title: Joe Diffie

text: Joe Logan Diffie (December 28, 1958 – March 29, 2020) was an American country music singer and songwriter. After working as a demo singer in the mid 1980s, he signed with Epic Records' Nashville division in 1990. Between then and 2004, Diffie charted 35 singles on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart, five of which peaked at number one: his debut release "Home", "If the Devil Danced (In Empty Pockets)", "Third Rock from the Sun", "Pickup Man" (his longest-lasting number-one song, at four weeks) and "Bigger Than the Beatles". In addition to these singles, he had 12 others reach the top 10 and ten more reach the top 40 on the same chart. He also co-wrote singles for Holly Dunn, Tim McGraw, and Jo Dee Messina, and recorded with Mary Chapin Carpenter, George Jones, and Marty Stuart.


title: Joe Diffie

text: Diffie released seven studio albums, a Christmas album, and a greatest-hits package under the Epic label. He also released one studio album each through Monument Records, Broken Bow Records, and Rounder Records. Among his albums, 1993's "Honky Tonk Attitude" and 1994's "Third Rock from the Sun" are certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, while 1992's "Regular Joe" and 1995's "Life's So Funny" are both certified gold. His album, "", was released in late 2010 through Rounder. His style is defined by a neotraditionalist country influence with a mix of novelty songs and ballads.


title: Joe Diffie

text: Diffie died from complications related to COVID-19 during the pandemic on March 29, 2020, at the age of 61.


title: Joe Diffie

text: Joe Diffie was born into a musical family in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1958. His first musical performance came at age 7, when he performed in "The Muffin Man". Diffie's father, Joe R., played guitar and banjo, and his mother sang. Following in his father's footsteps, Diffie began to sing at an early age, often listening to the albums in his father's record collection. Diffie has said that his "Mom and Dad claimed that [he] could sing harmony when [he] was three years old." His family moved to San Antonio, Texas, while he was in the first grade, and subsequently to Washington, where he attended fourth and fifth grades. Later, he moved to Wisconsin for the years he was in sixth grade through his second year of high school, and back to Oklahoma, where he attended high school in Velma. In his last two years in high school, Diffie played football, baseball, and golf in addition to running track; in his senior year, he was recognized as Best All-Around Male Athlete.


title: Joe Diffie

text: After graduating, he attended Cameron University in Lawton, Oklahoma. Although he initially earned credits toward medical school, he decided against a medical profession after marrying for the first time in 1977 and ultimately dropped out before graduation. Diffie first worked in oil fields, then drove a truck that pumped concrete in the oilfield in Alice, Texas, before he moved back to Duncan to work in a foundry. During this period, he worked as a musician on the side, first in a gospel group called Higher Purpose, and then in a bluegrass band called Special Edition. Diffie then built a recording studio, began touring with Special Edition in adjacent states, and sent demonstration recordings to publishers in Nashville. Hank Thompson recorded Diffie's "Love on the Rocks", and Randy Travis put one of Diffie's songs on hold, but ultimately did not record it.


title: Joe Diffie

text: After the foundry closed in 1986, Diffie declared bankruptcy and sold the studio out of financial necessity. He also divorced his wife, who left with their two children. Diffie spent several months in a state of depression before deciding to move to Nashville, Tennessee. There, he took a job at Gibson Guitar Corporation. While at Gibson, he contacted a songwriter and recorded more demos, including songs that would later be recorded by Ricky Van Shelton, Billy Dean, Alabama, and the Forester Sisters. By mid-1989, he quit working at the company to record demos full-time. Diffie also met Debbie, who later became his second wife. That same year, Diffie was contacted by Bob Montgomery, a songwriter and record producer known for working with Buddy Holly. Montgomery, who was then the vice president of A&R at Epic Records, said that he wanted to sign Diffie to a contract with the label, but had to put the singer on hold for a year. In the meantime, Holly Dunn released "There Goes My Heart Again", which Diffie co-wrote and sang the backing vocals. Following this song's chart success, Diffie signed with Epic in early 1990.


title: Joe Diffie

text: The label released Diffie's debut album, "A Thousand Winding Roads", at the end of 1990, with Montgomery and Johnny Slate as producers. Its first single, "Home", reached the top of the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart. The song also reached number one on the country music charts published by "Radio & Records" and "Gavin Report", making him the first country music artist to have a number-one debut single on all three charts, as well as the first country music artist to have a debut single spend more than one week in the number-one position at the latter two publications. Diffie co-wrote the album's second and fourth releases, "If You Want Me To" and "New Way (To Light Up an Old Flame)"; both peaked at number two on "Billboard", and the former reached number one on the "RPM" country music charts in Canada. Between these two songs, "If the Devil Danced (In Empty Pockets)" became Diffie's second "Billboard" number one. The album itself peaked at number 23 on Top Country Albums. Diffie also performed his first concerts in late 1990, touring with George Strait and Steve Wariner. That same year, "Cash Box" named him Male Vocalist of the year. In 1991, Diffie co-wrote the tracks "Livin' on What's Left of Your Love" and "Memory Lane" on labelmate Keith Palmer's debut album.


title: Joe Diffie

text: Diffie's second album, titled "Regular Joe", was released in 1992 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The first two singles from the album both peaked at number five on "Billboard": "Is It Cold in Here" and "Ships That Don't Come In", with the latter reaching number one on "Radio & Records". "Ships That Don't Come In" was co-written by Dave Gibson, also recording on Epic at the time as a member of the Gibson/Miller Band. The album's third single, "Next Thing Smokin'", made its chart debut one month before "Not Too Much to Ask", a duet that Diffie recorded with Mary Chapin Carpenter for her album "Come On Come On". Both of these songs made the country top 20, respectively reaching 16 and 15, and the duet was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals at the 35th Grammy Awards in 1993. The final single from "Regular Joe" was "Startin' Over Blues" (originally the B-side to "Ships That Don't Come In"), which peaked at number 41. Also included on the album was the ballad "Goodnight Sweetheart", later a top-10 country hit in 1996 for David Kersh.


title: Joe Diffie

text: Brian Mansfield gave the album a positive review in Allmusic, saying that it "has all the clichés of country music, and all the good stuff, too." "Richmond Times-Dispatch" reviewer Norman Rowe referred to Diffie as a "pleasant surprise" and called "Is It Cold in Here" "the sort of tear-jerker George Jones has worked wonders with in the past". Alanna Nash of "Entertainment Weekly" thought that Diffie "[sang] in his natural voice", but thought that its material "punches all the predictable thematic buttons."


title: Joe Diffie

text: Also in 1992, Diffie was nominated by the Academy of Country Music for Top New Male Vocalist, along with Billy Dean and Mark Chesnutt, but lost to Billy.


title: Joe Diffie

text: "Honky Tonk Attitude" (1993) shipped a million copies in the United States and was certified platinum. The first three singles from the album all reached the top 10 on the country singles charts: the title track (which Diffie co-wrote) and the Dennis Linde composition "John Deere Green" both peaked at number five, with the number-three "Prop Me Up Beside the Jukebox (If I Die)" in between. "John Deere Green" also accounted for Diffie's first appearance on the "Billboard" Hot 100, where it peaked at number 69. "In My Own Backyard", the last release from "Honky Tonk Attitude", reached number 19 on the country charts. Diffie told the "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" that the album was "a little rowdier than the first two." Nash rated the album more favorably than the ones before it, saying that Diffie "is maturing into a first-rate interpreter of working-class woes."


title: Joe Diffie

text: Also in 1993, Diffie was inducted into the Grand Ole Opry. Several other artists and he won that year's Country Music Association award for Vocal Event of the Year, for their guest vocals on George Jones's "I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair". Tim McGraw also included two of Diffie's songs on his 1993 debut album: another version of "Memory Lane", which he released as a single, and "Tears in the Rain".


title: Joe Diffie

text: "Third Rock from the Sun" was Diffie's highest-charting top country album (where it reached number six), as well as his second consecutive platinum album. It was also the first album that he co-produced, doing so with Johnny Slate. The album included two consecutive number-one singles in its title track and in "Pickup Man". The latter of those two songs was Diffie's longest-lasting number one, at four weeks. Both songs also entered the hot 100, respectively peaking at 84 and 60. In 2005, "Pickup Man" was repurposed by the Applebee's restaurant chain for use in its television commercials. The album's next single, "So Help Me Girl", peaked at number two on the country charts and 84 on the pop charts, in addition to topping the "RPM" country charts. The song was covered in 1997 by English singer Gary Barlow. Diffie followed the song with "I'm in Love with a Capital 'U and "That Road Not Taken", which respectively reached country peaks of 21 and 40. "Third Rock from the Sun" received critical praise for adding more rock and up-tempo material. Thom Owens wrote that he began "adding more rock flourishes" on this album, and Nash said that Diffie "not only understands the blue-collar ethic from the inside out – he's also familiar with its humorous underbelly."


title: Joe Diffie

text: In mid-1995, he recorded the title track for Columbia Records's "Runnin' Wide Open", an album comprising NASCAR-themed songs by various artists. He issued two albums later in the year. The first was a Christmas project titled "Mr. Christmas", which comprised covers of traditional Christmas songs, as well as newly written songs. One of these original songs, "LeRoy the Redneck Reindeer", was issued as a Christmas single late in the year, peaking at number 33 upon its initial release and re-entering the country music charts for the next two years based on Christmas airplay. Of this album, Stephen Thomas Erlewine said, "it's pleasant, but it's not particularly distinguished."


title: Joe Diffie

text: His other release that year was the studio album "Life's So Funny". It was led off by "Bigger Than the Beatles", the last number-one single of his career. The album's other two singles were "C-O-U-N-T-R-Y" and "Whole Lotta Gone" (previously the B-side of "Bigger Than the Beatles"), both of which peaked at 23 on the country music charts in 1996. "Country Standard Time" critic George Hauenstein praised the album for containing "songs that are slightly different from [what] those other artists sing." Owens thought that it was a "varied collection of ballads and midtempo rockers", but said that it was not "as consistently engaging" as "Third Rock from the Sun". Nash gave "Bigger Than the Beatles" a C-minus rating, calling it "just a lame device to evoke the names of beloved rock heroes."


title: Joe Diffie

text: "Twice Upon a Time" followed in 1997. Its singles all failed to make the top 10 on the country charts, with lead-off "This Is Your Brain" reaching number 25, followed by "Somethin' Like This" at number 40 and "The Promised Land" at number 61, the lowest-peaking single of his career. The album also failed to achieve a gold certification. Doug Virden and Drew Womack, who then recorded on Epic in the band Sons of the Desert, sang backing vocals on it. Also included on the album was "I Got a Feelin'", which Tracy Lawrence previously recorded on his 1994 album "I See It Now". Jeffrey B. Remz criticized the two novelty songs on "Twice Upon a Time" for lacking substance, and thought that most of the ballads were well-sung, but that the production "lacks any soul." Owens said that it "doesn't offer anything new or especially remarkable from Joe Diffie."


title: Joe Diffie

text: In mid-1998, Epic Records released Diffie's "Greatest Hits" package, which featured three new cuts. Among these were "Texas Size Heartache", and its B-side, "Poor Me", which respectively reached numbers four and 43 on the country charts. At the end of the year, Diffie recorded a cover of Charlie Rich's "Behind Closed Doors" for the multiple-artist album "A Tribute to Tradition" on Columbia Records. Diffie's version of the song peaked at number 64 based on unsolicited airplay. He also contributed to another cut on that album, "Same Old Train", which featured Marty Stuart and 11 other country music singers. This song peaked at 59 on the country charts and won the 1999 Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals for all artists involved.


title: Joe Diffie

text: His final album for Epic Records, titled "A Night to Remember", was released in 1999. As he did with the new cuts for his "Greatest Hits" package, Diffie worked with producers Don Cook and Lonnie Wilson, a friend of Diffie's who worked primarily as a session drummer and songwriter, and formerly fronted the band Bandana. Its title track spent 29 weeks on the country charts and peaked at number six; it was his only top 40 on the hot 100, where it reached number 38. After this song came "The Quittin' Kind" and "It's Always Somethin' ", which respectively reached 21 and five on the country charts, and 90 and 57 on the hot 100. The latter spent 37 weeks on the country music charts, the longest chart run achieved by any of his singles.


title: Joe Diffie

text: "Country Standard Time" gave the album a positive review for having "nary a novelty tune in the bunch", and Nash wrote that it had a "surprising depth of feeling." Erlewine also noted that the album did not contain any novelty songs, and called it the "purest country album he's ever made."


title: Joe Diffie

text: In 2001, Sony Nashville transferred Diffie from its Epic division to the Monument Records division due to a corporate decision that Epic had too many artists and Monument had too few. Cook and Wilson also produced his only album for Monument, which was titled "In Another World". Regarding this album, Diffie told "Billboard" that its material had a common theme of love, and that he wanted to create a more contemporary sound through the production. The album's title track peaked at number 10 on the country charts and number 66 on the hot 100. Only one other single was released from the album: "This Pretender" (co-written by Rascal Flatts lead singer Gary LeVox), which failed to make the country music Top 40.


title: Joe Diffie

text: "In Another World" received mixed reviews. "Country Weekly" reviewer wrote that Diffie "deals with adult emotions" and described the title track as "a shimmering ballad perfect for his expressive tenor." William Ruhlmann called the album "sturdy formula country", and Jeffrey B. Remz of "Country Standard Time" said that he "easily interpret[s]" the songs, but "doesn't seem to be doing anything too dramatically different." After Monument closed its Nashville branch, Diffie began touring with Mark Chesnutt and Tracy Lawrence on the Rockin' Roadhouse Tour, which began in 2002. That same year, Diffie was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame.


title: Joe Diffie

text: Diffie signed to the independent Broken Bow Records in 2003. His only album for the label was "Tougher Than Nails", which Wilson and he produced with Buddy Cannon. It included five songs that Diffie co-wrote, as well as a duet with George Jones entitled "What Would Waylon Do". "Tougher Than Nails" produced a top-20 hit in its title track, followed by "If I Could Only Bring You Back", which peaked at number 50 and spent only eight weeks on the charts. This latter song was also his last charting single. Erlewine said of the album's content, "there's nothing new, but there doesn't need to be", and "Country Standard Time" said that the album "shows that he's still got the talent that took him to stardom in the first place."


title: Joe Diffie

text: In 2005, Jo Dee Messina released "My Give a Damn's Busted", which Diffie co-wrote and originally recorded on "In Another World". Her version of the song, included on her album "Delicious Surprise", was a number-one single that year.


title: Joe Diffie

text: After leaving Broken Bow, Diffie continued to tour, primarily playing smaller venues and county fairs. In 2007, he joined with Lonestar, Charlie Daniels, and Craig Morgan to perform a benefit concert for Sgt. Kevin Downs, a soldier who was severely wounded in Iraq. In 2008, Diffie compiled and released a live album, and he signed to Rounder Records later in that year. Rounder released an album called "The Ultimate Collection", which comprised re-recordings of his hits for Epic.


title: Joe Diffie

text: His next project for Rounder, "", was released on October 26, 2010. It includes collaborations with The Grascals, Rhonda Vincent, and other bluegrass artists. Diffie toured at various county fairs in August 2010 in support of it. He co-produced the album with Luke Wooten, and included on it the song "Tennessee Tea", which Diffie originally recorded while he was in Special Edition. Allmusic reviewer j. poet gave this album a positive review for showing Diffie's bluegrass influences.


title: Joe Diffie

text: In late 2012, Jason Aldean recorded the song "1994", co-written by Thomas Rhett, Luke Laird, and Barry Dean. The song, which was released in February 2013 as the third single from Aldean's album "Night Train", name-drops Diffie and incorporates several of his song titles into the lyrics. Upon hearing about the song, Diffie said, "it's really an honor" to be mentioned in the song, and that it was "flattering". Later in the year, Diffie collaborated with Aaron Tippin and Sammy Kershaw on the album "All in the Same Boat", and cut the single "Girl Riding Shotgun" with D Thrash of the Jawga Boyz. This was followed in 2019 by a vinyl album called "Joe, Joe, Joe Diffie".


title: Joe Diffie

text: Steve Huey of Allmusic wrote that Diffie "lent his traditional sensibilities to humorous, rock-tinged novelties and plaintive ballads." His early albums for Epic mostly consisted of ballads, but starting with "Honky Tonk Attitude", he began to include more up-tempo and novelty numbers. Starting with "A Night to Remember", Diffie returned to a more ballad-oriented sound; Mike Kraski, then the senior vice president of sales for Sony Music Nashville, thought that the albums before it had over-emphasized his novelty releases.


title: Joe Diffie

text: Alanna Nash regularly compared Diffie's voice to that of George Jones. In her review of "A Thousand Winding Roads", she contrasted the album with Mark Chesnutt's debut "Too Cold at Home" by saying, "While Chesnutt merely takes his inspiration from Jones, Diffie mimics Jones' delivery ... But now that he's making records himself, [his vocal imitation] drops him to the rear of the pack, as a stylist with little style of his own." She thought that Diffie began to move away from his George Jones influences on "A Night to Remember". William Ruhlmann wrote that Diffie "has put together a decade-plus career in country largely on his ability to succeed" in "scour[ing] Nashville publishers for 10 good compositions in the established style", and that he was an "adequate but undistinguished singer."


title: Joe Diffie

text: Diffie was married four times. His first wife was Janise Parker, whom he married while in college. The couple had two children, Parker and Kara, then divorced in 1986. Parker Diffie later worked as Diffie's stage manager in the mid-2000s, and in mid-2010, he and Kara auditioned for "American Idol". Two years after divorcing Janise, Diffie married Debbie Jones, a nurse technician. They had two sons, Drew and Tyler, the latter of whom was born with Down syndrome and nearly died in 1991 following complications from a tonsillectomy.


title: Joe Diffie

text: In 2000, Diffie married Theresa (née Crump), whom he met at a concert, at the Opryland Hotel in Nashville. They have one daughter, Kylie, born in 2004. The couple divorced in 2017. Diffie married Tara Terpening at The Musicians Hall of Fame in Nashville in 2018.


title: Joe Diffie

text: From 1992 to the early 2000s, Diffie held a charity concert and golf tournament benefiting First Steps, a nonprofit organization for the education of mentally and physically impaired children. His contributions to this organization won him a Humanitarian Award from the Country Radio Broadcasters in 1997. Diffie later became a country music radio broadcaster himself, fronting a midday program for Tulsa radio station KXBL.


title: Joe Diffie

text: On March 27, 2020, Diffie announced that he tested positive for COVID-19. Two days later, on March 29, he died in Nashville at the age of 61 from complications of the disease.


title: Silvia Colloca

text: Silvia Colloca is an Italian-Australian actress, opera singer, cookbook author, and TV cookery show personality. She has published six cookbooks and in 2022 released her first operatic album, Sing Like an Italian with Decca, debuting at number 1 both on the Aria Top 20 Core Classical charts and Crossover Charts


title: Silvia Colloca

text: Colloca was born in Milan to Loredana and Mario Colloca. Her only major film role was in "Van Helsing", in which she played Verona, one of Dracula's brides. It received mostly negative reviews but was a box office success. On 25 September 2004, at the medieval castle of Montalto in Tuscany, Italy she married the Australian actor Richard Roxburgh who played Dracula in that film. They have two sons, Raphael Jack Domenico Roxburgh born in 2007 and Miro Gianni David Roxburgh born in 2010, and a daughter, Luna Roxburgh born in 2017. The family currently reside in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.


title: Silvia Colloca

text: Colloca is an opera-trained mezzo-soprano and worked as a musical theatre performer in Italy before becoming a film actress.


title: Silvia Colloca

text: Silvia Colloca has won rave reviews by Australian press for her turn as Orfeo in Spectrum Now 2015 production of Gluck's "Orfeo ed Euridice", directed by Shannon Murphy. Diana Simmonds praised Colloca's performance in Stage Noise: "Orfeo's despair is gloriously realised by Colloca whose rich yet pure and powerful mezzo soprano and dramatic acting range are ideally suited to the decision to make Orfeo an ambiguous and androgynous figure. She projects all the strengths of masculine and feminine and unabashed emotion in the early scenes making the tragedy quickly tangible".


title: Silvia Colloca

text: In 2016 Colloca premiered the role of The Queen in Opera Queensland's newly commissioned Opera "Snow White", performed during the Brisbane festival. Once more, Silvia Colloca's performance won the hearts of theatre goers and critics. The Sydney Morning Herald described Colloca's work as "Silvia Colloca is extraordinary as the mother – her sexiness and vulnerability wrap around each other beautifully through the piece and she easily navigates the highs and lows her character is gifted. Her eventual breakdown is a joy to watch".


title: Silvia Colloca

text: In 2017 she started her own YouTube channel and a collaboration with Marion Grasby. Together they have created the highly successful show "Wok X Pot", which premiered in late 2018.


title: Silvia Colloca

text: ""Made in Italy with Silvia Colloca"", an Australian 10-part TV series, premiered on SBS TV in November 2014, coinciding with the publication of the book of the same name. Colloca took a film crew home to meet her Italian family, showcasing three picturesque regions of Italy, Abruzzo where her family is from, Marche, and Molise, using her mother's kitchen to present "cucina povera" (peasant cuisine).


title: Silvia Colloca

text: ""Silvia's Italian Table"", an eight part reality and cooking series debuted on ABC on 6 October 2016. In each episode, Colloca invites a group of celebrities to cook and eat with her and engage in entertaining and intelligent conversation. Guests featured are Kathy Lette, Lisa McCune, Tom Gleeson, Magda Szubanski, Matt Moran, Ken Done, Sarah Ferguson, Merrick Watts, Claire Hooper, Amanda Vanstone, Pia Miranda and Ian Thorpe.


title: Silvia Colloca

text: '"Cook Like an Italian"", an Australian 10-part TV series, premiered on SBS Food in November 2020. A second season premiered in April 2021 and third season in May 2022.<ref>


title: Jason Cummings

text: Jason Steven Cummings (born 1 August 1995) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for A-League Men club Central Coast Mariners. Born in Scotland, he represents the Australia national team, after previously representing Scotland at youth and senior international level.


title: Jason Cummings

text: Cummings started his professional career with Hibernian, making 16 appearances and scoring twice in the 2013–14 season. He was their top goalscorer over each of the next three seasons, scoring more than 20 goals each season, making him the first player to achieve this feat for over 50 years. These goals helped Hibs win the Scottish Cup in 2016 and promotion in 2017. He moved to Nottingham Forest in June 2017, but did not play regularly for their first team and was loaned to Rangers in January 2018, Peterborough United in July 2018 and Luton Town in January 2019. After a spell with Shrewsbury Town, Cummings signed for Dundee in 2021 and with them he would once again gain promotion to the Scottish Premiership. In 2022 Cummings signed for Australian club Central Coast Mariners.


title: Jason Cummings

text: He made his first full international appearance for Scotland in November 2017, but subsequently made himself available for selection by Australia. Cummings made his first appearance for them in September 2022 and scoring.


title: Jason Cummings

text: Cummings grew up a Hearts fan and attended Tynecastle High School. He played for local boys team Hutchison Vale and then joined the Hearts youth program. After struggling with injuries, Cummings was released by Hearts in 2012. After an impressive season with Hutchison Vale he was signed by Hibernian in the summer of 2013. Cummings made his debut senior appearance for Hibernian in a Scottish Premiership match against Inverness Caledonian Thistle in November 2013. Cummings scored his first career goals on 21 May 2014, netting twice as Hibernian won 2–0 against Hamilton Academical in the first leg of the promotion/relegation play-off. Hibs lost the return match 2–0 and Cummings missed the decisive kick in the penalty shoot-out, which resulted in Hibs being relegated to the Scottish Championship.


title: Jason Cummings

text: Cummings won the SPFL Young Player of the Month award for September 2014, after his two goals helped Hibs to beat Rangers in Glasgow. On 16 February 2016, Cummings became the first Hibs player to score in four consecutive Edinburgh derbies for 42 years after scoring the winner against Hearts in a Scottish Cup 4th round replay. On 16 April 2016, Cummings missed a penalty kick with a Panenka attempt in the Scottish Cup semi-final against Dundee United, which ended goalless, although he later scored the winning kick in the penalty shoot-out. He then played the first 65 minutes of the final, assisting Anthony Stokes' opening goal as Hibs won 3–2 against Rangers.


title: Jason Cummings

text: During the 2016 close season, Cummings signed a new four-year contract with Hibs. Peterborough United offered Hibs £1.2 million for Cummings in August 2016, but this proposal was rejected. He netted the winner in a 1–0 win Tannadice on 10 March 2017, and in doing so became the first Hibernian player to score more than twenty goals in three successive seasons since Joe Baker between 1957 and 1961. On 15 April, Hibs clinched the title and achieved promotion back to the Scottish Premiership after beating Queen of the South 3–0 at Easter Road. Later that day, Cummings tweeted that they had fulfilled his promise to return the team to the top flight. Cummings was nominated by PFA Scotland in their Young Player of the Year and Championship Player of the Year awards for 2016–17.


title: Jason Cummings

text: Cummings signed a three-year contract with Nottingham Forest on 17 June 2017, moving for an undisclosed fee. As part of the deal Cummings former clubs Heart of Midlothian and Hutchison Vale were awarded a solidarity fee, due to his youth development. He scored his first goal for Forest on his debut in a 2–1 EFL Cup win against Shrewsbury Town on 8 August 2017.


title: Jason Cummings

text: Cummings was loaned to Scottish Premiership side Rangers in January 2018 for the rest of the season, with Rangers holding an option to make the transfer permanent. He made his competitive debut for the club on 24 January, in a 2–0 win against Aberdeen. Cummings was one of four players to make their first appearance for Rangers in that game. He scored his first goal for Rangers four days later, in a 2–1 win at Ross County. On 4 March, Cummings scored a hat-trick for Rangers in a Scottish Cup quarter-final against Falkirk.


title: Jason Cummings

text: On 13 July 2018, Cummings moved on a season-long loan to EFL League One side Peterborough United. After a strong start, scoring six goals in his first five league games, Cummings began to struggle for goals and his loan was terminated by Peterborough on 30 January 2019.


title: Jason Cummings

text: Later that month, Cummings was loaned to League One leaders Luton Town. He scored his first goal for Luton on 6 April 2019, coming on as a substitute against Blackpool, netting an equaliser in the 86th minute with the game finishing 2–2.


title: Jason Cummings

text: On 2 September 2019, it was announced that Cummings had signed for League One side Shrewsbury Town for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut for the club on 14 September, coming on as a 68th-minute substitute for Daniel Udoh away at A.F.C. Wimbledon, and five minutes later, he scored the equaliser in a 1–1 draw. Cummings scored in wins against Southend United and Sunderland, but minor injuries and illnesses over Christmas 2019 meant he was largely used as a substitute during January 2020. On 26 January 2020, Cummings came off the bench to net twice in a 2–2 draw with Liverpool in the FA Cup fourth round.


title: Jason Cummings

text: On 28 January 2021, Cummings returned to Scotland to sign with Dundee, on a deal until the summer of 2022. Despite only joining in January, Cummings would finish the season as Dundee's joint-top league scorer, and played an important role in helping the club win the Premiership play-offs and gaining promotion to the Premiership.


title: Jason Cummings

text: On 31 July 2021, Cummings scored in Dundee’s first game back in the Scottish Premiership since the 2018–19 season in their 2–2 draw with St Mirren. In December 2021, Cummings was sent home from training after showing up unfit to train. Amid interest from A-League side Central Coast Mariners, Cummings left Dundee in January 2022.


title: Jason Cummings

text: Cummings signed an 18-month contract with Central Coast Mariners in January 2022. He scored in his A-League Men debut against Sydney FC on 30 January 2022.


title: Jason Cummings

text: Cummings played for the Scotland under-19 and under-21 teams. He received his first call-up to the senior Scotland squad in November 2017, and made his first full international appearance in a friendly against the Netherlands.


title: Jason Cummings

text: Cummings is of Australian descent through his mother Tracey who was born in Perth, and is a dual citizen of the United Kingdom and Australia. In July 2019, Australia manager Graham Arnold said that he wanted Cummings to play for the Socceroos, which was still possible as he had only played two friendlies for Scotland. In September 2019, Cummings told "The Sun" newspaper he was considering switching from Scotland to Australia and had already spoken with Socceroos assistant manager Rene Meulensteen. Talks silenced for a while, however, when the COVID-19 pandemic struck. Cummings said in March 2021 that he hoped "Australia are still looking out for me, if I get the call I'll be over there in a heartbeat".


title: Jason Cummings

text: In September 2022, Cummings was selected in the Australian squad to play two friendlies against New Zealand. He made his debut and scored a penalty as a second-half substitute in the second match, in Auckland. In November 2022, he was named in Australia's squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. Cummings made his World Cup debut in Australia's opening match against France, coming on as a substitute in the 56th minute.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Switzerland is a semi-direct democratic federal republic. The federal legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Federal Assembly: the National Council and the Council of States. The Federal Council holds the executive power and is composed of seven power-sharing Federal Councillors elected by the Federal Assembly. The judicial branch is headed by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, whose judges are elected by the Federal Assembly.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Switzerland has a tradition of direct democracy. For any change in the constitution, a referendum is mandatory (mandatory referendum); for any change in a law, a referendum can be requested (optional referendum). In addition, the people may present a constitutional popular initiative to introduce amendments to the federal constitution. The people also assume a role similar to the constitutional court, which does not exist, and thus act as the guardian of the rule of law.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Switzerland features a system of government not seen in any other nation: direct representation, sometimes called half-direct democracy (this may be arguable, because theoretically, the sovereign of Switzerland is actually its entire electorate). Referendums on the most important laws have been used since the 1848 constitution.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Amendments to the Federal Constitution of Switzerland, the joining of international organisations, or changes to federal laws that have no foundation in the constitution but will remain in force for more than one year must be approved by the majority of both the people and the cantons, a double majority.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Any citizen may challenge a law that has been passed by parliament. If that person is able to gather 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days, a national vote has to be scheduled where voters decide by a simple majority of the voters whether to accept or reject the law.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Furthermore, any citizen may seek a decision on an amendment they want to make to the constitution. For such a federal popular initiative to be organised, the signatures of 100,000 voters must be collected within 18 months. Such a federal popular initiative is formulated as a precise new text (general proposal initiatives have been canceled in 2009) whose wording can no longer be changed by parliament and the government. After a successful signature gathering, the Federal Council may create a counterproposal to the proposed amendment and put it to vote on the same day as the original proposal. Such counterproposals are usually a compromise between the "status quo" and the wording of the initiative. Voters will decide in a national vote whether to accept the initiative amendment, the counterproposal put forward by the government if any, or both. If both are accepted, one has to additionally signal a preference. Initiatives (that are of constitutional level) have to be accepted by a double majority of both the popular votes and a majority of the cantons, while counter-proposals may be of legislative level and hence require only simple majority.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Federalism refers to a vertical separation of powers. The aim is to avoid the concentration of power in a forum, which allows a moderation of state power and the easing of the duties of the federal state.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: In Switzerland, it is above all a matter of designating the independence of the cantons vis-à-vis the Confederation.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: The Swiss Federal Council is a seven-member executive council that heads the federal administration, operating as a combination cabinet and collective presidency. Any Swiss citizen eligible to be a member of the National Council can be elected; candidates do not have to register for the election, or to actually be members of the National Council. The Federal Council is elected by the Federal Assembly for a four-year term. Present members are: Viola Amherd (DM/LC), Guy Parmelin (SVP/UDC), Ueli Maurer (SVP/UDC), Ignazio Cassis (FDP/PLR), Simonetta Sommaruga (SP/PS), Karin Keller-Sutter (FDP/PLR) and Alain Berset (SP/PS).


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: The largely ceremonial President and Vice President of the Confederation are elected by the Federal Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for one-year terms that run concurrently. The President has almost no powers over and above his or her six colleagues, but undertakes representative functions normally performed by a president or prime minister in single-executive systems. The current () President and Vice President are Ignazio Cassis and Alain Berset, respectively.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: The Swiss executive is one of the most stable governments worldwide. Since 1848, it has never been renewed entirely at the same time, providing a long-term continuity. From 1959 to 2003 the Federal Council was composed of a coalition of all major parties in the same ratio: two each from the (now-defunct) Free Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party and (now-defunct) Christian Democratic People's Party and one from the Swiss People's Party. Changes in the Federal Council occur typically only if one of the members resigns (merely four incumbent members were voted out of the office in over 150 years); this member is almost always replaced by someone from the same party (and often also from the same linguistic group).


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: The Federal Chancellor is the head of the Federal Chancellery of Switzerland, which acts as the general staff of the Federal Council. The Chancellery is divided into three distinct sectors. The Chancellor, currently Walter Thurnherr, is the formal head of the Federal Chancellor Sector, comprising the planning and strategy section, the Internal Services section, the political rights section, the federal crisis management training unit of the Federal Administration and the Records and Process Management section.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Two sectors are headed by the Vice-Chancellors: the Federal Council sector headed by Viktor Rossi manages the agenda of the Federal Council's meeting. This sector comprises the Section for Federal Council Affairs, the Legal Section, the Official Publications Centre and the Central Language Services. The Information and Communications Sector is led by Vice-Chancellor André Simonazzi; this role also has expanded to become the official spokesman for the Federal Council in 2000. This sector includes the e-Government Section, the Communication Support Section and the Political Forum of the Confederation.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: The federal government has been a coalition of the four major political parties since 1959, each party having a number of seats that roughly reflects its share of electorate and representation in the federal parliament. The classic distribution of 2 CVP/PDC, 2 SP/PS, 2 FDP/PRD and 1 SVP/UDC as it stood from 1959 to 2003 was known as the "magic formula".


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: This "magic formula" has been repeatedly criticised: in the 1960s, for excluding leftist opposition parties; in the 1980s, for excluding the emerging Green Party; and particularly after the 1999 election, by the Swiss People's Party, which had by then grown from being the fourth-largest party in the National Council to being the largest. In the 2003 federal election, the Swiss People's Party received (effective 1 January 2004) a second seat in the Federal Council, reducing the share of the Christian Democratic Party to one seat.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: The two chambers are equal (perfect bicameralism). This power-sharing system serves to avoid monopolization of federal politics by more populated cantons to the detriment of smaller and rural cantons.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Members of both houses serve for 4 years and only serve as members of parliament part-time (so-called "Milizsystem" or Citizen legislature).


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Switzerland has a rich party landscape. The four parties represented in the Federal Council are generally called the government parties: The Liberals (FDP/PLR), the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS), The Centre (DM/LC) and the Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC).


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Switzerland has a Federal Supreme Court, with judges elected for six-year terms by the Federal Assembly. The function of the Federal Supreme Court is to hear appeals of cantonal courts or the administrative rulings of the federal administration.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Switzerland does not have a Constitutional Court, and the Supreme Court cannot comment on law put forward by the parliament. This role is assumed by the people, which acts as a guardian and can repeal any legislation or constitutional change.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: There are 26 cantons in Switzerland. Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, government and courts.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: In Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus citizens assemble each year for the "Landsgemeinde" (general assembly) to elect the cantonal government and judiciary and to vote on several issues on the agenda (direct democracy)


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Switzerland has a stable government, with democratic power sharing through consociationalism. Most voters support the government in its philosophy of armed neutrality underlying its foreign and defense policies. Domestic policy poses some major problems, to the point that many observers deem that the system is in crisis but the changing international environment has generated a significant reexamination of Swiss policy in key areas such as defense, neutrality, and immigration. Quadrennial national elections typically produce only marginal changes in party representation.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: In recent years, Switzerland has seen a gradual shift in the party landscape. The right-wing Swiss People's Party (SVP), traditionally the junior partner in the four-party coalition government, more than doubled its voting share from 11.0% in 1987 to 22.5% in 1999, rising to 28.9% in 2007, thus overtaking its three coalition partners. This shift in voting shares put a strain on the "magic formula", the power-broking agreement of the four coalition parties. From 1959 until 2004, the seven-seat cabinet had comprised 2 Free Democrats, 2 Christian Democrats, 2 Social Democrats, and 1 Swiss People's Party, but in 2004, the Swiss People's Party took one seat from the Christian Democrats. In 2008 the Conservative Democratic Party split from the SVP, taking both of their Federal Council seats with them. However, the SVP eventually retook both seats, in 2009 and 2015 respectively.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: The Swiss Federal Constitution limits federal influence in the formulation of domestic policy and emphasizes the roles of private enterprise and cantonal government. However, in more recent times the powers of the Confederation have increased with regard to education, agriculture, health, energy, the environment, organized crime, and narcotics.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Switzerland has avoided alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action. In June 2001, Swiss voters approved new legislation providing for the deployment of armed Swiss troops for international peacekeeping missions under United Nations or Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe auspices as well as international cooperation in military training. The Swiss have broadened the scope of activities in which they feel able to participate without compromising their neutrality.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as a neutral intermediary and host to major international treaty conferences. The country has no major disputes in its bilateral relations.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: The energy generated in Switzerland comprises 55.2% hydroelectricity, 39.9% from nuclear power, about 4% from conventional sources and about 1% other.


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: On 18 May 2003, two referendums regarding the future of nuclear power in Switzerland were held. The referendum "Electricity Without Nuclear" asked for a decision on a nuclear power phase-out and "Moratorium Plus" asked about an extension of an existing law forbidding the building of new nuclear power plants. Both were turned down: Moratorium Plus by a margin of 41.6% for and 58.4% opposed, and Electricity Without Nuclear by a margin of 33.7% for and 66.3% opposed. The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a federal popular initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes (see Nuclear power in Switzerland for details).


title: Politics of Switzerland

text: In May 2011, due to the Fukushima accident in Japan, the Swiss government decided to abandon plans to build new nuclear reactors. The country's five existing reactors will be allowed to continue operating, but will not be replaced at the end of their life span. The last will go offline in 2034.


title: Namer

text: Namer (, ), means "leopard" and also a syllabic abbreviation of "Nagmash" (APC) and "Merkava", is an Israeli armoured personnel carrier based on a Merkava Mark IV tank chassis. Namer was developed by and is being assembled by the Israeli Ordnance Corps. It has entered service in limited numbers with the Israel Defense Forces since the end of 2008. However, as of 2014, still only very limited numbers of Namers were in service with the IDF. Due to budgetary constraints, the introduction of the Namer into the IDF has been slow, leaving the ground forces dependent on the M113 for many years to come.


title: Namer

text: They are more heavily armored than the Merkava IV tanks. According to the IDF, the Namer is the most heavily armored vehicle in the world of any type.


title: Namer

text: The experience of converting Centurion tanks into armored personnel carriers (Nagmashot, Nagmachon) and combat engineering vehicles (Puma, Nakpadon), followed by the successful conversion of many T-54 and T-55 tanks into Achzarit infantry fighting vehicles pushed the idea of converting Merkava tanks into heavily armored APCs / IFVs. The concept held great promise, because many of the 250 Merkava Mark I tanks were being gradually withdrawn from service and it was also made clear that the 105 mm armament of the Merkava Mark IIs could not be upgraded to the more modern IMI 120 mm gun.


title: Namer

text: The development did not progress much in the 1990s due to lack of funds, but following 2004 Israel–Gaza conflict, which exposed the vulnerability of the M113 armored personnel carrier to improvised explosive devices and rocket-propelled grenades, the IDF re-opened the development. At that point the Stryker armored personnel carrier was offered and rejected by the IDF.


title: Namer

text: Eventually, IDF Ordnance developed infantry fighting vehicle prototypes based on the Merkava Mark I chassis, and also a handful of IFVs based on the Merkava Mark IV chassis. The vehicle was initially called "Nemmera" (Hebrew: leopardess), but later renamed to "Namer" (Hebrew: leopard), while the name "Nemmera" refers to a Merkava-based ARV.


title: Namer

text: On 15 February 2005, "Maariv" reported that a running Namer prototype based on the Merkava Mark I was fielded by the Givati Brigade for trials and evaluation. It was equipped with a Rafael Overhead Weapon Station, which is remotely controlled and loaded from within the vehicle. This same unit was demonstrated at the Eurosatory 2005 military exhibition where prospective export customers showed interest.


title: Namer

text: Lessons learned in the battles of the 2006 Lebanon War also largely validated this program. Consequently, in 2007 it was reported that the first fifteen Namers would be delivered in 2008, and over a hundred more would finally equip two combat brigades. However, conversion plans were abandoned in favor of newly built Merkava Mark IV chassis.


title: Namer

text: The Namer was the first IDF vehicle designed by computer, which allowed the vehicle to be designed more rapidly than previous vehicles.


title: Namer

text: On 1 March 2008, an operational, started from scratch and fully developed Namer IFV based on Merkava Mark IV chassis was officially presented by the IDF. Reportedly, the construction was expedited in May 2008 by importing parts from the US. On 15 September 2008, the Namer was unveiled to the general public at an exhibition in Rishon LeZion.


title: Namer

text: To speed up the production of the Namers (which have been taking place domestically) on 25 October 2010, it was announced that General Dynamics Land Systems had been chosen to negotiate a contract to manufacture and integrate an unspecified number of vehicle hulls at the Joint Systems Manufacturing Center in Lima, Ohio.


title: Namer

text: After cutting back orders for the Namer in 2014 due to budget constraints, in 2015 the IDF increased its orders for parts, in expectation of orders of complete systems. The move is in part a response to the death of 7 Golani Brigade soldiers who were killed by an RPG in Gaza while riding a Vietnam War-era M113 whose engine stalled in the middle of the battlefield. The orders from General Dynamics are occurring alongside domestic production of the vehicles.


title: Namer

text: It was originally planned to be equipped with Israel Military Industries's Iron Fist active protection system; however, due to budget limitations the installation of an active protection system has been delayed. From 2016, nearly a decade later than planned, the IDF said that it will begin to fit newly built Namers with Rafael's Trophy active protection system.


title: Namer

text: Budgetary constraints and lack of prioritization of ground forces have meant that the IDF continuously cut back its orders of the Namer. As of 2014, the pace of Namer purchases was still considered slow, with around 30 being produced each year, meaning that there would not be 500 of the vehicles in the IDF until 2027.


title: Namer

text: On 6 March 2016, the" Jerusalem Post "reported that all new Namers would be delivered with the Trophy active protection system. They also reported that the quantity ordered had been doubled from the previous year.


title: Namer

text: At the end of 2016, the IDF Combat Engineering Corps started to operate the Namer CEV (Hebrew: נמ"ר הנדסי – נמר"ה). The Namer CEV is equipped with Trophy active protection system and engineering devices such as mine rollers, bulldozer blades and anti-mine CARPET rockets.


title: Namer

text: Namer has been designed for survivability and rapid repair, with modular armor, V-hull belly armor pack, and CBRN defense.


title: Namer

text: According to Brigadier general Yaron Livnat, they are more heavily armored than the Merkava IV tanks: "The weight saved by eliminating the turret was 'reinvested' in beefing up the armor."


title: Namer

text: From 2016 onwards, it is planned for some of them to begin to be equipped with a Trophy active protection system.


title: Namer

text: Israel's defense ministry stated in 2015: "The Namer is considered to be the most protected armored combat vehicle in the world, which proved its abilities during fighting in Operation Protective Edge against many threats." As a result, it plans to introduce more of the vehicles into the army over the next decade, to replace the M113s currently in service.


title: Namer

text: Namer is armed with either a M2 Browning machine gun or a Mk 19 grenade launcher mounted on a Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station as well as a 7.62 mm (FN MAG) machine gun and a 60 mm mortar. Smoke grenade launchers are also carried.


title: Namer

text: On 31 July 2017, the Israeli Defense Ministry released video of an infantry fighting vehicle version of the Namer fitted with an unmanned turret armed with a 30 mm cannon; the turret is equipped with the Trophy APS. The Namer IFV offers more firepower for infantry units and provides a better response in urban combat operations.


title: Namer

text: On 12 December 2018, the Israeli Defense ministry released a further video of the IFV version of the Namer launching two Spike-MR missiles from a pod which can be erected from and lowered flush into the turret roof. A defense ministry spokesperson stated the installation "will enable IDF soldiers to fire missiles from within the vehicles, while they are still protected, which will significantly increase the attack range of the vehicles". The automated launch pod will also be fitted to the turret of the Eitan AFV.


title: Namer

text: Namer is capable of maneuvering in difficult terrain, powered by the Teledyne Continental AVDS-1790-9AR V12 air-cooled diesel engine of the Merkava Mark III. Namer is able to carry up to 12 troops (crewmen and fully equipped infantrymen) and one stretcher, or two stretchers and medical equipment on a "Namerbulance" MEDEVAC version. The original Merkava Mark IV rear entrance was redesigned to be a wider door ramp with a sniper port. Two hatches are fitted on the roof, which is higher than Merkava's hull roof. Namer also shares a digital battlefield management system with Merkava Mark IV, giving it hunter-killer team capabilities.


title: Namer

text: On 13 April 2016, the Israeli Defense Ministry released video and photos of combat engineering versions of the Namer undergoing testing. There are three combat engineering derivatives: a bulldozer version to be operated by company commanders; a breaching and obstacle bridging version to be operated by platoon commanders; and a towing version to be operated by platoon sergeants. Additional engineering devices, such as CARPET mine-breaching rockets, can be installed per mission. Combat engineering Namers are equipped with the Trophy APS, and would endow brigade-level teams with capabilities they never had before to deal with tunnels, bridge obstacles, and maneuver in high-threat areas. The Namer CEV entered service in the end 2016, at Battalion 603 of the Combat Engineering Corps, and is projected to enter service of the 601st Battalion in 2021.


title: Namer

text: Namers took part in Operation Protective Edge. During the fighting, Namers (which at the time were not fitted with Active and Soft Protection Systems) were hit multiple times by RPGs and ATGMs, including suffering direct hits by 9M133 Kornet ATGMs, but the vehicles emerged undamaged and in no instances was the armor penetrated or injuries caused. In another case, an explosive charge weighing half a ton to a ton of explosives was detonated near the Namer, and a house collapsed on the APC, nothing happened to it and the soldiers, continued their mission as planned. As a result of its success on the battlefield, there were calls for the number of vehicles to be increased (beyond the 170 on order), and for them to gradually replace the many M113s currently fielded by IDF combat units.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: Jodi Sue Huisentruit (; born June 5, 1968 – June 27, 1995) was an American television news anchor for KIMT, the CBS affiliate in Mason City, Iowa. Huisentruit disappeared in the early morning hours of June 27, 1995, soon after telling a colleague that she had overslept and was running late for work. Since there were signs of a struggle outside her apartment, Huisentruit is believed to have been abducted. However, extensive investigations have failed to uncover any clues to her disappearance. She was declared legally dead in 2001.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: Jodi Huisentruit was born and raised in Long Prairie, Minnesota, the youngest daughter of Maurice Nicholas Huisentruit (1920–1982) and Imogene L. "Jane" Huisentruit (née Anderson, 1923–2014). In high school, Huisentruit excelled at golf. Considered a promising talent, she and her team won the state Class A tournament in both 1985 and 1986. After high school, she went on to St. Cloud State University, where she studied mass communications and speech communication, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1990. Huisentruit's first job after graduation was with Northwest Airlines. She began her broadcasting career with CBS affiliate KGAN in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, as the station's Iowa City bureau chief, then returned to Minnesota for a job at ABC affiliate KSAX in Alexandria. Huisentruit later returned to Iowa for her position at CBS affiliate KIMT in Mason City.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: The day before her disappearance, Huisentruit participated in a golf tournament. According to Mason City resident John Vansice, she then went to his house to view a homemade videotape of a birthday celebration that he had arranged for her earlier that month.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: At about 4:00 a.m. on Tuesday, June 27, 1995, KIMT producer Amy Kuns noticed that Huisentruit had failed to report to work as scheduled, so she called Huisentruit's apartment. When Huisentruit answered the telephone, she explained that she had overslept and that she was preparing to leave for the station. However, by 6:00 a.m. she had still not arrived, so Kuns filled in for her on the morning show "Daybreak". At about 7:00 a.m., KIMT staff called the Mason City police.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: When police arrived at Huisentruit's apartment, they found her red Mazda Miata in the parking lot, as well as other evidence that suggested a struggle had taken place near the car. Her personal items, including a bent car key, were strewn about the area, and police reported recovering an unidentified palm print from her vehicle.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: Investigators interviewed at least three neighbors in Huisentruit's apartment complex who said that they had heard screams at about the time that she would have likely been leaving for work. In addition, a nearby neighbor reported seeing a Mid 80s white Ford Econoline van parked with its lights on and engine running in Huisentruit's parking lot at about the same time.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: In September 1995, the Huisentruit family hired private investigators from McCarthy & Associates Investigative Services, Inc. (MAIS) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, who in turn enlisted the assistance of Omaha, Nebraska, private investigator Doug Jasa. McCarthy and Jasa appeared on several national television shows, including "America's Most Wanted" and "Unsolved Mysteries". In November 1995, they and members of Jodi's family traveled to Los Angeles, California to meet with three prominent psychics. This meeting was televised and served as the pilot for the "Psychic Detectives" television show. Although each show generated several leads, none resulted in concrete evidence or identification of a suspect.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: In May 1996, approximately 100 volunteers searched an area of Cerro Gordo County and left flags to mark anything that appeared suspicious. Each of these sites was then re-examined by law enforcement, but no promising evidence was located. Police and private investigators have conducted more than 1,000 interviews, but none have resulted in conclusive evidence pointing to a suspect. Huisentruit was declared legally dead in May 2001.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: In 2003, FindJodi.com was created by Minnesota TV journalists Josh Benson and Gary Peterson with the goal to keep Jodi’s case in the spotlight and for the website to serve as a clearinghouse for tips that might lead to Jodi.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: When new cases arise that appear to bear similarities with Huisentruit's, or whenever remains are discovered in the area, speculation quickly leads to a connection with the missing reporter. However, no suspect has been identified and all uncovered remains to date have proven to be from other sources. In 2005, many media outlets, including "20/20", again focused on the story as the tenth anniversary of Huisentruit's disappearance approached.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: In early June 2008, photocopies of the 84 pages of Huisentruit's personal journal were anonymously mailed to a local newspaper. The Mason City "Globe Gazette" received the material in a large envelope with no return address and a June 4 postmark from Waterloo. The original journal has been in the possession of law enforcement since the investigation began. Within days, Mason City Police reported that the sender had come forward and was identified as the wife of the former Mason City police chief. Although noting that the former chief had taken a copy of the journal home when he left office, the police gave no motive as to why the woman had sent it to the newspaper.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: In May 2015, all 100 members of the Iowa House of Representatives signed a letter requesting Mason City to declare June 27, 2015 as Jodi Huisentruit Day in honor of her memory and that of all victims in unsolved cases. This was ultimately declined. In a December 2016 opinion piece for "The N'West Iowa Review", retiring state representative John Kooiker of Sioux County described his experience with the case as a member of the Iowa State House Public Safety Committee and suggested a coverup by Mason City officials.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: In March 2017, a search warrant was executed against John Vansice, seeking GPS data for two of his vehicles.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: As of 2020, the Mason City Police Department and the Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation were still actively investigating Huisentruit's disappearance. That same year, Findjodi.com launched a podcast by the same name in order to gain a new audience to share information on the case and generate new leads.


title: Jodi Huisentruit

text: In 2022, ABC's "20/20" debuted a new special titled "Gone at Dawn" overviewing the disappearance of Jodi and interviewing those close with the case. This episode was the third time "20/20" featured the Jodi Huisentruit case.


title: Ketuvim

text: The Ketuvim (; , Modern: "Kəṯūvīm", Tiberian: "Kăṯūḇīm" "writings") is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), after Torah (instruction) and Nevi'im (prophets). In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually titled "Writings" or "Hagiographa".


title: Ketuvim

text: In the Ketuvim, I and II Chronicles form one book, along with Ezra and Nehemiah which form a single unit entitled "Ezra–Nehemiah". (In citations by chapter and verse numbers, however, the Hebrew equivalents of "Nehemiah", "I Chronicles" and "II Chronicles" are used, as the system of chapter division was imported from Christian usage.) Collectively, eleven books are included in the Ketuvim.


title: Ketuvim

text: In Masoretic manuscripts (and some printed editions), Psalms, Proverbs and Job are presented in a special two-column form emphasizing the parallel stichs in the verses, which are a function of their poetry. Collectively, these three books are known as Sifrei Emet ( "sip̄rēi ʾemeṯ" "documents of truth" - an acronym of the titles of the three books in Hebrew, איוב, משלי, תהלים yields "Emet", which is also the Hebrew for "truth").


title: Ketuvim

text: These three books are also the only ones in the Hebrew Bible with a special system of cantillation notes that are designed to emphasize parallel stichs within verses. However, the beginning and end of the book of Job are in the normal prose system.


title: Ketuvim

text: The five relatively short books of Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, the Book of Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Book of Esther are collectively known as the Five Megillot ("Hamesh Megillot"/ Five Scrolls). These are the latest books collected and designated as "authoritative" in the Jewish canon. These scrolls are traditionally read over the course of the year in many Jewish communities. The list below presents them in the order they are read in the synagogue on holidays, beginning with the Song of Songs on Passover.


title: Ketuvim

text: The remaining books in the Ketuvim are the Book of Daniel, Ezra–Nehemiah and the Books of Chronicles. These books share a number of distinguishing characteristics:


title: Ketuvim

text: The following list presents the books of the Ketuvim in the order they appear in most printed editions. It also divides them into three subgroups based on the distinctiveness of "Sifrei Emet" and "Hamesh Megillot".


title: Ketuvim

text: The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in the Ketuvim. The Babylonian Talmud (Bava Batra 14b–15a) gives their order as Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Daniel, Esther, Ezra, and Chronicles.


title: Ketuvim

text: In Tiberian Masoretic codices, including the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex, and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order is Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, and Ezra.


title: Ketuvim

text: The Ketuvim is the last of the three portions of the Tanakh to have been accepted as Biblical canon. There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed: some scholars argue that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty, while others argue it was not fixed until the second century CE or even later.


title: Ketuvim

text: While the Torah may have been considered canon by Israel as early as the 5th century BCE and the Former and Latter Prophets were canonized by the 2nd century BCE, Michael Coogan says that the Ketuvim was not a fixed canon until the 2nd century CE. According to T. Henshaw, as early as 132 BCE some references suggesting that the Ketuvim was starting to take shape, though it lacked a formal title. Jacob Neusner argues that the notion of a biblical canon was not prominent in 2nd-century Rabbinic Judaism or even later.


title: Ketuvim

text: "Against Apion", the writing of Josephus in 95 CE, treated the text of the Hebrew Bible as a closed canon to which "no one has ventured either to add, or to remove, or to alter a syllable"; Michael Barber, however, avers that Josephus' canon is "not identical to that of the modern Hebrew Bible". For a long time, following this date, the divine inspiration of Esther, the Song of Songs, and Kohelet (Ecclesiastes) was often under scrutiny.


title: Ketuvim

text: In the 20th century, many scholars seemed to believe that the limits of the Ketuvim as canonized scripture were determined by the Council of Jamnia ( 90 CE). But the theory of the Council of Jamnia is largely discredited today.


title: Ketuvim

text: There is no formal system of synagogal reading of Ketuvim equivalent to the Torah portion and "haftarah". It is thought that there was once a cycle for reading the Psalms, parallel to the triennial cycle for Torah reading, as the number of psalms (150) is similar to the number of Torah portions in that cycle, and remnants of this tradition exist in Italy. All Jewish liturgies contain copious extracts from the Psalms, but these are normally sung to a regular recitative or rhythmic tune rather than read or chanted. Some communities also have a custom of reading Proverbs in the weeks following Pesach, and Job on the Ninth of Ab.


title: Ketuvim

text: The five megillot are read on the festivals, as mentioned above, though Sephardim have no custom of public reading of Song of Songs on Passover or Ecclesiastes on Sukkot. There are traces of an early custom of reading a "haftarah" from Ketuvim on Shabbat afternoons, but this does not survive in any community. Some Reform communities that operate a triennial cycle choose "haftarot" on Shabbat morning from Ketuvim as well as Neviim.


title: Ketuvim

text: In some Near and Middle Eastern Jewish traditions, the whole of Ketuvim (as well as the rest of the Tanakh and the Mishnah) is read each year on a weekly rota, usually on Shabbat afternoons. These reading sessions are not considered to be synagogue services, and often took place in the synagogue courtyard.


title: Ketuvim

text: Medieval sources speak of three cantillation melodies, for Torah, Nevi'im and Ketuvim respectively. Today the position is more complicated. Oriental Sephardic communities preserve cantillation systems for the three poetic books, namely Psalms, Proverbs and the main part of Job (usually a different melody for each of the three books). No such systems exist in the Ashkenazi or Spanish and Portuguese traditions. However, the Ashkenazic yeshiva known as Aderet Eliyahu, in the Old City of Jerusalem, uses an adaptation of the Syrian cantillation-melody for these books, and this is becoming more popular among other Ashkenazim as well.


title: Ketuvim

text: In all communities there are special cantillation melodies for Lamentations and Esther, and in some communities for the Song of Songs. Otherwise, the melody for the book of Ruth is considered the "default" melody for books of the Ketuvim not otherwise provided for. The "prose" passages at the beginning and end of the book of Job, as read on Tisha B'Av, may be read either to the tune of Ruth or to one resembling that for the Song of Songs.


title: Ketuvim

text: Western targumim exist on "Sifrei Emet", on the Five Megillot and on Chronicles, i.e. on all the books of Ketuvim besides Daniel and Ezra (which contain large portions in Aramaic anyway). There are several complementary targumim to Esther.


title: Ketuvim

text: There is, however, no "official" eastern (Babylonian) targum to Ketuvim, equivalent to Targum Onkelos on the Torah and Targum Jonathan on Nevi'im. In fact, the Babylonian Talmud explicitly notes the lack of a Targum to Ketuvim, explaining that Jonathan ben Uzziel was divinely prevented from completing his translation of the Bible. A more prosaic explanation may consist in the lack of regular formal readings of Ketuvim in the synagogue (except the five Megillot), making it unnecessary to have an official system for line-by-line translation.


title: Squidbillies

text: Squidbillies is an American animated television series created by Jim Fortier and Dave Willis for Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. An unofficial pilot for the series aired on April 1, 2005. The series later made its official debut on October 16, 2005 and ended on December 13, 2021, with a total of 132 episodes over the course of 13 seasons.


title: Squidbillies

text: The series is about the Cuyler family, an impoverished family of anthropomorphic hillbilly mud squids living in the Georgia region of the Blue Ridge Mountains. The series revolves around the exploits of an alcoholic father (Early), who is often abusive in a comedic way towards his family. His son, Rusty, is desperate for his approval; his mother and grandmother, known in the show as Granny, is often the center of his aggression; and Lil, Early's sister, is mostly unconscious in a pool of her own vomit.


title: Squidbillies

text: The series also airs in syndication in other countries and has been released on various DVD sets and other forms of home media.


title: Squidbillies

text: "Squidbillies" follows the exploits of the Cuyler family and their interactions with the local populace, which usually results in a fair amount of destruction, mutilation, and death. The Cuylers are essentially given free rein and protected from the consequences of their actions whenever possible by their crudely-drawn friend, the Sheriff (whose name is "Sharif"), as they are said to be the last twisted remnants of a federally protected endangered species, the "Appalachian Mud Squid". They live in the southern Appalachian Mountains located in the North Georgia mountains. At the epicentre of this rural paradise is Dougal County, home to crippling gambling addictions, a murderous corporation, sexual deviants, and the authentic Southern mountain squid. In the words of "The New York Times", the show takes "backwoods stereotypes" and turns them into "a cudgel with which to pound maniacally on all manner of topical subjects."


title: Squidbillies

text: "Squidbillies" is produced by Williams Street Productions; it is written by Dave Willis, co-creator of "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", and Jim Fortier, previously of "The Brak Show", both of whom worked on the Adult Swim series "Space Ghost Coast to Coast". The show is animated by Awesome Inc, with background design by Ben Prisk.


title: Squidbillies

text: On August 16, 2020, it was announced that Baker was fired from the series for his controversial comments towards the Black Lives Matter movement and country singer Dolly Parton. A response was posted on Facebook by Baker claiming that being fired from "Squidbillies" ruined his life. The response was later deleted.


title: Squidbillies

text: The thirteenth and final season of "Squidbillies" premiered on November 7, 2021, with Baker being replaced by comedian Tracy Morgan.


title: Squidbillies

text: In Canada, "Squidbillies" previously aired on Teletoon's Teletoon at Night block and later G4's Adult Digital Distraction block. The series currently airs on the Canadian version of Adult Swim.


title: Squidbillies

text: In January 2012, a free 35 track soundtrack was released on the Adult Swim music site entitled "The Squidbillies Present: Music for Americans Only Made by Americans in China for Americans Only God Bless America, U.S.A."


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: Bad Blood is a Canadian crime drama television series created and produced by Simon Barry. The show premiered on Citytv on September 21, 2017. The series ran for two seasons totaling 14 episodes until November 29, 2018. A French-language version of the show premiered on November 11, 2017 on Ici Radio-Canada Télé under the title Les liens du sang. Initially intended as a miniseries, it was renewed by Rogers Media for a second season in March 2018, which was broadcast on Citytv and FX Canada. The first season is a dramatization of the rise and fall of the real-life Rizzuto crime family, a Montreal-based organized crime family, and is based on the 2015 book "Business or Blood: Mafia Boss Vito Rizzuto's Last War" by Antonio Nicaso and Peter Edwards. The second season departs from the book and is fully fictional.


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: The Rizzuto crime family consists of crime boss Vito Rizzuto (Anthony LaPaglia), high-ranking member Declan Gardiner (Kim Coates), consigliere Bruno Bonsignori (Enrico Colantoni), and associate Gio (Tony Nappo). The first season also features Vito's father Nicolo Rizzuto (Paul Sorvino), the patriarch of the family, along with Vito's son Nico (Brett Donahue), who hopes to take over as boss. The second season introduces Domenic Cosoleto (Louis Ferreira) and Enzo Cosoleto (Daniel Kash) of the Cosoleto crime family in Hamilton, and Teresa Langana (Anna Hopkins) and Christian Langana (Gianni Falcone), children of a mob boss in Italy who wants to expand their territory.


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: "Bad Blood" was filmed in Montreal, Quebec, and Sudbury, Ontario. The first season was largely set in Montreal, with the second season also including Hamilton, Ontario. The narrative is structured chronologically from the early 2000s, in a real-time fashion, also relying on flashbacks to fill in gaps from the past.


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: The series was critically acclaimed by critics at the "Toronto Star" and "The Globe and Mail", and was nominated for Best Dramatic Series at the Canadian Screen Awards. For his leading performance, Coates won the Best Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role at the Canadian Screen Awards, while Konyves won the Best Writing, Drama Series.


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: Set in Montreal between the early 2000s and early 2010s, Vito Rizzuto, the boss of the real-life Rizzuto crime family, seeks to bring peace to the criminal world in the city. However, when Vito is implicated and arrested for multiple murders committed in 1981, he puts his right-hand man, Declan Gardiner, in charge, and his empire begins to crumble. Upon Vito's release, he sets out on a path of revenge. Declan eventually finds himself at odds with new rivals, twins of a head mobster from Calabria, Italy, Teresa and Christian Langana, who are related to the Cosoleto brothers in Hamilton.


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: Production company, New Metric Media approached show creator, Simon Barry, with the idea that a story about the Rizzuto crime family was meant for the screen. New Metric Media had purchased the rights to the acclaimed book, "Business or Blood: Mafia Boss Vito Rizzuto's Last War", by mob journalists Antonio Nicaso and Peter Edwards, who had covered the trials and investigations into Montreal's extensive mob violence and activity. Barry teamed up with Michael Konyves to make the six-part miniseries, someone who also immediately recognized the incredible possibilities of the concept presented citing that the book provided a crucial roadmap to the first season. Barry scripted the pilot and then handed the reins over to Konyves, who served as showrunner on both seasons. Barry met with the book's authors early on and listened to the various anecdotes to get a greater idea of who these characters were—with omissions made in many cases for legal reasons. Konyves cited making changes to some scripts the day before production for legal reasons. Since Vito spends an extended period in an American prison and out of the action, Barry and Konyves exchanged ideas about from whose perspective the story would be told; their solution was to create a fictional character, Declan Gardiner (Kim Coates), who was placed high up in the Rizzuto clan, but was not actually a blood relation, and who would become a composite of several real-world characters. Declan is brought into the family by Vito similar to Robert Duvall's character Tom Hagen from "The Godfather".


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: The series was renewed for a second season by Rogers Media in March 2018, with Nataline Rodrigues, Director of Original Programming at Rogers Media saying, "The calibre of talent both in front of and behind the camera, in addition to the overwhelming viewer response, made the decision to renew Bad Blood for Season 2 an easy one." The second season departs from the book and is fully fictional, with Coates saying, "There are no more rules. This is our story now... I've gone completely lone wolf."


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: In January 2017, Rogers Media announced the starring cast for the six-part series, Anthony LaPaglia as Montreal crime boss Vito Rizzuto, Kim Coates as Vito's fictional right-hand man Declan Gardiner, Paul Sorvino as family patriarch Nicolo Rizzuto, and Enrico Colantoni as Bruno Bonsignori. Coates said, "It really was some of the greatest writing I had ever read." Sorvino had some initial reservations about the project, saying, "I'm a little wary about doing anything Mafia because, boy, I'm nailed down as a Mafioso." He was ultimately won over by the strong script and his role as Nicolo Rizzuto, patriarch of the crime family. LaPaglia had little knowledge of Rizzuto before taking the part, but immersed himself in the character by watching film and listening to wiretap evidence, saying, "His voice was twice as gravelly as mine, sometimes hard to understand." Additional cast included, Brett Donahue, Maxim Roy, Tony Nappo, Frank Schorpion, Joris Jarsky, Michelle Mylett, Clauter Alexandre and Vincent Leclerc.


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: In May 2018, after the series was renewed in March 2018, Rogers Media announced that Kim Coates was the only one to reprise his role alongside a new dynamic ensemble cast starring, Louis Ferreira as Domenic Cosoleto, Anna Hopkins as Teresa Langana, and Melanie Scrofano as Valentina Cosoleto. Additional cast included, Daniel Kash, Franco Lo Presti, Dylan Taylor, Lisa Berry, Gianni Falcone, Sharon Taylor and Ryan McDonald.


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: Filming of the series took place in Montreal, Quebec and Sudbury, Ontario. Sudbury was particularly chosen to take advantage of tax credits and financial incentives; care was taken to cloak locations during its initial shooting days. Konyves used a two-camera setup, saying, "I'll never do a show without two cameras again. You will get into a budget argument over the second camera, but it saves you so much time and headache in the editing room. If you've got six days instead of eight to do an hour-long episode, the second camera gives you that extra coverage."


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: The first two seasons aired on Citytv in Canada on Thursdays at 8:00 pm. The second season was also broadcast on FX Canada on Sundays at 10:00 pm. In November 2018, Netflix announced that it would distribute the series internationally, with the first season released on December 7, 2018, and the second released on May 31, 2019. Both seasons left Netflix globally in June 2022.


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: The first season of "Bad Blood" received mostly positive reviews from critics and has a score of 80% on Rotten Tomatoes based on five reviews with an average rating of 8/10.


title: Bad Blood (TV series)

text: The "Toronto Star" called the series a Canadian "Sopranos." John Doyle of "The Globe and Mail" praised the first season, calling it "very superior docu-drama: gripping, richly textured and unfussily focused not just on the violent dynamics of a successful mob operation but on what happens when a strong leader is absent and the centre of power disintegrates." Doyle also praised the second season, calling it "not only nifty entertainment, it’s a deftly made, superior crime drama, forensically smart about family and business power."


title: Donna Haraway

text: Donna J. Haraway is an American Professor Emerita in the History of Consciousness Department and Feminist Studies Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and a prominent scholar in the field of science and technology studies. She has also contributed to the intersection of information technology and feminist theory, and is a leading scholar in contemporary ecofeminism. Her work criticizes anthropocentrism, emphasizes the self-organizing powers of nonhuman processes, and explores dissonant relations between those processes and cultural practices, rethinking sources of ethics.


title: Donna Haraway

text: Haraway has taught women's studies and the history of science at the University of Hawaii (1971-1974) and Johns Hopkins University (1974-1980). She began working as a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1980 where she became the first tenured professor in feminist theory in the United States. Haraway's works have contributed to the study of both human–machine and human–animal relations. Her works have sparked debate in primatology, philosophy, and developmental biology. Haraway participated in a collaborative exchange with the feminist theorist Lynn Randolph from 1990 to 1996. Their engagement with specific ideas relating to feminism, technoscience, political consciousness, and other social issues, formed the images and narrative of Haraway's book "Modest_Witness" for which she received the Society for Social Studies of Science's (4S) Ludwik Fleck Prize in 1999. She was also awarded the Section on Science, Knowledge and Technology's Robert K. Merton award in 1992 for her work "Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science."


title: Donna Haraway

text: Donna Jeanne Haraway was born on September 6, 1944, in Denver, Colorado. Haraway's father, Frank O. Haraway, was a sportswriter for "The Denver Post" and her mother Dorothy Mcguire Haraway, who came from an Irish Catholic background, died from a heart attack when Haraway was 16 years old. Although she is no longer religious, Catholicism had a strong influence on her as she was taught by nuns in her early life. The impression of the Eucharist influenced her linkage of the figurative and the material. Haraway attended high school at St. Mary's Academy in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado.


title: Donna Haraway

text: Haraway majored in Zoology, with minors in philosophy and English at the Colorado College, on the full-tuition Boettcher Scholarship. After college, Haraway moved to Paris and studied evolutionary philosophy and theology at the Fondation Teilhard de Chardin on a Fulbright scholarship. She completed her Ph.D. in biology at Yale in 1972 writing a dissertation about the use of metaphor in shaping experiments in experimental biology titled "The Search for Organizing Relations: An Organismic Paradigm in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology", later edited into a book and published under the title "Crystals, Fabrics, and Fields: Metaphors of Organicism in Twentieth-Century Developmental Biology".


title: Donna Haraway

text: Haraway was the recipient of several scholarships. Alluding to the Cold War and post-war American hegemony, she said of these, "...people like me became national resources in the national science efforts. So, there was money available for educating even Irish Catholic girls' brains." In 1999, Haraway received the Society for Social Studies of Science's (4S) Ludwik Fleck Prize. In September 2000, Haraway was awarded the Society for Social Studies of Science's highest honor, the J. D. Bernal Award, for her "distinguished contributions" to the field. Haraway's most famous essay was published in 1985: "A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s" and was characterized as "an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism, and materialism".


title: Donna Haraway

text: In Haraway's thesis, "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective" (1988), she means to expose the myth of scientific objectivity. Haraway defined the term "situated knowledges" as a means of understanding that all knowledge comes from positional perspectives. Our positionality inherently determines what it is possible to know about an object of interest. Comprehending situated knowledge "allows us to become answerable for what we learn how to see". Without this accountability, the implicit biases and societal stigmas of the researcher's community are twisted into ground truth from which to build assumptions and hypothesis. Haraway's ideas in "Situated Knowledges" were heavily influenced by conversations with Nancy Hartsock and other feminist philosophers and activists.


title: Donna Haraway

text: "Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science", published in 1989 (Routledge), focuses on primate research and primatology: "My hope has been that the always oblique and sometimes perverse focusing would facilitate revisions of fundamental, persistent western narratives about difference, especially racial and sexual difference; about reproduction, especially in terms of the multiplicities of generators and offspring; and about survival, especially about survival imagined in the boundary conditions of both the origins and ends of history, as told within western traditions of that complex genre". Currently, Donna Haraway is an American Professor Emerita in the History of Consciousness Department and Feminist Studies Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, United States. She lives North of San Francisco with her partner Rusten Hogness. In an interview with Sarah Franklin in 2017, Haraway addresses her intent to incorporate collective thinking and all perspectives: "It isn't that systematic, but there is a little list. I notice if I have cited nothing but white people, if I have erased indigenous people, if I forget non-human beings, etc. I notice on purpose. I notice if I haven't paid the slightest bit of attention ... You know, I run through some old-fashioned, klutzy categories. Race, sex, class, region, sexuality, gender, species. I pay attention. I know how fraught all those categories are, but I think those categories still do important work. I have developed, kind of, an alert system, an internalized alert system."


title: Donna Haraway

text: In 1985, Haraway published the essay "Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the 1980s" in "Socialist Review". Although most of Haraway's earlier work was focused on emphasizing the masculine bias in scientific culture, she has also contributed greatly to the feminist narratives of the twentieth century. For Haraway, the Manifesto offered a response to the rising conservatism during the 1980s in the United States at a critical juncture at which feminists, to have any real-world significance, had to acknowledge their situatedness within what she terms the "informatics of domination." Women were no longer on the outside along a hierarchy of privileged binaries but rather deeply imbued, exploited by and complicit within networked hegemony, and had to form their politics as such.


title: Donna Haraway

text: In her updated essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century", in her book "Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature" (1991), Haraway uses the cyborg metaphor to explain how fundamental contradictions in feminist theory and identity should be conjoined, rather than resolved, similar to the fusion of machine and organism in cyborgs. The manifesto is also an important feminist critique of capitalism by revealing how men have exploited women's reproduction labor, providing a barrier for women to reach full equality in the labor market.


title: Donna Haraway

text: Haraway also writes about the history of science and biology. In "Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science" (1990), she focused on the metaphors and narratives that direct the science of primatology. She asserted that there is a tendency to masculinize the stories about "reproductive competition and sex between aggressive males and receptive females [that] facilitate some and preclude other types of conclusions". She contended that female primatologists focus on different observations that require more communication and basic survival activities, offering very different perspectives of the origins of nature and culture than the currently accepted ones. Drawing on examples of Western narratives and ideologies of gender, race and class, Haraway questioned the most fundamental constructions of scientific human nature stories based on primates. In "Primate Visions", she wrote:


title: Donna Haraway

text: My hope has been that the always oblique and sometimes perverse focusing would facilitate revisions of fundamental, persistent western narratives about difference, especially racial and sexual difference; about reproduction, especially in terms of the multiplicities of generators and offspring; and about survival, especially about survival imagined in the boundary conditions of both the origins and ends of history, as told within western traditions of that complex genre.


title: Donna Haraway

text: Haraway's aim for science is "to reveal the limits and impossibility of its 'objectivity' and to consider some recent revisions offered by feminist primatologists". Haraway presents an alternative perspective to the accepted ideologies that continue to shape the way scientific human nature stories are created.


title: Donna Haraway

text: Haraway urges feminists to be more involved in the world of technoscience and to be credited for that involvement. In a 1997 publication, she remarked:


title: Donna Haraway

text: I want feminists to be enrolled more tightly in the meaning-making processes of technoscientific world-building. I also want feminist—activists, cultural producers, scientists, engineers, and scholars (all overlapping categories) — to be recognized for the articulations and enrollment we have been making all along within technoscience, in spite of the ignorance of most "mainstream" scholars in their characterization (or lack of characterizations) of feminism in relation to both technoscientific practice and technoscience studies.


title: Donna Haraway

text: Haraway created a panel called 'Make Kin not Babies' in 2015 with five other feminist thinkers named: Alondra Nelson, Kim TallBear, Chia-Ling Wu, Michelle Murphy, and Adele Clarke. The panel's emphasis is on moving human numbers down while paying attention to factors, such as the environment, race, and class. A key phrase of hers is "Making babies is different than giving babies a good childhood." This led to the inspiration for the publication of "Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations", by Donna Haraway and Adele Clarke, two of the panelist members. The book addresses the growing concern of the increase in the human population and its consequences on our environment. The book consists of essays from the two authors, incorporating both environmental and reproductive justice along with addressing the functions of family and kinship relationships.


title: Donna Haraway

text: Speculative fabulation is a concept that is included in many of Haraway's works. It includes all of the wild facts that will not hold still, and it indicates a mode of creativity and the story of the Anthropocene. Haraway stresses how this does not mean it is not a fact. In "Staying with the Trouble", she defines speculative fabulation as "a mode of attention, theory of history, and a practice of worlding," and she finds it an integral part of scholarly writing and everyday life. In Haraway's work she addresses a feminist speculative fabulation and its focusing on making kin instead of babies to ensure the good childhood of all children while controlling the population. "Making Kin not Population: Reconceiving Generations" highlights practices and proposals to implement this theory in society.


title: Donna Haraway

text: The companion Species Manifesto is to be read as a “personal document”. This work was written to tell the story of cohabitation, coevolution and embodied cross-species sociality. Haraway argues that humans ‘companion’ relationship with dogs can show us the importance of recognizing differences and ‘how to engage with significant otherness'. The link between humans and animals like dogs can show people how to interact with other humans and nonhumans. Haraway believes that we should be using the term "companion species" instead of "companion animals" because of the relationships we can learn through them.


title: Donna Haraway

text: Haraway's work has been criticized for being "methodologically vague" and using noticeably opaque language that is "sometimes concealing in an apparently deliberate way". Several reviewers have argued that her understanding of the scientific method is questionable, and that her explorations of epistemology at times leave her texts virtually meaning-free.


title: Donna Haraway

text: A 1991 review of Haraway's "Primate Visions", published in the "International Journal of Primatology", provides examples of some of the most common critiques of her view of science, and a 1990 review in the "American Journal of Primatology", offers a similar criticism. However, a review in the "Journal of the History of Biology" by Anne Fausto-Sterling, a sexologist, disagrees.


title: Steven Caulker

text: Steven Roy Caulker (born 29 December 1991) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Süper Lig club Fatih Karagümrük. Born in England, he represents and captains the Sierra Leone national team.


title: Steven Caulker

text: Caulker started his professional career with Tottenham Hotspur in 2009. He spent three seasons on loan with Yeovil Town, Bristol City and Swansea City. At Swansea he made his first appearances in the Premier League and at the end of the season played for Britain at the 2012 Olympics. In November 2012 he made a scoring England debut in a friendly against Sweden.


title: Steven Caulker

text: He was sold to newly promoted Cardiff City for the 2013–14 season but was unable to prevent their relegation from the Premier League. He was subsequently sold to Queens Park Rangers for the following 2014–15 season; who themselves were relegated. He spent the next few seasons largely on loan to Southampton and Liverpool before playing half a season for Dundee in the Scottish Premiership. He then joined Turkish Süper Lig team Alanyaspor in January 2019. After a successful spell there, Caulker signed with top Turkish club Fenerbahçe, but would spend his lone season there on loan with Gaziantep and never play for Fener.


title: Steven Caulker

text: Caulker was born in Feltham in the London Borough of Hounslow. He is a member of the Caulker family of Sierra Leone. Caulker attended Staines Preparatory School as his primary school and Lampton School as his secondary school, and was borough champion at 400m for four years in a row. As a boy he supported his hometown club Brentford.