title: Tekken 4

text: Two years after the King of Iron Fist Tournament 3, Heihachi Mishima and his scientists have captured samples of Ogre's blood and tissue to splice with Heihachi's genome, in order to make him immortal. The experiment fails since Heihachi lacks the Devil gene. His grandson, Jin Kazama, possesses the Devil gene but has been missing since the previous tournament. Meanwhile, Heihachi learns that the body of his son, Kazuya Mishima, who also had the Devil gene and whom Heihachi killed by throwing into a volcano twenty years ago, is stored in the labs of the G Corporation, a cutting edge biotech firm making revolutionary advances in the field of biogenetics research. Heihachi sends his Tekken Forces to raid G Corporation facility in order to retrieve Kazuya's remains. However, the mission fails when the Tekken Force is wiped out by none other than Kazuya himself, who has been revived by G Corporation a few days after his apparent death. Unknown to Heihachi, Jin has been in a self-imposed training exile in Brisbane, to unlearn the Mishima karate style and master traditional karate, loathing anything to do with his bloodline since Heihachi's betrayal.


title: Tekken 4

text: In an attempt to lure Kazuya and Jin out, Heihachi announces the King of Iron Fist Tournament 4, with the ownership of the Mishima Zaibatsu being the top prize. After Jin won his match against Hwoarang by default when the South Korean Army took him into custody and Kazuya defeated Violet. Jin and Kazuya were scheduled to fight at Stage 7, Jin is ambushed and captured by the Tekken Force and taken to Hon-Maru, a Mishima Dojo in the woods. By default Kazuya was declared the winner of Stage 7, Kazuya meets Heihachi at the final stage and questions him of Jin's disappearance. They clash and Heihachi emerges victorious. After the fight, instead of killing Kazuya outright, Heihachi leads him to Hon-Maru, where an unconscious Jin has been chained. Before Heihachi can enchain his son as well, Kazuya's body is suddenly taken over by Devil, who explains to Heihachi that 21 years ago, after throwing Kazuya into a volcano, half of its entity split from it and possessed Jin. Devil telekinetically knocks out Heihachi and then subconsciously taunts Jin, which causes him to wake up with his Devil powers activated. Breaking the chains, an enraged Jin fights Kazuya and defeats him. Heihachi regains consciousness and goes to fight against an exhausted Jin, but is also defeated. As he is about to finish Heihachi, a vision of his mother, Jun Kazama, causes him to spare Heihachi in her honor. Stretching his Devil wings, Jin takes flight, leaving the unconscious Kazuya and Heihachi in Hon-Maru.


title: Tekken 4

text: In Japan, "Game Machine" listed "Tekken 4" on their September 1, 2001 issue as being the most-successful arcade game of the month.


title: Tekken 4

text: "Tekken 4" has received an averaged score of 81% at GameRankings and 79/100 at Metacritic. "Edge" gave it a mediocre review, highlighting the game's experimental and pretty nature, and that overall it is a more solid and thoughtful proposition than its predecessor, but concluded that the game feels "over-familiar and curiously uninspired." On the other hand, GameSpot's Greg Kasavin referred to it to "one of the better fighting games in years" and "an extremely solid, long-lasting, accessible, and fun-to-play fighting game that comes from one of the world's best developers of the genre." "GameSpot" named "Tekken 4" the best PlayStation 2 game of September 2002, and nominated it for the publication's "Best Fighting Game of 2002" award. IGN's Jeremy Dunham noted the walls and confined spaces as "probably Namco's wisest decision," and called the game "a solid fighter in every sense of the word."


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: The Brazilian Democratic Movement (, MDB) is a Brazilian political party. It is considered a "big tent party" and it is one of the parties with the greatest representation throughout the national territory, with the most numbers of senators, mayors and city councillors, always having formed a large plurality at the National Congress since 1988, and also has the largest number of affiliates, with 2,131,547 members as of 2022.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: Originally, the MDB was founded on 1965 as part of an enforced two party system by the Brazilian military dictatorship, providing an official, if controlled, opposition. With political opening, on 1980 the former members of the MDB created the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (, PMDB), name which was known until 2018. It was the party of former Presidents of Brazil Tancredo Neves, José Sarney, Itamar Franco and Michel Temer, as well providing support for the governments of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff, as well as unofficial support for the government of Jair Bolsonaro.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: After the redemocratization of Brazil, MDB became a big tent party without a clear ideological program, seeking to have many members from various positions and different interest groups under its wing. As such, MDB has been criticized and accused of being a cronyistic "physiological party", aiming at ensuring proximity to the executive branch in order to guarantee advantages and allow them to distribute privileges through clientelistic networks. This has been shown by the support to multiple governing parties since the beginning of the Sixth Brazilian Republic. As such, the MDB has been considered one of the core members of the "Centrão".


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: Under military rule from 1965 to 1979, Brazil had a legally enforced two party system, with supporters of the regime gathered under the National Renewal Alliance Party (ARENA) umbrella, and the official opposition making up the MDB. Essentially, the MDB comprised nearly all of the Brazilian Labour Party and the main body of the Social Democratic Party.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: For much of the first decade-and-a-half of the military dictatorship, ARENA had large majorities in the federal and state legislatures, and the MDB was virtually powerless. Since the president was indirectly elected by Congress, ARENA's candidate—in practice, selected by the military high command—could not possibly be defeated. The MDB did not even put forward candidates in the first post-coup elections, in 1966 and 1969. While the MDB did put forward presidential candidates in 1974 and 1978, they were soundly defeated.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: From 1979 onwards, multipartyism was reintroduced to Brazil by the military government. A restricted number of parties were allowed and the two original parties were officially disbanded, with ARENA became officially known as the Democratic Social Party (PDS). Many of the MDB left into multiple new opposition parties such as the Democratic Labour Party (PDT), Brazilian Labour Party (PTB) and the Workers' Party (PT). Even though the country was redemocratizing, the military government sought to weaken the future successor of the MDB by demanding that new parties have "Party" on their official designations, thus forcing a rebranding. The group which remained reorganized the old MDB as the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (""; PMDB).


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: The MDB had been a big tent party uniting nearly all of the opposition to the military dictatorship. As such, it harboured elements ranging across the political spectrum. PMDB had a similar character to its predecessor, including a range of politicians from conservatives such as José Sarney to liberals such as Pedro Simon, leftists like Roberto Requião, populists like Íris Resende, nationalists like Orestes Quércia and the former guerrilla movement MR-8.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: In 1985, party leader Tancredo Neves won the presidential election, but died before taking office. His running mate José Sarney, who had recently joined the party after defecting from the political wing of the military, became president, serving until 1990. Up until 2016, he was the only president of Brazil to come from the party. In recent presidential elections the party has not run candidates of its own, preferring to focus on congressional and gubernatorial elections.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: At the legislative elections on 6 October 2002, the party won 74 out of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 19 out of 81 seats in the Senate, making it one of the biggest parties in Brazil.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: The party decided not to launch a candidate for the 2006 presidential election in order to be free to join any coalition in the states. Under Brazilian electoral law then, parties launching presidential candidates could not form alliances at the state level that differed at the national level (this norm was subsequently repealed). At the congressional elections in October 2006, PMDB won 89 of 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, becoming its biggest party; and in the Senate it had 15 of the 81 seats after its one-third renovation, becoming the third-largest party. PMDB also won seven state gubernatorial elections in the same election.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: In 2010 the party made gains in the Senate, winning 16 of the elected seats for a total of 20. It was somewhat weakened in other elections, winning 79 seats in the Chamber of Deputies (becoming the second largest party) and winning five state governorships.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: Notable PMDB members included: Wanderlei Silva, Tancredo Neves, Ulysses Guimarães, Itamar Franco, Orestes Quércia, Michel Temer, Anthony Garotinho, José Sarney, Renan Calheiros, Pedro Simon, Roberto Requião, Germano Rigotto, Paulo Skaf, Ramez Tebet, Marcelo Fortuna, Iris Rezende and Maguito Vilela.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: On 29 March 2016, PMDB announced that it was leaving the coalition with the Workers' Party following accusations against President Dilma Rousseff and former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of corruption. The PMDB supported the impeachment process against Dilma Rousseff. After the impeachment process began, vice president Michel Temer formed a new center-right liberal coalition government with PSDB and other parties. He was confirmed as president as Dilma was permanently removed from office by the Senate on August, 31st 2016, thus becoming the second Brazilian president to hail from PMDB.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: On 19 December 2017, the party reverted to its former name, Brazilian Democratic Movement (, MDB). The move was seen as an attempt to renew party identity. The initials PMDB had become associated with corruption and cronyism, while the original acronym was associated with the struggle for democracy, according to party leader, Romero Jucá. The party announced a program based on economic liberalism, fiscal conservatism and greater openness to sectors of civil society such as evangelicals and environmentalists. The party also made it clear that it will prioritize parliamentarians who agree with the new positions of the party, which has been interpreted by many as a warning that rebel parliamentarians, especially the senator from Paraná, Roberto Requião, strongly associated with the Brazilian nationalist left (and who eventually left the party in the summer of 2021 and eventually joined the Workers' Party), and even Renan Calheiros, the President of the Federal Senate, considered one of the most powerful personalities of Brazilian politics, but who shows little alignment with Temer's government and propositions of economic liberalism, can be excluded from the party. A few days earlier, Senator Kátia Abreu of Tocantins was expelled from the party for her support of the opposition, especially for her firm stance against the pension reform, as an alignment to the PT of whom she had been allied in the mandate of Dilma Rousseff.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: The PMDB is the Brazilian political party that received the most bribes from Odebrecht. The company's "institutional relations" manager, Melo Filho, says he can find among the PMDB senators "the parliamentarians most devoted to the group's interests", but also those "who asked for the highest contributions".


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: The original MDB was founded as a legal, civil movement of opposition to Brazilian military government. Without a clear program except the democratization of the country, the party was an umbrella of opponents of military regime, ranging from liberal conservatives and Christian democrats from parties like Christian Democratic Party and Social Democratic Party to former labourists, socialists and communists, of Brazilian Labour Party, Brazilian Socialist Party and Brazilian Communist Party. With the redemocratization, many centrists and leftists left the party and joined other parties with more consistent ideologies.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: Many Christian democrats, social liberals and social democrats broke with the party in 1988 to form the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, led by Mario Covas, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, José Serra and Franco Montoro. Other PMDB members exited the party to more established left-wing parties, like the new incarnation of Brazilian Socialist Party, Communist Party of Brazil and Democratic Labour Party. In 2009, the last left-wing section of the party abandoned it and formed the Free Fatherland Party, a far left party descending from the MR-8 guerrilla. Some strong leftists, however, like senator Roberto Requião, remained in the party, but more isolated and less powerful (Requião too would eventually leave the party in July 2021). Other powerful politicians within the party, like former Rio de Janeiro governor Sérgio Cabral Filho and senator Renan Calheiros, established a neutral political stance, sometimes described as "physiological" by critics.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: The left-wing loss was strong, and as such, the positions of those who left were replaced eventually by dissidents of centrist, centre-left and even right-wing parties, who joined to avoid falling out of power (as independent candidates are not allowed to run in elections in Brazil) and/or losing feuds with local or national party leadership. This replacement changed the character of the party from a catch-all party to a centrist one with a visible centre-right tendency. The party denied the centre-right character or any strict adherence to any political ideology. The party maintains that it is an open party for any and all Brazilians committed to democracy.


title: Brazilian Democratic Movement

text: The party's programme from 2015 is based on the document "Bridge to the Future" detailing the measures to be taken to modernise Brazil, including reform of the labour code, overhaul of the pension system, privatisation of some public companies and reduction of some social rights.


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: The Killer Rabbit of Caerbannog is a fictional character in the Monty Python film "Monty Python and the Holy Grail." The scene in "Holy Grail" was written by Graham Chapman and John Cleese. The rabbit is the antagonist in a major set piece battle, and makes a similar appearance in "Spamalot", a musical inspired by the movie. The iconic status of this scene was important in establishing the viability of the musical.


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: The Cave of Caerbannog is the home of the Legendary Black Beast of Arrrghhh. This is guarded by a monster which is initially unknown. King Arthur (Graham Chapman) and his knights are led to the cave by Tim the Enchanter (John Cleese) and find that they must face its guardian beast. Tim verbally paints a picture of a monster so terrible as to have killed everyone who has tried to enter the cave, and warns them, "death awaits you all – with nasty, big, pointy teeth!". As the knights approach the cave and the rabbit, their "horses" become nervous, forcing the knights to dismount. Sir Robin (Eric Idle) soils his armour from the description of it, before everyone except Tim sizes it up as merely an innocuous white rabbit. Despite the cave's entrance being surrounded by the bones of "full fifty men" fallen, Arthur and his knights no longer take it seriously. Ignoring Tim's warnings ("a vicious streak a mile wide!"), King Arthur orders Bors (Terry Gilliam) to chop the rabbit's head off. Bors draws his sword and confidently approaches it. The rabbit suddenly leaps at least eight feet directly at Sir Bors' neck and bites clean through it in a single motion, decapitating him to the sound of a can opener. Despite their initial shock, Sir Robin soiling his armour again, and Tim's loud laughter, the knights attack in force, but the rabbit injures several of the knights and kills Gawain and Ector with ease. The knights themselves have no hope of killing or injuring the rabbit. Arthur panics and shouts for the knights to retreat ("Run away!"). Sir Galahad asks if taunting the rabbit could cause it to make a mistake, Sir Robin asks if running away "more" would confuse it, and Sir Lancelot suggest bows. Knowing they cannot risk attacking again, they try to find another way to defeat the beast. The Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch is ultimately used to kill the rabbit, and allow the quest to proceed.


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: The Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch is a visual satire of the Sovereign's Orb of the United Kingdom, and may refer to the mythical Holy Spear of Antioch. The Holy Hand Grenade is described as one of the "sacred relics" carried by Brother Maynard (Idle). Despite its ornate appearance and long-winded instructions, it functions much the same as any other hand grenade. At King Arthur's prompting, instructions for its use are read aloud (by Michael Palin) from the fictitious "Book of Armaments," Chapter 2, verses 9–21, parodying the King James Bible and the Athanasian Creed:


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: Arthur then pulls the pin, holds up the Holy Hand Grenade and cries out "One! Two! Five!" Sir Galahad (Palin) corrects him: "Three, sir!" (Arthur's innumeracy is a running gag in the picture). Arthur then yells "Three!" and hurls the grenade towards the rabbit. The grenade soars through the air – accompanied by a short bit of angelic choral a cappella – bounces, and explodes. The killer rabbit is defeated, and the hapless knights errant continue on their quest. The noise also attracts policemen who were investigating the murder of a historian by a mounted knight earlier in the film.


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: The rabbit scene was shot outside the Tomnadashan mine, a cave 4 miles (6.5 km) from the Perthshire village of Killin. For the 25th anniversary DVD, Michael Palin and Terry Jones returned to be interviewed in front of the cave but they could not remember the location.


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: The name "Caerbannog", though fictitious, does reference real world Welsh naming traditions. In this case, the element "caer-" implies the presence of a castle, as with Caerdydd (Cardiff) and Caerphilly, while "bannog" can have a variety of meanings, the most apposite here being "turreted".


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: The tale of the rabbit has a parallel in the early story of the Roman de Renart in which a foe takes hubristic pride in his defeat of a ferocious hare:


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: The idea for the rabbit in the movie was taken from the façade of the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris. This illustrates the weakness of cowardice by showing a knight fleeing from a rabbit.


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: The rabbit has been reproduced in the form of merchandise associated with the movie or musical. Such items include cuddly toys, slippers and staplers. The plush killer rabbit was rated the second geekiest plush toy of all time by Matt Blum of the GeekDad blog on Wired.com, coming second to the plush Cthulhu.


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: The rabbit was declared the top movie bunny by David Cheal in "The Daily Telegraph". It also ranked high in an Easter 2008 poll to establish Britain's best movie rabbit, coming third to Roger Rabbit and Frank from "Donnie Darko".


title: Rabbit of Caerbannog

text: The rabbit is sometimes used as a metaphor for something which seems ostensibly harmless but is, in fact, deadly. Such hidden but real risks may even arise from similarly cuddly animals. The humour of the scene comes from this inversion of the usual framework by which safety and danger are judged. Four years after the release of the movie, "Killer Rabbit" was the term used widely by the press to describe the swamp rabbit that "attacked" then U.S. President Jimmy Carter while he was fishing on a farm pond.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Daniel Patrick Pugh (born 1957), known professionally as Dan Patrick, is an American sportscaster, radio personality, and actor. He hosts "The Dan Patrick Show" broadcast on radio on Premiere Radio Networks and streaming on Peacock. He co-hosted NBC's "Football Night in America" and serves as a senior writer for "Sports Illustrated". He worked at ESPN for 18 years, where he often anchored the weeknight and Sunday 11 p.m. edition of "SportsCenter".


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Daniel Patrick Pugh was born in Zanesville, Ohio, and was raised in Mason, Ohio, in a family of six children. He was a basketball player in high school at William Mason High School, where he scored a single-game personal best of 36 points and earned AP Class AA All-Ohio third-team honors. He graduated in 1974.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: He attended Eastern Kentucky University on a basketball scholarship for two years before transferring to the University of Dayton, where he majored in communications. Patrick is an alumnus of the Eta Hexaton chapter of the Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity at Dayton. His father Jack worked in the computer science department at UD until he died of cancer in 1981 when Dan was 25.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Before working with ESPN, Patrick was known by his surname, "Dan Pugh", as an on-air personality with the album rock-formatted WVUD and then, WTUE in Dayton, Ohio (1979–1983). Patrick was then a sports reporter for CNN (1983–89), where his assignments included the World Series, NBA Finals and Winter Olympics. Patrick explained in an interview on December 10, 2021, with Zachary Levi that his boss at CNN said to adopt his middle name, Patrick, as his on-air last name. From 1989–1995, Patrick did a daily sports segment for Bob and Brian, a syndicated Wisconsin-area morning show, and in the early 1990s, he did sports updates for the Columbus, Ohio, Rock Station WLVQ and appeared on the morning show "Wags and Elliot."


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Patrick was an anchor on ESPN's "SportsCenter" (1989–2006). He also hosted "The Dan Patrick Show" on ESPN Radio from September 13, 1999, to August 17, 2007.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: In the mid-1990s, Dan and Keith Olbermann were among ESPN's most recognizable faces. Olbermann used the catch phrase "Welcome to the Big Show" when Patrick worked with him on "SportsCenter". After getting reprimanded by their superiors, they began saying "This is "SportsCenter"" sarcastically, accidentally spawning the show's new catch phrase as well as the name of their long-running promotional campaign. When Olbermann left, Patrick said, "This isn't the Big Show anymore." Patrick stated on his radio program that the ABC sitcom "Sports Night" was a semi-fictional account of the Olbermann/Patrick anchored "SportsCenter", with Casey McCall ("Peter Krause") representing Patrick.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Starting on March 19, 2006, until the final game of the NBA Finals, he became the host of ABC's then-titled "NBA Nation", a pregame show for the network's NBA telecasts.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: On July 9, 2007, Patrick on his radio show announced his departure from ESPN/ABC effective August 17, 2007, stating, "I am leaving ESPN August 17 to go out on my own and be a free agent...I think I was starting to take it (ESPN) for granted," Patrick said. He said ESPN tried to talk him out of it. If there were any animosity, he says, "I wouldn't be sticking around until August."


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Patrick remained off air from ESPN Radio until August 15 for his three farewell shows. He was originally reported to be returning for a final week, but returned on Wednesday of that week.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: ESPN's statement released to the media said Patrick would be released from his contract August 31, 2007, exactly one year early from his deal that was to run until August 31, 2008. The statement also said this would be the final comment on Patrick's departure from ESPN. "ESPN contractually bans all employees from making specific announcements of their futures on their airwaves, but out of respect to Dan and all he's done for ESPN we allowed him an opportunity to end the speculation".


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Reaction from media sources hit the internet by storm. Many webpages, blogs, and news media outlets speculated on the reasons for Patrick's departure and his possible future. On July 10, 2007, "The Dan Patrick Show", Keith Olbermann and Dan Patrick himself put some of the rumors and comments to rest.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Patrick confirmed he was asked by the producers of "The Price Is Right" to audition for the vacant host position, but he declined. The job eventually went to Drew Carey. Patrick admitted he was hurt when good friend, "Sports Illustrated" writer Rick Reilly (who would move to ESPN) wrote, "Patrick was making one of the top 5 biggest career mistakes in entertainment history," ranking right under Shelley Long's leaving "Cheers" and Katie Couric's leaving NBC's "Today" show for the "CBS Evening News".


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Keith Olbermann stated it was only a matter of time before a website erroneously reported Patrick was fired from ESPN, which was what happened in some reports when Olbermann left ESPN. Patrick again stated he was leaving on good terms with ESPN and he could return to ESPN if he should so choose. Patrick said he wanted to be on both television and radio again, although some newspapers reported he only wanted to do radio.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: On his new show, Patrick often relates anecdotes of his ESPN career, in both positive and negative lights. He often refers to his former employer as "The Mother Ship" (and less frequently, "ESPeon"), and expresses disappointment with their practice of preventing their talent from appearing as guests on his show, and frustration when an ESPN employee has agreed to come on the show only to cancel.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Patrick is often critical of current ESPN shows and personalities (such as SportsNation, SportsCenter, First Take and former ESPN host Colin Cowherd) for stealing content from his show.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: In September 2015, Patrick was a guest on the debut episode of SVP, a midnight (EST) version of ESPN's flagship show, SportsCenter, designed as a single-host format hosted by Scott Van Pelt. The SVP SportsCenter allows for some creative empowerment for Van Pelt. This empowerment was strategically evident when Van Pelt's first in-studio interview was Patrick.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: August 17, 2007, was Dan Patrick's last day on ESPN Radio. He named his final three shows the "Farewell for Now" tour. The last 20 minutes of his show were filled with thank-yous and looks back. Guests included Bob Costas, Bobby Knight, Joe Montana, Jerry Rice, Ken Griffey Jr. and other sports stars. Will Ferrell also made a heavily promoted appearance in character as .


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Patrick signed a syndication deal with Chicago-based Content Factory, which launched his new version of "The Dan Patrick Show" on October 1, 2007. It was distributed nationally by Premiere Radio Networks. The show aired live on most stations from 9 a.m. to noon Eastern, although some delayed the show into the evening. The show ran delayed on Sirius XM Sports Nation on Sirius Radio channel 122 and XM Radio channel 143. It was also available as a live stream and in podcast form via Patrick's website.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: In January 2009, Dan Patrick's show replaced "Out of Bounds with Craig Shemon and James Washington" on Premiere Radio's Fox Sports Radio network. This brought an additional 60 affiliates to Patrick's portfolio, and brought the affiliate count to over 200. It also allows SiriusXM Radio listeners to hear the show live on the Fox Sports simulcast on channel 247.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: In August 2009, "The Dan Patrick Show" started being broadcast on The 101 Network, following a show of DIY Network in which a toy-filled "man cave" studio was built in Milford, Connecticut. The radio-only show had been produced in the attic of Patrick's home. The Dan Patrick Show features "The Danettes", who assist Dan with the show. The Dan Patrick Show became the first show to premiere on the Audience Network, DirecTV's rebranded version of The 101 Network on DirecTV channel 239 on June 1, 2011, where it aired until February 2020.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: "Sports Illustrated" announced in October 2007 Patrick would become the magazine's senior writer. He would also contribute blogs to SI.com's "Fan Nation" and host the magazine's Sportsman of the Year show. "SI" collaborates with Content Factory to produce Patrick's web site, and helps stream his radio show. Patrick said he will produce non-television content exclusively for "Sports Illustrated". "The Dan Patrick Show" began simulcasting on Root Sports in October 2010, and on NBC Sports Network in November 2012.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: On July 7, 2008, it was announced Patrick would join NBC Sports as a co-host of the third season of "Football Night in America" with former "SportsCenter" co-anchor Keith Olbermann every Sunday night beginning in September during the NFL season. Patrick and Olbermann host a series of highlights on the show and a segment called "The Little Big Show" with the day's top NFL plays.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: "The Little Big Show" refers to Patrick and Olbermann's time at ESPN where they referred to the 11pm "SportsCenter" they hosted as "The Big Show."


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Patrick served as the Super Bowl XLIII trophy presenter after the Pittsburgh Steelers defeated the Arizona Cardinals, and again at Super Bowl XLVI after the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots. Patrick contributed to the network's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics as a reporter for women's downhill skiing and snowboarding. He hosted NBC's 2010 & 2011 Stanley Cup Finals coverage. In 2012, NBC named Patrick daytime co-host with Al Michaels for the London Olympics.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Patrick once again served as the trophy presenter at Super Bowl XLIX when the New England Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: In March 2018, it was announced that Patrick would not return as the host of NBC's Football Night in America after turning down a contract offer. Soon thereafter, it was announced that Patrick would take over hosting duties of "Undeniable (with Joe Buck)" on Audience Network.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: On April 29, 2014, it was announced that Patrick would host "Sports Jeopardy!", a sports-themed version of "Jeopardy!" shown on Crackle. The series debuted September 24, 2014, and featured special guest Alex Trebek reading out the "Final Jeopardy!" clue in the third episode. Its last episode aired on December 7, 2016.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: In late October 2017, it was announced that Patrick would be creating a Dan Patrick School of Sportscasting with Full Sail University, located in Florida.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Patrick met his wife, Susan White, when he worked at CNN and she was a producer of CNN's "Inside Politics". They have three daughters and one son.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: He received the University of Dayton Distinguished Alumni Award in 1997 and was inducted into the Mason High School Athletic Hall of Fame in 2000.


title: Dan Patrick (sportscaster)

text: Patrick has made cameo appearances in many movies and TV shows, thanks in large part to his longtime friendship with actor Adam Sandler, a relationship for which he was deemed a "stooge" by David Letterman.


title: Agglutination

text: In linguistics, agglutination is a morphological process in which words are formed by stringing together morphemes, each of which corresponds to a single syntactic feature. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages. Turkish is an example of an agglutinative language. The Turkish word ("from your houses") consists of the morphemes "ev-ler-iniz-den," literally translated morpheme-by-morpheme as "house-plural-your(plural)-from". Agglutinative languages are often contrasted with isolating languages, in which words are monomorphemic, and fusional languages, in which words can be complex, but morphemes may correspond to multiple features.


title: Agglutination

text: Although agglutination is characteristic of certain language families, this does not mean that when several languages in a certain geographic area are all agglutinative they are necessarily related phylogenetically. In the past, this assumption led linguists to propose the so-called Ural–Altaic language family, which included the Uralic and Turkic languages, as well as Mongolian, Korean, and Japanese. Contemporary linguistics views this proposal as controversial.


title: Agglutination

text: Another consideration when evaluating the above proposal is that some languages, which developed from agglutinative proto-languages, lost their agglutinative features. For example, contemporary Estonian has shifted towards the fusional type. (It has also lost other features typical of the Uralic families, such as vowel harmony.)


title: Agglutination

text: Examples of agglutinative languages include the Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian. These have highly agglutinated expressions in daily usage, and most words are bisyllabic or longer. Grammatical information expressed by adpositions in Western Indo-European languages is typically found in suffixes.


title: Agglutination

text: Hungarian uses extensive agglutination in almost every part of it. The suffixes follow each other in special order based on the role of the suffix, and many can be heaped, one upon the other, resulting in words conveying complex meanings in compacted forms. An example is "fiaiéi," where the root "fi(ú)-" means "son", the subsequent four vowels are all separate suffixes, and the whole word means "[plural properties] belong to his/her sons". The nested possessive structure and expression of plurals are quite remarkable (note that Hungarian uses no genders).


title: Agglutination

text: Almost all Austronesian languages, such as Malay, and most Philippine languages, also belong to this category, thus enabling them to form new words from simple base forms. The Indonesian and Malay word "mempertanggungjawabkan" is formed by adding active-voice, causative and benefactive affixes to the compound verb "tanggung jawab", which means "to account for". In Tagalog (and its standardised register, Filipino), "nakakapágpabagabag" ("that which is upsetting/disturbing") is formed from the root "bagabag" ("upsetting" or "disquieting").


title: Agglutination

text: Japanese is also an agglutinating language, adding information such as negation, passive voice, past tense, honorific degree and causality in the verb form. Common examples would be , which combines causative, passive or potential, and conditional conjugations to arrive at two meanings depending on context "if (subject) had been made to work..." and "if (subject) could make (object) work", and , which combines desire, negation, and past tense conjugations to mean "I/he/she/they did not want to eat".


title: Agglutination

text: Turkish, along with all other Turkic languages, is another agglutinating language: as an extreme example, the expression is pronounced as one word in Turkish, but it can be translated into English as "as if you were of those we would not be able to turn into a maker of unsuccessful ones". The "-siniz" refers to plural form of you with "-sin" being the singular form, the same way "-im" being "I" (“-im” means “my” not “I”. The original editor must have mistaken it for “-yim.” This second suffix is used as such “Oraya gideyim” meaning “May I go there” or “When I get there”) and "-imiz" making it become "we". Similarly, this suffix means “our” and not “we”.


title: Agglutination

text: All Dravidian languages, including Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Telugu are agglutinative. For example, in Tamil, the word "" () means "for the sake of those who cannot do that", literally "that to do impossible he [plural marker] [dative marker] to become". Another example is verb conjugation. In all Dravidian languages, verbal markers are used to convey tense, person, and mood. For example, in Tamil, "" (, "I eat") is formed from the verb root (, "to eat") + the present tense marker () + the first-person singular suffix ().


title: Agglutination

text: Agglutination is also a notable feature of Basque. The conjugation of verbs, for example, is done by adding different prefixes or suffixes to the root of the verb: "dakartzat", which means "I bring them", is formed by "da" (indicates present tense), "kar" (root of the verb "ekarri" → bring), "tza" (indicates plural) and "t" (indicates subject, in this case, "I"). Another example would be the declension: "Etxean" = "In the house" where "etxe" = house.


title: Agglutination

text: Agglutination is used very heavily in most Native American languages, such as the Inuit languages, Nahuatl, Mapudungun, Quechua, Tz'utujil, Kaqchikel, Cha'palaachi and K'iche, where one word can contain enough morphemes to convey the meaning of what would be a complex sentence in other languages. Conversely, Navajo contains affixes for some uses, but overlays them in such unpredictable and inseparable ways that it is often referred to as a fusional language.


title: Agglutination

text: As noted above, it is a typical feature of agglutinative languages that there is a one-to-one correspondence between suffixes and syntactic categories. For example, a noun may have separate markers for number, case, possessive or conjunctive usage etc. The order of these affixes is fixed; so we may view any given noun or verb as a stem followed by several inflectional "slots", i.e. positions in which inflectional suffixes may occur (and/or preceded by several inflectional "slots" for prefixes). It is often the case that the most common instance of a given grammatical category is unmarked, i.e. the corresponding affix is empty.


title: Agglutination

text: The number of slots for a given part of speech can be surprisingly high. For example, a finite Korean verb has seven slots (the inner round brackets indicate parts of morphemes which may be omitted in some phonological environments):


title: Agglutination

text: Moreover, passive and causative verbal forms can be derived by adding suffixes to the base, which could be seen as the null-th slot.


title: Agglutination

text: Even though some combinations of suffixes are not possible (e.g. only one of the aspect slots may be filled with a non-empty suffix), over 400 verb forms may be formed from a single base. Here are a few examples formed from the word root "ga" 'to go'; the numbers indicate which slots contain non-empty suffixes:


title: Agglutination

text: Although most agglutinative languages in Europe and Asia are predominantly suffixing, the Bantu languages of southern Africa are known for a highly complex mixture of prefixes, suffixes and reduplication. A typical feature of this language family is that nouns fall into noun classes. For each noun class, there are specific singular and plural prefixes, which also serve as markers of agreement between the subject and the verb. Moreover, the noun determines prefixes of all words that modify it and subject determines prefixes of other elements in the same verb phrase.


title: Agglutination

text: For example, the Swahili nouns "-toto" ("child") and "-tu" ("person") fall into class 1, with singular prefix "m-" and plural prefix "wa-". The noun "-tabu" ("book") falls into class 7, with singular prefix "ki-" and plural prefix "vi-". The following sentences may be formed:


title: Agglutination

text: The American linguist Joseph Harold Greenberg in his 1960 paper proposed to use the so-called "agglutinative index" to calculate a numerical value that would allow a researcher to compare the "degree of agglutitativeness" of various languages. For Greenberg, "agglutination" means that the morphs are joined only with slight or no modification. A morpheme is said to be automatic if it either takes a single surface form (morph), or if its surface form is determined by phonological rules that hold in all similar instances in that language. A morph juncture – a position in a word where two morphs meet – is considered agglutinative when both morphemes included are automatic. The index of agglutination is equal to the average ratio of the number of agglutinative junctures to the number of morph junctures. Languages with high values of the agglutinative index are agglutinative and with low values of the agglutinative index are fusional.


title: Agglutination

text: In the same paper, Greenberg proposed several other indices, many of which turn out to be relevant to the study of agglutination. The "synthetic index" is the average number of morphemes per word, with the lowest conceivable value equal to 1 for isolating (analytic) languages and real-life values rarely exceeding 3. The compounding index is equal to the average number of root morphemes per word (as opposed to derivational and inflectional morphemes). The derivational, inflectional, prefixial and suffixial indices correspond respectively to the average number of derivational and inflectional morphemes, prefixes and suffixes.


title: Agglutination

text: The one-to-one relationship between an affix and its grammatical function may be somewhat complicated by the phonological processes active in the given language. For example, the following two phonological phenomena appear in many of the Uralic and Turkic languages:


title: Agglutination

text: Several examples from Finnish will illustrate how these two rules and other phonological processes lead to diversions from the basic one-to-one relationship between morphs and their syntactic and semantic function. No phonological rule is applied in the declension of "talo" 'house'. However, the second example illustrates several kinds of phonological phenomena.


title: Agglutination

text: It is possible to construct artificially extreme examples of agglutination, which have no real use, but illustrate the theoretical capability of the grammar to agglutinate. This is not a question of "long words", because some languages permit limitless combinations with compound words, negative clitics or such, which can be (and are) expressed with an analytic structure in actual usage.


title: Agglutination

text: English is capable of agglutinating morphemes of solely native (Germanic) origin, as "un-whole-some-ness", but generally speaking the longest words are assembled from forms of Latin or Ancient Greek origin. The classic example is "antidisestablishmentarianism". Agglutinative languages often have more complex derivational agglutination than isolating languages, so they can do the same to a much larger extent. For example, in Hungarian, a word such as , which means "for [the purposes of] undenationalizationability" can find actual use. In the same way, there are the words that have meaning, but probably are never used such as , which means "like the most of most undesecratable ones of you", but is hard to decipher even for native speakers. Using inflectional agglutination, these can be extended. For example, the official Guinness world record is Finnish "I wonder if – even with his/her quality of not having been made unsystematized". It has the derived word as the root and is lengthened with the inflectional endings "-llänsäkäänköhän". However, this word is grammatically unusual, because "-kään" "also" is used only in negative clauses, but "-kö" (question) only in question clauses.


title: Agglutination

text: A very popular Turkish agglutination is , meaning "(Apparently / I've heard that) You are one of those that we were not able to convert into Czechoslovakians". This historical reference is used as a joke for the individuals who are hard to change or those who stick out in a group.


title: Agglutination

text: On the other hand, is a longer word that does not surprise people and means "As if you were one of those we were able to make resemble people from Afyonkarahisar". A recent addition to the claims has come with the introduction of the following word in Turkish , which means something like "(you are talking) as if you are one of those that we were unable to turn into a maker of unsuccessful people" (someone who un-educates people to make them unsuccessful).


title: Agglutination

text: Georgian is also a highly agglutinative language. For example, the word () would mean "(someone not specified) said that it is also for those who are like the ones who need to be to again/back counter-revolutionized".


title: Agglutination

text: Aristophanes' comedy "Assemblywomen" includes the Greek word , a fictional dish named with a word that enumerates its ingredients. It was created to ridicule a trend for long compounds in Attic Greek at the time.


title: Agglutination

text: Slavic languages are not considered agglutinative but fusional. However, extreme derivations similar to ones found in typical agglutinative languages do exist. A famous example is the Bulgarian word "непротивоконституциослователствувайте", meaning "don't speak against the constitution" and secondarily "don't act against the constitution". It is composed of just three roots: против "against", конституция "constitution", a loan word and therefore devoid of its internal composition and слово "word". The remaining are bound morphemes for negation ("не", a proclitic, otherwise written separately in verbs), noun intensifier ("-ателств"), noun-to-verb conversion ("-ува"), imperative mood second person plural ending ("-йте"). It is rather unusual, but finds some usage, e.g. newspaper headlines on 13 July 1991, the day after the current Bulgarian constitution was adopted with much controversy and debate, and even scandals.


title: Agglutination

text: The words "agglutination" and "agglutinative" come from the Latin word "agglutinare", 'to glue together'. In linguistics, these words have been in use since 1836, when Wilhelm von Humboldt's posthumously published work "Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts" [lit.: On the differences of human language construction and its influence on the mental development of mankind] introduced the division of languages into "isolating", "inflectional", "agglutinative" and "incorporating".


title: Agglutination

text: Especially in some older literature, "agglutinative" is sometimes used as a synonym for "synthetic". In that case, it embraces what we call agglutinative and inflectional languages, and it is an antonym of "analytic" or "isolating". Besides the clear etymological motivation (after all, inflectional endings are also "glued" to the stems), this more general usage is justified by the fact that the distinction between agglutinative and inflectional languages is not a sharp one, as we have already seen.


title: Agglutination

text: In the second half of the 19th century, many linguists believed that there is a natural cycle of language evolution: function words of the isolating type are glued to their head-words, so that the language becomes agglutinative; later morphs become merged through phonological processes, and what comes out is an inflectional language; finally inflectional endings are often dropped in quick speech, inflection is omitted and the language goes back to the isolating type.


title: Agglutination

text: The following passage from Lord (1960) demonstrates well the whole range of meanings that the word "agglutination" may have.


title: Agglutination

text: ("Agglutination"...) consists of the welding together of two or more terms constantly occurring as a syntagmatic group into a single unit, which becomes either difficult or impossible to analyse thereafter.


title: Agglutination

text: Agglutination takes various forms. In French, welding becomes complete fusion. Latin "hanc horam" 'at this hour' is the French adverbial unit "encore". Old French "tous jours" becomes "toujours", and "dès jà" ('since now') "déjà" ('already'). In English, on the other hand, apart from rare combinations such as "good-bye" from "God be with you", "walnut" from "Wales nut", "window" from "wind-eye" (O.N. "vindauga"), the units making up the agglutinated forms retain their identity. Words like "blackbird" and "beefeater" are a different kettle of fish; they retain their units but their ultimate meaning is not fully deducible from these units. (...)


title: Agglutination

text: Saussure preferred to distinguish between "compound" words and truly "synthesised" or agglutinated combinations.


title: Agglutination

text: In natural language processing, languages with rich morphology pose problems of quite a different kind than isolating languages. In the case of agglutinative languages, the main obstacle lies in the large number of word forms that can be obtained from a single root. As we have already seen, the generation of these word forms is somewhat complicated by the phonological processes of the particular language. Although the basic one-to-one relationship between form and syntactic function is not broken in Finnish, the authoritative institution Institute for the Languages of Finland ("Kotus") lists 51 declension types for Finnish nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals.


title: Agglutination

text: Even more problems occur with the recognition of word forms. Modern linguistic methods are largely based on the exploitation of corpora; however, when the number of possible word forms is large, any corpus will necessarily contain only a small fraction of them. Hajič (2010) claims that computer space and power are so cheap nowadays that all possible word forms may be generated beforehand and stored in a form of a lexicon listing all possible interpretations of any given word form. (The data structure of the lexicon has to be optimized so that the search is quick and efficient.) According to Hajič, it is the disambiguation of these word forms which is difficult (more so for inflective languages where the ambiguity is high than for agglutinative languages).


title: Agglutination

text: Other authors do not share Hajič's view that space is no issue and instead of listing all possible word forms in a lexicon, word form analysis is implemented by modules which try to break up the surface form into a sequence of morphemes occurring in an order permissible by the language. The problem of such an analysis is the large number of morpheme boundaries typical for agglutinative languages. A word of an inflectional language has only one ending and therefore the number of possible divisions of a word into the base and the ending is only linear with the length of the word. In an agglutinative language, where several suffixes are concatenated at the end of the word, the number of different divisions which have to be checked for consistency is large. This approach was used for example in the development of a system for Arabic, where agglutination occurs when articles, prepositions


title: Agglutination

text: and conjunctions are joined with the following word and pronouns are joined with the preceding word. See Grefenstette et al. (2005) for more details.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: Ryan Matthew Serhant (born July 2, 1984) is an American real estate broker, author, and reality television actor. He currently stars on Bravo's television series "Million Dollar Listing New York" and its spin-off "Sell it Like Serhant." Serhant runs his own New York real estate firm.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: Serhant was born in Houston, Texas to John and Ellen Serhant. His father is a former Vice Chairman of State Street Global Advisors and advisor to GoldenTree Asset Management. He was raised in Topsfield, Massachusetts, on the North Shore of Massachusetts, along with brothers Jim and Jack Serhant.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: Serhant attended the Pingree School. and Hamilton College where he double majored in English literature and theater and was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. After graduating in 2006, Serhant moved to New York City to launch his acting career, eventually starring as Evan Walsh in 19 episodes of "As The World Turns".


title: Ryan Serhant

text: In 2008 Serhant ventured into the New York real estate market. During his first year in real estate, he earned just $9,000. After a year-long pursuit, he closed his first major sale of $8.5 million. By 2012, "The Real Deal" ranked Serhant #15 out of the 100 most successful agents in New York.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: Hired at Nest Seekers International in 2008, Serhant became executive vice president and managing director. In 2012, he launched his bi-coastal brokerage team, the Serhant Team, which consists of over 60 people in New York City, New Jersey, Los Angeles, Miami, and the Hamptons. His team specializes in high-end residential condo and co-op sales, homes, and new development sales.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: On September 15, 2020, Serhant announced he was starting his own real estate firm, SERHANT. The firm has quickly grown into one of the most active real estate companies in the United States, using their large social media exposure to sell properties.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: In April 2021, Ryan Serhant's real estate brokerage, SERHANT reported it is consistently averaging $100 million in sales volume per month for its first six months of business.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: In 2010, Serhant auditioned for the "Million Dollar Listing New York" (MDLNY) reality show and was cast as one of three real estate agents featured on the show. The first episode of MDLNY aired on Bravo on March 7, 2012, and followed agents Ryan Serhant, Fredrik Eklund, and Michael Lorber across some of New York's most exclusive real estate deals.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: Since his debut on "Million Dollar Listing", Serhant has also appeared on "Inside Amy Schumer." In 2014, he had a supporting role in Noah Baumbach's 2014 film, "While We're Young."


title: Ryan Serhant

text: In 2017, Serhant produced and launched the Bravo television show "Sell It Like Serhant", a spin-off of MDLNY in which he coaches under-performing salespeople, helping them improve their sales skills.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: The 9th Season of Million Dollar Listing New York premiered in the spring of 2021, along with a new spin-off show starring Serhant called 'Ryan's Renovation'. The limited series followed Serhant and his family as they renovated their home in Brooklyn.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: On September 18, 2018, the week of his 10-year anniversary in real estate, Serhant debuted his first book, "Sell It Like Serhant:" "How to Sell More, Earn More, and Become the Ultimate Sales Machine", which became a best-seller on the "New York Times", "Wall Street Journal", and "Los Angeles Times" book lists.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: On August 15, 2019, Ryan Serhant launched Sell It Like Serhant: The Course, a real estate sales course.


title: Ryan Serhant

text: In 2016, Serhant married lawyer Emilia Bechrakis in Corfu, in a Greek church following Serhant's conversion to the Greek Orthodox Church. A four-part mini-series, "Million Dollar Listing New York: Ryan’s Wedding" chronicled the event and aired on Bravo in the fall of 2016. They have one daughter, born 2019. In 2021, the couple finished a 3-year renovation of a $7.8 million townhouse in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn; the renovation experience was documented in a Bravo four-part mini-series, "Million Dollar Listing: Ryan's Renovation", which aired in June 2021.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Buprenorphine/naloxone, sold under the brand name Suboxone among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication that includes buprenorphine and naloxone. It is used to treat opioid use disorder, and reduces the mortality of opioid use disorder by 50% (by reducing the risk of overdose on full-agonist opioids such as heroin or fentanyl). It relieves cravings to use and withdrawal symptoms. Buprenorphine/naloxone is available for use in two different forms, under the tongue or in the cheek.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Side effects may include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), small pupils, sleepiness, and low blood pressure. The risk of overdose with buprenorphine/naloxone (unless combined with other sedating substances) is exceedingly low, and lower than with methadone, but people are more likely to stop treatment on buprenorphine/naloxone than methadone. Buprenorphine (like methadone) is a treatment option during pregnancy.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: At lower doses, buprenorphine results in the usual opioid effects; high doses beyond a certain level do not result in greater effects. This is believed to result in a lower risk of overdose than some other opioids. Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that competes with and blocks the effect of other opioids (including buprenorphine) if given by injection. Naloxone is poorly absorbed when taken by mouth and is added to decrease the risk that people will misuse the medication by injection. Misuse by injection or use in the nose still occurs. Rates of misuse in the U.S. appear to be lower than with other opioids.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: The combination formulation was approved for medical use in the U.S. in 2002, and in the European Union in 2017. A generic version was approved in the U.S. in 2018. In 2019, it was the 272nd most commonly prescribed medication in the U.S., with more than 1million prescriptions.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Buprenorphine/naloxone is used for the treatment of opioid use disorder. Long-term outcomes are generally better with use of buprenorphine/naloxone than attempts at stopping opioid use altogether. This includes a lower risk of overdose with medication use. Due to the high binding affinity and low activation at the opioid receptor, cravings and withdrawal for opioids are decreased while preventing a person from getting high and relapsing on another opioid. The combination of the two medications is preferred over buprenorphine alone for maintenance treatment due to the presence of naloxone in the formulation, which helps discourage intravenous use.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Buprenorphine/naloxone has been found to be effective for treating opioid dependence, and serves as a recommended first-line medication according to the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse. The medication is an effective maintenance therapy for opioid dependence and has generally similar efficacy to methadone. Both buprenorphine/naloxone and are substantially more effective than abstinence-based treatment. Prescribers need a Drug Addiction Treatment Act (DATA 2000) waiver to prescribe buprenorphine/nalaxone for opioid dependence.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Because it may be prescribed out of an office setting (as opposed to methadone, which requires specialized centers), buprenorphine/naloxone allows people more freedom of administration. It also thus comes with more risks in this vulnerable population. Buprenorphine/naloxone may be recommended for socially stable people who use opioids who cannot retrieve medications from a center daily, who have another condition requiring regular primary care visits, or who have jobs or daily lives that require they maintain all their faculties and cannot take a sedating medication. Buprenorphine/naloxone is also recommended over methadone for people who at high risk of methadone toxicity, such as the elderly, those taking high doses of benzodiazepines or other sedating substances, concomitant alcohol use disorder, those with a lower level of opioid tolerance, and those at high risk of prolonged QT interval. It is also helpful to use the medication in combination with psychosocial support and counseling.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Buprenorphine/naloxone is available in sublingual formulations (that is, products that are dissolved under the tongue). There is no evidence that the tablet formulation is easier to divert and use in ways other than intended by the prescriber compared to the film formulation, or that the tablet formulation has a higher risk for accidental ingestion by children. There are various pharmacokinetic differences between sublingual formulations.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Contraindications are severe respiratory or liver impairment and acute alcoholism. There are limited accounts of cross-reactivity with opioids, but there is a possibility. Serious central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory depression may also occur with concurrent use of CNS depressants, ingesting alcohol, or other CNS-depressing factors while on buprenorphine/naloxone.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Side effects are similar to those of buprenorphine and other opioids. In addition, naloxone can induce withdrawal symptoms in people who are chemically dependent on opioids. The most common side effects (in order of most to least common) of sublingual tablets include headaches, opioid withdrawal syndrome, pain, nausea, increased sweating, and difficulty sleeping. The most common side effects seen in film formulations are tongue pain, decreased sensation and redness in the mouth, headache, nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating, constipation, signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal, sleeping difficulties, pain, and swelling of the extremities.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Buprenorphine/naloxone has a milder side effect profile than methadone and limited respiratory effects, due to both agonist/antagonist effects. But buprenorphine/naloxone may be less safe than methadone in people with stable liver disease, since it can elevate liver enzymes.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: When taken in excess, buprenorphine/naloxone can produce dysphoric symptoms for non opioid-dependent/tolerant people because buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist. The sublingual formulation of the buprenorphine/naloxone combination was designed to reduce the potential to inject the medication in comparison to buprenorphine alone. If the combination is taken sublingually, as directed, the addition of naloxone does not diminish buprenorphine's effects. When an opioid-dependent person dissolves and injects a combination sublingual tablet, a withdrawal effect may be triggered because of naloxone's high parenteral bioavailability. While this mechanism can act to deter intravenous injection, the Suboxone formulation can still produce an opioid agonist "high" if used sublingually by non-dependent persons, leading to opioid dependence.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Buprenorphine's sedating/narcotic effect is increased by other sedating substances, such as other opioids, benzodiazepines, first-generation antihistamines, alcohol, and antipsychotics. Opioids and especially benzodiazepines also increase the risk of potentially lethal respiratory depression.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Strong inhibitors of the liver enzyme CYP3A4, such as ketoconazole, moderately increase buprenorphine concentrations; CYP3A4 inducers can theoretically decrease concentrations of buprenorphine.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Buprenorphine binds strongly to opioid receptors and acts as a pain-reducing medication in the central nervous system (CNS). It binds to the μ-opioid receptor with high affinity, which produces the analgesic effects in the CNS. It is a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and a weak κ-opioid receptor antagonist. As the dose of buprenorphine increases, its analgesic effects reach a plateau, and then it starts to act like an antagonist. As a partial agonist, buprenorphine binds and activates the opioid receptors, but has only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist, even at maximal receptor occupancy. It is thus well-suited to treat opioid dependence, as it produces milder effects on the opioid receptor with lower dependence and habit-forming potential.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist that competes with opioid molecules in the CNS and prevents them from binding to the opioid receptors. Naloxone's binding affinity is highest for the μ-opioid receptor, then the δ-opioid receptor, and lowest for the κ-opioid receptor. Naloxone has poor bioavailability, and is rapidly inactivated following oral administration. When injected, it exerts its full effects.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: The principle behind its function as a deterrent is as follows: when taken sublingually as prescribed, buprenorphine's effects at the opioid receptor dominate, while naloxone's effects are negligible due to the low oral absorption. But when someone attempts to misuse the medication via either injection or inhalation, the naloxone is intended to act as an antagonist and either reduce the opioid's euphoric effects or even precipitate withdrawal in those dependent on opioids. This helps reduce the potential for deviating from the prescriber's intended use relative to buprenorphine, though it does not eradicate it. One reason that naloxone might have limited efficacy as an abuse deterrent is that buprenorphine binds more tightly to the mu-opioid receptor than naloxone.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: There are small differences in the pharmacokinetics between different sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone products. These differences may require changes in dose when a person switches from one product to another. The buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual film (e.g. trade name Suboxone) achieves higher buprenorphine maximum plasma concentrations (C) and area under the curve (AUC, a measure of total drug exposure) than the original buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets at equal doses. For example, at a buprenorphine/naloxone dose of 8 mg/2 mg, the buprenorphine C after a single dose of the original tablet formulation is around 3 ng/mL whereas that of the 8 mg/2 mg film formulation is around 3.55 ng/mL. The Zubsolv trade name sublingual tablets have higher buprenorphine bioavailability than the original sublingual tablets, while the Bunavail trade name buccal films have the highest bioavailability. For example, a single dose of Bunavail 4.2 mg/0.7 mg achieves a C around 3.41 ng/mL.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Buprenorphine is metabolized by the liver, primarily via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozyme CYP3A4, into norbuprenorphine. The glucuronidation of buprenorphine is primarily carried out by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) UGT1A1 and UGT2B7, while norbuprenorphine is glucuronidated by UGT1A1 and UGT1A3. These glucuronides are then eliminated mainly through excretion into bile. The elimination half-life of buprenorphine is 20 to 73 hours (mean 37 hours). Due to the mainly hepatic elimination, there is no risk of accumulation in people with kidney problems.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Naloxone is extensively inactivated by first-pass metabolism in the liver, meaning that use of buprenorphine/naloxone as prescribed should not lead to active naloxone in the blood (which, as an opioid antagonist, would reverse the effect of buprenorphine or other opioids).


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: While the cost of the medication buprenorphine/naloxone is greater than buprenorphine alone, one analysis predicted the overall costs would be less in the United States due to a lower risk of misuse.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Before the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA), physicians were not allowed to prescribe narcotics to treat opioid dependence. People with narcotic dependence had to go to registered clinics to receive treatment. With DATA, Suboxone was the first medication approved for office-based treatment for opioid dependence. Suboxone has thus become widely used as a replacement for methadone as it can be prescribed by doctors in their offices, while methadone can only be provided at specialized addiction centers, of which there are a limited number, often making access difficult. Integrating Medication-Assisted Treatment into outpatient primary care practices improves patient access to Suboxone. Some physicians are also leading a movement to begin prescribing it out of the emergency department (ED), as some small studies have shown ED-initiated Suboxone to be effective with people more likely to remain in addiction treatment compared to those either referred to addiction treatment programs or those receiving just a brief intervention in the department.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Access to Suboxone can be limited due to varying prior authorization requirements across different insurers. Prior authorization is used by insurance companies to limit certain medications' use by requiring approval before the insurance company will pay for them. This can influence a person's financial access and adherence. Financial access is determined through prior authorization approval, which the prescriber must request before the person can start the medication. The time it takes to have the request approved can delay the person in starting the medication. The prior authorization process can also affect adherence, because the approval is needed for every prescription. This presents the potential for a gap in treatment and withdrawal symptoms as the person waits for approval. Several insurance companies, as well as Medicaid in various states, have removed the use of prior authorization for Suboxone in an attempt to increase access to this treatment.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: In July 2019, the British company Reckitt Benckiser Group (RB Group) and its current/former affiliated entities (notably Indivior, which split from RB Group in 2014) settled with the US Department of Justice (DOJ) regarding the sale and marketing of brand name Suboxone (buprenorphine/naloxone). The non-prosecution agreement involves RB Group paying up to $1.4 billion, the largest settlement payment in U.S. history involving an opioid-class medication. This record was surpassed in October 2020, when Purdue Pharma reached an $8 billion settlement for claims related to injuries and deaths caused by the opioid epidemic, which includes criminal fines, forfeiture, and civil damages. The 2019 case alleged anti-competitive behavior by RB Group and Indivior surrounding the expiration of their regulatory exclusivity for Suboxone sublingual tablets. The DOJ alleged that RB Group and Indivior employed a "product hopping" scheme (when a firm ceases production of a product upon expiration of regulatory exclusivity in favor of another product that still has regulatory exclusivity in order to prevent generic manufacturer competition) by misrepresenting that the Suboxone sublingual film formulation was safer than the sublingual tablet formulation because "children are less likely to be accidentally exposed to the film product". There was no scientific evidence for that claim. The company also sponsored a complaint to the FDA, expressing concern that buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets (the very product they formerly produced) were unsafe, requesting that applications for regulatory approval of generic products by other pharmaceutical companies (their competitors) be rejected by the US Food and Drug Administration.


title: Buprenorphine/naloxone

text: Some members of the abstinence-based recovery community argue against the medication's effectiveness. In March 2022, Evan Massey said, "On the matter of Medical Detox with M.A.T its a question of how you want the pain of withdrawal. Do you want lots of pain over a short time? Or less pain over a longer time?"


title: Barbara Babcock

text: Barbara Babcock (born February 27, 1937) is an American actress who played Grace Gardner on "Hill Street Blues", for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress—Drama Series in 1981, She played Dorothy Jennings on "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman", for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1995.


title: Barbara Babcock

text: Although she was born in the United States, Babcock spent a large part of her childhood in Tokyo, Japan, where her father, U.S. Army Gen. Conrad Stanton Babcock, Jr., was stationed. She learned to speak Japanese before English.


title: Barbara Babcock

text: Babcock studied at Switzerland's University of Lausanne and Italy's University of Milan. She also attended Miss Porter's School and graduated from Wellesley College, where she was a classmate of Ali MacGraw.


title: Barbara Babcock

text: Babcock's television appearances began in 1956. They included several episodes of the original series of "", although much of her work on the show consisted of uncredited voice roles.


title: Barbara Babcock

text: In 1968, she made her debut on the big screen in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer western "Day of the Evil Gun" with Glenn Ford, followed by roles in the films "Heaven with a Gun" also with Glenn Ford, "Bang the Drum Slowly" with Robert De Niro, "Chosen Survivors", "The Black Marble", "Back Roads" with Sally Field and Tommy Lee Jones, "The Lords of Discipline", and "That Was Then... This Is Now" with Emilio Estevez. From 1978 to 1982, she played the role of Liz Craig on the CBS soap opera "Dallas". Other notable films include "Heart of Dixie" with Ally Sheedy, "Happy Together", "Far and Away" with Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, and "Space Cowboys" with Clint Eastwood and James Garner. She also appeared in an episode of "Hogan's Heroes" in 1969.


title: Barbara Babcock

text: Babcock won the 1981 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress—Drama Series for her work on "Hill Street Blues". She appeared in 16 episodes of the NBC police drama as Grace Gardner from 1981 to 1986. She starred in the short-lived TV series "The Four Seasons" in 1984, "Mr. Sunshine" in 1986 and "The Law & Harry McGraw" in 1987.


title: Barbara Babcock

text: From 1993 to 1998, she played the role of Dorothy Jennings on "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman" for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1993. (However, the Emmy Awards website lists the nomination for 1995.) She was voted one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World by "People" magazine in 1994. After completion of the show in 1998, she appeared in "The Pretender", "Chicago Hope", "Frasier" and "Judging Amy". From 2001 to 2002, she played the role of the mother of Dana Delany's character in the Fox drama series "Pasadena".


title: Jack Gilpin

text: John Mitchell "Jack" Gilpin (born May 31, 1951) is an American actor. He currently portrays Church the Butler in HBO's historical drama series "The Gilded Age". He is the father of actress Betty Gilpin.


title: Jack Gilpin

text: Gilpin was born on May 31, 1951, in Boyce, Virginia, the son of Lucy Trumbull (Mitchell) and Kenneth Newcomer Gilpin, a businessman. His paternal great-grandfather was politician and general Lawrence Tyson. His maternal grandfather was World War I hero and aviation pioneer Gen. William "Billy" Mitchell. His first cousin is the former president of Harvard University from 2007 to 2018, Drew Gilpin Faust.


title: Jack Gilpin

text: He is a graduate of Phillips Exeter Academy (class of 1969) and Harvard University (class of 1973). He studied acting at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the theatre in New York City.


title: Jack Gilpin

text: He had a recurring role on the TV series "Kate & Allie", and is a frequent "Law & Order" guest star, having appeared in all of the first three series: "Law & Order", "", and "". Gilpin appeared in the films "Heartburn", "Something Wild", "She-Devil", "", "Quiz Show", "Reversal of Fortune", "Barcelona", and "The Notorious Bettie Page". He is also an accomplished stage actor, including the Broadway production of "Getting And Spending".


title: Jack Gilpin

text: In 2008, Gilpin appeared in the fact-based film "21", playing the role of Bob Phillips who is interviewing student candidates for the fictional "Robinson Scholarship" to attend Harvard Medical School. Gilpin's character appears in the first scene of the film and his words set the stage for the movie's plot; he appears again in the final scene to bring closure to the film.


title: Jack Gilpin

text: Gilpin is married to actress Ann McDonough, and is the father of actress Betty Gilpin, who stars in the Netflix series "GLOW" and also appeared on "Law & Order", "Fringe" and "Nurse Jackie".


title: Jack Gilpin

text: Gilpin was ordained as priest of the Episcopal Church on December 15, 2012. He is currently in charge of St. John's Episcopal Church in New Milford, Connecticut, where he had arrived as a deacon two months prior to his ordination. He had previously been a licensed lay preacher at Christ Church in his hometown of Roxbury, Connecticut.


title: Mysophobia

text: Mysophobia, also known as verminophobia, germophobia, germaphobia, bacillophobia and bacteriophobia, is a pathological fear of contamination and germs. The term was coined by William A. Hammond in 1879 when describing a case of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibited in repeatedly washing one's hands. Mysophobia has long been related to compulsive hand washing. Names pertaining directly to the abnormal fear of dirt and filth include molysmophobia or molysomophobia, rhypophobia, and rupophobia, whereas the terms bacillophobia and bacteriophobia specifically refer to the fear of bacteria and microbes in general.


title: Mysophobia

text: The term "mysophobia" comes from the Greek μύσος ("musos"), "uncleanness" and φόβος ("phobos"), "fear".


title: Mysophobia

text: Mysophobia greatly affects the everyday life of individuals and can range in severity of symptoms from difficult breathing, excessive perspiration, increased heart rate, and states of panic when exposed to germ-enhanced conditions.


title: Mysophobia

text: There are many underlying factors and reasons that a person may develop mysophobia, such as anxiety, depression, or a traumatic situation. Developing in a culture where hygiene is heavily integrated into society (use of hand sanitizers, toilet seat covers, and antibacterial wipes for commonly used items such as grocery carts), can also be a main driving force for the development of mysophobia.


title: Mysophobia

text: Some well-known people who have (or had) mysophobia include Howard Stern, Nikola Tesla, Howard Hughes, Howie Mandel,


title: Ai Yazawa

text: Yazawa's most famous manga include "Tenshi Nanka Ja Nai", "Neighborhood Story", "Paradise Kiss", and "Nana". She also voiced an animated rendition of herself that made a cameo appearance in the final episode of the "Neighborhood Story" anime. All five volumes of "Paradise Kiss" were released in English by Vertical, Inc. "Nana" ran in now-defunct American manga magazine "Shojo Beat". In 2003, Yazawa was awarded the Shogakukan Manga Award for "Nana". "Nana" was made into an anime (produced by Madhouse) and a successful movie with a sequel in Japan.


title: Ai Yazawa

text: In June 2009, it was revealed that Yazawa had contracted a sudden illness, and had to be sent to the hospital for treatment, putting "Nana" on hiatus. She returned from the hospital in April 2010, although it has yet to be revealed when or if she will be continuing "Nana".


title: Ai Yazawa

text: Yazawa has worked on a variety of small illustrative projects since putting "Nana" on hold. She provided artwork for singer JUJU's single "Iiwake" in 2017 and a celebratory illustration for Space Channel 5 VR in 2020, drew a mini-manga featuring characters from her series "Tenshi Nanka Ja Nai" and "Neighborhood Story" in 2016, contributed new images to the 2015 "Nana" calendar, and published a new "Junko's Room" chapter, her first new manga in over three years, in 2013.


title: Ai Yazawa

text: Yazawa's storylines are generally centered on young women and their relationships. The characters are always very stylish, and she is known especially for her hip sense of fashion. Yazawa herself attended a fashion school after high school but did not complete her studies there. Another key point is her often rebellious characters, who tend to be juxtaposed against the more traditional ones.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: Second-degree atrioventricular block (AV block) is a disease of the electrical conduction system of the heart. It is a conduction block between the atria and ventricles. The presence of second-degree AV block is diagnosed when one or more (but not all) of the atrial impulses fail to conduct to the ventricles due to impaired conduction. It is classified as a block of the AV node and is categorized in between first-degree (slowed conduction) and third degree blocks (complete block).


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: Most people with Wenckebach (Type I Mobitz) do not show symptoms. However, those that do usually display one or more of the following:


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: There are two non-distinct types of second-degree AV block, called "Type 1" and "Type 2". In both types, a P wave is blocked from initiating a QRS complex; but, in Type 1, there are increasing delays in each cycle before the omission, whereas, in Type 2, there is no such pattern.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: Type 1 second-degree heart block is considered a more benign entity than type 2 second-degree heart block with type 1 not having structural changes found on histology.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: Both types are named after Woldemar Mobitz. Type I is also named for Karel Frederik Wenckebach, and type II is also named for John Hay.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: Type 1 Second-degree AV block, also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach periodicity, is almost always a disease of the AV node. Wenckebach published a paper in 1906 on progressively lengthening PR intervals that was later classified as Type I in Mobitz's 1924 paper. Thus, both "Mobitz type I" and "Wenckebach block" refer to the same pattern and pathophysiology.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: In Wenckebach's 1906 paper, his original observations were from increasing delay in contraction of the atria and ventricles that shortened after a brief pause and this was later observed on ECG after Einthoven's invention in 1901 that became the electrocardiogram (ECG). In modern practice, Mobitz I heart block is characterized by progressive prolongation of the PR interval on consecutive beats followed by a blocked P wave (i.e., a dropped QRS complex). After the dropped QRS complex, the PR interval resets and the cycle repeats. This grouped beating was described as "Luciani periods" after Luigi Luciani's work in 1873. The result is a lengthening of the R-R intervals as each subsequent P-wave reaches an increasingly refractory AV node until the impulse fails to conduct, which ultimately results in a blocked QRS complex.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: One of the baseline assumptions when determining if an individual has Mobitz I heart block is that the atrial rhythm has to be regular. If the atrial rhythm is not regular, there could be alternative explanations as to why certain P waves do not conduct to the ventricles.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: This is almost always a benign condition for which no specific treatment is needed for the rhythm itself. It can be seen in myocardial ischemia, propranolol use, digitalis use, rheumatic fever, and chronically in ischemic heart disease and other structural diseases (amyloidosis, mitral valve prolapse, aortic valve disease, and atrial septal defect). In symptomatic cases, intravenous atropine or isoproterenol may transiently improve conduction.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: Type 2 Second-degree AV block, also known as Mobitz II, is almost always a disease of the distal conduction system (His-Purkinje System).


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: Mobitz II heart block is characterized on a surface ECG by intermittently non conducted P waves not preceded by PR prolongation and not followed by PR shortening. There is usually a fixed number of non-conducted P waves for every successfully conducted QRS complex, and this ratio is often specified in describing Mobitz II blocks. For example, Mobitz II block in which there are two P waves for every one QRS complex may be referred to as 2:1 Mobitz II block.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: The medical significance of this type of AV block is that it may progress rapidly to complete heart block, in which no escape rhythm may emerge. In this case, the person may experience a Stokes-Adams attack, cardiac arrest, or sudden cardiac death. The definitive treatment for this form of AV Block is an implanted pacemaker.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: The impairment is usually below the AV node. Although the terms infranodal block or infrahisian block are often applied to this disorder, they refer to the "anatomic location" of the block, whereas Mobitz II refers to an "electrocardiographic pattern".


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: Because type I Mobitz block occurs in regular cycles, there is always a fixed ratio between the number of P waves and the number of QRS complexes per cycle. This ratio is often specified when describing the block. For example, a Mobitz type I block which has 4 P waves and 3 QRS complexes per cycle may be referred to as 4:3 Mobitz Type I block.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: Type II Mobitz block also usually occurs with a fixed P:QRS ratio, with a set number of P waves for every successfully elicited QRS. This ratio is also frequently specified in referring to 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, or higher Mobitz type II block. Higher numbers of P waves for every QRS indicate more severe block and ratios of 3:1 and above are also referred to as "High Grade" AV Block. Of course, because type II Mobitz block is unstable by nature, it is common for the P:QRS ratio in Mobitz type II block to change over time.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: The P:QRS ratio is always of the form "X":("X" − 1) in type I Mobitz block and of the form "X":1 in type 2 Mobitz block because of the nature of the pattern of each. Thus one may leave out the type and refer to 3:1 Mobitz block or 4:3 Mobitz block, for example, without creating ambiguity, except in the case of 2:1 block.


title: Second-degree atrioventricular block

text: In the case of 2:1 block (2 P waves for every QRS complex) it is impossible to differentiate type I from type II Mobitz block-based solely on the P:QRS ratio or on a pattern of lengthening PR intervals. In this case, a lengthened PR interval with a normal QRS width is most likely indicative of a type I-like pathology, and a normal PR interval with a widened QRS is most likely indicative of a type II-like pathology.


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: The Brewster F2A Buffalo is an American fighter aircraft which saw service early in World War II. Designed and built by the Brewster Aeronautical Corporation, it was one of the first U.S. monoplanes with an arrestor hook and other modifications for aircraft carriers. The Buffalo won a competition against the Grumman F4F Wildcat in 1939 to become the U.S. Navy's first monoplane fighter aircraft. Although superior to the Grumman F3F biplane it replaced, and the early F4Fs, the Buffalo was largely obsolete when the United States entered the war, being unstable and overweight, especially when compared to the Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero.


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: Several nations, including Finland, Belgium, Britain and the Netherlands, ordered the Buffalo. The Finns were the most successful with their Buffalos, flying them in combat against early Soviet fighters with excellent results. During the Continuation War of 1941–1944, the B-239s (de-navalized F2A-1s) operated by the Finnish Air Force proved capable of engaging and destroying most types of Soviet fighter aircraft operating against Finland at that time, and claimed in the first phase of that conflict 32 Soviet aircraft shot down for every B-239 lost, producing 36 Buffalo "aces".


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: In December 1941, Buffalos operated by both British Commonwealth (B-339E) and Dutch (B-339C/D) air forces in South East Asia suffered severe losses in combat against the Japanese Navy's A6M Zero and the Japanese Army's Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar". The British attempted to lighten their Buffalos by removing ammunition and fuel and installing lighter guns to improve performance, but it made little difference. After the first few engagements, the Dutch halved the fuel and ammunition load in the wings, which allowed their Buffalos (and their Hurricanes) to stay with the Oscars in turns.


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: The Buffalo was built in three variants for the U.S. Navy: the F2A-1, F2A-2 and F2A-3. (In foreign service, with lower horsepower engines, these types were designated B-239, B-339, and B-339-23 respectively.) The F2A-3 variant saw action with United States Marine Corps (USMC) squadrons at the Battle of Midway. Shown by the experience of Midway to be no match for the Zero, the F2A-3 was derided by USMC pilots as a "flying coffin". Indeed, the F2A-3s performance was substantially inferior to the F2A-2 variant used by the Navy before the outbreak of the war despite detail improvements.


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: In 1935, the U.S. Navy issued a requirement for a carrier-based fighter intended to replace the Grumman F3F biplane. The Brewster XF2A-1 monoplane, designed by a team led by Dayton T. Brown, was one of two aircraft designs that were initially considered. The XF4F-1 with a double-row radial engine was a "classic" biplane. The U.S. Navy competition was re-opened to allow another competitor, the XFNF-1, a navalized Seversky P-35 eliminated early on when the prototype could not reach more than . The XF2A-1 first flew on 2 December 1937 and early test results showed it was far in advance of the Grumman biplane entry. While the XF4F-1 did not enter production, it later re-emerged as a monoplane, the Wildcat.


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: The new Brewster fighter had a modern look with a stubby fuselage, mid-set monoplane wings and a host of advanced features. It was all-metal, with flush-riveted, stressed aluminum construction, although control surfaces were still fabric-covered. The XF2A-1 also featured split flaps, a hydraulically operated retractable main undercarriage (and partially retractable tailwheel), and a streamlined framed canopy. However (as was still common at this time), the aircraft lacked self-sealing fuel tanks and pilot armor. Fuel capacity was only , stored in the fuselage. Powered by a single-row Wright R-1820-22 Cyclone radial engine, it had a good initial climb rate of and a top speed of . The aircraft was then tested in 1938 in the Langley Research Center full-scale wind tunnel, where it was determined that certain factors were contributing to parasitic drag. Based on the tests, improvements were made to the cowling streamlining and carburetor and oil cooler intakes, and the Buffalo's speed rose to at without any increase in power. Other manufacturers took notice of this 10% increase in speed and efficiency, and wind tunnel tests became standard procedure in the US. With only a single-stage supercharger, high-altitude performance fell off rapidly. Fuselage armament was one fixed M2 Browning machine gun with 200 rounds and one fixed AN Browning machine gun with 600 rounds, both in the nose. The Navy awarded Brewster Aeronautical Corporation a production contract for 54 aircraft, the "F2A-1s".


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: Service testing of the XF2A-1 prototype began in January 1938 and in June, production started on the F2A-1. They were powered by Wright R-1820-34 engines and had larger fins. The added weight of two additional Browning wing guns and other equipment specified by the Navy for combat operations reduced the initial rate of climb to . Plagued by production difficulties, Brewster delivered only 11 F2A-1 aircraft to the Navy; the remainder of the order was later diverted to the Finnish Air Force in modified form under the export designation Model 239.


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: A later variant, the "F2A-2", of which 43 were ordered by the U.S. Navy, included a more powerful R-1820-40 engine, a better propeller, and integral flotation gear, while still lacking pilot armor and self-sealing tanks. The increase in engine power was welcomed, but to some extent offset by the increased loaded weight () of the aircraft; while top speed was increased to a respectable at , initial climb rates dropped to . Both the F2A-1 and the F2A-2 variants of the Brewster were liked by early Navy and Marine pilots, including Pappy Boyington, who praised the good turning and maneuvering abilities of the aircraft. Boyington is alleged to have opined "...the early models, before they weighed it all down with armor plate, radios, and other [equipment], they were pretty sweet little ships. Not real fast, but the little [aircraft] could turn and roll in a phone booth" as he stated in his autobiography "Baa Baa Black Sheep". This might be expected from the low wing loading, in earlier versions comparable with the Mitsubishi A6M Zero's 22 pounds per square foot.


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: The "F2A-3" was the last version of the Buffalo to enter service with the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. A total of 108 examples were ordered in January 1941. By this time, the Navy had become disenchanted with the Buffalo, and had become especially annoyed at Brewster Aeronautical Corporation's frequent production delays and its frequent management difficulties. This order was seen more as a way of keeping Brewster's production lines running; they would eventually build Corsair fighters for the Navy as well as Buccaneer/Bermuda dive bombers.


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: The F2A-3s were conceived as long range reconnaissance fighters with new wet wings with self-sealing features and larger fuselage tanks which provided increased fuel capacity and protection, but this also increased the aircraft weight by more than . The wing and enlarged fuselage tank carried an additional of fuel; at , the fuel alone weighed nearly . The addition of armor plating for the pilot and increased ammunition capacity further increased the aircraft's weight, resulting in a reduced top speed and rate of climb, while substantially degrading the Brewster's turning and maneuvering capability. The Navy found that the added weight of the F2A-3 also aggravated the problem of landing gear failure during carrier landings. However, the −40 two-speed supercharged Cyclone engine in the F2A-3 was an excellent "cruising" engine, and as such the F2A-3 had some value and saw initial service on the carriers "Saratoga" and "Lexington".


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: Even in late 1940 it was apparent that the Buffalo was rapidly becoming obsolete. It badly needed a more powerful engine, but the limits of the airframe had been reached, making installation of a larger engine impossible. Soon after deliveries of the F2A-3 began, the Navy decided to eliminate the type altogether. By then, considered a second line aircraft, some were transferred to the U.S. Marine Corps, which deployed two F2A-3 squadrons to the Pacific, one at Palmyra Atoll, and another at Midway Island. Those which still remained on board aircraft carriers narrowly missed a combat opportunity when a relief mission was dispatched to Wake Island, but the relief force was withdrawn before completing the mission. Shortly thereafter, F2A-3s still in naval service were transferred to training squadrons for use as advanced trainers.


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: The first unit to be equipped with the F2A-1 was Lt. Cdr. Warren Harvey's VF-3, assigned to air group. On 8 December 1939, VF-3 received 10 of the 11 Buffalos delivered to the U.S. Navy. The remaining 43 F2A-1s were declared surplus and sold to Finland. Ralph Ingersoll wrote in late 1940 after visiting Britain that the Buffalo and other American aircraft "cannot compete with either the existing English or German fighters", so Britain used them "either as advanced trainers --or for fighting equally obsolete Italian planes in the Middle East. That is all they are good for". Even the Eagle Squadrons's American pilots used Hawker Hurricanes instead of the Buffalo. Early in the war all modern monoplane fighter types were in high demand, however. Consequently, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the Netherlands East Indies purchased several hundred export models.


title: Brewster F2A Buffalo

text: In April 1939, the Finnish government contacted the Roosevelt administration, requesting the supply of modern combat aircraft as quickly as possible. On 17 October, the Finnish Embassy in Washington, D.C., received a telegram clearing the purchase of fighter aircraft. The only strict requirements laid down by Finnish authorities were that the aircraft be already operational and able to use 87-octane fuel. Part of an F2A-1 shipment – 44 aircraft originally intended for the US Navy – was diverted to Finland, by the US State Department, after the USN agreed to instead accept a later shipment of F2A-2 variants.