rock sound. Johns however felt that the Eagles were not capable of what the band wanted and told the band: "You are not a rock-and-roll band, The Who is a rock-and-roll band, and you're not that." The band—Glenn Frey in particular, but not Don Henley—were also unhappy with the no-drug policy of Johns during the recording; furthermore they did not feel at home recording in London. The band was concerned about the lack of success of the previous album "Desperado", and were more assertive in wanting more input into the album, which Johns was unwilling to allow. The Eagles spent six weeks recording in London, with both the band and the producer becoming frustrated with each other and frequent arguments between Johns and Frey. The band then took a break, decided to find a new producer and discarded all the recordings except for two usable tracks, "Best of My Love" and "You Never Cry Like a Lover".


title: On the Border

text: The band relocated back to California and hired Bill Szymczyk, who had produced "The Smoker You Drink, the Player You Get" by Joe Walsh—who was also managed by their manager Irving Azoff and who would go on to join the Eagles in late 1975—that interested the band. The band recorded the rest of the album at the Record Plant Studios in Los Angeles. They were allowed more input in how the album was made and enjoyed more freedom with Szymczyk in the making of the album. Szymczyk suggested they bring in a harder-edged guitarist to add slide guitar to the song "Good Day in Hell". Bernie Leadon suggested his old friend Don Felder, whom they had met and jammed with on a few occasions. The band was so impressed that they invited Felder to become the fifth Eagle. The only other track on this album on which he appeared was "Already Gone". They credited him as a late arrival on the album's liner notes.


title: On the Border

text: On the difference in sound between Johns' and Szymczyk's productions, Henley said: "There’s a lot less echo with Bill, for one thing. There’s more of a raw and funky presence. Glyn had a stamp he put on his records which is a deep echo that is really smooth like ice cream". He thought that the production on the two songs that Johns produced was good and necessary. Frey, however, found that L.A. country-rock records were "all too smooth and glassy", and wanted a "tougher sound". Their friend and collaborator J. D. Souther ascribed the change of producer to "Eagles’ desire to get more of a live, thin sound on the albums".


title: On the Border

text: The first two singles released were more rock-oriented; Frey was reluctant to release the Johns-produced "Best of My Love" as a single, and held off its release for some months. However, when it was finally released, the label had truncated the song–without the band's knowledge or approval–so that it would be more radio-friendly. "Best of My Love" would become their biggest hit thus far, and their first No. 1 on the charts.


title: On the Border

text: "Already Gone", "James Dean", and "Best of My Love" were released as singles from the album, and information on these songs can be found in their respective articles. The following are other noteworthy tracks from the album:


title: On the Border

text: Bernie Leadon's "My Man" is a tribute to Gram Parsons, who had died of a drug overdose in September 1973. Leadon and Parsons had been members of the pioneering country-rock band The Flying Burrito Brothers. In the lyrics, Leadon makes reference to Parsons' song "Hickory Wind" ("like a flower he bloomed till that old hickory wind called him home") which appeared on the Byrds' groundbreaking country-rock album "Sweetheart of the Rodeo" in 1968, the only Byrds album Parsons appeared on.


title: On the Border

text: A hard rock song, the track was inspired by the Watergate scandal and fears of the government overstepping its bounds and infringing on people's privacy. Barely audible at the end of the song, Glenn Frey can be heard whispering "Say Goodnight, Dick," a line made famous by Dan Rowan of Rowan and Martin but in this case referring to Richard Nixon's resignation. Nixon would indeed resign five months after the release of the album. Henley however judged the song they wrote a "clumsy, incoherent attempt" as they were still learning how to write. According to Henley, the song was supposed to be "an R&B-type song" but missed the mark.


title: On the Border

text: In the liner notes, T.N.T.S. was credited for the vocals on the track – it refers to Tanqueray 'n' tonic, a drink favored by the producer Szymczyk. According to Henley, the drink "“helped out“ on the hand-clap overdub and the Temptations-like background vocals on the title track" by adding an element of spontaneity to the song.


title: On the Border

text: David Geffen played to Glenn Frey a demo of three songs by Tom Waits; Frey loved this song and took it to Henley suggesting that they split the vocals on the song. Frey said: "It’s such a car thing. Your first car is like your first apartment. You had a mobile studio apartment! “Ol’ 55” was so Southern California, and yet there was some Detroit in it as well. It was that car thing, and I loved the idea of driving home at sunrise, thinking about what had happened the night before."


title: On the Border

text: According to Henley, the song was written by Frey as a tribute to Danny Whitten and Gram Parsons. He also described the song as another of their "running commentaries on the perils of the music business and the lifestyle that often comes with it".


title: On the Border

text: In an early review, Janet Maslin of "Rolling Stone" found the album "competent and commercial", but was disappointed that it did not live up to the potential for bigger things shown in "Desperado". She also thought that with three guitarists in the band, there were "just too many intrusive guitar parts here, too many solos that smack of gratuitous heaviness. Many of the arrangements seem to lose touch with the material somewhere in mid-song." Overall, she judged the album "a tight and likable collection, with nine potential singles working in its favor and only one dud ("Midnight Flyer") to weigh it down," and that it's "good enough to make up in high spirits what it lacks in purposefulness."


title: On the Border

text: William Ruhlmann of AllMusic noted in his retrospective review the R&B direction in its title track that would be pursued more fully in later albums, and considered the album "which looked back to their earlier work and anticipated their later work" to be "a transitional effort that combined even more styles than most of their records did."


title: On the Border

text: The album became the band's most successful album of the three released thus far. It debuted at number 50 on the US Billboard 200 chart in its first week of its release, peaking at number 17 in its sixth week on the chart. The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) two and a half months after its release June 5, 1974, and it was then certified double platinum for shipments of 2 million copies on March 20, 2001.


title: Bruno Mussolini

text: Bruno Mussolini (22 April 1918 – 7 August 1941) was the son of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and Mussolini's wife Rachele, the nephew of Arnaldo Mussolini, and also the grandson of Alessandro Mussolini and Rosa Mussolini. He was an experienced pilot who died in a flying accident.


title: Bruno Mussolini

text: Bruno Mussolini was born in Milan in Lombardy. His father, Benito Mussolini, was the editor of the newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia" ("The People of Italy") before Bruno's birth and, on 22 April 1918, was away for the day in Genoa. Mussolini indicated to his wife that he did not want her to give birth before his return. In his words: "I don't want to be the last to be told again, as I was with Vittorio." That evening, the manager of the newspaper greeted Mussolini at the station with a broad grin and the words: "It's a boy."


title: Bruno Mussolini

text: In 1919, Bruno Mussolini caught diphtheria and his parents feared he would never recover. Soon after the doctors pronounced him out of danger, he suffered from a bronchial complaint. By this time, one-year-old Bruno's weight had dropped to about .


title: Bruno Mussolini

text: As a young student, 9-year-old Bruno adeptly, if not correctly, answered a schoolteacher's question about grammar. An examiner is reported to have said: "Now Bruno, tell me what person one cannot command." In response, Bruno tactfully responded: "There are two persons one cannot command, the King and my father."


title: Bruno Mussolini

text: At the age of 12, Bruno took after his father and tackled journalism. He and his older brother Vittorio published a weekly called "La Penna del Ragazzi" ("The Boys' Pen").


title: Bruno Mussolini

text: Bruno grew to like boxing, women, and cars. In 1935, at the age of 17, Bruno became Italy's youngest pilot.


title: Bruno Mussolini

text: On 7 November 1938, Bruno married Gina Ruberti in Rome. His wife was the daughter of the head of the Ministry of Education's Contemporary Art Bureau. On 18 March 1940 in Rome, Bruno and his wife had their first child, a daughter, named Marina.


title: Bruno Mussolini

text: In 1935, Bruno Mussolini joined the Royal Italian Air Force ("Regia Aeronautica Italiana") and became a pilot. He flew for the "Regia Aeronautica" during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. In September, before the Kingdom of Italy invaded the Ethiopian Empire, Air Sergeant Bruno Mussolini, 17, Air Second Lieutenant Vittorio Mussolini, 18, and Air Captain Count Nobile Galeazzo Ciano, 32, sailed from Naples to Africa aboard the MS "Saturnia". After Ethiopia, Bruno also participated in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Unlike his brother Vittorio, Bruno was considered to be a serious pilot. In addition to participating in various conflicts, Bruno was involved in setting flight airspeed records in a 1938 flight to Brazil.


title: Bruno Mussolini

text: On 7 August 1941, the 23-year-old Mussolini, commander of the 274a "Squadriglia" (274th Squadron), was flying in one of the prototypes of the "secret" Piaggio P.108B bomber, "MM22003", near the San Giusto Airport in Pisa, when he crashed into a house. The cockpit section was separated from the rest of the aircraft and Bruno Mussolini died of his injuries. Although the aircraft did not catch fire it was totally destroyed in the impact. Five members of the crew were injured and three died, including Bruno. Benito Mussolini rushed to the Santa Chiara Hospital to be at the side of his dead son.


title: Bruno Mussolini

text: Bruno's death prompted his father to compose a booklet entitled "I Talk With Bruno" ("Parlo con Bruno"). The booklet implied timeless intimacy between the two and mixed Fascist, Catholic, and familial piety.


title: Chris Barrie

text: Chris Barrie (born Christopher Jonathan Brown, 28 March 1960) is a British actor, comedian, and impressionist. He worked as a vocal impressionist on the ITV sketch show "Spitting Image" (1984-1996) and as Lara Croft's butler Hillary in the "" (2001) and "" (2003). Barrie is most renown for starring as Arnold Rimmer in 13 seasons of the sci-fi space comedy "Red Dwarf" between (1988-2020), and as Gordon Brittas in 7 seasons of the BBC leisure centre sitcom "The Brittas Empire" (1991-1997),


title: Chris Barrie

text: Barrie was born in Hanover, Lower Saxony, West Germany, to a father who was serving in the British Army, and attended Methodist College Belfast boarding school in Northern Ireland. After dropping out of his Combined Studies course at Brighton Polytechnic, he became a grave filler. He then began his television career as a sports personality impersonator on "The David Essex Showcase" in 1982.


title: Chris Barrie

text: He adopted the surname "Barrie" as there was already an actor named Chris Brown on the Equity UK lists. He was a regular on "Saturday Live", amongst performers like Fry and Laurie, Rik Mayall and Ben Elton. Barrie provided the voice of Ronald Reagan in the pop song "Two Tribes" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, as well as various vocalizations for other tracks by FGTH and Art of Noise. He also appeared as an impressionist on the BBC's "Carrott's Lib" between 1983 and 1984, and he starred in his own sketch show "Pushing Up Daisies" (re-titled "Coming Next" for the following season) from 1984 to 1985 alongside Hale and Pace and Carla Mendonça. In 1987, he appeared as a French Revolutionary in "Blackadder the Third" (episode "Nob and Nobility") and did various parts in "The Young Ones" both as an actor and a voice-over.


title: Chris Barrie

text: Barrie has played the character Arnold J. Rimmer in all twelve series of "Red Dwarf", appearing in almost every episode of the series, absent only for a period during series 7. When an unsold pilot for an American version of the show was produced, Barrie was invited to reprise his role as Rimmer. He passed up the offer because of the constraint of the five-series contract.


title: Chris Barrie

text: He starred in the 2020 special "", alongside the main cast of Craig Charles, Danny John-Jules and Robert Llewellyn (Series 3-present).


title: Chris Barrie

text: In addition to starring in the TV series, Barrie also narrated the first two "Red Dwarf" books, "" (1992) and "Better Than Life" (1995), including using his vocal talents to recreate the voices of the other characters, as they sound in the show.


title: Chris Barrie

text: Barrie played Gordon Brittas, the title role in "The Brittas Empire", a BBC sitcom running from January 1991 to February 1997 for seven series, with 52 episodes, including two Christmas specials. Brittas was the well-meaning, but incompetent manager of Whitbury New Town Leisure Centre. Each episode featured a disastrous occurrence, which Brittas was sure he could sort out, oblivious to the fact he was usually its cause.


title: Chris Barrie

text: In 2014, Barrie reprised his role as Gordon Brittas in the music video for Little Mix's version of "Word Up!".


title: Chris Barrie

text: In 2017 the cast reunited for the reopening of Ringwood Leisure centre where a lot of the series was recorded.